‘Ay Ha) R 9 go ah, % At spy: ase oy Shes a te) hh ey Rk n 5k Oe “ne " * aati mn wre Kirst Haag f ayen" read peel ot tear gee ipl ue ne Ai Nah Ne eyelets ANY BART aL RD } ee 2 ies Raa a by act Pole te Wace Neth Me LT ah gs Seo Sites bel 4344 Sy Pcie owe Ee are te att aued O) Rhy 45 A SEN Vat Pager. ody pinieranions tere ac Reet ees Wt 8a) EME fang ati itiy ot = SER f Ue ow pik, fal A pss 7 hee ae as ca Re ae ay wi 4, aa + Sivis pa ig inter Sev om We oa te Ks cS aheda Sea at sy sto opps Gerd pep on RRS oh BVI wee pod oe « uy es me Us ht L rleareaterhs ay byes ee Lata Plein ar at ah m Bs 1 5 rhe. Wee ne ie can Nes Feith pn ie Ae Tirta sigh he re) ! he oe BRARY NEW V°O77 > ~T* NICAL GARDEN! [LIBRARY NEW Sp swe GARDEN + | 1 7 os *. 4 4 hs ’ i +o i ‘ tae ——— TRANSACTIONS Loy AL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. LIEUT.-CoLONEL F. BAILEY, F.RS.E, HONORARY EDITOR, ROBERT GALLOWAY, SS.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. VOL xX TEE: BDINS U RG EH: PFRINGED.FOR, THE SOCLEEY SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. POUR BYBRARY NEW YOR. BOTANICAL GARDEN Son LEN Ts. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements T2. or views expressed by the authors of papers. . The Duty of the State as diem Afforestation. deus: a Correspondent, . Afforestation and Local Taxation. ee Sir Kenneth Mac- kenzie, Bart., : The Sitka Spruce as a Tree for Hill Planting and General Afforestation (with Plate). By John D. Crozier, ; . The Financial Aspect of Forestry. By Percival Trentham Maw, . Afforestation of Catchment Areas, ; . Vegetable Remains from the Site of the Roman Military Station at Newstead, Melrose, Underplanted Larch Plantations at Novar. By William Mackenzie, ‘ ; ; ; : : . Continental Notes—Germany (with Figures). By B. Ribben- trop. Gol E., . The Timber Trade Conference. By Geo. U. Macdonald, . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, . The Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. By Mr Kay, Assistant Nurseryman, . Visit to the Forests of piece 1909. By Sir Andrew N. Agnew, Bart., : 5 : : . The Thirty-second Annual Excursion, August 1909 (with Plates), 14. The Forestry Exhibition held in th: Highland and Agri- cultural Society’s Showyard at Stirling, : Notes and Queries:—The Beech Tree in Scotland—Effects of Frost on Plants of Larix europcea and L. /eptolepis Compared— Suggested use of Ab/es nobilis for Planting up Blanks in Old and in Young Woods—Planting with the Mattock—Forest Fires in Canada—Japanese Oak—Sir William Schlich, K.C.I.E., F.R.S.—The Japanese Larch versus the European Larch—Afforestation of the Inverliever Estate—Value of Work done by the ‘‘ Unemployed ”—The Pulp Industry of Canada—The Timber Trade of Eastern Siberia—Pitting versus Notching (with Plates)—Lectures at Murthly—Death of a Nancy Professor—The Forests of the British East Africa Protectorate—The Forests of the Central Vosges Mountains, ‘ , , PAGE I 67 72 80. Ior 103 iv CONTENTS. Reviews and Notices of Books:—Our Forests and Wood- lands. By John Nisbet. London, J. M. Dent & Co. New and revised Edition. xx+348 pp., miei Index and five Illustrations. Price 3s. 6d. net, Trees: A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By the late Professor Marshall Ward. Vol. v., ‘‘Form and Habit.” Cambridge Bio- logical Series. Cambridge University Press, 1909 Price 4s. 6d. net, ; : . : : Working-Plan Report on the Keir Woods, with some Notes on Quoigs and Ardchullary. By W. R. Fisher. Printed by Jas. Hogg & Co., Journal Office, Stirling, The Practice of Forestry, concerning also the Financial Aspect of Afforestation. By Percival Trentham Maw, late Professor of Forestry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, etc., etc. Walter & Walter, Heatherside, Brockenhurst, Hants, 1909. Price 17s. 6d. HEC: : : ; : - - : British Woods and their Owners. By John Simpson. 8+116 pp., with 14 full-page plates. 12s. 6d. net. Pawson & Brailsford, 1909, - ; . Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles, Native and Acclima- tised. By C. S. Cooper and W. Percival Westell. 16 full-page coloured plates, and 70 full-page black and white plates, drawn from nature by C. F. Newall. 16 parts at Is. each. Two bound volumes, 21s. London, J. M. Dent & Co., The Food of Some British Birds. A Report by Robert Newstead, M.Sc., A.L.S., etc., School of Bia Medicine, Liverpool, - : Forestry in New Zealand. Report by William C. Kensington, Under-Secretary of Lands, . z : Webster’s Foresters’ Pocket Diary. Seventh Edition, for 1909. Completely revised, Eighth Edition, for 1910. Revised. London, William Rider & Son. Price 2s. 6d., 15. The Immediate Needs of Forestry in Scotland. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., 16. When Afforestation Comes. By Sir John Fleming, LL.D., 17. Note on the Death Duties as Affecting Woodlands. By Robert Galloway, S S.C., 18. The Rating Act, 1874, PAGE 114 114 115 116 118 119 II9 I20 I20 I2I 124 133 CONTENTS, 19. The Development Act and Forestry. By the Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., : : 20, Forestry Education ineGreat Britain, 21. The Belgian System of Planting on Turfs (with Plates). By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., Z 22. On the Growth of the Sitka Spruce and other Trees in Linlithgowshire and Stirlingshire. By Henry M. Cadell of Grange, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., ; . i ; 23. Seed Experiments with Pinus sylvestris (with Plate). By Fraser Story, ; ; . : : 24. Notes on Creosoting. By A. T. Gillanders, 25. An Infestation by Pine Weevil (Hy/obius abietis). By Donald Macdonald, : - ‘ : F : 26. An Attack by the Weevil Strophosomus Coryli. By John Macrae, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, : ; 27. The Large Larch Saw-Fly, 28, The Cultivation of Willows, 29. Teredo navalis and other Sea-Worms. By Lieut.-Colonel Bailey, 30, Continental Notes—Germany. By B. Ribbentrop, C.1.E., 31. Indian State Forestry. By Saint-Hill Eardley-Wilmot, C..E., : : : : ; : : 32. The Importance of Forests in Military Defence. By Lieut.- Colonel Martin Martin, : : ‘ : 33. The Protection of Timber against White Ants, Notes and Queries:—Forestry Operations under the Irish Department of Agriculture in 1909—Larch Disease Fungus —Mr Langhammer’s Visit—Seeds of North American Conifers—The Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909—Appointment— Bordeaux Mixture—Tree Felling by Machinery—Wood-Pulp—The Timber Resources of New Zealand—Preserving Sleepers from Decay, Reviews and Notices of Books :—Illustrations of Conifers. Vol. II. By H. Clinton Baker. Printed privately by Simson, Hertford, 1910. 72 pp., Quarto, with 89 full-page Illustrations, . , - - z c ‘ 217 223 227 229 235 vi CONTENTS. PAGE The Soil: An Introduction to the Scientific Study of the Growth of Crops, vii+31r pp. and Index, 17 Illustra- tions and numerous Tables. Fertilisers and Manures, xv+384 pp. and Index, 9g Illustrations and numerous Tables. Both by A. D. Hall, M.A., F.RS., Director of the Rothamstead Experimental Station. London: John Murray. 5s. net each, 236 Les Sols Forestiers. Par E. Henry, Professeur a l’Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Foréts. 492 pp., including Table of Contents, with 3 diagrams, 5 plates and 2 maps, o 237 Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1910, with Appendices. List of Members as at 20th June 1910. TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. heen ee PARE F&F. January 1910. Lirut.-CoLtonEL F. BAILEY, F.R.S.E., HONORARY EDITOR, ROBERT GALLOWAY, &.S.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER, EDINBURGH: PRINZED. FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. Price to Non-Members, 3/- Ue eg £4 4 es GARDEN sUV | F 1079 A. & J. MAIN & G2-L™- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINGS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, =e of every description. Design No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, CATES, HURDLES, PALE FENCING, TREE CUARDS, Etc., Etc. y if WH UL , Hy i> WT Hil\I1 Hi} ( | UUM ZEL. Yj WH MN] HDX Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING & FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. 49 CANNON STREET, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. — By Special to His Majesty Appointment the King. Telegrams :—‘' Hothouse,” Edinburgh, “Tron,” Edinburgh. ‘*Treibhaus,"” London. Telephone Nos. :— Edinburgh, Central, 2674; Do., 2675; Do. (Foundry), 4665. Glasgow, Argyle, 2336 (National); London, 2117 P.O. Hampstead. MACKENZIE & MONCUR, HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, D. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical NE and Iron Founders. i Erected at Herman Lodge, Broughty Ferry. HOTHOUSE BUILDING. —Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. HEATING.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas, &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure,’ Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by ‘*Barker’s” Cable System of Hot Water Low Pressure Heating, with small bore pipes and no sunk stoke-holes. LIGHTING.—Complete Installations for Lighting by Electricity fitted up in any part of the country. Petrol Gas Lighting Apparatus fitted up complete on approved lines. FOUNDRY. - Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. EDINBURGH— { Registered Office and Works, Balcarres Street. Foundry, ; : : , Slateford Road. GLASGOW-—121 St Vincent Street. LONDON—8 Camden Road, N.W. a* ADVERTISEMENTS. DAVID W. THOMSON’S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS ano TREES ww Att sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLEIES, YEWS, LAURELS, FPRitezs and other Game-Cover Plants all recently transplanted. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOICE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOICE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1910, Post Free on application. Wurseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWALL ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 113 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro tanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College. Soils and Manures, F.R.S.E., F.H.A.S. Forestry & Forest Botany, Joun Nispet, D.Céic. Chemistry, : : . Professor Berry, F.I.C., F.C.S. Forest Entomology, sshilei dare ender PENG, oie, Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST AND HEDGE PLANTS MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European and Japanese Larch, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. eeu: R. Patrick WRIGHT, Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro 1000 and 100,000. All from Sandy soil, with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities via Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. CATALOGUES FREE. FOREST PLANTER’S GUIDE FREE. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 150 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, =m LUARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. (DALROSS, Ltd.), ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures immediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c. Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, and = = «= EDINBURGH AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. Addressing of Envelopes, Etc., with Accuracy and Despatch. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ~ ADVERTISEMENTS. “The Forester’s Friend.” — ““SMEAROLEU|VJ” ANTI-RODENT SMEAR. A Protective Oleaginous Smear for Young Plantations, &c., and Standard Trees in Parks and Paddocks—Forest, Fruit, and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Thoroughly prevents ‘‘ Barking” by Rabbits, Ground Game, and other Rodents, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Deer, &c., and the Ravages of Insect Pests, &c., affecting Trees. PRICES :— In Barrels, 40 to 45 gallons, . ae |e Half-Barrels, 20 to 25 gallons, . 28 Cases, 16 gallons, . : ; 2/10 Half-Cases, 8 gallons, . : . 3/- Drums, 12 gallons, . - é . 2/9 | 6 Gallons, . : : . 3/. per gallon The Cases contain Four Imperial 4-gallon cans. Half-Cases contain Two Imperial 4-gallon cans. All prices Carriage Paid, in lots of 20/- and upwards, to nearest Railway Station— Drums returnable ; all other packages free. THOMAS & CO.’S Preparations are used on the largest Estates in the Kingdom, and in the Parks of His Majesty's Government and the King’s Nurseries, and also by the French and American Governments. Full Particulars, with Directions for Use, and Users’ Opinions, on application to the Sole Makers :— THOMAS & C0., LTD., neptune srreer, LIVERPOOL, Forest, Fruit 4.2.4 Trees & Plants. HVERGREENS, ROSES, DECIDUOUS SHRUBS. Herbaceous Plants. ‘STOVE anp GREENHOUSE PLANTS, SEEDS ror FARM anp GARDEN. JOHN DOWNIE, feaaND 7s SILA NDWICK PLACE. EDINBURGH. Nurseries: Beechhill, Murrayfield, and Belgrave Park, Corstorphine. Telegraphic Address—‘‘ DOWNIE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2155. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones : ‘‘ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 PARTICK. Post Office, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & GO, LTD., Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. —~»>— Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The Crenrrat Cuasses in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations in these and allied Subjects. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to ALEXANDER M ‘Cato, Secy. 4) vv PT, METHYEN & SONS, EDINBURGH, Jf FIRST-CLASS INTERNATIONAL %) GOLD FORESTRY EXHIBITION 4 . EDINBURGH Z, MEDAL > 1884 TIT International Forestry Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1884. THOMAS METHVEN & SONS. Rurserymen, Seedsmen, & Florists TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING, NVITE the attention of intending Planters to their large Stock of Seedling and Transplanted Forest and other Trees and Shrubs. They are this season in a healthy and vigorous condition, and well suited for successful transplanting. Evergreen and Deciduous Shrubs. Shrubs for Game Covert, and Underwood. Trees and Shrubs for Sea=Side Planting. Thorn and other Hedge Plants. SPECIMEN ORNAMENTAL TREES FOR LAWNS & AVENUES. RHODODENDRONS—all the Best Varieties. FRUIT TREES of the Best Kinds. - - - ROSES~—all sorts worthy of cultivation.- - Samples on Application. Special Prices for Large Quantities. Tuomas Meruven & Sons undertake Landscape Gardening and Forest and Covert Planting of every description in any part of the Kingdom, also the Laying Out of Parks, Gardens, etc. Plans, Estimates, and Specifications will be forwarded on Application. Seed Warehouses: 15 PRINCES STREET & LEITH WALK. Nurseries: LEITH WALK, WARRISTON, INVERLEITH, and BANGHOLM. EDINBURGH. 2 Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1300 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of £584, 3s. rod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only 3 for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and this, it is hoped, may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. The Society has submitted to the Government Resolutions urging the further provision of more accessibly situated tracts carrying a fair proportion of growing woods, which may fulfil the objects for which State Demonstration Forests have so long been needed. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. The Society’s Resolutions also ask for Example Plots or Forest Gardens in connection with the various centres of Forestry instruction and other educational facilities, and further, recom- mends that a Board of Forestry should be established to foster and promote State and Private Afforestation in the country, with special power to survey and indicate all land suitable for afforesta- tion, and should be provided with sufficient funds to carry on its work efficiently. Excursions. During the past thirty-one years, well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, and Ireland. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, and during the past summer a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited 7 specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society was included in the Scottish National Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh in 1908. The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-two volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—IsAac BAYLEY BALFouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BoRTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MacDouGca tt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 13 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist. ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. The Society, at a recent Meeting, approved of the formation of Local Branches in suitable districts, and Local Branches have now been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. gm Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumbarton, Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Or LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland, JOHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen, Joun Micuiz, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JoHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Roprertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. Miine, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wm. Ineuis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. RoBERT ForBeEs, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Rosert Browy, Forester, Boiden, Luss. D. CraBsE, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wo. GILcHRIST, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpmunD Sane, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Barnhill, Broughty Ferry. James A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JOHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, JOHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. JOHN ScRIMGEOUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. JOHN J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JoHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. Donaup Rosertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HoGartH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WALKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually . . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed #500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually : 5 . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually 2 : : 2 . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the Ist of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member’s Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zransactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Zife Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, F : . £1010 oO 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, : ; ; 6 5 5, 5. 0 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, : ° ° : Sg O VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zi/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CONTENTS. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements II. 12. £3; 14. or views expressed by the authors of papers. . The Duty of the State as ete Afforestation. By a Correspondent, . . Afforestation and Local Taxation. By Sir Kenneth Mac- kenzie, Bart., . The Sitka Spruce as a Tree for Hill Planting and General Afforestation (with Plate). By John D. Crozier, . The Financial Aspect of Forestry. By Percival Trentham Maw, . Afforestation of Catchment Areas, . Vegetable Remains from the Site of the Roman Military Station at Newstead, Melrose, . Underplanted Larch Plantations at Novar. By William Mackenzie, . Continental Notes—Germany (with Figures). By B. Ribben- trop, C.I.E., . The Timber Trade Conference. By Geo. U. Macdonald, . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, late Indian Forest Service, The Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. By Mr Kay, Assistant Nurseryman, . Visit to the Forests of celia 1909. By Sir Andrew N. Agnew, Bart., : : The Thirty-second Annual Excursion, August 1909 (with Plates), The Forestry Exhibition held in the Highland and fa cultural Society’s Showyard at Stirling, Notes and Queries:—The Beech Tree in Scotland—Effects of Frost on Plants of Larix europcea and L. /eptolepis Compared—Suggested use of Abies nobilis for Planting up Blanks in Old and in Young Woods—Planting with the Mattock—Forest Fires in Canada—Japanese Oak—Sir William Schlich, K.C.I.E., F.R.S.—The Japanese Larch versus the European Larch—Afforestation of the Inverliever Estate—Value of Work done by the ‘‘ Unemployed ”—The Pulp Industry of Canada—The Timber Trade of Eastern Siberia—Pitting versus Notching (with Plates)—Lectures at Murthly—Death of a Nancy Professor—The Forests of the British East Africa Protectorate—The Forests of the Central Vosges Mountains, PAGE I IoI 103 CONTENTS. PAGE Reviews and Notices of Books:—Our Forests and Wood- lands. By John Nisbet. London, J. M. Dent & Co. New and revised Edition. xx-+348 pp., ae Index and five Illustrations. Price 3s. 6d. net, . 2 ee Trees: A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By the late Professor Marshall Ward. Vol. v., ‘‘Form and Habit.” Cambridge Bio- logical Series. Cambridge University Press, 1909 Price 4s. 6d. net, 5 : - < ‘ av) Chara Working-Plan Report on the Keir Woods, with some Notes on Quoigss and Ardchullary. By W. R. Fisher. Printed by Jas. Hogg & Co., Journal Office, Stirling, . 115 The Practice of Forestry, concerning also the Financial Aspect of Afforestation. By Percival Trentham Maw, late Professor of Forestry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, etc., etc. Walter & Walter, Heatherside, Brockenhurst, Hants, 1909. Price 17s. 6d. net, . ‘ 2 ; E : ‘ « 116 British Woods and their Owners. By John Simpson. 8+116 pp., with 14 full-page plates. 12s. 6d. net. Pawson & Brailsford, 1909, ‘ , : +, AMS Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles, Native and Acclima- tised. By C. S. Cooper and W. Percival Westell. 16 full-page coloured plates, and 70 full-page black and white plates, drawn from nature by C. F. Newall. 16 parts at 1s. each. Two bound volumes, 21s. London, J. M. Dent & Co., . : ° : : s 119 The Food of Some British Birds. A Report by Robert Newstead, M.Sc., A.L.S., etc., School of a Medicine, Liverpool, : - 119 Forestry in New Zealand. Report by William C. Kensington, Under-Secretary of Lands, . : op eO Webster’s Foresters’ Pocket Diary. Seventh Edition, for 1909. Completely revised, Eighth Edition, for 1910. Revised. London, William Rider & Son. Price 2s.6d., 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY I. The Duty of the State as regards Afforestation. By A CORRESPONDENT. The last issue of the Zvausactions contained a remarkable collection of opinions on the duty of the State in relation to silviculture. The opinions expressed were not those of only one class of silviculturists, but included contributions from scientists, landowners, and practical foresters—all of them men of promin- ence in their class; and what was specially noticeable was the large degree of unanimity, even in matters of detail, which the articles and speeches published disclosed. Along with the articles we had reproduced, very properly, the views of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and of the deputation he met. It seems well worth while to attempt to summarise the opinions expressed on the subject of what the State can do to . assist in developing silviculture in this country. That the State should so assist, and indeed that no substantial progress can be made without State assistance, all appear to heartily agree. But the question of interest is what form such State assistance should take. In the first place, it is the opinion of all the contributors that we have a large extent of land well suited for planting, which is at present devoted to less useful purposes, and several of the articles propose that the State should at once proceed to select and survey this suitable land, so that we may know to begin with exactly what material we have to work upon for planting. In the second place, there appears to be general agreement that in this country we are a long way behind other countries in knowledge and in opportunity to acquire knowledge, and that it is a pressing duty on the State to provide the means of teaching and training a sufficient body of practical foresters to carry out efficiently the work of afforesting the land we have which is suited to that purpose. VOL. XXIII. PART I. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the ¢hird place, all admit that private owners cannot finance any extensive scheme of afforestation. It is only the State that can afford to lie out of the large sums of money necessary for the many years that must elapse before a return can be obtained, and can ensure meantime that continuity of good management which is so essential. Three methods of State finance are pro- posed—(1) Government purchase, compulsorily or by agreement, of land suitable for planting ; (2) Loans to private owners at low interest; and (3) Co-operation with private owners by the State providing the Capital required for planting privately-owned land, the profits to be divided proportionately to the money and the value of the land provided. While some of the articles under review express dislike of large land purchases by the State, others express doubt as to any extensive system of joint manage- ment, but there seems pretty general agreement that in varying circumstances all three systems might be applied, and that any system of State finance must involve a large measure of State control. In the fourth place, it is taken to be essential that some expert Committee or Board of Forestry be established to enable the above purposes to be carried out with success, While of course it would be neither to be expected nor desired that complete unanimity should exist as to the best methods to be adopted in all circumstances so as to further silvicultural develop- ment in these islands, it is significant and encouraging that so much agreement exists as to the methods which may be followed, and this seems to indicate that conditions are now ripe for State assistance on definite lines. On this view the Government’s Development Bill may afford a basis on which to proceed. It seems no disadvantage at this preliminary stage that the Bill does not attempt to define in detail the methods to be followed, but rather contemplates a gradual growth of ideas so that progress may be made and assistance given in whatever direction experience points to as most promising. If this policy is adhered to it will leave open to such societies as ours the opportunity of constantly assisting by advice and suggestion in the working out of the National scheme of which we hope a commencement is now to be made. In several of the articles in the last issue reference is made to the effects of the death duties in checking silvicultural progress, and in present conditions there is no doubt that the AFFORESTATION AND LOCAL TAXATION. 3 death duties often result in the destruction of silvicultural schemes. It is worth pointing out, however, that if such a system of co-operation were adopted as was sketched in the article contributed by the present writer in the July issue of 1908, and which is ably developed in the article contributed in the last issue of the Zransactions by Lord Lovat, death duties would cease to affect the problem. Under such a scheme the successor’s interest on death would become what is known in the Death Duties Acts as an ‘“‘Interest in expectancy,” and accordingly no duty could be claimed till the timber was realised.! This of itself affords a strong inducement to private owners to adopt such a system of forestry finance, provided the State will assist in the way proposed. 2. Afforestation and Local Taxation. By SiR KENNETH MACKENZIE, Bart. Nothing very definite seems to have been stated as to the effect a National Scheme of Afforestation would have upon the incidence of local taxation. Little is said in the Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons, which sat in 1885-87, as to the effect of rates, though it is mentioned that in America all land planted is exempted from taxation and a bounty is offered for planting. The Departmental Committee sat in 1902, and had evidence as to the incidence of local taxation fom Mr Maxwell of the Local Government Board ; but this particular detail as affecting the question of afforestation is scarcely noticed in the Report, and the Committee were “ not prepared to make any recommendation on the subject.” Clearly the question of local rates affects the initial cost of a plantation and its maintenance for a considerable period, and it is a con- sideration which warrants careful investigation from the tax payer’s point of view. It seemed, therefore, desirable to make some inquiry as to how afforestation on a national scale would affect those parts of the West Highlands with which I am well acquainted, as it is probably in those districts that land can be obtained most economically for a national scheme. Possibly the general result of such an inquiry is more or less applicable 1 Since the above was written effect has been given to this principle in the Budget Bill, much to the satisfaction of silviculturists. 4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. to other areas in Scotland which are capable of being similarly treated, and it may be of interest to others. Rates in Scotland are imposed under the County Authority (z.¢., for police, roads, public health, etc.) on the gross rental as it appears in the Valuation Roll; and under the Parish Authority (z.e., for poor, school, registration, burial ground, etc.) on the so- called ‘‘annual value.” “ Annual value” is arrived at either by a system of deductions from the gross value of the various kinds of property, or by classification of those different kinds of property. So far as the present subject is concerned, this is rather a matter of detail, but parochial rates fall half and half on owner and occupier, and certain of the county rates are only charged on owners, in the proportion approxi- mately of 11-8 on owner and occupier, as regards the county rates in the districts I have examined. The occupiers of agricultural subjects, which are marked (a) in the Valuation Roll, are only rated on three-eighths of their value by both rating authorities—but plantations do not come under this heading— and they are taxed on what the assessor chooses to fix as the grazing value of the land they occupy. The assessable valuation of a typical West Highland parish is made up from the following main sources, the actual values being extracted from the Valuation Roll :— (a) Houses, Shops, etc., : : : : 4728 (6) Hotels and Inns, . - aoe (c) Crofts and Land in Crofters’ Occupation, . 1790 (Zz) Glebes, Churches, Mission Halls, etc., . . 98 (e) Plantations, . : ; : : 40 (7) Sheep Farms, ; : ' : » 1395 (¢g) Shootings and Deer Forests, . ‘ . 5000 (zh) Fishings, ; : : : : 2 . 1050 Total Valuation, . ~49mp4g2 Thanks to the courtesy of the county and parish collector I have ascertained that the average rates for the past three years have been :— Owner. Occupier. Parish Rates, . . . By Ban 28°3d. County Rates, . , {ag 8°5 A total of .» g9'33ads 36°8d. per annum in the pound on a Valuation of £11,452. AFFORESTATION AND LOCAL TAXATION. 5 As all the land occupied by crofters is by statute earmarked for their occupation in perpetuity, the only lands left capable of afforestation must be taken from subjects f and g. Sheep farms and deer forests are usually composed of both high and low ground, the latter being necessary for wintering purposes, and unfortunately the low ground is much smaller in area than the high ground. I think one may fairly take the area below the 800 feet contour line as less than one-fourth of the total area in such districts under sheep and deer—so that if there are 120,000 acres occupied by them at present, the practical planting area will not exceed 30,000 acres, from which a very considerable deduction will have to be made to allow for lochs, burns, bogs, peat mosses, and rocky bits which are of no value for either wintering or afforestation. If these portions are eliminated, the area capable of afforesta- tion will be reduced by about one-fifth, but possibly 25,000 acres might be found capable of being planted. Suppose the whole of this area were taken for afforestation it would mean that no wintering would be left for the sheep and very little for the deer. The sheep grounds would become valueless, as they could only be used for summer grazing ; the grouse-shooting rents would practically disappear, and the rents from the deer forest areas would be very greatly reduced—at any rate for some fifteen or twenty years till the plantations grew up sufficiently to admit of deer being allowed into them for wintering. Now how would this work out ?—the substitution of plantings for sheep would entail firstly, the removal of the twenty- two sheep farmers, their families and shepherds, who are presently in possession. Of the eight shootings four are grouse moors, these would disappear together with the lodges, gardens, keepers and under-keepers, which they presently maintain. The four remaining shootings, which are partially grouse but mainly deer forest, would remain, but with no grouse ground and a very reduced number of geer. This would mean a further reduction in gamekeepers, and also a very reduced rental. I calculate that if all the 25,000 acres were taken for afforestation, it would mean the abolition of the whole of the sheep farm rental and a reduction by about four-fifths of the shooting rental. That means £ 1395 +4 4000 = £5395 out of a total rentalof £11,450. Presumably the 25,000 acres would be rated at a prairie value of 6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. IS. per acre= £1250, so that the assessable value of the parish would be reduced by the sum of £4145. As on the present valuation of £11,450 it takes a rate of 3s. 3d. on owners and 3S. On occupiers to produce the amount necessary to maintain the poor, the schools, the roads, etc., it is easy to calculate how greatly the rate would have to be increased if the valuation were to be reduced to £7305 ; and as the outlay on these local require- ments is an ever-increasing quantity, one realises what a heavy burden on the crofters, shopkeepers, and householders such an experiment would entail. It seems to me that it would be more profitable to the community if owners of estates could be encouraged to plant areas in different places, which, under estate management, could be done without disturbing existing sources of valuation to any appreciable extent, rather than to endeavour to afforest in big blocks under a national scheme. There is a premium offered at present against planting—as long as an owner occupies his land with sheep he only pays rates on three-eighths of its valuation. If he fences and plants it, he has to pay rates on the full value appearing in the Valua- tion Roll. In addition to the rating question as affecting the local rate- payer, the further point arises as to whether the afforestation of the whole area would provide employment for a greater population than it does under its present conditions, when one thinks of those who would disappear—sheep farmers, shepherds, gamekeepers, ghillies, gardeners, caretakers, considered along with the greatly reduced employment given to carpenters, slaters, masons, painters, plumbers, and all such tradesmen, in maintaining the buildings, water supplies, paths, etc., inseparable from shootings and sheep farms. Eventually no doubt it would, but I fear not in the time of the present generation. These remarks do not apply to a parish where the whole area is capable of afforestation, and of course the reduction in the assessable value of a parish which I havg brought out above is not a reduction which would occur all at once. The whole area could only be planted gradually: and if the planting was done very gradually it might be possible to open up some of the planted ground to deer and sheep before the whole of the wintering ground had been planted, and so to provide them with shelter. This, however, could not be earlier than fifteen years THE SITKA SPRUCE AS A TREE FOR HILL PLANTING. i under the most favourable circumstances for the growth of timber, and might easily be very much longer. Let it not be thought that I am opposed to afforestation either by the State or by the individual, as that is not so. My object is to show that in either case there are many and diverse interests which should be very carefully considered and safeguarded before it can be adopted. [The Hon. Ed. hopes to secure the further discussion, in the next issue, of this question. ] 3. The Sitka Spruce as a Tree for Hill Planting and General Afforestation. (With Plate.) By JoHN D. Crozier. Amongst the many species of coniferous trees of economic importance introduced into Britain from Western North America, and now to be found distributed over the country of an age and in numbers sufficient to test their value for afforestation purposes, none seem capable of producing a growth of timber, on high elevations and moisture-holding soils, equal in volume and value to that of the Sitka spruce or Menzies fir (Picea sitchensts), or as the tree is locally named, the Tideland spruce. It is indigenous to the tract of country lying between the western slope of the Coast Ranges and the Pacific coast, where the climate closely resembles that of the western shores of Great Britain and Ireland generally, while its altitudinal range seems to be governed more by its demands on moisture of soil and atmosphere than by the depth or quality of soil, or by temperature. Its range, occurrence, and demands on climate are stated in a silvicultural study of the Sitka spruce, by Mr Giffard Pinchot, chief of the United States Forest Service, to be as follows:— “Sitka spruce occurs in the forests of the Pacific Coast from Caspar, Mendocino, County Cal., north- ward through Oregon, Washington, and Alaska to the base of the Alaska Peninsula. It confines itself chiefly to the vicinity of the coast, and in its entire range of over 1300 miles from California to Alaska extends nowhere far inland. Where it 8 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. extends inland at all, it does so only along arms of the ocean, and along the courses of streams. In Alaska it extends farther north and west than any other Pacific coast forest tree. “Sitka spruce occurs generally in moist situations along the coast, on alluvial and sandy bottom-land, along the courses of streams, and also on moist slopes facing the sea. In parts of British Columbia, Alaska, and the islands along the coast, Sitka spruce thrives on very thin and light soils, where there is an abundance of atmospheric and soil moisture. It follows the moist soils in its extension eastward, and on the mountain slopes. For its best development it requires constant soil moisture, humid air and good soil. In situations deficient in moisture the Sitka spruce is more or less stunted, and the quantity and quality of soil becomes more important as the moisture supply decreases. It can endure inundation along the flood plains of the coast, but generally grows a short distance from the water’s edge, to avoid too wet situations.” These then are the conclusions with regard to the demands of the Sitka spruce on site and soil arrived at by the United States Forest Service, as the result of a prolonged study of its habit in its natural state ; and if these conclusions be added to the experience gained in this country of the tree in a cultivated state, a sufficiently reliable estimate of its physical requirements may be formed to guide us in the selection of sites and soils most favourable to its growth. That ample moisture, both soil and atmospheric, is essential to its well-being in the British Isles has already been abundantly proved, and hence we find the largest and most vigorous trees of the species in the humid climate of the Scottish Highlands, in the west coast of England and Wales, and in Ireland, where the climate generally seems favourable, and where also the largest trees are to be found. The lowlands of the south of Scotland, and the midland and eastern countries of England generally, are not so suitable for the growth of Sitka spruce, owing no doubt to the dryness of the atmosphere, and it is also a noticeable fact that height- growth is much slower on open plains than on the lower slopes and valleys of a hill country; it is only when planted on the latter positions that full advantage of its inherent tendency to produce rapid and sustained upward growth can possibly be taken. On low elevations and moist soils, a rainfall of from 30 to 53 \ THE SITKA SPRUCE AS A TREE FOR HILL PLANTING. 9 inches seems sufficient to meet the requirements of the tree; but on such soils as generally occur at high elevations on our moorlands and mountain slopes, a rainfall similar to that of Argyllshire and the west coast generally (80 to roo inches), will, I believe, be required for its best development. My own experience leads me to believe that little danger is to be feared from excess of moisture, provided it be not stagnant; and also that an amount which, under ordinary conditions, would prove fatal to the Norway spruce, would not appreciably affect the Sitka spruce. It is a matter of regret that, while Sitka spruce has, for a period of nearly eighty years, been known and appreciated in pineta and pleasure grounds, on account of its ornamental value, so little has been done, in a practical way, to ascertain its commercial value; but probably, as in the case of the Douglas fir, a prejudice, based on insufficient knowledge of the real value of its timber, may have accounted for the lack of interest shown in the tree. No doubt such specimens of timber as had from time to time become available, had usually been the product of specimen trees grawn purely for ornamental purposes, and valued in accordance with the depth and spread of their crowns; from such trees the lowest grade of timber only could possibly be produced. The fact, however, should be borne in mind that silver fir, spruce, or larch, planted and cultivated under similar conditions, would yield timber only slightly inferior in density to that of these quicker-growing exotics. Yet no one would be likely to contend that an annual ring of timber, of threequarters of an inch or over in width, represented a fair sample of average density of any of those species. It should hardly be necessary, at this date, to point out that quality of timber, at least as far as closeness of grain and freedom from knots are concerned, is purely a matter of control, and may be heightened or lowered in degree just as the method of management in the forest is of an approved order or the reverse; with conifere generally, the more rapid the growth the greater the need proportionately for high density of stock. Sitka spruce responds readily to cultural management, and while in isolation the trees usually carry the maximum pro- portion of branch to bole, in close canopy stem-cleaning can be brought about by the minimum of side shade. Amongst the earlier experiments in planting Sitka spruce out IO TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in the woodlands as a commercial tree, probably those begun on the estate of Durris, the property of Henry Robert Baird, Esq., about sixty years ago, are amongst the most noteworthy, and are valuable as a test of its utility for general forest planting ; and if the results obtained can be regarded as what would be the outcome generally of planting on similar sites and soils, there can be little doubt regarding the capability of the Sitka spruce as a revenue-producing species over the greater part of the plantable area of this country. Of the earlier planted trees, many have now reached considerable dimensions, stems of upwards of go feet in height, with a girth of 6 to 9g feet, and having their branches shed to a height of 30 feet, being of frequent occurrence. In youth the Sitka spruce is liable to develop strongly buttressed roots and a somewhat tapering stem, especially on shallow soils; but with the rising crown of approaching maturity, the upper part of the bole swells out, and the result is a well-balanced column, yielding in the process of conversion the maximum proportion of sawn timber. The timber, of which an increasing volume is becoming available on the estate for manufacture, is light, straight-grained, satiny in appearance, and easily dressed. The sapwood is white and the heart-wood a light red, a feature peculiarly its own, as none of the other spruces in cultivation exhibit any difference in colour betwixt heart and sapwood, but are white throughout. The medullary rays, as in the case of Douglas fir timber, show prominently, and impart a lustre to the finished article which makes the timber especially suitable for interiors. It is not liable to warp, is susceptible of a beautiful polish, and when varnished mellows down, in time, to a rich yellow brown. For structural timbers, such as beams and joisting, where length and straightness of bole are necessary features, in order to obviate great waste of material in manufacture, the Sitka spruce will probably find one of its principal uses. Otherwise, it may be used for any purpose for which Continental whitewood is suitable, and locally, as thinnings of pole and spar sizes, it has been found suitable for manufacture into curing-barrel staves, dry-goods boxes, etc. On the Pacific coast, the Sitka spruce is regarded as the largest, as it is also the most important, of all the spruces, and is of great commercial value. Its timber is used for a multiplicity of purposes, including structural work of all kinds, interior finishing, boat-building, cooperage and THE SITKA SPRUCE AS A TREE FOR HILL PLANTING. Il packing-cases, and it is now also becoming largely used for wood-pulp. Its applicability for this purpose alone is of great value, as, grown in this country specially with a view to the production of pulp, it would, I have good reason to believe, produce more than double the volume of any other tree suitable for the purpose; while as thinnings from growing planta- tions also, a considerable volume of suitable material could be reckoned upon. As a tree for hill planting, Sitka spruce has proved here its superiority over larch, Scots pine, and Norway spruce in a marked degree, its power of resistance against winds and its general reliability on exposed sites far surpassing those of any of those species. On Strathgyle, the eastmost pro- jection of the Grampian Range, rising to about the rooo feet contour line, an extensive area of poor heath-clad land was planted, thirty-one years ago, with a mixture of Norway spruce, Scots pine, larch, and Sitka spruce. The soil, subsoil, and geological formation are those common to the Grampians generally, viz., peaty soil mixed with grit, boulder clay, and gneiss, with an occasional outcrop of granite. The exposure is from north-west round to south-east, and, in the higher elevations, the conditions are particularly unfavourable. The north side of the hill is open to both the north and the west winds, while the east and south-east sides are exposed to the cold east winds off the German Ocean, which is about six miles distant. The planting was carried up to within about a hundred and fifty feet of the crest, and as a sufficient period has now elapsed to make possible a comparison of the relative hardiness of the different species, it is important to note the result. The larch and Scots pine at the higher elevations proved an entire failure, the crop over a considerable part of the area having developed into stunted lichen-covered scrub. The Norway spruce, although slow in growth, forms a more hopeful crop, and may be expected to grow in time to a useful timber size. But the Sitka spruce, even at the highest elevation, has withstood the blast, and indicates that on exposed moisture-holding soils, and sites, such as are common to the highlands of Scotland generally, the altitudinal line for economic planting may be raised to a higher level than has hitherto been possible by the planting of any other tree. On lower elevations and on better class soils, where the species generally has shown a disposition to grow, the Norway spruce has again taken the lead over Scots pine and I2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. larch; but where the Sitka spruce had been mixed in the proportion of about a thousand plants to the acre the spruce in turn had mostly been suppressed by it before the seventeenth or eighteenth year after date of planting. At an altitude of about 750 to 800 feet, where the best soils occur, the Sitka spruce has now reached an average height of from 46 to 50 feet, with an average diameter at breast-height of 83 inches, while a proportion of the larger stems contain from 15 to 16 cubic feet. The average cubical content, arrived at by the measurement of all the stems standing on an area of half an acre of average growth, proved to be 64 cubic feet. Against those averages it may be pointed out that the tallest Norway spruces in the whole plantation do not exceed 35 feet in height, nor do they reach the average diameter of the Sitka spruce, while their average size, even in the very best parts, is merely that of small poles (see Plate I.). Owing to the irregular way in which the trees stand on the ground, they are, as may be seen from the above measurements, also somewhat irregular in size, and as they stand with too much head room, they have developed unduly spreading crowns. They have, however, divested themselves of the suppressed branches on the lower part of the stem to a much greater extent than the more shade-enduring Norway spruces have done under similarly dense conditions of crop. As the result of carefully selecting and measuring a number of trees, typical in form, and each standing on an area of thirty-six square feet (which gives 1210 trees to the acre, a normal density for Sitka spruce up to the fortieth year), I have good reason to believe that, on suit- able soils and with a full stand of trees on the ground, a volume of 6000 cubic feet per acre is well within the possible timber- production of this tree at thirty-one years after date of planting ; and that by the time the fifty-fifth year has been reached, this volume will have increased to 10,000 cubic feet, representing a money value, at the rate of 6d. per cubic foot, of 4250 per acre. If judged by the rate of growth of Norway spruce, this volume may appear well nigh unattainable; but the fact must be remembered that for Sitka spruce, as for Douglas fir, no yield-statistics have as yet been compiled, and tables dealing with the ordinary commercial forest trees are valueless as an index of what either of those trees are capable of producing under cultivation. But while Douglas fir would give generally Pye /Nario, It A TYPICAL STEM AND ROOT OF SITKA SPRUCE ON MOIST SOIL. Age, 55 years; height, 102 feet ; girth at 35 feet above ground, 4 ft. 6 ins. > 4 ; + rs i ‘ ‘ wa eae SITKA SPRUCE AND NORWAY SPRUCE ON EXPOSED SITE. (The Sitkas are the taller trees.) [To face page 12. * fs THE SITKA SPRUCE AS A TREE FOR HILL PLANTING. 13 the greater return on a low elevation, and a deep soil, Sitka spruce would undoubtedly yield better results at high elevations, and on moist soils. For Sitka spruce, pure planting offers advantages which cannot be obtained by mixing it with other species, both on account of the greater inducement towards height-growth, and with regard to simplification of management. Unfortunately, the present high price of plants precludes the possibility of pure planting ; but with an increased and steady demand for them, there is no apparent reason why plants should not be produced in the public nurseries at a price not greatly in excess of that ruling for ordinary commercial conifers. For extensive planting it is better in every respect, however, to raise the plants in the estate nursery. On good soils, 3556 plants per acre will generally be sufficient to insure the necessary density of crop; but on high-lying sites the number would require to be increased to 4840 plants per acre. Should it be found necessary to select a cheaper substitute to mix with the Sitka spruce, Norway spruce, although slow in growth, seems best fitted for the purpose, and on moist soils little choice is left in the matter. In a mixed plantation of the two species, 1210 Sitka spruce, placed at 6 feet apart with the intervals filled in to 3 feet over all with Norway spruce, will generally give satisfactory results; but any less proportion of the Sitka would most likely repeat the result obtained in the hill plantation already alluded to, and would allow the crowns of the dominating species too much freedom before they themselves had formed close canopy. On low elevations and good soils, a mixture of larch and Sitka spruce would also be likely to lead to good results. In that case, however, the proportion of the latter would require to be increased to about one-half in order to obtain sufficient density of crop to effect timely branch-shedding. The two species seem to associate well together; in height-growth they are about equal, until the pole stage has been passed at least, and the Sitka spruces, thus compelled to fight for crown space, are drawn up with a cleaner stem than when they overtop the slower-growing Norway spruce. The greater value obtained from thinnings is also an inducement to make the experiment, wherever practicable. The management of such a mixture would of course be governed by the success or failure of the larch, but the usual objections to the planting of spruce and I4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. larch together on account of the supposed danger of spreading larch disease, through the medium of the spruce gall aphis, would not in this case at any rate hold good, as the Sitka spruce is singularly free from attack by that pest. When planted on dry, gravelly soil, the Sitka spruce has here proved its aversion to such conditions by early becoming stunted in growth, losing most of its foliage, and by the stem, thus exposed to too much light, frequently exhibiting a growth of epicormic shoots, a feature also noticeable in older woods, where the stems have been suddenly exposed to light through thinning operations or otherwise. What the most profitable rotation period for Sitka spruce may be has yet to be ascertained, but, so far as can at present be judged, a long rotation will probably yield the highest financial results; for, as the timber is specially suited for struc- tural purposes, a sufficiently long period must be allowed for its maturation, and any rotation less than 100 to 120 years need not, I believe, be calculated upon as being likely to produce the quality of timber desirable for these purposes. In this country, the tree has all the appearence of being very long lived, and a large annual increment may be expected up to a great age. With the extension of forestry, it will be necessary, in order to develop the market for home-grown timber, to provide a higher-grade timber than has hitherto been produced under cultivation, and thus to comply with builders’ specifica- tions; and this can only be accomplished by the adoption of a rotation period of sufficient length to enable the timber to mature thoroughly. Should a home demand for pulpwood arise, as it seems certain to do in course of time, a period of 40 years would be sufficient to produce the class of material required for the purpose; and as a pulpwood tree the Sitka spruce has, I believe, a great future in store. Norway spruce is the principal species for pulp at present, but Sitka spruce can be produced on a shorter rotation, and is also much freer from knots than that species. As a pitwood tree it is not likely to compete seriously with larch or Douglas fir: it does not mature its timber so early, and in a young state it breaks under strain with a short fracture. In the north of Scotland, one of the principal drawbacks to forestry has been the difficulty of finding a remunerative market for small thinnings, as the excessive haulage rates have pre- cluded the possibility of sending pitwood, other than larch, to THE SITKA SPRUCE AS A TREE FOR HILL PLANTING. 15 the coalfields in the south of Scotland. With the development of the Aberdeen and north-east coast fishing and box-making industries, however, a good market has been opened up, and the demand for clean-grown Scots pine and spruce exceeds the supply. Unfortunately much of the timber produced is not sufficiently clean grown to meet requirements, and a steady import trade from continental sources has arisen in manufactured staves, and also in pulpwood billets, which are now being manufactured locally into barrel staves, boxwood, etc. Wide planting and early thinning, it will therefore be understood, have their dis- advantages ; and in this part of the country they are being felt at a comparatively early period in the life of the plantation. As a shade-bearing species, Sitka spruce does not rank high ; it seems intolerant of both overhead and close side-shade, and might be classed as a moderate light demander rather than as a shade-bearer. Where planted densely, in mixture with Douglas fir and Norway spruce, it has become thin in foliage and stunted in growth, while the other species are both making good growth. As an understory, it would, therefore, seem capable of use only under a very high canopy of light-crowned oak or larch; and as Douglas fir would produce both a larger volume of timber and further improve the condition of the soil, it should under such conditions always be planted in preference to Sitka spruce. As regards the reproductive capacity of the tree in this country, it does not seem particularly prolific. Cone-bearing does not become general until about the thirty-fifth to the fortieth year, and good seed years are somewhat infrequent. The cones are small in size, but contain from 300 to 350 seeds, and should be collected immediately on ripening, in early October, as in presence of a drying wind the scales open up, and the seeds may be shed within a few days. Acclimatisation has, however, become so far assured as to promise a sufficient supply of seed in the country; and as a proof of this I may say that, a few years ago, I had the cones collected from a tree of about thirty-five years of age, and the seeds sown separately, the result being that close on 20,000 seedlings were produced from them. In its nursery management, a considerable amount of attention is required during the first year after sowing the seeds, both as regards drought in summer and frost-lifting in winter. I6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The first year’s seedlings are very small and shallow-rooted, and unless some protection is given to the beds the whole crop may easily be ruined from either cause. The common practice of lining the sides of the beds with g-inch boards and stretching a covering of tiffany or very thin packsheet overhead is usually a sufficient precaution, the covering being used only when necessary. In the second or third year the seedlings should be lined out in nursery plots, and there grown on for one or two years more, by which time they become sufficiently strong to be put out to the forest. If the ground to be planted is bare of herbage, 2- or 3-year seedlings may be notched or dibbled into the ground by the planting-spade or hand-iron; but if rank herbage exists, and pitting is necessary, 4- or 5-year-old plants may be used in order to save the expense of repeated cleaning from rank growth. So far, Sitka spruce has, on this estate, proved immune from attack by insect or fungoid pests; but it would perhaps be too much to hope that it will always remain so, and therefore, failure should not be courted by planting it on sites such as are known for the time being to be infested with pine weevil, or where fungoid diseases, parasitic on the spruce tribe generally, are prevalent. The conclusions arrived at, as the result of a study of the habit of the Sitka spruce over a wide area and under varying conditions of management, may be summarised as follows:—(r) it is suitable for afforesting exposed sites, in humid localities, such as occur in various parts of the kingdom, and particularly in the Scottish highlands ; (2) grown in high-forest, it has great productive capacity and yields a high quality of timber; (3) it enjoys practical immunity from attack by insect and by fungoid pests. These qualities, combined with the great size it attains, tend to make the Sitka spruce in this country what it is recognised to be in its native habitat, “ The largest of all the spruces and of great commercial importance.” THE FINANCIAL ASPECT OF FORESTRY. 7 4. The Financial Aspect of Forestry. By PERCIVAL TRENTHAM Maw. Now that the subject of forestry and the advisability of more extensive planting in Great Britain is being somewhat freely discussed by politicians and others, a critical discussion on the methods adopted for showing the financial results likely to accrue from afforestation will be welcomed by some and act possibly as a timely warning to others. I have no hesitation in saying that much of the advice offered by enthusiasts in the cause of forestry can only lead, if followed, to grave financial losses. While in many cases their estimates as to the growth of timber, the amounts likely to be received for thinnings, and the final crop, are quite likely to be realised, yet their estimates of the ultimate profit which they anticipate would appear in most cases to be made in ignorance of the correct principles that should be applied in making actuarial calculations. As I have previously pointed out,! it is of no uncommon occurrence for those seeking advice as to the possible profits that may be derived from operations of afforestation to be informed of the results achieved in continental forests. For instance, an owner contemplating planting is told of some existing forest where the average net annual receipts per acre amount perhaps to 30s. or £2. Then he is advised that the cost of planting will be perhaps £8 an acre, and the land is now valued at £12 an acre, and that on this proposed investment of #20 an acre, he may thus hope to secure the same net profits. An increased rental of say 25s. an acre with an additional capital expenditure of only £8! Over 15 per cent. interest ; what more profitable undertaking can be embarked upon! Fortunately, a remark of Mr Healy’s showing his high appreciation of the intelligence of the Upper House may also be applied to the majority of British landowners, but I should hesitate to make such a flattering statement concerning those who offer advice such as has been instanced above. As well might one compare an agricultural rent with a rent received from a fully developed building estate. Not infrequently it is suggested that the value of the final crop divided by the number of years in the rotation will represent 1 Surveyor’s Institution, Professtonal Notes, vol. xv., part iv. VOL. XXIII. PART I. B 18 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the annual net return on the initial outlay, it being presumed that the payment of annual outgoings is equivalent to the various sums of money received from time to time from the sale of thinnings. Or, again, the gross annual return on capital invested is assumed to be the value of the average annual production of timber, including that removed as thinnings, and from such a sum a deduction of perhaps 2s. to 5s. is made on account of rates and other annual outgoings, and the amount remaining is stated to be the net annual return on the invested capital. To take an example, let it be supposed that land which can be bought for #10 an acre is to be planted with a mixed crop of trees. It is estimated that the cost of planting, fencing, cleaning for the first three or four years and replacing deaths will be £8 an acre; that when 30 years old the thinnings— will yield ros. an acre; at 40 years, £2, 10S. am acre; at so years, £4; at 60 years, £5; at 70 years, £6, 5s.; and that, when 80 years old, there will be a final crop of 3450 cubic feet over 6-inch quarter-girth measure, which at an average price of 7d. a foot will yield £100, 12s. Atthe end of the rotation the value of the land is presumed to remain unaltered. The total number of cubic feet (down to 3 inches top diameter) which will be produced is estimated at 5050 cubic feet, which gives an average annual production of 63 cubic feet. And the average annual outgoings over and above any sum received as a sporting rent or by the sale of faggots are estimated at 2s. per acre. Now, by adopting the first method which has been instanced, it would appear that the initial outlay of £18 would yield a net annual return of approximately £1, 5s., value of final crop number of years in rotation or apparently nearly 7 per cent. interest. And by the second method, the average annual production of 63 cubic feet would be worth, at 7d. a cubic foot, £1, 16s. gd. From this gross annual value is deducted 2s. for annual out- goings, and the net return that should be realised on the invested capital is stated to be £1, 14s. 9d. per annum. Both these methods of expressing the financial result of the operation are absolutely fallacious, but unfortunately they are of very common occurrence. They savour of the finances of some progressive County Council. A moment’s consideration Ee Nh he for THE FINANCIAL ASPECT OF FORESTRY. 19 will reveal the fact that it has been assumed that money can be borrowed for 80 years without any interest at all being paid upon it, which is utterly absurd.! Now, in order to arrive at the correct annual value, it will be necessary to determine the credit sum which will have accumulated at the end of the rotation, if all sums of money received or spent are deemed to have been invested or borrowed at compound interest. From this sum the original cost of planting—viz., £8—should be deducted, as the crop will be debtor to this amount of capital. The remaining sum will represent the accumulated net profits, the annual value of which is found by discounting the amount at compound interest into a yearly payment throughout the whole rotation. In the above instance, if 4 per cent. compound interest is assumed, there would be a net yearly return of 3s. 2d.? on the invested capital of £18 per acre. If the calculations are made at 34 per cent. compound interest the return will be 4s. 5d., and if at 3 per cent. compound interest 6s. 1d. Another method sometimes adopted in presenting financial statements concerning forestry, is to state the rate of compound interest which will be yielded at the end of the rotation on the initial expenditure. In the case under consideration, if monies received and spent during the rotation were credited and debited with 4 per cent. compound interest to the end of the rotation, a return equal to approximately 2} per cent. compound interest would be realised on the invested capital. If 3 per cent. compound interest were calculated on monies received or spent, the return on the invested capital would be equal to approximately 2} per cent. compound interest. Again, if the land could be bought for £5 an acre, the return would be just under 2? per cent. compound interest in the former case, and just over 2? per cent. compound interest in the latter case. Now although this method of showing the financial aspect 1 [We think that there are few persons, likely to be consulted as experts on a question of this sort, who are unaware that compound interest has to be employed in the calculation the various formulze for which are given in Vol. III., Part Il., of Schlich’s Manual of Forestry.—Hon. EpD.] 2 This yearly return is not influenced in any way by the original cost price of the land. If, however, the cost of planting, fencing, and cleaning the young crop were only £4 (instead of 48 as instanced), the yearly return would be 3s. 4d. instead of 3s. 2d. 20 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of forestry operations is theoretically correct, I much prefer to state the net annual rental which can reasonably be expected, according to the method previously described. There are several objections that can be raised against the former method : it is somewhat ambiguous to those who are not accustomed to actuarial calculations: for, if the rate of compound interest is low, it is apt to cause an unduly favourable opinion to be formed of the undertaking; whilst the reverse is the case if the rate of compound interest is high. Then again for practical purposes, although the productive capacity of the land may have been accurately gauged, it will nearly always be necessary to refer to tables to ascertain the probable rate of interest that will be yielded by any planting operations, for whenever the value of the land or the initial expenditure varies so does the rate of interest, although the growth of timber may remain the same. But if the latter method, namely, that of showing the net annual value, be pursued, any advocate for afforestation will be able to furnish data which are more or less directly comparable with existing net agricultural rents; though, before a strict comparison can be made, a portion of the estimated annual rental value of the land when planted must be deducted as representing the yearly interest on the cost of planting and fencing. Also, it should not be forgotten that a portion of any large area of land, if afforested, must be devoted to roads and drives, and there is always a certain amount of other unproductive land. I urge all who contemplate planting and obtaining advice thereon, to insist upon being advised as to what annual rental can be expected from the capital invested, and to ascertain also what rate of compound interest has been assumed in making the calculations. For, as will have been gathered from what has already been said, the rate of compound interest assumed will make an enormous difference in the estimated results which are likely to accrue from planting operations: if a low rate is taken a profit can often be shown, but seldom otherwise. Conscious of this, over-zealous experts and others who tender advice, habitually adopt a low rate of interest, and it seems to be their almost universal practice to take 24 per cent. or at most 3 percent. This is especially the case when they are advising municipal and other corporate bodies. Now, I admit there was a time when the public were willing to THE FINANCIAL ASPECT OF FORESTRY. 21 lend money to the Government at 2} per cent. interest, or to municipal corporations at about 3 per cent., but these conditions do not prevail at the present time, and although a period of cheap money has now! returned, I am inclined to think that the investing public will never again lend their money at the same low rate of interest, especially if public bodies embark upon such risky undertakings as afforestation. From time to time proposals are made that the Government should lend money for afforestation purposes to public bodies and even to private owners at a lower rate of interest than they themselves can borrow from the public. But I fail to see any justification for such a course. Why should the credit of the nation be mortgaged in order that a bounty may be granted on home-grown timber? For this is really what such a scheme would result in. Why should the Government foster and favour this industry in preference to others? Except from the esthetic point of view, forestry should be looked upon as a commercial undertaking, to be carried out on sound commercial principles. Regarding it in this light, I cannot, in the case of oak, beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine form a very favourable opinion concerning the realisation of future profits, if the present prices which prevail for timber remain unaltered. Under such circumstances the aim of foresters must be, not “ what profits they can make,” but “ how little shall they lose.” I am quite willing to admit that there is a possibility that prices for home-grown timber, at any rate for coniferous timber, may rise substantially. An export duty imposed by foreign countries, or a duty levied at home on imported timber, would have this effect. But these anticipations are perhaps beyond the sphere of a forester. It should be remembered that he who embarks upon timber growing is really “ dealing in futures.” Great risks are incurred from danger wrought by insects, fungi, fire, and storm: and hidden dangers which cannot be foreseen are almost legion. Again, who shall be bold enough to deny the possibility that, at some future date, any enhanced value of timber may be regarded as unearned increment and penalised accordingly by taxation imposed by some Socialistic Government? For, be it remembered, growing timber is “real property”—it is part of the land in the eyes of the law. 1 Midsummer, 1909. 22 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5. Afforestation of Catchment Areas.' The supply of water obtained from land forming a “ catch- ment area” is materially affected by the planting of trees. It has been found that the moisture in the soil underlying trees is much better conserved than it is in open country, so that more water drains from a wooded area than from one devoid of trees ; while, in addition, the flow is maintained more equably through- out the year, thus tending to prevent floods on the one hand, and water-famines on the other. In addition to the direct improvement of these areas in point of suitability for the supply of water, the sale of timber may become after a time a relatively important source of revenue. . These considerations induced the Departmental Committee on British Forestry in 1902 to recommend that the attention of corporations and municipalities should be drawn to the desirability of planting with trees the catchment areas of their water supply, and in communicating this recommendation to the Local Authorities the opportunity was taken to ascertain some particulars as to the area and character of their catchment areas. These particulars were given in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, November, 1904, p. 468 ; and with a view to ascer- taining what steps have been taken since that date, the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries have recently asked the Local Authorities principally concerned for an account of any work in the direction of planting the areas under their control which has since been carried out. The result of the inquiry shows that in the majority of cases, even where Local Authorities are in possession of the freehold, or have long leases of their catchment areas, very little progress has yet been made, In a few cases, on the other hand, the work has been taken up seriously, and planting is being done on a systematic plan. Leeds.—The catchment area of the Leeds Corporation is situated in the Washburn Valley, and extends to over 11,700 acres, varying from 350 feet to 1550 feet above sea-level, and lying on the Millstone Grit overlaid with boulder clay. The work of afforestation was begun here with a view to giving work to the unemployed, and has been carried out for three seasons ’ Reproduced from the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, by permission of H. M. Stationery Office. AFFORESTATION OF CATCHMENT AREAS. 23 with men drawn from the Unemployed Bureau, assisted by a few permanent men. In 1908-9, however, a permanent staff was engaged, though, planting by the “unemployed” is to be continued. In all 514 acres have been planted, and a further 141 acres are being planted this season (1908-9), 115 acres by the unemployed and 26 acres by the staff. The average cost for the three seasons for preparing the land, draining, fencing, and planting, including expenditure on the nursery, was All, 19s. 5d. per acre, but the Waterworks engineer, Mr C. G. Henzell, observes that the cost of planting should not have been more than £7, ros. to £8, ros. per acre, the excess being due to the employment of inexperienced men. Much of the work was badly done, and the failures have been quite 30 per cent. The men were not accustomed to spade-work, and few were able to stand the rough weather. The permanent staff are now engaged in replanting the gaps caused by dead trees in the existing plantations, the number of trees requiring to be replaced being 551,000. The planting has been done with beech, ash, oak, alder, sycamore, Scots pine, spruce, and larch. The larch has not been at all successful, and more than 30 per cent. of the plants are dead.! The Scots pine and the hardwoods have done very well, but the spruce has not been so satisfactory. No insect pests have been noticed except a slight attack of larch Aphis (Chermes laricis). Mr Henzell, in his report to the Corporation for 1908, observed that the work of afforesting the drainage area was of great importance, and suggested that 100 to 150 acres should be planted annually. To do this it was estimated that a permanent staff of ten men, used to spade-work and experienced in planting, would be needed, together with six additional men in the planting season, to be drawn from among the small tenants on the estate. The men during the summer months would be employed in keeping up the nursery, cutting down the growth round the young trees, putting up fencing, etc. Liverpool.—According to evidence given before the Royal Commission on Coast Erosion by Mr Joseph Parry, engineer-in- chief to the Liverpool Corporation Waterworks, the Corporation possesses two catchment areas: one at Rivington, in South-West [1 It is feared that the percentage of deaths recorded will not be found to be a full measure of the loss incurred by the employment of unskilled labour.— Hon. Ep. 77ransactions. | 24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Lancashire, covering an area of 1000 acres on the Millstone Grit formation, and the second at Vyrnwy, in Montgomeryshire, with an area of nearly 23,000 acres. The work of afforestation on these areas has been mainly undertaken with a view to utilise the ground, and at the same time to prevent any pollution of the water supply. Operations at Rivington were begun about 1904 with an experimental area of about 600 acres, and in 1908 408 acres had been actually planted. At Vyrnwy the area actually planted (in 1908) was 4oo acres, and, in addition, there were a number of old woods covering some hundreds of acres. Nurseries have been established at both places, which are now able to supply the trees required for planting. The average cost of planting has been about £6 per acre, but this includes some expenditure which will not be necessary in future. Mr Parry has furnished the Board of Agriculture with the following general statement of the afforestation work carried out by the Liverpool Corporation since the year 1904 :— ‘The top water of Lake Vyrnwy is 825 feet above Ordnance datum, and the catchment area around the lake rises, by slopes generally moderate, to a height of over 2000 feet. At the north-west end the slopes are steeper, and in places precipitous. The Silurian rocks around the lake are of a slaty nature, and disintegrate into a loamy soil, which is retentive of moisture. The number of trees of various species planted in the plantations round Lake Vyrnwy since the year 1904 and up to 30th June 1908, has been as follows :— Larch, 203,600; Douglas fir, 131,225; spruce fir, 163,100; silver fir, 20,000; Scots pine, 36,500; Corsican pine, 176,425; Weymouth pine, 39,070; Austrian pine, 5200; oak, 7600; ash, 2700; sycamore, 9350; beech, 105,300; total, goo,o7o. The planting for the year 1908-9 was completed early in May. The area planted was 117 acres, and the number of trees was 326,000 (including the filling of blanks), making a grand total planted since 1904 of 1,226,070. The total amount spent on the nurseries and plantations at Lake Vyrnwy (including fencing) last year was £1467, 15s. 8d., but a considerable amount of this was incurred in clearing scrub from old abandoned woods, and in the drainage of peat lands. The Rivington reservoirs are situated in Lancashire between the towns of Bolton and Blackburn, and the total area of the gathering ground is 10,000 acres. The Corporation AFFORESTATION OF CATCHMENT AREAS. 25 decided to commence planting this area in the year 1904, and the work is now proceeding at the rate of between one and two hundred acres per annum. The following general statement has been prepared by the forester (Mr M‘Beath) :— The land planted on the Rivington watershed is nearly all, in the northern part, in the parishes of Tockholes and Withnell, and extends to 420 acres. This land was formerly let as grazing land. The soil varies from peat to a peaty loam and stiff clay. In places it overlies the Millstone Grit, and it varies in depth from a few inches to 2 feet or more. About 200 acres of these lands form the sides of the Roddlesworth Valley, covering well-drained slopes facing S.W. to W. and N.E. to N. About 42 acres of this were pit-planted. Casual labour was employed from the village, and pits were opened by contract at rs. 8d. per 100; a few good workmen earned 5s. per day, while many others did not earn 2s.; 3000 pits were opened to the acre, and 4-year-old plants, beech oak, ash, sycamore, and spruce were put in. The spruce were planted along the sides of the plantations next the reservoirs, to prevent leaves from blowing into the water, at a cost of 48, 5s. per acre, including enclosing and purchase of plants. An area of 156 acres was notch-planted with 2-year seedlings of the same species, and the cost per acre, including purchase of plants, was £2, 11s. The workmen employed on this plantation were young men and boys trained in forest work. Another area of 36 acres was notch-planted, and the turf was skimmed off 14 inches square before notching to prevent the grass from smothering the plants. Turfs were taken off by contract at 7d. per roo. The cost per acre was about £3 inclusive. through an area which had been devastated by wind and snow. The ground had been cleared of fallen and broken timber, and the greater part of it replanted with young spruce trees, now from 4 to 6 feet high. The rest of the area had been left to natural regeneration, and the seedling spruces were coming up in all sorts of corners and crannies where they had been able to escape the attentions of browsing deer. From 3500 feet upwards, the forest grew steadily thinner, the trees often standing singly or in groups‘amid mountain meadows grazed by cattle. The difference in rapidity of growth became very marked. The trees were vigorous enough, but, though 150 years of age, they were only half the height of the younger trees in the valley below, and showed many signs of struggle with gales and snowstorms. As we ascended, the spruces became more and more mixed with the Alpine Stone Pine (?. Ceméra), a tree that flourishes in these mountains at a higher elevation than any other forest tree, though its growth is very slow. And at the highest point of our walk, the Stone Pine grew almost alone amid patches of the dwarf Mountain Pine (P. montana). The view from Shachen of jagged mountain peaks, white precipices, winding valleys, and forest-clad slopes, is a beautiful and striking one. In a situation overlooking this fine scene is an unexpected and well-arranged Botanic garden, in which we were able to find out the names of many of the plants which had attracted our attention on the way up. The garden contains specimens of all the native mountain plants, as well as specimens of foreign varieties which will thrive at that high elevation. A violent and prolonged thunderstorm, which happily only came on after our day’s inspection was concluded, sent us hurrying back to Partenkirchen, which was reached at 6.30 P.M. Aug. 3. Rain fell heavily till near midday, when we started on our return journey to Munich, most of the party stopping on the way to have a sail round Starnberg lake. Aug. 4. This was a specially instructive day for us. At Partenkirchen we had seen forests in which the trees were for the most part matured or maturing. On this day we were able to follow the process of regenerating a forest, from the seed-bed to the tree of 20 years’ growth. The Ebersberger forest is situated about 30 miles south of Munich, on fairly level ground, and covers an area of 20,000 74 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. acres. Some 20 years ago, it began to suffer a series of calamities. In 1889 the Nun moth (Liparis monacha) appeared in extraordinary numbers, its caterpillars devastating 7000 acres of trees. Various artificial means were tried, but without effect, to get rid of the plague; but, happily, after two years, the caterpillars were smitten with a mysterious disease which killed them all off within a few days. In 1894 and 1895 a succession of gales destroyed another 2500 acres. All this area of nearly 10,000 acres was cleared of timber as fast as possible; since which, the process of re-afforestation has been steady carried on. Where re-afforesting was begun while the ground was still clear of vegetation, and manured by the carcases of myriads of caterpillars, the result was very successful. But as the years went on, the ground deteriorated, and it became more and more difficult to give the young plants a start. An interesting process of combined forestry and agriculture was then tried, which proved very effective. It is thus described by Prof. Mayr in a little guide-book prepared for our help. The old spruce roots having first been grubbed up, “the ground is sown with a crop of oats which is harvested in summer. This, after a light dressing of manure, is followed in the second spring by a potatocrop. After the potatoes are lifted, a dressing of lime is given, and in the third spring some more artificial manure is applied, after which oat and spruce seed are sown. The ripe oats are cut fairly high,” and the spruce seedlings come up among the stubble. “‘ By this method, not only are the plants obtained free of cost, but a considerable net income is gained.” The superfluous trees are lifted with a ball and planted in other parts of the forest; the instrument used being a spade with a blade bent into the shape of a half cone. We saw trees about 6 inches high raised by this instrument with a neat ball, and planted elsewhere, the work being performed by men and women—the men digging the pits, and the women putting in the trees and pressing them down. When re-afforestation was begun, the system adopted was to plant birches a few yards apart to serve as nurses for the permanent crop. After giving the birches 8 years’ start, the whole ground was sown with spruce and larch, which are now coming up well. But experience has proved that this system of nurses is not an economical one, and it has now been discarded. We walked down a straight green ride, on one side VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF BAVARIA, I90g. 75 of which was a wood formed in the above manner 15 years ago, and on the other side a wood of pure spruce planted out in the same year. The planted spruce were twice, and frequently three times, the height of the trees on the opposite side of the way. Hitherto, when planting spruce, the young trees have been put in at a uniform distance of one metre apart, but this is now con- sidered too little, and in future the trees will be planted at distances varying from 1°3 m. to 1°5 m. according to circum- stances. Once planted, the trees are left to themselves till they have reached a considerable height. It is only under ex- ceptional circumstances that they are thinned before they attain 30 years of age. The spruce is by far the commonest tree in the Bavarian forests, and is called by German foresters ‘‘the bread winner,” being grown more easily than any other tree, and serving a greater variety of purposes. The Germans use spruce timber for many purposes for which larch and other tougher timber is considered necessary in our country. Aug. 5. Our morning was spent at the Royal Experimental Forest-garden of Grafrath, 20 miles west of Munich. The garden was laid out in 1884, and covers about 140 acres of ground; its object is to study the characteristics of indigenous trees, and to discover which exotic trees might usefully be added to the Bavarian forests. A network of footpaths traverses the garden, giving ample opportunity for studying the silvicultural experiments. One thing strikingly illustrated in the garden is the different rate of growth of the two varieties of Douglas fir. Groups of these two varieties standing side by side in the same soil show that the Oregon (light green) variety grows twice as fast as that from Colorado. Another interesting fact is the failure of the Japanese larch to maintain its lead over the native species. Japanese and native larch were planted close together in the garden 21 years ago. At first the Japanese larch shot far ahead of the other ; but after a while the native larch caught up the Japanese, and now exceeds it in height. Returning to Munich, we took train to Kelheim, an old-world village on the bank of the Danube, entered by arched gateways surmounted by tile-roofed towers. As the two inns of the place could only provide room for a portion of our large party, most of 76 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. us were billeted among the inhabitants, and were comfortably accommodated. Aug. 6. We had a long and interesting day’s walk in the Neuessinger forest to the north of Kelheim. The woods consist mainly of spruce and silver fir, with a sprinkling here and there of beech and oak. The spruces and silvers in the early part of our walk had received their last thinning, and were maturing for the final felling. The average age was 96 years, and we could hardly have seen a better example of the final product of the German group-system. The trees were splendidly grown, over too feet in height, with perfectly straight stems. The effect of growing in close canopy was seen, not merely in the absence of branches below the crown, but in the uniform growth of the poles, with a minimum of taper, the girth seeming scarcely to diminish between 5 and 50 feet. Some of the outer trees of the forest had very fine boles,—one spruce measured being 6} feet, and a silver fir 94 feet, in girth. The distance between the trees of the final crop is from 4 to 5 yards. We also had an opportunity of seeing a good example of the “‘sroup-system of natural regeneration,” which is now very generally adopted. By this system a forest can be regenerated at very small expense, and sometimes without any expense at all. The old trees are cut out in circles at intervals through the wood, the diameter of each circle being about half the height of the surrounding trees, so as to admit just the amount of light required for the seedlings, while preventing the growth of weeds. These cleared circles get filled with seedling plants, and as the plants grow the circles are gradually enlarged, the outer rings getting filled inthe same way, until, in the course of 20 years, all the circles meet, and the whole area is re-afforested. Our morning’s walk ended at a magnificent oak, under whose shelter we stopped for luncheon. It is the sole survivor of an ancient oak wood, and is 70 feet in height, with a girth of over 18 feet for a considerable distance from the ground. On our way back to the village, we were shown over a large pulp mill employing 600 hands. This is one of the industries that spring up in a district as soon as a sufficient and regular supply of timber is assured. We followed the various stages of manufacture from the clearing of the tree stems to the production of smooth sheets of thick paper-pulp ready for the paper-maker. VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF BAVARIA, 1909. 77 The amount of fir wood annually consumed by the Kelheim mill is from 70,000 to 80,000 cubic metres. Aug. 7. After visiting the imposing National Memorial, erected on a height above the village, to commemorate the battles fought by the Germans against Napoleon, we proceeded to inspect the forest lying to the west of Kelheim, between the rivers Altmuhl and Danube. The woods we were in this day were chiefly composed of broad-leaved trees, and we saw the group-system of natural regeneration being carried out with oak and beech, as we had seen it the previous day carried out with spruce and silver firs. The older beech wood contained a sprinkling of silver firs, some of which were of great size. The finest specimen, 180 years of age, measured 9} feet in circum- ference, and 147 feet in height. The interest of the walk culminated in a mature wood of oak and beech. ‘The older beeches had already been cut out, but the array of four-hundred-year-old oaks was most striking. Many of them had stems over 12 feet in girth, which rose roo feet with- out a branch. The largest, known as “ King’s Oak,” is 118 feet high, with a girth of 14 feet and a clean stem of 65 feet, and is valued at 3000 marks, or £150. Descending a long slope to the Danube, which we crossed by a ferry, we lunched in an imposing old building, partly monastery, partly restaurant ; and we returned to Kelheim by river in time to catch the afternoon train to Nuremberg. The Danube here has a swift current, and is hemmed in between lofty precipices of lime- stone rock ; and our fleet of little boats was carried down the stream very rapidly and pleasantly. Aug. 8. Sunday was spent quietly at Nuremberg, and we were all glad of the rest, as well as of the opportunity of seeing one of the most interesting and picturesque cities of Europe. Aug, 9. At Nuremberg we saw for the first time continuous forests of Scots fir. Hitherto, spruce had been the prevailing tree, but at Nuremberg we had reached the limit of its natural habitat. East of this point, the spruce sheds its seed, and the forests are usually maintained by natural regeneration. West of this, every spruce has to be planted. The Scots pine grows well in some parts of Bavaria, but it is not seen at its best here. This is due partly to the extreme poverty and dryness of * the soil (the rainfall is the smallest in Bavaria, averaging only 78 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 18 inches in the year), and partly to certain rights possessed by the public. The most injurious of these is the right to take up and remove the fallen pine needles for litter, thus depriving the trees of their natural manure. The result is that these woods produce only 250 cubic metres of timber to the hectare, instead of 500 cubic metres as woods on better soil do. But if the forest at Nuremberg is not remarkable for productiveness, it is a good example of what may be achieved under the most adverse circumstances, and it made us feel that there is no soil in our country in which we need despair of making trees grow. About 15 years ago, a large part of the area we visited was devastated by a plague of caterpillars, to the extent of 2500 acres, and re-afforestation has been going on ever since. We therefore saw mostly young Scots pine plantations at various stages of growth. But we also saw some which had reached 8o years, and were therefore considered mature and ripe for cutting. As just stated, these were poor trees for their age; but in spite of drawbacks, they will make good trees, if only allowed time enough. A certain number are allowed to remain for a second rotation of 80 years, and some even for a third. Of the last class, we noticed a very good specimen with a tall straight stem and a girth of 8 feet 9 inches. In the evening we came on to Aschaffenburg to be ready for our final excursion. Aug. 10. The concluding day of our Bavarian forest inspec- tion was also the longest. We left Aschaffenburg at six in the morning in a procession of fifteen carriages, and did not get back again till half-past eight at night. During the interval we were able to see a great extent of the Spessart, one of the most famous forests of Germany. The trees are chiefly of the broad-leaved and deciduous kinds, more than 50 per cent. consisting of beech and 15 per cent. of oak. The beech is now used almost entirely for underplanting the oak. Though it fetches a fair price for fuel, for furniture, and for railway sleepers, it is chiefly valued and grown as a fertiliser of the soil. Without the humus formed by the decaying leaves of the beech, the oak would never grow in the poor sandy soil of the district. As it is, the oaks of the Spessart are the finest in Germany, and probably in Europe. The only species grown here is the Sessile oak (Quercus sessiliflora), which the Germans consider to be much the best variety for three reasons :—the grain of the wood is closer than VISIT TO THE FORESTS OF BAVARIA, 1909. 79 that of Q. pedunculata; the tree will thrive in poorer soil; and it has less tendency to fork. The ordinary rotation for beech is 120 years, but in the Spessart a number of picked trees are allowed to stand through more than one rotation, so that boles are frequently met with which it would be hard to match anywhere else. The two largest which were measured were respectively 11 feet and 13 feet in girth. Oak trees, which are the final crop and the chief glory of the Spessart, we were able to see in almost every stage, from the young sapling, protected by a strong paling from the deer and wild boars that frequent the forest, to the oak of 60 years, when the underplanting with beech commences; and so on to the mature crop, the growth of several centuries. In more than one compartment of the forest through which we passed, the oaks were 300 and 4oo years old, and had an average girth of g feet at a height of 5 feet from the ground. The monarch of this forest is reported to be 1000 years old, and is still a thriving tree measuring 18} feet in circumference. It is hardly possible to find words to describe the striking effect of the woods in which we spent a large part of the after- noon. The huge oaks are known to have been planted while Germany was in the throes of the Thirty Years War; while the beeches, sometimes scarcely inferior to the oaks in size, have an average age of 200 years. Owing to the system of close canopy under which the trees have always been grown, there is no undergrowth of vegetation to obstruct the view. The eye wanders unchecked through an endless vista of stately columns rising straight out of the ground, the shafts being 60 to 80 feet high before the lowest branches form their arches overhead, while the summits of the trees often tower to a height of 150 feet and more. It is safe to say that no forest like this, or approach- ing to it, had ever been seen before by any of the members of our expedition. 80 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 13. The Thirty-second Annual Excursion, August 1909. (With Plates.) The following is a detailed account of the Annual Excursion, of which a summary report is given in the previous paper. Monday, 2nd August. ASCENT OF SCHACHEN IN THE STATE FOREST OF PARTENKIRCHEN. On leaving Partenkirchen, the party followed along the Partnach and arrived at Partnachklamm (2427 feet above the sea), on passing through which Ferchenbachtal was entered (2628 feet above sea-level). District IX. STEILEN (Rotation 114 years). Compartment 6. Stegreif Westlich (2628 to 2828 feet). 90,363 acres, 61, c*. 115-year-old wood of spruce, silver fir, beech, and sycamore, very well grown. In places heavy selection cuttings have been made. Final yield per acre 4089 cubic feet. Compartment 1. Stegreif Ostlich (2828 to 3753 feet). 23,103 acres, f. 115-year-old wood of spruce, silver fir, with a few beech, sycamore, and white-beam trees of good development and thickly grown. Final yield per acre 3384 cubic feet. 42,248 acres, e. 100-year-old wood of spruce, silver fir, and beech, with a few sycamores, rowan trees, and white beams, mostly of inferior growth and density. Final yield 1410 cubic feet per acre. Compartment 2. Grasecker Wetterstein (3753 to 4263 feet). 72,763 acres, g. 85-year-old wood of spruce and silver fir with a few beech and sycamore, of good growth generally, and with fair density. In places damaged by wind. a ‘ite pias \ Lagerplatze (3771 feet). 35,142 acres, e. 65-year-old spruce wood with a few silver fir, sycamore, and beech of fair growth and density. 8,787 acres, c. Newly-planted trees on clearing caused by wind, partly under the shelter of a few remaining trees. PuAte Il. 0 face page & SPESSART, ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY EXCURSION PARTY IN THE TQOO, AUGUST THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST Igo9g. 81 17,225 acres, d. 12-year-old spruce wood. Protected on north and east by neighbouring woods. 137,974 acres, c. 130-yearold spruce and silver fir wood with a few sycamore, beech, and white beam of medium growth. In the eastern portion severe selection cuttings have already been made. In the northern portion wind has done considerable damage. Final yield per acre 2820 cubic feet. Compartment 3. Oberer Bauholzweg (4263 to 4785 feet). 12,925 acres, c. 130-year-old wood spruce, silver fir, beech, and sycamore of medium density and growth. Final yield per acre 2115 cubic feet. 117,139 acres,adc. Alpine forest, very steep, with spruce, silver fir, Pinus cembra, beech, sycamore, and mountain pine, all of poor growth. District X. WETTERSTEIN. Compartment 1. Wetterstein (4785 to 7797 feet). 347,869 acres, b. Alpine forest. High lying, light woods of poor growth, consisting of spruce, silver fir, Praus cembra, larch, and yew, about 156 years old. 1,517,384 acres, a. Bare rocky face with mountain pine (Latschen), Alpine roses, and Alpine meadows with a few weather-beaten spruce, Cembran pines, and silver fir. Konigshaus, 6125 feet. Wednesday, 4th August. NOTES ON THE EBERSBERGER FOREST. GENERAL. The Ebersberger Forest is situated to the south of Munich on the upper Bavarian plateau, at an elevation of 1700 to 2021 feet above sea-level. The soil belongs to the more recent diluvium, through which the arms of a recent moraine stretch. The boulder debris is covered with a layer of fine-grained, loamy-soil, to a depth of 14 inches. The entire forest belongs to the Bavarian State and extends to 19,219 acres, of which 18,591 acres are under forest. [he management is under the control of the Forest Office of Anzing and Ebersberg. Most of the forest has since 1823 been surrounded by an oak paling. Until 1854 it was a royal hunting park. The chase is now under the manage- VOL. XXIII. PART I. F 82 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ment of the State and contains an enormous head of game, consisting of wild boars, red and roe-deer. CAUSE OF THE DEFORESTATION OF CERTAIN AREAS. In the year 1889 the nun-moth (Liparis monacha) appeared in destructive numbers, by 1890 4942 acres of trees had been defoliated, and in spite of all endeavours the destruction continued till the month of June 1891, when a disease which stopped their progress appeared among the caterpillars. ‘The result of this attack was that—principally in the interior of the forest—6g9o01 acres came under the axe. This was made up of—s8 per cent. mature timber, 27 per cent. of timber approaching maturity, 13 per cent. half-grown timber, and 2 per cent. of young wood. Subsequent experience showed that totally defoli- ated spruce trees of all ages were killed, while those which were only partially defoliated, in most cases became green again and recovered completely. In the case of the Scots pine the leaves of the current year were left, and these sufficed to maintain the transpiration current, and to thus preserve the life of the tree. The larch and the broad-leaved trees on the whole withstood the attack. The wood cut within three years amounted to 50,682,773 cubic feet, whereof 74 per cent. was of timber dimensions. The gross income yielded was £437,309. The work involved in cutting this timber gave employment to 4000 men. All the trees were barked. The bark and branches were burned. In order to facilitate the transport a normal gauge railway, 5 miles in length, was laid down in 1890 by the Royal Bavarian Railway Battalion. This was brought into connection with the felling-areas by narrow-gauge light railways with movable rails. ‘The timber was transported over these light railways in trucks drawn by horses. On the forest railway a rolling stock of 45,000 waggons was kept employed for 585 working days (12th December 1890 to 28th November 1892), and removed 59 per cent. of the total fall. The remainder was transported by road. In the years 1894 and 1895, the forest was struck by a whirlwind and was also visited by severe winter storms. In the partially opened-up forest these storms caused a wind-throw of 9,545,320 cubic feet and increased the area to be re-afforested by 9390 acres. The total fall of timber now amounted to over 600,000,000 cubic feet. There was no subsequent damage done to the remainder of the forest by insects. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 1909. 83 RE-AFFORESTATION. The principal function of the forest management was at that time the re-stocking of the forest, half of which had been cut. In 1892 and 1893 an area of 827 acres was sown with spruce seed, mixed with pine, birch, and larch, while small openings and holes were planted up with spruce. Subsequently sowing had to be abandoned on account of the increasing herbaceous growth. Owing to the nature of the soil, the object was to cultivate the spruce, not pure, but as the predominant species, in suitable localities, mixed with beech and silver fir. On these extensive bare areas it was feared that these species, including the spruce, might be damaged by frost, hence it was planned to first cover the ground with a protective fore-growth (nurses) in order that the later-planted, more delicate but principal species, spruce, beech, silver fir, might be sheltered. The protective species chosen were birch together with black alder (Alnus glutinosa), and larch (Larix europea) in suitable places. These were planted as 2-year-old seedlings at 6} feet apart. They succeeded satisfactorily on good soils but failed on shallow soils which here coincided with frost hollows. With the increasing spread of grass and herbaceous growth the development of the larch first fell off, then that of the beech even on medium good soil, and the plants either died or became unhealthy. As both species grew well on good soil, this failure must be attributed to soil conditions and not entirely to damage by deer. On the whole the fore-growth of nurses was not a success, hence from 1gor the cultivation of nurses was gradually abandoned, especially as they were not able to suppress the growth of grass. The grass offered a favourite resort for mice, which destroyed many developing, and even established, groups of beech. The present scarcity of beech groups is principally due to damage by mice, against which no effective measures were available. On this account a strenuous endeavour was made, with success, to cultivate the beech, not on bare areas, but in sheltered and otherwise suitable situations, partly under the selection system, with introduced groups of ash, oak, and also silver fir. As regards the deforested areas, these had to be, as formerly, reserved for the spruce, which grows well in such places and gives a good return A certain number of exotics were experimentally cultivated. At the present time 3- to 4-year-old spruce raised in the large forest nurseries are used. Toa less extent 4- to 6-year 84 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. old plants are taken with the ball from neighbouring forest-fields. The planting distance was formerly 3 ft. 3 ins., but was subsequently raised to 3 ft. ro ins. and 4 ft. 2 ins. The holes are dug by men and the planting is done by women. Some prepared soil is put into the holes along with the trees. Broad-leaved and exotic trees must be thoroughly protected against deer when young. This can only be done by appropriate fencing. The spruce in exposed places is now protected against browsing by deer principally by putting tar on the leading shoot. The afforestation of the whole area will be completed in 1909. EXCURSION THROUGH THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE EBERSBERGER PARK. 1. After entering the park the way led through strip-sowings made between 1893 and 1894, with 5°3 lbs. spruce, 2°6 lbs. larch, and 2°6 lbs. birch-seed per acre. To the north lay an opened- up (thinned-out) pine wood 98 years old, which was undergoing regeneration. In the autumn the surplus larch and birch was to be cleaned out of the young growth. On the left of the road lay an 8-year-old spruce plantation, under a partly natural and partly planted fore-growth of 16-year-old nurses. 2. Next came a culture-brake enclosed by a primitive fence against deer. The stock consisted of spruce (seedlings and transplants under protective fore-growth of natural birch and aspen), larch, pine, beech, ash, alder, and lime on the average six years old. 3. View of the western part of the Ebersberger Park. To the south were seen young spruce woods already closed, also spruce plantations under a protective growth of birch. These young spruce plantations are interspersed with old pine woods, but on the south and west they are surrounded by them. The northern part of the deforested area is already almost completely re-afforested. 4. The way then led through a clearing between a 13- to 15- year-old spruce plantation to a noteworthy object-lesson in comparisons. To the east (Compartment XI., 10) lies a strip-sowing made in 1895 (like Example 1). This consists of spruce, larch, and birch, and was “‘beat up” in the years 1902-1903. ‘To the west (Compartment XI., 11) occurs a spruce plantation made in 1893 and 1894 without the previous cultivation of nurses, and without any admixture of birch. The planting distance was 3} feet THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 1909. 85 by 34 feet. ‘The cost was about the same in each case, but the advantage of planting over sowing was very striking. 5. A culture enclosed by wire-netting completely protected against all kinds of game. The deep soil (4ft. 3 ins. to subsoil) is also here used in the formation of group mixtures in spruce matrix. The under-mentioned species occupy the following percentages of the area—spruce 71, beech 11, larch 8, Douglas fir 5, Pinus strobus 24, ash 0°7, oak 0°3 per cent. 6, Enclosure for the raising of spruce ball-plants and nursery plants. A large part of the area is utilised agriculturally, and also for the raising of spruce. (This is an example of Forestry combined with Agriculture.) The spruce roots are grubbed out in the first spring, and the ground is sown with a crop of oats which is harvested in summer. ‘This, after a light dressing of manure, is followed in the second spring by a potato crop. After the potatoes are lifted a dressing of lime is given, and in the third spring some more artificial manure is applied, when oat and spruce seed are sown. The ripe oats are cut fairly high, and after a few years the spruce plants are lifted with the ball. By this method not only are the plants obtained free of cost but a considerable net income is gained. ‘The eastern part of the garden is used for the production of seedlings and trans- plants ; these were formerly utilised in the re-afforestation of the devastated areas, but now they are sold to forest-owners or handed over free of cost to other State forests. A demonstration was given of sowing with Essingler’s sowing lathe, transplanting with Haker’s transplanting machine and rake, the lifting of plants with Landenberger’s apparatus, and the weeding and the hoeing of plants. 7. A 21-year-old spruce thicket grown on a former forest field, which was not sufficiently opened up and which is consequently much too thick. The wood is deficient in height-growth, and a thorough cleaning out is now necessary and will be commenced by the cutting out of broad lanes. 8. Forest House, Diana, occupied by a State forester. Here a pause was made for lunch. 9. To the east a strip of birch alternating with black alder which was formed in 1899 is intended to act as a fire-screen, and in later years it will be made a separation cutting. To the west is a well-grown 17-year-old fore-growth of birch. Larch which was planted at the same time has almost entirely disappeared. 86 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the year 1901 it was underplanted with spruce, and has since been thinned to prevent excessive shading. 1o. A spruce wood mixed with pine and birch and which has also developed from a forest field, the south part is twenty- two and the north part thirty years old. The continued utilisation of the field for agriculture was prevented by the nun-moth calamity. A severe cutting out of the suppressed spruce and pine trees, also the cutting out of birch to prevent whipping is contemplated this year. 11. A thin 75-year-old pine wood with 3525 cubic feet per acre. This pine wood was formed seventy-five to eighty years ago after a hailstorm had completely destroyed a young spruce wood on the same area. Formerly it contained a good many spruce, but these were defoliated in the year 1890 and had to be cut out; since then the pines have shown a strong light- increment. Cutting out of the less vigorous material yields 423 to 564 cubic feet per acre. Thursday, 5th August 1909. GRAFRATH. The Royal Experimental Forest-Garden of Grafrath lies about 20 miles to the west of Munich, 1870 to 1968 feet above sea-level. It is situated on a terminal moraine. There is considerable diversity in soil and aspect. The climate may be described as that of the cooler Fagetum, with an average annual temperature of from 44°6 to 59° F. during the four principal vegetation months (May to August inclusive). The average humidity of the air during that period is 75 per cent. The annual rainfall is about 27°5 inches. First frost in October (seldom in September). October 1908, 14 F. Last frost in May, though sometimes in June. On 6th June 1868, 21°2° F. Lowest temperature in winter, —13° F. In the lowest lying part of the garden, — 36°4° F. The Sotl.—This varies within short distances from heavy clay to inferior sandy, and gravelly soil. On the higher ground both good and bad soils occur ; this is very well shown in the growth of the larch. On the whole the soil is neither very good nor very bad. The southern slopes after clear felling tend to become heathy, Size of the Garden.—The experimental plots situated to the south of the railway, from Munich to Lindau, cover 98 acres. The THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 190g. 87 part lying to the north of the line covers 37 acres. Over 61 acres are fenced against deer. The aim of the Experimental Garden is to study the botanical and silvicultural characteristics of the indigenous trees, and the cultivation of exotics among indigenous species. With this object in view the whole garden is traversed by a network of footpaths, along which all species from other parts of the world, capable of growing in this climate, have been planted. Further back from the walks occur the silvicultural experiments, arranged in such a way that small plots of some exotic species are grown pure. The more tender ones have to be grown under the shelter of indigenous species. The garden was laid out in 1884, and the oldest specimen in it is now twenty-five to thirty years of age. Many of the experiments are entering the stage from which definite conclusions can be drawn. Many are still too recent to yield any definite conclusions. The greatest dangers are early and late frosts and also winter frost, root canker caused by Agaricus melleus, Pestalozzia along with frost, and mouse epidemics. The various experimental plots had numbers and English descriptions attached. friday, 6th August 1909. KELHEIM. (North). EXCURSION TO THE NEUESSINGER FOREST, The party left Kelheim by the Redenburg road which runs through the valley of the Altmuhl River. Shortly after passing the village of Gronsdorf the Compartment Schanze was reached. This occupies rather steep ground rising from the Altmuhl. The soil of this slope consists, like that of all the other valley sides there, of Kelheim chalk. The stand of timber is on an average 96 years old, and consists of Norway spruce, silver fir, Scots pine, larch, and beech in single stem and group mixture. The area is go acres. The Ziegal-thal opens up to the right of the road, and on entering it one finds on the right the Compartment Kager, which contains 86 acres of spruce wood with silver fir, larch, and Scots pine in single stem and group mixture, and average 96 years. On the left occurs the Compartment Kalkofen. The Compartment Kager on the right abuts on the Compart- ment Kuhtranke. It contains 111 acres. On its steep, rocky 88 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. slope the stand of timber is on the average 20 years old, and consists of spruce, silver fir, beech, and larch mostly from natural seeding, and is irregularly mixed. The road here was left and the Compartment Kalkofen was entered. It extends to 108 acres. The stand of old timber consists of spruce, silver fir, larch, Scots pine, and beech, all about a hundred years old, in stem and group mixture. The larch which occurs in this Compartment is characterised by its fine, straight growth. The natural regeneration of the beech is now ended, and the future management will be directed towards the natural regeneration of the spruce. Spruce seedlings were seen springing up everywhere as the result of seeding which occurred in 1907. The Compartment Schulerloch with 78 acres abuts on Kalkofen, and is under natural regeneration which is nearly complete. It consists of 20-year-old spruce mixed with beech, silver fir, and larch, but a few of the old trees have been left to give shelter to the Compartment Kalkofen. After crossing the road the party arrived in the Compartment Plattenberg. The trees on this plateau are spruce, silver fir, pine, and beech about a hundred years old. The Compartment has been regenerated, partly naturally and partly artificially, with beech, spruce, and larch. After leaving this Compartment and passing along the margin of a meadow, surrounded on all sides by the State Forest, and in the middle of which lies a small steading, the Compartment Dachsbau is reached. This contains 56 acres, with a stand of timber (about a hundred years old) of spruce, silver fir, and beech, together with a few well-grown larch in single stem and group mixture. The natural regeneration of the beech has been very successful on the shallow, rocky ground. The spruce seedlings which were everywhere abundant were produced in the year 1907. After returning to the road the party passed through the Compartment Langerbogen, which extends to 46 acres with 1o00-year-old spruce, silver fir, beech, Scots pine, and excellent larch in single stem and group mixture. In this Compartment the regeneration of the beech is on the whole completed. The future management will be directed towards the regeneration of the silver fir and the spruce. On descending into the Hammertale the party passed through ean INA PARTENKIRCHEN. Columnar Spruce observed on the ascent of the Schachen. PARTENKIRCHEN. View from the Schachen. Alpine forest of Pinus Cembra and Picea excelsa- The distant peaks are the Hoch Blassen on the left and the Alp Spitze on the right. [To face page 88. PLATE IV. EBERSBERGER PARK. Planting with ball plants. EBERSBERGER PARK. Example of planting versus sowing in reafforestation. The spruce wood on the left was planted 12 years ago, that on the right was sown 8 years ago, under birch as nurses. Prare Ve Demonstration of Sowing with Essingler’s Sowing Lathe. EBERSBERGER PARK. i ‘ j a 4 i | ' ; nee ne ise ae KELHEIM. Silver Fir and Beech undergoing natural regeneration on group-system. In foreground, commencement of a group; in middle distance, older group, indicated by clear patch of sky. These groups will become confluent by peripheral extension. Prat Vale ay KELHEIM, Neuessinger Forst. Spruce growing well on very dry situation, south aspect. Calcareous rock. KELHEIM. Silver Fir. View of mature trees and new crop produced by natural regeneration on the group-system. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 1909. 89 a 55-year-old spruce wood mixed with silver fir and Scots pine and arrived at a giant oak, the age of which, from its dimensions and form, is reckoned at many hundred years. (Near this oak a short halt was made for lunch.) From here the Excursion was continued between the Compartments Riederbuchel and Dachsbau with 4o- to 60-year-old spruce, silver fir, and Scots pine. On following a path which branched off to the right of the valley a 15-year-old wood of spruce and silver fir which had been re- produced by natural regeneration was inspected. The road leading to the plateau passes the Compartments Weiden on the left-hand and Riederbuchel on the right-hand. These Compartments contain beech, silver fir, and spruce, which have been naturally regenerated under the group-system. Only a few of the old trees remain. These consist of 120-year-old spruce and silver fir with a few beech and Scots pine. On reaching the plateau, the party had a good view of the Compartment Randeckerirlach which had been regenerated on the so-called Neuessing system. This consists of 19-year-old spruce and silver fir in group mixture with a few beech and larch. On crossing the plateau, through open fields, the party arrived at the ruined Burg of Randeck, from the tower of which the beautiful and extensive view of the Altmuhl valley and especially of the forests of North and South Kelheim was much admired. From here a descent was made to the valley, and after crossing the Altmuhl at the village of Altessing, the party returned to Kelheim along the right bank of the river. Saturday, 7th August 1909. KELHEIM. (South.) EXCURSION TO HIENHEIMER FOREST. The party set out by the road leading to the Befreiungs- halle—built in 1842-63 by King Ludwig I.—and arrived at the Crown lands of Michelsberg which have an area of 114 acres. This part of the forest is maintained for esthetic or landscape effect. The yew tree is fairly abundant. At the second Roman Wall (more probably however a defensive wall built by the Celts) the State Forest begins, and covers an area of 7413 acres. The lowest elevation is 1148 feet and the highest 1607 feet above the level of the North Sea. The timber- yield from this forest, complex at present, amounts to 565,056 90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. cubic feet of spruce, silver fir, and beech, 52,974 cubic feet of oak, with 229,554 cubic feet as thinnings. The total yield is therefore 114 cubic feet per acre. On the Right— Compartment II. 2. Sattlerholz. Right and Left— I. 13. Coniferous forest, which was formerly in private owner- ship but was bought in the years 1889, 1892, and 1894. It is 114 acres in extent. I. 1. Vorderer R6merbogen. 74 acres. ‘The regeneration of spruce, beech, and silver fir was well advanced. It contains also a few flourishing group of oak. I. 3. Kanzel. 24 acres. 40-year-old oak from seed with beech for protection. I. 4. Herrenholz. 20 acres, About 12-year-old oak from seed. I. 5. Hintere RoOmerbogen. 131 acres. 180 years. Beech, spruce, and silver fir, a great part of which has been naturally regenerated. The proportion of spruce is o°7 per cent., beech o'2 per cent., and silver fir o*r per cent. I. 6. Langwiese. 244 acres. The regeneration was begun on the selection system and was nearing completion. Large nursery to raise plants for private forest-owners. On the Right of the Road— II. 7. Buchgrund. xoo years. Spruce wood with beech and larch. If. 8. Alte Sulz. 90 years. Beech wood with spruce occurring in groups. Final yield, 78,960 cubic feet per acre. On the Left of the Road— I. 9. Heugrund. 22 acres. 60 years. Oak wood (partly sown, partly naturally regenerated). Thinning and cleaning in process. On the Right of the Road— II. 9. Grunmarter. 15 acres. 60 years. Oak wood with beech (the beech partly co-dominating and _ partly dominated); then 114 acres go-year-old beech wood with a few, very flourishing, oaks. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST I909. gt II. ro. Suhlbogen. 109 acres. Oak wood, 410 to 500 years old, mixed with 200-year-old beech and spruce. The cubic contents in old oak is about 105,968 cubic feet. The whole Compartment will be regenerated with oak. The method will be to cut the oak in strips (proceeding from east to west, or north-east to south- west). The strips will be sown with 14 bushels of acorns per acre, after the soil has been artificially prepared. I. 11. Grubet. 46 acres. 33 years. Oak wood (sown), King’s oak; height 118 feet with a clean stem of 65 feet, valued at about £150. I. ro. Rotmarter. 664 acres. 53 years. Oak wood (sown and natural regeneration) with beech. Thinning in process. I. 12. Buchenholz. Formerly private forest, but purchased by the State within the last few years; of varying age. I. 9. Heugrund. 244 acres. 70-year-old beech with a few spruce and oak thinned 1908. I. 8. Platte. 20acres. 73 years’ beech with advanced growth of oak, birch, and spruce. I. 7. Fleckl. 110 years. Spruce wood with a few beech and larch. Felling in combined systems (strip and selection cutting). A ride had been cut through to facilitate transport. Here the Danube was crossed by the ferry to Weltenburg, whence the return journey to Kelheim was made by boat. During the journey a wood of oak and ash 55 years old was seen at Wipfelsfurt. Height of ash and oak, 112 to 115 feet; free from branches to a height of 82 feet. (Compartments Kanzel and Hohlstein.) Monday, 9th August 1909. ski ICH OF THE FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE NUREMBERGER REICHSWALDENUNGEN. Position: The extensive State Forest area known as the Reichswald stretches along both banks of the Pegnitz River, upon which is situated the town of Nuremberg. It is divided into two main parts, which are called after the two principal churches of the town— 92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Laurenzer Wald and Sebalder Wald—the former lies to the south, the latter lies tothe northof Nuremberg. At the present time the total area of the two forests is 75,316 acres. A quantity of the land near the outskirts of the town has within the last century gradually passed into private ownership. II.—So1t aND CLIMATE. The soil is derived from the Upper New Red Sandstone and diluvium. ‘The Jura formation is represented on small areas only. Wide stretches of the area however are covered by quaternary deposits of diluvial sand, which in many places forms a thick bed above the underlying strata, and which presents to the eye extensive level plains, only here and there traversed by dune- like undulations. The average altitude of the area above the level of the North Sea is 984 to toog feet. In places ranges of hills trending from east to west, composed of Upper New Red Sand- stone, rise from the bed of the former diluvial sea to a height of 1443 feet. The climate is a moderate one. The average barometric pressure is 28°94 inches. The average temperature is 47° F. Frost and snow appear in winter about December and disappear about the month of April. The chemical and physical qualities of the soil vary in an extraordinarily abrupt manner over small areas of the apparently homogeneous landscape. It changes from good, deep, sandy-loam to dry, fine-grained sand. Sandy soil containing only a little humus with a great tendency to drought and tolerably fresh sandy-humus soils predominate. Frequently in hollows or low-lying situations there is a tendency to bogginess. In such places there is frequently a good supply of water. III.—Forest CONDITIONS AND OBJECT OF MANAGEMENT. In accordance with the condition of the soil already described, the predominant species belong to the indigenous conifers, the principal tree being the common Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), which composes 70 per cent. of the forest. It occurs pure and without any admixture of other species in the dominant classes. Next in importance comes the spruce, which also forms fairly extensive pure woods. ‘The silver fir (Adzes pectinata) and the larch (Larix europea) occur seldom. Among the broad-leaved, species occurs the oak (principally Quercus pedunculata), which was undoubtedly much more abundant in the previous century, the alder (Alnus glutinosa), and the beech (agus sylvatica), THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 1909. 93 but these are poorly represented. In localities where the soil is not too poor in mineral food-constituents the growth of the Scots pine may be described as good to very good, and in many cases excellent. The same applies to the other species when they occur in suitable localities, that is, their strong, normal growth and development leaves nothing to be desired. On the other hand, on very poor, sandy soil which gets no water from the sub- soil, the growth frequently deteriorates into scrub. On the whole, with a rotation of a hundred years the annual average increment in timber (down to 2°75 inches at thinner end) is estimated at 45°120 to 49°350 cubic feet per acre, of which the maximum may be 84°6 cubic feet and the minimum may be 9°87 cubic feet. High-forest is the principal form, with the exception of a few small areas. Until the year 1889 there were two working-sections of 80 and 96 years, the woods however in which cuttings took place were as a matter of fact usually much older. Strip- cutting is everywhere, with few exceptions, the rule on account of the nature of the soil, and also on account of certain exceptional conditions of management. The Reichs Forest has from time immemorial been subject to numerous rights claimed by the inhabitants within its area, such as the right to structural timber and fire-wood, forest litter and grazing. The object of management is therefore still the production of timber-producing coniferous woods capable of supplying the demands imposed by those burdens, and at the same time yielding an ever-increasing rental to the State. IV.—DANGERS TO WHICH THE FOREST IS EXPOSED. A most far-reaching natural calamity occurred in this forest during the last decade of the previous century, when the cater- pillar of the Kiefernspanner (/idonia piniarea) increased to an unprecedented extent (this moth was not previously considered a dangerous pest of the Scots pine). Ina few years 15,394 acres of the Laurenzer forest and 7561 acres of the Sebalder forest were destroyed. This entailed the cutting, between 1895 and 1897, of 7,392,373 cubic feet of timber; that is, twenty times the then existing annual yield of these forests. V.—METHOD OF RE-AFFORESTATION. After this extraordinary felling was completed, the State Forest Department set about the re-afforestation of these 22,955 acres in 94 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Nuremberger Reichswald, as well as of an additional 3953 acres in neighbouring forests in the middle Franken pine territory. At the present time (1909) the re-afforestation is practically ended. These operations have been carried through on an area of about 27,000 acres, and have involved an expenditure of about £108,000, so that the cost per acre has been £4. As regards the method of re-afforestation, the cleared areas were partly sown and partly planted in the proportion of thirty to seventy. Sowing could not be carried out over extensive areas, since it was only possible to sow during the year following the cutting. After that the ground became too strongly covered with herbaceous and other growth for the seed to find a suitable bed for germination. The method of broadcast sowing was practised on small areas after the soil had been broken up. On the other hand, natural seeding was more extensively tried. The soil was prepared in strips. The covering was first removed, and then the soil was broken up with special iron instruments or the mattock. The natural seeding was not, however, so successful as was expected. Hence planting played the most important part in the re-afforestation. The method applied on the largest scale was the planting of 1-year-old pines in strips 12 to 16 inches broad in which the soil had been previously prepared. ‘The distance between the strips was 2 ft. 3 ins. to 3 ft. 3 ins., so that 25 per cent. to 30 per cent. of the area was worked to a depth of to to 14 inches. The plants in the strips were in rows 20 inches apart, with double rows here and there. They were planted with the triangular planting-iron or with the wooden dibble. The number of plants per acre was as a rule gooo, but varied between 5500 and 10,000. By this method by far the greatest portion of the devastated area was replanted. It was practised with success on the light sandy-soils as well as on the loamy-sand soils, and even on peaty ground when it was possible to bring the mineral soil to the surface by artificial working. Part of the material used for planting was raised in the State Forest Nursery, the rest was obtained from commercial nurseries at a distance. The supply of plants from local forest nurseries was rendered very precarious by the pine leaf-cast fungus. The latter method, therefore, of bringing plants from a distance was cheaper and also better. In addition to 1-year pine seedlings, 2-year-old plants were used. Two-year 1-year plants gave very satisfactory results. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST I909Q. 95 Sometimes also 3- to 5-year-old pines were transplanted with the ball from neighbouring broadcast or strip sowings. In order to establish the spruce in suitable places 3- to 4-year- old transplants were used, and occasionally 2- to 3-year-old seed-bed (untransplanted) plants were substituted. This method was adopted where it was desired to mix the spruce in single stem mixture with the pine either as an undergrowth or soil-protector. Planting the spruce was necessary since the experiment of sowing the spruce seed among the t-year-old pine seedlings proved a failure, as the young spruce seedlings in the loose- worked soil of the strips were very liable to be thrown out by frost ; nevertheless, in some cases, it was possible to obtain the desired mixture by this method. In very wet soil or in soil with a deep layer of moss the planting was done in upturned sods. A hole was made with the planting-iron in the sod, which was placed face downwards. This hole was filled up with mineral soil, in which the 1-year pine seedlings or the 2-year t-year pine plants were placed. This — method of planting gave very satisfactory results, but was found to be expensive. Exotics were used only to a very small extent on the re-afforestation area. Here and there small experimental plantings were made with Pinus Bankstana and Pinus Murrayana (which proved not to be frost-hardy); Pinus strobus and Pseudotsuga Douglasi were also planted. Tuesday, 10th August 1909. SEE OOAm L. RoyaL FOREST oF ROTHENBUCH. The forest of Rothenbuch lies in the interior of the southern part of the forest region of the Spessart (in the High Spessart). It covers an area of 8634 acres; of this 118 acres are not used for timber production. The highest point of the forest is 1700 feet (Compartment Hengst Kopf), the lowest 823 feet (at Lichtenan and at the north limit of the Compartment Rauhoh) above the level of the North Sea. The soil is sandy with more or less loam. It is poor in mineral-constituents, and is rendered fertile only on account of its humus content. The climate is fairly severe, with late and early frosts. Full mast years for beech and oak are expected every ten to twelve years. The stand of timber is formed principally of broad-leaved trees, such as beech. 96 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. About 1235 acres are stocked with oak principally, but the conifers, sometimes pure and sometimes mixed with beech, cover large areas. Those belong principally to the younger age-classes. The proportion of species in mixture in the forest is :— Oak ; : : . 15°5 per cent. Beech and oak : . 9°5 per cent. Beceke “- ; : . 53°0 per cent. Beech and conifers : 7 per cent. rine’. é ; : II per cent. Spruce . : 4 per cent. The following kinds of woods are represented :— 1. Oak woods, pure or mixed with beech. (a) Mixed woods of 4o00-year-old oak and 200-year-old beech about 370 acres. (4) Oak woods of 100 to 120 years, with beech partly as underwood and partly as co-dominating wood, about 74 acres. (c) Oak woods, young and in the pole stage, up to 85 years, covering extensive areas, part pure and part mixed with beech as under and co-dominating wood. There are no oak woods between 120 and 400 years. 2. Beech woods. (z) Mostly pure or under old oak, or sometimes mixed in groups with oak of the same age. 3. Pine woods, part pure and part mixed with larch, beech, and spruce. 4. Spruce woods, mostly pure. According to soil and position, the above-mentioned species thrive well, and under favourable conditions reach a considerable height with full cylindrical stems. Conifers clean themselves with difficulty of lower branches. The system is entirely high-forest, with 300 years’ rotation for the oak, and 120 years for the beech and other species. The annual fall (yield) gives :— 1. Principal yield : 300 years’ rotation . 98,886°420 cub. ft. 120 5, 1 +: 2545279°355 2. Intermediate yield. : | 353,165'805 cub. ft. 125,373°852 + Total | 478,539°659. ss PUATE Valls Professor HEINRICH Mayr. KELHEIM. Neuessing group-system always completed within 20 years as regards regeneration. Shown here in finished state. The centres or commencement of two groups indicated by taller trees. The trees become smaller towards the place where the groups converge. [To face page 96. Prane vou NURNBERG. Preparation of the soil in strips for planting. NURNBERG. Strip planting of Scots Pine on prepared lines. NURNBERG. Mature wood of Scots Pine (go years of age). Leaf litter had been removed, and soil was therefore impoverished. NURNBERG. Scots Pine. IP. Giant Oak, goo years old. Pol af. - Sag? oh ca SSART. q SPI rround behind the yo re) 6 5 Oak, 200 years old, with Beech, 120 years old. ge trees. Natural regeneration of Oak in risin lar SPESSART. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST I909g. 97 Actually cut during the nine years Igor to 1909, annual average :— Principal yield, 300 years’ rotation (oak). 110,364°309 cubic feet. 9 ” 120 ? ” S 293,480°793 ”? ” Intermediate yield . : ; fate" E7OagG57030. .,, b. Total.” ..5o2,ga0°n36° ,, 7 The high value of the old oak may be specially mentioned (sessile oak about 400 years old). On account of its fine quality and golden-yellow colour, it is very well adapted for furniture making. It is easily sold at prices well above 10 shillings per cubic foot. FoREST CONDITIONS. The forest is under the following obligations (burdens) :— 1. To supply the necessary structural timber at normal price. 2. The right to remove dry and decayed wood or that lying on the ground, in so far as it is not more than 3} inches diameter at 17 inches above the soil. 3. The right to remove branch wood and twigs after felling, provided these are not more than 2 inches in diameter. 4. The right to remove blown timber or wood broken by snow and ice, provided there is not more in one place than 15 cubic feet. None of this must exceed 2 inches in diameter. 5. The free right to remove the stumps in certain cases. 6. The grazing of cattle and feeding of swine under the supervision of a herd, The swine are excluded in a mast year. 7. The right to remove litter according to certain restrictions. The litter may be removed during eight years, after which a ten years’ rest is given. The regulation in regard to the removal of litter is of great importance in this forest, as the poor sandy-soil is of very little use without the admixture of humus. At the present time little damage is done as there is sufficient litter to meet the demand. The right to remove litter has a considerable influence upon the management, since thinnings cannot be made in the VOL. XXIII. PART I. G 98 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. broad-leaved woods before the sixtieth year, nor in the coniferous woods before the thirtieth year. (Late thinning and increased expense.) : PRINCIPAL OBJECTS OF MANAGEMENT. The beech is desired as the matrix of the forest as far as possible. The maintenance of beech woods on large areas is however avoided. Suitable but not too small areas in the beech woods are to be filled up with oak, or in other cases with larch in groups or single, likewise with spruce and pine in larger or smaller groups. The oak groups are raised from seed in small woods. The beech is naturally regenerated under a shelter-wood (Group-system). The conifers are established by planting 1-year pine, and 2-year spruce and larch. In certain exceptional cases 3-year-old spruce and larch are pit-planted. The oak (Durmast) is only planted in suitable localities in large groups or in whole woods pure or under-planted with beech. In raising the plants only local Spessart seed is used. There- fore, regeneration can only be carried on during mast years. When seed trees are present the natural regeneration is assisted by breaking up the soil and covering the fallen acorns. When no mother trees are present artificial sowing is carried out, either broadcast or by dibbling-in irregularly 164 to 20 bushels per acre, or in rows with 64 to ro bushels per acre. The prepared strips are 12 to 16 inches broad, and 234 to 274 inches apart. The young oak is protected against over-shading and suppression by beech. In oak woods, where an undergrowth of beach is absent, this is introduced by planting when the oak is in the pole stage. Good oak groups and woods may be retained for more than one beech rotation. They give extremely valuable material when about three hundred years old. The pine is used—especially in southern and western aspects for afforestation where the soil has deteriorated and in the regeneration of badly-grown beech—as far as possible with beech (sometimes spruce) as underwood. Pine woods are being at the present time and will be in future underplanted with beech. The spruce is used abundantly in the afforestation of bare, moist, low-lying localities and for mixing with beech on east and north aspects. THE THIRTY-SECOND ANNUAL EXCURSION, AUGUST 1909. 99 The larch is planted wide apart in suitable localities and soil in beech woods. The other conifers and broad-leaved trees, as well as exotics, are not abundantly represented. NOTES ON THE EXCURSION. The Excursionists arrived, first of all, at the primeval woods,— dense beech woods of all ages up to two hundred years inter- spersed with single stems and groups of oak about four hundred years old. These oaks are of great height (about 140 feet in height) and in many cases have fine stems. On the high ground the regeneration had commenced. ‘The existing young growth of beech is useless and must be removed before regeneration commences. After leaving the primeval forest, and proceeding on the journey through Lindenbuch, many fine oak groups and young beech woods with a few oak standards were seen. Compartment Potasche. Oak groups about one hundred years old, under-planted with beech. Woods of mixed oak and beech. Weissenstein is the oldest wood under-planted with beech, and gave an idea of the way in which the oak is now grown. The Excursion was continued along the Eselshohstrasse (old Roman road and boundary between Rotenbuch and Waldaschaff) to Schilder. Young woods were passed, among which the fine oaks in Schneuse were specially admired. From Schilder the drive was continued downhill to Waldaschaff, and from there to Hosbach and Aschaffenburg. The following is an Alphabetical List of the Excursionists :— Sir Andrew N. Agnew, Bart. of Locknaw; Robert Allan, Polkemmet, Whitburn; John F. Annand, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; Dr A. W. Borthwick, Edinburgh, Hon. Cryptogamist; John Boyd, Crown Forester’s House, Inverliever; J. B. Braid, Great Witley, Worcester; Charles Buchanan, Penicuik, Convener of LExcurston Committee; H. M. Cadell of Grange; R. C. Cowan, Eskhill, Inveresk; R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne ; John D. Crozier, Durris, Drumoak; John G. Cunningham, of Letham, Fife ; William Dawson, Marischal College, Aberdeen ; James Falconer, Hill, Errol; A. C. Forbes, Department of Agriculture, Dublin; James Forbes, Overtoun, Dumbarton; Robert Forbes, Kennet, Alloa; Arch. K. Foulis, Edinburgh ; Robert A. Fraser, Edinburgh; Robert Galloway, Edinburgh, Secretary and Treasurer ; Sydney J. Gammell, of Drumtochty ; I00 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. A. T. Gillanders, Alnwick; Donald Grant, Ferrit, Tulloch ; James L. Gray, Elginhaugh, Dalkeith; David Hardie, Errol Park, Errol; J. Smith Hill, Agricultural College, Aspatria ; Henry Jonas, London; Robert C. Jonas, London; David Keir, Ladywell, Dunkeld ; William King, Elgin; C. E. Legat, Pretoria, Transvaal; George Leven, St Quivox, Ayr; Sir Leonard Lyell, Bart. of Kinnordy; John M‘Bain, Aberdeen; George U. Macdonald, Peebles; Wm. Mackenzie, Novar, Evanton; John M‘Kerchar, London; R. E. Marsden, London; Fred Milne, Fothringham, Forfar; David Mitchell, Drumtochty; Cyril Moiser, Heworth Grange, York; Alex. Morgan, Crieff; Alex. J. Munro, Edinburgh; George A. Munro, Edinburgh; A. Murray, Kingswood, Murthly ; Edward B. Nicolson, Edinburgh ; George H. Ogilvie, Edinburgh; W. Ralph, Corstorphine; C. Ronald Ritchie, Edinburgh; J. D. Rutherford, Edinburgh ; Frank Scott, Comlongon, Ruthwell; Thomas Sharpe, Monreith, Portwilliam:; James Shiel, Abbey St Bathans, Grantshouse ; Robert Skimming, Kirkinner ; Fraser Story, University College, Bangor; D. P. Thompson, Inverkeithing; Andrew Wardlaw, Bridge of Allan; John Watson, Edinburgh; James Whitton, Public Parks Department, Glasgow. Dr Heinrich Mayr, Professor of Forestry, Munich, accom- panied the party throughout the tour as Official Guide, appointed by the Bavarian Government. [The foregoing report was prepared by Dr Borthwick, at the request of the Excursion Committee, from information obtained from official sources and from his personal knowledge of the forests visited. ‘The members of the Excursion, on the last day of the tour, formally thanked Dr Borthwick for preparing the very useful guide which had been put into their hands, but the Committee now think it right to record their thanks for the great assistance rendered by him to them both before and during the tour. | FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT STIRLING. IOI 14. The Forestry Exhibition held in the Highland and Agricultural Society's Showyard at Stirling. The Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society held their ninth Annual Exhibition of Forestry in the Showyard at Stirling from zoth to 23rd July 1909. Stirling being situated in a central] district, it was expected that there would be a large collection of exhibits and keen competition for the various prizes offered, but though this anticipation was not altogether realised, the entries comprised a fair collection of interesting objects. The timber competitions were again divided into open and local sections, the prizes in the former being as in previous years offered by the Highland and Agricultural Society. The principal exhibitors in the timber sections were Captain Stirling of Keir, Mr J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie, the Duke of Montrose, and Mr J. Ernest Kerr, Harviestoun Castle, Dollar, and the quality of their exhibits compared favourably with similar exhibits in previous years. In the competition for farm gates made of home-grown timber there were five exhibitors—namely, Captain Stirling, Mr J. A. Stirling, Mr Wm. Low, of Balmakewen, the Duke of Roxburghe, and Mr James Younger of Mount Melville. Mr J. A. Stirling and the Duke of Roxburghe were also exhibitors of self-closing wicket- gates. The only exhibitors in the competition for a full-sized section of rustic fence made from thinnings were Captain Stirling and Mr J. A. Stirling. Mr Alan Burns, of Cumbernauld, forwarded a very interesting exhibit of specimens showing the good and bad effects of pruning, and an extensive collection of fungi injurious to forest trees and shrubs. Another collection of fungi was exhibited by Mr Hugh R. Munro, assistant forester at Murthly. The Duke of Roxburghe sent a large collection of examples of damage caused by squirrels, voles, rabbits, hares, and blackgame ; with specimens of Peztza willkommii on Japanese larch, and other diseases. He also sent a working model of a portable boiling creosoting plant, and photographs of a portable sawing and creosoting outfit, showing the plant in transit, a general view of the plant working, tackle for lifting and setting tank, and portable saw benches. The Competitors showing miscellaneous articles wholly I02 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. or mainly made of wood, were the following :—Mr Thomas Strachan, Keir, card table top made from twenty-four varieties of home-grown hardwood timber, and a model wicket-gate; Mr Alexander Pollock, Tarbolton, rustic oak seat made of oak grown on the banks of the river Ayr; Captain Stirling of Keir, model of a field-gate made of walnut 200 years old, and a similar model made of oak go years old; Mr John A. Howe, forester, Kippendavie, also exhibited a model field and wicket-gate, made of larch 120 years old, grown at the gathering stone where the battle of Sherriffmuir was fought. Articles for exhibition only included the Society’s own slides showing sections of timber of British-grown trees and shrubs and plant tissues. The Duke of Roxburghe showed a collection of coniferous seeds as sown in the home nursery, and photographs showing forest railway, sawmill, and plant of the woodyard. The Duke of Montrose sent three specimens of home-grown timber, namely, Douglas fir cut out of a standing crop of 213 trees per acre and of 50 years’ growth, silver birch, and bird cherry. Mr John D. Sutherland, Ardconnel Lodge, Oban, exhibited blocks of different kinds of timber grown on the Ardanaiseig Estate, on Loch Awe-side (belonging to Mr Ainsworth, M.P.), for the purpose of suggesting their use for technical instruction in country schools. Specimens of abnormal growth, and specimens showing frost crack and damage from other causes were sent by Mr Burns of Cumbernauld ; while Mr Alexander Gow, assistant forester, Murthly, forwarded a fine collection of cones and foliage of different kinds of conifers. Mr John D. Crozier, forester, Durris, exhibited a valuable collection of hand specimens of exotic timbers; and Mr F. R. S. Balfour sent a section of larch planted at Dawyck, Peeblesshire, previous to 1737, by Sir James Naesmith of Posso. A collection of decorative plants sent by Mr M. Chapman, Tarbrex Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling, and a collection of decorative shrubs sent by Messrs W. Drummond & Sons, nurserymen, Stirling, were utilised to advantage in the scheme of arrangement. The judges were Mr W. Dawson, Marischal College, Aberdeen ; Mr George Leven, Auchincruive, Ayr; and Mr John Broom, Bathgate. The Report and Prize List will be found in the Proceedings of the General Meeting held at Stirling in 1909. NOTES AND QUERIES. 103 fe Boo AUN DD, O.U_ E R LES, ~~ TuHeE BEECH TREE IN SCOTLAND. Information is invited as to the latitude and the altitude up to which the beech tree flourishes in Scotland ; and, where it shows signs of being out of its element, as to the probable causes of such indications. EFFECTS OF FRosT ON PLaNnts oF Larix europea AND L. leptolepis COMPARED. In the home nursery of an estate in the West Highlands where the writer was employed, a plot of seedlings of Larix europea were, during the spring of 1907, put in side by side with one of Larix leptolepis. Both plots were in full growth when the severe frost about the end of April 1908 occurred, and both suffered severely. They were allowed to remain in the nursery till the spring of 1909 when they were to be planted out. Of the European larch, more than 60 per cent. were worthless, not having been able to recover from the damage caused by the frost. But nearly all the Japanese larch were good plants, having suffered but little permanent damage. If, as this seems to indicate, the Japanese larch can thus throw off the effect of late spring frosts, it should be the better able to withstand the attack of the larch canker (Pezzza willkommit). Davip STEWART. ' SUGGESTED USE OF Adies nobilis FOR PLANTING UP BLANKS IN OLD AND IN YOUNG WoobDs. Though this tree cannot be recommended for general planting, I think it is one of the most suitable for filling up blanks that may occur in plantations, whether old or young. It is a good shade bearer, and, once established, it is a very rapid grower. I have often seen annual growths from 2 to 3 feet long on trees of about 10 years old, and after this age the rapid growth is maintained. It is liable to suffer from frost in the earlier stages 104 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. of growth; but if used for the purpose suggested, it would be protected by the surrounding crop. It is not very particular as to soil, but does best on a strong, fresh loam. One advantage gained by using . IG PLATE “payojou a19M g paxrvu dasoy} ‘payid arom w paxrew sjurd ayy ‘daHOLON GNV GULLI1d ATALVNYALIV “AON Ads en Jace page 10. oO [7 BLA, SOU THE ROOTS OF TWO OF THE PLANTS SHOWN IN PLATE XI. The upper root is that of a notched plant, the lower of a pitted one. To face page 11x | NOTES AND QUERIES. 1II At present the Russian authorities insert a clause in all contracts stipulating that Russian labour shall alone be employed. As they are actively encouraging immigration, however, the resultant hindrance to industry may be expected to diminish. The report includes full schedules of the royalty levied on timber of different classes and in the different areas. It also describes the existing facilities for transport and shipping, which are still in a predominantly undeveloped state. Other miscellaneous information includes the terms of the forest regulations and the scale of export duty. There is also an outline map. PITTING versus NOTCHING. (With Plates.) On page 45, Mr Ribbentrop deals with this subject, and in connection with it Sir Kenneth Mackenzie writes :—‘ When, in 1904-5, I was planting various kinds of trees to form a shelter- belt, I put in two rows of spruce, the plants being alternately pitted and notched. By means of the accompanying photograph (Plate XI.), the results of the two methods after an interval of four years may be compared; and the advantage, during youth at anyrate, of pitting is clearly indicated.” Plate XII. shows the root development of one of the above- mentioned “notched” plants as compared with that of one of those which had been pitted. The main objections to the practice of notching may be thus stated :—The young plants are placed in an unnatural position, and this alone must be detrimental to them; it is difficult to insert them with the “collar” at the surface of the soil, many being buried so deeply as to leave a considerable portion of the stem covered. Plate XIII. shows how difficult it is to avoid this, especially with plants trained in the nursery for notching; the root is restricted to a very small bulk of soil from which to draw its moisture with food in solution—from ;'; to 4, only of the normal bulk of soil may be drawn upon; the root, being dis- posed near the surface, is exposed to disadvantageous variations of temperature, with risk of damage by frost, and to variations of moisture, which may involve drought; the young plants, not being securely anchored all round, are specially liable to disturbance by wind immediately they have been planted, and II2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. for some time afterwards ; they take long to establish themselves in their new situation, and their prolonged period of feebleness, together with its degree, renders them particularly liable to severe damage by weevils and other pests. From the above causes numerous death-vacancies occur, especially if the planting season be followed by a dry summer ; and the rate of development of the survivors is greatly reduced. Plants with very much deformed roots may easily be detected in a plantation by their smaller size or unhealthy appearance. Then again, the deformity is frequently a permanent one, and, later in life, the trees are thus rendered liable to be thrown by wind or by over-lying snow. Plate XIV.shows the roots of some trees notched. Those in the lower figure are from the Crawfordton Estate, Dumfriesshire, where Captain Walker, the proprietor, says such defects are by:no means exceptional. The initial cost of planting in this way is certainly low, but the advantage is heavily outweighed by subsequent loss. It may be added that the above objections do not apply with equal force to ‘‘vertical” notching, as described by Sir Wm. Schlich at p. 217, vol. ii., of his Manual of Forestry. LECTURERS AT MURTHLY. In our July issue (vol. xxil. p. 237) we gave an account of the Estate Museum established at Murthly, and said that it was Mr Steuart Fothringham’s intention to arrange, from time to time, for the delivery there of lectures on forestry and kindred subjects. We are glad to state that, in pursuance of this intention, a course of ten weekly lectures was commenced by Dr Borthwick on the 27th November. ‘The opening lecture was attended by about forty persons. DEATH OF A NANCY PROFESSOR. Indian foresters who received their training in France will learn with regret that M. Nicolas Emile Petitcollot, Sous- Directeur of the Forest School at Nancy, died, after a long and painful illness, on 9th November 1909. PLATE Mitt, [To face page 112. TRAINED FOR NOTCHING, VLANTS 7 SCOTS PINI PLATE XIV. SCOTS PINE, NOTCIIED, WITH DEFORMED ROOTS. About 12 years old. SCOTS PINE, NOTCHED, WITH DEFORMED ROOTS. 15 and 20 years old. From Crawfordton Estate. To face page 113.] NOTES AND QUERIES. 113 Tuer FORESTS OF THE BRITISH East AFRICA PROTECTORATE. A Blue-book of 143 pages, with map and 25 photographs, contains a report on the forests of the Protectorate, by Mr D. E. Hutchins, who had been deputed to visit them. The Govern- ment timber-forests comprise an area of 2,040,269 acres, and there are in addition 105,406 acres of private forest which ‘‘is being rapidly destroyed and need not be considered unless early measures are taken to redeem it.’”’ The author deals at length with the yield of the forests ; with fires which have done enormous damage and against which effective measures must be taken ; with the alienation of forest land which should be kept permanently as part of the State domain ; with the destruction of forests by temporary cultivation; with the resources in rubber ; with game in the forests; and with the organisation of the Forest Department, which last may be studied with advantage by candidates for employment in it. There are full and very interesting chapters dealing with the Uganda Railway forests. In appendices, the author gives a dissertation on trees suitable for cultivation in equatorial Highlands, with special reference to the conifers indigenous to Mexico and Central America, and with a descriptive list of foreign trees suitable for the Highland forests of British East Africa. The report, which has involved very arduous work, both in the field and at the table, reflects much credit on its author. THE FORESTS OF THE CENTRAL VosGEsS MOUNTAINS. In a recent issue of Engler’s Botanische Jahrbiicher, Dr E. Issler gives some account of the plant formations of the Central Vosges. In the montane region he distinguishes the following formations :—spruce, beech, mixed fir woods, and the vegetation of forest streams. The upper tree limit occurs at the low altitude of 4000 feet, as compared with above 7000 feet in Switzerland. This limit is determined by the wind, and it isa remarkable fact that in many places the beech woods ascend higher than the coniferous woods, the reason being that the beech is better able to withstand the action of the wind. VOL. XXIII. PART I. H E14 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS: Our Forests and Woodlands. By Joun NiszBet. London, J. M. Dent & Co. New and revised Edition. xx+348 pp., including Index, and five Illustrations. Price 3s. 6d. net. The new edition is longer by eight pages than the former one of 1900, but the number of illustrations has been reduced from twelve to five, and the cost has been reduced from 7s. 6d. to 3s.6d. There is a new preface which is eighteen pages longer than that of the original edition. It is dated zoth August 1908. In it the author reviews the principal events that have occurred since the issue of the first edition, and gives his views on the present aspect of the “timber and wood question,” as it is indicated by increasing imports from abroad. He shows how the national requirement in such produce might be satisfied from forests to be raised within our own coasts, and urges that all political parties should unite in securing for an adequate national scheme of afforestation and timber-planting the full consideration which it undoubtedly deserves. The Report of the Erosion and Afforestation Commission had not been issued when this was written. Trees: A Handbook of Forest Botany for the Woodlands and the Laboratory. By the late Professor MarsHaLL WaRD. Vol. v., ‘‘Form and Habit.” Cambridge Biological Series. Cambridge University Press, 1909. Price 4s. 6d. net. The fifth and final volume of Zyzees has now been issued. It deals with “Form,” and under this title are considered the following :—the habit of woody plants ; the shoot-system includ- ing the stem, branches, twigs and branch-systems ; the appear- ance of the bark, and the form of the tree. Much interesting and useful information has been brought together under these various headings. The present volume, like its predecessors, is divided into two parts,—Part i., General, and Part ii., Special. The special part contains a classification of trees and shrubs according to their shapes, while a most interesting appendix to REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. II5 the volume gives a classification of trees and shrubs according to their seedlings. In conformity with the scheme of the entire work, excellent drawings to scale of the various seedlings dealt with accompany this classification. It was the author’s intention to have completed the entire work in six volumes, but unfortunately he was not spared to see his scheme accomplished. However, before his death, three volumes, dealing with buds, leaves and flowers, had been published, and sufficient manuscript remained for two additional volumes. The task of seeing this manuscript through the press was undertaken by Professor Percy Groom. The material could not have fallen into more competent hands, and the last two volumes maintain the high level of those previously published. This work will rank as one of our standard books of reference. The general part of each volume is written in a very lucid and interesting manner, and unnecessary technical terms are rigidly excluded, so that the beginner need have no difficulty in following the text, while the special part of each volume makes Z7vees a most valuable work for reference. ‘Too much praise cannot be bestowed upon the accurate and _ excellently reproduced illustrations with which the whole work is replete. No library of forest literature should be without TZvees by Professor Marshall Ward. Working-Plan Report on the Keir Woods, with some Notes on Quoigs and Ardchullary. By W. R. FisHer. Printed by Jas. Hogg & Co., Journal Office, Stirling. The number of proprietors who have come to realise the importance of working their woods on business principles is steadily on the increase, and if reasonable concessions in the incidence of taxation could only be made by successive Govern- ments, it cannot be doubted that private landowners would take a large share in the desirable and necessary work of extending the forest area of this country. A fresh instance of this quickened practical interest is furnished by the Working-Plan Report, which has been prepared by Professor Fisher, for an area of about 600 acres of woodland on the Keir Estate in the county of Stirling. Parts I. and II. of the report deal with the present condition of the woods, and the general character of the locality as a 116 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. silvicultural area; Part III. gives proposals for future management; Part IV. describes the various compartments ; and Parts V. and VI. contain notes on the adjoining woods of Quoigs and Ardchullary. The soils, which rest on the Old Red Sandstone formation, are stated to be generally suitable for the growth of the more valuable broad-leaved trees, and it is proposed, ultimately, to have crops mainly of those species, worked on a rotation of too years. Douglas fir, larch, and other conifers are also to be used in certain cases. The decision to have hardwood crops appears to be a wise one. The extent of suitable land available for the growth of hardwoods is certainly limited, and for this reason a good market in the future, for this class of timber, is well assured. It is worthy of note that the proprietor has transferred practically all the woods in his policy grounds to the economic woods. This step seems dictated by sound common sense. To have a proportion of the woods, even in the home park, occupied by a close crop of fine, shapely stems, such as one sees, for example, in the Spessart, can only tend to enrich and enhance, by contrast, the effects of the more open parts, and this arrangement has the advantage of ensuring that the land is being utilised to its fullest capacity. This is a carefully prepared working-plan, and it is accompanied by an excellent map, prepared by the estate architect, showing the various woods and compartments throughout the estate. The whole is printed and bound in pamphlet form. J. F. A. The Practice of Forestry, concerning also the Financial Aspect of Afforestation. By PERcIVAL TRENTHAM Maw, late Pro- fessor of Forestry at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, etc., etc. Walter & Walter, Heatherside, Brockenhurst, Hants, 1909. Price 17s. 6d. net. The author of this book devotes the first chapter chiefly to a consideration of the financial aspects of afforestation. He sets forth his reasons for and against general schemes of afforestation, and the conclusions he arrives at are so unfavourable to all such schemes, and his views generally are so pessimistic, that one is almost tempted to ask why he took the trouble to write a book REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. II7 on forestry at all. Many of the reasons he advances against afforestation will not stand examination. For example, he says that whereas in foreign countries there are no rabbits, here it is nearly always necessary to fence against them, and that 30s. an acre spent on this fencing, will, at the rate of 4 per cent. interest, represent a debt of #50 an acre at the end of a go years’ rotation. This, no doubt, is quite true, but economic forestry has nothing to do with game preserving, and where rabbits become a nuisance, the obvious remedy is to exterminate them. Notwithstanding the possibility of a timber famine, he is opposed to extensive schemes of afforestation in Great Britain. His alternative proposal is that the British Government should buy up extensive timber “limits” near the coast in Canada, from which to draw future supplies. Many objections - might be raised to this proposal, and such an investment would not be entirely without its risks. Large tracts of forest are often destroyed by fire. The Canadians are already restricting the output of pulp timber to the United States, and it seems fairly certain that the amount which will be available for export to this country will steadily become smaller. Their own needs are increasing, and they may in the course of time come to require much of the best forest land for agriculture. Further, one of the chief reasons usually urged in favour of the extensive afforestation of poor land at home, is that new industries would be created just as they have been on the Continent, with the result that more people would be kept on the land, and the formation and cultivation of small holdings would often be rendered possible. It is difficult to see how the acquisition of forest land in other countries, such as Canada, would help forward such objects, and the Canadian product would, of course, compete in the market with that grown by private owners quite as much as any State-owned forest material would do at home, with the additional disadvantage that there would be less probability of new industries being started—paper-pulp factories for example. The other chapters in the book contain a large amount of useful information of both a scientific and a practical nature, on such matters as nursery management, planting, tending of woods, different silvicultural systems, average yields to be expected from forest land, timber measuring, marketing, etc. There is a good chapter on the silvicultural characteristics of 118 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. native and of introduced trees; and the appendices contain a number of useful tables. In the preface, the author expresses the opinion that British foresters can be taught their forestry at home only. ‘I scout any idea,” he says, “that a complete training in any Continental school can act other than prejudicially upon those who take such a course,” etc. Surely few will concur in this. extreme view. ““Home-keeping youths have ever homely wits,” and British foresters cannot afford to ignore Continental methods. It is quite true that details of practice must differ widely, but all our modern ideas of forest organisation are derived from Continental sources, and until we can build up organised forests of our own, we must continue to look to the Continent for example and guidance. But although all may not agree with some of the author’s views on general forestry questions, the volume makes a useful addition to English forestry literature. j. Fx British Woods and their Owners. By JoHN Simpson. 8+116 pp., with 14 full-page plates. Price 12s. 6d. net. Pawson and Brailsford, 1909. This book may be described as a somewhat rambling state- ment of facts and references to topics more or less connected with British forestry of the past, with the addition of a criticism of the Afforestation Report of the Coast Erosion Commission. The principal chapters in the book are devoted to remarks on German and British forestry, and the commoner forest trees of the country, with short discussions on Planting, Waste and By-products in Woods, Planting of Catchment Areas, etc.; but none of these subjects are very fully dealt with from a practical forester’s point of view. The author makes a somewhat vague reference to a new kind of wire-netting, and to a newly discovered willow which has apparently not been honoured with a botanical name; but it cannot be said that there is much in the book which has not been fully discussed in various publications during the last twenty years. The author appears to assume throughout that both British estate owners and their foresters are more or less ignorant of rational wood-management, otherwise he would REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 11g hardly have inserted so many elementary facts which are now common knowledge to most people. The book contains a number of extracts from the works of other authors, articles, Government returns, etc., and fourteen illustrations, amongst which are several German landscapes, towns, and villages, with more or less wooded backgrounds, but otherwise of a kind more likely to interest the continental tourist than the forester. Part II. of the book criticises the Afforestation Report. A Gai, Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles, Native and Acclimatised. By C. S. CooprrR and W. PeErcivaL WESTELL. Sixteen full-page coloured plates, and 70 full-page black and white plates, drawn from nature by C. F. NEwaLL. 16 parts at 1s. each. Two bound volumes 21s. London: J. M. Dent and Co. This book is very well got up, and the price appears marvellously low. The Food of Some British Birds. A Report by ROBERT NewsTeEaD, M.Sc., A.L.S., etc., School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool. This report, price fourpence, appears as a supplement to the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for December 1908. In publishing it, the Board say that numerous representations having been made, during recent years, respecting the losses caused by birds to farmers and fruit-growers, and the necessity for measures to reduce the nuisance having been urged, while there is very little accurate knowledge about the food and habits of birds, they have come to the conclusion that a full and scientific inquiry into the matter should be carried out. The present report forms a preliminary contribution to such an inquiry. “Mr Newstead, whose name is well known in connection with Entomological research, has conducted the investigations here reported on through a period of twenty years, and has materially contributed to the sum of knowledge on the subject. But valuable as the work is, it is clear that a great deal more requires to be done, especially as regards the food of nestlings and of adult birds in the summer.” I20 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The present report is principally directed to the examination and tabulation of the contents of the crops of certain birds in each month of the year, so that an opinion may be formed of the benefits or injuries caused by these birds at all seasons. It will be found of interest to foresters as well as to farmers and fruit-growers. Forestry in New Zealand. Report by WiLL1AM C. KENSINGTON, Under-Secretary of Lands. The Colonial Government having called for a report dealing not only with the state of the indigenous forests and the timber industry (which had previously been reported on), but also with the whole question of demand and supply, the utilisation of the produce, the need for conservation, the steps that have been taken to augment the local supply by raising trees on State nurseries and plantations, and the likelihood of additional supplies being obtained from abroad—such a report has been prepared and submitted by Mr William C. Kensington, Under-Secretary of Lands. The report, which covers 118 foolscap pages and is illustrated by 29 full-page plates and 2 maps, gives full particulars on the above points. It shows the areas of land still covered with forest, the quantities and descriptions of milling-timber remaining in each district, the estimated duration for commercial require- ments of the local timber supply, the sources and amounts of the supplies that may be expected from abroad; and it gives also detailed results of the operations of the Afforestation Branch of the Department of Lands. It is therefore valuable, not only as a record of present conditions, but also as a guide to what may be expected in the future. The Colonial Government is to be congratulated on the important step it has taken in preparing this valuable report. Websters Foresters Pocket Diary. Seventh Edition, for 1909. Completely revised. Eighth Edition, for 1910. Revised. London: William Rider & Son. Price 2s. 6d. each. This well known and compact little diary contains many useful tables and notes relating to the duties of a forester, and is brought up to date annually. TRANSACTIONS OF THE , ROYAL | SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. ; Dieu EP ART - 1E July 1910. ; Linur.-CoLtonEL F. BAILEY, F.RB.S.E., ! HONORARY EDITOR. ; ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. z ae \ : WZ 3 AZZ AZ AS EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR *THE SOCTERY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. NE Ww Y ced “ Price to Non=Members, 3/- A. & J. MAIN & C9 L*?- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINGS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, of every description. Design No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENGING, IL WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, CATES, HURDLES, lait coe PALE FENCING, TREEGUARDS, =) i SS Etc., Etc. a ee i tH i Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING & FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. ; 49 CANNON STREET, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS, KEITH & CO. (DALROSS, Ltd.), ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures immediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &c., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c. Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, atl See EDINBURGH AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. Addressing of Envelopes, Etc., with Accuracy and Despatch. KEITH & CO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.”’ Telephone No. 316. a* ADVERTISEMENTS. BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL OFFERS complete instruction in all branches of technical (English and American) forestry. Its winter quarters are situated at Darmstadt, Germany; here the study of silviculture is emphasised. The Springs and Summers are spent in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States, and the Autumns in the Lake States. In America, the main object of forestry is the utilisation of the forests. THE BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL illustrates its lectures by object lessons selected in the forests on both sides of the Atlantic. The expense of the full course, covering twelve consecutive months without vacations, is £220. Write for Catalogue, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Director, BILTMORE, N.C., U.S.A., and DARMSTADT, GERMANY. BLAGK’S GREOSOTING PLANT SUITABLE FOR ESTATES. Consisting of PRESSURE CYLINDER, OIL TANK, and SET OF SELF-CONTAINED PUMPS. Full information and prices given on application. Sites Inspected if required. Sata Oil for Creosoting Supplied. Also Creoso Shae Tanks, for steeping timber in hot or ld oil, and all necessary fittings. GEORGE BLACK & SONS, Creosoting Engineers, ian eee Tweedmouth Boiler Works, ““ BorLers, BERWICK.” BERWICK - ON - TWEED. M‘FARLANE 8&8 ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress, & Three~-Colour Printers. Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Magazines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. St James Works, M‘Donald Road, EDINBURGH. Established 1790. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegrams : Telephones : ‘*ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” National, No. 1378 PARTICK. Post Office, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & CO. LTD., Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 13 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The Centra Cuiassgs in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations in these and allied Subjects. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Prospectus may be had on application to ALEXANDER M ‘Cau, Secy. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (f7o tanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow, for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College. { Professor R. ParrickK WRIGHT, eos and’ Manures, -) FERS Forestry & Forest Botany, JoHN Nispet, D.CEéc. Chemistry, : ; . .Professor BERRY, F.CC) FG: Forest Entomology, . j. J. £. x. Kine rene Syllabus and particulars regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST AND HEDGE PLANTS MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European and Japanese Larch, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro tooo and 100,000. All from Sandy soil, with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities via Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. CATALOGUES FREE. FOREST PLANTER’S GUIDE FREE. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 150 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &e. BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING. Telephone Nos, —- Edinburgh—Central, 2674, 2675, and 4665. Glasgow—Argyle, 2336, Telegrams— “Hothouse, Edinburgh. ’’ “Tron, Edinburgh.” National. “Treibhaus, London.” London—2117 P.O., Hampstead. HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, D. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Paeeees and Iron Founders. Plant Houses erected at Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. HOTHOUSE BUILDING.—Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation, Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. HEATING.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas, &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure, Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by “Barker's” Cable System of Hot Water Low Pressure Heating, with smail bore pipes and no sunk stoke-holes. LIGHTING.—Complete Installations by Electricity or Petrol Vapour Gas. FOUNDRY. - Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. EDINBURGH — Registered Office — Balcarres Street. WORKS-—Balcarres Street. FOUNDRY-—Slateford Road. GLASGOW— 121 St Vincent Street. LONDON—8 Camden Road, N.W. %y Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1300 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings tor the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles. of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to: train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the: Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since- 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with: the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach: of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided im Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in. 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ;: and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a. Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in. Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in: 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of 4,584, 3s. tod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the: Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental! in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been. delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical. training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only; 3 for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee have recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and while this cannot be looked on as a Demonstration Forest, it is hoped that it may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. In view of the passing of the Development Acts of 1909 and 1gto, the Council has now passed a Resolution urging that the Government should, as soon as possible, create a Board of Forestry, with an adequate representation of Scottish Forestry upon it, and an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and otherwise assist the development of University and other Educational enterprise, and would carry out, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. Excursions. Since 1878 well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, Ireland, and the Continent. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, and during the past summer a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. Exhibitions, A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited 4 specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society was included in the Scottish National Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh in 1908. The Society’s Transactions. The Transactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-three volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—IsAAc BAYLEY BALFourR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MAcDoucGatl, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Mleteorologist.—ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. Local Branches have been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. 5) Consulting Foresters. The Council has authorised the Secretary to keep a list of Consulting Foresters whose services will be available to Members of the Society and others. Correspondents. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, . Rosert Bett, 1.8.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Sc.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa. Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, . . F, L. C. CowLey Brown, Deputy Conservator of Forests, c/o Inspector-General of Forests, Simla. British Hast | EDwarp BaTTiscomsBs, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, é Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United States of America, Cape Colony, . W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O, | Hen P. BAKER, Forester, State College, Pennsylvania. LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. Counties. Aberdeen, . JOHN CLark, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JoHN Micuiz, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. Argyle, . . JOHN D. SuTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. Ayr, : . ANDREW D. Pace, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Roprrtson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Berwick, . Wm. Miunz, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Bute, . . Wm. Inetis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. Clackmannan,. RoBert Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. Dumfries, . D. Crasee, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. East Lothian,. W.S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Fife, . . Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpmunND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. Forfar, . . JAMES CRABBE, Forester, Glamis. JAMES ROBERTSON, Forester, Barnhill, Broughty Ferry. Inverness, . JAmMEs A, Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. Kincardine, . JOHN Haxt, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. Kinross, . JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. Lanark, . . JOHN Davipson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. Moray, . . D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Perth, . . JOHN ScrimGEOUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. Renfrew, . S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Counties. Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, , Galway, . King’s County, Tipperary, 6 Scotland. JOHN J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMY FRANCES YULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JouN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. DoNALD RoBeERTSON, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HocarrH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WALKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. FRANCIS MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Strortz, Whitway House, Newbury. Wm. A. Forster, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JouHN F, ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. THomAsS SmirH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowrerr, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. HAvetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BovuncER, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micuiz, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurinson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. GEORGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JOHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. CuristI£, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tait, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland, A. C. Fouses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Ancu. E. Morran, Lessadell, Thelorgan Park. THOMAS RosBeErtson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wa. Henperson, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ALEX. M‘Ragz, Forester, Dundrum. = Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.5.C., SECRETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. full Name, Designation, LOTSA BANOS ERs ghee eee een BOE oe ROR RE REE Eanes ert eee DRONE eee eee ENS EY a. Address, s De eee casa eas fap veananaabeuesserbteadaeeubasarsnvoveotpahancsshnd©e 64 oma s tidSaveus an/s/Sneveude Vala teanenawapeanasseie ee oeeee | Rap OPN OM MICELI Y DCHBEOER 5 8 IR oP cco savek sada zane cuvebe oaecs ee ae | Signature, 8 e tttaeeenecennccnnecnecssnneeneccnsncenecnacccnnseesssesansrsnnsscnertersnarecsenens enacts iextaeeenene So ial aa le rrr Proposers < Address, . 2s ofl Ale Shee PRY, Na en ahr at Atte: shsdseuclenecer ese : SEZHALUIE, 60 aaeneesecnscsecnecnecescsenneeneneceenetes Be ees. Seconder’s | Address, ety. BE Beoerthcet Adore scnian't io gn CERT eeen aae eee : [CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually . . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed #500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually 3 5 . Six Shillings. 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually - . = Z . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvansactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Life Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, - - » £10100 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, , 5 ; ; : 5.5 CO 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, - : : - - : . St38.0 VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zz/e Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a xew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CONTENTS: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. PAGE 15. The Immediate Needs of Forestry in Scotland. a Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., ‘ : SESE 16. When Afforestation Comes. By Sir John Fleming, LL.D., 12} 17. Note on the Death Duties as Affecting Woodlands. By Robert Galloway,SS.C.,_. : . : . 43533 18. The Rating Act, 1874, . ‘ : : ; i Aaa 19. The Development Act and Forestry. By the Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., : : . 140 20. Forestry Education in Great Britain, . : : a: ae 21. The Belgian System of Planting on Turfs (with Plates). By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., ‘ : ») sERy 22. On the Growth of the Sitka Spruce and other Trees in Linlithgowshire and Stirlingshire. By Henry M. Cadell of Grange, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., . ; : . a etSo 23. Seed Experiments with Pinus sylvestris (with Plate). By Fraser Story, . : d ‘ g : « ) 208 24. Notes on Creosoting. By A. T. Gillanders, . é - 72 25. An Infestation by Pine Weevil (Hy/obius abietis). By Donald Macdonald, : F : : ‘ ; - 80 26. An Attack by the Weevil Strophosomus Coryli. By John Macrae, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, . : . 185 27. The Large Larch Saw-Fly, ; : : ; . 186 28. The Cultivation of Willows, : 3 ; ‘ 2 EOE 29. Teredo navalis and other Sea-Worms. By Lieut.-Colonel Bailey, . : F , ‘ ; : . 196 30. Continental Notes—Germany. By B. Ribbentrop, C.I.E., . 204 31. Indian State Forestry. By Saint-Hill Eardley-Wilmot, GaAleEs..: : ‘ : : ; - oe f il CONTENTS. 32. The Importance of Forests in Military Defence. By Lieut.- Colonel Martin Martin, : 3 ; 33. The Protection of Timber against White Ants, Notes and Queries:—Forestry Operations under the Irish Department of Agriculture in 1909—Larch Disease Fungus —Mr Langhammer’s Visit—Seeds of North American Conifers—The Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909 Appointment— Bordeaux Mixture—Tree Felling by Machinery—Wood-Pulp—The Timber Resources of New Zealand—Preserving Sleepers from Decay, Reviews and Notices of Books :—Illustrations of Conifers. Vol. II. By H. Clinton Baker. Printed privately by Simson, Hertford, 1910. 72 pp., Quarto, with 89 full page Illustrations, : : 3 : : : The Soil: An Introduction to the Scientific Study of the Growth of Crops, vii+31zr pp. and Index, 17 IIlustra- tions and numerous Tables. Fertilisers and Manures, xV+384 pp. and Index, 9 Illustrations and numerous Tables. Both by A. D. Hall, M.A., F.RS., Director of the Rothamstead Experimental Station. London: John Murray. 5s. net each, , Les Sols Forestiers. Par E. Henry, Professeur a l’Ecole Nationale des Eaux et Foréts. 492 pp., including Table of Contents, with 3 diagrams, 5 plates and 2 maps, Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1910, with Appendices. List of Members as at 20th June 1910. PAGE 223 227 229 235 236 237 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY 15. The Immediate Needs of Forestry in Scotland.! By Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. The present is a critical moment for forestry in this country. For the first time within the recollection of any one living, a large body of public opinion is interested in the subject. Public opinion in a matter of science can never be fully instructed, but we have reached a stage when a great many people have grasped the fact that we are behind other countries in the matter of silviculture: that the steady rise in the price of timber justifies some action on the part of the Government to increase our home supplies: that if we are to increase our rural population, forestry and its attendant industries are the means to which we must look for the realisation of that hope. We are now face to face with a new Parliament, and there is usually a vigour about a new Parliament of which we must try to make the best use. We have an advantage in the fact that the Chancellor of the Exchequer is friendly to our ideas. He has shown his friendliness by relieving silviculture of some of the burdens which have pressed upon it most seriously, and he has also, in his scheme for the utilisation of the Development Grant, outlined a policy which exactly commends itself to the wishes of this Society. It is, therefore, with great hope that we look forward to the immediate future. In these circumstances, I think we ought to have clearly in our minds what we want to see done. In the first place, we desire to have a survey of the ground which is adapted for planting in Scotland. Perhaps everyone here has not realised the difficulties of such a survey, No one imagines that the whole of the waste land in this country 1 Presidential address delivered to the Society at the General Meeting on the 11th February 19gIo. VOL. XXIII. PART II. I 122 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. can be planted. Deductions have to be made on the score of elevation and bad soil, and further deductions have to be made for land which can be more profitably devoted to other purposes, or which is required for the wintering, indispensable to areas which cannot be planted. My predecessor in this chair has called attention, in an article printed in the last number of the Zransactions, to the serious effect which whole- sale planting would have on the local finance of some Highland counties. That is another consideration which will have to be borne in mind. But it must be remembered that the whole essence of any scheme of silviculture lies in a proper rotation under which the crops will become ripe year by year in order. Therefore to arrive at the area to be planted in any single year, after making the deductions mentioned above, the whole area intended for forest must be divided, generally speaking, by the number of years fixed for the rotation, which will, I suppose, be something between 80 and 120. It will thus be seen that the area to be planted in a single year in any district cannot be very large, and by the time the forest is complete, the area first planted will be more profitable and better able to make a contribution to local finance than the grazings which the forest has replaced. We consider this survey an essential preliminary to anything else. It is not possible for our Society, which is expected to lead opinion in these matters, to form a plan, or tender advice to the Government, until we really know what the extent of the problem is which we have to tackle. Should any reason intervene to prevent the Government from undertaking this survey at once, I think it will be the duty of the Society to undertake at least a sample of such a survey on its own account, in order that we may form an opinion of the manner in which this difficult undertaking should be conducted. Another preliminary for which we have to press, is the provision of what is called a Demonstration Forest. Such an area would not only afford a field for scientific experiments, but would also provide a school for Forestry apprentices. Mr Nisbet has done well in calling attention to this subject. Nothing can be more unsatisfactory, or to my mind more pathetic, than the fact that the excellent teaching which is now given by most competent experts in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, is inevitably so much divorced from practical work. THE IMMEDIATE NEEDS OF FORESTRY IN SCOTLAND, 123 Scientific training in forestry is of very little use without practical experience. I hope no one will say that Inverliever will do for a Demonstration Forest. It will not do because it has no plantations more than three years old. It is not necessary that the demonstration area should be very large, but it must have timber upon it, and land suitable for the extension of the existing plantations. It is not necessary that the existing plantations should be perfect. One of the most valuable experiments it can provide will be that of turning bad woodlands into good. That problem has to be faced in every county in Scotland. There is reason to hope that such a Demonstration Forest would pay its way. To turn now for a moment to minor matters. I think there is a need of some scheme for training the foresters who are at this moment responsible for our woods. Many of them have had little or no scientific training, and though they desire to have it, they are unable to attend the existing classes, which are held during the winter months when they cannot be spared from their duties. I hope that it may be possible to arrange summer classes for the benefit of such students. Mr Haldane has called attention to a movement among Scots proprietors for co-operation for various purposes connected with silviculture. That movement has originated among members of this Society who feel that the Society as a whole cannot be asked to devote its influence and the time of its officials to work which concerns only one branch of its members. I hope that this co-operative movement may, among other good results, bring about a better understanding between proprietors and nurserymen, two classes of people who seem to have drifted too widely apart. If there is to be the extension of planting which we desire, a very large supply of plants will be required, and I have no doubt that it will be possible to obtain these from British nurserymen at reasonable prices if fair notice is given of the number required. At present, too often plants are ordered in January which are to be planted out the same spring. Under any reasonable system of co-operation, they would be ordered at least two years ahead, so that the nurserymen might know how much to sow of each species. The present system of ordering plants at the last moment is neither fair to the purchaser nor to the nurseryman, and it is no doubt the principal cause of the high prices which have usually obtained hitherto in this country. I24 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 16. When Afforestation Comes.! By Sir JOHN FLEMING, LL.D. The title of my paper indicates that I have a belief that afforestation, by which I mean afforestation aided by the State, is bound to come. In that opinion I think all are now agreed, no matter what political complexion the Government of the day may assume. I think we may safely reckon that the movement to afforest a large portion of the surface of these islands is sure to receive the hearty support of the general body of the people. Various considerations have brought public opinion up to this point, and these may be summarised as follows :—First, the high price to which timber has risen; second, the extraordinary demand for timber for paper-making (a comparatively new industry); and third, the laudable desire to create some new industry to keep more people on or about the land of the country. These reasons are each of them powerful, and have been brought nearer to practical results by the evidence collected by the Coast Erosion Committee, and by the passing of the Development Bill of the present Government, which ordains the setting aside of a large sum of money annually for the express purpose, amongst others, of afforestation. In the full expectation that State-aided afforestation will take a beginning in the near future, all minds with a bent for arboriculture are giving much thought to this subject, a subject fraught with large issues, climatic, social, and financial. The matter, I observe, is being discussed by arboricultural and agricultural societies all over the country, and it is but right that Aberdeen, near to which, without a doubt, there will be wrought out many large, and it is to be hoped successful experiments, should take the matter into consideration, and make up its mind as to the best manner in which these experiments should be gone about. Undue haste to-day might mean disaster forty or fifty years hence. It is easy to spend money, still easier to waste it. To make a few suggestions as to what kinds of timber we should grow, to hint at a few necessary arrange- ments without which profitable marketing of the forest product will be impossible, and to utter a word of caution against too 1 Read on 11th December 1909 at the Annual Meeting of the Aberdeen Branch. From the report in the Aberdeen Free Press. WHEN AFFORESTATION COMES. 125 great expectations from the financial side of this movement will be the objects of my short paper. I do not mean to waste time discussing the social aspects of afforestation. There can be no finer peasantry than is made up by those who work amongst the woods, and carefully planned woodlands should be an aid rather than a hindrance to both farming and sport. Neither will I stay to discuss the climatic influences of a well-wooded country where moisture is more regular and winds are stayed in their intensity. Rather would I discuss the probable financial profit of growing timber for our own uses, and a life-time spent in the timber trade ought to fit me to some extent to undertake this task. Here I may say that I have no intention of weaving a web of airy statistics to prove that timber growing upon the shoulders of certain hills or up the sides of certain glens, or even upon some low haughlands, will pay better than grouse or sheep or oats or potatoes. Were I a promoter of a timber lands company, I could easily, by hunting up statistics gleaned from available sources, prove all that, at least to my own satisfaction. But for wood grown on the grand scale that it is soon likely to be; with, say sixty years hence, a supply ready for the markets, and which must be marketed, possibly ten times larger than that available at present, a totally new state of matters will have arisen. Suffice it to say, there will always be a market in this country for all the timber that can possibly be grown, and provided the felling and marketing charges can be kept within reasonable limits, and a class of timber suitable for the local demands produced, then with or without a tax on imported produce the crop of timber will be a paying one, but we must never expect our trees when grown to have “trunks of gold and limbs of silver.” I have mentioned, as the first of the considerations that have brought to the front the subject of State afforestation, the high price to which wood has now risen in this country. That wood of all kinds is higher at the present moment than it has been for some years is undoubtedly true, that even to-day it is showing a tendency to rise still higher is also true, but that there is cause to fear anything approaching to a timber famine, I for one do not for one moment believe. The late Mr Lewis Miller was, in our locality, the great prophet of a famine in timber. I was never a believer in 126 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the doctrine. I have in my lifetime seen the introduction of too many new woods, and the opening up of too many new sources of supply, ever to be led away by such a belief. Let us take a few instances:—The famous yellow pine of Canada, grown on the banks of the Ottawa River, without which, fifty years ago, it was thought impossible properly to finish a good dwelling-house, has been cut out, or almost cut out, but to take its place we have got in rich abundance the poplar of the Southern States, known here as Canary pine, the Kauri pine from New Zealand, and the Douglas fir from British Columbia, and now there is being placed on the market beautiful yellow pine from Vladivostock. The strong red fir for joisting timber which at one time came from Dantzic or Memel or Stettin, although still obtainable, has been ousted by the handsome long-leafed pitch pine from Florida or Louisiana or Texas, of greater length, better dimensions, and much freer from sapwood. But perhaps there is no better example than mahogany. That wood in varying quality, until about thirty years ago, came entirely from the West Indies, from Cuba, San Domingo, Honduras, and Mexico. Prophets were not awanting then as now who predicted the early extinction of this beautiful timber, which, as a tree, is to the forest what the rose is to the garden. The world was then ignorant that in tropical West Africa there were vast forests of mahogany of nobler dimensions and of as fine quality as any that ever grew in the Indies—forests that even yet, after thirty years of exploitation, have only been nibbled at. The figure is so rich in some of these African logs, and their value for veneer cutting so great, that only last month, at a Liverpool auction, three logs were sold that realised in all £2400; the largest log of the parcel, 28 feet 6. inches by 37 inches, selling at gs. 10d. per superficial foot 1 inch thick and fetching £1013. There is already a Forest Department organised at Lagos, Southern Nigeria, where the forests are being conserved and new plantations opened at the rate of about 250,000 plants per annum, and this is only one little spot in the tropical district of that vast continent. Even in British East Africa, at one time thought to be com- paratively sterile, there have been surveyed over 2,000,000 acres of saleable forest. Sixty years ago Norway supplied almost all the roofing WHEN AFFORESTATION COMES. 127 and flooring timbers required in Great Britain; Sweden and Finland little or nothing; Russia not a great deal. Norway still supplies a considerable quantity; Sweden, right up to the Arctic circle, sends us large supplies; Finland, which as a country has its surface almost entirely covered either with woods or water, is coming more and more into the field; whilst Russia, that country that is almost a continent, and only now waking up to its own possibilities, is already taking the lead, and is now formulating development schemes that will, if carried out, in course of time enable her to swamp all the other Baltic countries by her enormous exports. A commission of engineers in St Petersburg has been appointed to design and carry out new canals to open up virgin forests ; many new railway lines are also under consideration ; and a service of commercial agents is being arranged for, whose duty it will be to visit all timber-importing countries to ascertain their wants and to make suggestions to the Government for their fulfilment. That there is a vast field for development will be apparent when it is stated that besides 201,400,000 acres of privately-owned forests, there are 228,973,000 acres of State-owned forests in European Russia, and in addition there are 192,660,000 acres surveyed in Asiatic Russia, besides 465,000,000 acres unsurveyed, also in the Asiatic provinces. Professor Somerville, the professor of rural economy at Oxford, an expert in forestry, at the meeting of the British Association in Winnipeg this year, said, in regard to the future supply of wood, that Russia was reducing her exports; but the most recent Consular reports do not bear ~ this out, the annual export of timber since 1903 having increased in value from four to six million pounds sterling. In the same report we are informed that the re-afforestation of the State lands more than compensated for the quantity annually cut down. We are also told that the wooded provinces in the Consular district of St Petersburg alone cover an area equal to three times the area of great Britain. The exports from St Petersburg are this year higher than those of 1908 by 13,000 standards of 165 cubic feet each. Freights are cheap from Russia, and there is no lower paid labourer in the civilised world than the Russian. With these facts before us, I think you will agree with me that if there is to be a timber famine Russia will not be to blame. 128 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. But there will never be a timber famine, for new substitutes are being constantly found for timber. Many here must remember when beds, which are now chiefly made of iron, were made of wood, and when wooden ships were the rule as they are now the exception, when corrugated iron was little known for roofing, nor reinforced concrete for harbour piles. We who have to live by the sale of the article sometimes endeavour to take a little comfort from the contemplation of the incoming of wooden mantelpieces and wall-linings, or even, afar off, of wooden pave- ments; but these changes in the direction of the further use of timber form a poor compensation for uses that have been dispensed with, and, along with these changes, new sources of supply are constantly being brought nearer, while State con- servation and compulsory replenishing are being insisted upon in Burmah, in the United States and Canada, in Sweden, in Germany, in fact, practically everywhere. Indeed, I think it is only a question of time when the whole world, with its steadily growing population, will be as assured of its supply of timber and at a moderate price, as it is at present of its supply of wheat. Taking it for granted, then, that common-class timber will reach no abnormal figure in the times to come, and that we have no intention of cultivating the finer varieties for house finishing purposes either in pines or hardwoods, let us consider what we should grow, what market demands we should endeavour to meet, and how we should put our products on the market when ripe. In considering these matters, I hope it will not be supposed that I shall look upon them from the standpoint of one who deals chiefly in foreign timber. I may frankly say that I should much prefer to deal in timber grown in my own country to timber grown anywhere else, but it cannot be got, at least not good enough to satisfy the specification of the ordinary Scotch architect, who calls for timber free from shakes, sapwood, knots, and, as is sometimes added, ‘all other imperfections” ; neither can it be got in sufficient quantity, nor in anything like great enough dimensions. I well remember when there was as much home timber sold by some merchants as there was foreign, and the signboards usually read, ‘‘home and foreign timber merchant.” These days have now passed, but some day may see them return again, at least, let us hope so. In taking a perfectly detached view of the case, and making a large and generous allowance for improvement in quality WHEN AFFORESTATION COMES. 129 consequent upon a better selection of suitable seeds and greater attention to massed growths with proper shelter, I can come to no other conclusion than that for Scotland the trees to grow are the larch and the Scots fir; and the pro- ducts will be as at present—staves, sleepers, pitwood and boxwood, with the addition as time goes on of roofing and light joisting in dimensions from 4 inches by 2 inches up to 7 inches by 24 inches. I have not mentioned spruce, useful only for scenic effect or protection, for the Scottish whitewood, so far as my experience goes, is an inferior wood, only less inferior than its sister, the silver fir. An improvement may be effected in the manner of its growth, but at present it is much too knotty. I am afraid my strictures upon the spruce may cause some controversy, and were it possible to grow such wood as is grown in the Baltic, the case would be altered." The Government authorities quite evidently do not share my views, for I observed that the other night Sir Samuel Scott drew from Mr Hobhouse, in the House of Commons, the answer that there had been ordered for direct planting on the hillside at Loch Awe 80,000 Scots pine, 150,000 larch, 35,000 Douglas, 45,000 silver, 240,000 spruce, and 40,000 Sitka spruce. I only wish some of those who pin their faith to our Scotch spruce had been with me last June, as I glided on for half a day through the woods of the Hallingdal Valley in Norway, where the almost branchless spruces grew of all ages, and not densely planted either, straight as pencils, clean as stalks of wheat. I know it is expected that spruce will come into use for pulp-making, but for that purpose a wood much freer from knots is necessary. It is a well-known fact that the hard gummy-edged knots have all to be drilled out, and with spruce, as we find it in Scotland, this would be a laborious and unprofit- able task; moreover, when the straw of the American prairies can be converted into paper, and this is quite on the cards, pulp from wood will be a thing of the past. The larch is a most admirable wood, and should be more abundantly planted. It has not its equal amongst soft woods for its lasting qualities, for railway and pit sleepers, for all manner of housebuilding timber, and for various other purposes. The Scots fir is a beautiful wood badly grown nowadays. Why, I am _ not 1 See Vol. xxii., p. 106. Much of what is there said is applicable also to the spruce. —Hon. Ep. 130 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. technical enough to be able to say, but that it was not always so I have good proof. The old Mar wood, as it was called, grown in Ballochbuie or at Mar Lodge or in Rothiemurchus, was equal in mildness, and even in freedom from sapwood, to the best fir that comes into this country from abroad. In hardwoods, I should recommend but three varieties: the oak, the ash, and the elm. All these three, as grown in this country, especially in England and central and _ southern Scotland, are far superior in quality to the same timber grown in any other part of the world; all that they have needed to attain perfection has been that they should have been grown en masse and not, as they as a rule are, in park or hedgerow. The plane was wont to be a most valuable tree, but many substitutes have been found for both it and the beech, although they are perhaps the most beautiful trees in the landscape. Beech is very plentiful in Virginia and adjacent states. It is very similar to our own wood, perhaps a little softer and redder in colour. Whilst on a prospecting visit there many years ago, I was offered whole tracts of very decent trees at one-eighth of a penny per cubic foot on the stump, as it is called. The counsel to grow common varieties of firs and to look for what may be regarded as mean markets may seem unpatriotic, but there the most profitable markets will be found. There was a rude truth in the advice I once heard a veteran dealer in mahogany give to a beginner, “If you want to make money buy trash.” What was meant was that you made about the same profit off the foot of a low-priced log as you did off a high-priced one, and only half, or perhaps less than half, the money was needed for the purchase. The reasons I put forward for this line of policy are these. You will always have an abundant demand ; you will have easily handled dimensions; the foreigner will be less able to compete with you in cheap wood than in dear, as his freight and handling charges will be as high per cubic foot in the one case as in the other. I know strong arguments will be used to you that you should try Douglas fir, let us say, instead of the Scots pine. Ali honour to the Durris lairds for their heroic experiments, but as far as they have gone they have failed to establish that, whatever the tree may be in its native haunts in British Columbia, it has in this country proved a WHEN AFFORESTATION COMES. 131 commercial success. If it could ever be supposed to produce here in Scotland the same quality of wood that it does in the west coast of America, then it would be a brilliant success. These remarks may suffice as to what to grow; as to distribution and mixture of varieties I can give no advice. I should think that altitudes up to 1500 feet might suit either the Scots fir or the larch. The only remark I would make before leaving this part of the subject would be, try and make your planting fairly continuous and not patchy. I referred to the want of a cheap form of transit from the wood to the sawmill, and from the sawmill to the seats of commerce ; in these facilities this old country is notoriously deficient. These, of course, will not be severely missed for many years to come, but still they ought to come up for early consideration. splendid waterways for the flotation of logs are an almost universal appanage of all the great wood-exporting countries, both of the old world and the new. The Tay, the Spey, and our own Dee have in olden days been so used, and it is hoped they may be so used again; I see nothing to prevent it if the fish do not prove more powerful than the tree. The Caledonian Canal and many of the western arms of the sea might also be requisitioned in the same way, but these would only tap a very small area of the lands which we hope may some day be covered with forest. Light railway lines up the side valleys, more suitable railway trucks, cheaper railway rates for what will be a welcome new traffic to all Scotch railways, these are all essential, but I doubt if they will ever be obtained without nationalisation of the railways. In all these arrange- ments the use of the handy man will come in; steel cableways, for instance, a specialty of a well-known Aberdeen firm of engineers, would in all probability be found indispensable. ' At the present time timber can be brought from Russia, 1500 miles away, to Aberdeen, at 7s. to 7s. 6d. per ton; from Ballater to Aberdeen, 44 miles, the rate is practically the same. Sawmills on a good scale as to size, and not in the present retail style, must be erected at convenient converging sites close to water-power itself, or where water-power can be electrically transmitted. Better machinery must be brought into use, thinner saws used, and a neater finish given to the output, which is at present alas! too often, rough, wasteful, uncouth, in striking contrast to the make from over the seas. 132 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. All the wood when sawn should be sorted in well understood qualities, piled under cover, and offered out by accredited agents, acting, if possible, for groups of mills in co-operation, in printed specifications giving qualities and dimensions. Kiln drying should also be introduced to save railway carriage and interest on money. Kiln drying on a large scale is almost universal in America, and it is now being introduced into Sweden as well. I personally long for the day when it will be universal, as we can then depend upon receiving wood in good order. In Sundswall, this summer, I came alongside the premises of a large exporter with a river front of about a quarter of a mile, where not a piece of sawn wood was to be seen. The logs were dragged up to the mill at one end, cut, kiln dried, manufactured, and then piled close and ready for shipment in another set of sheds at the other end. This without doubt is ideal, and with such large amounts of sawdust going to waste, more especially where water-driven mills are in use, it is very easy of accomplishment. If all these details be attended to, and if architects would only be less finical in their demands, there is every reason to expect a_ splendid future for the home-timber trade. The larch has qualities that are unsurpassed. There is no fir that can hold a nail like the Scots fir, and if it could only be grown a little cleaner and with less sapwood, it also would be a wood hard to beat. I have left to others the decision as to when and where to plant, and all matters of fencing and distribution, and have touched only on what I happen to know a little about. In conclusion, I have no hesitation in saying that with care and circumspection, aided by the country’s common purse, a healthy peasantry will arise, the fair face of our beautiful country will become still fairer, new industries will be created, and all surely to the nation’s profit “‘ when afforestation comes.” NOTE ON THE DEATH DUTIES AS AFFECTING WOODLANDS. 133 17. Note on the Death Duties as affecting Woodlands. By Ropert GALitoway, S.S.C. The Death duties may be described as (1) Estate duty under the Act of 1894; (2) Succession duty under the Act of 1853; and (3) in certain cases, Settlement estate duty. EstaTE Duty. Section 7 (5) of the Finance Act, 1894, enacts that “the principal value of any property shall be estimated to be the price which, in the opinion of the Commissioners, such property would fetch if sold in the open market at the time of the death of the deceased,” but there is a proviso that the principal value shall not exceed twenty-five times the annual value as assessed under Schedule A of the Income Tax Acts, after making various allowances in respect of outgoings and management. This in practice has been interpreted to mean that where an estate, including the woodlands, is sufficiently valuable to yield 25 years’ purchase of its rental or annual value, no higher value can be taken, even although a large quantity of mature timber should happen to be upon the ground. By Section 60 of the Finance (1909-10) Act, 1910, the proviso mentioned above, limiting the valuation of an estate to 25 years’ purchase of its rental, has been abolished in the case of persons dying after 30th April 1909, and it is enacted that in estimating the principal value of any property “the Commissioners shall fix the price of the property according to the market price at the time of the death of the deceased, and shall not make any reduction in the estimate on account of the estimate being made on the assumption that the whole property is to be placed on the market at one and the same time,” but it is provided that where it is proved to the Commissioners that the value of the property has been depreciated by reason of the death of the deceased they shall, in fixing the price, take such depreciation into account. Provision is also made by the Act for appeals against the decision of the Commissioners, as to the value of property. Special provisions as to the payment of duties have been made with respect to certain classes of property, including 134 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. woodlands. Subsection 5 of Section 61, which specially deals with woodlands, is in the following terms :— “Where an estate, in respect of which estate duty is payable on the death of a person dying after the passing of this Act, comprises land on which timber, trees, or wood are growing, the value of such timber, trees, or wood shall be aggregated with the other property passing on the death of the deceased for the purpose of determining the value of the estate and the rate of estate duty; but the estate duty which, but for this subsection, would be payable on the principal value of the timber, trees, or wood shall not be payable thereon, but shall at the rate so ascertained be payable on the net moneys (if any), after deducting all necessary outgoings since the death of the deceased, which may from time to time be received from the sale of the timber, trees, or wood, when felled, during the period which may elapse until the land on the death of some other person again becomes liable or would, but for this subsection, have become liable to estate duty, and the owners or trustees of such land shall account for and pay the same accordingly as and when such moneys are received, with interest at the rate of three per cent. per annum from the date when such moneys are received : “Provided that if at any time the timber, trees, or wood are sold, either with or apart from the land on which they are growing, the amount of estate duty on the principal value thereof, which, but for this subsection, would have been payable on the death of the deceased, after deducting the amount (if any) of estate duty paid in respect of the timber, trees, or wood under this subsection since that date, shall become payable.” A new scale of rates of estate duty has been instituted, and a comparison between it and the previous scale shows that on the larger estates the duty has been very much increased. For instance, an estate between £75,000 and £100,000 formerly paid 54 per cent., whereas estates between £ 70,000 and £100,000 now pay 8 percent. ‘The latter rate was only payable previously on estates between £250,000 and £500,000, whereas an estate of NOTE ON THE DEATH DUTIES AS AFFECTING WOODLANDS. 135 4#£500,000 now pays at the rate of 12 per cent. An estate of 41,000,000 formerly paid ro per cent., whereas it will now pay 14 per cent. An estate over £1,000,000 pays at the rate of 15 per cent. on the full amount. Such an estate formerly paid Io per cent. up to £ 1,000,000 and 15 per cent. on the remainder. SuccEssIoNn Duty. As regards Succession duty (1853 Act), where the successor is competent to dispose of the heritable property comprised in his succession, the principal value is ascertained in the same way as for estate duty, with the further deduction of estate duty paid in respect of the property on the death of the predecessor and the expenses incurred in raising and paying the same. Where the successor is not competent to dispose of the heritable property, his interest is considered to be the value of an annuity equal to the annual value of such property after making certain allowances. Every such annuity is, for the purposes of the Act, valued according to tables annexed to the Act. But before making any assessment of succession duty in respect of timber sales, he is given credit for any sum paid by him in name of succession duty on the woodland. A person is deemed competent to dispose of property if he has such an estate or interest therein, or such general power, as would, if he were sui juris, enable him to dispose of the property, including a tenant in tail, whether in possession or not; and the expression “general power” includes every power or authority enabling the donee or other holder thereof to appoint or dispose of property as he thinks fit. According to the new Finance Act (Subsection 5 of Section 61, partly quoted above), succession duty payable in respect of woodlands is to be paid in the same way as estate duty under that section. Succession duty has also been materiallyincreased. Successions that formerly paid 3 per cent. now pay 5 per cent., and those that paid 5 per cent. or 6 per cent. now pay Io per cent. Formerly, where an estate had already paid estate duty, children and their descendants, or father or mother, or lineal ancestors, paid no succession duty, but where the value of the estate now amounts to £15,000, duty at the rate of 1 per cent. is chargeable against such successors, unless the succession, including any legacies from the same source, does not exceed £1000, or in the case of 136 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a widow, or child under twenty-one, the succession and legacies from the same source do not exceed £2000. SETTLEMENT ESTATE DUTY. As regards entailed property where the successor is not entitled to disentail without consents, or without having the consents valued and dispensed with, settlement estate duty as well as estate duty is payable; but neither of these duties shall be again payable until such estate is disentailed, or until the death of an heir of entail, to whom it passes on or subsequent to the death of the first heir of entail mentioned, and who is entitled to disentail without consents or without having the consents valued. This duty is also payable, in addition to estate duty, on the principal value of property settled by the will of a deceased, or which, having been settled by some other disposition, passes under that disposition on the death of the deceased to some person not competent to dispose of the property except where the only life interest in such property, after the deceased’s death, is that of the husband or wife of the deceased, or where the disposition took effect before 2nd August 1894, or where the net value of the property liable to estate duty (exclusive of property settled otherwise than by the will of the deceased) does not exceed £1000. Settlement estate duty was formerly chargeable at the rate of I per cent., but has now been increased to 2 per cent. Power is given (Section 56) to the Commissioners if they think fit, on the application of any person liable to pay any of these duties in respect of any real (including leasehold) property, to accept in settlement of the whole or any part of such duty, such part of the property as may be agreed upon between the Commissioners and that person. With regard to the alterations made by the recent Act, attention may be directed to one or two points. (1) The full value of all the woods must now be included in the valuation of an estate, so as to ascertain the rate of duty payable. (2) The duties in respect of the woods are not now payable until the woods are converted into cash. (3) In the event of another death occurring before the woods are converted into cash, the first estate will be relieved THE RATING ACT, 1874. ia7 from further payment, and the liability of the next estate will be arrived at in the same way as in the case of the first estate. (4) It will thus be seen that as regards these duties, woods are looked upon as a crop, requiring many years to mature, which shall pay the duties once only, that is, when converted into cash, whoever may be in possession at the time. (5) Complaint can, therefore, no longer be made that the same woods are found liable several times in death duties, owing to successive deaths occurring during the time they were standing on the ground. (6) On the other hand, the rates of duty, so far as now exigible, have been substantially increased. In the foregoing note no attempt has been made to go into details. It will take some time to ascertain whether upon the whole the provisions of the new Act are likely to encourage forestry, but it would appear that in several respects very substantial concessions have been obtained. 18. The Rating Act, 1874. The following circular, dated 18th April 1910, has been addressed to Union Assessment Committees by the Local Government Board, London :— I am directed by the Local Government Board to inform you that it has been represented to the Board, by a Committee appointed at the British Timber Conference held in London last year, that the Union Assessment Committees throughout England have generally failed “to properly appreciate and act upon the provisions of the Rating Act, 1874,” in regard to the assessment of woodlands, The Committee urge the Board to communicate with Assessment Committees, and to point out that woodlands should be assessed at their “unimproved” value, which is practically “prairie” value. They state that though “prairie” value represents on the average about half-a-crown per annum per acre, yet many of the woodlands of England are rated at figures four and five times greater. The Committee state further, that they are aware that an occupier of woodlands who is over-assessed can obtain redress VOL, XXIII, PART II. K 138 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. by an appeal to Special or Quarter Sessions, but that the costs of such an appeal are out of all proportion to the saving of rates effected by a successful appeal, and consequently the illegal over-assessments remain, and the benefits of the Rating Act of 1874, so necessary for the promotion and encouragement of afforestation, do not in fact reach the occupiers of woodlands. The Board have no jurisdiction to lay down any rules for the guidance of Assessment Committees in the matter, but in view of the representations which have been made to them, they desire to call the attention of the Assessment Committee to the following observations upon the provisions of the Act of 1874, contained in the Circular addressed to Assessment Committees on the 24th November 1874. The Act classifies woodland under three heads, viz. :— 1. Land used only as a plantation or a wood. 2. Land used for the growth of saleable underwood. 3. Land used both for a plantation or a wood, and also for the growth of saleable underwood. 1. Inthe first case, viz., where the land is used only for a planta- tion or a wood, and not for the growth of saleable underwood, the Act provides that the gross and rateable value (meaning by gross value the gross estimated rental, as defined by the Union Assessment Committee Act, 1862) shall be estimated as if the land, instead of being a plantation or a wood, were let and occupied in its natural and unimproved state. It is the duty, therefore, of the Assessment Committee to deal with the land as if it were divested of timber or wood of any description, and to determine its value without taking into account any improvement which has been made, or of which the land might be capable. It will be observed that the words used are “as if the land, instead of being a plantation or a wood, were let and occupied in its natural and unimproved state,” and the word “ occupied ” was introduced in order to show clearly that the capabilities of the land for improvement were to be excluded from consideration in estimating the rent at which it might reasonably be expected to let from year to year, and that the land was to be valued as if it would continue to be occupied in its natural state, without any expenditure of capital in its improvement ; or, in other words, as if it were waste land. THE RATING ACT, 1874. 139 2. The second case is that of land used exclusively for the growth of saleable underwood ; and the statute requires that in such case the value shall be estimated as if the land were let for that purpose. 3. With respect to the third case of composite woods, Ze., where the land is used both for a plantation or a wood, and also for the growth of saleable underwood, the value is to be estimated either as if the land were used only for a plantation or a wood, or as if the land were used only for the growth of the saleable underwood growing thereon, as the Assessment Committee may determine. In this case, therefore, it is entirely within the discretion of the Assessment Committee to adopt either alternative ; but it must be borne in mind that if they assess the land as if it were used for the growth of saleable underwood, the land cannot be valued as if it were let for the growth of saleable underwood, and capable of improvement for that purpose, but only in respect of the saleable underwood actually growing thereon, irrespective of any capacity for improvement by the removal of trees or otherwise. It should be added that woodlands which are subject to rights of common, are not rendered rateable by the Act. In connection with the foregoing provisions of the Act, the Board may call attention to the decisions in two cases which have come before the Courts. In the case of the Larl of Westmorland v. Southwick and Ouadle (1877), 36 L.T. n.s. 108; 41 J.P. 231, it was decided that in ascertaining the rateable value of a plantation or wood as “land let and occupied in its natural and unimproved state,” it was not admissible to base the estimate upon the rent which a hypothetical tenant would give if expenditure were incurred in draining, fencing, or other improvements. In the case of Eyton v. Mold Churchwardens and Overseers (1880) L.R., 6 GB Ding, 50 L.J.M:C. 39; 43 L.T. 472, -it was held that the value of a right of sporting over land might properly be included in estimating the rateable value of a plantation or wood as land in its natural and unimproved state. The Board request that the matter may have the consideration of the Assessment Committee, with a view to determining whether there are any cases in their district in which the assessment of woodlands calls for revision, (Signed) Hy, Monro, Secretary. I40 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, 19. The Development Act and Forestry. By R. C. Munro FERcuson, M.P. Until the Commissioners appointed under the Development Act bring their Department into working order, it is difficult to estimate what will be the influence of this new body upon afforestation and silviculture. One of the Commissioners is a forest expert, and one or two others have some knowledge of plantations. The agricultural interest is exceedingly sensitive as regards the afforestation policy of the Commission, on the ground that it may absorb some undue proportion of the available resources. That is, however, a groundless fear, because it must be a matter of some years before any large scheme of afforestation can be undertaken, and an expenditure averaging £50,000 for the first six or eight years is probably as much as could be well laid out on the requisite preliminary steps. To provide a central machinery, the best plan would probably be to reorganise the Office of Woods and Forests as a real National Board of Forestry, and in view of the fact that the main sphere for its operations must be in Scotland, it should have a Department an Edinburgh. In order to secure that the Board should be in a position to devote its attention exclusively to forestry, the farm lands now managed by the Woods and Forests Department ought to be transferred to the Board of Agriculture, and the ground rents to the Treasury or some other Department. If that should not be feasible then a Forestry Board for the United Kingdom should be created. This Board of Forestry would then proceed to organise the necessary surveys, report upon and “ plan” the areas suitable for afforestation, purchase demonstration areas, and create centres of silvicultural training. It is high time that we should have our own system of forestry, for, much as we owe to Germany, it is idle to continue to hang upon her apron strings. As soon as these preliminaries are completed, the Board should direct its attention to the afforestation of waste lands, either as a State operation upon the great scale, or, in the case of smaller areas, by co-operation with private owners. It is essential that there should be some reliable authority, of the nature of a Board of Forestry, to prepare the schemes for which the Development Commission would recommend the FORESTRY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN. 141 necessary grants, and I can think of nothing better than to make the Office of Woods worthy of itsname. ° . s : : 4° » ss ; : : ; ; = phOOrusss a ; : : ‘ s £20-540. - ; er - : ° ° - - $20 ” ig Oy 3 : : : = ROO 1f01 bass In sowing the seeds at Bangor, Spitzenberg’s Drill-maker was used, double drills being made 2 inches apart with 4 inches between each pair of drills, and the seeds were covered with soil to a depth of half an inch. Care was taken to distribute the seed as evenly as possible, but, as the following table shows, the weight varied slightly—partly owing to differences in the size of the seed. Exactly the same space was allotted to each plot, with the exception of No. 8, of which only a very small quantity of seeds (5 grams=‘160 oz.) was received ; in this case only one double drill was sown. On the other plots the following quantities of seed were sown :— VOL. XXIII. PART II. M 170 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Plot. Grams. Equivalent in oz. I Bis ihe ; . 4 age 2 ZO. ie : .' ‘966 2 PA : . 9ea 4 ZO. : - “926 5 25° ; - Eres 6 26, ; ier es2 Foes PANE ; . ae The number of seedlings obtained from the different plots were as follows :— | Plot. Country. piper | Inches. | sa s|'Scotland . ; - ; ; 2440 3 | 2 | France : - - ; : 2960 34 a Prussia (East) . A : , 2750 4 4 | Belgium . > : : 5 2520 54 bes Bavaria : : 5 : ; 2570 4 | 6 | Russia (Baltic Prov.) . : ; 2700 34 7 Prussia (Eberswalde) . ; 5 1660 44 | 8 | Russia (Ural Mountains)’ . : 440 44 1 Only 5 grams of seed sown. In all cases the seeds germinated well, the seedlings coming through the ground equally and showing little variation in growth until about the middle of the first summer, when plot No. 1 (Scotland) began to lag behind somewhat. ‘Thenceforward this section never looked quite as well as the others. It was more regular than some of the plots and produced a normal quantity of plants, but the seedlings made less progress and had shorter needles. The plants from Belgian seed were much the best in every respect, there were no dead needles, no gaps, and the colour was a fine dark green ; although the average height was not more than 54 inches, many individual plants were 7 inches high. In plot 5 (Bavaria) the seedlings were uniformly well developed, the height ranging from 3 to 54 inches. Plot 6 (Russia, Baltic Provinces) gave small plants but was regular and otherwise satisfactory ; the seedlings had the appearance of being taller than when measured as the needles were held erect over the terminal bud in a curious manner. Plot 7 (Eberswalde) was unequal in growth and decidedly patchy, a fact which is reflected in the comparatively small number of plants produced. ‘The seedlings from the Ural Mountains (No. 8) were strong and equal, and did well considering the small quantity of seed sown. Pear lO ‘yb LOId NI SLNV1Td HAL AO ALINOINAMAS AHL ONIMOHS ‘YOONVA LV SLOTd AHL AO AWOS 170. [To face p. SEED EXPERIMENTS WITH PINUS SYLVESTRIS. Lig fs None of the plots suffered from leaf-shedding, the ‘“ blight” so common in many of the countries from which the seed came, which is generally attributed to Lophodermium (fysterium) Pinastrt. The experiment is of course still in its earliest stages; the plants were pricked out into nursery lines last spring, and will afterwards be planted in various soils and kept under observa- tion. In the meantime, I merely wish to record what has happened so far. It is true that similar results will not always be obtained, and of course no final conclusions can be drawn from those obtained here, but they encourage further inquiry. The plants at the end of the third year (first year after trans- planting) gave the following results :— Plot. Country. Hock. pee | Remarks, Inches. Inches. | I Scotland ‘ : : 4 ae: | Small, but good. 2 | France . : : : 44 | 7 Very dark green. : Healthy, but the green ee Et) 5 : 42 73 dnged with eae 4 | Belgium F ‘ ; 63 | 103 | Much the best. 5 | Bavaria . ; ‘ é 5 8 | Second in quality. 6 | Russia (Baltic Prov.) : 44 | Fe | i) Prussia (Eberswalde) . 5 8 | Unequal. 8 | Russia (Ural Mountains) 42 5 | Very regular. Seed was sown in the same way as that described above, in each of the several countries concerned, but I believe that no report has yet been published regarding them. I had an opportunity, however, of seeing the different lots in the Eberswalde nursery in 1908, and those in Grafrath (Bavaria) and Mariabrunn (Vienna) last year. On the whole, the results corresponded fairly closely with those obtained at Bangor. One of my students (Mr E. Baker) has supplied me with the following particulars regarding the growth of the plants at Chorin (Prussia) :— Growth during 1909 Country. (in millimetres). Scotland . : : . : « BGS France : ; : : : 3) TErarg Prussia (East) . : » 126654 Belgium . : ‘ «(27970 Bavaria. : : ; ‘ \ S04r9 Russia (Baltic Prov.) . : : .. 349 Prussia (Eberswalde) . ; -, FOO Russia (Ural Mountains) . - 5 UEOS"S I72 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 24. Notes on Creosoting. By A. T. GILLANDERS. Various methods for the perservation of timber have been adopted, but it is not intended in this paper to discuss their respective merits. It is assumed here that for general estate purposes creosoting is one of the best methods. As a general rule on an estate the best of the timber is sold, and what is unsaleable is creosoted and manufactured for home requirements. The object of the creosoting process is to prolong the life of the timber; but the process must be preceded by the drying or seasoning of the timber; for not only does this facilitate the creosoting process, but the seasoning is also in itself a preventive to decay. The felling of timber is generally carried out during the winter months, because it is supposed that there is then less sap in it. Experiments have, however, ‘proved that this assumption is not strictly correct, so far as the solid constituents of the sap are concerned, for these have been shown to be most abundant during December and January. All practical men, nevertheless, prefer to cut the more valuable classes of timber during the dormant season, as there is then less risk of deterioration than when the sap is in a more active condition. In the ordinary course of the exploitation of coniferous forests, however, with a moveable sawmill plant, cutting and felling are most successfully carried out in summer, say from the beginning of April till the end of October. The timber may either be felled sometime before it is sawn, or it may be felled and sawn up at once. In the first case, the timber becomes to some extent seasoned in the log, and the drying process may be accelerated by partially barking or squaring the logs. In the second case, the sawn timber must be stacked at once. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that whatever method be adopted in creosoting, the timber must be thoroughly dried before the process is begun. In the case of timber which is dried in the open air, it is to be noted that in addition to the drying process there is a certain amount of re-absorption of NOTES ON CREOSOTING, . 173 moisture from rain and dew. As the seasoning process goes on, however, the timber loses more and more its power of taking up atmospheric moisture. This illustrates the process of natural seasoning, which reduces the moisture content of the log by 15 to 18 per cent. During the drying process-certain obvious changes occur in the logs, notably a process of splitting in the more exposed ends. Cracks or shakes appear in all directions, either following the course of the medullary rays or of the annual rings. As the drying process continues, however, these disappear, and the wood closes up again. The reason is obvious. The drying process takes place through the surface, which dries first. As this surface shrinks in drying, it can no longer cover the undried central regions. With a continuation of the drying process, however, the central region also loses moisture, and a re- adjustment takes place, resulting in the closing up of the fissures. Something must now be said in regard to the composition of wood, in order to appreciate fully the meaning of the process of creosoting. In the very young plant the component cells are enveloped in cellulose, a substance similar in composition to starch. As the cells grow older this cellulose is converted into lignin, and the form of the wood cells is modified. Further, the timber of comparatively old trees of most species is divided into heartwood and sapwood. ‘The former is the more durable part of the wood, and in the case of some classes of timbers is long-lived even if no preservative be applied. The sapwood contains much moisture, and it requires most drying. When this moisture has been driven off in the process of drying, it must be replaced by creosote oil, in order to render the timber durable. Something may now be said as to the causes of decay. The organic causes of decay include the action of bacteria and of fungi. Ina general way it may be said that these dissolve the woody portions of the cells, reducing them to a condition in which they can form food for the decay-producing organisms. Such organisms usually begin their action from the outside, and require moisture and warmth for their development. These conditions are best fulfilled immediately below the surface of the ground, or to give the technical expression used in regard to fencing-posts—‘‘ between wind and water.” These facts make 174 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. it clear that what is wanted is to form, by means of the creosote, an antiseptic ring in the outer layers of the timber. The season of the year at which the timber is cut has an important bearing on the liability to attack by decay-producing fungi. Thus coniferous timber felled and cut up in the autumn is liable to “blueing,” which is due to the organism known as Ceratostoma piliferum. Such timber has to be stacked and dried with the greatest care, as it deteriorates rapidly, and does not take creosote well. On the other hand, timber cut in spring or early summer is less susceptible to attack by fungi, and takes creosote much better. We have now to consider the composition of creosote. It is a product of the distillation of coal tar, which is, in its turn, an extremely complex mixture of organic compounds, varying in composition not only with different kinds of coal, but even with different treatment of the same coal, according to the amount of heat applied. The creosote oils of commerce come off when the temperature of distillation varies from 435° to 520° F., and are heavier than water, the specific gravity varying, but being about t'o70. Creosote oil contains napthalene and other solids which, however, tend to form a sediment, and can only be introduced into the timber when in solution. In this country such solids are usually removed from commercial creosote in the process of manufacture, but in some parts of the Continent, where the pressure method of impregnation is adopted, this isnot done. ‘This fact has an important bearing upon methods. As on the Continent a viscous, solid-containing oil is employed, it is considered advisable to heat the creosote by means of a spirally-arranged steam pipe within the operating cylinder. This method is not usually adopted here, on account of the fact that the oil employed is thinner, and has had most of its solids removed. Any remaining solids are most con- spicuous in cold and frosty weather, which also increases the viscosity of the oil and retards the impregnating process. The composition of the commercial oil varies greatly, and there are associated differences in colour, physical properties, and effects upon timber. The following table shows the results of analyses of three separate samples of oil, withdrawn from the overflow pipes of the cylinder in use at some large works. These analyses have been kindly supplied by a friend of the writer’s. NOTES ON CREOSOTING, 175 Sample 1. | Sample 2. | Sample 3. Specific Gravity of Oil 1'073 1'067 1068 Total Distillate at 212° F.. Gra i eace 7. | jal ai6o0 7E.:, AS hTOte Ape geo Tar Acids ‘(Carbolic and Cresylic) oy eye 1G, Nil Other Phenols : Ba dy a a i 2 eo ae Napthalene a0 7, | gue |. 234 7, Water Gx 7 | Urace 7 | oe 7, Of the various methods of creosoting which have been suggested at different times, only three are important. These are by pressure, by boiling, and by simple immersion. 1. In the pressure method, the necessary plant consists of three parts—a boiler or receiver for the timber, a storage tank for the creosote oil, and a duplicate pump—vacuum and pressure. The size of the boiler must naturally vary with the material to be operated upon, but one made of malleable iron, 26 to 28 feet long and 4 ft. 6 ins. in diameter, is a useful type. At the bottom of the boiler there should be two rails on which run trolleys used for carrying the timber. This is an enormous advantage as compared with the method of moving the wood in and out of the boiler by hand. The filled boiler should be closed by a cast-iron swing door, hung by an over- head derrick. The storage tank should stand alongside the boiler, and its proportions should vary with those of the boiler. The boiler is filled with wood and closed up. The vacuum pump is then applied and the air is thus exhausted. The result is that the creosote is forced upwards into the boiler by atmospheric pressure from the storage tank, which stands about six feet below the boiler. In about twenty minutes’ time the boiler is partially filled with creosote, and a tap is turned to shut off the storage tank. The vacuum pump is then dis- connected and the pressure pump applied. Its valves are so arranged that the oil is forced forward, but is prevented from falling back into the storage tank. Pumping may be continued for two or three hours, according to the dryness of the timber, until the pressure gauge registers go Ibs. to the square inch. Then the door is swung open to allow the surplus creosote to 176 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. escape, and the timber is left to drip until the following morning. The trolleys with their load of timber are then withdrawn and the process is completed. The cost of erecting a creosoting plant of the size named above would amount to £300 to £350. 2. The second or boiling method! has long been adopted with considerable success, especially in the West of Scotland. In this case, the plant may be either very simple or comparatively elaborate. It may be said generally to consist of a boiler, either oval-shaped or with a flat bottom, which is enclosed in brickwork and has a straight or winding flue. The flue is furnished with a fairly long chimney, which has a damper to regulate the draught. It is also advisable to have a storage tank for the creosote, which may consist of a disused boiler, to which is attached a pump. The pump is used to introduce the creosote into the boiler, and a tap attached to a pipe connecting the boiler with the storage tank is used to withdraw the surplus at the close of the operation. The general principle is the same as in the previous method, but there are variations in detail. It is desirable that the timber should be as dry as possible, but if it is damp, the excess of moisture may be removed during the operation of creosoting. This naturally results from the fact that the fluid contents of the timber consist mainly of water, which, under the pressure conditions existing in the boiler, boils at a temperature lower than that reached in the impregnating process, and it is thus driven off in advance. The temperature in the boiler should not, however, be allowed to rise too high, as this is apt to partially char the wood, and thus reduce its strength. The respective boiling points of water and creosote are 212° F. and 365° F., and the desirable temperature is one only slightly above the former. There is grave risk of fire if it rises too near the boiling point of creosote. It is not easy to give the exact number of hours during which the timber should remain in the hot creosote, but 36 to 48 hours is usually considered to be the most suitable period. It is further advantageous to leave the timber in the boiler for a few hours after the fire has been put out. The reason is as follows :— Cooling causes a condensation of the steam or a contraction of * Cf. paper by Mr George Leven in Vol. xvii. p. 93. NOTES ON CREOSOTING. 177 the air remaining in the cells of the wood, and this causes a lowering of pressure in the cells, which again forces more creosote into the wood to fill the partial vacuum so produced. The initial cost of a small creosoting plant of the type described above, with a boiler say 20 feet long, 4 ft. 6 ins. wide, and of the same depth, would be about £60. 3. The third and simplest method is that of simple immersion. This means simply soaking the timber in cold creosote contained in a suitable tank. An old boiler answers very well indeed, and is cheap. In this case very dry timber and thin oil are essential. The method has much to recommend it in the case of small estates, where the operation can be attended to at intervals by an odd man. The question as to which of the three methods described is the best is a difficult one. It may, however, be said that under special circumstances all are quite successful. At present considerable confidence in both the pressure and_ boiling methods prevail, among those specially concerned with the matter, but the method by simple immersion is as a rule less favourably regarded. This is unfortunate, for in dealing with inferior timber on small estates, or with similar timber in the out-lying portions of large estates, creosoting can only be profit- ably carried on with a cheap form of plant. The great obstacles to the impregnation of timber with creosote are the air and the moisture in it. In the pressure and boiling methods, the method itself includes means for getting rid of the air, and the moisture should be got rid of by preliminary drying. In the method by simple immersion, the air is got rid of by prolonged soaking, and the process is probably accelerated if the timber is placed at an angle of 30° or so in the tank. With a view to investigating the value of the last method, the author carried out an experiment, the results of which are given below. In this experiment pieces of timber creosoted by the pressure method (pressure employed go lbs. to sq. inch) and by the immersion method (the period of immersion being one week) were alike plunged in water for fourteen days. To ensure uniformity each log of timber was split into two, half being treated by immersion and half by pressure. The table shows the results :— 178 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, ce 8 73 ¢ “cc Ol ce v 3 Cr (73 6 “ce 6 “ 6 . . 1VO 73 S11 6c £9 Tit “og sa CS 0 Weyl Ce (6, g . yooseq ce Zz 73 L 73 8 ce ¢ “ec 1 “ ¢ ce 8 “ec zZ ce Ih . Ig $]09S 6c Zz 6c or * 8 iG Sy Ce ree | 68 8 a3 8 ““ S9 73 iL . aonids 6c L ce 6 ce 6 ce EAN cc Zz “ce 6 (73 9 ce 8 . yoie’'y ce 6 (79 g cc Cy se £8 ‘ql I |‘zo Cr ce ZI “e $9 ‘ec That . . wyIq 20) 10 "20. GO» ‘Sur OT | ZO" ‘sq] O1| ‘20 6 sq] 6 : Sy ‘MUU, ANO AOA NOISUANWNT ‘OSVIIOUI a3 Zz a3 ol (73 g ce Ol “eo I ce ¢ | ce VI ce 6 ce 6 ce 6 . . ‘ 1VO ‘asvoiap (3 &¢ 6“ 8 6s CT Cpa |) Gs fey CC er hE ior 1 ¢ CORE Tan 65 iG) ass g . . yoooad ‘yenba ec Zz ce i “ Ten ‘Sq ¢ ce ¢ ce V | oe ¢ ce iit ce Zz “e L . . I] $]09S mn | z : ‘OSBOIOUL 73 9 ce 8 ce VI ce 6 73 y (a3 aD e it || a4 9 ce 6 3 +9 (a3 Ll . gonids ‘9SVOIOUL (a5 z ce 6 e Q ce OI ce CT ce 6 ¢ I | ce Cr ce 6 ce 9 : 8 . yore’ ‘asvald9p 73 Zz 73 L eo 8 ee Cy ce 4 ce fOr zen I | ce I “cc Cy cc £9 Il . . wy ‘QSPOIOUI *Z0 F ‘20 Zor =|'zo $Sr ‘sq or | ‘zo S ‘ZO ZI 705 Beqion| 20.0 sq, O4| : * USV ‘uondiosqy ‘paqaosqy ‘sXep FI ae ‘Ul Uae} 2 ~ . . Ertcon TO}V AA IOJ IDIVA\ Ul woy ut 9}0S0aID paiosoary pajosoa19u -19qUIT], Jo Pury] d jo UOISIOWUWT : jo JU SIA AA WU SIO AA, ' : 1a}BM paqiosqe te apausioNt Udye] 9}0SOIID prices : jo uostedu0sy 1St9.MA ili SD! | jo asvorouy “HANSSAA | NOTES ON CREOSOTING. 179 Now as timber creosoted by the pressure method takes up most creosote, it was anticipated that it would take up less water than the timber treated by the immersion method, with its smaller creosote content. ‘The comparison column shows that this was not the case. The results are not conclusive, as one experiment only was performed, but they suggest that an elaborate creosoting plant is not really necessary, provided seasoned timber is used. ‘There is no real difficulty about this if the timber is always cut one season in advance, so that it may be left to dry until the next season. We may sum up the merits of the different methods as follows :— 1. On very large estates where it may not be possible to allow a long period for drying, owing to much timber being required, the pressure method is the best. In it the operation is more quickly performed than in the boiling method, there is no danger of fire, and as a rule the wood is more thoroughly permeated, and is thus more thoroughly protected from decay- producing organisms, 2. On comparatively small estates, where a large expenditure on plant is not justifiable, the boiling method is the best. 3. On very small estates the immersion method is best, and may be managed so as to be quite successful. The cost of creosoting naturally varies with the price of the product, but with creosote at 3d. a gallon the cost may be put down as approximately 23d. per cubic foot, or, in the case of fencing timber, at 1d. a post and id. a rail. The quantity required per cubic foot varies greatly, but with the pressure method # gallon per cubic foot may be said to be ample. The weight of a gallon of creosote is about 1o lbs. The limit of durability of creosoted timber is difficult to determine, as large quantities of creosoted wood used for fencing purposes, railway sleepers, etc., have been found in good state after having been in the soil for 25 to 30 years. In general, creosote may be said to quadruple the life of the timber. As regards uses, it may be said that creosoted timber answers well for all kinds of outdoor work, including not only fences but also many kinds of buildings. 180 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. 25. An Infestation by Pine Weevil (Hylobius abietis). By DONALD MACDONALD. On an estate in the south of Scotland two separate areas had. been planted in clumps, by “ pitting,” the one area with 2-year 2-year-old plants of Scots pine and spruce, and the other with 2-year 2-year-old plants of Lavix europea and L. leptolepis. There is a difference of one year in age between the two plantations, the second having been planted in the autumn preceding the attack. Both stand on areas from which a mature crop of Scots pine, about go years old, had been cut, and in both cases a forest of spruce and Scots pine more or less surrounds the plantations. The total area of the two plantations is approxi- mately 36 acres. The presence of the Pine Weevil (/7y/obius abietis) was first discovered on 13th May 1908, when the plantations were found to be not uniformly infested. ‘Those parts where the grass grew longest were most severely attacked, this being apparently due to the susceptibility of the weevils to variations of temperature. On cold raw days, or days with hot sun, fewer were to be found than on other days. On warm sunny days the beetles were found feeding most frequently from 1o till about 11.30 A.M., when they disappeared, not returning to resume their feeding till about 2.30 p.m. They are also sensitive to cold, being less numerous and less virulent in their attacks in cold seasons than in more genial ones. They appear to be strongest in flight during Juneand July. A fellow-workman here, while standing among logs of timber at this season, was struck by a flight of beetles, two of which attached themselves to his clothes, and proved to be weevils. This flight doubtless contained beetles of the current and the preceding years, in search of suitable breeding-places. It is obvious that at such seasons trenches with perpendicular sides, sometimes recommended as a preventive of the attacks of the beetles, could be of no value whatever. REMEDIAL MEASURES ADOPTED. 1. Sawdust Traps——Numerous traps were laid by spreading layers of fresh sawdust at regular intervals between the lines of plants, and covering these over with fresh slabs and bark of Scots pine. The weevils were gathered from the traps every AN INFESTATION BY PINE WEEVIL. 181 morning. ‘The success of this method depends entirely upon the attraction exercised upon the weevils by the oils of the sawdust and the cambium. It proved disappointing, and was only continued as a measure subsidiary to the more fruitful method of hand-gathering. 2. A Proprietary Insecticide. —A well-known and much advertised insecticide was then tried. It takes the form of a viscous substance which was painted on the stems of the plants over about an acre of ground. This had no appreciable effect, as the plants treated continued to show fresh weevil marks; the method was therefore discontinued. 3. Paris Green.—To prepare this, soft soap was incorporated with lukewarm water till the mixture attained a gummy con- sistency, and the compound was afterwards added in the pro- portion of 1 ounce to 2 gallons of the soapy solution. The mixture was used over an acre of stems and had good results, the plants treated showing few signs of insect attack. The method was not, however, adopted till near the end of the infestation, and it is not known how long the mixture would have retained its protective qualities, nor to what extent it is fatal to the insect, as no dead weevils were found after the application. It may therefore simply render the treated plants distasteful. The treatment was experimental only, as Paris green, like other arsenical compounds, is known to be injurious to plant tissues. The mixture should be made in small quantities only, should be stirred before being used, and should be applied to the stems only, as they are less sensitive than the leaves to its action. The plants treated have apparently not suffered at all from the application, and in the case of another attack from the weevil here, this method will probably be more extensively used. In an attack by saw-fly (Zophyrus rufus) on this property, young Scots pine were sprayed, under a sweltering sun, with a mixture of 1 oz. of Paris green to 64 gallons of water, with very trifling damage to the plants (cf. Zransactions, xxi. pp. 53, 54). 4. Hand-Gathering.—This is a very simple operation; it consists in gathering the insects from the plants and the grass (in which they are generally most numerous), and putting them into suitable receptacles for destruction. Bottles form the best receptacles, as their smooth, slippery sides prevent the insects climbing out. Care and quietness are essential for success, as on the slightest alarm or vibration the weevils drop from the 182 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. plants to the grass, and there feign death in the fashion characteristic of so many of the Curculionide. In this position they are difficult to find. At first we devoted about four hours per day to the search for the insects. Later, when they became less numerous, an occasional day’s work was all that was required. The period between the 13th and roth of May was that in which the weevils appeared to be most numerous and most voracious. Occasionally during this period as many as ten insects were picked from a single plant. The infestation ceased about 2nd June, and during the whole period of its duration the number of perfect weevils destroyed was approximately fourteen thousand nine hundred. The plants which suffered most were the Scots fir, and afterwards, in the order in which they stand—spruce, European larch, and Japanese larch. The damage was most pronounced in the case of plants surrounded by a rank growth of grass, and in the case of those round which the turf had not been inverted at the time of planting. On the other hand, those found growing on an area where the turf had been burned previous to planting, were asa rule only slightly damaged. Oak and birch saplings, together with several young Prunus pissardi and other fruit trees, were found to have been no less severely bitten than the conifers, proving that, in the absence of conifers, the insect can subsist, for a time at least, on young hardwoods. In the present attack hand-gathering, in spite of its obvious drawbacks, may be said to have given splendid results. In addition to measures of destruction directed against the imago, it is necessary to attack the insect also in the larval stage, especially by uprooting and burning sickly plants, and by barking and otherwise treating the stools where timber has been felled. In the course of 6 days, 4 men engaged in collecting larve from the stools accounted for 5790, which gives an average of about 55 per stool. If we assume that the trees stood at the rate of 200 per acre, this would work out at about 11,000 collected from every acre. Several weeks were devoted to this work, and its effect may be gathered from the figures given. The larve, which are about three-quarters of an inch in length, white and wrinkled, with brown heads and strong mandibles, live in the cambium region in sickly trees or in those recently dead. In the stools of trees which had been cut during the preceding August, and were stripped of their bark AN INFESTATION BY PINE WEEVIL. 183 in February, many larve were found, which were full-fed, even in this short time, and had in some cases begun to prepare for pupation. It may be of interest to mention here that only four perfect insects were found by the squad on this breeding-ground. The larve of the weevil were found here to be infested in several cases with parasites. These, which were probably the larve of an ichneumon, were about three-tenths of an inch in length, apodal, pointed at the extremities, smooth, and of a yellowish-white colour. Eight or ten parasites were usually found in August on a weevil larva, and they usually selected a well-fed form as a host. They completely demolished the weevil larva with the exception of the hard chitinous head, and in April spun a cluster of whitish cocoons. Another check to the natural increase of the weevils was found in the shape of a small red mite, found attached to the abdomen of live weevils. These apparently destroyed many of them, from the parts of dead beetles found at the bases of the plants. To minimise the danger of attack from weevils, the ground, after being cleared of its timber, is sometimes allowed to lie fallow for five or more years, before being re-planted. ‘This detracts considerably from the profits of timber-growing, and is not always attended with the best results. In the first place, the subsequent planting is rendered more difficult and more ex- pensive, owing to the ground becoming overgrown with grass and weeds; and in the second place, such a fallowed area is by no means immune from weevil attacks, if it is situated in a part of the country where infestations are frequent. In any case, however, it is well to bark the stools and clear the ground from which a timber-crop has been cut, whether it is to be planted up immediately or after an interval, for the unbarked stools only afford facilities for the reproduction of the beetles. In autumn, during the process of beating-up, those plants which were most severely damaged were found to be infested with a very small black beetle with ferruginous legs (Pétyogenes bidentatus), and, as these were very numerous, six being often found on one stem, it was necessary to uproot and burn a considerable number of plants, which, but for their presence, would have been left. Plants which were but slightly bitten by the insects had no special dressing applied to them, as the exudation of resin, by excluding the air and by its antiseptic properties, made the natural healing of the wounds possible 184 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in the shortest time. It is important to have wind-blown, sickly trees and green branches removed from the woods so far as the former do not interfere with the canopy, for this is a means of obviating danger from weevils and arboreal insects generally, since the majority of the insects injurious to forest trees prefer such half-dead wood for breeding purposes. The annual fellings on this property are now done by the “ Pan” method—a process which may be described here. All the strong lateral roots are cut about 4 feet from the stem of the tree, to which a steel rope is made fast at about 18 or 20 feet from the ground. ‘This rope passes through a_ block which is fixed at a predetermined point, and which answers the dual purpose of giving the falling tree the desired direction, and of helping the rope to wind regularly on the barrel of a winch, from which the necessary power is obtained. The winch is lashed to a tree and forms the centre of a circle having the length of the rope (which in this case is about 40 yards) as its radius. The trees felled by this method are Scots pine of about go years of age. ‘The roots are subsequently blasted with powder and burned, thus giving the beetle no chance whatever to breed in them. With the same object in view, the various plantations and woods were gone over, and trees likely to attract the pests were removed. A strict watch should be maintained after the passing of a weevil infestation, as the pest is liable to return. On the 6th of October, while we were engaged in “ beating-up ” one of the infested plantations, thirteen weevils were collected from a part which had hitherto been immune from their attack. Apparently, from their light colour, these insects were members of a generation which had issued from some old neighbouring stools, and had been enticed, by the warm sun then shining, to feed and probably to copulate. As the damage done by the weevil to coniferous woods in Scotland alone means the loss of thousands of pounds annually, perhaps in the near future, in the event of the State acquiring land for afforestation, legislative measures will be forthcoming compelling the owners of coniferous woodlands to do their utmost to exterminate the pest. In the meantime, the subject of its attack should be closely studied by all foresters and others interested in woods, as it is only by combined efforts that our woodlands can be effectually cleared of this, perhaps, the most destructive of forest pests. AN ATTACK BY THE WEEVIL STROPHOSOMUS CORYLI. 185 26. An Attack by the Weevil Strophosomus Coryli. By JoHN Macrakg, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord. In the month of July 1909, while inspecting a mixed planta- tion of Scots fir, Douglas fir (Oregon variety), and Japanese larch, I found the foliage of Scots fir damaged by a weevil. Specimens of the weevil were sent for identification to Dr MacDougall, and he has informed me that its name is Strophosomus Corylt. ‘The plantation in which I found the damaged Scots fir is about 1 acre in extent; it was formerly part of an old wood, consisting of beech, oak, larch and Scots fir, of which the greater part was cut some fifteen years ago. But a part of the ground still carries a crop, composed of beech, larch and oak, about ninety years old. The attacked plot is well protected from ground game by a wire-netting fence, 36 inches high, of 14 inch mesh, which has 6 inches of the netting let into the ground to keep rabbits from burrowing under it. The soil is a sandy loam, the exposure is to the south and west, and the ground is sheltered on the north and east by the old wood. ‘The crop consists of alternate rows of Scots fir, Douglas fir and Japanese larch, the object being to have Douglas fir and Japanese larch as the main crop. The Scots fir was put in alternate rows, so that it might be removed when suppressed by the Douglas and Japanese larch. It is worthy of note that while but few of the Douglas fir and Japanese larch have been yet attacked by the weevil, the foliage of the alternate rows of Scots fir is much damaged. The method I took to destroy the weevil was to handpick it from the plants, searching well in the covering of grass and leaves at the stem of each plant, and destroying the weevils by crushing them. This is a very tedious method when a great number of plants have to be examined, and it must be gone about very carefully, as when the plants are shaken and the weevil discovers that it has been seen, it immediately drops to the ground, and lies quite still as if dead; it is then not easy to discover among leaves and grass of a brown and grey colour. The plants damaged last year are not yet dead, but are in a bad state, being stripped of their foliage. On the 3rd of May 1o10, in a plantation 14 miles distant from the above, I found the same weevil on Scots fir, planted in the month of November 1909, on more exposed ground, off VOL. XXIII, PART II. N 186 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. which a former Scots fir and larch wood was cut twenty-five years ago. The extent of this plantation is 20 acres. Since the old wood was cut, birch has come up, with a thick covering of heather. The heather was burnt early in the autumn before planting, and the clumps of birch were cut, leaving good stems about 40 feet apart as shelter for the young plants. The species used for replanting were Scots fir, 2-year 1-year, and larch I-year 1-year, planted in rows, two rows of Scots fir to one row of larch. I found the weevil near the place where a clump of birch had been cut and burnt. I have not yet found any larch attacked here, and the attack on Scots fir is not yet severe. Strophosomus Coryli is a small beetle measuring from less than a quarter of an inch up to one quarter of an inch in length. It has a rounded body, and is brownish-grey in colour; the legs are reddish. The wing covers are punctured and, as Dr MacDougall has pointed out to me, a very characteristic mark is a small longitudinal central black line or patch at the base of the wing covers. 27. The Large Larch Saw-Fly. In the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for March, there appears a report upon an investigation undertaken by the Board into the distribution of the large larch saw-fly (Vematus ertchsont, Hart.) in Great Britain. As a result of this investi- gation, it is found that the insect is more widely spread in the British area than was formerly believed. As yet it does not seem to have done any very great damage, but its wide distribution is full of risks for the future. The matter is the more serious in that in America, where the insect is excessively destructive, no satisfactory method of getting rid of it has been discovered. In this country the plantations of the Manchester Corporation at Thirlemere have been considerably damaged, and there also the various methods of destruction tried have not been very successful. The chief recommendations by the Board of Agriculture are that the natural enemies of the insect, especially voles, various insect-eating birds, and especially an ichneumon fly (AZesoleius aulicus), should be encouraged by every possible means. It is even suggested that an attempt should be made to breed this ichneumon, in order to distribute its cocoons in infected districts. THE LARGE LARCH SAW-FLY. 187 In addition to the report summarised above, the Board for Agriculture has also issued a leaflet which, owing to the importance of the subject, we publish in full :-- MEMORANDUM ON THE LARGE LARCH SAw-FLy. In recent years the larch plantations of Great Britain have been visited by a pest which has already caused great losses in certain places, and threatens to inflict serious injury on British forestry. The large larch saw-fly is known to have done much damage in Denmark about sixty years ago, and in more recent times has devastated the larch forests of North America. How long it has been present in Great Britain is not known, but its presence was not officially confirmed till 1906, when it was reported from Cumberland. It has since been found over a large area in Wales, a wide district in the north of England, and a very considerable area of the south of Scotland. It probably exists in other parts of the United Kingdom. There is reason to believe that the general attack is but slight, but in the spots where the prevalence of the pest is greatest many thousands of trees have been killed. Nor is it likely that the plague will go no further. There are evident signs that it has spread in recent years, and it is recorded that in the United States and in Canada it did not stop till 50 to 1oo per cent. of the matured larch over vast areas was destroyed, with the loss of many billions of feet of timber. The serious nature of this prospect has led the Board to place the saw-fly among the dangerous insects scheduled under the Destructive Insects and Pests Order, the presence of which on any plantation must at once be reported to the Board. They are also engaged on an investigation of the extent to which it prevails in this country, in the hope of discovering some preventive or remedial measures. Every occupier of any premises on which the insect is found, is bound therefore to report the discovery under a penalty of £10; but few cases have been reported, chiefly on account of the inability of most persons engaged in forestry to identify the pest, or recognise the symptoms of an attack. The saw-fly remains in its larval state for only a few weeks of the year, and for some part of that time it is very small and, consequently, easily overlooked. The appearance of an attacked tree, how- ever, is such that for a much longer period the characteristics can be distinguished by an expert. In spite, however, of this 188 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. extension of time, it is not possible for the Board’s Inspectors to examine every larch plantation in Great Britain, and the Board feel it incumbent on them to ask for the assistance of every person interested in forestry in tracing the presence of the infestation. The search may be conducted in two ways :— 1. The actual insect may be looked for as (1) egg embedded in the shoots of the tree, (2) caterpillar feeding on the green needles, (3) cocoons lying in the ground or among the long grass, (4) adult on the wing. 2. The larch trees may be examined for signs of saw-fly attack, even though no insect can be found. The caterpillars or larve of the large larch saw-fly may be first looked for towards the middle or end of June. In 1909 the first seen were not discovered till 4th July, but they were evidently some days old, and the season was rather late. They appear in considerable numbers on the lower branches of the larch, generally towards the terminal shoots in which the eggs are laid. As they grow older they advance towards the stem, and eventually may be found wherever there are any needles. Larve begin to spin up their cocoons in July. In 1go9 the last caterpillar was seen on 31st August, but in other years they might be found later. When very small they are not easily noticed, but they grow rapidly, and when full-grown are about three-quarters of an inch long, with round d/ack heads, three pairs of 4/ack thoracic legs, and seven pairs of abdominal legs of a greyish green, the same colour as the rest of the body. The caterpillars feed at first in clusters, but afterwards they separate in search of food. ‘They assume various characteristic positions, a common one being with their “tail end” curled round the shoot on which they are feeding. When disturbed they erect the hind segments of the body over the front ones. The larve of the large larch saw-fly can be distinguished from other larvze that may be found on the larch by the following characters :— Moth caterpillars. Nematus erichsont. Legs never more than 16. The caterpillars have 20 If they are geometer cater- legs. pillars they progress by a The mode of progression is looping or spanning movement continuous. characteristic of this family. THE LARGE LARCH SAW-PFLY. 189 Other Saw-flies :— Nematus erichsoni. The MNematus Jaricis, or Has a black head, and body small larch saw-fly caterpillar, is greyish green. has a brown head, is grass Feeds and grows till the green or greenish brown in end of August. colour. It is full-grown in July. The larve leave the trees when full-fed, and spin cocoons in which they live till the spring when they pupate. The cocoons may be looked for under the affected tree not only near the trunk but also over the whole surface covered by the crown of the tree. The cocoons are found in the soil under the moss and litter that usually cover the ground under larch trees, and this must be turned back when the cocoons are being hunted for. These are dark brown and cylindrical with rounded ends, and about half an inch long. The adult saw-fly on emerging from the cocoon, after the pupal stage is over, is in general appearance black, with glassy wings. The female flies at once to the lower branches of the tree, to lay her eggs, but apparently much of the life of the insect in this stage is spent on the wing and round the upper branches. It can therefore easily be overlooked, and is difficult to identify at any distance. The large larch saw-fly is nearly twice as long as the small larch saw-fly and can be distinguished from the latter, which is quite black, by the red segments of the abdomen. Larch plantations that are suspected of having been attacked should also be examined, with the object of discovering traces of infestation. This work may be carried out from the middle of June to the end of November. The symptoms to be looked for are as follows :—In June and July a search should be made on the terminal shoots of the branches for signs of eggs, which are laid alternately in two rows. The number is usually about twenty, but as many as forty have been found. The easiest sign, however, to notice is the distortion of the current year’s shoots, which often curl up when eggs have been laid in them. A closer examination will generally reveal the incisions made by the saw-fly’s ovipositor on the concave side of the curled shoot. The slits where the eggs have been laid resemble small eyes less than ;j; inch in diameter. A little later, in July and August, I90 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the needles should be examined for signs of feeding. The young caterpillars do not eat the whole needle but bite pieces out of the edges of it. At a later date, when the caterpillars are more fully grown and separate in search of food, the whole rosette of needles will be eaten or only a stump left. In August and September these defoliated dwarf shoots may sprout again, and present almost the same appearance as they did in May, except of course that the growth is irregular. These indications are to be found in varying intensity on all trees that have been attacked, but in the case of a serious infestation the trees present a brown and withered appearance which is noticeable hundreds of yards away, and, after a little practice, the more seriously affected trees can be picked out at a distance. When the attack is very serious and prolonged the trees die, and there is then no difficulty in realising the damage done. Nearly all these manifestations are shown in the articles on the saw-fly which were written for the Journal of the Board of Agriculture by Dr MacDougall! and Dr Hewitt, and in Leaflet 186. The Board would be glad if all persons connected with the care of larch plantations would search for the pest during the summer and autumn of 1910, and would communicate to them immediately the discovery, by the presence of any of the above mentioned indications, of saw-fly attack. In order, however, to make any report of value, the following additional information should be sent :— (1) The name of the wood or plantation, with some indication of the place where it is to be found. (2) The approximate size of the wood. (3) A description of the intensity of the attack according to the following scale :— Intensity I.—(Worst). Some trees already .dead; others with crowns very thin and practically defoliated in mid-summer. General appearance of trees moribund. Leading shoots have been attacked. Intensity II—No trees dead. Trees badly browned in mid-summer. Few terminal shoots to lateral branches produced during current year, dwarfed shoots thereby stimulated to growth with result that these new shoots have been utilised for egg laying by the saw-fly. 1 Cf. Trans. xx., Pp. 42 THE CULTIVATION OF WILLOWS. 19g Intensity IIT—No trees dead. Considerable numbers of the terminal shoots of lateral branches have had eggs laid in them. Little or no browning effect in mid- summer. Intensity IV.—No trees dead. Very few lateral shoots show signs of attack. The Board are endeavouring to organise an experiment in controlling the saw-fly, and will be glad to hear from owners of attacked plantations who are willing to assist. 28. The Cultivation of Willows. The following notes on the cultivation of osiers in Scotland and elsewhere will prove of interest to our readers. Mr Walter G. Coles, Engineer to the Secretary for Scotland, communicates the following :— THE CULTIVATION OF OSIERS IN THE ISLAND OF SKYE. In the winter of 1906 permission was obtained by the writer, from the Congested Districts Board, to experiment with the growing of willows on the estate of Kilmuir, recently purchased by them. On the western side of the estate was the site of an old loch, which had been drained out by the former proprietor fifty years or so previously. This site at present grows an abnormal crop of grass year by year. About an acre of this ground was prepared, and cuttings of Black Mauls planted Ig inches apart. Near the loch was the old garden of Monkstadt House, which was also ploughed and planted with the same kind of willows. It was found that the Black Mauls in the loch did not do well. Great difficulties were experienced in keeping the beds clean, which is a sine gua non of successful willow-growing. In the garden, however, where the soil was richer, the Black Mauls did exceedingly well, and they have continued to do so in the seasons since 1907. In the writer's opinion, the head of the loch is of too cold a nature to encourage a good root growth. In the winter of 1908, a further experiment was tried with other kinds of willows, namely, Longskins, Whissanders, and Black Osiers. Further sets of Black Mauls were also given to crofters in various parts of the estate. The result of this I92 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. latter experiment has shown that the best kinds of willows for that part of Skye are Longskins and Black Osiers. On the site of the old loch these two kinds have done very well for a virgin crop, and in the garden the growth of Longskins is quite remarkable. It has been found that Black Mauls, which of course are a kind of willow which does not grow to an excessive size, have done very well in any ground which has been cultivated in the past. To enable the crofters to prosecute this small industry to a greater extent, a syndicate of Edinburgh gentlemen has started a basket factory in Kilmuir, Skye, and are now offering to take as many willows as the crofters can grow. ‘The price to be offered for them is about £3 per ton, in their green state. This factory is also taking young crofters and training them to be basket-makers. It is anticipated that it will be possible to get from four to six tons of willows from an acre of the land there. Mr Webster communicates to the Zimber Trade Journal the following short article :— WILLOWS FOR BASKET-MAKING. Preferential railway and boat rates, aided by keen foreign. competition, have well-nigh rendered the time-honoured industry of basket-making a thing of the past in this country. The best classes of osiers, cleaned and ready for manipulation, are now delivered to our principal markets, from continental sources, at so low a price that competition on our part is almost out of the question. There are still, however, a few stations—such as in Bedfordshire, the fen districts of Lincoln and Cambridge, and along certain reaches of the Thames—where willow culture is engaged in, though not in the same energetic way as was the case some half a century ago. It is perhaps difficult to estimate correctly, but about 7000 acres, producing roughly 20,000 tons of osiers, are cultivated in this country at the present time, many small plantations _having been grubbed out and the land laid down to other ‘crops* during the past five-and-twenty years. This falling off is much to be regretted, as the sorting and harvesting of osiers, and basket-making, gave light and remunerative employment to a large number of residents, both young and old, of the THE CULTIVATION OF WILLOWS. 193 districts in which the willow beds were situated; while rather damp land that could not well be brought under other cultivation, at least without the expense of drainage, gave a good return under a crop of osiers. Taking everything into consideration, and judging from talks that I have had recently with those who are interested in the osier industry, the formation of willow beds, under the plea that considerable profits attend the undertaking, is not to be recommended. No doubt in some favoured districts where carriage is reduced to a minimum, and local demand is considerable, osier cultivation gives a fair return for capital invested; but, until we can get back the once lucrative trade in baskets for fruit and other similar commodities from the hands of our continental rivals, profits to any great extent are quite precluded. No doubt, too, on soil that is unsuited for farming purposes, willow culture can be made fairly profitable, but it is a mistake to suppose that any marshy piece of stiff ground will grow osiers, and that the planting and tending are matters of small import. It is quite the reverse. The willow will not thrive for long in water-logged soils, though periodical inundations, particularly during winter and early spring, are highly beneficial. The soil, too, must be well worked, the cutting of rods carefully and systematically carried out, and strict attention paid to the clearing of the ground, else deterioration of the crop will quickly ensue. Previous to planting the cuttings or sets, the ground should be ploughed, harrowed, and consolidated, all objectionable weeds being destroyed. The best willows to plant are Salix purpurea (the purple osier), S. viminalis, and S. triandra; but there are many hybrids, as willows cross freely. Probably the most valuable is S. viminalis, the rods being produced freely, while they are remarkably thin and flexible, but those of the others named are very good for basket-making. They produce exceedingly lithe and tough wands. After the soil has been got into good tilth, planting the sets or cuttings should take place. These should be from 12 inches to 15 inches long, and formed of well-ripened rods of one year’s growth, the cleanest and straightest portions only being used. In planting the cuttings, . great caution should be exercised to prevent the bark becoming loosened or removed from the wood. The rows of cuttings, may be 50 inches from each other, the individual cuttings being I94 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. about 15 inches apart. Much depends upon the kind of willow, and the quality of soil. The cuttings may be inserted about 9 inches into the ground, leaving about 3 inches exposed for the future stool. Cutting may begin after the second or third year, and should take place when the crop is dormant, or not later than the middle of February. ‘The following short rules might be observed in willow culture for basket-making :— 1. Willows will not succeed well in peaty, sandy, or water- logged soil ; rich, well-drained loam that can be flooded at will being most suitable. 2. Prepare the ground by trenching or ploughing, and thoroughly cleanse it from weeds. 3. Plant only the best kinds, avoiding a mixed crop. 4. Insert the cuttings from November to March, avoiding such as are bark-chafed, and make the soil firm. 5. Keep the beds clean and free from weeds. 6. Cut the crop close to the ground with a sharp knife, as pollard willows soon decay, and harbour injurious insects. 7. The cost of forming osier beds varies from £15 to £20 per acre. The crop matures in about four years, and yields on an average £15 per acre. The Journal of the Board of Agriculture also discusses the subject in the following article :— OsIER CULTIVATION.1 The most suitable soil for the growth of osiers is a deep, rich, moist, alluvial soil, but an example of how well osiers will grow on other soils and under comparatively unfavourable conditions is shown by their successful cultivation on the Atlantic seaboard of the island of Harris.? An interesting account of osier growing is given in the Quarterly Journal of Forestry (April 1907), where the results obtained from an osier bed, situated on an island in the bed of the river Thames opposite Isleworth, are described by Mr B. V. Ramaiengar. The area of the osier bed is about 63 acres, and being in the 1 Printed by permission of the Controller of H.M. Stationery Office. * For an account of willow-growing in the island of Harris, see vol. xxi., 1908, p. 50. THE CULTIVATION OF WILLOWS. 195 tidal portion of the river, it is flooded during high'tides. The soil is a rich stiff loam, being the accumulation of alluvial deposits brought down by the river. The common osier (Sa/ix viminalis) is grown to produce rods fit for making small baskets. The area has been an osier bed for a long time, and some of the old stools are about 2 feet in girth, perfectly sound, and yielding as good rods as ever. On one of the old stools nearly seventy- five shoots were counted. ‘The stools stand, roughly, about 18 inches apart, so that there are about 19,000 stools per acre. The harvesting of the crop is commenced in the latter part of December or early in January, and is completed in about five weeks. Care is taken to cut the rods clean, and close to the edge of the stool, and the rods are then sorted into sizes and stacked until Easter, when they are peeled. Planting is done soon after the crop is harvested, z.e., about the middle of February. The best 1-year-old shoots are used, and are merely stuck about 9 inches deep into the ground. Weeding is done about the end of May. The bulk of the crop is used for making small baskets for use on an adjacent farm. The crop is sorted into the following classes, which are stated to be those now used on the London market: (1) rods over 11 ft. in length; (2) rods g-11 ft.; (3) rods 7-9 ft.; (4) rods 5-7 ft.; and (5) rods below 5 ft. in length. The first four are peeled by means of a simple instrument called a ‘‘brake,” but the last class is not peeled. All the operations are carried out by piecework :— Cutting.—The cost of cutting is 6s. per score of bolts of various sizes. These are generally about 20 inches in circum- ference near the butt end. Sorting.—The sorting costs 5s. per score of bolts of 40 inches in circumference. Peeling.—The cost of peeling varies according to the class of bolts, but average about rod, per bolt. Basket-making.—It costs 74d. to make a bushel-size basket having alternate bands of peeled and unpeeled rods. Planting.—The cost of planting is 2s. 6d. per 1000 cuttings. Weeding. —This costs £5 annually for the whole area. Yield.—The yield is 750 bolts of green unpeeled rods of 40 inches girth near the butt end, z.e., 115 bolts per acre. These 750 bolts of unpeeled rods yield 60 bolts of peeled rods of the 196 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, first size, 500 bolts of peeled rods of other sizes, and too bolts of unpeeled rods of the ‘‘small” size. With these 600 bolts, 5000 baskets are made for use on the farm. The average weight of a bolt of peeled rods (in August) is 56 lbs., and of a bolt of “small” rods 28 lbs., the total yield being at the rate of 2 tons 7 cwts. per acre. The accounts for 1905 showed a net revenue of £15, 7s. 8d. per acre. 29. Teredo navalis and other Sea-Worms.! 3y LizuT.-COLONEL BAILEY. Wood immersed in fresh or in brackish water, or even in polluted sea-water, is not exposed to attack by these pests ; indeed, by prolonged immersion in such water the tissues become harder and more durable, as is proved by the present condition of the piles in Venice, and of timber which has long lain buried in peat. Knowledge of the practical indestructibility of timber thus used led to the erection at Venice, Amsterdam, and hundreds of other places, of vast and enormously heavy buildings, resting entirely on piles driven deep down into the water-laden soil; and results have in all cases justified the confidence with which timber has been employed under such conditions. But wood immersed in pure and fresh sea-water is far from enjoying a like immunity; ships, boats, piles, dock-gates, sheathings of quays, and other structures which remain in prolonged contact with such water, being exposed to attack by certain animals which, boring into them, riddle them by their galleries, ultimately, and often very rapidly, rendering them completely useless. The only such animals which are of practical importance in this connection are Zeredo navalis, a very destructive mollusc, the most serious attacks by which occur in sea-water of high salinity, which is also warm and pure; and two crustaceans, Limnoria terebrans and Chelura terebrans, which are almost as formidable as the Zeredo, and which attack all species of timber, though they prefer soft species. During recent years, the port of Marseilles has suffered * Summary of /xvaston du Taret dans le port de Marseille, par Monsieur E. Henry. TEREDO NAVALIS AND OTHER SEA-WORMS, 197 severely from damage by the Zervedo. Until the year 1890, the water of the Old Port was certainly, as it now is, warm; but the port was then receiving all the filth of the town, which overlooks and partly encloses it. The few sewers that then existed dis- charged into the port, and secured its immunity from the Zeredo, which could not live in its polluted and evil-smelling water. In 1890 new sewers, which left the water of the port almost uncontaminated, were constructed; but this advantage is now heavily outweighed by the damage caused by Teredo. In 1895, that is some four or five years after the con- struction of the new sewers, its depredations became apparent, all the lighters not sheathed in zinc being simultaneously attacked. Specimens of silver fir, pine, and oak timber, obtained from this port, prove the terrible activity of this borer, which has literally riddled the wood and reduced it to one-half of its original solid volume. M. Henry quotes from an article in the Bulletin de la Marine marchande, by M. A. Cligny, Director of the Station aguicole at Boulogne-sur-Mer, who states that the Zeredo appears to be much less abundant in that port now than formerly. Cold, he says, destroys the pest, which is hardly to be found during winter, especially during rigorous seasons, and similar observa- tions have been recorded in northern countries. Is it necessary, asks M. Henry, as some think, to abandon the use’ of wood in ports, and to substitute metal or ferro- concrete, notwithstanding that these substances have already disappointed the expectations formed regarding them, as they do not possess the suppleness, elasticity, and tenacity which renders timber so valuable in such situations? It is universally held to be preferable to continue the use of timber, which is superior to all other substances. And again—is it necessary, in order to protect timber from the Zeredo, to coat it with a costly metal cuirasse? Not at all! We know that it can be protected from attack by fungi and insects of all sorts by means of antiseptics penetrating its entire substance; and why should not similar measures be adopted against the Zeredo ? As may be supposed, all possible methods of coating and im- pregnation have been tried. ‘‘ None of them” (says M. Cligny) “is completely efficacious. The injection of creosote and creosoted oils confers but a precarious immunity, which is hardly 198 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. superior to that obtained by a superficial application of these sub- stances. It may indeed be said that they act so long only as the outer coating of creosote lasts; for, from the time that this has disappeared, through the action of the waves, or some other form of friction, the Zeredo bores into the wood in spite of the creosote which it still contains. And similar results are observed when arsenic, copper, or other substances are injected.” ! In fact, says M. Henry, it is very probable that if the preservative substance has not penetrated deeply, its efficacy will cease under superficial wear; but timber should be used of species which admit of thorough impregnation,? and the antiseptics should have sufficient fluidity. It has been estimated that creosote injected to the extent of 300 kilo- grammes to the cubic metre ® affords absolute protection. From an American official circular on “The Preservation of Piling against Marine Borers,” it is learnt that-in America, many methods of protecting piles from Zeredo have been tried, and that the following conclusions have been drawn:—A very small exposed surface enables these marine borers to penetrate a pile and to completely destroy it. To act effectively, all coverings must be absolutely continuous, and the antiseptics must penetrate all the elements of the woody tissue. But all such measures of protection are costly, and it is essential that they should prolong the life of the pile sufficiently to make it worth while to employ them. A comparison of the results obtained by protective outer coverings and by injected anti- septics shows that, properly applied, the latter are much more efficacious than the former. The injected substance ought to be insoluble in salt water, and it should penetrate deeply into the wood. “If well carried out, this treatment yields a solid antiseptic magma, into which the borers will not penetrate, and the cost of the process is well covered by the result.” Where failure has occurred, this is attributable either to the use of oil which was of inferior quality, adulterated, or insufficient in ' Presumably M. Cligny is speaking of timber such as larch and Scots pine in the round, witha penetrable zone of sapwood.—F. B, 2 In correspondence, however, M. Henry says that, for practical purposes, if a pile is surrounded by a wide and well impregnated zone, it is not necessary that the oil should penetrate to the centre.—F. B. ’ Equivalent to 19 lbs to the cubic foot, which seems a very high figure. —F.B. TEREDO NAVALIS AND OTHER SEA-WORMS. 199 quantity, or to incomplete seasoning of the wood before treatment. M. Henry agrees with Mr Howell Smith, the American writer, in thinking that soft woods, or species having wide sapwood, will resist attack the longest, and he advocates the making of experiments to prove this. He suggests that poplar, beech, and silver fir, all of which, he says, become impregnated to the centre, will, on simple immersion in heated carbolineum, contained in an open vessel, remain immune from attack for a very long time.! i Experiments have been undertaken to determine the actual value, in this connection, of certain antiseptic substances. M. Henry has seen two pieces of silver fir, taken from piles driven in the port of Pola, in March rgo1, and withdrawn in November of the same year. One of the piles had previously been twice coated with Carbolineum Avenarius (Sotor), made by the firm Avenarius; the other was untreated. After six months in the Adriatic, the treated pile was found to be intact, while the other was riddled by galleries of the Zeredo, which occupied one half of the transverse section, and the original outer surface of the pile had been destroyed. Blocks of oak, pitchpine and poplar, some untreated and others coated with Sotor, were immersed at Heyst-sur-Mer, and withdrawn a year later; the treated blocks were uninjured, © while the others had been damaged by Zeredo. In regard to the efficacy of Sotor, M. Coomans, Marine Engineer for Zeeland, writes :—‘‘In the summer of 1904, we attached to the landing pier at Catsche Veer, at a depth of 70 centimetres (274 inches) below the level of low tide, two pieces of silver-fir wood, each measuring about 40 ins. x 12 ins. x 8 ins. One of them was untreated, while to the other Sotor had been applied in the following manner :—After being thoroughly air- dried, the wood was plunged into a cask from which the head had been removed, and which had been three parts filled with Sotor, which was kept hot. The wood remained thus in the Sotor bath for two days, when it was reversed, and the other end was similarly immersed for two days; the wood had then ' Such timbers would make good sheathing, Iam not aware of poplar or beech having been used as piles, but there seems no reason why they should not be serviceable as such, Experiments in this direction are to be undertaken at Marseilles.—F, B, 200 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. increased in weight to the extent of 8 per cent. by absorption of Sotor. In September 1907, that is after three years of submergence at the pier, a transverse section was cut from each of these pieces of wood, when it was seen that the untreated specimen had been severely injured by Zéredo, while the piece treated with Sotor was absolutely untouched.”! In M. Coomans’ opinion the experiment was not sufficiently prolonged to enable a definite conclusion to be based on it, and he advises further investigation. What has been said regarding measures of protection against Teredo, applies equally to meeting the attack of Zimnoria and Chelura. M. Henry concludes by saying that the above-mentioned encouraging experiments ought to incite marine engineers and others to achieve their desired end by such means as those indicated, rather than by costly sheathing, or by the use of other materials in the place of wood. Without doubt, he says, antiseptics more efficacious and cheaper than those now in use will be discovered ; and he invites all who are interested in the question to repeat, with variations, the experiments that have already been made in the United States, Denmark, Holland and Germany, with antiseptics derived from coal—creosote, carbolineum, and Sotor, etc.—and to encourage further study of - the subject by chemists. Sea-Worms in British Ports. Mr Walter G. Coles, Engineer to the Secretary for Scotland, writes as follows :— We have had several experiences of the ravages of the Teredo navalis on the west coast of Scotland. It used to be thought that greenheart piles were immune from the attacks of this worm, but it is now recognised that in certain waters the worm will destroy this wood as well as others. In 1906, the piles at Portree Pier were found to be eaten. They were of greenheart and had been built for twenty-five years. Again at Blackmill Bay Pier, in the Island of Luing, Argyllshire, it was found in 1906 that the piles of this pier, which had > been built for only eleven years, were badly eaten by the *M. Henry tells me that Sotor is far superior to creosote. It can be obtained from the Fabrik Carbolineum Avenarius, Stuttgart, Wurtemberg, at a price of about 6d. a quart.—F. B, TEREDO NAVALIS AND OTHER SEA-WORMS. 201 worm. The horizontal timbers and the joints in this case appeared to have been more attacked by the Zeredo than the other timbers of the pier. On the other hand, we have green- heart piles at Croggan Pier, Loch Spelve, at Craignish in the same neighbourhood, and at Mingary, and up to date we find that they have not been touched. At Badentarbert Pier in Loch Broom, it is found that the timbers (greenheart) between low and high water-marks are badly riddled by the worm, and I am afraid this will mean that the whole pier will have to be incased in concrete. ‘This case is now under consideration. As you are probably aware, greenheart is supposed to contain some acid or poison which is not at all liked by the Zeredo, and my opinion is that in the instances cited above the green- heart may have been lying in the timber yards at Greenock for some period, and thereby have lost some of its natural protective properties. The timbers used at Craignish and Croggan were part of a salved cargo coming direct from British Guiana ; they were splendid sticks and quite fresh, which may account for the fact that they have not as yet been touched by the worm. In connection with the work of this worm on other woods, I saw rather an interesting case two summers ago at Dunvegan Pier, Skye. This pier was made by local labour, and the fenders are of Scots pine taken from the woods of Dunvegan. At the period referred to, the late factor was replacing some of the fenders, and he showed me some he had just taken out of the water. The worm had got into the exposed end of the stick, but in those places where the bark had remained on we stripped some of this and found the wood almost as fresh as the day it was put in, and not touched at all by the worm. This would appear to show that the bark of the pine is not relished by these little busybodies. The late factor naively remarked that his pier would have stood all right if he could only have got the bark to grow at the end of his stick. These are the only cases which have come under my own notice, and I trust they may be of interest to you. Mr Hall Blyth, C.E., has favoured me with the following note on the timber used in Methil Docks :— Gates of No. 1 Dock.—Built in 1886. Two sets of gates (4 leaves), width of entrance, 50 feet; depth of water to sill of VOL. XXIII, PART I. oO 202 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. gate, 23 feet; range of ordinary spring tides, 16 ft. 6 ins. The gates are built of yellow pine, with greenheart sill timbers, heel posts and mitre posts. They are partly cleaded! with 1} inch thick greenheart. The yellow pine was creosoted with 3 of a gallon of oil to each cubic foot of timber. These gates have been repeatedly repaired, and all the timbers are more or less perforated and decayed. The greenheart cleading has been renewed at different times. Gates of No. 2 Dock.—Built in 1896. These gates are of the same width and of construction similar to the above, but with 27 feet depth of water to the sill. They are built of Kauri pine, with greenheart sill timbers, heel posts and mitre posts. They are cleaded with 1} inch thick greenheart. The Kauri pine was creosoted with 1 gallon of oil to each cubic foot of timber. These gates are all more or less perforated by the worm, more particularly so near the edges of the timbers and below the low-water level. The greenheart cleading is much decayed, and part of it is about to be renewed. The actual condition of the Kauri pine timbers can be better ascertained while the cleading is off. Timber Jetty.—Constructed entirely of greenheart, erected in 1886, removed about 1897. Built of timbers mostly saw square, and when they were removed very few were found to be fit for re-use—more especially those which were below low-water level. Timber Jetty.—Entirely of greenheart, erected 1898. Built mostly of hewn logs. Judging from a few timbers which have recently been removed, they have only been attacked by the worm to a very slight extent when above low-water level. Below low-water level they are very thickly encrusted with barnacles and mussels. One pile which was removed some time ago showed considerable perforation when the barnacles had been scraped off. A piece of Jarrah timber and a piece of greenheart, each 7 ft. by 12 ins. by 2 ins., were placed in the sea at about the level of low-water of neap tides, so that they were exposed at nearly every tide. They remained there for six months. When they were removed, it was found that while the Jarrah timber was thickly encrusted with small barnacles, no worm- * Z.é., covered to protect the timber below. TEREDO NAVALIS AND OTHER SEA-WORMS. 203 holes were found in it, and it was in every way perfectly sound. The greenheart timber, while not coated with barnacles to the same extent, was slightly perforated, more particularly near the edges where sap-wood would be found. Two similar pieces of timber remained in the sea under similar conditions for twelve months. ‘The results when the timbers were removed were much the same as above, except that the Jarrah timber had fewer barnacles adhering to it, and the greenheart had more. ‘The latter result would probably be caused by the gradual washing-out of the acrid matter from the surface of the greenheart. Mr Hall Scott, of Sir John Jackson, Ltd., has kindly furnished the following information :— At Keyham we were troubled with the Zeredo navalis and the Chelura terebrans. The latter was really the worse of the two. Within three years of the piles being driven many of them were reduced from 12 or 13 inches square to 4 inches square, which necessitated additional piles being driven alongside each original one. The Chelura eats away the softer parts of the timber, longitudinally, between the annular rings, which fall away in thin flakes as the animal goes deeper. Some of the holes or tunnels made by the Zeredo navalis were found to be #? inch in diameter, and the timber was riddled through and through, the animals themselves being in some cases 18 inches long. I have had no experience in Scottish waters, but assume that the conditions are very similar to those in England. I have always found the ravages caused by these worms to be worse as the water gets salter; as an example, at Devonport Dockyard they were distinctly worse than even with us at Keyham, while a little farther up the Hamoase, at Bull Point, where we carried out some work, and where the water was more brackish, they were not nearly so bad as at Keyham. At Mevagissey, in Cornwall, where the water is quite salt, I saw timber which had only been driven some twelve months, and which was absolutely eaten away. Mr James Currie, shipowner, Leith, writes :— I am informed that no British port is free from the ravages of this ferocious beast (Zevedo). It is said, however, to be less 204 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. destructive in the colder waters of the north than in the warmer south, and that this is observable even in a comparison between the Firth of Forth and the English Channel, but still more markedly so if either of these is contrasted with the Mediterranean. I am also informed, as a further illustration of this difference, that the only wood which will withstand the Zeredo upon our coasts is the ‘‘greenheart” (Wectandra), but that even this is attacked in the Mediterranean. 30. Continental Notes—Germany. By B. RIBBENTROP, C.I.E. RETROSPECT. General.— Economic prosperity in the German Empire appeared still to be in a thoroughly sound and favourable condition in the beginning of 1907, but owing to unhealthy over-speculation, over-production, the reckless use of the money markets all over the world, and the American crisis, clouds began to rise, and soon a rapid change took place. Deep depression, extending over the whole of 1908, followed the years of prosperity. German industry did not give way without an obstinate struggle, and tried to stave off the evil days by increased exertions. The seriousness of these efforts can best be judged by the extent to which the banks were indented upon, in excess even of the prosperous years preceding. The following table of the Imperial Bank of Germany clearly proves this. In million marks— ae so | Year | Jan. Feb. | Mar. April | May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. | | | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. |Average | | roe Lee. 1906 |442°1 302°5 375°5 374°1/338°4 427 ‘9 487°31434°8 Sree la (os ‘0; 497 | | | | | 1907 |554°0\428°I 541°7 555'9439°8|504"9 616°7/536°9 689°3 811°0 823°0934°7, 625 | | | | 1908 |716°9 519°3 saa ba Hee 0 339 0|265°9 3344 382°6 189°7 314°0| 410 | In spite, however, of a well-organised resistance, it proved impossible to stop the downward slide. The least to suffer were the producers of raw materials, who, owing to a Kartell (semi-trust) policy, were in a position to regulate outturn and prices; the same policy protected, to a considerable CONTINENTAL NOTES GERMANY. 205 extent, the manufacturers of unfinished products; but those of finished articles found themselves ina cleft stick between the syndicates and the reduced demand for their wares. However, by forming associations, even they were able to reduce their outturn, and to hold over temporarily unsaleable articles. Moreover, the purchasing power of the agricultural population had very largely increased since the last crisis of tgor1-2, a fact which greatly helped to reduce losses. The labouring classes, as is evident from the table compiled by the German labour agencies, were the chief sufferers. For each hundred open places the number of applicants was— Year | Jan. Feb, Mar. | April) May | June | July | Aug. | Sept. Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | | 1906 |139°6/125°6 102°5) 99°3 IOI’5 102°3 105°4| 98°4| 91°3/107°3/133°6,122'8 1907 ‘127°9 120°7 95°5| 92°8 103°7 109'5 119°7 107 "9 100°5/122°7|152°5| 1626 | 1908 158°9)151°7 130°5 141°S 161'5 144°3 157°6 153°3 142°6/166'1 212°4)195°2 Agriculture. —The agricultural industry in Germany remained entirely unaffected by the crisis, in fact, the country was once in a way able to draw temporarily on town labour to a small extent. Owing to the increase of the import duties from the first of March 1906, and the almost simultaneous large rise in prices of agricultural products in all markets of the world, the prices realisable in Germany were, during the crisis, higher than they ever were before. This led to a material increase in pro- duction, to some extent due to an increase in the cultivated area, but much more to better and more intensive cultivation. The total harvest in Germany of some of the more important products was, in thousand tons :— Rye Wheat Oats Potatoes In 1895 ; . 6598 2808 5253 31,787 Intgo7 - =. 9758 + 3479 «8099149 «= 45,538 The outturn per hectare ! was, in tons— In 1895 : fap tre 1°45 1°30 10°42 In 1907 , 2 EOE 1°99 2°09 13°81 Agriculture in Germany was never more prosperous, but never- theless the proportion of the agricultural population to the 1 Hectare = 2% acres. 206 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. total population decreased from 42 per cent. in 1882 to only 29 per cent. in 1907. ‘The small actual increase in the number of persons employed in agriculture, either as their only pro- fession or in addition to other occupations, is to a great extent accounted for by women. The young men go to the towns. Forestry.—The demand for forest produce, on the part of the agricultural and general population, is a steady one, and prices do not fluctuate, though, with a growing population, a tendency exists to a gradual and slow increase in demand and in prices. Sudden variations in timber prices are only effected by the ups and downs of industrial demands. In 1882, 91,600 persons in the German Empire were exclusively employed on forest work, and 26,200 in addition to other occupations ; in 1907, 126,000 persons were wholly occupied in forestry, and 65,400 only partially; 81 per cent. of these were agricultural labourers, which is a matter of considerable importance in forest management. The Prussian State forests contain at present 6,593,800 acres, of which 5,889,800 acres are under timber; the remaining 704,000 acres are arable land, uncultivated waste, etc. The increase since 1870 is as follows :— Forest Land. Other Lands. 1870-80. 56,600 1880-90 79,800 140,600 1890-1900 107,800 j 1900-10 347,000 65,500 591,800 206,100 =Total, 797,900 The increase is almost entirely due to the purchase of waste lands, neglected forests, and impoverished estates, chiefly in the east of the kingdom. Till the end of last century Prussia had still to pay off the debts incurred during the Napoleonic wars, and means were scanty; but since then forest estates near large towns became available, and were sold at high prices, for building sites, etc. In 1908 upwards of £520,000 were thus obtained. As means became more plentiful, the budgets were increased, not merely for the purchase of lands but for silvi- cultural operations as well. The budget of 1907 provided for this purpose about £265,000, which was increased to £342,000 in 1908, and again to £392,000 in 1909; in the present year £430,000 is available. CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 207 These provisions may be regarded as sufficient and satisfactory, but a grave danger threatens the efficient re-afforestation of private forests, especially in Prussia, where Stein’s Reform Bill, passed in the height of enthusiasm immediately after the close of the Napoleonic wars, left almost entire freedom of action in this respect to private proprietors. It is now an everyday occurrence that the purchase of estates is engineered by timber-trading firms, who enter the property simultaneously with the new owner and clear the land of all saleable wood; then, means being scarce, the disforested areas are frequently left for years, without adequate recultivation, at the mercy of sun and wind. Another and perhaps even more serious danger is brought about by the breaking up of estates for the formation of small holdings. The problem as to what is to be the fate of the forest area under such schemes, which other- wise meet with general approval, is a most serious one’ ‘Their division with the rest of the land would be a continuation of the mistake made in the case of former communal settlements and partitions, and would again lead to the creation of entirely unmanageable bits or strips of forest land. Any direct State interference is, in the face of Stein’s reform laws, out of the question. This being recognised, a beginning has been made of late years with the formation of associations, or, as it were, private trusts, composed of the landed proprietors themselves, with the addition of professional foresters, in order to influence the regulation and management of private forest property. In the provinces of Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Posen con- siderable progress has been made in this direction, and regular working-plans have been framed and settled for 342,000 acres. The scheme has not as yet made much progress in other provinces, because the peasant proprietors argue that, as a rule, they follow, in respect of their communal forests, the regulations periodically framed in consultation with the local forest officers, and they object to any additional interference. A distinct movement exists and is growing, favouring the reconstitution of communal forests, which were partitioned under settlements, and this may pave the way towards a sensible solution of the problem of the treatment of forest areas included in estates to be broken up into small holdings. The great land and forest owners, possessing a considerable part of the private forests of the country, have their own forest 208 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. organisations, and are therefore not interested in any outside schemes. The peasantry of Prussia still own, in spite of the continuous purchases and re-afforestation of waste lands by the Government, upwards of 1,000,000 acres of such land, including rough pastures, which, in their present state, give practically no return, but they are mostly so scattered as to render their afforestation impracticable by any other but local efforts. Numerous small afforestation societies have been formed, and the Government assists with advice, tools, seed, plants, and money ; but though progress has been made, the areas taken in hand are as yet disappointingly small in comparison with the vastness of the problem. The year was not favourable for the development of silvicultural operations; the dry autumn of r909 reduced the moisture in the soil considerably, and was unfortunately followed by a severe frost before any snow fell, rendering the surface of the ground impermeable. The subsequent heavy snow-fall, there- fore, in no way benefited the soil, and when an early thaw set in most of the moisture ran off the still frozen ground. As a seed year also 1908-9 had been a bad one for pine and spruce, and even Government had to rely to some extent on importation. The forest administration have long since recognised that a high percentage of germination affects not merely the general but the individual results of the culture, and have, when their own production of seed was insufficient, not hesitated to pay in accordance with their conviction; but for years the desire to buy in the cheapest market has led to an ever-increasing importation of coniferous seed from Hungary and France on the part of private forest owners, especially the smaller ones. The results have been unfavourable and _ far- reaching. Recent experiments and observations have proved that a much higher percentage of germination can be secured by extracting the seeds as soon as feasible after the ripening of the cones, and by employing a less degree of heat than had been accepted as necessary. They have also proved that coniferous seed can be maintained in a vigorous state in air-tight receptacles for future use. This is very important, but it will further add to the cost of production, and it takes time before private parties can be convinced that the sparing use of the more expensive seeds, with a germinating power of 85 to 95 per cent., is in the end more CONTINENTAL NOTES— GERMANY. 209 satisfactory than that of the cheaper sorts with a power of only 65 to 75 per cent. Experiments have shown that each hundred Scots-pine seeds, with a germinating power of 55, 65, 75, 85, and g5 per cent. respectively, produced, when sown in the open, 7, 14, 22, 31, and 44 yearling plants. The annual requirements of pine seed amount, for the Prussian State forests alone, to about £100,000. In 1906 ravages by pine spinners, the nun-moth, and to some extent the pine geometer, necessitated a large increase of the annual budgets for protection against insect plagues. In ordinary years the amount provided for in the Prussian State forest budget averages some £19,000, but it rose in 1906 to 4 31,000, in 1907 to £53,500, and was still £32,500 in 1908-09. The fight is practically ended, but though no permanent damage has been done by either spinners or geometers, the losses caused by the nun have been severe, as no actually effective means are known of combating this moth beyond the felling, barking, and removal of the trees attacked, tar rings having proved entirely ineffective. Forest fires are decreasing, thanks to a more careful clearing of the railway fire lines. The Prussian State forests yielded in 1908 about 11,000,000 cubic metres of wood, of which 63 per cent. was timber. The outturn was 799,999 cubic metres in excess of any previous yield, but as timber prices sank considerably during the crisis of 1908, the income from wood fell, nevertheless, by about £100,000 as compared with that of the previous year. The depression in prices was to a great extent due to an abrupt drop in those of pit timbers, aggravated by “ bear ” opera- tions on the part of trusts. These failed entirely, and for some firms connected therewith, disastrously, but it would seem doubtful whether the extremely high prices of 1907 will again be realised for years to come. ‘These prices exercise a very great influence on the general average of timber prices, as the present demand for pit timbers in the whole of Germany is equal to about one- third of the total outturn of the Prussian State forests. Owing to enhanced wages, the cost of exploitation naturally followed that already noticed in connection with silvicultural operations, and rose from about £550,000 in 1906 to £760,000 in rgto. The same proportionate increase applies to all other 210 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. forest operations. The amount of daily labour, including that of women and children, required in the working of the Prussian State forests, is estimated at two work days for each acre, or a total of nearly twelve million days. This includes contract work. The number of officials, as well as their salaries, has been considerably augmented since 1908; and though the gross income derived from the Prussian State forests has already recovered, and will doubtless grow, the net revenue has fallen, and it is more than questionable whether the same net income per acre will ever again be realised unless new sources of revenue are opened out. The complete Prussian State forest budget for 1g10, which has just come to hand, indicates that this has been effected, in various ways, chiefly by leasing out agricultural lands and shootings formerly in the hands of forest officials. The budget exhibits the following figures :— Ordinary Income . . £6,415,000 Ordinary Expenditure . 42,957,000 Extraordinary Income . 375,000 Extraordinary Expenditure 511,000 Total Income, 46,790,000 Total Expenditure, 43,468,000 leaving a net surplus of 43,322,000, or £442,000 more than in the preceding year. The absorption of the administration of all State lands into a joint administration is under serious consideration. ; This project, if carried, would doubtlessly effect a considerable saving in the cost of the present dual administration; and, as pointed out, the Prussian forest officers of the day are as competent to undertake the management of State lands, other than forests, as the present staff of purely legally trained officers, if not more so. Apart from persons engaged in the timber trade, or in the transport of forest produce by rail, road, sea, or rivers of whom no statistics are available to us, the wood-using industries give, in accordance with the last enumeration, employment to upwards of twelve million persons. Tue Lasour CRISIS. The situation, in regard to the scarcity of agricultural and forest labour, is one of economic, social, moral, and political importance of the first magnitude. The productive power of the land has so far increased—but how? ‘To a great extent CONTINENTAL NOTES—GER MANY. 211 it is, doubtless, due to improvements in agricultural imple- ments, the use of artificial manures, a better knowledge of the requirements in each case, the temporary importation of foreign labour, etc.; but the one outstanding fact cannot be- gainsaid, that the women of the country are replacing, to an ever-increasing extent, in agricultural work, the men who leave the land. This is not a healthy state of things. It is possible, even probable, that, with an extension of the policy of small holdings, many men may return to the land in the hope of eventually acquiring a small freehold property, or they may not leave it to the same extent; but, however satisfactory this may be from a general political point of view, it will not materially aid the Forest Department, nor the larger proprietors of land, in obtaining the necessary manual labour. The question of the labour scarcity in the open country naturally excites the most vital and general interest. The main reason of the emigration of labour from the land, doubtless, is that labour in the country is, with few exceptions, not so continuous throughout the year as it is in towns, but numerous other more or less tenable reasons are brought forward. The Forest Department more especially, it is argued, neglect their duties in not insuring their workmen against illness and accidents, in not providing sufficient shelter near the works, nor the most improved implements for contract work. To some extent this may be true, but the gradual disappearance and present scarcity of labourers’ cottages within reasonable distance of the work, plays a much more important part in the labour question, and one which cannot be obviated by a mere rise in the scale of wages. It is now generally agreed that, if not the only, certainly the most feasible, remedy must be found in the formation of labour colonies, with due consideration of local conditions. The country labourers, even those who can still find shelter in the vicinity of forest or other suitable work, require, never- theless, a modicum of cultivable land to enable them to eke out, with the assistance of their families, the income derived from intermittent wages. Formerly such lands could be rented by the labourers at rates which enabled them to exist; but of late years the rents have risen to an extent which has rendered their profitable cultivation impossible by men of the labouring 212 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. class, who have no draught cattle and therefore have to pay their better placed neighbours for the hire for ploughing, etc., either in money or by labour. They can no longer pay the high rent and live in the country; they are forced to emigrate. The Forest Department, on verifying these facts, decided in 1889 to lease to each forest labourer about two acres of cultivable land, within the forest boundaries, at reduced rates, averaging 50 per cent. of those obtainable in the open market, and to grant further concessions in respect of pasture, minor forest products, etc., so long as the participants in these favours were willing to work in the forest during the periods of felling and of cultivation, on the payment of full rates. Most satisfactory success has been obtained under this plan, at a reasonable cost, and in 1907-8, 15,919 workmen had already been secured. The contracts, which are not limited to the mere labourers, but extend to small proprietors who are willing to work in the forest either themselves or with their horses, run for six or twelve years, but there is no question that they will ever be repudiated by the employer. The scheme is still growing, but is naturally limited by the number of domiciles available in villages near enough to cultivable land within the forest areas, and not too far from forest work, for even now, in the eastern provinces, labourers have frequently to be driven to their work. Many, many years ago, when regular forest management was first introduced into sparsely populated districts, the authorities were forced to build habitations, which were let to forest labourers at a nominal rent; but a time arrived when the population in the country increased, in excess of agricultural requirements, and labour became plentiful and cheap. The Forest Department then abandoned the policy of providing houseroom, and most of the cottages were pulled down. There- after a period set in when industries began to indent on agricultural labour. The movement towards manufacturing centres was in the beginning slow, and attracted no serious attention, but it grew with the force and rapidity of an avalanche, till now it threatens to sweep away the very vitality of the open country. The seriousness of the case, as affecting forest administration, was first recognised in 1873; but beyond stopping any further demolishment of workmen’s huts, nothing was done for years. The number of such cottages amounted CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 213 to only 470 for the entire State forests, and though a certain number were newly built, and others acquired in the purchase of estates, only 1232 domiciles existed at the end of 1908. The funds for new buildings were very limited, permitting only the cheapest possible construction, and at the outset houses were built containing two and four habitations under the same roof, costing between £125 and £150 for each domicile. The rents were fixed at from £1, 5s. to £2 per annum, but even on these terms only Poles and Kassubians, neither of whom, for political reasons, it is desirable to encourage as a permanency in the eastern provinces, were ready to take the houses; the German labourers, having grown more exacting with time, and feeling themselves to a certain extent masters of the position, were not satisfied with the housing offered. More substantial houses were built, costing £225 for each domicile, for which a rent was fixed at £3, 10s. It is estimated that, taking everything into consideration, the State will lose annually about “#10 on each workman. This great sacrifice naturally limits the extension of such building operations to the housing of persons in permanent employ; moreover, it becomes increasingly difficult to fill even these houses _per- manently with the highest class of labourers, for the best men are the most ambitious to found a real permanent home on a property of their own, and this is incompatible with the construction of expensive Government quarters. The formation of labour colonies would seem to be the only possible way of meeting both the desire of acquiring property and, at the same time, of securing a permanent labour supply, but so far experiments with these two objects in view have not been very encouraging. The first plan tried was initiated by the Agricultural Depart- ment in conjunction with the Forest Department, both setting apart considerable areas of arable land. These were let on long leases, at rates considerably below the market value, to settlers of the labouring class. A mistake was made in awarding too much land to each settler, and this, in the first instance, led to the emigration of a certain number of small men, who were deprived of areas formerly rented by them. The colonists who remained in possession have done well for themselves ; they keep horses, cattle, and a large number of pigs, in fact they have become well-to-do peasants, pork producers, and carriers. They 214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. do not any longer seek forest or any other outside work, and to this extent the experiment has proved a failure. The next scheme managed by the Forest Department con- templated the grant of long leases, at reasonable rates, of good arable lands, included within forest boundaries, to persons of the labouring class, coupled with the obligation on the part of the settlers to construct the necessary buildings. For this purpose it was decided to grant a premium in each case of 425 free of interest, and loans up to £125 at 3 per cent.; the property to become freehold on the repayment of the whole capital, within fifty years, but in the meantime all buildings had to be insured against fire. Profiting by experience, it was decided to make the individual holdings of moderate size, and only in exceptional cases to exceed the limit, which was fixed at about four acres for the best land. The settlements were to be located within reasonable distance of school and church, and, if possible, within reach of other outside work ; but, in spite of this, no obligations in regard to forest work were to be entered in the leases, as it was considered that this was sufficiently safeguarded by the position of the location, by the moderate size of each holding, and by the power the Forest Department has of making additional concessions in the way of pasture and minor forest produce. Progress under this plan has been exceedingly slow, though, where such settlements have been effected, thanks to the individual influence of local forest officers, they generally show sufficient vitality, and the men are satisfied. The scheme has better chances of success in the eastern provinces, but even there only 129 householders had been placed by the end of 1908. More Voices AGAINST PuRE PINE FORESTS. “Up to quite recent times,’ Forstmeister Krause of Zerrin writes, “‘but few had the hardihood to recommend the creation of mixed forests, or even to insist upon their maintenance, where the Scots pine would grow.” ‘The answer was invariably the same: ‘Pine cultivation brings the most money, the rest is luxury.” Extensive areas doubtless exist, especially in the eastern provinces of Prussia, where the condition of the soil, consisting of pure sand, permits no other choice but the growth of pure CONTINENTAL NOTES—GERMANY. 215 pine forests; but the same method of cultivation was, for many years, applied to areas capable of producing good mixed forest growth, and was, moreover, not limited to cases where new forests had to be created, but was, in the desire for larger and earlier profits, extended to areas already under a mixed forest cover. The increased profits expected were but rarely realised ; the productive power of the soil was frequently reduced under pure pine cover, and in some cases it was impaired to such an extent as to necessitate considerable effort and outlay to restore it to its original vigour, which might have been retained by a more rational treatment. The Zerrin forests are given as an example of the incalculable harm that has been done by the most well-intentioned, but misdirected, efforts. These forests had been maltreated for centuries, and were subject to the most intolerable servitudes till about 1830. When at last it became possible to bring them under regular management, they were, to all appearance, in an utterly ruined condition. The forest officers of the time evidently did not believe in the possibility of their recovery, or were too impatient; under any circumstances, whatever may have been their reasons, they introduced clear fellings and cultivation with pure Scots pine, in which, at that time, everybody in the forest world had an unbounded belief. Every effort was made to eradicate the deciduous trees from the ground, and even temporary cultivation of field crops was resorted to with this in view. When judged by the present state of the forest growth, the result of these operations, which, unfortunately, went on for years, is utterly disappointing, for in all cases where nature has been allowed to do her work, a well-grown mixed forest of beech, oak, and pine, from go to 140 years old, covers the ground ; whereas in all areas where the extermination of the broad leaved species succeeded, a badly-grown open pine forest exists. Where the eradication of the deciduous species was either incomplete, or where these trees re-established themselves from the adjacent forests, a healthy mixture has grown up, with every prospect that it will grow into mature forest equal to those left untouched. The loss of time and money is, in these cases, the only matter to be regretted. As a guide for the future, these observations by Forstmeister Krause are invaluable, and doubtless similar treasures of 216 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. experience are hidden away in the records of many old forest divisions in Germany, waiting to be lifted by the magic touch of intelligent inquiry. Dr Graebner concludes a most convincing article on root formation in pure spruce and pine forests, in the plains of Northern Germany, with a most powerful indictment. The degeneration of the soil, observed in numerous areas in the heather tracts of Northern Germany, wherever they are covered with pure pine and spruce forest, DEMANDs the rehabilita- tion of the watura/ original vegetation; that is, a forest mixed with deciduous species, and the removal of the (under existing conditions of climate and soil) wxzatural pure coniferous forests, even in cases where no present outturn or income can be expected from the intermixture of broad-leaved species. Future generations, he points out, will benefit by a wise return to the laws of nature, just as the present one has to suffer by a departure therefrom on the part of their predecessors. Dr Graebner is thus another powerful advocate of a radical change in a policy, which, dictated by greed, ended in national loss. It may be accepted, without prejudice, that both spruce and pine were original inhabitants of all the German heather tracts, but that neither of them ever formed pure natural forests within these districts. This is quite in accordance with Zimmer- mann’s observations, discussed by us in previous notes. It would absorb more space than is available for these notes, were we to follow in detail Graebner’s careful and most interest- ing observations, made almost invariably in the presence of competent witnesses; and it must suffice to state that he has proved that the root-systems of spruce and pine rise, year by year, nearer to the surface by a more pronounced development of the far-spreading upper side roots, and the gradual death of the lower ones, in proportion to the exclusion of air caused by the annual fall of the needles, which, as they decompose, form a more or less airtight covering of pine humus. The observations have shown that the struggle against gradual asphixiation cannot be permanently maintained; the far- spreading roots near the surface interfere and interlace with those of the neighbouring trees, nourishment for each becomes scarcer, and the forests lose their vitality; and as the flat spreading roots can draw moisture only from the surface layer INDIAN STATE FORESTRY. 217 of the soil, a severe and prolonged drought has often signalised the beginning of the end. A liberal intermixture with deciduous species, or even with Abies alba or Douglas, has always proved to be a most effective preventive or remedy against the asphixiation of spruce or spruce mixed with pine. As a proof of this a case is recorded where a mixed forest is divided from a pure spruce forest by nothing but a straight road. Every spruce, young and old, in the pure forest was diseased, whereas not a single diseased tree was to be found in the mixed forest. It is not stated whether the Scots pine if unaccompanied by spruce is, on these heather lands, liable to self-asphixiation ; but as they are, failing this, doomed to extermination by root diseases, fungi, or other causes, it is a matter of no vital importance whether asphixiation plays a part in their death. The one fact stands out that a mixed forest is a safeguard against every one of the dangers which threaten the pure pine or pure spruce, or spruce and pine plantations, on heather lands, waste lands, or old fields. 31. Indian State Forestry.! By Saint-HILL EARDLEY-WILMoT, C.I.E. (Late Inspector-General of Forests. ) The last twenty years have formed, as is well known, a period of great progress in India. In spite of frequent set-backs, due to famine and pestilence, the population has largely increased, and perhaps still more marked has been the extension of railways and of the feeder roads that are necessary to their working. I select these two items because they have the most important bearing on State forestry, and because to them is largely due the corresponding progress in the successful practice of this science. It is admitted that to make the practice of forestry remunerative, it is necessary everywhere, but especially in India, that there should exist a good demand for forest products and sure means of transport. This demand exists in India, but difficulties of transport make it impossible to satisfy it in many parts of the country. The importance of the Indian forests may be realised from the fact that the area of 240,000 1 Abstract of a paper read before the Indian” Section of the Royal Society of Arts, on 1oth March rgto. VOL, XXIII, PART II. P 218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY: square miles now under the control of the Forest Department represents about the fifth part of British India, and that if the forest areas of Native States, which are managed chiefly on plans compiled by British officers, and are not infrequently administered by them, be added thereto, the total amounts to about a fourth of the whole of India. The comparative importance of the large forest area of India is of course not so great as the same proportion would imply in Western countries ; for instance, the value of the outturn is not at present, area for area, to be compared with that of Western forests. In the first place, the Indian forests stand to a great extent, and especially in the more settled areas, on soil unsuitable for growing good field crops. And, moreover, they were taken over in a ruined condition, having been devastated by men, by cattle, and by fire. Such damage may be observed in every province of the Empire, though it is perhaps more apparent in the deciduous forests of Central India than elsewhere. The long continued ill-treatment of the forests cannot be made good in one or even two generations of man; but it is satis- factory to know that the efforts of the last forty-five years are having an effect in improving the soil and also the growth, as regards both quantity and quality. We may feel convinced also that this improvement will keep pace with the increasing demand of the future; and this leads to a definition of one of the chief duties of the Indian forester, which is so to improve the area in his charge as to bring it into a condition to meet the legitimate demands of a population ever increasing both in numbers and power of consumption. In a country which extends roughly from the 8th to the 36th degree of north latitude and across 32 degrees of longitude ; whose forests stand at altitudes varying from sea-level to 14,000 feet above it; whose rainfall, always a vital factor in the distribution of forest-growth, varies from five hundred or more inches in the year to an amount almost imperceptible to record- ing instruments, it would take more than an ordinary lifetime to become acquainted in practice with all the varying types of forest, and the conditions under which they and their inhabitants exist. The influence of the forest begins immediately below the line of perpetual snow, at about 16,000 feet elevation. First come the upland meadows, carpeted in the spring with wild INDIAN STATE FORESTRY. 219 flowers ; next the shrubby growth of juniper and alpine rose, and below these the birch and firs. Lower down appear the forests of oak and rhododendron, which flourish up to an elevation of about 8000 feet; and this area is marked by a heavy rainfall that is capable of causing serious damage by washing away the surface soil, wherever the forests are not maintained so as to afford adequate protection to the precipitous slopes. The forests of cedar and pine also grow at about this elevation; the cedar is the Deodara, or “Tree of God,” and is practically identical with the cedar of Lebanon. It assumes the form we are familiar with in English lawns whenever lateral extension is possible ; but when this is not the case, it makes good timber by a rapid vertical growth. ‘The pine is the blue pine, which grows like any weed if the attention of man is happily diverted from it for a time; but it affords good timber and charcoal, and its leaves are used for stable litter, so that it has many enemies. Further down, the forests of the long-leaved pine yield good timber and much rosin; they grow on steep and rocky slopes that are often even hotter than the plains below. At still lower elevations, the alder groves stand with their feet in the water and their roots holding up the shallow banks against the swift currents. In the submontane forests, where the soil is composed of beds of boulders, gravel and sand, the “ shisham” and the ‘khair ” forests flourish on the banks and islands of the perennial streams, while cotton and other soft-wooded trees occupy the more stable positions. Below the submontane forests, the Tarai is entered, where water is close to the surface, and heavy grass growth is characteristic of the country; and from here commence the deciduous forests which extend throughout the length and breadth of the peninsula, and are found in Burma, flourishing wherever the rainfall is suitable to their growth. They furnish the most valuable timber, such as “sal,” teak, ironwood, sandal, rosewood, red sanders, and ebony. Towards the coast, as well as inland, in the north-east of India, are found the evergreen forests, where the trees grow to an enormous size, standing over an almost impenetrable under- growth. Then come the tidal forests, where the mangrove and “‘sundri” are at home, and which are inundated twice daily by 220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. the tides. The flowing tides hold up the fresh water from the rivers, and so enable it to deposit its silt, and thus by degrees the ground level is raised, and in consequence the characteristic tidal vegetation is after a time replaced by trees of the ever- green or deciduous forests. Lastly, across the Bay of Bengal, there are the primeval forests of the Andamans and Nicobars, with the species of “ padauk” that is not found on the main- land, and where ocean currents have brought the seeds of exotic trees to flourish on the island shores. We have now indicated the general sequence of forest vegetation from the snow-line to the sea, and may next consider the effects of this vegetation in regulating the water-supply to the plains below. On the upland meadows, on the junipers, and on the birch and fir woods the greater portion of the annual precipitation falls in the form of snow. The summer is short at these elevations, but the snow melts quickly under the direct rays of the sun. The resulting moisture is readily absorbed by the porous turf, by the mosses, and by the rich vegetable soil, yet there is always the danger of vast accumulations of melting snow sliding down the steep slopes and carrying everything before them, unless barriers are erected to prevent these mishaps. ‘The forest-trees provide such barriers, formed of living piles, which sustain the weight of the snow till it gently melts away ; the birch trees are bent with the weight they have to sustain, and the firs are scored with wounds from many a boulder that might, without such hindrance, have provided the commencement of a disastrous avalanche. On the lower hills the rainfall is more to be dreaded than the snow, which occurs less frequently. Here the protection of the forest is required to prevent the slopes from being scored by the action of intermittent torrents, which are powerful enough not only to remove the surface soil but to cut deep ravines into the hillsides. Fire and excessive grazing soon destroy all protective vegetation, and the next stage brings discomfort to the resident in the plains below. It has been truly said that the forester does not object to seeing cattle upon a thousand hills ; it is the thousand cattle on one hill that embitter his life by making his work ineffective. But not only does erosion of the unprotected mountain side bring distress to the population of the plains by drying up the permanent water-supply, by covering the fields with sand and INDIAN STATE FORESTRY. 221 gravel, and by endangering life by floods and avalanches, but the hill-folk themselves soon learn to regret the want of foresight shown in wasteful utilisation of the benefits the forest affords. For instance, the southern slopes of the Simla Hills are bare of forest, and wood fuel sells amongst a population of 40,000 souls at over £1 per ton, delivery not included. If these slopes were wooded, as they certainly were in the past, their owners would now be wealthy, the stability of the slopes would be better than at present, and the seats and rails along the public roads would not be so liable to be stolen for fuel. The objects of State forestry are then, as I understand them, to secure to an agricultural population those direct and indirect benefits which forests confer, and to further the industrial development of the country. The chief factors leading to success in Indian forestry are familiar to us all; they have been adopted wherever Britons have been called upon to administer their possessions in the East, and they consist in personal influence and in education. The part played by the Indian forest officer has been in the past, and, on the borderlands of our less settled provinces still is, that of a pioneer; and he soon learns the lesson that there is in his calling—perhaps more markedly so than in others—no success without the good-will of his neighbours, and that he cannot overcome their distrust, save by kindly tact, or be able to command their aid, until he first possesses their confidence. The life of the forest officer is passed in intimate connection with the people, and it is of great importance that he should be well equipped. The Service may be divided into Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate, the first being recruited by the Secretary of State for India, the other two by those Local Governments who entertain them. The Imperial officer, to be a useful servant to the State, must have not only a good professional training but also a knowledge of many other things besides forestry. He must be a competent surveyor, a practical engineer, and an efficient timber merchant; he occupies the position of land agent for an estate that may have an area of 1000 or more square miles, and he must be physically strong. If to all these qualifications he can add a special knowledge of botany, of chemistry, of zoology and geology, with an intimate acquaintance with modern languages, so that he may read of the doings of foresters in other countries, there should be little 222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. anxiety that he will not do well in the service. The standard, it will be admitted, is somewhat high. Forty-five years ago forestry as a science was unknown in England, and we are indebted to Germany for its inauguration in India. The name of the late Sir Dietrich Brandis will always be remembered as the founder of Indian forestry, and his successors, Sir William Schlich and Dr Ribbentrop, worthily continued his labours. Between 1869 and 1881 the officers of the Imperial Service studied their profession in France and Germany; up to 1905 they were educated at Coopers Hill College, and since then the University of Oxford has been entrusted with their probationary training. It is still found advisable, owing to the paucity of areas managed on silvicultural lines in England, to make these probationers acquainted with such areas on the Continent, and thus they come to India with a good knowledge of what a welltended forest of European species should be, and ready to apply this knowledge, as far as it is possible, to the varied conditions of vegetation and population in the East. The advantages following the study of the science in the country where it is to be practised are, however, not yet within the reach of the Indian probationer, and his application of the theories and practice of European forestry (as well as of any theories of Indian forestry that may have been imparted to him) to Indian conditions depends, perhaps, to too great an extent on his subsequent efforts, made for the love of his profession. It is probably the opinion of the majority in the present day that education must, to be up to date, be accompanied by research. The Forest Research Institute was created in 1906, and its labours in the way of zoology (chiefly insect damage, to which the Indian forests are most liable), and of applied botany and chemistry, most important in the discovery and investiga- tion of forest products and of forest economics, with a view to bringing valuable products to the notice of consumers, have already proved its value. There is also in this Institute a special branch for silviculture and forest working-plans, and there can be no doubt that a beginning has been made from which important results may be expected. The Government of India have proved of late years, in the most practical manner, their belief in the importance of State forestry and of its increasing value, by raising the standard of THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN MILITARY DEFENCE. 223 education and by extending the opportunities to profit by it, by encouraging research, and by the erection of suitable public buildings. The Department has been singularly fortunate in the type of officer that has joined its ranks, whether selected, as at first, from the Indian Staff Corps and elsewhere, or trained on the Continent or at Coopers Hill College. Perhaps the loneliness, hardships, and unhealthiness of the life in the past deterred those who did not possess an innate love of the jungle from joining the profession ; at any rate we have had no lack of men who have lived amongst the people and influenced them for good, whose names are still household words in the remote villages of the hills and plains, and who have laid the sure foundations for the establishment and progress of State forestry in India. 32. The Importance of Forests in Military Defence. By LigutT.-CoLONEL MARTIN MarTIN (Retired). The members of our own Society require no further argument to heighten their appreciation of the national value of forests, and of their establishment on a sufficient scale in the immediate future, and a large body of the general public is becoming impressed with the same views. But it cannot be said that the Government has been sufficiently stimulated to place the project in the prominent position which its importance necessitates and urgently calls for. In party conflict it must be so; Tories and Liberals cannot afford to “throw away points” in the struggle, by devoting their energies to non-contentious business. Moreover, when the balance between the parties is as narrow as it is at present, it is votes that count, and no attention can be expected by those whose interests are mainly outside the chief issues of debate. Hence the rural, the agricultural and the silvicultural community need expect little attention. They are composed in almost equal numbers of adherents of the two parties, and hence their main interests are necessarily indifferent to both. Any argument, therefore, which can force practical forestry to the front, by insistence on any of its diverse claims to attention, may be of present advantage. In the matter of military defence against invasion, it may 224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. safely be stated that a densely wooded country is far more easily held against all comers than any other. Waterless deserts have their advantages, but Britain is not of these. There is a remarkable instance in the world of to-day of a country rendered impregnable and unassailable by a dense thorny scrub clothing its rugged mountains. I refer to the island of Hayti with San Domingo, the Hispaniola of Columbus and Cortes. Probably there are few spots so rich in mineral wealth and agricultural possibilities, and yet the island is abandoned to a small population of imported negroes, degenerate, debased, and unprogressive. Spain has spent millions of money and rivers of blood in the endeavour to refix her hold on San Domingo. At one time the great Napoleon seriously con- templated the recovery of Hayti for France, but when he came to consider the details of a campaign in the dense tangled mountains, his own good sense and his remembrances of youth in Corsica caused him to dismiss the project as impracticable. In the neighbouring island of Jamaica, I had a small experience of the difficulty of penetrating the same thorny growth, called by the Spanish “chaparal.” It was necessary to connect two forts three miles apart by a narrow bridle-path, and a company of native sappers, commanded by Captain Friend (now a General in Edinburgh), faced the task but found it insuperable. Nor was it till we unearthed a certain negro family, skilled in the use of the Spanish knife called the ‘“ machete,” that any progress could be made. This apparently trifling task occupied many weeks. Of course such conditions could not be created, nor would they be desirable, in Great Britain. They are mentioned as extreme cases causing extreme difficulties to military or indeed any human progress. In their measure, however, all forests present obstacles to the advance of armies. More especially do they do so when disposed in belts across or astride of the main roads of advance, confining such advance to the roads themselves and so narrowing the front of advance. The defiles of a forest can of course be easily blocked by “abattis” of felled trees. Further, the dispositions of a defensive force within a forest are not readily obsetved, even by balloons or modern aeroplanes. Further, also, a defensive force, despatched to bivouac in the field, is largely protected against the inclemency of the weather THE IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS IN MILITARY DEFENCE. 225 by woodlands, which again furnish the materials for erecting huts and shelters. In considering the defensibility of forests, it must be remembered that land fortifications are now rendered of little estimation by modern conditions. Forts are easily located, and can then be searched and destroyed by modern shell fire, even from positions invisible from the fort itself. In an age when the track of comets through space can be calculated to a nicety, the path of artillery shells to their object becomes a very simple matter, while high explosives have vastly multiplied their destructive effect. Forts that are up-to-date to-day become obsolete to-morrow, through the increase of artillery range, and they require periodical re-aarmament. Millions of money have been sunk in these constructions to provide a security which is effective only until the next advance in military invention. Not so with forests. ‘These form screens within a few years after planting, and increase in obstructive value with the years, being always, and for permanent reasons, obstructions to the advance of hostile armies. Hitherto, in this article, forests have been considered only as passive obstructions, inactive obstacles; but such obstacles, while they have always delayed, have seldom defeated active energy when the prize has seemed worthy of the effort. To this the North Pole is the witness and the summit of Mount Everest the exception. Forests, however, demand foresters, and lead on to an investigation of higher interest and importance, military as well as industrial. Those who have visited Continental forests are unanimous in declaring, that the semi-military organisation there employed in regulating the woodland employés is of the greatest value in regularising the ceaseless method necessary to the growth of forests, and to their control in all stages of youth, maturity and decay. ‘This point then need not be laboured, it is acknow- ledged ; and the fact that it continues to be foreign to our insular habits explains many of the difficulties which we experience in all systems where administration counts for much, and where our own strong point, individual energy and independence, is less in evidence. A combination of both these opposite characteristics would of course be an approach to perfection in all industries. In establishing State controlled and assisted forests through- out Great Britain and Ireland (not necessarily wholly State- 226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. owned), it might be possible to maintain a forest-corps in each of the counties suitable to reboisement. In these corps (say) conservators would be colonels; deputy conservators — majors ; assistant conservators—captains; sub-assistant conservators— lieutenants; head foresters—sergeants and sergeants major ; foresters—corporals; and woodmen or labourers—privates. Military pay would be confined to a small retaining fee, and possibly some extra advantages as to old age pension, while rewards would be issued to all ranks for proficiency in rifle shooting, signalling, scouting, and other forms of military proficiency. There should, of course, be a distinctive uniform, as in the police or postal departments, one suitable for a daily working dress, possibly including the kilt in the Highlands, and the broad blue bonnet throughout Scotland, in accordance with the modern national aspirations espoused by so many patriotic societies. Such corps would possess the strongest esprit de corps, not only from daily association in a common employment, but because such association, involving regulation by civil superiors, would in war time render military command by these civil superiors an easy and really effective discipline, such as hardly exists among territorial auxiliaries only very occasionally embodied. ‘There could also be no doubt as to the genuine “territorialism” of such forest corps; they would be actually employed daily in open-air life in their own county, whose features they would know intimately. They would be hardy, healthy, active and sturdy,—no mean advantages to soldier or civilian. Readers will doubtless observe many points and details omitted in these short notes, which are put forward merely as rough and early suggestions. THE PROTECTION OF TIMBER AGAINST WHITE ANTS. 227 33. The Protection of Timber against White Ants. Various methods have been suggested at different times to protect timber against the attack of white ants (termites). We note the following as apparently efficacious :— 1. BLUE OIL. According to the Royal Engineer Journal, it has been found that a treatment with “blue oil” protects wood against the attack of white ants besides acting as a preservative generally. The specification governing the supply of “blue oil” to the War Department contains the following provisions :— (a) The oil to be a shale product. (2) Its specific gravity (at 60° F.) to be 0°873 to 0°883. (c) Its flashing temperature to be not lower than 275° F. (close test). An extract from the report of a trial of the “blue oil” treatment of wood as a protective measure against the white ant is appended hereto. “The boxes treated with blue oil have been placed during the wet season in various positions in the open, and there is no sign of their having been attacked by white ants, although a quantity of timber in close proximity to them was considerably damaged by these insects. The blue oil has also acted as a preservative to the wood, which shows no signs of rotting from the extreme damp to which it has been exposed. One of the ammunition boxes was lent to the O.C. West African Frontier Force, for trial in his magazine, which is infested with white ants. On returning the box, he stated— *«¢ Herewith ammunition box and a piece of wood. Both have been lying in the same place ever since you lent me the box. When I placed the box in my magazine, this wood and the ground in close proximity were swarming with white ants. I placed the box under the wood, between it and the ground. Since then the ants have disappeared from the wood and the ground referred to; the box is not touched.’” 2. THE POWELL PROCESS. The Indian Forester announces the discovery of another means of protecting timber from these pests. An experiment with this new preservative was made by Mr H. N. Ridley, curator of the Government Botanical Gardens, Singapore, who placed two pieces of ordinary yellow deal in a position where 228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. termites abounded. One of the pieces had been treated in London by the Powell wood-process with a termite-resisting solution, while the other was left in its natural condition. The latter piece, after a period of some months, was found to be almost consumed by the termites, while the other piece was untouched. The process is stated to improve the appearance of the wood, and to protect it against dry rot and similar growths, as well as against the termites. The solution is stated to be odourless, and innocuous except to insects, and the cost of the process is low. Plant on an experimental scale has been working at Bombay for some time past; and the value of the process has been recognised in Australia, where extensive works have been erected by the Local Governments. Particulars can be obtained from the Secretary, Powell Wood-Process Co., Ltd., 28 Fleet Street, London, E.C. 3. A Wuire ANT EXTERMINATOR. In the Watal Agricultural Journal for July 1906, according to the JZnvdian Forester, Mr Claude Fuller, Government Entomologist, illustrates and describes a machine for the destruction of white ants, placed on the market in South Africa by Messrs P. Henwood, Soutter & Co., agents for the sale thereof. This contrivance consists of an air-pump, connected by a short length of rubber hose to a furnace. By working the pump a continuous blast of air is driven into the furnace, entering beneath and escaping through a pipe near the top. A charcoal or cow-dung fire is first started in the furnace, and got thoroughly alight by pumping. A powder is then sprinkled over the fire and the lid is closed. By continuing the pumping a very hot cloud of poisonous smoke is driven out through a flexible hose. In use, the hose is inserted into a gallery of an ant’s nest and the smoke is pumped in. Wherever a gallery, sufficiently large to admit the nozzle of the hose (about half an inch in diameter) can be obtained, the machine can be used with the most satisfactory results; not only are the insects killed, but the gallery is thoroughly poisoned for an indefinite period. The powder spoken of is sold with the pumps. A cheaper and equally effective powder can be obtained by farmers at the Department of Agriculture, Maritzburg, at 8d. per Ib. NOTES AND QUERIES. 229 Mork ea ND OU ERT ES. FORESTRY OPERATIONS UNDER THE IRISH DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN 1909. By the grant of £6000 to the Department of Agriculture in the financial year 1909-10, State forestry may be said to have been established in Ireland on a satisfactory basis. This grant is intended to enable the Department to acquire existing woods and lands from the Estate Commissioners under the Land Purchase Acts of 1903 and 1909, and to work them on a commercial system. In most sales to tenants under the Land Acts, the landlord reserves and retains all woods and untenanted lands, together with the demesne, and the woods are managed in exactly the same way as before the sale, by the owner’s woodmen and forester. In other cases, again, the owner prefers to sell the entire estate to the Commissioners, who transfer the tenanted land to those in occupation, create new, or enlarge existing holdings from the demesne and untenanted land, and under the arrangement now made, transfer the woods and any lands unsuitable for agriculture to the Department of Agriculture as purchasing tenants. So far, three areas of woodland have been acquired under this grant— Dundrum in Tipperary, Aghrane in Galway, and Camolin in Wexford. Dundrum contains 1200 acres, consisting chiefly of oak, spruce, Scots pine, and beech, from 60 to 100 years of age, with a little young larch of from 20 to 30 years. A plan has been drawn up for the clearing and replanting of these woods within a period of forty years, and to facilitate the disposal of the rougher timber a sawmill has been erected adjoining the railway station, which here lies in the centre of the woods. At this centre the first year’s course of the forestry students is spent, before they proceed to Avondale for the more theoretical part of their training. At Aghrane, near Roscommon, 1300 acres of woods, 230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. demesne land and bogs, have been acquired within the last six months. The woods are well stocked with mature Scots pine and spruce, and some very fine larch exists in places. Large areas of bog were planted by the owner of this estate about twenty-five years ago, but practically all the trees died out except near the margins. These woods will be gradually cleared and replanted after the existing bare ground has been planted up, which will occupy several years. . Camolin, in Co. Wexford, occupies 630 acres and contains some very good timber, chiefly oak, Scots pine, silver fir, and larch of clean growth. It is intended to clear these woods very gradually, so that they may eventually form a Demonstration area representing a properly organised forest with a complete series of age-classes. ‘The soil being particularly good and the situation sheltered, many of the more valuable species will be introduced in replanting, and 50 acres of bare ground have already been planted with Douglas fir. In addition to the above areas, negotiations are proceeding for the acquisition of about 3000 acres of woods in various centres, and it is expected that these will be taken over within the next few months. At Avondale and elsewhere twenty students are undergoing training in various ways as practical foresters. A forestry museum has been provided, for which specimens of Irish timber and other objects are being collected, while the species of trees at this station now number over 150, a large pro- portion of which are in sample plots of from one-tenth of an acre to one acre in extent. Aa LarcH DIsEASE FUNGUS. Information is invited as to the length of time during which the fungus remains active on diseased larch poles which have been felled and left lying on the ground. Do partially developed fructifications on them attain maturity ? Do fresh fructifications appear and attain maturity? And if so, for how long a time after felling ? Have the size of the poles, the degrees of soil-moisture and of shade, the aspect, the presence of tall and dense weeds, or other local conditions, any influence in the matter? F. B. NOTES AND QUERIES, 231 Mr LANGHAMMER’S VISIT. Mr Langhammer, a Norwegian gentleman, who came to Scotland in 1908 in order to study the raising of Scots pine woods, has published a report of his visit. He gratefully acknowledges the assistance afforded to him by the Secretary of the Society in arranging his tour through the woods of Scone, Murthly, Dunkeld, Grantown, Beauly, Novar, and Balmoral ; and he records his thanks to the owners and managers of those estates. SEEDS OF NORTH AMERICAN CONIFERS. Cameron of Lochiel permits us to intimate that Mr Angus Cameron, Diboll, Texas, U.S.A., has, through him, most generously offered to send small packets of the seeds of Thuya gigantea, the Red cedar of the North Pacific Coast, Chamecyparis Lawsoniana, the White cedar of Southern Oregon, and other North American conifers, to any Scottish proprietor who may apply to him for them. He desires to do all in his power to assist in the re-timbering of the Scottish mountains and glens, knowing full well the benefit this would confer on coming generations of his countrymen. In regard to the two above-mentioned species, Mr Cameron says that they produce timber which equals that of larch in durability, while it is more easily worked, and does not warp during seasoning. He thinks they will prove to be rapid growers anywhere in Scotland, but especially on the West coast, where, however, they will need shelter from the western gales. Of the seeds sent to Lochiel, those of the Red cedar were collected for Mr Cameron in the Stanley Park, Vancouver, B.C., where the trees attain a diameter of 14 feet,! and those of the White cedar were collected on the Port Oxford river, Oregon, where he has seen trees of 16 feet in diameter. THE DEVELOPMENT AND RoapD IMPROVEMENT Funps ACT, 1909. Mr W. L. Haldane, a member of the Society’s Council, and Mr Eardley-Wilmot, C.I.E., formerly Inspector General of Forests in India, have been appointed two of the Commissioners for the 1] have measured a Red cedar there which had a diameter of 18 feet. —F, B. 232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, purpose of carrying out the provisions of the Development and Road Improvement Act. APPOINTMENT. Mr E. P. Stebbing, of the Indian Forest Service, has been appointed to the vacant Lectureship in Forestry at the University of Edinburgh. BorDEAUX MIXTURE. The Journal of the Board of Agriculture for May 1910, contains an article warning fruit-growers to exercise caution in the use of Bordeaux Mixture for spraying their trees. An article on the making and application of this mixture appeared in the Journal for January 1910. TREE-FELLING BY MACHINERY. The operation of felling trees by machinery is now in successful operation in a tract of forest land within about a mile of the village of Tarbert, on Loch Fyne. This is the first successful attempt to fell trees by machinery made in the United Kingdom. The plant, which consists of a steam saw, a small boiler, and a considerable length of flexible steam hose, requires four men to work it. One man works the machine, another drives the wedges into the cut so as to fell the tree in the required direction, another: stokes the boiler, collecting and chopping the brushwood with which it is fired, while the fourth man levels a space by the side of the tree next to be cut, on which he beds a light wooden frame to form a cradle for the machine. The machine itself, the weight of which does not exceed 4 cwt., is easily carried from tree to tree by the four men, and it will fell from ten to twelve trees, averaging 30 inches diameter at the ground level, in an hour, sawing them off close to the ground and thus saving a considerable portion of the best part of the tree, which would be cut into chips if felled with the axe. The machine consists of a steam cylinder 5 inches in diameter, having a long stroke and attached to a light wrought-iron frame, upon which it is arranged to pivot on its centre, the pivoting motion being worked by a hand-wheel turning a worm which NOTES AND QUERIES. 233 gears into a quadrant cast on the back of the cylinder. The saw is fixed direct to the end of the piston rod, and the teeth are so shaped as to cut only during the inward stroke. By this device saws as long as g feet or 10 feet can be worked without any straining apparatus or guide, as the cut made by the saw is sufficient to guide it in a straight line through the tree, and as the teeth offer no resistance on the outward stroke all possibility of the saw buckling is avoided. The machine is supplied with steam at high pressure from a small portable boiler through a flexible steam pipe, which is of sufficient length to enable the machine to fell trees extending over a full acre of ground without moving the boiler.— Dispatch, 31s¢ May 1910. Woop-PuLp. The demand for wood-pulp for paper making is now so great all the world over that there is difficulty in meeting it at reason- able prices. So far India has not come into the circle of supply, but in her vast forests she may have a reserve of material upon which paper manufacturers will draw in the future. From a paper by Mr A. J. Gibson, Imperial Forest Economist, it appears that the possibility of making wood-pulp from the Himalayan silver fir and spruce has been under investigation. During the past year Mr Sindall, a paper expert sent out from England, was able experimentally to manufacture excellent pulp from the trees above-mentioned. It is stated that the question is receiving attention in the United Provinces and the Punjab, and it is hoped that an experimental plant will be erected in one of these provinces to test the commercial prospects in India of chemical pulp, and possibly of mechanical pulp also. As prices for wood-pulp are steadily rising, it would seem that the time is >? most opportune for these experiments. THE Timber Resources OF NEW ZEALAND. From the last official report on the forests of the colony it appears that, in the opinion of the Government, the existing stock of growing timber will not suffice to meet the demands of the saw-millers for more than about thirty-five years, after which time New Zealand must expect to have to obtain its supply of pine timber from Canada or from Manchuria. VOL, XXIII, PART II. Q 234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. PRESERVING SLEEPERS FROM DECAY. The Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railroad has recently put into operation at Somerville, Texas, a large plant for treating railway sleepers. The process used is that known as the Rueping. The seasoned timber is first subjected to an air pressure of 60 lbs. to 75 lbs. per square inch, after which creosote is forced into the pores of the wood at a pressure of from 150 lbs. to 250 lbs. per square inch, according to the nature of the wood, until the fluid has penetrated all the cells. The pressure being then withdrawn, the air contained under pressure in the cells forces out all superfluous fluid. There is thus required only so much of the impregnating fluid as is sufficient to coat the cells. The impregnation cylinders, of which five are now installed with provision for a sixth, are 132 feet long by 74 inches in diameter, and are adapted to withstand a working-pressure of 250 lbs. The end doors are hinged to heavy cast steel flanges, and a part of their weight, which amounts to 4 tons, is carried by a wheel running on a ‘T-rail as the doors are opened or closed. The doors are also secured to the flanges by 36 hinged bolts which enter slots in the edges of the door, and may be released and thrown out of the slots after a few turns of the nuts. The pressure on the door when working at the maximum is 537 tons. Rails run the entire interior length of each cylinder, and between the rails are steam coils for heating the oil to about 180° F. The cylinders rest upon 16 cast-iron saddles, to one of which they are secured. On the other saddles are rollers to provide for movement under expansion and contraction. Each cylinder will hold 16 cars loaded with 37 sleepers each, making a total charge of 592 sleepers for each cylinder. The capacity of the plant is from 10,000 to 15,000 sleepers in twenty-four hours. There are now installed two pressure cylinders with provision for a third, the intention being that one pressure cylinder shall supply oil to two impregnating cylinders. These are 6 feet in diameter and 106 feet long, each having a capacity of 22,500 gallons. They are adapted to a working-pressure of roo lbs. per square inch, and are fitted with steam coils, providing about 800 square feet of heating surface. Pressure for the impregnating cylinders is obtained by four plunger pumps with pot valves, which are required to work at a REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 235 maximum of 250 lbs. per square inch. ‘There is one 18 x 20x 24-inch Laidlaw-Dunn-Gordon air compressor, and one gx 12x 10-inch Worthington for auxiliary purposes. Near the ground tanks are two 8x8x 12-inch Fairbanks Morse and Co. pumps for raising oil to the storage tanks. The buildings are constructed of reinforced concrete. The main building is 155 feet long and ror feet wide, and is divided into two sections, one for the cylinders and the other for pumps, etc. An interesting feature is the experimental plant, which is so fitted up that experiments may be carried on in a small way under precisely the same conditions as the work on a large scale in the body of the plant. The experimental cylinder is 48 inches in diameter and 12 feet long, and is adapted to with- stand a working-pressure up to 4oo lbs. Other equipment consists of a pressure cylinder 5 feet in diameter by 8 feet long, oil pressure pumps, vacuum pumps, condensers, etc. This plant is located in a separate building. PevOeWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS, Lllustrations of Conifers. Vol. Il. By H. Cxiinron Baker. Printed privately by Simson, Hertford, rg10. 72 pp., Quarto, with 89 full-page illustrations. Mr Clinton Baker’s second volume is of as great, if not greater, value than the first (see vol. xxil. p. 239), to all those who themselves collect conifers or take pleasure in seeing and identifying the collections of others. ‘The volume contains the important genera Adies, Picea, and Larix, as well as the majority of the smaller groups, such as Seguota, Araucaria, etc. All the most recent botanical information is embodied in the short descriptions of the species, and cone-bearing branches have been chosen and photographs of them prepared with the greatest possible care. It would be well that all nurserymen who sell young trees should revise their lists after a close study of Mr Clinton Baker’s book. Some of the Western America silver firs are consistently misdescribed by nearly all British nurserymen; the writer’s experience being that Adses lasocarpa is practically unobtainable in this country, and that it is Ades Lowtiana which is usually 236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. so described in the catalogues. Even in the Kew Handbook the two species of Himalayan silver firs, Adies. Webbiana and Abies Pindrow are wrongly described as varieties of the same species. Two of the Japanese Piceas, P. Alcockiana and P. ajanensis have hitherto been hopelessly confused by collectors ; but it may be hoped that Mr Clinton Baker’s volumes will go far to set things right. The keys to the different descriptions are most clear and precise. F, R. S. BALFour. The Soil: An Introduction to the Scientific Study of the Growth of Crops, viit+311 pp. and Index, 17 Illustrations and numerous Tables. /ertilisers and Manures, xv + 384 pp. and Index, g Illustrations and numerous Tables. Both by A. D. Hatt, M.A., F.R.S., Director of the Rothamstead Experimental Station. London: John Murray. 5s. net each. Students of forestry and practical foresters will find much that is both valuable and suggestive in the new edition of Mr Hall’s well-known work Z%e Soz/, the first edition of which was published in 1902. ‘The present edition follows the same general plan as the first, but has been considerably extended, some chapters having been entirely rewritten. As we should expect, the changes are most marked in the sections dealing with the living organisms of the soil, and a comparison of the two editions shows the great progress which has been made in recent years in the investigation of the many complex reactions brought about by the action of bacteria and fungi in the soil. A problem of particular interest to the forester is the method by which the accumulation of nitrogenous compounds takes place in pasture lands and forest soils, and in chapter vii. we have an admirable summary of the present state of knowledge of this most important subject. In subsequent chapters the absorption of salts by the soil, the causes of fertility and sterility, and the usefulness of soil surveys are considered in detail. The work concludes with a_ useful Bibliography. In Fertilisers and Manures, Mr Hall deals with the composition and properties of manures and fertilisers, and the general principles of manuring. There is a useful chapter on the valuation of manures, and the work concludes with a highly REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 237 suggestive discussion on the conduct of experiments with fertilisers. It is hardly necessary to add that both books are written in Mr Hall’s lucid and attractive style. 1G. Les Sols Forestiers. Par E. Henry, Professeur a l’Kcole Nationale des Eaux et Foréts. 492 pp., including Table of Contents, with 3 diagrams, 5 plates and 2 maps. Les Sols Forestiers, by Professor Henry of the French School of Forestry, Nancy, is a welcome addition to the literature on this subject. Its appearance at the present time is rendered the more acceptable, since general interest in all matters per- taining to silviculture, is now being actively, and it is hoped permanently, revived in this country. There are, however, other reasons which make us welcome treatises on soils; for, like most studies in natural science, considerable progress has been made within the last few decades. Hitherto, soil investi- gations have been mostly directed towards a better understanding of their chemical and physical properties, and in this respect very different views and hypotheses to those originally held are now put forward. It is however, in connection with soil bacteriology that the greatest advances have been made. Since Warington published his brilliant researches on nitrification, and Hellriegel and Wilfarth their important work on nodule-forming bacteria—not to mention the work of numerous other con- tributors — increasing attention has been devoted to soil biology, with the result that its study now forms the most fruitful and fascinating line of work in soil investigation. An admirable survey of modern ideas on soil problems is supplied in the second edition of Mr Hall’s book on agricultural soils, and there exist many valuable treatises by other well-known authorities ; but if we turn to forest soils, we cannot but admit that there is a lamentable absence of recent British work dealing specifically with this subject. For this reason Professor Henry’s book should form a most valuable help and guide to the student of forestry. The subject matter of the book is contained in 18 chapters, occupying 492 pages, and embodies the results of a large number of French, German, Russian and other investigations. Its compilation must have entailed a great deal of labour, for it is amply supplied with explanatory tables, and wherever necessary, references to the source of the 238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. information quoted are given. There is, however, no index of contents and authors, and only, at the end of the book, a very inadequate summary of each chapter. This is a pity, since with a good index a book is made so much more accessible. _ Itis, of course, out of the question to attempt, in a brief space, to give more than a general impression of a book of this size, or even to draw attention to parts, here and there, which seem deserving of special notice. The introductory chapter, commencing with a general statement on the formation and constitution of forest soils, is mainly taken up with an interesting comparison of the properties and functions of forest soils and agricultural soils. In this comparison it is at once made clear, in dealing with such questions as the supply and importance of humus, the com- position of soil-water and air, the improvement of soils, their rate of exhaustion and manner of nutrition, etc., that fundamental differences exist between the two categories of soils. These differences are dealt with in subsequent chapters. One aspect of afforestation, given on page 6, and expressed in the following sentence, seems worth quoting :—“ Le boisement est le seul procédé que ’homme ait a sa disposition pour améliorer sans aucuns frais—mais avec le concours du temps— les sols de mauvaise qualité et les rendre aptes a la culture.” Further on in the book comes the terse statement, ‘‘C’est le sol qui fait la forét.” Certainly this emphasis on the soil is largely justified in agriculture, but one is almost led to believe, from earlier chapters, that moisture, warmth, elevation, sunlight, etc., are the really dominating factors in forest growth, so that the expression must not be taken too literally. It is of cardinal importance in afforestation to encourage the production of humus of the right kind and thickness, for upon this factor the supply and preservation of water and nitrogen, the soil texture, and the supply of available mineral food materially depend. It is then not surprising that the next nine chapters are devoted to an elaborate treatment of the couverte morte or dead covering in all its varying aspects. Though humus is an essential ingredient of agricultural soils, it is manifestly of greater importance in the soils of the forest. Perhaps chapter ix., which deals with the decomposition of the couverte morte by eremacausis, is the most interesting. Mention is here made of the work of Pasteur, Berthelot, Schloesing, Mintz, De Saussure, Warington, Winogradsky, REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 239 Beyerenick, and others on soil biology. Speaking of the gain of nitrogen in forest soils, due consideration is given to, among other agencies, the part which the recently discovered organism Azotobacter chroococcum plays in this process. Prominence is also given to the absence of nitrifying bacteria, through conditions inimical to their growth, and to the presence of ammonia-forming bacteria, which are abundantly present in forest soils. One is left, however, with an impression that much more investigation into the sources of assimilable nitrogen by forest trees is needed. Useful tables on the composition of leaves at different ages, and of different varieties of trees, are given. Chapter xi. deals with the chemical composition of forest soils. The elementary requirements of forest growth in essential mineral constituents are, of course, the same as those of other plants, and they are dealt with here. The section on chalk and nitrogen is most instructive. In connection with the latter, the likely gains and losses under different circumstances are enumerated, and reference is made to the work of Hellriegel, Wilfarth, Grandeau, Lawes and Gilbert, Mazé, Nobbe, Hiltner and others, along with a criticism of Jameson’s hypothesis. The next forty pages are devoted to the exhaustion of the soil by forest vegetation. Numerous tables are given, and frequent reference is made to the work of Ebermayer, Schroder and Waber on this subject. The exhaustion of the soil under silviculture, with its periodic harvests, is almost insignificant compared with that of soils under agriculture with its annual harvests (see Table H., p- 250). In horticulture, the soil frequently requires recuperation by means of manure. The physical properties of soils, and the importance of water in forest growth, are considered in chapters xiil. and xiv. In forestry, the texture of the soil is relatively far more important than the chemical composition, and this question is adequately dealt with here. Rainfall in connection with forest distribution makes several pages of very instructive reading, and an interesting discussion follows on the amount of water required per gram of dry matter formed. Trees are great consumers of water, and this fact is well illustrated in chapter xv., where, by means of graphs, it is shown that the water-level is permanently lower when supporting than when not supporting forest growth. The classification of forest soils, according to their geological origin, and the distribution of the forests in France, along with a detailed study of several typical soils and forests, occupy the 240 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. next hundred pages. Chemical analyses of the fine earth of a large number of forest soils are given in the Appendix. Two maps showing the distribution of soils and forests, along with some good photographs of typical forests, are given. The question of the relative importance of soil surveys need not be discussed here ; at the same time, in connection with the soil of our own country, one naturally asks if it would not be advisable— even necessary — especially in view of extensive schemes of afforestation likely to be put forward in the near future, to first make a systematic survey of the land available and suitable. Data showing elevation, rainfall, aspect, and the principal physical and chemical characters of the land would undoubtedly be very helpful, and much remains to be done in increasing our knowledge in this direction. ‘The following is taken from page 332, “Il faut consacrer a la production des bois toutes les terres trop ingrates pour celle des céréales.” One is thus led to conclude that a soil survey of both forest and agricultural land would be beneficial. The last chapter is taken up with the improvement of forest soils and is well worth reading. Speaking of the use of manures, the author points out that, except in horticulture, very little reliable data are available. If only for the sake of the tables, and references in the foot- notes to the work of other authors, the book can be strongly recommended, and besides it contains statements of general principles which alone would make it acceptable to all interested in the subject. R. A. BERRY. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1909—Continued. THE GENERAL MEETING. The General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s. Showyard at Stirling, on Thursday, 22nd July 1909, at 2.30 P.M. Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE, Bart., President, in the Chair. There was a large attendance of Members. MINUTES. The Minutes of the Annual Meeting, which was held in Edinburgh on 5th February last, were held as read and adopted. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from the Right Hon. the Earl of Mansfield, Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., Honorary Secretary, Sir Arthur Mackenzie, Sir David Stewart, Dr Nisbet, Messrs John Black, Cortachy, A. T. Gillanders, Alnwick, J. F. Annand, Armstrong College, John D. Crozier, Durris, G. U. Macdonald, Haystoun, and others. 2 CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. The CHAIRMAN mentioned that since the Annual Meeting a Deputation had been appointed to wait upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer on the subject of afforestation. This they had been compelled to do, because of the report of the Commission, with which they did not wholly agree. He had not, unfor- tunately, been able to attend with the Deputation, which, however, had been most courteously received by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who asked a great many pertinent questions, and the Deputation had come away convinced that the Chancellor intended to draw up some scheme for the promotion of forestry in this country. A Petition bearing on the subject had been forwarded to the Chancellor of the Exchequer since that time. The Council had reported that something should be done with regard to death duties, as they felt that, with the added taxa- tion on land, there was great probability of people who had to meet death duties being tempted to cut immature timber, and accordingly it was thought advisable to draw up some suggestions for the Chancellor’s consideration, with the view of obtaining some modification of his proposals as regards wood- lands. JupcEs’ Report on Essays. Colonel BaiLry, Convener of the Judges, gave in their awards as follows, namely :— Crassel: 1. An account of the Broad-leaved and Coniferous Trees, especially of the more recently introduced Species, which the writer has found from experience to be most suitable as Forest Crops on High and Exposed Situations. By WILLIAM Fores, Beechwood, Blair- gowrie. Award—No. 2 Silver Medal. 2. Suitability of any Exotic Conifer for cultivation as a Forest Crop, and nature of the Locality found in the experience of the writer to be most suitable for it. By Wituiam Forses, Beechwood, Blairgowrie. Award—Bronze Medal. 3. The Sitka Spruce as a Tree for Hill Planting and General Afforestation. By J. D. Crozirr, Durris. Award—No. 1 Silver Medal. 3 4. The relative Powers to bear Shade of some or all of the following Species:—Douglas Fir, Menzies Spruce, White American Spruce, etc. By WiLL1am Forses, Beechwood, Blairgowrie. Award—No. 2 Silver Medal. 5. Report on the Woods of Gregynog Estate, North Wales. By W. H. WHELLENSs, Gregynog. Award—No. 2 Silver Medal. 6. Report on the Woods of the Ainsty Estate. By WILLIAM Hatt, Church Cottages, Bilton, near York. Award— Bronze Medal. 7. The Best Method of Planting at High Altitudes and in Exposed Situations, together with the Best Species of Trees to Plant there for securing—(a) Shelter for Stock, and (0) Profitable Timber Crop. By THomas Hatt, Moore Abbey, Monasterevan, Co. Kildare. Award—Bronze Medal. Cuass II. 1. A Weevil (Aylobius abietis) Infestation, 1908. By DoNALD MacDONALD, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. Award— Bronze Medal. 2. The Formation of Larch Woods and their Protection from the Ravages of the Larch Canker. By Davip STEWART, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden. Award—Bronze Medal. 3. Seaboard Plantations for Protection and Profit. By JoHN M‘Ewen, Royal Botanic Garden. Award—Bronze Medal. 4. The Formation of a Nursery and its After Management. By “Appin.” No Award. 5. Five Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By “UNITED Errort.” No Award. 6. Five Notes of Silvicultural Interest. By Davip STEwart, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden. Award— Bronze Medal. The Judges’ Report was approved of, and they were thanked for their services. 4 FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT STIRLING. JupcEs’ AWARDS AND REPORT. Competition No. I. Specimens of Timber of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Larch (Larix europea), and Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa). OPEN SECTION. 1st Prize, £2, 1os., J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie. 2nd ,, £1, 10s., Captain Stirling of Keir. pia “5. fi, Duke of Montrose. LocaL SECTION. 2nd Prize, 155., J. Ernest Kerr of Harviestoun (znd Prize only awarded). Competition No. ITT. OPEN SECTION. Specimens of Timber of Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Oak (Quercus robur), and Elm (U/mus montana). st Prize, £2, 1os., Captain Stirling of Keir. 2nd ,, £1, 10s., J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie. Se a; Duke of Montrose. Competition No. IV. OpeN SECTION. Specimens of Timber of any Three Broad-Leaved Trees other than the above. 1st Prize, £2, 1os., J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie. Competition No. VIZ. Gate for Farm Use manufactured from Home-Grown Timber. . f i 1 acre ears ‘at aiaghee \ No. 2 Silver ee 2. Duke of Montrose, ; . Lvawems f Special Prize, No. 2 "\ Silver Medal. Competition No. VIII. Self-closing Wicket-Gate manufactured from Home-grown Timber. 1. Duke of Roxburghe, . . No. 2 Silver Medal. 2. J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie, Bronze Medal. 3. Captain Stirling of Keir, 5 Competition No. X. Full-sized Section of Rustic Fence, made from Larch or other Thinnings. J. A. Stirling of Kippendavie, . No. 2 Silver Medal. Competition Vo. XV. Collection of Fungi injurious to Forest Trees and Shrubs. 1. Hugh R. Munro, Murthly, . No. 2 Silver Medal. 2. Alan Burns of Cumbernauld,. Bronze Medal. Competition No. XVI. Examples of damage by Squirrels, Voles, etc. Duke of Roxburghe, . F . Bronze Medal Competition No. X VII. A Useful Invention or Marked Improvement on any of the Implements or Instruments used in Forestry. No. 2 Silver Medal, for a Working Scale Model of Portable Boiling Creosot- ing Plant, etc. Competition No. X VIII. For any approved Article either wholly or mainly made of Wood. Thomas Strachan, Keir, Duke of Roxburghe, No. 2 Silver Medal, for ' Card Table Top. Bronze Medal, for Rustic Oak Seat. Bronze Medal, for Model "| of Field-Gate. In addition to the Prizes awarded in the Competitive Section, the Judges also recommended, and the Meeting approved of, the following Awards in the Section for Articles for Exhibition only :— Alexander Pollock, Tarbolton, ‘ Captain Stirling of Keir, No. 2 Silver Medal, for a Duke of Roxburghe,_. .~ Collection of Seeds, Photographs, etc. No. 2 Silver Medal, for Hand ; Specimens of Timbers. Bronze Medal, or tros., for e, \ a John D. Sutherland, Oban, at: ely, Collection of Cones, etc. No. 1 Silver Medal, for Speci- John D. Crozier, Durris, mens of Exotic Timbers. 6 The Judges have pleasure in submitting the foregoing List of Awards, and the following Report on the Forestry Exhibition, held in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show at Stirling, on zoth to 24th July rgo9. The Exhibits were of a high standard, and of both professional and general interest, but were not so numerous as could have been wished. Apart from the professional interest of this Annual Exhibition, it affords an excellent opportunity of pop- ularising the subject, and forest-owners and foresters could do a great deal in stimulating public interest by forwarding Exhibits of an educative nature. With regard to the Exhibits, the timber shown in Sections I. to IV. was of good quality, though in some cases the Scots Pine was defective. The Spruce, from Harviestoun Castle, shown in the Local Section in Competition I., calls for special mention on account of its excellent quality. In Competition III., the First Prize lot from Keir was a really outstanding exhibit, all the three hardwoods being of excellent quality. In Competition VII., several of the gates were far too elaborate and expensive to fulfil the condition, ‘Gate for Farm Use,” and were on that account put out of competition. In the case of the gate from Kippendavie, it was agreed that the build and workmanship were excellent, but the Judges were obliged to pass it solely on account of its not being a gate for “farm use.” The other Sections contained some interesting Exhibits, notably the ‘Working Model of Portable Creosoting Plant,” in Section XVII.; though such exhibits as model gates serve a less useful purpose. Among the Articles shown for Exhibition only, the exhibits of Mr Crozier, Durris, and of Mr Sutherland, Oban, call for special mention, Mr Crozier’s exhibit of exotic timbers being unique of its kind, while Mr Sutherland’s exhibit embodies a very useful suggestion in connection with technical instruction in country schools. The Judges desire to thank the Local Committee, who were assiduous in their attention, and greatly facilitated the work of judging. GEORGE LEVEN. Jno. Broom, Wm. Dawson. 7 Votes of thanks were awarded to the Highland and Agricul- tural Society for their generosity in contributing to the Prize Fund, and for the facilities given for the Exhibition, and to the Judges and Exhibition Committee for their services. Special votes of thanks were also awarded to Messrs Wm. Drummond and Sons and to Mr Mungo Chapman for sending plants to decorate the Society’s stand. EXCURSION TO BAVARIA. Mr Bucwanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, men- tioned that for the Excursion to Bavaria, which was to leave Edinburgh on 29th July, sixty members’ names were on the list, and he was hopeful that they would all be able to make the tour. He mentioned that Professor Mayr, of Munich University, had been appointed official guide by the Bavarian Government, and he expressed the belief that the Excursion would be an extremely interesting and instructive one. He said they were much indebted to Dr Borthwick for the trouble he had taken in drawing up the programme. EXCURSION I9QIo. With regard to the locality of the Excursion next year, Mr BucHANAN mentioned that the Council had agreed to recommend the West of Scotland. He hoped that Members would express their views regarding any other district that they might favour. Mr ForuHRINGHAM moved that the West of Scotland be the district, and Mr Macprean seconded. Mr Moon moved that the Border district be selected, and Mr GAMMELL, to get the feeling of the Meeting, seconded. On the vote being taken, however, a large majority were in favour of the West of Scotland. A hearty vote of thanks to the Chairman for presiding brought the Meeting to a close. 7 > 3 a an i aac me = oe ‘ a ra re ae = i, 7 * i | eS -.2.! a ; ‘4 id oa rib a ahr ' ca J ut = Dt by hirnfelys’ us meets MEs, rete pie 00: tye! seh ivi earizivis ing he 2h eh y| fay enp Blawi¥ spriley Yr ue - nly in antl a ee, aed Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. SYLLABUS OF COMPETITIONS—1910. [The Judges are empowered to fia the value of the Prizes to be awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays. All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than 14th May 1910. Hach such Essay, Report, Model, or Article must bear a Motto, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope bearing outside the samME Morro, with the Class to which the Competitor belongs, and containing a Carp with the NamE and AppREss of the Competitor. Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin. The lines should not be crowded together. Manuscripts for which prizes have been awarded, or which have been wholly or partly reproduced in the Transactions, become the property of the Society and are not returned to their authors. Judges cannot compete during their term of office. Successful Competitors may have either the medals or their con- verted values, which are as follows:—Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver, £3, No. 2 Stlver, £2; No. 3 Silver, £1; Bronze, 10s. ] The following subjects are named for competition in 1910 :— Ciass I.—For Open ComPETITION. I, An account of one or two of the Broad-leaved and Coniferous Trees, especially of the more recently introduced Species, which the writer has found from experience to be most suitable as Forest Crops on high and exposed situations. The method under which such a Crop has been raised to be fully described. (Five Guineas offered by W. H. Massin, Esq., of Messrs Dicksons & Co., Nurserymen, Edinburgh.) II. Suitability of any exotic Conifer for cultivation as a Forest Crop, and nature of the locality found, in the experience of the writer, to be most suitable for it. (Hive Guineas offered by Davin W. Tuomson, Esq., Nurseryman, Edinburgh.) . 2 III. The relative powers to bear shade of one or two or all of the following species :—Douglas Fir, Menzies Spruce (Picea sitchensis), White American Spruce, Sequoia Sempervirens, Lawson’s Cypress, Abies grandis, Giant Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana), Thuya gigantea; and the order in which the above Species should be placed in a list of shade-bearing trees comprising also Silver Fir, Beech, Spruce, Hornbeam. The Report to be based on personal experience only. (Five Guineas offered by JoHN Meruven, Esq., of Messrs Thomas Methven & Sons, Nurserymen, Edinburgh.) IV. Successful raising, by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, of a Young Forest Crop by the method of “Direct” Sowing. The conditions of Soil and Soil Covering to be fully stated. (A Medal.) V. Comparative results obtained by various methods of Plant- ing, with various Species and Sizes of Plants, up to the time at which the Young Crops have become thoroughly established. (A Medal.) The Report to be based on actual experience; soil and other local conditions to be fully described VI. The use, on an Estate with which the writer is, or has been, connected, of Timber of any British-grown exotic Conifer, for House Carpentry and other Estate purposes. (A Medal.) Besides giving information as to the specific uses to which the timber has been put, the writer should give details, such as the age of the trees from which it was taken, the soil on which they were grown, and whether the trees were raised in the open, or in woods of ordinary density. Statistics to be given, as far as available, of the comparative durability of this timber and the timber of British coniferous trees. VII. Successful raising, by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, of a young Forest Crop in a frosty locality, with details as to Soil Covering, Species, and Measures of Protection adopted. (A Medal.) VIII. An approved Report on the Woods of which the competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of the woods, the species of trees grown, soil, situation, age, manage- ment, etc. (A Medal.) 3 IX. Successful Underplanting of Larch or other Light- crowned Species, on an Estate with which the writer is, or has been, connected. (A Medal.) The Report to be based on experience, the cases referred to being cited. X. Details of Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Parasitic Fungus or Insect Pest, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Medal.) XI. Details of Mechanical means employed by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, for moving Timber from the interior of Woods to their margins, or to roads. (A Medal.) XII. The erection and maintenance of a Saw-mill (either temporarily or permanently placed) or of any Wood-working Machinery, used by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, for the Manufacture of Timber, with details of outturn and cost. (A Medal.) XIII. Details of Measures successfully adopted for the natural regeneration of a timber-crop of Scots Pine, Larch, or other species. (A Medal.) XIV. For an approved Essay on the Botanical characteristics of some typical forest tree. The Essay to be accompanied by Illustrations. (A Medal.) XV. For an approved Essay on Soils :—(a) preparation prior to planting ; (6) the advantages of soil-protection accruing from density of crop; (c) the improvement to the soil arising from mixing the main crop with various classes of shade-bearing trees. (A Medal.) XVI. For an approved Essay on the best method of Planting at high altitudes and in exposed situations, together with the best Species of Trees to plant there for procuring (a) shelter for stock, and (6) a profitable timber-crop. (A Medal.) XVII. Report on the comparative Durability and Suitability of various kinds of Timber for Fencing after being creosoted in open tank. (A Medal.) XVIII. An approved collection of short Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) + XIX. An approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) Cxiass II.—For Assistant FORESTERS ONLY. I. Details of the Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Insect Pest or Parasitic Fungus, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Medal.) II. An approved collection of Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) III. An approved Essay or Report, based on personal experience, on any practical work connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) ROBERT GALLOWAY, Secretary. 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, November 1909. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1910. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Fifty-seventh Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Goold Hall, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Friday, 11th February 1910, at 2.30 P.M, at which Sir KENNETH J. MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch, President of the Society, presided. There was a good attendance of Members. Apologies for absence were intimated from Sir John Macpherson Grant, Colonel Bailey, and Messrs James Johnstone, Ayr, W. S. Curr, Ninewar, and John Boyd, Crown Forester, Inverliever. MINUTES, The Minutes of the General Meeting, held in the Exhibition at Stirling, on 22nd July last, which had been printed and issued along with the Zramnsactions, were approved. REPORT BY THE COUNCIL. The Secretary read the following Report by the Council :— Membership. According to the Council’s report to last Annual Meeting the Membership of the Society at that date was 1313. In the course of the past year 96 new Members were elected, but 57 were struck off the roll, either on account of death, resigna- tion, or lapsing, the total Membership at this date being thus a 2 1352. The following amongst others died during the year, viz.:—Lord Kincairney ; Sir Donald Currie; Sir Alexander Muir Mackenzie; Sir Robert Dundas; Mr H. T. M. Hamilton- Ogilvy of Biel; Mr Lewis Miller, Crieff; Mr John Smith, Factor, Grantoun; Mr John Brydon, Forester, Rothes; and Mr W. Harrower, Forester, Garth. Syllabus and Prizes. The Syllabus for 1909 included 23 subjects for Essays. Thirteen Essays were received and submitted to the Judges, and 11 awards were made, as follows:—One No. 1 Silver Medal, three No. 2 Silver Medals, and seven Bronze Medals. Several of the Essayists, as usual, preferred the converted value of their medals either in books or cash. ‘The Syllabus of Competitions for the current year was issued along with the Zvransactions in January. Donors. The Directors of the Highland and Agricultural Society have voted their usual grant of £20 for prizes to be awarded for home- grown timber exhibited in the Forestry Exhibition in their Show- yard at Dumfries, and Messrs W. H. Massiz, Davin W. THomsoNn, and JoHN METHVEN have renewed their offer of prizes in the Syllabus of Competitions, to all of whom the hearty thanks of the Society are due. Transactions. The Transactions continue to appear punctually in the beginning of January and July. It is to be regretted, however, that on each occasion a number of copies have to be kept back owing to Members omitting to forward their subscriptions at the proper time. Local Branches. The Annual Reports from the Aberdeen and Northern Branches will be submitted in the course of the Meeting, from which it will be seen that they are maintaining a lively interest in forestry in their districts. forestry Exhibition. The Annual Exhibition of Forestry in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard was held last year at Stirling. The Judges were—Mr W. Dawson, Lecturer on Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen; Mr GrorcEe LerveEN, Forester, Auchincruive, Ayr; and Mr JoHN Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Their report has, as usual, been included in the 3 proceedings of the General Meeting, which was held in Stirling on 22nd July. A report of the Exhibition will be found at page ror of Vol. XXIII. of the Zransactions. ‘The Exhibition was rather smaller than usual, and only £12, 10s. of the £20 offered by the Highland and Agricultural Society, and 15s. of the £9 offered by this Society, were awarded for exhibits of timber. In addition to these prizes sixteen Medals were awarded and one money prize. The Medals were as follows :— One No. 1 Silver Medal, nine No. 2 Silver Medals, and six Bronze Medals. The Exhibition is to be held this year at Dumfries, and the revised Schedules have been issued to Members. ‘The competitions and prizes are similar to these of last year. The General Meeting. The General Meeting of the Society was held in the Show- yard at Stirling, on the 22nd July, and was well attended. A full report of the proceedings, containing the Prize lists, was printed and bound up with the Zyansactions which were issued in January. Annual Excursion. The Excursion last year was held in Bavaria. The party set out from Edinburgh on Thursday, 29th July, and returned on Thursday, r2th August, having been absent for fifteen days. During their stay in Bavaria they visited the State Forest of Partenkirchen, in the Alps, in the course of which they made the ascent of the Schachen (over 6000 feet), also the Ebersberger Forest and the Royal Experimental Forest Garden of Grafrath, near Munich, Neuessinger and MHeinheimer forests near Kelheim, the State Forest of Reichswald near Nuremberg, and the Royal Forest of Rothenbuch in the Spessart, near Aschaffen- burg. Sixty Members of the Society, including Professor Mayr of Munich University, who is an Honorary Member, took part in the Excursion. Professor Mayr was appointed by the Bavarian Government to act as official guide, and in this capacity he earned the gratitude of the Members for the clearness with which he explained the management of the various forests visited, and the patience with which he listened to and answered questions and explained difficulties raised by the Members. On reaching Nuremberg, the Members presented to Professor Mayr a pair of field-glasses as a memento of the Society’s visit Mr W. F. Soltau, British Vice-Consul in Munich, met the Members on their arrival, and did everything in his power to make their stay in the city and neighbourhood interesting and profitable. After the return of the party, the formal thanks of the Society were conveyed to Professor Mayr and Mr Soltau, and to the Foreign Office and the Bavarian Government. Occasion was also taken, in the course of the tour, 4 to thank Dr Borthwick for arranging the programme and compiling the guide book, which was handed to Members before setting out. A revised edition of this guide book, with illustrations taken on the course of the tour, and also a report written by Sir Andrew Agnew, will be found in the Zransactions. A reprint of these papers, with additional notes written by Dr Borthwick, is being prepared for presentation by the Excursion Committee to each Member of the party as a souvenir of the visit. Mr Charles Ritchie has also kindly undertaken to prepare for the Society an album of views taken by the Members, and this will in due time be added to the Society’s library. Dunn Memorial Fund. This fund consists of £100 3 per cent. redeemable stock of Edinburgh Corporation, and a balance of £21, gs. in bank made up partly of accumulated revenue. ‘The Council decided some time ago that this balance should be expended in purchasing suitable books for the library, and the matter is under con- sideration by the Zvansactions Committee. Photographs of Interesting Trees. The Council has authorised the Secretary to keep an album of photographs of interesting trees, and contributions to this album will be welcomed. Proposed Collection of Portratts. The Council has appointed a small Committee to obtain photographic or other portraits of a limited number of Members of the Society, or others, who have rendered important service to the cause of forestry or to the Society, with the view of having such portraits hung upon the walls of the Society’s room. It is proposed that meantime the portraits shall be limited to those of deceased gentlemen. A portrait of Dr Cleghorn has been presented by Colonel Bailey. Correspondents. In the course of the year the Council appointed five Corres- pondents in different parts of the world, whose names will be submitted for confirmation at this Meeting, in terms of the laws. Consulting Foresters. The Council has had under consideration a proposal that the Society should keep a list of Consulting Foresters, which might be open to the inspection of proprietors and those in 5 charge of landed estates who desire advice in connection with the management of woodlands under their control, but has decided not to proceed with the scheme in the meantime. Deputation to the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Resolution passed at last Annual Meeting was duly forwarded to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Deputa- tion then appointed met him at the House of Commons on 22nd March last. A full report of the Meeting was taken by an Official Reporter for the Government, but was not made public. A short report, adjusted by the Government Officials and the Deputation, was afterwards handed to the Press. A copy of this report and of that part of the Chancellor’s Budget speech relating to forestry will be found at page 200 of Vol. XXII. of the TZvansactions. As suggested by the Chancellor, a small committee of the Council was appointed to give him any further information he might call for. The Development Act. Shortly after the Development Bill was introduced into the House of Commons, the Council had under consideration a suggestion that the Society should ask for a grant out of the Development Fund, to enable a complete survey of all unafforested land in Scotland, situated below the 800 feet contour level, being undertaken by competent judges of its capacity for afforestation, and that the Society might carry out this work. It was pointed out that the Chancellor of the Exchequer had accepted the Society’s programme as contained in their Resolutions, and had been informed of the appointment of the Committee to give him any further information he might call for, and it was decided that it would be inexpedient at this stage to make a representation through any other Department. The following Resolution was then passed, and sent to the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer :— “The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society supports the Deputation from the Society which met the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and thanks Mr Lloyd George for his reception of the Deputation, and for the excellent outline of silvicultural policy laid down by him in his Budget speech. The Council urges that the Government should, as soon as possible, give practical effect in Scotland to the intentions expressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his reply to the Society’s Deputation and in his Budget speech—(a) By creating a Board of Forestry; (4) By providing Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and by otherwise assisting the development of University and other Educational enterprise ; and (c) By carrying out a survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting.” 6 The Bill was considerably altered and amended in Committee, and became law on 3rd December rgo9. By the Act as it now stands a Development Fund is created, to which there is to be carried during the present year and the next four years a sum of £500,000 per annum, to be charged on and issued out of the Consolidated Fund, in addition to any other sums that may be specially voted by Parliament. This fund is to be devoted to the economic development of the United Kingdom, and amongst other industries to be benefited are agriculture and forestry. The means by which the latter is to be developed include—(1) The conducting of inquiries, experiments, and research for the purpose of promoting forestry and the teaching of methods of afforestation; (2) the purchase and planting of land found after inquiry to be suitable for afforestation. The Treasury will only entertain applications recommended by the Development Commissioners, who have not yet been appointed. The bodies who can obtain grants or loans are—a Government Department, or any of the following applying through a Govern- ment Department, viz.:—‘‘A public authority, university, college, school, or institution, or an association of persons or company not trading for profit.” From the foregoing it will be seen that a Society such as this has power to ask for a grant or loan through a Government Department for the purposes mentioned in the Act. No doubt, large claims will be made on behalf of agriculture and other industries, but the Council believe that, in view of the Society’s representations to the Government, a fair share of the money available will be devoted to forestry in Scotland. They, however, propose to keep in view their right to apply, through a Government Department, for grants or loans to be used by the Society in promoting forestry in terms of the Act. By Clause 5 of the Act, where land is required for the purpose of a grant or loan, it can be acquired and held for these purposes, and powers may be obtained, if necessary, to acquire it compulsorily. Death Duties on Woodlands. When the Budget was before Parliament, the Council decided to make a representation to the Government on the subject of the new Death Duties as affecting woodlands, and a Committee was appointed to deal with the matter. The Committee prepared a Memorandum of suggestions for registration of forests worked under an approved scheme of management in Scotland, and for relief from Death Duties on them, which was duly forwarded to the Government, and although these suggestions were not altogether adopted, the Committee were able to adjust with the Government Officials the clause as it now stands in the Bill, 7 which is believed to be as satisfactory a solution of the problem as can be expected at this time. CONSULTING FORESTERS. Mr W. S. HatpANneE drew attention to the question of Consulting Foresters, and expressed the opinion that the Society should ask the Council to further consider that question. It was by a very narrow vote that the question had been settled in Council that day in face of a unanimous recommendation by the Committee, to whom the matter had been submitted for consideration. He was speaking particularly in the interests of small proprietors. He knew how useful it would be to small proprietors if they were able to get the advice of expert men, especially if they were in the neighbourhood and available not only to inspect their woods once in a way, but to give continuous advice in regard to them. Mr Munro Fercuson said he would be sorry if the subject were dropped. He was sure there was a wide field in Scotland for taking and giving advice; advice which varied very much in different circumstances. It was especially needed by small owners of woodlands. It was impossible to discriminate on the governing body of that Society who was fit to be in the various categories of advisers suited for each kind of planting or operation upon which advice was needed; but he did think that to have a list on which they could have the names and qualifications of those who could give their services for that kind of work would be of enormous advantage to silviculture. He regarded the subject as one of first-class importance. On the motion of Mr Hatpang, the subject of Consulting Foresters was remitted back to the Council for further considera- tion, and with this addendum, the report of the Council was adopted. FINANCES. Mr JouNn MeETHVEN, Convener of the Finance Committee, submitted the Accounts for the past year in connection with the Dunn Memorial Fund and the Society (see Appendices A and B). He read the Auditor’s docquet on the Accounts, and pointed out that it was proposed to apply the proceeds of the Dunn Memorial Fund in improving the Library. Mr Massie seconded the motion, which was adopted. 8 In connection with the Excursion Accounts (Appendix C), the SECRETARY explained that these had not yet been closed and audited, but he submitted the details of the expenditure in Bavaria, and moved that the Council be empowered to have the Accounts closed and audited, and appended to the Proceedings of the Meeting in the usual way. Mr BucHANAN seconded, and the motion was adopted. ABERDEEN AND NORTHERN BRANCHES. Reports from the Aberdeen Branch were also read by the Secretary, and on the motion of Mr GAMMELL were adopted. (See Appendices D and E.) The Secretary explained that the Reports from the Northern Branch had not yet reached him, but on his suggestion it was remitted to the Council to receive the Reports and append them to the Proceedings of the Meeting as formerly. (See Appendices F and G.) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS. Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE, in demitting office, thanked the Council for the support they had always given him during his tenure of office. As his successor, he nominated Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, Bart. of Pollok, who, he said, was engaged in carrying out a policy of planting on high ground in poor soil in Scotland. He thought he would make an _ ideal President. ‘The nomination was seconded by Mr James WHITTON, Glasgow, and agreed to, whereupon Sir John Stirling-Maxwell took the chair, and returned thanks for the honour conferred upon him. OFrFICE-BEARERS, The following were then elected to fill the other vacancies on the list of Office-Bearers at this time, namely :—Vice- Presidents—Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE, Mr W. S. ForHRINGHAM of Murthly, and Mr Rosert Forpes, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. Councillors—Messrs G. U. MacponaLp, Ropert ALLAN, ADAM SPIERS, JAMEs CooK, ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Sir ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., and Frank Scotr. The Hon. Secretary, the Secretary and Treasurer, the Hon. Editor, the Auditor, and the Hon. Consulting Officials and Local Secretaries were re- elected. (For list of Office-Bearers for 1910, see Appendix H.) 9 CORRESPONDENTS. On the motion of the Secrerary, the election by the Council of the following Correspondents was confirmed for one year, namely :— Canada—Rosert BELL, I.S.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Sc. (Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa, Chief Geologist to Govern- ment of Canada, Ottawa. India—F, L. C. CowLey Brown, Deputy Conservator of Forests, c/o Inspector-General of Forests, Simla. British East Africa—Epwarp BatriscoMBE, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United States of America—Hucu P. Baker, Forester, State College, Pennsylvania. Cape Colony—W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. EXCURSION. Mr BucHanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, mentioned that at the General Meeting held at Stirling, it was agreed that the Society should visit the West Highlands in the course of the summer. He suggested that permission might be asked to visit Lochiel and Invergarry, and that the President might be willing to receive the Society at Corrour. He thought it might be necessary to hold the Excursion on an earlier date than usual, and mentioned that the Council had recommended the last week in June as a suitable time. This was agreed to, and the matter was remitted to the Council with powers. EXHIBITION AT DUMFRIES. Mr ApamM SPIERS mentioned that the usual Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show would be held this year at Dumfries, and reminded the Members that the Schedules had already been issued to them. He said the Exhibition appeared to be popular with visitors to the Show, and he expressed the hope that proprietors in the South of Scotland and elsewhere would give the Exhibition their cordial support, so as to ensure its success, ite) Notice or MorIons. Notice was given of the following Motions :— 1. By Mr A. D. RicHarpson—to alter Law XIV. (a) To delete the words “one of the retiring Vice-Presi- dents, and four of the retiring Councillors,” in the second clause of the second sentence; and (4) To insert the following as the third sentence of the Law :—“One of the retiring Vice-Presidents or one of the retiring Councillors may be elected as President, and two or more of the retiring Councillors may be elected as Vice-Presidents ; but none of the retiring Vice-Presidents or retiring Councillors shall be eligible for re-election till after the expiry of one year.” 2. By Dr Nisser. ‘“‘Whereas a School for Forest Apprentices has been established for England and Wales in the Forest of Dean (Gloucestershire), and a similar School for Ireland, at Avondale (Co. Wicklow), and whereas Scotland, in the unanimous opinion of the Royal Commissioners, who reported on afforestation in 1909, contains twice as much plantable land as all the rest of the United Kingdom taken together, this Society urges that a School for training Foresters should at once be established in Scotland at some convenient wood- land centre, where planting experiments can also be carried on systematically. “As Scotland has over 23 times as many woods and plantations as Ireland, and nearly 2} times as much mountain and heath land, it is unfair that Scotland should still be without a School for training Forest Apprentices, while Ireland was provided with one on a very: liberal scale five yearsago. And the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society considers the present an opportune moment for asking the Government to remove this unfairness, as the Development Act, 1909, II is now about to come into force, under which funds have been specially granted for (along with other objects) providing and improving instruction in Forestry, and for making experiments in planting. “And it is further resolved that copies of this Resolution be sent to—(1) the Secretary for Scotland, (2) the Scottish Education Board, (3) the President of the Board of Agriculture, and (4) the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and that every Scottish Member of Parliament be asked to use his best influence to obtain the establish- ment of such a School for Forest Apprentices at the earliest possible date.” In explaining his Motion, Dr Nisbet said his experience was that the collegiate instruction was not suitable for the class of lads they wanted to train as forest apprentices—they should be trained at some central locality. There was no reason why Scotland should continue to be treated unfairly, where the plantable land was twice as much as in all the rest of the United Kingdom put together. The Motion was referred to the Council to report upon. THANKS TO THE RETIRING PRESIDENT. On the Motion of the PRESIDENT, a hearty vote of thanks was recorded to Sir KENNETH MACKENZIE for his services to the Society during the last three years. THE PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS. Sir JoHn Srirtinc-MaxweE.Lt then gave his Presidential Address, a full report of which will be found in the Zransactions. Mr T. A. Netson of Achnacloich, proposed a vote of thanks to the President for his Address, and, in seconding the Motion, -Mr Munro Fercuson referred to the President’s experience in planting in the Highlands, and threw out a suggestion that the Society might take in hand to make a survey, of a small area, on the lines the Society expected the Government should adopt, in surveying all the areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. He thought the Society should also renew their application to the Government in similar or other suitable terms to those adopted in their recent Resolutions. 12 APPENDIX A. ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THe Matcotm DuNN MEMORIAL FUND, 1909. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account, . | SB OG Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whit- sunday and Martinmas 1909, £3, /ess Tax 45. od: . : ‘ P ; ; : . 2-20, 6 PAYMENTS. Nil. Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of Scotland on Account Current, : : : : : . eases LVote.—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. EDINBURGH, 20th /anuary 1910,—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited. JOHN T. WATSON, Auditor. ‘wopnpny “NOSLVM ‘L NHOL ‘aU OF PayIqIyxe Uaeq OS[e eAvY ‘AAOGE sv spun S,AJoIN0g oY} SuTyUeserder ‘salqIan0ag OY, *4Oe1T00 WeTy puNoj savy PUL “JoRAISGW Ue ST AAOGN a4 WOM JO “GOGT tequiadeq 4STg 04 avek ayy IOJ LoInsvery, ey} JO SjUNOIDY O44 pouItUexe savy [ 4eq} AJIyA00 Aqoroy [—‘OLEl Avvnune yj0z% ‘HDWAANIay b 8 GleF > 8 SleF bo SlGF 0 FO : * ‘TaINSBALy, OF eNp soueyeg ssa’77 | FP 6 SIOF G0 00S * * “od qyIA ydieey 4Isodaq uo wng VeeOleciion “pyT ‘puvyjoog jo yuug [euoryeN YYIM JUlaling yuNoOd.V Jo 4Ipado ye voueleg —sny} sulslry PeawSic. ° : ‘suoyonsunay Avenweer jo £049 “4800 jo yuu -fed 03 qoalqns ‘aved 4xou 04 poldivo enueady Jo sourleg */ Or 9 906 ° . J : * Feqz1dey 0} patsojsuvty ung “9 Or si ag. )~ ——— | Dis’ Ze) * ‘skeyqyno A440 pue ‘sonbeyQ uo suors -SIMIWLOZ) ‘seneysog [e10Ue4) PARLE | ‘suoupomsunu], JO “1IXX ‘JOA JO ‘TI pus "Ts}ivg Josaseysog 221A ‘SABTING SNOdURT[edDSTIY PUB SaSeysog 9 0 8 * “pg ‘sg ‘TF “oye ‘saadeg oj Sarapeys pur i'szp ‘og ‘seanqorg s,A4Ja100g UO SABTINO 14 9 SI 9 “SOL “py ‘Wopuory Ur UOTy -eyndaq qyIM sesuedxa s,Arvyoioeg pue “pg ‘sg ‘pF ‘soavq AvVMTIeY SLOTTIOUNOD 0 ZLB : . : q ‘pataaooay XBy, aUIODUT “9 @ CLF : * ‘Loney Jo puog s,Aaeyo1009 uo wniuieIg pure ‘aouvinsuy “SuIsaeApy 0 IL¢ 0% 0, 200k» ’ * Farnsvay, puw 412 49.109G aa cHne anaes ‘ ¢ or 4 cont. | eae sb se gael : Ay 10K fi or Full I Lite Bibectntons, at 7 of Commuted Subscriptions, 18 7 —_ ee £537 10 £500 Caledonian Railw: ‘Com ny A per ES 2, Price of £400 North British Railway Company, cent, Debenture Stock, at 1144, 672 10 . No. 1, 4% Preference Stock, at 109, * £436 0 0 £400 North British Railway cay Sper cent. Debenture Stock, at 8! 5 Ms 0 8. Expenses in connection with above purchase, Fe 5 412 3 = 4. Decrease in value of Rallway Stocks at 81st £1453 0 0 December 1909, #41 0 0 Furniture, ete., in Society's Room, . 4014 1 And depreciation on Office Furniture, say. OM 1 ie aa talk BOG —— “ui eateses oi wenital Beak, ED 5. Funds, ete,, at 31st Decomber 1909— ae £500 Caledonian Railway Company 4 per 2, Life Members’ Subscriptions in 1909, . > » 15616 0 cent, Guaranteed Annuity Btock, No, New Members, £136 10 6 Fran ae) Tileeeic : £527 10 0 . ‘aledonian Railway Company 4 per Ordinary Menivers by commutation, cent. Debenture Stock, at 112, , 560 0 0 uA £400 North British Railway Company 8 per 3. Sum transferred from Revenue, 206 6 10 cent, Debenture Stock, at 83%, . 88510 0 £400 North British Railway Com any, No. 1, 4% Preference Stock, at 1054,. 422 0 0 £1845 0 0 Furniture, ete., in EEOO ay! ‘3 Room, cost price, £40 14 1 Less fot depreciation, say 014 1 —_— 40 00 — 1885 0 0 £2070 1 4 £2070 1 4 Se : — IL—REVENUE. CHARGE, DISCHARGE. 1. Balance in hand at 31st December 1908, 2 9 . £264 0 8 | 1. Printing, Stationery, ete., r; 5 . 2164 8 4 Vol. XXII. Part I. Transactions, £74 9 0 2. Ordinary Members’ Subscriptions, - b + 40410 6 Authors’ Reprints, 340 Arrearsat 31st December 1908, £1219 6 Vol. XXU, Part Il. of Transactions, Add Arrears written off ‘but since recovered, 018 0 General Printing and Stationery, , = — £1317 6 Forestry Periodicals, Binding, etc., Subscriptions for 1909, - £423 4 0 Less Received in 1908, . 5 8 6 Pen Less Receipts for Advts. in Trans., —— 715 6 Subscriptions for 1910 received in 1909, 410 6 — 2, Prizes (Money, £26, 5%.; Medals, £7, 195.: £436 3 6 Books, £3, 1s.), nedict= Zess Donation from the “Highland and 5 Agricultural Society, for Prizes awarded Cancelled or written off for Home-Grown ‘Timber exhibited at See eee aE AOE Stirling, £12, 10s; and from Prize Sa: i Winners in exchange for Medals and Books, £3, 1s., 4 3 .- 1611 0 Arrears at 31st Decem- eG ber 1909, . . 423 0 8. Forestry Exhibition at the Highland and Agricultural ~-— Society's Show at Stirling— Printing, . . . . £917 6 Advertising, . . : 015 0 Extra Tabling, Racks, Etc., A 5 219 Wages, etc , co {oat New Flag, and repairing old oue, 5 3.10 Incidental Expenses, Sale te 4. Proportion of Life Members’ Subscriptions transferred from SS Capital, A . ri é 3 . 18515 0 | 4 Contribution to Aberdeen and Northern Branches, £5 each, 1000 5. Expenses of Management, i ay a 4. Dividends and Interest, e = 5 $6101 Rentof Room, and Hall for Annual Meeting, £2015 0 Auditor, 5 3.30 5. Transactions, etc., sold, . . ° £660 Hon, Fitor for Assistant, £35; for ‘Gorman een ee ramet) <= — —— — ~ and Frenolt Notes for Zransnotions, > ; Less for scarce Parts bought, 0 . 015 0 Seoretary and Treasurer, O 100 0 0 511 0 Advertising, Insurance, and Premium on Secrotary’s Bond of Caution, . 415 3 6, Income Tax Recovered, . . . 12 0 Councillors’ Railway Fares, £2, 5s. 6d.; and Secretary's Expenses with Deputa- tion in London, £4, 10s., 615 6 Outlays on Society's Pictures, £6, 12s.; and Shelving for Papers, etc., £1, 88, éa., . 806 Postages and Miscellaneous Outlays, viz, Postagesof PartsI.and II. of Vol. XXII. of Transactions, £3118 4 General Postages, Commis- sions on Cheques, and Petty Outlays, . 706 —— _581810 | 6. Sum transferred to Capital, . + 206 610 . Balance of Revenue carried to next year, muljec rs Pay: ment of cost, etc,, of January Transactions, 0 213 5 4 Arising thus— | Balance at credit of Account Current vie National Bank of Scotland, Ltd. £13 9 4 Sum on Doposit Receipt with Do., 200 0 0 £2138 9 4 | Less Balance due to Treasurer, . . o4o | 218 6 4 | ——— £873 8 4 2873 8 4 Se ——s Epinpuncy, 20th January 1910.—1 hereby certify that 1 have examined the Accounts of the Treasurer for the year to 81st December 1909, of which the above is an Abstract, and have found them correct. ‘The Securities, representing the Society's Funds as above, have also been exhibited to me. JOHN T. WATSON, Auditor. Cr hat 15 APPENDIX C. EXCURSION ACCOUNT. Abstract of Accounts—Year 1909. Balance brought from last Year, . ‘ : - : pueda ra: 1 Deduct—Auditor’s Fee for 1908, : : Gio) WA 0) Payments for a a 49 12 0 Less Received . sO 0 - Et2) 10 Printing Circulars, O12 0 - A OnG £31 12 it Excursion to Bavaria. RECEIPTS. Contributions to Common Purse, . : Senin GB) Collected for Ist Class on Steamer, 16 10 oO Do, Edinbugh to London Railway Tickets, 49 4 0 £780 3 6 PAYMENTS. eee Tickelset £6, IIs. 9d., Jess abatement, . : 5 | LB aBe ier In Bavaria— Hotels, Lunches, etc., £261 12 6 Local Railways, . ep slic 1241 6 Driving. - to. G7 O Incidental, ‘ : Lo 16) oO Field Glasses presented to Professor Mayr, . 5 18 6 B60) (S16 Extras for 1st Class on Steamer, 16 10 O Edinburgh to London Tickets, . 40; 4) © Printing Circulars, etc., . : 416 0 Blocks of Photos for Excursion Reports, . 4, 10550 Proportion of Printing these and Reports in 7ransactions, etc., 618 6 Presentation Pamphlet, ; : Ao Miscellaneous Outlay, : : 4 2 2 == TIE SOS [ey ee oy! Balance carried forward to next Account, being sum in National Bank of Scotland on Account Current, £37 II oO EDINBURGH, 13/2 June 1910.—Examined with Vouchers and Memor- andum Book and found correct. Bank Certificate of above balance of £32, 11s. also exhibited. Joun T. Watson, Auditor. 16 APPENDIX D. Roya Scottish ABORICULTURAL SociETY (ABERDEEN BRANCH). REPORT 1909. The Committee beg to submit the Fourth Annual Report of the Branch. The affairs of the Branch have been conducted on similar lines to those of the preceding year. During the year, four meetings of the Branch have been held, on r2th December 1908, 22nd May, 4th September, and 16th October, 1909. Papers were read—by Mr Gammell at the Annual General Meeting in December last, on “‘An estimate of the possible cubic pro- duction of average woodland from portions of Deeside and Kincardineshire”; by Mr Crozier on, “The Forestry Problem in Britain,” on 22nd May 1909; and by Professor Trail on “The Origin and Growth of the Woody Stem,” on 16th October 1909 ; and an Excursion was made to Fasque on 4th September 1909. The Branch approached the Governors of the Aberdeen and North of Scotland Agricultural College on the subject of popular lectures in the city during the winter months, with the result that a short course of lectures by Mr Dawson has been arranged for Wednesday evenings, during the months of November and December. A motion by Mr France in support of the proposal to form a demonstration area for the North and East of Scotland was passed at the meeting held on 22nd May 1909, and transmitted to the Governors of the Agri- cultural College. It has now been arranged that lectures, held under the auspices of the Branch, which are of general interest and likely to attract people outside the Society, will be advertised at the expense of the Branch. On the recommendation of the Committee a circular has been issued to those Members of the Society, who are not members of the Branch, inviting them to join as soon as possible. The Committee have again to record their thanks to Professor Trail, and the University Authorities, for being allowed to use the Botanical class-room for the meetings of the Branch, 17 4ozpny ‘NOSNIMAOH ‘9 ‘f "yurg sdurarg usepraqy oy} ur payisodap st ‘aouadqysie pue ssuryirys usaqys1o spunod usayty 0} Sununowy ‘1evaf ay} Jo pua ayy ye ‘Ajat90g ay} jo {pax ayy ye souryeq ay, ‘*payonoa A][ny puw payeys ATJoaI109 aus ay} punoy cavy puL ‘Kyaro0g peIMINI"OGIY YsTI09g [eXoy ay} Jo youvig usapieqy ey) jo 6061 zwax AoJ syUNODDW Jo JUaUIAIZIS SuroSa1oj ay] pauturexa aavy J—‘o161 Lwnuvf yl ‘NIAaUaLy 2 gt it Die a : * Qunoosoy UOIsIMoOX| Jo }Ipaio ye souLle_g ie i Laie : : ‘juno. [elaUay) JO JIpeIO ye dOURTEg ‘LOVULSavV riieoys tay, Te Omics, Ue eee : : : : : : : : sourjeg ‘ 0 f 7% Yova'sz yw uoIsimoxg onbsey 10 slaquuayy IZ Woy yseD Ag o S11 __ onbseg 0} uolsmoxg iv Surrpy jo asuedxg pred ysey * Ono ; : : : ' : Ysar9juy yuRg ssuraeg Gare, OF * : : ssaquug “qo, Wert pred yseD ol, eo Sha ig 3S : : : *JUNODIY 4S¥I JO WIpaio je souvye_g “AUYNLIGNAd X43 ‘“AWOONI ‘ENQOOOV NOISUYNOXe Omce oy 62 1cF 6 Cy VI . . . > ’ . . . ‘gouvled ce Ste pe a - {yeah ay} 10} syuaplour pu saSvjsod pred yseD ** | ) oc Z@ : ‘g061 Jaqmaseq YIZI Jo aynuryy sed ‘go6r 6) S10 * : F : ‘\sa1a]Uy yUeg ssutavg yseD ‘* reak 10 Axe910aG aye] 07 wnperoUoZ] pred yseg * ) : ? : * ‘arog quared woy jueID YyseD ‘ 6 O1 Zz : : : : ‘939 ‘Sunutsg 107 pred yseQ “‘ o 61 fF * ‘“Yova ‘sl Jv sraquieyy Woy suondiuosqng yseg Ag Ona Oye © = : : . * ‘sipepy Jo asn 10} pred yseD oy (en Aye © ; ; ; ‘JUNODDY JS¥] JO Wpato yw soured “AYNLIGNAdXA3 ‘AINOONI ‘LNOOOOV "IVUHNAD ‘606T UVHA ‘SLNNOOOV JO LNEWELVLS ‘HONVUG NaaAdYaAdY—ALAINOS TIVUALINOAMOGUY HSILLOOG TVWAOY ‘a XIGNAddV 18 APPENDIX F. Roya ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (NORTHERN BRANCH). REPORT 1909. The Committee have the honour to submit the Report for the Branch for the second complete year of its existence. In consequence of the broken nature of the weather and other causes, it was not found possible to hold more than one meeting. Advantage was taken of the assembling of the Members of the Society together to hear an address by Mr Dawson on the subject of “ Forestry Education,” and also upon “Some Likely Foreign Trees,” and an interesting and instructive discussion followed upon the address. In consequence of the arrangements made by gentlemen connected with the Museum in Inverness for the care of objects of interest entrusted to them, the Committee of the Branch entered into communication with the Trustees of the Museum and arranged that if a collection of forestry specimens could be obtained by the Branch, the Trustees would house and take care of the collection. A circular was accordingly issued appeal- ing for specimens, and already a commencement has been made. Specimens have been kindly presented by the Countess of Seafield and Lord Lovat. It is hoped that proprietors and others interested in wood-work and forestry in the neighbourhood will still further add to this collection, so as to make it really worthy of Arboriculture in the north of Scotland. The Membership of the Branch to the end of the year is 95, which contrasts with a Membership of 7o when the Committee made the report this time last year. The income of the Branch to the date of the return is £ 8, 18s., of which £5 has been received from the Parent Society and 4,3, 18s. from the Members and Subscribers. From the State- ment of Accounts appended to this return, it will be seen that there is a sum of £10, 7s. 1d. at the credit of the Branch, which sum is lying in bank in the name of the Treasurer. On behalf of the Committee of the Northern Branch of the Society, ALEX. FRASER, Secretary and Treasurer. 19 Pin, ht y td OT AY (Olney : : ‘(yueg ojur pred QouIs) SpuBy S.Jansvary, UT WING ‘yueg ut wns —sny} dn opeyy ‘6061 ‘oaql ISIE Je YOURIG BY} JO WpeId Ww dOULLV Ee . . . . 6-939 ‘sasej}sog ‘Arquones ‘Suyuug preg yseQ * 0 9 1 °* ‘sradeg 10} xog pssq pred YyseD By Oo) 01 07 = : * {uUoOO1 Toy ‘ssourIAUT eET uMOT “tayejoiwy pled ysey OL ‘6061 "SYN LIGNAdX4 a 12) ‘ye9h AO} JSoIOJUT YUL ‘{JQID0G JUaIYg Wo UoTNqUAUOD yseD “* OS d J UOINqIAIUOT) YSe) ‘6061 reak Suunp yourrg 0} suondiosqng srequieyy YseD Ag ‘g061 laqwmasaq ysIf Je yug ul ung ‘6061 ‘SLldlId034 ‘6061 4aguaragy gsi& Suspua avax sof ainpipuagxg puv syfiasayy fo JIDAISQE "HONVUG NUYAHLYON—ALAIOOG TIVWUNLINOAOIUY HSILLOIS IVAOY ‘) XIGNAddV 20 APPENDIX H. Office-Bearers for 1910:— PATRON. His Majesty Tor Kina. PRESIDENT. Sir Joun Srirtinc-MaxweELtL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Joun Meruven, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. MAciacHLan of Maclachlan, Castle Lachlan, Argyll. W. H. Massre, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Sir Kenneru J. Mackenzin, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. W. Srevart ForurincHam of Murthly, Perthshire. Ropert Forbes, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. COUNCIL. Dr A. W. Borrawick, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Grorck LEveEN, Forester, Auchincruive, St Quivox, Ayr. JouN Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Sypnry J. Gamme i of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. Joun W. M‘Hartix, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. EArt OF MANSFIELD, Scone Palace, Perth. Joun F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. CHARLES BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. A. T, GituanpeErs, F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick. Joun D. Crozrmr, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. D. F. Macxenzin, F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Midlothian. W. S. HALpANE, of Foswell, 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. FrepD. Moon, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. G. U. Macponatp, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. Rosert ALLAN, F.S.1., F.H.A.S., Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. ADAM Spigrs, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edinburgh. James Coox, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Sir Anprrw AGNeEw, Bart., Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. FRANK Scort, Forester, Jeaniebank, Scone. HON. EDITOR. Lieut-Colonel F. Barry, F.R.S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. Joun T. Watson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. 21 HON. SECRETARY, The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fereuson, M.P., of Raith and Novar Raith House, Kirkcaldy. , SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Rosert GALLoway, 8.8.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, TRUSTEES. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Frerauson, M.P., W. Srevarr ForurincHam of Murthly, and Sir Jonny Srrriinc-MAxwELL, Bart. of Pollok. LOCAL BRANCHES. ABERDEEN. | NorrHERN,. President.—SYDNEY J. GAMMELL of | President.—Lorp Lovat. Drumtochty. Hon. Sceeretary.—ALex. FRASER, Hon. Secretary.— GEORGE D. Massin, | Solicitor, 63 Church Street, Solicitor, 143 Union Street, Inverness. Aberdeen. | LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. Counties. Aberdeen, . JoHN CrArK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Joun Micnure, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. Argyle, . . Joun D. SurHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. Ayf, . AnprReEw D. Pager, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Rosrrtson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Berwick, . Wm. Mruneg, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Bute, . . Wm. Ineuts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. James Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. Clackmannan,. RosErt Forbes, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa, Dumfries, . D. Crasee, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. East Lothian,. W. 8S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. fe, =n . Wm. Gincunist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. Epmunp Sane, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. Forfar, . . JAMES CrABBE, Forester, Glamis. Jamus Rosertson, Forester, Barnhill, Broughty Ferry. Tnwverness, . JAmes A. Gosstp, Nurseryman, Inverness. Kincardine, . Joun Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. Kinross, . JAmes Terris, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. Lanark, . . Joun Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. James WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. Moray, . . D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Perth, . . Joun ScrimcEour, Doune Lodge, Doune. Renfrew, . §. MacBuan, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Ross, . Joun J. R. MerKiesoun, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss Amy Frances Yuus, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Roxburgh, . Joan LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. Sutherland, . Donan Roszertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. Wigtown, . James Hocarrn, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. WAKER, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durhan, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Notts A Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . Kings County, Tipperary, Canada, India, British East AjTricn, United States of America, Cape Colony, . 22 England. Franois MircHe.u, Forester, Woburn. W. Srorigz, Whitway House, Newbury. Wo. A. Forster, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JouN F, ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES BARTON, Forester, Hatfield. Tuomas Smiru, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowrsr, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. HAmitron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Have tock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor BoutcEr, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micuig, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomuinson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Grorce HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. Joun ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistie, 16 Oak Tree Lane, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDREW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tarr, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Ireland. A. C. Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. EK. Morran, Lessadell, Thelorgan Park. THOMAS ROBERTSON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wm. HEnpDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. AutEex. M‘Rag, Forester, Dundrum. CORRESPONDENTS. Ropert Bet, 1.8.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Se.(Cantab.). F.R.S. of Ottawa. Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. Ff. L. C. CowLey Brown, Deputy Conservator of Forests, c/o Inspector-General of Forests, Simla. EpwArD BaATTiscomsE, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. } Hen P. BAKER, Forester, State College, Pennsylvania. W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O, PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D, Ricuarpson, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. 23 APPENDIX lI. Presentations to the Society’s Library since the publication of last List in Volume XXII. Part 2. cost mS OK 5; 16. 17. Books. . Trees and Shrubs of the British Isles. In parts. By Cooper and Westell. . Trees. Vol. v.—Form. By the late H. Marshall Ward. . Die Spitzenberg’schen Kulturgerdthe, 1898. Presented by Professor Mayr,- Munich. . Proceedings of a Conference of Governors in the White House, Washington, D.C., May 13-15 1908, on the subject of Conservation of Natural Resources. . Bulletin of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1909. . Illustrations of Conifers. By H. Clinton Baker. . British Woods and their Owners. By John Simpson. . In the Evening. By Charles Stewart. GOVERNMENT REPORTS. . Report of Commissioners of Woods and Foresis, London, 29th June 1909. . Leaflets of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. London. . Leaflets of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. . Reviews of Forest Administration in British India for 1906-1907 and 1907-1908. . Annual Report of the Forest Department of the Madras Presidency, 1907-1908. . Indian Forest Department Pamphlets :— The Collection of Statistical Data relating to the principal Indian Spices. By A. M. F. Caccia. Forest Reservation in Burma in the Interests of an Endangered Water Supply. By Alex. Rodger, Burmese Leza Wood. By R. 8. Troup. Carallia Wood. By R. 8S. Troup. Burmese Inwood, By R. 8. Troup. Report of the Superintendent of Forestry, Canada, for 1908 and 1909. Tree Planting on the Prairies of Manitoba, 1907. Forestry Branch of Department of Interior of Canada. Trees Free to Farmers, 1907. Forestry Branch of Department of Interior of Canada. 18. 19% 24 Bulletins of Department of Agriculture, Canada. Bulletins of Forestry Branch of Department of Interior of Canada :— Care of Planting of a Forest of Evergreens, 1908. Forest Products of Canada, 1909. Forest Conditions in the Crow’s Nest Valley, Alberta, 1909. The Riding Mountain Forest Reserve, 1909. Forest Fires in Canada during 1908. . Report of State Forest Administration of South Australia. (2 copies). 1907-1908. . Journal of Department of Agriculture, Victoria. March 1909. . Annual Report of the Woods and Forest Department of South Australia, 1908-1909. . Report of Conservator of Forests, Cape of Good Hope, 1908. . Report on the Forests of British East Africa. By D. E. Hutchins, 1909. . Forestry in New Zealand, 1909. . Farmers’ Bulletins :—Forest Fires in 1908. From the United States Department of Agriculture. Forest Service Circulars. . Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, 1207. . Bulletins of Pennsylvania State College Agriculture Experimental Station. 29. Bulletin No. 4 (National Conservation Commission). Presenting the Report of the National Conservation Commission, and a Chronological History of the Conservation Movement, United States of America. SociETiESs’ Reports AND TRANSACTIONS. . Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, 5th series, vol. xxi., 1909. . Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxiii., part 4, 1908, and vol. xxiv., part 1, 1909. . Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1907. . Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. xi., Nos. 31 and 32, Contents and Index. . Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, vol. xii., Nos. 3-20, 22 and 23, and Contents of vol. ix. . Economic Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, No. 16 of vol. i., and Index. . Reports of the Canadian Forestry Association, 1902-1909. . Canadian Forestry Jowrnal. June and October, 1909. Nos. 2 and 3 of vol. v. . Transactions of the Foresters’ and Gardeners’ Society of Argyll, vol. i., 1909. . Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters, No. 2, vol. iv., 1909. Transactions and Proceedings of the Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. v., part 1, 1908-09. . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, vol. xxxiv., part 3, and vol. xxxv., parts 1 and 2. . Journal of Royal Agricultural Society, vol. \xix., 1908. 43. 73. 74, 25 REPRINTS AND MISCELLANEOUS. Indian Forester. Series, Forest Zoology :— Leaflet No. 1 The Sal Bark Borer. ff 2 The Teak Defoliator. - 3 The Teak Leaf Skeletoniser. . Indian Forest Memoirs, vol. i., parts 2 and 4; vol. ii., part 1. . Forest Pamphlets, Nos. 4-7. . Indian Forest Memoirs (Economic Product Series), Jndian Woods and their Uses, vol. i., No. 1. . Prospectus of Biltmore Forest School, 1909-10. . Biltmore Lectures on Silviculture. By C. A. Schenck, Ph.D. Forest Protection. By O. A. Schenck, Ph.D. . Forest Mensuration. By C. A. Schenck, Ph.D. . Afforestation and Timber Planting in Great Britain and Treland. By Dr Nisbet. Jowrnal of Royal Society of Arts, 26th March 1909. . Working-Plan Report on the Keir Woods, 1907-1940. By Prof. Fisher. . Bulletin of Lloyd Library, No. 11. Reproduction Series No. 7. Calendar for 1909-10 of Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture. . Catalogue of Ohio State University, 1909. Report of Board of Trustees of Ohio State University, 1908. . Directory of the Royal Society of Arts, 1909. . American Crategi in the Species Plantarum of Linneus. By C. 8. Sargent. . Report on the Chestnut Tree Blight, Pennsylvania. By J. Mickle- borough, Ph.D., 1909. . Jahresbericht des Kénigl Pomologischen Instituts zu Proskaw, 1908. . Back Parts of Transactions and of Journal of Forestry. From James Robertson, formerly Wood Manager, Panmure. . Back Parts of Transactions. From W. Davidson, Wood Manager, Panmure. . Quarterly Journal of Forestry. London. . Forestry Quarterly. New York. . Forestry and Irrigation. Washington. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture for Ireland. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture. London. . Skogsvardsféreningens Tidsskrift. Stockholm, . Tidsskrift for Skogbrug. Kristiania. . Timber Trades Jowrnal. London. . Journal da Commerce des Bois. Paris. . Timber News. London. Estate Magazine. Agricultural Economist. London. . Indian Forester. Allahabad. . I’ Alpe. Bologna, October 1908. . Revue des Eaux et Foréts. Paris. (By purchase. ) . Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung. ( oS ) . Zeitschrift fiir Forst-und Jagdwesen. ( ae ) . Bulletin de la Société Forestiére de Franche Comté et Belfort. (By purchase. ) Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. (INSTITUTED 16th FEBRUARY 1854.) foot OF MEMBERS, &c. YEAR. 1854-56. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864-71. 1872-73. 1874-75. 1876-78. 1879-81. 1882. 1883-85. 1886-87. 1888-89. 1890-93. 1894-97. 1898. 1899-02, 1903-06. 1907-09. As at 2oth June Igo. PATRON. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. ~~ PRESIDENT. Sir JoHN Strirtine MAxweE.Lt, Bart. of Pollok. FORMER PRESIDENTS. Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean, Wood Commissioner to the Ear] of Seafield. The Right Hon. Tue EArt or Ducie. The Right Hon. THE EArt oF Srarr. Sir Joun HAtt, Bart. of Dunglass. His Grace THE DUKE of ATHOLL. JouHN I. CHALMERS of Aldbar. The Right Hon. THE EARL OF AIRLIE, The Right Hon. T. F. KENNEpy. Rosert Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. Hueu CiecHorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. JoHNn Hutron BAt¥Four, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blairadam, M.P. The Most Hon. ‘THe MARQUESs oF LorHIAN, K.T. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.R.S.E., of Hartree, Regius Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Hucu Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. The Right Hon. Sir Herserr Eustace MAxweE tu, Bart. of Monreith. The Right Hon. THE Marquess oF LINLITHGOW, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Isaac BayLry BaA.rour, M.D., Sc.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. The Right Hon, R. C. Munro Frercuson, M.P. Colonel F. Barney, R.E. The Right Hon. THE EARL oF MANSFIELD. W. StevartT ForHrRiNGHAM of Murthly. Sir Kennet J, MACKENZIE, Bart. of Gairloch. JAMES BROWN, Date of Election 1886. 1904. 1907. 1901. 1905. 1886. 1886. 1904. 1907. 1904. 1907. 1903. 1889. 1889. 1895. 1907. 1904. 1886. 1904. Date of Election 1903. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1902. 1901. 1901. bo HONORARY MEMBERS. Avebury, The Right Hon. Baron, D.C. L., High Elms, Down, Kent. BaILey, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1887.) CasTLErowN, Right Hon. Lord, of Upper Ossory, K.P., C.M.G., Granston Manor, Abbeyleix, Ireland. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., ex-Director of the Indian Forest School, Highfield, East Liss, Hants. (Also Life Member by Subscription. ) Henry, Auguste Edmond, Professor of Natural Science, etc., National Forest School, Nancy, France. Hooker, Sir Joseph D., O.M., M.D., K.C.S.1., The Camp, Sunning- dale, Berks. JoHore&, The Maharajah of, Johore, Malay Peninsula. Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estate, Rothesay, Bute. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1867.) Kumé&, Kinya, Chief of the Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokio, Japan. MAcKEnzIz£, Donald F., F.S.1., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edinburgh. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1872.) Mayr, Heinrich, Dr. Philos. et D,.€@c., Professor of Forestry, Munich. Niuson, Jiigmiastare Elis, Forestiindare for Kolleberga skogsskola Ljungbyhed, Sweden. SARGENT, Professor C. S., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ScuuicH, Sir William, K.C.I.E., Professor of Forestry, Oxford University. ScuHwappacH, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia. Simmonps, Frederick, M.V.O., 16 Abingdon Court, Kensington West. SomMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.dic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford, (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1889.) TaxeEl, Morimasa, 58 Mikumicho, Ushima, ‘Tokio, Japan. THomsoNn, John Grant, Retired Wood Manager, Mount Barker, Gran- town-on-Spey. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1855.) HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, BarriscomBE, Edward, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Nigeri via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. Bruce, William, College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. CromBi£, T, Alexander, Forester, Estate Office, Longhirst, Morpeth. GILBERT, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Office, Edinburgh. Smiru, Fred., Highfield Mount, Brook Street, Macclesfield. Story, Fraser, Lectureron Forestry, University of North Wales, Bangor. UsHER, Thomas, Courthill, Hawick. LIFE AND ORDINARY MEMBERS. * Indicates Life Member. Italics indicates that present Address is unknown. LAw V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Z'ransactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have heen paid up. Date of Election. 1895. *1906. 1902. *1900. *1907. *1883. *1904, 1906. *1874. *1904. 1903. 1906. 1902. 1908. 1902. 1907. 1907. 1905. *1883. 1908. 1905. *1903. 1909. 1907. 1906. *1901. 1909. 1887, 1903. 1903. Aspot, Thomas, Forester, Neidpath Castle, Peebles. ABERCROMBY, Sir George William, Forglen, Turriff. ACLAND, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.L., etc., Killerton, Exeter. ApAIR, David Rattray, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Apatr, John Downie, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh, ADAM, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 5 New Square. Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C. ApDAms, Joseph Wm. Atkin, Resident Agent, Mill Hill, Middlesex. ADAMSON, John, Assistant Forester, Brown’s Lodge, Pembury Tunbridge Wells. Appineton, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow, Bucks, AGNEW, Sir Andrew, Bart., Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. AiLsA, The Marquess of, Culzean Castle, Maybole. AINSLIE, John, Factor, Stobo, Peeblesshire. AINSLIE, Thomas, Glenesk, Penicuik. Airp, William, Mechanical Engineer, Woodend, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. AircHison, William, Assistant Forester, Weirburn Cottage, Grant’s House. AITKEN, James, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. AupripcE, Arthur, Assistant Forester, Riseley Road, Swallowfield, near Reading, Berks. ALEXANDER, Henry, Head Forester, Grimstone Estate, Gilling East, York. ALEXANDER, John, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. ALEXANDER, John, Nurseryman, 8 Chamberlain Road, Edinburgh. ALLAN, James, Forester, Lyde Green, Rotherwick, Winchfield, Hants, ALLAN, Robert, Factor, Halfway House, Polkemmet, Whitburn. AuLison, Thomas, Solicitor and Factor, Fort William. Anderson, James, Foreman Forester, Woodlawn, Co. Galway, Ireland. ANpDERSON, Robert, Hedger, Floors Castle, Kelso. ANDERSON, Robert, Bailiff, Phoenix Park, Dublin. ANDERSON, Robert Lawson, Forester, Balgate, Kiltarlity, Beauly, N.B. ANNAND, John F., Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. ANSTRUTHER, Sir Ralph, Bart. of Balcaskie, Pittenweem. ARCHIBALD, John Clark, Head Forester, Eden Hall, Langwathby R.S8.0, Cumberland. Date of Election *1906. 1898. 1904. *1883. 1860. *1887. 1908. *1906. *1896. 1903. 1908. e908: *1909. *1884. *1900. *1886. 1906. laid 1892. 1909, *1904. 1897. 1903. 1909. 1907. *1895. *1866. 1907. SGT 1909. 1874. 1904. *1908. 1908, *1903. 1904, *1897, *1883. ARDWALL, The Hon. Lord, M.A., LL. D., 14 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Armstronec, Thos. J. A., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Fort William. Arnott, William, Foreman Forester, Invercolan Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. ArHout, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. Austin & M‘Astan, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow. BarLey, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., Lecturer on Forestry, Edinburgh University, 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. BAILuiE, Lieutenant-Colonel A. C., Factor, ete., Kirklands, Melrose. Barrp, Henry Robert, D.L., J.P., Durris House, Drumoak, Aberdeen. Barrp, J. G. A., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, 8. W. Barrp, William Arthur, of Erskine, Glasgow. Baker, Guy S., Assistant Conservator of Forests, British East Africa. BatcArres, Lord, M.P., Balcarres, Fife; and 7 Audley Square, London, W. BALDEN, John, Estate Agent, Bywell Office, Stocksfield-on-Tyne. BALFouR OF BuRLEIGH, The Right Hon. Lord, K.T., Kennet House, Alloa. BALFour, Charles B., of Newton Don, Kelso. Baurour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. BALFouk, Frederick Robert Stephen, J.P., Dawyck, Stobo, Peeblesshire. Barour, Isaac Bayley, LL.D., Se.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BALLINGALL, Niel, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife. Barris, William, Assistant Forester, Larachbeg, Lochaline, Morvern. Barsour, George Freeland, of Bonskeid, Pitlochry. Barcriay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C. Barnes, Nicholas F., Head Gardener, Eaton Hall, Chester. Barr, D., Manager (Thos. Kennedy & Co.), Dumfries. Barr, John, Assistant Factor, Erskine, Bishopton. BARRIE, James Alexander, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton. 3ARRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. BARRON, Colin Campbell, Wood and Grain Merchant, Nairn Mills, Nairn. Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks. Barton, Ebenezer Johnstone, Assistant Forester, Damshot, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. Barton, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts. Barron, James Robert, Factor, 3 Coates Crescent, Edinburgb. Baxter, Edward Gorrel, J.P., Teasses, Lower Largo, Fife. Baxter, James, Gardener, Gorddinog, Llanfairfechan, Carnarvon- shire. BAzuey, Gardner Sebastian, Hatherof Castle, Fairford, Gloucestershire. BEAUMONT, Robert, Assistant Forester, c/o Mr Brown, Colliers End, North Ware, Herts. Brea, James, Rosslyne, Culter, by Aberdeen. BELL, Andrew, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. Date of Election. 1898. 1907. 1907. 1908. 1900. 1900. *1871. 1895. 1905. 1903. *1904, 1889. 1907. 1903. 1909. vile *1908. 1904. 1908. 1908. 1903. 1872. Siig. 1892. *1895. 1909. *1898. 1898. *1908. 1887. 1906. 1883. 1897. *1902. 1907. 1909. 1910. 1907. *1900. *1900. 1904. 1900. Bet, David, Seed Merchant, Coburg Street, Leith. Bet, David, Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. BELL, James, Assistant Forester, Dundrum, Co, Tipperary. Bett, John R., Assistant Forester, Crown Cottages, Parkend, Lydney, Glos. Beit, Robert, Land Steward, Baronscourt, Newtown-Stewart, Ireland. Bett, William, Forester, Balthayock, Perth. Bett, William, of Gribdae, 181 Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. Bennett, J. B., C.i., A.M.I., 42 Frederick Street, Edinburgh. BENNETT, John, Forester and Acting Sub-Agent, Town’s End, Wolverton, Basingstoke. Bentinox, Lord Henry, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. Berry, Charles Walter, B.A., 11 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. Berry, Francis, Forester, Minto, Hawick. BrEveEriper, James, Forester, Normanby, Doncaster. Brnntne, The Lord, Mellerstain, Kelso. Biscog, T. R., of Newton, Kingillie, Kirkhill R.S.O., Inverness-shire. Buack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. Buiack, Florance William, of Kailzie, Peeblesshire. Biack, John, Factor, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir. Biack.aws, John, Head Forester, Seafield Cottage, Portsoy. Buarr, Charles, Glenfoot, Tillicoultry. Biarr, Thomas, Farmer, Hoprig Mains, Gladsmuir. Boa, Andrew, Estate Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. BoicKxow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Kentisknowle, Torquay. Bonp, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks. Booru, Miss Cary, 39 Mozartstrasse, Grosslichterfelde, Germany. Borruwick, Albert W., D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BorTHWICK, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh. BorrHwick, Henry, Borthwick Castle, Gorebridge. BouLGer, Professor, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S.W. Bowman, John, Assistant Forester, Kincluny, Durris, Aberdeen. Born, John, Crown Forester’s House, Ford, Argyll. Brat, J. B., Forester, Witley Court, Great Witley, Worcester. Braip, William Wilson, Tossville, 12 Milton Road, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh, BREADALBANE, Marchioness of, Black Mount, Bridge of Orchy, Argyllshire. Brews, William, Assistant Forester, Midhope, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. BroapForp, David, Assistant Forester, Goldsboro’, Knaresboro’, Broprk, Ian, of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres, Broom, John, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Brown, Charles, Factor, Kerse, Falkirk. Brown, George, Timber Merchant, Buckhaven Saw-mills, Buekhaven. Brown, Gilbert, Forester, Kiltarlity, Beauly. Date of Election. 1878. 1899. *1896, 1895. 1900. 1905. 1907. 1901. *1895. *1867. 1909. 1904, 1907. 1897. *1879. *1879: 1906. 1909. 1909. 1904. 1906. *1909. *1909. *1902. 1903. *1908. 1906. 1901, 1910. 1908. 1907. 1902. 1908. *1899. 1904, 1909. 1895. Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert. Brown, John, Forester and Ground Officer, Craighall, Rattray, Perthshire. Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire. Brown, Waiter R., Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, near Winch- field, Hants. Brown, William, Forester, Lissadell, Sligo, Ireland. 3rucE, Alexander, Timber Merchant, 53 Bothwell Street, Glasgow. Bruce, Charles, Assistant Forester, Goldsboro’, Knaresbro’, Yorks. Bruce, David, Forester, Earnock Estate Office, Hillhouse, Hamilton. Bruce, Peter, Manager, Achnacloich, Culnadalloch, by Connel. Brucn, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway. Brunton, James S., Forester, Hursley Park, near Winchester, Hants. Brunton, John, Head Forester, Langley Park, Norwich. BrypEN, Thomas, Nurseryman, Dennison Nurseries, Ayr. Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham. 3uccLEUCH, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith. BUCHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. BuRNETT, Sir Thomas, Bart., Crathes Castle, Crathes, N.B. BuRNLEY-CAMPBELL, Colin N., of Ormidale, Colintraive, Argyllshire. Burn-Murpocnu, Alfred Maule, Conservator of Forests, Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Butter, Robert, Forester, Estate Office, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. Butter, Walter James, Assistant Forester, Hillend Cottage, Minto, Hawick. Buxton, Walter L., of Bolwich, Marsham, Norwich. Caccta, Anthony M., M.V.O., c/o Messrs Coutts & Sons, Ludgate Circus, London. CaprEtt, Henry Moubray, of Grange and Banton, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.A.S., J.P., etc., Grange, Linlithgow. Cairns, Thomas, Forester, Lissduff House, Errill, Ballybrophy, Queen’s County. CALDER, James Charles, of Ledlanet, Milnathort. CALDERHEAD, William, Overseer, Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyleshire. Cameron, Alex., Land Steward, Balmina, Cookstown. Cameron, Angus, F.S.I., Factor, Benmore, Kilmun, by Greenock. CAMERON, Colin M., Factor, Balmakyle, Munlochy. CAMERON, Donald Walter, of Lochiel, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. CAMERON, Ewan, of Rutherford, West Linton. CAMERON, John, Forester, Isel Hall, Cockermouth, Cumberland. Cameron, John J., Norwood, Hamilton. Cameron, Robert, Forester, Ardtornish, Morven, by Oban. CampBELL, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Land Steward, Rosemill Cottage, Strathmartin, by Dundee, Date of Election. 1899. 1904, 1908. *1897. 1900. 1906. 1908. 1901. 1908. 1909. 1903, *1903. *1896. 1910. 1908. 1906. 1907. 1903. *1898. 1907. 1904. 1904. 1909. *1906. 1897. 1898. 1904. 1892. 1892. 1909. 1908. 1906. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Tullymully, Dunkeld. CAMPBELL, David S., Forester, Wilton Castle, Redcar, Yorks. CAMPBELL, Donald, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Arduaine, Lochgilphead, Argyleshire. CAMPBELL, James S., Forester, Ginsboro Hall, Ginsboro, Yorks, CAMPBELL, John, Land Steward, Forss Estates, Westfield, Thurso, CAMPBELL, Patrick William, of Auchairne, W.S., 25 Moray Place, Edinburgh, CAMPBELL, Peter Purdie, Factor, Lee and Carnwath Estates Office, Cartland, Lanark. CAMPBELL, Robert, B.Se., Geological Laboratory, Edinburgh University. Campion, Edward, Assistant Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Cancun, Thomas Richard, B.Se., P.A.S.I., 3 Greenbank Crescent, Morningside, Edinburgh. CAPEL, James Carnegy Arbuthnott, of Ballnamon, 34 Roland Gardens, London, S.W. CARMICHAEL, His Excellency Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart. of Skirling, Governor-General, Melbourne, Australia. CARMICHAEL, James Brown, Student in Forestry, Bridgend, Craigmillar. CARMICHAEL, James Louis, younger of Arthurstone, Arthurstone, Meigle. CARNEGIE, James, of Stronvar, Balquhidder. CarneEGin, Robert, Foreman Forester, Forester’s Cottage, Grantully, Ballinluig. CARRUTHERS, Major Francis John, of Dormont, Lockerbie. Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 West George Street, Glasgow. CassELLs, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Bandon, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Carucart, Sir Reginald Gordon, Bart., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen- shire. Cavers, A. R. S., Menzies Estate Office, Aberfeldy. CHADWICK, James Melville, Findhorn House, Forres, CHALCRAFT, George Barker, ‘‘ Hillside,” Gimingham, near North Walsham, Norfolk. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire. CHALMERS, James, Forester, Estate Office, Killin, Perthshire. CHALMERS, Robert W., Assistant Forester, Auchencrash Cottage, Glenapp Castle, Ballantrae. CHAPMAN, Andrew, Factor, Dinwoodie Lodge, Lockerbie, Dumfries- shire. CHAPMAN, Mungo, Torbrix Nurseries, St Ninians, Stirling. CHAPMAN, William, Foreman, Canonbie Sawmill, Canonbie. CHERMSIDE, Sir Herbert, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham. CutsHoim, Alexander M‘Kenzie, Clerk of Works, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. Date of Election 1897. 1909. *1882. 1884. 1906. 1910. 1908. 1906. *1883. 1908. 1909. 1890. 1902. 1891. 1906. *1892. 1902. *1872. SO: *1902. 1906. *1898. 1904. 1906. *1904. 1906. 1900. 1907. ei si7(S) 1908. 1908. 1907. 1905. 1895. *1887. 1906. 1904. CHISHOLM, Colin, Forester, Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. CHISHOLM, George, Forester, Wishaw House, Wishaw. CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. Curistiz, Alex. D., Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Bir- mingham. CuristI£, Charles, Factor, Estate Office, Strathdon. CHRISTIE, James Sinton, Assistant Gardener, c/o Mitchell, 8 Stevenson Drive, Glasgow. Curisriz, Miss Isabella Robertson, of Cowden, Dollar. Curistiz, Thomas, Nurseryman, Rosefield Nurseries, Forres. Curisti£, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers. CurystaL, Robert, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. CLAPPERTON, James Martin, B.L., Solicitor, 177 Union Street, Aberdeen. CLARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn. CuARK, Francis Ion, Estate Office, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Ciark, John, Forester, Kelly, Methlick, Aberdeen. CLark, John, Forester, Almond Dell, Old Clapperton Hall, Midealder. CLARK, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Chark, William, Assistant Factor, Craigielaw Cottage, Long- niddry. CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian. CLINTON-BAkgER, Henry Wm., J.P. for Herts, Bayfordbury, Hertford. Cuinton, The Right Hon. Lord, Fettercairn House, Fettercairn. CLynB&, James, Engineer, Knappach, Banchory. Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley. Coss, Herbert Mansfield, Land Agent, Higham, Rochester, Kent. Cockrr, Alexander Morrison, Nurseryman, Sunnypark Nursery, Aberdeen. Coxe, Hon. Richard, Weasenham, Swaffham. Cotes, Walter G., Engineer, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Couiie, Alexander, Head Forester, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames. CoLiierR, James, Assistant Forester, Estate Yard, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. Cotston, William G., Estate Clerk, Rossie Estate Office, Inchture. CotrMaAN, Willian Hew, J.P., B.A., Barrister, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. Comrig, Patrick, Land Agent, Waterside, Dalry, Ayrshire. Comrik, William Lewis, Factor, Cally Estates Office, Gatehouse. Connor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longuiddry. Cook, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. Cook, Melville Anderson, Assistant Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. Coupar, Charles, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Date of Election. *1897. 1908. *1908. *1876. “1892. 1908. *1899. *1901. *1874., *1904. *1904. 1900. 1875. 1867. 1904. 1/909. *1875. 1909. 1903. *1908. 1899. 1898. 1903. *1900. *1865. *1895. 1910. 1908. 1907. 1900. 1906. *1901. *1898. 1908. 1209. *1893. 1907. Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire. Coutts, Wm., Forester, Gardener, and Ground Officer, Learney, Torphins, Aberdeen. Cowan, Alexander, Valleyfield, Penicuik. Cowan, Charles W., Dalhousie Castle, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade. Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. Cowan, Henry Hargrave, Lauderdale Estates Office, Lauder; 41 College Bounds, Old Aberdeen. Cowan, Robert, Chisholm Estates Office, Erchless, Strathglass. Cowan, Robert Craig, Eskhill, Inveresk. Cowrrr, R. W., Gortanore, Sittingbourne, Kent. Cox, Albert E., of Dungarthill, Dunkeld. Cox, William Henry, of Snaigow, Murthly. Craps, Alfred, Forester, Glamis. CraBBe, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. CRrABBE, James, Glamis. Craic, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Glamis. CraiG, Sir Archibald Gibson, Bart. of Riccarton, Currie, Craig, Wm., M.D., C.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh. Craici£, John, Superintendent Overtoun Park, 23 Burns Street, Dalmuir. Cranstoun, Charles Joseph Edmondstoune, of Corehouse, Lanark. Craw, John Taylor, Factor and Farmer, Coldstream. Crerar, David, Land Steward, Methven Castle, Perth. Cricuton, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick. Cro.t, John, of D. & W. Croll, Nurseryman, Dundee. Crooks, James, Timber Merchant, Woodlands, Eccleston Park, Prescot. Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland. Crozier, John D., Forester, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeen. CrupEN, Lewis G., Forester, East Lodge, Brucklay, Aberdeen- shire. Cruicshank, Adam, Forester, Fasque, Fettercairn. CRUICKSHANK, James, Farmer and Hotelkeeper, Port Erroll, Aberdeenshire. CumMING, John H., Overseer, Royal Dublin Society, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin. CumMING, William, Nursery Foreman, Burnside Nurseries, Aberdeen. CUNNINGHAM, Captain John, Leithen Lodge, Innerleithen, CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 30 Queen’s Gate Terrace, London, S.W. CUNNINGHAM, John Gilchrist, of Letham, 2 Gladstone Terrace, Burntisland. CUNNINGHAM, Robert, Forester, Glenlogan, by Mauchline, Ayr- shire. Curr, W. S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. CurHBERTSON, Evan James, W.S., 12 Church Hill, Edinburgh. 10 Date of Election. 1907. Dawn, Robert, Forester, Kilnknowe, Sorn, Mauchline. *1867. DaueLnisH, John G., of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Stirling. *1906. DaneLersn, Sir William Ogilvie, Bart., Errol Park, Errol. *1900. DaLuouste,The Right Hon. the Earl of, Brechin Castle, Forfarshire. 1908. DaLketru, The Earl of, Eildon Hall, St Boswells. *1910. Dattrmore, William, Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew, 36 Leyborne Park, Kew Gardens, Surrey. 1901. DatrympLe, Hon. Hew H., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire. *1906. Datrympie, Lord, M.P., Lochinch, Stranraer. 1904. DALRyMpeLE, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart. of Newhailes, Musselburgh. 1901. Dalziel, Henry, Assistant Forester, Cormiston Towers, Biggar. 1905. Davin, Albert E., Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. 1905. Davin, William J., Assistant Forester, Turgisgreen, Shewfield-on- Lodden, Basingstoke. 1908. Davinson, David, Assistant Forester, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. 1904. DAvipson, James, 12 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. 1892. Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. 1908. Davipson, Major Duncan Francis, Dess, Aberdeenshire. *1892. Davipson, William, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. 1901. Davir, George, Overseer, Balruddery Gardens, near Dundee. 1904. Davie, Thomas, Forester, Glenreardell, Whitehouse, Argyllshire. 1909. Dawson, Fred, Assistant Forester, Brotto, Dale Head, Grasmere, *1908. Dawson, William, M.A., B.Se.(Agr.), Lecturer on Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. 1910. Deas, James, Devon Cottage, Bonnyrigg. 1904. DENHoLM, John, Timber Merchant, Bo’ness. 1906. Drnton, Sydney, Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds. 1906. Dewar, Alex., Factor, Fasque Estates Office, Fettercairn. 1902. Dewar, H. R., Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. *1901. Dewar, John A., M.P., Perth. 1902. Dick, Colonel A. C. D., Pitkerro House, by Dundee. 1904. Dick, William, Timber Merchant, Hamilton. *1898. Dicspy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire. 1904, Dodds, Thomas, Cashier, Pollok Estate Office, 216 West George Street, Glasgow. *1903. Don, Alex., Namitomba Estate, Zomba, British Central Africa. 1893. DoNnALpson, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife. 1907. Donne, Cyril Henry, Land Agent, The Abbey Ruins, Bury St Edmunds. 1908. Doucury, James T. S., Solicitor and Factor, Ayton. *1896. Dovexas, Alex., Estate Bailiff’s Office, Dean Road, Scarborough. 1882. Dovueuas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick. 1904. Doucias, James A., Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. 1887. Doveras, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 1903. Doucias, William G., Forester, Ingleborough Estate, Clapham, Yorks. 1903. Dow, Alexander, Forester, Bretby Park Burton-on-Trent. 11 Date of Election. 1898. Dow, Thomas, Forester, Wakefield Lawn, Stony Stratford, Bucks. 1909. Drummonp, A. Hay, of Cromlix, Dunblane. 1900. Drummonp, Dudley W., Commissioner, Cawdor Estate Office, Car- marthen, South Wales, 1908. DrumMonpD, James, Assistant Forester, Haggs Cottage, Almondbank, Perth. 1904. Drummonp, William, Forester, Craigo Estate, Montrose. 1862. DrumMmonp & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling. 1909. DryspALE, Thomas, Land Steward, Estate Office, Auchinleck. 1908. DucueEsne, M. C., Land Agent, Farnham Common, Slough, Bucks. *1909. Durr, Alexander M., Land Steward and Farm Manager, Ninewells, Snaigow, Murthly. 1907. Durr, John Wharton Wharton, of Orton and Barmuchity, Moray- shire. 1903. Durr, Mrs M. M. Wharton-, of Orton, Morayshire. 1907. Durr, Thomas Gordon, of Drummuir and Park, Banffshire. 1907. Duauip, Charles, Head Forester, Philorth, Fraserburgh. 1910. Duncan, Robert, Head Forester, Dryfeholm Estate, Lockerbie. *1895. DunpaAs, Lieut.-Colonel Sir Robert, of Arniston, Gorebridge, Mid- lothian. 1907. Dunetass, Lord, Springhill, Coldstream. 1907. Duniop, George, W.S., 32 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1905. Dunstan, M. I. R., Principal of South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. *1902. DurHAM, Right Hon. the Earl of, Lambton Castle, Durham. 1873. Durwarp, Robert, Estate Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeen- shire. 1900. DuTuHiIE, James A., of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen. 1898. Eapson, Thomas G., Forester, Whaley, Mansfield. 1885. Eprneron, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire. 1906. Epaar, James, Factor, Poltalloch Estate Office, Lochgilphead. 1898. Epminson, Wm. D., Tweed View, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1904. EpmonD, James, Assistant, Wemyss Castle Estate Office, East Wemyss, Fife. 1899. Epwarps, Alex. W. B., Forester, Thirlmere Estate, via Grasmere. 1893. ELDER, William, Forester, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. 1903. Exe@ar, Walter Robinson, Land Agent, Hill House, Sittingbourne. 1902. Exnicr, Captain Edward Charles, Invergarry. *1899. ELLIson, Francis B., Bragleenbeg, Kilninver, Oban. *1904. ELpHINstonr, The Lord, Carberry Tower, Musselburgh. 1901. Enwes, Henry John, F.R.S., of Colesborne, Cheltenham. 1901. Ersktne, Richard Brittain, Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh. 1898. Ewan, Peter, Assistant Forester, Wood Cottage, Newland Park, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks. 1873. Ewrnc, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen. 1904, Ewine, Guy, F.S.I., 80 Chancery Lane, London, W.C. Date of 12 Election. 1906. 1906. 1909. 1905 1910. *1894, 1900. 1904. 1903. 1908. *1900. *1888. 1899. 1880. 1908. *1909. “1907. e190 1893. 1893. 1908. 1907. 1909. 1869. 1899. *1902. 1910. 1899. *1906. 1909. 1890. 1898. *1896. *1878. 1904. *1873. *1869. 1892. 1889. FAIcHNEY, John, Assistant Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. FAIRBAIRN, John, Assistant Forester, Softlaw, Kelso. FALconer, James, Farmer, Hill, Errol. Faraco, Adalbert, Forest Nurseries and Seed Establishment to His Majesty the Emperor, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. FARQUHARSON, Major James, of Corrachree, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. FARQUHARSON, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. Freaks, Matthew, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun. Fenwick, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Lime Walk Cottage, Rose- haugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. Fenwick, William, Factor, Darnaway Castle Estates Office, Karls- mill, Forres. Fer@uson, Donald, Joiner and Timber Merchant, Quarry Lane, Lennoxtown. Frereuson, James Alex., Ardnith, Partickhill, Giasgow. Fereuson, The Right Hon. R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife. Fercuson, Sir J. E. Johnson, Bart. of Springkell, Ecclefechan. Frreusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhangh, West Linton. Fernif, Alexander, Head Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. FerNIE, Andrew, Forester, Balcarres, Fife. Ferri£, Thomas Young, Timber Merchant, 69 Buchanan St., Glasgow. Finpuay, John Ritchie, of Aberlour, Aberlour House, Aberlour. FintAyson, Alexander, Ancrum Bridge, Jedburgh. FrntAyson, Maleolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire. Finniz, Alexander, Clerk of Works, Woodlands Cottage, Durris. Fisa, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. FisHer, Malcolm, Assistant Forester, North Stables, Helbrom Estate, Fairley. FisHEer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, York- shire. Fisumer, W. R., Assistant Professor of Forestry, 6 Linton Road, Oxford. FirzwiLuiaMm, Right Hon. the Earl of, Wentworth, Rotherham. FLEMING, Archibald, Overseer, Culcreuch, Fintry, Stirlingshire. FLEMING, Sir John, Timber Merchant, Albert Saw-mills, Aberdeen. FLETCHER, J. Douglas, of Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. FLetTcHeER, John Sydney, Under Forester, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Fores, Arthur C., Department of Agriculture, Dublin. Forses, James, Factor, Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. ForBeEs, James, The Gardens, Overtoun, Dumbartonshire. Fores, Robert, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. ForsEs, Robert Guthrie, Forester, Cliff House, Gulworthy, Tavistock, Devon. Forges, William, Consulting Forester and Wood Surveyor, Beech- wood, Blairgowrie. ForGAN, James, Forester, 5 Viewlands Terrace, Perth. ForGAn, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife. Forster, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. Date of 13 Election. 1908. *1908. 1904, PLSOG. *1909, 1908. *1866. *1901. 1908. 1909. Leo2: *1902. 1898. *1899. 1895. 1905. 1901. 1904. 1904. 1907. *1892. *1907. 1908. 1896. 1902. 1907. 1909. 1907. 1910. 1904. *1893. *1909. 1896. 1909. 1908, Fortescurn, William Irvine, M.B.C.M., 7 Bon Accord Square, Aberdeen. Fortune, George R., Factor, Colinsburgh, Fife. Foster, Henry, Assistant Forester, Glenalmond, Methven. ForHrtinGHAM, W. Steuart, of Murthly, Perthshire. Fouurs, Arch. Keith, Factor’s Assistant, 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Fow ter, Sir John Edward, Bart., Braemore, Garve. France, Charles S., 13 Cairnfield Place, Aberdeen. Fraser, Alexander, Solicitor and Factor, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Northern Branch, 68 Church Street, Inverness, FrasgEr, Charles James Roy, of Lochavich, Argyllshire. FrASER, George, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. FRASER, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Fraser, George M., 13 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. Fraser, James, Assistant Forester, 10 Woodside Walk, Hamilton. Fraser, James, Home Steward, Factor’s Office, North Harris, Portree. Fraser, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. Fraser, John, Forester, The Little Hill, Leighton, Ironbridge R.8.0., Salop. Fraser, John M‘Laren, of Invermay, Forgandenny, Perthshire. Fraser, Peter, Land Steward, Dalguise, Dunkeld. Fraser, Robert A., Cab Proprietor, 3 Sunbury Street, Edinburgh. Fraser, Robert §8., Bunchrew House, Bunchrew, Inverness; Ivy House, Comshall, Surrey. Fraser, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith. FRASER, Sweton, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie. FRASER-['YTLER, James Francis, of Woodhouselee, Rosslyn. Frater, John, Foreman Forester, Ardross Mains, Alness, Ross-shire. Frater, John, Head Forester, Ardross Castle, Alness, Ross-shire. Fyre, Harry Lessels, Assistant Forester, Elko, B.C., Canada. Fyfe, William, Assistant Forester, North Lodgz, blair Drummond, Doune. Fyrre, Robert Bullett, Factor, Aden Estates Office, Old Deer. Fyrrer, Robert, Botanical, Forestry, and Scientific Department, Entibbe, Uganda. GALLOWAY, George, Quarrymaster, Roseangle, Wellbank, by Dundee. GALLOWAY, Robert, 8.S.C., Secretary, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., ete., Highfield, East Liss, Hants (Hon. Member of the Society). GAMMELL, Sydney James, of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. GARDINER, Francis Forsyth, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, New- mains, Douglas, Lanarkshire. GARDINER, R., Assistant Forester, Toxside, Gorebridge, Date of 14 Election. 1908. *1899. *1907. *1903. 1898. 1902. 1900. 1897. 1903. 1905. *1881. 1897. *1904. 1894. 1894. 1908. *1900. 1906. *1901. 1903. 1909. 1906. 1907. *1868. *1897. 1909. 1897. 1897. 1905. *1904, 1906. 1907. 1908. 1910. *1884. 1905. 1909. 1887. 1867. 1908. GARDYNE, Lieutenant-Colonel Greenhill, of Finavon, Forfar. GarriocH, John E., Factor, Lovat Estates, Beauly. Garson, James, W.S., Albyn Place, Edinburgh. GascoIGNE, Lieut.-Col. Richard French, D.S.O., Craignish Castle Ardfern, Argyleshire. GAULD, William, Forester, Coombe Abbey, Binley, Coventry. GAVIN, George, Factor, Falkland Estate, Falkland. GELLATLY, John, Forester, Newhall, by Penicuik. GELLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Hallyburton, Coupar Angus. Gipson, William, Forester, Carnell, Hurlford, Ayrshire. GILBERT, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Midhope Castle, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. GitcHRist, Wm., Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. GILLANDERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. GILLESPIE, David, Advocate of Mountquhanie, Cupar, Fife. GILLESPIE, James, Forester, Blairmore, Braco. Gitmour, Colonel Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Mid- lothian. GLADSTONE, Hugh Steuart, F.Z.S., M.A., ete., Lannhall, Thornhill. GLADSTONE, Sir John R., Bart. of Fasque, Laurencekirk. Guass, James, Forester, Back Road Cottage, Larbert House, Larbert. GopMAN, Hubert, Land Agent, Ginsborough, Yorkshire. Goup, William, Forester, Dellavaird, Auchinblae. GoopFELLow, John, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry. Gorpon, Alex. M., J.P., D.L., of Newton, by Insch. GorMAN, Alfred W., Timber Merchant’s Clerk, 14 Smith Street, Hillend, Glasgow. Gossip, James A., of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness. GouGH, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York. Gow, Alexander, Home Farm, Hatfield Park, Hatfield, Herts. Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian. Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Laggan, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. Gow, Robert, Head Forester, Appin House, Argyleshire. GrAHAM, Anthony George Maxtone, of Cultoquhey, Crieff. GraHAM, David A., Teacher, 19 St Fillan’s Terrace, Edinburgh. GRAHAM, Hugh Meldrum, Solicitor, Inverness. GRAHAM, James, Marquis of, Brodick Castle, Arran (per Mr Douglas, Strabane, Brodick). GRAHAM, Robert Francis, M.A., of Skipness, Argyll. GRAHAM, Wm., 6 Royal Crescent, W., Glasgow. GRAHAM, William, Foreman Forester, North Lodge, Morton Hall, Liberton. GRAINGER, Henry Herbert Liddell, Ayton Castle, Ayton. Grant, Alexander, Forester, Rinagaip, Dallas, by Forres. GranT, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire. GranT, Donald, Forester, Fersit, Tulloch, Inverness-shire. Date of 15 Election. 1904. 1908. 1909. 1893. *1874. 1907. 1908. 1906. 1906. 1907. *1908. 1909. 1902. 1901. 1908. 1906. 1898. 1908. 1903. *1905. 1879. 1910. *1900. 1905. 1906. 1904. *1897. 1908. *1901. 1907. 1908. *1882. 1909. *1899, 1892. Grant, Ewan S., Head Forester, c/o Mrs Goater, Lower Tilgate, near Crawley, Sussex. Grant, Iain Robert James Murray, of Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. Grant, James, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Grant, John B., Forester, Downan House, Drumin, Glenlivet. Grant, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tollcross, Glasgow. GRANT, Robert, Fernleigh, Birchington, Kent. GRANT, Sir John Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Ballin- dalloch. Grassick, William Henderson, Land Steward, Daviot Branch Asylum, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire. Gray, David, Wheelwright, 270 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Gray, George, Forester, Glentyan Estate, Kilbarchan, Gray, James Lowrie, Tenant Farmer, Elginhaugh, Dalkeith. Gray, James Ritchie, Wheelwright, 270 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Gray, Walter Oliver, Forester, Pallinsburn, Cornhill, Northumber- land. Gray, Major William Anstruther-, of Kilmany, Cupar, Fife. Gray, William, Forester, Lundie, Lochee. Greig, Robert Blyth, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Grey, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland. Grizve, J. W. A., Indian Forest Service, The Club, Darjeeling, Bengal. GRIFFITHS, Sir Richard Waldie, of Hendersyde Park, Kelso. GuRNEY, Eustace, Sprowston Hall, Norwich. Happineron, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk,. HALDANE, David, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. HALDANE, William S., of Foswell, W.S., 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. Hat, Thomas, Forester, Moore Abbey, Monasterevan, Co. Kildare. Hatu, William, Head Forester, Church Cottages, Bilton, near York. HA..ey, John Y. (of Garvie & Syme), Ironmonger, etc., Perth. HAuuipAy, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay. HALLIDAY, James, Timber Merchant, Gruncruie Sawmill, Methven. HA.uipAy, John, Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Hami.ron, Andrew, Naval Architect, 124 Shiel Road, Liverpool. HaAmi.tTon, David R., Catcune Mills, Gorebridge. Hamiuton, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Hamitton, John, C.A., 34 York Place, Edinburgh. Haminton, The Right Hon. Baron, of Dalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. HANNAH, George, Overseer, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. Date of Election 1905. 1907. 1907. *1903, *1880. *1896. 1908. CAISINOY: 1905. 1897. *1880. *1908. 1905. 1892. 1904. 1906. 1905. 1896. 1869. 1902. 1909. 1906. 1907. *1908. 1901. 1908. 1893. 1893. *1906. 1898. 1910. 1908. *1901, 16 Hanson, Clarence Oldham, Deputy Conservator, Indian Forest Department, Latimer Lodge, Littledean Hill, Newnham Glouces- tershire. Harsen, Henry Andrade, J.P., Newland Park, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks. Harsorrte, William, Assistant Forester, Woodhouse, Lough- borough, Leicestershire. Harptiz, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. Harz, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. Har.ey, Andrew M., Forester, 5 Thayer Street, Manchester Square, London. Harionp, Henry, Park Forester, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. Harrison, Alexander, Apprentice C.A., 3 Napier Road, Edinburgh. Harrow, R. L., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Harv, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. Have.ock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. Hay, Athole Stanhope, of Marlefield, Roxburgh. Hay, Henry Ferguson, Forester, Cholmondeley Estate Yard, near Malpas, Cheshire. Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 8 Rennie Street, Kilmarnock. Hay, Sir Duncan Edwyn, Bart. of Haystoun, 42 Egerton Gardens, London, S. W. Hay, Thomas, Head Gardener, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Hay, William Black, Assistant Forester, Bondgate, Harewood, Leeds. Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian. HayMAN, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkcudbrightshire. Haynes, Edwin, Editor Zimber Trades Journal, 164 Aldersgate Street, London. Hecror, Thomas Gordon, Estate Clerk, Philorth Estate Office, Fraserburgh. Henderson, Henry, Overseer, Bantaskin, Falkirk. HENDERSON, John, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. HeENveEnRsON, John G. b., W.S., Nether Parkley, Linlithgow. HeENpDERSON, Peter, Factor, Ballindalloch, ~ HENDERSON, R., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Charlwood, Bury Creath, Banstead Surrey. HENDERSON, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. Henperson, William, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. HeENpDRIcK, James, B.Sc., F.I.C., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. HENKEL, John Spurgeon, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Midland Conservancy, Knysna, Cape Colony. Henry, Augustine, M.A., etc., Reader in Forestry, 23 Chesterton Road, Cambridge. Hepburn, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Prestonkirk, Date of 17 Election. *1874. *1884. 1895. 1904. *1904. *1903. *1905. *1902. 1907. 1906. 1895. 1909. 1909. *1908. 1866. 1908. *1905. 1910. 1909. *1902. *1908. leyAle 1907. *1876. 1908. 1909. 1902. 1905. 1905. 1906. 1905. 1910. 1901. *1884. *1908. Hersert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Herywoop, Arthur, Glevering Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Hix, Claude, of Messrs John Hill & Sons, Spot Acre Nurseries, Stone, Staffordshire. Hiu, George, Assistant Forester, Fothringham, Forfar. Hit, J. Smith, The Agricultural College, Aspatria. Hix, Robert Wylie, of Balthayock, Perthshire. Hiuurer, Edwin L., F.R.H.S., Nurseryman and Landscape Gardener, Culross, Winchester. HinckEs, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford. Hinps, John, Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Histor, Robert, Assistant Forester, 11 Bawdsey Street, Bawdsey Manor Estate, near Woodbridge, Suffolk. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. Hopart-Hamppren, A. C., Indian Forest Service, Ferns, Great Hampden, Great Missenden. Hopeson, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Fisher Place, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Hoa, Steuart Bayley, B.A., Newliston, Kirkliston. Hocartu, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. Hoee, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Nibbetstane, Durris, Drumoak. Houms, John A., Formaken, Erskine, Renfrewshire. HouzaPre., John William, B.Sc. and N.D.A., Student in Forestry, North Elswick Hall, Newcastle-on-Tyne. HonEYMAN, John, Overseer, Kemback Estate, Cupar, Fife. Hoop, Thomas, jun., Land Agent, Bogend, Duns. Horr, Captain Thomas, of Bridge Castle, Westfield, Linlithgowshire. Hors, H. W., of Luffness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. Hopkinson, James Garland, Factor, Drumtochty Estates Office, lla Dee Street, Aberdeen. HorspurGH, John, Aberdour House, Aberdour, Fife. Houston, Samuel, Foreman Forester, Benmore, Kilmun. Hows, James, Assistant Forester, Midhope, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. Howe, John Arnold, Forester, Kippendavie, Dunblane. Hupson, W. F. A., M.A., Lecturer on Forestry, Agricultural College, Glasgow. Hutton, George Kerse, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Wigtown- shire. Hourtron, James, Head Forester, Glendye, Banchory. ImrizE, Charles, Assistant Forester, Balgove, Rossie, Montrose. Imriz, George James, Forest Officer Transvaal Forest Service, P.O. Box 44, Belfast, Transvaal. Imriz, James, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Macdonald, 287 Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh. Inglis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. Incuis, Alexander Wood, of Glencorse, Loganbank, Milton Bridge. d Date of Election. *1904. 1909. 1891. 1904. 1895. 1901. 1909, *1906. 1904. 1901. 1906. *1908. 1907. *1906. 1898. 1896. 1907. 1904. 1909. 1899. 1910. *1901. *1883. 1907. *1907. 1900. *1882. *1902. 1903. 1888. 1893. 1907. 1867. 1909. 1896. 18 Incuis, David, Accountant, National Bank, Allanmore, Abbotshall Road, Kirkcaldy. Incuis, Walter, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. Incuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran. Innes, Alexander Berowald, of Raemoir and Dunnottar, Raemoir House, Banchory. Innes, Alexander, Forester, Drummuir, Keith. Innes, George, Forester, Kettleholm, Lockerbie. InonsIDE, William, Solicitor, Royal Bank Buildings, Oban. Irvine, Alexander Forbes, J.P., B.A.(Oxon.), Drum Castle, Aberdeen. InviINE, Cosmo Gifford, Assistant Forester, Hollycombe Estate, c/o Mrs Luckins, Wardley Marsh, Liphook, Hants. IrvINE, John, Assistant Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Glouces- tershire. Invinc, James Rae Anderson, Forester, Crawfordton Estate, Kirk- land, by Thornhill, Dunifriessbire. Izat, Alexander, C.I.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Balliliesk, Muckhart, Perthshire. Jack, David, Assistant Forester, Houston House, Houston, Johnstone. Jackson, George Erskine, B.A.(Oxon.), W.S., Kirkbuddo, Forfar. JAMIESON, James, Forester, Yuyslas, Llanarthney R.S.O., Car- marthenshire. JARDINE, Sir R. W. B., Bart. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. JERVOISE, Francis Henry Tristram, J.P., Herriard Park, Basingstoke. JOANNIDES, Pericles, Student of Forestry, Willesden, Sporting Club Station, Ramlek, Egypt; and 4 Merchiston Place, Edinburgh. JoHNSTON, David T., Gardener, Dalmeny House Gardens, Edinburgh. Jounston, Edward, Forester, Dalquharran, Dailly, Ayrshire. Jounston, Frank James, Nurseryman and Forester, Claycroft, Dalbeattie. Jounsron, James, F.S.1., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. JOHNSTON, Robert, Foresier, Bon Kyl Estate, Duns, Berwickshire, Jounston, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. JoHNSTONE, Richard, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen. JOHNSTONE, William, Head Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk. Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, 8S. W. Jonas, Robert Collier, Land Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London. Jones, Ireton Arthur, of Kennick & Co., Delgany Nurseries, Co. Wicklow. Jones, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire. JONES, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert. Kay, James, Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. Kay, James, Wood Manager, Bute Estates, Rothesay. Kay, John, Assistant Gardener, Grangemuir Lodge, Prestwick. Kerr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld. Date of 19 Election. 1906. PLIOS: 1910. *1901. *1890. 1906. 1899. 1904. 1901. eso: *1908. 1896. 1907. 1894. *1908. 1900. 1910. *1906. *1903. 1906. 1905. *1898. 1908. *1902. 1910. 1898. 1907. 1907. *1896. *1901. *1894. 1899, *1905. *1906. *1896. 1906. 1901. 1897. Kerr, James S., Estate Manager, Borrodale, Arisaig. Keira, Marshall John, Factor, Brucklay Estates Office, Aberdour House, Fraserburgh. Kemp, Tainsh, Saw Mill Manager, Lochend Road, Leith. Kennepy, Frederick D. C.-Shaw-, Dyroch, Maybole. KENNEDY, James, Doonholm, Ayr. KENNEDY, Stewart Winter, Assistant Forester, Glamis. KENNEDY, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. KENNEDY, Colonel Watson, Wiveton Hall, Cley, Norfolk. Kent, William, Forester, Burnfoot, Barskimming, Mauchline. Kerr, John, Farmer, Barney Mains, Haddington. Kern, J. Ernest, of Harviestoun, Harviestoun, Dollar. Kerries, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth. Krpp, John, Forester, Hackwood Park, W., Basingstoke. Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds. Kimmett, John, Forester, The Lodge, Glenstriven, Toward, Argyllshire. Kine, David, Nurseryman, Osborne Nurseries, Murrayfield. KININMONTH, Robert, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Krnuocu, Charles Y., of Gourdie, by Murthly. KrnnairpD, The Hon. Douglas A., Master of Kinnaird, 10 St James Square, London. Kinnear, Alexander T., Wood Manager and Forester, Jeaniebank House, Old Scone, Perth. Kinross, D. A., Farmer, Hillend, Clackmannan. Kinross, John, Architect, 2 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. KiprEN, John, Assistant Forester, Doune Lodge, Doune. KiprEN, William James, Advocate, B.A., LL.B., Westerton, Balloch, Dumbartonshire. KirKPATRICK, James, Forester, Balhary, Meigle. Kyuiacuy, The Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. Larrp, Charles, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, Dalze]], Motherwell. Laird, John, Forester, Powerscourt, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow. Larrp, Robert, Nurseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Lamp, Alexander, Overseer, Freeland, Forgaudenny. LAminGctron, The Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., Lamington, Lanarkshire. LamonD, Alexander, Forester, Freeland, Forgandenny. Lamont, Norman, M.P., of Knockdow, Toward, Argyleshire. LANGLANDS, James H., Cunmont House, by Dundee. LAnsDowNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square, London, 8. W. Lauper, Alexander, D.Sc., Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. LAuDER, William, Steward, Summerhill House, Enfield, Co. Meath. LAvRIsron, John, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs James Blair, Wynd, Cumbernauld. 20 Date of Election. 1906. 1902. 1904. 1905. 1909. 1909. 1880. 1908. 1909. *1868. *1893. *1881. 1907. *1909. 1879. 1907. 1909. 1905. *1908. 1908. *1883. 1909. 1907. *1898. *1880. *1875. 1909. 1898. *1900. 1908. *1908. *1891. 1900. 1908. *1875. *1900. *1909. Lawson, William, Assistant Factor, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. LEARMONT, John, Nurseryman, Larchfield Nurseries, Dumfries. Legs, D., of Pitscottie, Cupar, Fife. Legs, Ernest A. G., Factor, Durris Estate, by Aberdeen. Le Fann, Victor Charles, B.A., F.S.I., Estate Office, Bray, Co. Wicklow. LeGAT, Charles Edward, B.Sc.(Agric.), Chief of Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture, Transvaal, Pretoria. LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire. Lesiz, Archibald Stewart, W.S., Factor to Colonel A. G. Leslie of Kiuinvie, etc., 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Leiru, Lord, of Fyvie, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire. LxEsLig, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland. LEVEN, George, Forester, Auchincruive, Ayr. LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. LinpsAy, Hugh, Head Forester, Torwoodlee Estate, Galashiels. Linpsay, John, Under Forester, Station Lodge, Brodie. Linpsay, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Linpsay, William, of Messrs J. & H. Lindsay, Ltd., Tourist Agents, 18 St Andrew Street, Edinburgh. Little, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Burnside Cottage, Canonbie. Logan, David, Factor, Saltoun, Pencaitland. Logan, Douglas Campbell, Assistant Factor, Portree House, Portree, Isle of Skye. Loegug, Hugh, Forester, Knockdow, Toward, Argyleshire, Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. LoneGMuIR, James, Assistant Forester, Monreith, Port-William. Lourir, Rey. John Smeaton, Minister of Foveran, Manse of Foveran, Aberdeen. Lovat, The Right Hon. Lord, C.B., D.S.0., Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness. Love, J. W., clo Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South Australia. LovELAce, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley lowers, Woking, Surrey. Low, David, Assistant Forester, Brook Cottage, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. Low, James, Forester, Ballindalloch, Strathspey. Low, William, B.Sc., of Balmakewan, Marykirk, Kincardineshire. LOWDEN, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Canmore, Alberta, Canada. LuMSDEN, George James, Aithernie, Lundin Links, Fife. LuMsDEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. LuMsDEN, Robert, jun., 11 Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh. Lunn, George, Forester, Invercauld, Ballater. LurrreELL, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire. LYELL, Sir Leonard, Bart. of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. Lye, Alexander Park, of Glendelvine, Murthly. Date of Election. *1907. M‘ArnsH, Duncan, Wood Merchant, Crieff. 1908. M‘Arnsu, R., Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. 1906. Macauprne-Leny, Major R. L., of Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire. 1909. MacArtruur, Alaster, Bank Agent, etc., Inverary. 1909. M‘Barn, John, M.A., Headmaster, High School for Girls, 35 Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. 1907. M‘Barn, William, Forester, Estates Office, Drumnadrochit. *1892. MacBran, Simon, Land Steward, Erskine, Bishopton. 1896. M‘Braru, David, Forester, Brinscall, Chorley, Lancashire. 1908. M‘Cauuum, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dunira Cottages, Comrie, Perthshire. 1908. M‘Cauuum, D., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormontfield, Perth. 1894. M‘Catium, Edward, Overseer, Kerse Estate, Falkirk. 1898. M‘Catium, James, Forester, Canford, Wimborne, Dorset. *1901. M‘Catitum, Thomas W., Retired Ground Officer, Dailly, Ayrshire. 1904. M‘CLELLAN, Frank C., Zanzibar Government Service, Pemba, via Zanzibar, East Africa. *1870. M‘CorquopaLE, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. 1893. M‘Cousriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland. 1900. Macprarmip, Hugh, Factor, Island House, Tiree, Oban. 1904. Macponatp, Alexander, Factor, Meggernie, Aberfeldy. 1907. MacDonatp, Alexander, Farmer, Rhives, Delny. 1908. M‘Donatp, Donald, Assistant Forester, 166 Darnley Street, Pollok- shields, Glasgow. 1901. Macponatp, Mrs Eleanor E., The Manse, Swinton. 1893. Macponatp, George U., Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. 1908. MacponaLp, The Hon. Godfrey Evan Hugh, Factor, Macdonald Estates Office, Portree. *1900. Macponaxp, Harry L., of Dunach, Oban. *1894. MACDONALD, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. 1897. M‘Donat.p, James N. B., Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. *1903. MacpoNnaLp, James Farquharson, 8.S.C. and N.P., Kilmuir, Linlithgow. 1895. MacponatD, John, Forester, Skibo, Dornoch. 1908. M‘Donaup, John, Foreman Forester, Culzean Estate, Maybole. 1908. MacponaLp, John Ronald M., of Largie, M.A., D.L., J.P., Largie Castle, Tayinloan, Kintyre. 1910. MacDonatp, John, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. 1907. MaAcponaxp, T. Martin, of Barguillean, Taynuilt. 1906. Macponatp, William Kid, Windmill House, Arbroath. 1904. M‘Donatp, William Yeats, of Auquharney, Hatton, Aberdeenshire. 1894. M‘Dovcatt, Alex., Forester, Tuncombe Park, Helmsley R.S.0O., Yorks, Date of bo bo Election. 1907. *1895. *1884. 1906. 1909. 1908. 1909. 1904. 1901. 1898. 1907. 1909. 1910. *1904. *1901. 1901. 741901: 1904. 1908. *1902. 1902. *1908. 1896. 1899. *1906. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1905. 1906. 1904. 1901. 1894. 1907. 1905. *1895. “1879: 1904, MAcpovuGALt, James, Assistant Forester, Inverliever Estate, Dalavich, Kilchrenan, Lochaweside. MacDovcatt, Professor Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. Macpvurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth. M‘Ewan, James, Assistant Forester, Glamis. M‘Eway, John, Assistant Forester, Castle Lachlan, by Greenock. M‘Ewan, W., Assistant Forester, Drummond Cottage, Logiealmond, by Perth. MacEwan, William, Assistant Forester, Pollok. M‘Ewan, Wm., Forester, Allangrange, Munlochy, Ross-shire. M‘Ewen, Alexander, Overseer, Castle Lachlan, Stralachlan, Greenock. MacrapYeENn, Donald, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill, Macrartank, Archibald, Timber Merchant, Harbour Saw-mills, Paisley. M‘Fartanr, Peter Graham, Assistant Forester, East End, Gartmore. MacFarquHark, Donald, Forester, Port Glas, Kenmore, Aberfeldy. Macrik, John William, of Dreghorn, Rowton Hall, Chester. ; M‘Garva, Gilbert Ramsay, Factor, Estate Office, Innes, Elgin. M‘Guie, John, Overseer, Kelburne Estate, Fairlie. M‘Gipson, Donald, Forester, Rossie Estate, Inchture. M‘Gizpon, R., Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham. M‘GLASHAN, Jawes, Forester, Belladrum, by Beauly. MacGrecor, Alasdair Ronald, Edinchip, Lochearnhead. M‘Grecor, Alexander, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co. MacGrecor, Alexander, Iron Merchant, Ravenswood, Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire. M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld. M‘Grecor, Archibald, Forest Office, Forestry Department, Nairobi, B.E.A. MacGrecor, Evan Malcolm, Factor, Ard Choille, Perth. MacGrecor, James, Head Forester, Broomhill, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan. M‘Grecor, John, Assistant Forester, Brucefield, Clackmannan. M‘Grecor, John, Wood Merchant, Tam’s Brig Sawmills, Ayr. M‘Harpy, James, Forester, Forgleu, Turiff, Aberdeenshire. M‘Harpy, Peter, Seedsman, 30 Guild Street, Aberdeen. M ‘Harpy. William, Forester, Chancefield, Falkland, Fife. M‘Harrigz, John W., City Gardener, City Chambers, Edinburgh. M‘Itwrairu, Wm., Forester, Riddell, Lilliesleaf, Roxburghshire. M‘Ixnes, William, Assistant Forester, Advie, Strathspey. M‘Inrosu, Alexander, Foreman Forester, Townsend Street, Birr, King’s Co., Ireland. Macrnrosu, D. L., The Gardens, Stronvar, Lochearnhead. M‘Inrosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews. M‘Inrosn, Robert, Forester, Cullentragh Cottage, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow. Date of Election. *1885. MacInrosu, William, Fife Estates Office, Banff. 1901. Macinrosu, William, Forester, New Chapel, Boncath R.S.O., South Wales. 1907. M‘Inryre, Charles, Forester, Inver, Dunkeld. 1910. Macrnryre, John Finlayson, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. 1908. Macintyre, Peter Brown, Findon Mains, Conon Bridge. 1898. Mackay, Aineas J. G., LL.D., Advocate, 2 Albyn Place, Edin- burgh. 1892. M‘Kay, Allan, c/o Park & Co., Ltd., Timber Merchants, Fraser- burgh. 1910. Mackay, James Waite, Forest Apprentice, Novar (c/o Miss Munro, Holly Bank, Evanton, Ross-shire). 1865. Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder. 1908. M‘Kay, Murdo, Forester, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. 1887. Mackay, Peter, Forester and Overseer, Bargany Mains, Dailly, Ayr- shire. 1907. Mackay, William, Factor, Chisholm Estates, 19 Union Street, Inverness. 1900. M‘Krcunig, Angus, As-istant Forester, Walkergate, Alnwick. 1891. MAcKENDRICK, James, Forester, Estate Office, Pallas, Longhrea, Co. Galway. 1908. MacKenzin, A., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. 1908. Mackenzig, Major A. F., of Ord, Ord House, Muir of Ord. 1867. Mackenzir, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. 1909. MAcKENzIE, Alex. James, Factor, 62 Academy Street, Inverness. 1907. Mackenzi®, Sir Arthur, Bart. of Coul, Strathpeffer. 1901. Mackenzig, Charles, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. 1909. MackeEnzts, Charles J. S., Assistant Forester, Caberfeidh, Carr Bridge. 1908. I‘Kenzie, Colin, Assistant Forester, Hursley Park, Hants. 1901. M‘Kenzir, Daniel, Forester, Wynyard Estate, Stockton-on-Tees. *1872. Mackenziz, Donald F., F.S.I., Estate Office, Mortonhall, Edin- burgh. 1904. MAckENnzir, Major E. Walter Blunt, Castle Leod, Strathpeffer. 1908. MAckENzIBF, Evan North Barton, Kilcoy Castle, Killearnan. 1908. MACKENZIE-GILLANDERS, Captain E. B., of Highfield, Muir of Ord. *1893. MackuNnzin, James, Forester, Cullen House, Cullen, 1899. M‘Kernzin, James, Wood Merchant, Carr Bridge, Inverness-shire. 1897. MacKeNzik, John, Forester, Holmhead, Daljarrock, Ayrshire, 1907. MAcKeENziIg, John, jun., Factor, Dunvegan, Skye. 1900. Mackernzir, Sir Kenneth John, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. 1908. Mackenzie, Nigel Banks, Factor, Fort William. 1908. Mackenzi®, Nigel Blair, Assistant Factor, Fort William. 1907. MAcKENzIE, Colonel Stewart, of Seaforth, Brehan Castle, Dingwall. 1907. MAckrnzIE, W. Dalziel, of Farr, Inverness. 1896. MACKENzIE, Win., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire, Date of Election, 1905. M‘Kercnar, John, Commercial Traveller and Seedsman, 35 Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. *1897. M‘Kerrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. 1907. MacKnzzacxk, George Ross, of Ardgye, Elgin. 1909. M‘Kre, Henry B., Factor, Freeland, Erskine, Bishopton. *1898. MacKrnnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth 1883. MacKinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade. 1902. MacKinnon, John, Gardener, Terregles, Dumfries. 1907. Mackinnon, Robert, Forester, Smithton, Culloden. 1878. Mackinrosu, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness. *1905. Mackintosu, W. E., Yr. of Kyllachy, 28 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. *1895. MacLAcHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, 12 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. 1904. MacLaacAn, George C. R., Forester, Munday Cottages, Aberdalgie. 1903. MacniacGAN, John G., Overseer, Lethendy Cottage, Glenalmond, Perthshire. 1901. M‘Laren, Donald, Ellistoun, 19 St Andrew Street, Ayr. 1908. M‘Largn, James, Sub-Agent, Haggerston, Beal, Northumberland. *1879. M‘LAREN, John, 12 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. 1909. MacLarry, Alexander Sinclair, Forester, Tullichewan Cottage, Alexandria. *1898. MacueAn, Archibald Douglas, J.P., Harmony, Balerno. 1908. M‘LEAN, Donald, Factor, Sutherland Estate Offices, Golspie. 1906. M‘Lran, James Smith, Forester, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire. 1902. Maciean, Peter, Forester, Invergarry. 1898. M‘LENNAN, John, TheGardens, Castle Boro, Enniscorthy, Co. Wexford. 1909. MacLENNAN, Murdo, Assistant Forester, Hopetoun, South Queens- ferry. 1901. M‘Lxop, Peter, Nurseryman, Perth. 1908. M‘MiuLan, Duncan, Estate Overseer, Hafton 8.0., Sandbank. 1895. MAcmILLAN, John D., Steward, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales. 1910. M‘Morran, Peter, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. *1904. M‘Naps, David Borrie, Solicitor, Clydesdale Bank, Bothwell. 1909. M‘Nair, Gregor, Overseer, Conaglen, Ardgour. 1903. M‘Naucuron, George, Assistant Forester, Turleum Cottage, Drummond Castle, Crieff. 1903. M‘NaucGutTon, John, Forester, Auchterarder House, Perth. 1906. MacNicout, David Greenhill, Assistant Forester, Glamis. 1910. M‘PHeErson, Alexander, Tayness, Kilmartin, Lochgilphead. 1909. MacpHErRsoN, Duncan, Foreman Forester, Erskine, Bishopton. 1900. M‘Rakg, Alexander, Forester, Dundrum, Co. Tipperary. *1899. Macrar-GitstraPp, Major John, of Ballimore, Otter Ferry, Argyll- shire. 1900. M‘Rakr, Henry, Assistant Forester, Ufton, Southam, Rugby. 1908. M‘Rar, John, Assistant Forester, Lintonill, Cullen, Banffshire. 1908. MAcrar, Sir Colin G., W.S., 45 Moray Place, Edinburgh. 1906. Macrar, John, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. 1907. M‘Raw, Donald, Manager, Strathgarve, Garve R.S.O. “1879. MacRrronre, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. Date of 25 Election. 1895. 1905, *1905 1908. *1880. 1907. *1895. *1909. *1898. 1896. *1895. 1909. *1901. *1905. 1899. 1893. 1907. 1910. *1876. 1909. *1884. 1907. 1910. 1893. 1901. 1909. *1894. 1907. 1907. 1896. *1904. 1891. *1893. 1886. 1908. 1908. 1905. 1907. 1896. 1906. M‘Tavisu, John, Assistant Forester, The Glen, Skelbo, Sutherland. M‘ViInNIz£, Samuel, Forester, Skeagarvie, Rcssmore Park, Monaghan. Mair.anp, A. D. Steel, of Sauchie, etc., Sauchieburn, Stirling. Matcotm, George, Factor, Invergarry, Inverness-shire. Matcoum, Lieut.-Col. E. D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead. MALxkIN, Herbert C., J.P., 46 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W. MANN, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. Mann, James, of Castlecraig, Dolphinton. MAnsFieLp, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth. Mar Anp Ketuir, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa. MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds. Marspren, Reginald Edward, Indian Forest Service, 13 Leinster Gardens, London, W. MarsHAaut, Archd. M‘Lean, Crogen, Corwen, North Wales. MARSHALL, Henry Brown, of Rachan, Broughton. MarsHALL, John, Timber Merchant, ete., Maybole. MARSHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, 2 Dean Terrace, Bo'ness. MarsHALL, William, Assistant Forester, Castle Grant, Grantown-on- Spey. Martin, Lieut-Col. Martin, Upper Ostaig, by Broadford, Isle of Skye. MarrIn, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. : Masst£, George Duncan, Solicitor (Hon. Secretary, Aberdeen Branch), 143 Union Street, Aberdeen. Massin, W. H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Masson, William, Forester, Meikleour, Perth. MASTERTON, James, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Kennet Cottages, Alloa. Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso. Matruews, Robert, Land Steward, Duncrub Park, Dunning. Maung, James, Timber Merchant, Hebden Bridge, Yorks. Mavucuan, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.O, Yorks, Maw, Percival Trentham, Holmsdale, Nutfield, Surrey. Maxtong#, James, Overseer, Strathallan, Machany, Perthshire. MAxToNE, John, Forester, Duff House, Banff. Maxwe tt, Aymer, Yr. of Monreith, Wigtownshire, Lieutenant, Grena- dier Guards. MAXWELL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole. MAXWELL, Sir John Stirling-, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. MAXxwELL, The Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. MAXWELT, Wellwood, of Kirkennan, Dalbeattie. MAxweE Lt, William James, Factor, Terregles Banks, Dumfries. MAXweE tt, William Jardine Herries, of Munches, Dalbeattie. Meacuer, Sydney George, Land Agent, Marlee, Blairgowrie. MEIKLEJOHN, John J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. MeE.tprvum, Thomas C., Nurseryman, Forfar. Date of Electon. 1899. MretviniE, David, The Gardens, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. 1901. Menzi&s, James, Assistant Forester, Dollardstown Nursery, Wageney, Carlow. *1908. Munzies, William Dudgeon Graham, J.P., Hallyburton, Coupar- Angus. *1880. MrsHam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire. 1906. Meston, William, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris, Aberdeen. 1877. Mrruven, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street Edinburgh. 1869. Mrrnuven, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries. Edinburgh. , 1892. Mreruven, John, Viewforth, Kennoway, Fife. *1881. Micurr, John, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. 1893. Micuie, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. *1893. MippiEMmass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth. 1905. MippLEron, James, Factor, Brachead House, Kilmarnock. 1919. MippieTon, James, Assistant Forester, 63 Manse Street, Renfrew. *1905. Mitiar, John, Timber Merchant, Greenhaugh Saw-1imills, Govan. 1908. Mriiar, John W., Manager, Eldin Chemical Co., Loanhead. 1908. Mitier, James, Assistant Forester, Dalerue Cottage, Almondbank, Perth. *1908. Miter, Robert E., Bonnycraig, Peebles. 1910. Mitiican, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Wellington Cottage, Houston, by Johnstone. 1910. Miniican, J. A., Assistant Forester, Ivy House, Baslow, Derbyshire. 1899. Miunr, Alexander, Factor, Urie Estate Office, Stonehaven. 1902. Mitne, Alexander, Forester, Charboro’ Park, Wareham, Dorset. 1903. Mitnn, Colonel George, of Logie, Aberdeenshire. 1904. Mitnr, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Nursery Cottage, Tarbrax, by Forfar. 1908. Mitnn, G., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormontfield, Perth. 1895. Minn, James, Land Steward, Carstairs House, Carstairs. 1906. Mitner, John, Assistant Forester, Woodlands, Durris, Aberdeen. 1899. Mrunpn, Ritchie, Assistant, Annandale Kstate Office, Hillside, Lockerbie. *1898. Miutne, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on Tweed. 1890. Miinn, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. 1902. Mitnr, William, Forester, Huntly Hill, Stracathro, Brechin. 1906. Mrinr, William, Nurseryman (Wm. Fell & Co., Ltd.), Hexham. 1901. Mitnn-Homr, David William, of Wedderburn, Caldra, Duns. “1897. Mitnr-Home, J. Hepburn, Irvine House, Canonbie. 1894. Mrtsom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. *1909. MirrieLrss, Frederick Donald, B.A.Oxon., of Pasture Wood, Dorking, Surrey. 1904. MircHEe1, Alexander, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. 1898. Mircue.1, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun, i Date of Election *1882. 1904, *1902. 1904. 1901. 1909. 1903. 1902. 1909. 1909. *1908. *1895. 1897. *1906. 1907. 1903. *1897. *1899. *1895. 1907. 1895. *1908. 1908. 1903. 1905. 1905. *1908. 1907. 1908. 1906. 1906. 1890. 1901. 1904. 1903. 1895. 1906. 1902. 1908. 1905. 1900, MircHe.t, Francis, Forester, Woburn, Beds. MircHeiL, James, Organising Secretary for Technical Education to Fife County Council, County Buildings, Cupar, Fife. MircHett, John, jun., Timber Merchant, Leith Walk Saw-mills, Leith. MitcHett, John Irvine, M.A., Teacher, 3 Craighouse Terrace, Edinburgh. Mircuett, William Geddes, Estate Agent, Doneraile, Co. Cork. MircHett, William, Foreman Forester, Skippers Cottage, Langholm. Mornay, Archibald E., Land Agent, ete., Lissadell, Thelorgan Park, Co. Dublin. Morrat, John, Forester, Blackwood, Lesmahagow. Morrat, William, Forester, Castle Wemyss, Weymss Bay. Moffatt, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Morser, Cyril, P.A.S.I., Heworth Grange, York. MoncreiFFs, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth. Moon, Frederick, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. Moon, John Laurence, Forest Ranger, Forestry Department, Nairobi, British East Africa. Moors, Frederick G., Assistant Forester, Estate Office, Colwyn Bay. Moray, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Morean, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire, Morean, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Glamis. MoreGan, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Morrison, Andrew, Estate Manager, Brodie Mains, Forres. Morrison, Hew, LL.D., Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library. Morrison, Hugh, Little Ridge, Tisbury, Wilts. Morrison, John, Factor, House of Tongue, Sutherland. Morrison, William, Manufacturer, 61 Grant Street, St George Road, Glasgow. Morton, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Douglas, Lanarkshire. MoruHeErwett, A. B., Writer, Airdrie. Movgray, John J., Naemoor, Rumbling Bridge. Moutrtriz£, James, Assistant Forester, Star, Balbirnie, Markinch. Mowat, George, Forester, Carmichael, Thankerton, Lanarkshire. Mowarz, John, Overseer, Hazelhead Estate, Aberdeen. Murr, William, Estate Clerk, Broomlands, Kelso. MurrueaD, George, F.R.S.E., Commissioner, Speybank, Fochabers. MULLIN, John, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. Munro, Alexander, Overseer, Invereshie, Kincraig. Munro, Alexander J., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Munro, Donald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Norfolk. Munro, Donald, Wood Merchant, Ravenswood, Banchory. Munro, George A., 8.S.C., 6 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. Munro, George, M.B.C.M., 51 Albany Street, Leith ; and Kergord, Shetland. Muwro, Sir Hector, Bart. of Foulis Castle, Evanton, Ross-shire. Munro, Hugh R., Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Date of Election. *1902, 1910. 1907. 1907. 1909. *1909. *1892. 1910. 1904. 1906. 1900. 1902. 1904. 1900. *1896. *1899. 1904. 1907. *1905. *1909. “1909_ 1893. *1908. 1910. 1893. 1895. 1906. *1903. 1909. 1901. *1901. *1893. *1902. *1899. 1899. 1904. *1909. 1910. 28 Munro, Hugh Thomas, Lindertis, Kirriemuir. Munro, James Watson, Student for B.Sc. in Agriculture and Forestry, c/o Lindsay, 15 Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh. Munro, John, Foreman Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Munro, John, Land Steward and Forester, The Lodge, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. Munro, William, Factor, Glenferness, Dunphail. Mvrray, Major Alastair Bruce, of Polmaise, Stirling. Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murtbly, Perthshire. Murray, Arthur, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Argyll. Murray, Charles A., of Taymount, Stanley. Murray, David, Assistant Forester, Windsor Cottage, Fern, by Brechin. Murray, George J. B., Forester, Holylee, Walkerburn. Murray, Bailie John, J.P., 9 Strathearn Road, Edinburgh. Murray, John M_., Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Murray, William, of Murraythwaite, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. Murray. William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Narrn, Sir Michael B., Bart. of Rankeillour, Manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. Nairn, Robert, Forester, Rowallan, Kilmarnock. Nasu, William, Assistant Forester, Airdsmill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nasmytu, Norman, of Glenfarg, Glenfarg Lodge, Abernethy. Naytor, John Murray, Laighton Hall, Welshpool. Netsu, Edward William, Advocate, ete., Woodville, Greenock. NELSON, Robert, Assistant Forester, Hannahgate Cottage, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire. Netson, Thomas Arthur, of Achnacloich, Connel, Argyleshire. Newton, James Whittet, Student for B.Sc. in Agriculture and Forestry, c/o Lindsay, 15 Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh. Nico, James, Forester, Aird’s Mill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nico, James, Forester, Croxteth, Liverpool. Nicoi, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Ordhead, Aberdeenshire. Nicou, William Edward, D.L., J.P., of Ballogie, Aboyne. Nicoiti, William, Assistant Forester, Blair Drummond Cottages, Perthshire. NIco.., William Peter, Assistant Forester, Kippe, Kingsbarns, Fife. Nicotson, Edward Badenach, Advocate, 12 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. Nisset, J., D.(Ec., Royal Societies’ Club, 63 St James Street, London, S.W. Nishet, Robert C., Farmer, Kingsknowe, Slateford. Noggs, Eric Arthur, B.S., Ph.D., Department of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Nose, Charles, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour. Nose, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Bunachton, Inverness. OcILVIE, George Hamilton, Westlands, Broughty Ferry. Octtvy, Mrs Mary Georgiana Constance N. Hamilton, of Biel, Prestonkirk. Date of 29 Election. 1906. 1908. *1908. 1900. 1909. *1894. “TREE *1906. 1906. 1907. 1902. 1906. 1875. 1908. 1908. 1900. *1879. *1898. *1902. 1898. 1908, 1897. 1899. 1909. *1908. *1900. 1904. *1897. EUS9o: 1908. *1896. *1896. *1896. 1902. 1901. 1897. 1902, 1908. 1899. 1896. *1898. Ocitvi8, Thomas, D.L., J.P., Kepplestone, Aberdeen. Ocsron, Alexander Milne, of Ardoe, near Aberdeen. Ogston, James, of Kildrummy, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire. cae Joseph, Assistant Forester, Quarterbank, Abercairney, rieff. Ottver, Colonel William J., of Lochside, Kelso (18 Victoria Place, Stirling). OrkNEY, William C., Surveyor’s Office, Montrose Royal Asylum, Orr-Ewine, Sir Archibald Ernest, Bart , Ballikinrain Castle, Balfron. Orr, George W., Cowdenhall, Neilston. Orr, Harry D., Timber Merchant, 73 Saltergate, Chesterfield. Oswatp, Major Julian, Kindar Lodge, New Abbey, Dumfries. OswaLp, Richard Alexander, of Auchincruive, Ayr. Owen, Harry, Foreman Forester, Peacock Cottage, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. Park, Robert, Contractor, Hamilton Street, Motherwell. PaTERSON, Alexander, Foreman Forester, Linton, Morebattle, Kelso. PaTERSON, George, Timber Merchant, 64 Queen’s Road, Aberdeen. Paton, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Paton, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. Paton, Tom W., Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. PatTrEeRsoN, Thomas L., Nisbet, Pentcaitland, East Lothian. Pearson, Andrew, Commissioner, Dalkeith House, Dalkeith. PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks. PEearson, James, Factor, The Cottage, Airdrie. Pearti£, William, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. PENTLAND, Lord, The Right Hon., Secretary for Scotland, Dover House, Whitehall, London. Prrrins, C. W. Dyson, of Ardross, Ardross Castle, Alness. Perers, William, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Markinch, Fifeshire. Puruip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire. Purp, William Watt, Factor, Estate Office, Gigha, Argyleshire. PHILLIPS, John, Nurseryman, Granton Road, Edinburgh. Puixp, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. Pup, John, Timber Merchant, Campbel! Street, Dunfermline. PitMAN, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. PiumMER, C. H. Scott, of Sunderland Hall, Selkirk, Poutock, Alexander, Rustic Builder, Tarbolton, Ayrshire. PooLE, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh. PorErt?, E. P., Assistant Surveyor, Forest of Dean, Coleford, Glouces- tershire. Porteous, James, Solicitor and Factor, Coldstream, Porrkous, Colonel James, of Turfhills, Kinross. PRENTICE, George, Strathore, Kirkcaldy, Fife. Price, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick. Date of Election. 1908. 1908. 1908. *1908. 1907. 1907. 1907. *1876. oon 1898. 1899. 1902. 1897. 1907. *1908. *1908, 1904. 1907, *1855. *1908. 1870. 1909. 1908. 1905. 1905. 1901. 1908. 1909. 1894. 1907. 1910. 1905. 1903. 1908. 1910. 1901. *1908. *1873. 30 Princie, James Lewis, of Torwoodlee, J.P., D.L., B.A., Torwoodlee, Galashiels. PrircHARD, Henry A., Professor of Estate Management and Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. Procror, John, Assistant Forester, Castle Stead, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. Purvis, Colonel Alexander, St Andrews. Purvis, George, Forester, Cowden Estate, Dollar. Rag, Frederick S., Assistant Forester, Pollok, Pollokshaws. Rae, Louis, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Estate, Motherwell. Rak, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. RaAFFAN, Alexander, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. RAFFAN, James, Estate Steward, Fota Farm, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork. RaFn, Johannes, Tree-Seed Merchant, Skovfrékontoret, Copen- hagen, F. {ALPH, William, I.8.0., Forrester Road, Corstorphine. Ratstron, A. Agnew, Factor, Philipstoun House, West Lothian. Rauston, Charles W., Chamberlain on Dukedom of Queensberry, Dabton, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Ratsron, Claude, Factor, Estates Office, Glamis. Ra.stron, Gavin, Factor, Glamis. Raxston, Gavin W., M.A., Advocate, 6 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. Ramsay, William, J.P., Longmorn House, Longmorn R.S.0O. RAMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., Byram Hall, Ferrybridge, Normanton. Ratrray, Lieut.-General Sir James Clark, K.C.B., of Craighall Rattray, Blairgowrie. Rarrray, Thos. , Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucestershire, RarTRAY, William, Wood Merchant, Tullylumb Terrace, Perth. REDPATH, John, Forester, Paxton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Rep, Alexander T., Assistant, Foret de Berlredine, Medjez-Spa, Bone, Algeria. Rep, Andrew, The Gardens, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. Re1p, Hugh, Forester, Ashton Court, Long Ashton, near Bristol. Reid, J., Assistant Forester, Ardgilzean, Old Scone, Perth. REID, James, jun., Assistant Forester, Balbirnie, Milldeans, Markinch, REID, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. REID, John, Assistant Forester, Mill House, Brig o’ Turk, Callander. Rerp, Peter, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Argyll. REID, Robert, Overseer, Kincairney, Dunkeld. ReIp, Robert Matelé, Druimneil, Appin, Argyleshire. REID, Wm., Estate Overseer, Kildrummy Castle, Mossat, Aberdeen- shire. Reis, Gordon Stanley, B.Se., The Laurels, Bright’s Crescent, Edinburgh. RENNIE, Joseph, Overseer, Hillend, Possil, Maryhill. ReEnsHAW, Charles Stephen Bine, B.A., Barochan, Houston. {ICHARDSON, Adam D., 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. 31 Date of Election. 1910. Rrac, Patrick Home, of Tarvit, Cupar. 1907. Rite, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Lazenby, Eston R.S.O., Yorks. 1892. Rircuig, Alexander, Overseer, Brucehill, Cardross Estate, Port of Menteith. *1908. Rircure, Charles Ronald, Law Apprentice, 37 Royal Terrace, Edin- burgh. *1876. Rircure, William, Hope Lodge, Moffat. 1898. Rircuiz, Wm., Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth. 1906. Ritchie, Wm. H., of Dunnottar House, Stonehaven. 1906. Ross, Archibald, Riverslea, Rothes. 1900. Rose, John, Road Surveyor, County Buildings, Edinburgh. *1909. Roperts, Alex. Fowler, of Fairnilee, Clovenfords, Galashiels. 1904. Robertson, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Meikledams, Durris. 1909. Rogertson, Alexander, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling. *1897. Ropertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. 1897. Ropertson, Andrew N., Forester, Glenferness, Dunphail. 1899. Roperrson, Charles, Forester, Colstoun Old Mill, Gifford. *1879. Rospertson, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. *1907. Rogertson, Edward Hercules, B.A., Advocate, Burnside, Forfar. 1896. Ropertson, George, Forester, Ponsbourne Park Estate, near Hertford. 1908. Rozerrson, George, Assistant Forester, The Cottage, Stormontfield, Perth. 1900. Ropertson, James, Assistant Forester, Perlethorpe, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. 1904. Roperrson, James, Assistant Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. *1866. Robertson, Jas., Wood Manager, Taybank Cottage, Barnhill, Broughty Ferry. *1905. RoBERTsON, James Morton, of Cowieslinn, Portmore House, Eddleston. 1905. Roperrson, James W., Head Gardener, Letham Grange and Fern, Arbroath. 1907. Rosertson, J. P., Forester, Edensor, Bakewell. *1905. Rospertson, John, Factor, Panmure Estates Office, Carnoustie. 1896. Rogpertson, John, Forester, Altyre, Forres. 1909. Ropertson, John Alexander, c/o Macdonald, 65 St Stephen Street, Edinburgh. 1895. Rosertson, Thomas, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. 1907. Robertson, Thomas, Forester, Edgehead Ford, Dalkeith. 1910. RoBERTSONWHITE, John Peregine, M.A., LU.B., Advocate in Aberdeen, 80 Union Street, Aberdeen. 1909. Ropinson, Alfred Whitmore, Forester, Bamford, near Sheffield. 1902. Rosrnson, Stewart, ‘‘ The Ovals,” Kington, Herefordshire. *1890. Rosrnson, William, Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex. 1899. Roxgson, Alex., of Smith & Son, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. 1901. Rosson, Alexander, Head Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Culzean, Maybole. *1897. Rogson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. 32 Date of Election. 1900. Rogson, John, Assistant Forester, Baronscourt, Co. Tyrone. 1893. Ropcer, James, Forester, Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare. 1908. Rocers, E. Percy, Estate Office, Stanage Park, Brampton Byran, Herefordshire. *1883. Rotio, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Worlsworth, Master of Rollo, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perthshire. 1893. RomANzs, James, C.A., Fordel, Melrose. *1872. Rosepery, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., K.T., Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1898. Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff. 1905. Ross, John S., Factor’s Clerk, Monreith Estate Office, Wigtownshire. *1906. RoxpurGHE, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Floors Castle, Kelso. 1903. Rue, John, Forester, Huntly. *1908. RussELL, David, Silverburn, Leven. 1893. RurHEerForD, JamesA., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks. 1910. RurHERFORD, James, Assistant Forester, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 1909. RuTHERFoRD, J. D., Apprentice W.S., 198 Grange Loan, Edinburgh. 1870. RurHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburgh- shire. 1904. RurHERFURD, Henry, Barrister-at-Law, Fairnington, Roxburgh. *1894. Samson, David T., Factor, Seafield Estates Office, Elgin. 1875. Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkcaldy. *1906. Sane, J. H., LL.B., W.S., Westbrook, Balerno. 1903. Scuorr, Dr Peter Carl, Nursery and Seed Establishments, Knittels- heim, Palatinate, Germany. *1867. Scorr, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres. 1892. Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire. 1901. Scorr, Frank, Forester, Jeaniebank, Old Scone, Perth. 1881. Scorr, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. *1907. Scorr, James Cospatrick, P.A.S.I., Yarrow Cottage, Poynder Place, Kelso. 1908. Scorr, James Henry, of Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyllshire. 1903. Scorr, John, Forester, Aunfield, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. 1908. Scorr, John A., Forester, The Gardens, Knockbrex, Kirkcudbright, N.B. 1890. Scorr, John D., Land Steward, Estate Office, Brushford, Dulverton, Somerset. *1906. Scorr, John Henry Francis Kinnaird, of Gala, Gala House, Galashiels. 1906. Scorr, Robert, Solicitor, 230 Union Street, Aberdeen. *1902. ScrimcEouR, James, Gardener, Manor House, Donaghadee. *1890. ScrimcEouR, John, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. 1909. SzED, Frederick Hutton, Plant Import Inspector, Mombasa, East Africa Protectorate. 1897. SHArpE, Thomas, Forester, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. 1904. SHaw, John, Factor, Kilmahew Estate Office, Cardross. *1896. SHaw-SrEewart, Sir Hugh, Bart., M,P., of Ardgowan, Greenock. 33 Date of Election. *1904. SHeniey, Sir John Courtown Edward, Bart., Avington, Alresford, Hants. *1898. SHeppArD, Rev. H. A. Graham-, of Rednock, Port of Menteith, Stirling. *1907. Suracu, Gordon Reid, L.D.S., etc., Ardgilzean, Elgin, *1903. SHiEL, James, Overseer, Abbey St Bathans, Grant’s House. 1907. SaieLs, George Henry, Forester, Low Entercommon, Great Smeaton, Northallerton. 1905. Sim, John, Forester, Fernybrae, Cornhill, Banffshire. 1903. Stmon, Thomas, jun., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Luckins, Wardley Marsh, Liphook, Hants. 1910. Srmpson, Robert, Under Forester, Drumtochty, Auchinblae. 1909. SrncLatr, Magnus H., Seelsman, 156a Union Street, Aberdeen. 1906. SrncLatr, Robert, Factor for North Harris, Harris, by Portree. 1909. SrncErR, George, Forester, Rothienorman. 1900. SrneER, John G., Forester, Culzean, Ayr. 1908. SKIMMING, Robert, Timber Merchant, Kirkinner. 1907. SkirviNG, Robert, D.L., J.P., of Cobairdy, Huntly, Aberdeenshire. 1868. SLATER, Andrew, War Department Estates Office, Durrington, Salisbury, Wilts. 1902. SMART, John, Merchant, 18 Leith Street, Edinburgh. *1893. SmirH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen. 1906. SmirH, Douglas, P.A.S.I., Land Agent, Estate Office, Thwaite, Erpingham, Norwich. 1904. Smira, D. D., Nurseryman and Seed Merchant, St Catherine’s Street, Cupar, Fife. 1908. SmirH, Edwin Hedley, B.L., Factor, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk. 1873. SmirH, G. B., Wire Fence Manufacturer, The Cottage, Port Lamont, Toward. 1909. Smiru, Harold, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. 1901. Smiru, James, Forester, 1 Oxmantown Mall, Birr, King’s County. 1908. Smiru, James, Nurseryman, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock. 1908. Smiru, James, Assistant, Jeaniebank, Old Scone, Perth. 1906. SmirH, James Fraser, F.R.H.S., late Gardener, Barons Hotel, Auchnagatt. 1907. Smiru, Right Hon. James Parker, P.C., 20 Draycott Place, London, S.W. 1895. SmirH, John, Cabinetmaker, 1 Eastgate, Peebles. *1907. Smiru, J. Grant, Factor, Szafield Estates Office, Grantown-on-Spey. 1901. Smiru, Matthew, Manager for Dyer & Co., Peebles. 1908. SmirH, Robert, Factor, Cranstoun Riddell, Dalkeith. 1901. Smiru, Sydney, Factor, Drummuir Estates Office, Keith. 1901. Smita, Thomas, Factor, The Castle, Maybole. 1909. Smira, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer. *1895. SmirH, Thomas, Overseer, The Nursery, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring, Herts. 1896. SmirH, William, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee. 1899. SmirnH, William, Overseer, Rothes Estate Office, Leslie, Fife, N.B. é Date of Election *1896. *1907. 1910. *1882, 1907. 1906. 1906. *1889. 1904. 1898, *1899. *1883. =1909: 1899, 1908. 1908. 1903. 1907. 1901. 1897. *1908. 1907. 1909. SlSooy 1901. 1903. 1909. *1892. 1908. 1876. 1906, 1910. *1904. 3d Smitu, William G., B.Sc., Ph.D., Lecturer on Biology, Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, George Square, Edinburgh. Smiruson, Harry S. C., of Inverernie, Daviot, Highland R.8.0. SmyLy, John George, B.A., Consulting Forester and Land Agent, 22 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. Smyrue, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth. SomersET, His Grace the Duke of, Maiden Bradley, Bath; 35 Grosvenor Square, W. SomMERVILLE, Hugh Christopher, 2 Fairhaven, Dalkeith. SoMERVILLE, Robert Anderson, Eastwoodbrae, Dalkeith. SoMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.Cic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. Sourar, William, Forester, The Farm, Titsey Place, Limpsfield, Surrey. Spence, William, Forester, Strathenery, Leslie. Sprers, Adam, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edinburgh. Sprot, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow. Srair, The Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy. SraLKER, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Nairn. Sr Cruair, The Right Hon. Charles William, Lord Sinclair, 55 Onslow Square, London, S.W. Sr QurINTIN, Geoffrey Apsley, Estate Commissioner, Kincurdy, Fortrose. STEPHEN, Alfred, Assistant Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. STEPHEN, John, Forester, Dell Nursery, Nethy Bridge. Srewart, Alistair D,, Kinfauns Estates Office, Rockdale, Perth. SrEwart, Charles, Forester, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy. STEWART, Charles, Achara, Duror of Appin, Argyll. Srewart, David, Assistant Forester, Lisduff, Enrill, Ballybrophy, Treland. Stewart, Sir David, of Banchory-Devenick, Banchory House, Banchory, Devenick. SrewarT, Duncan D., Factor, Rossie Estate, Inchture. STEWART, James, Forester, Letham and Fern Estates, Fern, near Brechin. STEWART, John, Forester, Cavens, Kirkbean, Dumfries. Stewart, John M‘Gregor, Assistant Forester, Sawmill Cottage, Strathord, by Stanley. Srewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart. of Southwick, Kirkeud- brightshire. Stewart, Colonel R. K., of Murdostoun, Murdostoun Castle, Lanark- shire. STrEwart, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne, N. B. StEwarT, William Maitland, Factor, 5 Inverleith Terrace, Edin- burgh. Stewart, William, of Shambellie, Kirkcudbrightshire, Sririinc, Archibald, of Keir, Dunblane. Date of Election 1907. *1908. 1909, *1909. 1910. 1897. 1906, 1893. 1908. *1908. 1908. HOO: 1908. 1906, 1902. *1880. 1907, *1883. 1892. 1909. 1869, *1892. *1900. 1898. 1895. 1902, 1904. 1905. 1897, 1905. *1891. al 1908, *1909. 1904. 1909. 1893. 1903, *1855. 35 Strrxine, John Alexander, of Kippendavie, Dunblane. Sririine, William, D.L., J.P., of Fairburn, Muir of Ord. Srosart, Lionel Forrester, 9 Westminster Mansions, London, S. W. SropartT, Charles, Farmer, Wintonhill, Pencaitland. SroparT, Thomas, Major, Indian Medical Service, The Croft, Colinton. Sroppart, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian, SToppART, James, jun., Joiner, Norwood, Bonnyrigg. Storie, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks. STRATHEDEN and CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. Lord, Hartriggs, Jedburgh. STRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, The Earl of, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Sruart, Alexander, Estate Clerk, Benmore, Kilmun. Stuart, George Morrison, Gardener, The Gardens, Forglen, Turriff. Stuart, Lord Ninian Edward Crichton, House of Falkland, Fife. Stuart, Peter, Brewer, Glen Grant, Rothes. Stunt, Walter Charles, Lorenden, Ospringe, Kent. SUTHERLAND, Evan C., Highland Club, Inverness, SUTHERLAND, George, Assistant Forester, Park Cottage, Cardross, by Port of Monteith. SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. SUTHERLAND, John D., Ardconnel Lodge, Oban, Argyll. SUTHERLAND, John S., Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derby- shire, Tair, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doncaster, Yorkshire. Tart, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian. Tart, James, jun., Westshiel, Penicuik. Tait, William, Seedsman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. Tart, Wm. A., 13 Brandon Terrace, Edinburgh. TAYLOR, John, Forester, Orchill Estate, by Braco, Perthshire. TAyLor, Robert, Assistant Forester, Chapelhill, Logiealmond, Methven. Tayuor, Robert, Forester, Broomhall Estate, Charlestown, Fife. Taytor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright. TELFER, John, Forester, Hardwick House, Whitchurch, Oxon. TENNANT, Sir Edward P., Bart. of The Glen; 31 Lennox Gardens, London, S. W. TERRIS, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire. THompson, Archibald, Overseer, Auchindarroch, Lochgilphead. THomeson, David Peat, Tea Planter and Engineer (Retired), 6 Queen Street, Inverkeithing. THompson, Dugald, Forester, Drimsynie, Lochgoilhead. Thompson, John, Assistant Forester, Abercairney, Crieff. THomson, David W., Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. Tomson, John Burnside, Estate Manager, Calderwood Castle, High Blantyre. THomson, John Grant, Retired Wood Manager, Mount Barker, Grantown-on-Spey. 36 Date of Election, *1902, THomson, Peter Murray, S.S.C., Cockbridge, Mealsgate, Cumberland. 1903. THomson, Robert, Foreman Forester, Park Hill, Ampthill, Bedford- shire. *1901. THomson, Spencer Campbell, of Eilean Shona, 10 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh. *1908. THorBuRN, Michael Grieve, D.L., ete., of Glenormiston, Innerleithen. 1904, THREIPLAND, Captain W. Murray, Dryburgh Abbey, St Boswells. 1906. TrnDAL, Robert, Forester, Bellspool Cottages, Stobo. 1901. TIvENDALE, William D., Head Forester to Duke of Portland, Burnhouse, Galston. *1871. Tomutnson, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. 1906. Tosh, Hendry, Assistant Forester, Bridgend, Inverkip, Greenock. *1906. TraIL, James William Helenus, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University of Aberdeen, 71 High Street, Old Aberdeen. *1902. TrorTEr, A. E. C., of Bush, Milton Bridge, Midlothian. *1903. TULLIBARDINE, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, D.S.0O., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. 1903. TURNBULL, John, Forester, Forester’s Lodge, Arbigland, Dumfries. 1883. UNpDERWooD, Henry E., Fornham, St Martin, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. *1903. Unwin, Arthur Harold, D,@c., Town House, Haslemere, Surrey, *1908. Urquuart, Angus, Assistant Nursery and Seedsman, Inverness. *1902. Urquuart, Farquhar, Nurseryman, Inverness. 1907. UrquHARrT, Colonel Robert, Town Clerk, Forres. *1908. UsHer, Sir Robert, Bart. of Norton and Wells, Norton, Ratho Station, Midlothian. 1908. UsHER, Thomas, Factor, Courthill, Hawick. 1908. VeITcH, Andrew, Seedsman and Nurseryman, Melrose. 1908. Watpron, Major Patrick John, East Haugh, Pitlochry. 1903. WALKER, Captain George Lawrie, of Crawfordton, Thornhill. 1894. WALKER, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. *1878. WALKER, Colonel I. Campbell, Newlands, Camberley, Surrey. *1907. WALKER, James, Wood Merchant, Inverness. *1906. WALKER, John Steven, Yard Foreman, Saw-mills, Hurlford, Ayrshire. *1906. Waker, Robert Williamson, C.E., Factor and Land Surveyor, 3 Golden Square, Aberdeen. 1870. Wau, G. Y., Land Agent, Grange House, Darlington, Durham. 1903. WatuAcr, Andrew, Saw-miller, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch, 1893. Wauuace, David P., Forester, The Saw-mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon. *1897. WALLACE, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer. 1893. WALLACE, Robert B. P., Timber Merchant, 12 Danube Street, Edinburgh. *1905. Wauacr, Thomas Douglas, F.S.I., Callendar Estate Office, Callendar Park, Falkirk. 1909, WALLACE, William, Foreman Forester, Hollows, Canonbie. 1899. WANDESFORDE, R. H. Prior, of Castlecomer, Co, Kilkenny. 37 Date of Election. 1909. WarpLAw, Andrew Main, Solicitor, Bridge of Allan. 1909. *1900. 1901. 1901. 1893. *1893. 1910. 1872. 1893. 1908. 1906. *1908. *1908. *1891. 1904, 1902. 1905. *1898. 1895. 1909. *1884. WIBERE 1901. 1895. *1869. 1883. 1891. 1904. 1902. 1903. 1908. 1895. *1907. 1907. 1907. *1898, *1889, Warinc, Captain Walter, M.P., of Lennel, Coldstream, Warwick, Charles, Forest Department, Caledon Co, Tyrone. Wason, Right Hon. Eugene, M.P., of Blair, Dailly, Ayrshire; 8 Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, London. Watson, James, Manager, Moy Hall, Inverness-shire. Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh. Warson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh. Watson, William Johnstone, Student of Forestry, 35 Blythswood Drive, Glasgow. Watt, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle. Wart, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle. Waueu, J., Assistant Forester, Moulton Cottages, Moulton Road, near Newmarket. WesstErR, Charles, Gardener and Forester, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers. WEDDERBURN, Ernest Maclagan, LL.B., W.S., F.R.S.E., Factor, 2 Glenfinlas Street, Edinburgh. Werr, William, of Kindonan, Adamton, Monkton, Ayrshire. WELSH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. WENTWORTH-FITZWILLIAM, George Charles, of Milton, Peter- borough. WHELLENS, Henry, Forester, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell. Wuirter, Andrew, Forester, Portmore, Eddleston. Wuire, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee. White, William, Farmer, Gortonlee, Lasswade. Whitehead, David, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Wuirton, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow. Wuyte, John D. B., Factor, Estate Office, Elveden, Suffolk. Wuyrock, James, The Palace Gardens, Dalkeith. Wicut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Temple Mains, Innerwick. Witp, Albert Edward (Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India), c/o Henry S. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E.C. WILKIE, Charles, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington. Wikis, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles. WILKINSON, Henry Bevis, Factor, Holmhead, Corsock, Dalbeattie. WiLkKINson, John, Factor, The Grange, Kirkcudbright. WILL, George, Manager, Crichton Royal Institution Farm, Dumfries. WILLIAMSON, James A., A.R.I.B.A., Public Works Office, City Chambers, Edinburgh. WILLIAMSON, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian. WI.uiamson, John, Joiner and Builder, Grangemouth. Witson, Adam Frank, C.D.A.(Edin.), 164 Braid Road, Edinburgh. Witson, Andrew Robertson, M.A., M.D., Hopewell, Tarland, Aboyne ; and Trafford House, Liscard, Cheshire. Witson, David, Timber Merchant, Troon, Ayrshire. Witson, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow. Date of Election 1908. 1907. 1896. 1900. 1907. 1910. 1902. 1901. 1903. 1899. 1893. 1895. 1906. 1904. 1909. 1907. 1907. 1904. 1904, 1909. 1904. 1909. 1868. 1906. *1908. 1904. 1905. 1908. 1907. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910, *1898. =1899: 38 Witson, Edward Arthur, Rockingham, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham. Witson, Ian Hall, Saw-mill Manager, Brodie Cottage, Brodie. Witson, James, M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Stephens Green East, Dublin. WItson, James, jun., Nurseryman, St Andrews. Witson, James G., Assistant, Dalzell Estates Office, Motherwell. Witson, John, Assistant Forester, Arniston, Gorebridge. Witson, Sir John, Bart. of Airdrie. Witson, John Currie, Factor, Tulliallan Estate Office, Kincardine- on-Forth. Witson, Thomas, Head Gardener, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Witson, William, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, Ayrshire. WISEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin. WISEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres. Wotre, George, sen., J.P., Shovel Manufacturer, Millburn, Bath- gate. Wood, James, Forester, Marr Doncaster, Yorkshire. Woop, James, of Wallhouse, Torphichen. Woop, Thomas, Forester, Pitfour, Aberdeenshire. Wootrorp, Albert, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs S. Cox, Basingstcke Road, Swallowfield, Berks. WorsFotp, Edward Mowll, Land Agent Christ Church Villas, Priory Road, Dover. WorTHeErspoon, George, Factor, Cromartie Estate Office, Kildary, Ross-shire, Wricat, John Moncrieff, of Kinmonth, Bridge of Earn. Wricut, Robert Patrick, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Principal of West of Scotland Agricultural College, Blythswood Square, Glasgow. Wricut, William Girvan, M.R.A.C., Cuiloona, Helensburgh. WYLLIE, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. Wve, William, Seedsman, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. YEAMAN, Alexander, W.S., 32 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. Yoo, Thomas, Factor, Menzies Estates Office, Aberfeldy. Youne, John, Hedger, West Lodge, Corehouse, Lanark. Younc, John, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Muirhouse, Falkirk. Youne, John U., Cart Craigs, Pollokshaws. Youne, Peter, Assistant Forester, Loch Cottage, Taymount, Stanley. Youne, R. M., Nursery Manager, Cathcart Nurseries, Newlands, Glasgow. Younc, William George, Estate Clerk, Craigielaw, Longniddry. YounceER, Harry George, 21 Grosvenor Crescent, Edinburgh. Youncer, Henry J., of Benmore and Kilmun, Greenock. YuLeE, Miss Amy Frances, L.A., Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Lek i Cae (2 wy A, i Ay TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. LigutT.-CoLoneL F. BAILEY, F.RS.E, HONORARY EDITOR. ROBERT GALLOWAY, S.S8.C., SECRETARY AND TREASURER. Vere XX PV: Seed \ “wt Ne 4 aS YAW ANN ZB EDINBURGH: PEINIED FOR THE SOCIETY. SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. 19th ees ator ~eer b ¥t . eee i A hs Sa per ee ois intl .? “Gia - a op rare i ie ed aa f ah Beg FP LF Ca VE Pho eS a st = ed a Pe tat 7 ‘THs 8 t Ti AE tire. ey wre ere sa x GAPS SAR Re babe AE ae i48 4 Aloe : , : 4 CONTEND: The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements or views expressed by the authors of papers. A Development Grant, _ The Vegetation of Woodlands. By Dr W. G. Smith, . Forestry Education: Its Importance and Requirements. By E. P. Stebbing, . . An Attack by the Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsoni. By A. W. B. Edwards, Hollie Bank, Thirlmere, . The Corsican Pine in Dorset. By James M‘Callum, Canford, Wimborne, . The Douglas Fir. By W. H. Whellens, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell, . Observations on the Annual Increment of Spruce and Scots Pine. By J. H. Milne-Home, . . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, . The Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. By James Kay, . The Annual Excursion. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., . Trees in Cities, . Forestry in Japan, . . Enhanced Value of Canadian Timber and Wood-Pulp, . The Forestry Exhibition at Dumfries, Notes and Queries—Landowners Forestry Co-operative Society—Progress on the Inverliever Estate—Durability of Highland Scots Fir—Visits of Foreign Professors to Scotland—Larix occidentalis—Attack of Lime Trees by Larve of Winter Moth—Seeds of North American Conifers—Grant to Ireland from the Development Fund —The Biltmore Forest School, U.S. A.—Rabbits—Felling Trees by Electricity Preservative against Wood Splitting —Effect of Moisture on Wo.0d—A New Larch—Retirement of Mr Grant Thomson, . Obituary Notices:—The late Mr D. F. Mackenzie, F.S.I.— The late Mr James Robertson, late Wood Manager, Panmure — The late Mr W. R. Fisher—Death of M. Broilliard, formerly Professor at Nancy, 102 104 114 24. 25. CONTENTS. The State and Private Woodlands. By Wm. Dawson, MAL 8 Sc, ‘ : . The Vegetation of Woodlands. By Dr W. G. Smith (concluded from p. 23), . The Home Timber Trade Outlook. By Donald Munro (of Messrs A. & G. Paterson, Ltd., Wood Merchants, Banchory), : ° - . The State in Relation to Afforestation. By A. S. Hedderwick, Primitive Woodland and Plantation ‘Types’ in Sri By G. P. Gordon, ; . Planting for Shelter. By Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, Bart., . Larch Seed. By G. F. Scott-Elliot, F.R.G.S., . Mr Henry’s Investigation of Elm a By A. D. Richardson, . Afforestation of Water Catchment Areas. By George Baxter, M.Inst.C.E.. Continental Notes—Germany (with Four Plates). By B. Ribbentrop, C.1.E., , Forestry at the Edinburgh University (with Plate), Probationers for the Indian Forest Service, Notes and Queries:—Grants from the Development Fund— Four-Weeks’ Course for Foresters at the Aberdeen Univer- sity—State School of Forestry in the Forest of Dean— The Larch Sawfly—Imports of Timber and Other Classes of Wood—Forestry at the Royal Agricultural Show, Norwich—Exotic Conifers in Britain—Rainfall at Inverliever—The Timber Supply of the United States— Leaf Shedding of Conifers, due to Botrytis cinerea—Insect Depredations in North American Forests—A Lime- Sulphur Wash for Use on Foliage—The Federated Malay States—Mahogany—Forest Conservation in the United States—Forestry in Canada—Retirement of Mr James Kay (with Portrait), Reviews and Notices of Books :—Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. III., Forest Management. By Sir Wm. Schlich, K.C.1.E., F.R.S., etc., Professor of Forestry, University of Oxford. Fourth Edition, Revised. pea’ ona and Co., London. Price 5s., Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. II., Silviculture. By Sir Wm. Schlich, K.C.1.S., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A. 4th Edition, Revised 1910. London: Bradbury, Agnew and Co. Price gs., ; : : - - PAGE I21I 131 212 215 232 CONTENTS. The Estate Manager. By Richard Henderson, Member by Examination of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, The Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and the Surveyors’ Institution, etc., etc. Edin- burgh and London: William Green & Sons, 1910, Webster’s Foresters’ Diary and Pocket Book for Ig11. London: William Rider & Son. Price 2s. 6d., Sur une théorie nouvelle de la captation de l’azote atmo- sphérique par les plantes. Par E. Henry, . Syon House Trees and Shrubs. 38+viii. pp. By A. Bruce Jackson. West, Newman & Co., 1910, How to Know the Trees. By Henry Irving. With Frontispiece in colour and many Illustrations, 180 pp. Price 3s. 6d. net. Cassell & Co., Diseases of the Sweet Chestnut. By E. ae Professor at the French School of Forestry, Obituary :—The late Professor Mayr, Proceedings of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 1911, with Appendices. List of Members as at 6th July rorr. 234 236 237 239 aaa Bs m Ips A re. ae died el ob allavienng siete vale Dia 2 ‘ : ie ; AD | : Fi : jay 6) a Ge ee TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. MOL Ui eve A Et i January 1911. Ligut.-CoLtonreL F. BAILEY, F.R.S.E., HONORARY EDITOR. ¢ M ¢ ; ROBERT GALLOWAY, §.S.C., ; SECRETARY AND TREASURER, r : ¢ ) t OPP ems EDINBURGH: ERENLED FOR THE SOCEETY: SOLD BY DOUGLAS & FOULIS, CASTLE STREET. Price to Non-Members, 3/= LIBRARY ded G+ I3/Z A. &J. MAIN & C9 L™- MANUFACTURERS OF HAY & GRAIN SHEDS. In this SHED the HAY or GRAIN can be stored to within a few inches of ROOF. FOLD YARD COVERINCS, STEEL AND IRON BUILDINGS, of every description. Design No. 661. CONTINUOUS BAR FENCING, IRON & WIRE FENCING, WROUCHT IRON RAILINGS, CATES, HURDLES, : PALE FENCING, TREEGUARDS, = © Etc., Ete. lige 4 fg Co. wh Mle. Md Wy» a i a WG.) Mii te, VO) jer ott es tte Hy Roofing and Fencing Catalogues on Application. eisateactaeseeatesestet GALVANIZED WIRE NETTING & FENCING WIRE at Lowest Prices. SPECIAL QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION. CLYDESDALE IRON WORKS, POSSILPARK, GLASGOW. | 31 BUDGE ROW, CORN EXCHANGE BUILDINGS, LONDON, E.C. EDINBURGH. ‘ BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING. Telephone Nos, — Bitntareh Genta 2674, 2675, and 4665. Glasgow—Argyle, 2336, Telegrams— ‘“‘Hothouse, Edinburgh.” “Tron, Edinburgh.” National. cay reibhaus, London.” London—2117 P.O., Hampstead. HOTHOUSE BUILDERS, LTD. Heating, Ventilating, and Electrical Engineers, and Iron Founders. Plant Houses erected at Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. HOTHOUSE BUILDING.—Hothouses of every description designed and erected in any part of the country, with improved Ventilation, Gearing, Staging, and Heating Apparatus complete. HEATING.—Churches, Public Buildings of all kinds, Schools, Mansions, Villas, &c., heated efficiently by Low Pressure, Hot Water, or by Steam. Also by **Barker’s” Cable System of Hot Water Low Pressure Heating, with small bore pipes and no sunk stoke-holes. LIGHTIN G.—Complete Installations by Electricity or Petrol Vapour Gas. FOUNDRY. - Architectural Ironwork of all kinds, Stable Fittings, Sanitary Castings, Manhole Covers, Ventilators, Gratings, &c. PLANS AND ESTIMATES ON APPLICATION. EDINBURGH — Registered Office — Balcarres Street. WORKS—Balcarres Street. FOUNDRY-—Slateford Road. GLASGOW-— 121 St Vincent Street. LONDON —8 Camden Road, N.W. a* ADVERTISEMENTS. DAVID W. THOMSON’S FOREST TREES. An extensive Collection of Seedling and Transplanted Forest Trees, comprising SCOTS FIR, LARCH FIR (Native and Japanese), SPRUCE FIR, SILVER FIR, ABIES DOUGLASII, LARICIO and AUSTRIACA, and other trees in great variety, and in good condition for Removal. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS ano TREES 1n au sizes. Rhododendrons, Ponticums, and Hybrids, ALSO FINEST NAMED SORTS. HOLLIES, YEWS, LAURELS, PRIVET, and other Game-Cover Plants all recently transplanted. CATALOGUES FREE ON APPLICATION. CHOIGE VEGETABLE SEEDS AND CHOIGE FLOWER SEEDS. See Catalogue of Selected Seeds for 1911, Post Free on application. Hurseries— WINDLESTRAWLEE, GRANTON ROAD and BOSWALL ROAD. Seed Warebouse— 113 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegraphic Address—‘“‘LARCH, EDINBURGH.” Telephone, 2034. ADVERTISEMENTS. KEITH & CO. (DALROSS, Ltd.), ADVERTISING AGENTS, 43 George Street, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS inserted in the Edinburgh, London, and Provincial Newspapers and Periodicals; also in all Colonial and Foreign Publications. A single copy of an Advertisement sent to Keith & Co. ensures immediate insertion, without further trouble to the Advertiser, in any number of newspapers, and at an expense not greater than would have been incurred if the Advertisement or Notice had been forwarded to each Newspaper direct. A SPECIALITY is made of ESTATE and AGRICULTURAL ADVERTISEMENTS, such as FARMS, GRASS PARKS, MANSION HOUSES, &c., to Let, ESTATES for SALE, TIMBER for SALE, AGRICULTURAL SHOWS, &c. Official Advertising Agents to the SCOTTISH ESTATE FACTORS’ SOCIETY, THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, ang ase, = EDINBURGH AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. Addressing of Envelopes, Etc., with Accuracy and Despatch. KEITH & CQO., 43 GEORGE STREET, EDINBURGH. Telegrams—‘‘ PROMOTE, EDINBURGH.” Telephone No. 316. ADVERTISEMENTS. DOUGLAS 8 FOULIS BOOKSELLERS x» LIBRARIANS —— ES SS SS —— STANDARD WORKS ON FORESTRY Kept in Stock. An extensive Stock of New Books in all Classes of Literature at the usual Discount Prices also Books for Presentation in handsome Bindings Catalogues of Surplus Library Books at greatly Reduced Prices issued at intervals. Gratis and Post Free to any Address g CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH ‘¢The Forester’s Friend.” ““SMEAROLEUW” ANTI-RODENT SMEAR. A Protective Oleaginous Smear for Young Plantations, &c., and Standard Trees in Parks and Paddocks—Forest, Fruit, and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Thoroughly prevents ‘‘ Barking” by Rabbits, Ground Game, and other Rodents, Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Deer, &c., and the Ravages of Insect Pests, &c., affecting Trees. PRICES: In Barrels, 40 to 45 gallons, . . 2/4 | Half-Barrels, 20 to 25 gallons, . 2/8 Cases, i6 gallons, . : - . 2/10 Half-Cases, 8 gallons, . : - o/= Drums, 12 gallons, . A A sn 2/9 6 Gallons, . : : . 3/. per gallon The Cases contain Four Imperial 4-gallon cans. Half-Cases contain Two Imperial 4-gallon cans. All prices Carriage Paid, in lots of 20/- and upwards, to nearest Railway Station— Drums returnable; all other packages free. THOMAS & CO.’S Preparations are used on the largest Estates in the Kingdom, and in the Parks of His Majesty’s Government and the King’s Nurseries, and also by the French and American Governments. Full Particulars, with Directions for Use, and Users’ Opinions, on application to the Sole Makers :— THOMAS & C0., LTD., Ceres Works, LIVERPOOL. Telegraphic Address—‘ARBORISTS, LIVERPOOL.” ADVERTISEMENTS. BY APPOINTMENT. CHEAP Sheva, onto CLEAR. WIE beg to inform our numerous clients that we have secured a large tract of land adjoining 1 one of our principal Nurseries, and that it is our intention to clear the Stocks off some a our outlying branch Nurseries at a sacrifice. : Everything has been grown with our usual care, and offered in Lots, subject to being unsold; we puaramice the numbers and quality of each Lot offered. a3 Particulars of above, together with our General Catalogue, will be sent on application. es JAMES SMITH & SONS (sittHE%uNc) DARLEY DALE NURSERIES, near MATLOCK. — INSPECTION CORDIALLY INVITED. -— Visitors met by appointment at Darley Dale or Matlock Stations. SITKA SPRUCE, Millions in stock DOUGLAS SPRUCE, of hardy, heaithy, well-grown plants. LARCH, SCOTS FIR, nn NORWAY SPRUCE, - eetaaiaagla TOU A Oe Special List of Tree Seeds & Seedlings published in January. BENJAMIN REID & COMPANY, Rurserymen, “post rece. ABERDEEN, “soutciren. ADVERTISEMENTS. BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL OFFERS complete instruction in all branches of technical (English and American) forestry. Its winter quarters are situated at Darmstadt, Germany; here the study of silviculture is emphasised. The Springs and Summers are spent in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States, and the Autumns in the Lake States. In America, the main object of forestry is the utilisation of the forests. THE BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL illustrates its lectures by object lessons selected in the forests on both sides of the Atlantic. The expense of the full course, covering twelve consecutive months without vacations, is £220. Write for Catalogue, addressing C. A. SCHENCK, Director, BILTMORE, N.C., U.S.A., and DARMSTADT, GERMANY. BRITISH CREOSOTE COMPANY, Ltd. SHIELDS & RAMSAY, 104 WEST GEORGE STREET, GLASGOW. Telephone—No. 3484 NATIONAL RoyAt. Telegrams— 4230 Post OFFICE CENTRAL. ‘‘ SHIELDRIGG, GLASGOW.” | CREOSOTE OILS, TAR, PITCH, &c. Contractors to THE WAR OFFICE, INDIA OFFICE, Inquiries HOME & FOREIGN RAILWAYS, &c. Solicited. M‘FARLANE & ERSKINE, Lithographers, Letterpress, & Three-Colour Printers. Black and Coloured Plates for Scientific Works. Plans of Estates, etc. Coloured Illustrations for Seedsmen. Books, Magazines, Catalogues, Price Lists, Circulars, and Every Description of Printed Forms. St James Works, M‘Donald Road, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS. gx'ROYAL WARR Ay, HARDY CROWN NORTH COUNTRY PLANTS. Exceptional Values & Le Now offering in ons FOREST TREES, & FO HIS MAJESTY THE KING 9 4 ‘ep ee ee Choice Stoc ks of all the leading Varieties of Forest and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, - - : Covert and Hedge Plants, Fruit Trees and Roses of all the] Rpnododendrons, Privet, Best and most approved Varieties. | Hollies, Laurels, &c., &c. 8@- =6©Above Stocks all clean, healthy, and vigorous Plants. Inspection Invited. Samples at keen cut prices on application. Contract Planting ofall kinds undertaken. WM. FELL & CO. exnam, Ltd., HEXHAM. BLACK’S CREOSOTING PLANT The Royal Nurseries, i SUITABLE FOR ESTATES. ’ \ | @ - “3 THE PRESSURE SYSTEM. Consisting of Pressure Cylinder, Oil Tank, and Set of Self-Contained Pumps. Many of these plants are working all over the country, and references can be given. Established 1790- THE BOILING METHOD. 3 These Tanks are placed on Brickwork and fired underneath, and are supplied with Drain Cock, Firedoor, Bearing Bars, Fire- bars, Wrought -iron Funnel with Damper, Semi- Rotary Pump and Storage Tank. Full Information and Prices on Application. E z el GEORGE BLACK & SONS, ae Creosoting Engineers and Creosote Oil Merchants, TWEEDMOUTH BOILER WORKS, BERWICK - ON -TWEED. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telephones : National, No. 1378 PARTICE. Post Office, No. W333. ROBINSON, DUNN & CO. LTD., Telegrams : ‘*ROBINSONS, GLASGOW.” Timber Importers, Partick Sawmills, GLASGOW. Sawing, Planing, and Moulding Mills at PARTICK and TEMPLE. Creosoting Works at TEMPLE. FOREST TREES, FRUIT TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, &c., Grown in a most exposed situation on Heavy Soils, therefore the hardiest procurable. Every Requisite for Forest, Farm, and GARDEN. Estimates for Planting by Contract furnished. CATALOGUES ON APPLICATION. W. & T. SAMSON, KILMARNOCK. ESTABLISHED 1759. EDINBURGH AND EAST OF SCOTLAND COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, 18 GEORGE SQUARE, EDINBURGH. The Centra CuiassEs in Edinburgh afford Complete Courses of Instruction in AGRICULTURE AND Forestry, and qualify for all the Higher Examinations in these and allied Subjects. SESSION, - - OCTOBER to MARCH. Calendar may be had on application to ALEXANDER M‘Cattum, Secy. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro tanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow. for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, “and for the Certificate of the College. Professor R. PATRICK WRIGHT, Soils and Manures, ERS-E. FASS The Management of Woodlands, . ( a Protection of Woodlands, ; Proiessor JOHN: Nissur, D. Cie. Utilisation of Woodland Produce, Chemistry, : : Professor BERRY, F.I.C., F.C.S. Syllabus and par iblns reads these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST AND HEDGE PLANTS MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European & Japanese Larch, Sitka Spruce, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro 1000 and 100,000. All from Sandy soil, with excellent roots; ‘special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities via Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. CATALOGUES FREE. FOREST PLANTER’S GUIDE FREE. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 160 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, = LARBERT, N.B. All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. las ra | Silviculture, : ) ADVERTISEMENTS. BRITISH COLUMBIA. OKANAGAN VALLEY (DRY BELT) FRUIT LANDS. [MPROVED Irrigated Fruit Farm Settlements, 10 to 15 acres each, for Sale, at moderate rates, by KELOWNA LAND & ORCHARD CoO., LTD., AND SOUTH KELOWNA LAND CO., LTD. STERLING DEBENTURES FOR 5 YEARS AT 5 % issued by OKANAGAN LOAN INVESTMENT Co., LTD. This Company lends only on approved Moree :: secured over such lands as the above. He Full Particulars from the Agents in Scotland— ADAIR & GALLOWAY, S.S.C., 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. NOTTLC WANTED TO PURCHASE. Any of the following Parts of the Transactions, viz :— Parts 1, 2, and 3 of Vol. L. Parts 2 and 3 of Vol. III. Parts 1 and 2 of Vol. IV. Part 2 of Vol. V. Part 2 of Vol. IX. Part; of Vol. XII. Apply to —— THE SECRETARY, 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH. ADVERTISEMENTS. The West of Scotland Agricultural College, BLYTHSWOOD SQUARE, GLASGOW. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. Day and Evening Classes are held during the Winter Session (October to March) at the College, which provide a complete Course of Instruction in Forestry, qualifying (fro tanto) for the B.Sc. Degree of the University of Glasgow. for the Diploma of the Highland and Agricultural Society, and for the Certificate of the College. . { Professor R. PATRICK WRIGHT, oe eeniircs,” ; My F.R.S.E., F.H.A.S. Silviculture, : ; The Management of Woodlands, . ees ene Protection of Woodlands, ' | pei LORS Dee eae Utilisation of Woodland Produce, Chemistry, : : : Professor BERRY, F.I.C., F.C.S. Syllabus and parabatiis regarding these Classes and Prospectus of the general work of the College, including the Course for the Examination of the Surveyor’s Institution, may be obtained free from the Secretary. FOREST AND HEDGE PLANTS MILLIONS IN STOCK, VERY CHEAP. Douglas Fir, European & Japanese Larch, Sitka Spruce, Thorn for Hedges, etc., etc., a Speciality. Also Apple and Pear Stocks, Briars, and other Nursery Stock, pro rooo and 100,000. All from Sandy soil, with excellent roots; special prices for larger quantities. Best Shipping facilities via Hamburg at lowest freight, and Guarantee for safe arrival. CATALOGUES FREE. FOREST PLANTER’S GUIDE FREE. The Largest Nurseries in Germany. Shipments of 160 Millions of Plants annually. J. HEINS’ SONS, Halstenbek, No. 6, near Hamburg, GERMANY. JAMES JONES & SONS, LTD., LARBERT SAWMILLS, All kinds of HOME TIMBER in the Round or Sawn-up, SUITABLE FOR RAILWAYS, SHIPBUILDERS, COLLIERIES, CONTRACTORS, COACHBUILDERS, CARTWRIGHTS, &c., &c. 2 Membership. HE Roll contains the names of over 1300 Members, comprising Landowners, Factors, Foresters, Nurserymen, Gardeners, Land Stewards, Wood Merchants, and others interested in Forestry, many of whom reside in England, Ireland, the British Colonies, and India. Members are elected by the Council. The Terms of Subscription will be found on the back of the Form of Proposal for Membership which accompanies this Memorandum. The Principal Objects of the Society, and the nature of its work, will be gathered from the following paragraphs :— Meetings. The Society holds periodical Meetings for the transaction of business, the reading and discussion of Papers, the exhibition of new Inventions, specimens of Forest Products and other articles of special interest to the Members, and for the advancement of Forestry in all its branches. Meetings of the Council are held every alternate month, and at other times when business requires attention; and Committees of the Council meet frequently to arrange and carry out the work of the Society. Prizes and Medals. With the view of encouraging young Foresters to study, and to train themselves in habits of careful and accurate observation, the Society offers Annual Prizes and Medals for essays on practical subjects, and for inventions connected with appliances used in Forestry. Such awards have been granted continuously since 1855 up to the present time, and have yielded satisfactory results. Medals and Prizes are also awarded in connection with the Exhibitions aftermentioned. School of Forestry, Afforestation, Etc. Being convinced of the necessity for bringing within the reach of young Foresters, and others interested in the Profession, a regular systematic course of Instruction, such as is provided in Germany, France, and other European countries, the Society, in 1882, strongly urged the creation of a British School of Forestry ; and with a view of stimulating public interest in the matter, a Forestry Exhibition, chiefly organised by the Council, was held in Edinburgh in 1884. As a further step towards the end in view, the Society, in 1890, instituted a Fund for the purpose of establishing a Chair of Forestry at the University of Edinburgh, and a sum of 4,584, 3S. tod. has since been raised by the Society and handed over to the University. Aided by an annual subsidy from the Board of Agriculture, which the Society was mainly instrumental in obtaining, a Course of Lectures at the University has been delivered without interruption since 1889. It is recognised, how- ever, that a School of Forestry is incomplete without a practical 3 training-ground attached to it, which would be available, not only for purposes of instruction but also as a Station for Research and Experiment, and as a Model Forest, by which Landowners and Foresters throughout the country might benefit. ‘The Society has accordingly drawn up a Scheme for the Establishment of a State Model or Demonstration Forest for Scotland which might serve the above-named objects. Copies of this Scheme were laid before the Departmental Committee on British Forestry, and in their Report the Committee recommended the establishment of a Demonstration Area and the provision of other educational facilities in Scotland. The Government has recently acquired the Estate of Inverliever in Argyllshire; and while this cannot be looked on as a Demonstration Forest, it is hoped that it may prove to be the first step in a scheme of afforestation by the State of unwooded lands in Scotland. Meantime Mr Munro Ferguson, M.P., for a part of whose woods at Raith a Working-Plan has been prepared, and is now in operation, has very kindly agreed to allow Students to visit them. In view of the passing of the Development Acts of 1909 and 1gto, the Council passed a Resolution urging that the Govern- ment should, as soon as possible, create a Board of Forestry, with an adequate representation of Scottish Forestry upon it, and an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and otherwise assist the development of University and other Educational enterprise, and would carry out, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting. The Society’s policy for the development of Forestry in Scotland has also been fully laid before the Develop- ment Commission. Excursions. Since 1878 well-organised Excursions, numerously attended by Members of the Society, have been made annually to various parts of Scotland, England, Ireland, and the Continent. In 1895 a Tour extending over twelve days was made through the Forests of Northern Germany, in 1902 a Tour extending over seventeen days was made in Sweden, during the summer of 1904 the Forest School at Nancy and Forests in the north of France were visited, and during the past summer a visit was undertaken to the Bavarian Forests. These Excursions enable Members whose occupations necessarily confine them chiefly to a single locality to study the conditions and methods prevailing elsewhere; and the Council propose to extend the Tours during the next few years to other parts of the Continent. They venture to express the hope that Landowners may be induced to afford facilities to their Foresters for participation in these Tours, the instructive nature of which renders them well worth the moderate expenditure of time and money that they involve. 4 Exhibitions. A Forestry Exhibition is annually organised in connection with the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show, in which are exhibited specimens illustrating the rate of growth of trees, different kinds of wood, pit-wood and railway timber, insect pests and samples of the damage done by them, tools and implements, manufactured articles peculiar to the district where the Exhibition is held, and other objects of interest relating to Forestry. Prizes and Medals are also offered for Special Exhibits. In addition to the Annual Exhibition before referred to, a large and important Forestry Section organised by this Society was included in the Scottish National Exhibition which was held in Edinburgh in 1908, and it has now been decided to have a similar Section in the Scottish Exhibition of National History, Art, and Industry, which is to be held in Glasgow during the ensuing summer. The Society’s Transactions. The Zyansactions of the Society, which extend to twenty-three volumes, are now published half-yearly in January and July, and are issued gratis to Members. A large number of the Prize Essays and other valuable Papers, and reports of the Annual Excursions, have appeared in them, and have thus become available to Students as well as to those actively engaged in the Profession of Forestry. Honorary Consulting Officials. Members have the privilege of obtaining information gratuitously upon subjects connected with Forestry from the following Honorary Officials appointed by the Society. Consulting Botanist.—ISAAC BAYLEY BAL¥FouR, LL.D., M.D., Sc.D., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Chemist.—ALEXANDER LAUDER, D.Sc., 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Consulting Cryptogamist.—A. W. BORTHWICK, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Consulting Entomologist.—ROBERT STEWART MAcDouGALt, M.A., D.Sc., Professor of Entomology, etc., 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. Consulting Geologist.—R. CAMPBELL, M.A., B.Sc., Geological Labora- tory, University of Edinburgh. Consulting Meteorologist.—ANDREW WATT, M.A., F.R.S.E., Secretary Scottish Meteorological Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. Local Branches. Local Branches have been established in Aberdeen and Inverness for the convenience of Members who reside in the districts surrounding these centres. Local Secretaries. The Society is represented throughout Scotland, England, and Ireland by the Local Secretaries whose names are given below. They are ready to afford any additional information that may be desired regarding the Conditions of Membership and the work of the Society. Register of Estate Men. A Register of men qualified in Forestry and in Forest and Estate Management is kept by the Society. Schedules of application and Tre = oo” ~ 0 other particulars may be obtained from the Local Secretaries in the various districts, or direct from the Secretary. It is hoped that Proprietors and others requiring Estate men will avail themselves of the Society’s Register. Consulting Foresters. The Council has authorised the Secretary to keep a list of Consulting Foresters whose services will be available to Members of the Society and others. Correspondents. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, India, British East Africa, United States \ of America, J Cape Colony, . Counties. Aberdeen, Argyle, . Ayr, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . aie Bett, I.S.0., M.D., LL.D., D.Se.(Cantab.). F.R.S. of Ottawa. Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. F, L. C. CowLey Brown, Deputy Conservator of Forests, c/o Inspector-General of Forests, Simla. Epwarp BarriscomsBr, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. Hueu P. Baker, Forester, State College, Pennsylvania. W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O, LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JoHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. Joun Micurg, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JoHN D. SuTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Ropertson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wo. Mine, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Ineuts, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, Forester, Bute Estate, Rothesay. Rosert Forses, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. D. Crass, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. Epmunp SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. JAMES CRABBE, Glamis. James A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. Joun Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAmEs TerRis, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. Joun Davison, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. Countries. Moray, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Counties. Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon, Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesez,, Notts, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . King s County, Tipperary, 6 Scotland D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Joun ScrimcEour, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBran, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. Joun J. R. MErKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss Amy Frances YuULE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. Jonn LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. Rk. V. Maruer, Nurseryman, Kelso. DonaLp Rogerrson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie: JAmEs Hocarru, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waixer, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England. Francis MITCHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. Storie, Whitway House, Newbury. Wma. A. Forsrer, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES Barrie, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. Joun F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES Barton, Forester, Hatfield. THomAs SmituH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowper, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamitton, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. JAMES MARTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havetock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Bouncer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. Wm. Exper, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micuiz, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomutnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. GEORGE HANNAH, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JoHN ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistiz, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDKkEW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. D. Tait, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Treland. A. C. Forbes, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. E. Morran, Lessadell, Thelorgan Park. THomMAS RoBERtTsON, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wma. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davip G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ALEX. M‘Rag, Forester, Dundrum. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. FORM OF PROPOSAL FOR MEMBERSHIP. To be signed by the Candidate, his Proposer and Seconder, and returned to ROBERT GALLOWAY, §8.8.C., SHCRHETARY, Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Full Name, Designation, Degrees, etc., Sandidate’s 4 Address, | Life, or Ordinary Member, Signature, . ( Signature, . Proposer’s ~ Address, Signature, . earn yeconder’s Address, (CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP, see Over. CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP (excerpted from the Laws). III. Any person interested in Forestry, and desirous of pro- moting the objects of the Society, is eligible for election as an Ordinary Member in one of the following Classes :— 1. Proprietors the valuation of whose land exceeds £500 per annum, and others, subscribing annually - . One Guinea. 2. Proprietors the valuation of whose land does not exceed 4500 per annum, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Merchants, and others, subscribing annually . . Half-a-Guinea. . Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, subscribing annually : : . Six Shillings. Ge 4. Assistant-Foresters, Assistant-Gardeners, and others, sub- scribing annually : : : 2 . Four Shillings. IV. Subscriptions are due on the lst of January in each year, and shall be payable in advance. A new Member's Subscription is due on the day of election unless otherwise provided, and he shall not be enrolled until he has paid his first Subscription. V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Zvansactions, and shall not be entitled to vote at any of the meetings of the Society Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have been paid up. VI. Any eligible person may become a Zife Member of the Society, on payment, according to class, of the following sums :— 1. Large Proprietors of land, and others, ; : , £10 Mo © 2. Small Proprietors, Factors, Nurserymen, Timber Mer- chants, and others, . 5 , : . eect te) 3. Foresters, Gardeners, Land-Stewards, Tenant Farmers, and others, : : ; ; ; : : 3-340 VII. Any Ordinary Member of Classes 1, 2, and 3, who has paid Five Annual Subscriptions, may become a Zzfe Member on payment of Two-thirds of the sum payable by a ew Life Member. XII. Every Proposal for Membership shall be made in writing, and shall be signed by two Members of the Society as Proposer and Seconder, and delivered to the Secretary to be laid before the Council, which shall accept or otherwise deal with each Proposal as it may deem best in the interest of the Society. The Proposer and Seconder shall be responsible for payment of the new Member’s first Subscription. The Council shall have power to decide the Class under which any Candidate for Membership shall be placed. CONE TS. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements Lan or views expressed by the authors of papers. . A Development Grant, The Vegetation of Woodlands. By Dr W. G. Smith, . Forestry Education: Its Importance and Requirements. By E. P. Stebbing, . . An Attack by the Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsoni. By A. W. B. Edwards, Hollie Bank, Thirlmere, . The Corsican Pine in Dorset. By James M‘Callum, Canford, Wimborne, . The Douglas Fir. By W. H. Whellens, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell, . Observations on the Annual Increment of Spruce and Scots Pine. By J. H. Milne-Home, . . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, . The Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. By James Kay, . The Annual Excursion. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., . Trees in Cities, . Forestry in Japan, . . Enhanced Value of Canadian Timber and Wood-Pulp, . The Forestry Exhibition at Dumfries, Notes and Queries—Landowners Forestry Co-operative Society—Progress on the Inverliever Estate—Durability of Highland Scots Fir—Visits of Foreign Professors to Scotland—Larix occidentalis—Attack of Lime Trees by Larve of Winter Moth—Seeds of North American Conifers—Grant to Ireland from the Development Fund —The Biltmore Forest School, U.S.A.—Rabbits—Felling Trees by Electricity—Preservative against Wood Splitting —Effect of Moisture on Wood—A New Larch—Retirement of Mr Grant Thomson, . Obituary Notices:—The late Mr D. F. Mackenzie, F.S.I.— The late Mr James Robertson, late Wood Manager, Panmure — The late Mr W. R. Fisher—Death of M. Broilliard, formerly Professor at Nancy, PAGE 102 104 114 CONTENTS. The Society does not hold itself responsible for the statements al or views expressed by the authors of papers. . A Development Grant, The Vegetation of Woodlands. By Dr W. G. Smith, . Forestry Education: Its Importance and Requirements. By E. P. Stebbing, . . An Attack by the Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsoni. By A. W. B. Edwards, Hollie Bank, Thirlmere. . The Corsican Pine in Dorset. By James M‘Callum, Canford, Wimborne, . The Douglas Fir. By W. H. Whellens, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell, . Observations on the Annual Increment of Spruce and Scots Pine. By J. H. Milne-Home, . . Continental Notes—France. By A. G. Hobart-Hampden, . The Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Saskatchewan. By James Kay, . . The Annual Excursion. By Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., . Trees in Cities, . Forestry in Japan, . . Enhanced Value of Canadian Timber and Wood-Pulp, . The Forestry Exhibition at Dumfries, Notes and Queries—Landowners Forestry Co-operative Society—Progress on the Inverliever Estate—Durability of Highland Scots Fir—Visits of Foreign Professors to Scotland—Larix occidentalis-—-Attack of Lime Trees by Larve of Winter Moth—Seeds of North American Conifers—Grant to Ireland from the Development Fund —The Biltmore Forest School, U.S.A.—Rabbits—Felling Trees by Electricity—Preservative against Wood Splitting —Effect of Moisture on Wood—A New Larch—Retirement of Mr Grant Thomson, . Obituary Notices:—The late Mr D. F. Mackenzie, F.S.I.— The late Mr James Robertson, late Wood Manager, Panmure — The late Mr W. R. Fisher—Death of M. Broilliard, formerly Professor at Nancy, PAGE 102 104 114 TRANSACTIONS ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY 1. A Development Grant. The following letter, dated 10th September 1gro, has been addressed by the President of the Society to the members of the Development Commission :— My Lorps and GENTLEMEN, The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society ventures to approach you with some _ practical suggestions for the expenditure of such portion of the Development Grant as may be allotted to Forestry in Scotland. Our Society has over 1300 members, and includes practically every one who takes an active part in the practice and teaching of Silviculture north of the Tweed, besides many members from England, Ireland, and Wales. The scheme which the Council ventures to submit is the result of mature deliberation. It has been repeatedly urged upon the Government, and was actually adopted by the present Chancellor of the Exchequer in the speech with which he introduced the Budget of 1909. We should have approached the Commissioners earlier, but for the following reason: We have been urging on the Chancellor of the Exchequer the need of appointing at once a recognised authority, such as exists in every other civilised country, to take charge of the interests of Forestry in Great Britain. If a Board of Forestry were appointed now, its first duty would be to frame a scheme for the Development Commissioners, and we have been unwilling to take any step which might anticipate or embarrass the initiative of such a Board, It appears, however, that the Government hesitates to appoint any responsible authority. We therefore feel that the time has arrived when we have no choice but to submit the outline of a scheme, since it is more particularly the duty and interest of VOL. XXIV. PART I. A 2 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. our Society to consider the subject from a comprehensive standpoint. At the same time, we desire to reiterate our opinion that the appointment of a Board of Forestry ought not longer to be delayed. The preliminary steps which our Council considers essential to the orderly development of Forestry in Scotland are :— 1. A SURVEY TO ASCERTAIN THE AREA WHICH IT IS ECONOMICALLY DESIRABLE TO AFFOREST. 2. A DEMONSTRATION FOREST WITH A FOREST SCHOOL. 3. Forest GARDENS FOR THE THREE TEACHING CENTRES — EDINBURGH, GLASGOW, AND ABERDEEN. There has been a great deal of loose talk on the subject of afforestation, but no precise information is available. In the absence of a SURVEY, it is impossible to form any opinion as to the scale of possible afforestation, or of the machinery, educational and administrative, which may be needed to promote it. Our Society is at present engaged upon the survey of an area in Inverness-shire, which it is hoped may serve as a model for future surveys of the same kind. The design and superintendence of this difficult and complicated undertaking — for the survey must, to be of any practical use, go far beyond the mere ascertainment of the area which is capable of growing good timber—has been entrusted by the Society to Lord Lovat, one of our members, who is preparing Reports and maps showing in detail how a large forest could be made in the area selected, with full particulars of its creation, exploitation, and attendant industries, and tracing the consequences to existing interests and local rates, as well as the effect upon employment in the district. The result of this survey will be submitted to the Commissioners as soon as it is complete, and has been checked by the best experts obtainable. We hope that it may be ready by the end of the year. We are of opinion that when the lines have been laid down upon which the survey is to proceed, a sum of money should be set aside for it every year out of the Development Grant, until it has been completed for every district in Scotland which contains large areas of plantable ‘‘ waste lands.” This survey would form the basis of all future schemes of afforestation, whether they be undertaken by private enterprise or by the State. A DEVELOPMENT GRANT. 3 By a DEMONSTRATION FOREST we mean an area where Silviculture in all its branches can be practised and studied in accordance with British conditions. If the survey shows that the area to be afforested is as large as we expect, and practical experience confirms that view,—more than one Demonstration Forest will no doubt be required in Scotland. We believe, however, that it will be wiser to begin with one forest! and one school. It is desirable that the Forest should be central and accessible, and essential that it should contain a considerable area of growing timber of different ages. Inverliever, unfortunately, fulfils neither of these conditions. An area of 10,000 acres would be sufficient. Suitable estates have recently changed hands at reasonable prices. Our Council is prepared to inquire further into the question of possible sites, if desired. The standing crop will not and need not be perfect. The first lesson the Forest will have to demonstrate, is the conversion of bad woods into good. The Forest should from the beginning be worked on a regular plan, thus providing another much needed lesson. Accurate records and accounts should be kept, and the results of the numerous desultory experiments which have been made throughout Scotland, should be collected andj compared, and their progress watched. ‘The science of British Jilviculture, for which the materials already largely exist, w#ll thus be gradually built up. . The FOREST SCHOOL should be &ttac to the Forest and under the same officer. Our Council will be glad, if desired, to advise as to a scheme for the allocation of Forest education between this new school and the Universities and Agricultural Colleges of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, which now provide courses in Forestry. It is enough to say here that the Council contemplates the establishment in the Forest of a school for working apprentices, which would provide for a class of student which finds great difficulty in attending the Universities, and would bring them into that close touch with forest work which is conspicuously lacking at present. The University classes would thenceforward be confined to students who desired 1 Should the Demonstration Forest be mainly coniferous, it may be necessary to have a detached hardwood area, as there are extensive woods of this character in the south of Scotland of which the proper management urgently requires demonstration. 4 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. a higher training, and required the tuition of experts in Botany, Chemistry, Entomology, Geology, Engineering, etc., in addition to Silviculture. A course of practical Silviculture in the Forest would also form part of the curriculum of these higher students. No public body recognises more cordially than our Society the advance accomplished in the constitution of the Development Commission, and none can be more anxious to be of assistance to it. If, in this Memorandum, the Society ventures to deal broadly with the whole question, it is because our whole energies have been devoted for twenty years to endeavouring to attract the aid of the State in securing a wide extension of Silviculture on sound lines. We fear that the applications for money grants which reach the Commissioners, however good in themselves, may not provide the basis of a sufficiently simple and com- prehensive scheme, and we believe that promiscuous grants to all kinds of subordinate authorities would be fatal both to National progress and to economy of public resources. We are eager to see a beginning made at once, but know that so important a National undertaking will require very orderly and gradual development. The art of Silviculture is still at a low ebb in Great Britain, and we are convinced that the first steps must be educational. The steps advocated above, being designed to supply accurate information and trained men, are equally essential whether the actual work of afforestation is to be undertaken by private individuals or by the State, or, as we hope it may be, by a combination of both. They are, moreover, quite as necessary for the improvement of our existing woodlands. These, though small and neglected as compared with the woods of other countries, are still considerable in themselves. Improved management can make them of great value to their owners and to the country as a whole. This reform requires greater Silvicultural knowledge than the creation of new plantations, but it is, thanks to the growing crop, comparatively easy to finance, and it comes less into conflict with other interests. We do not propose to over-burden this letter by entering into any discussion of the agencies by which new schemes of afforestation can best be accomplished. There are no doubt certain districts where it may be necessary for the State to undertake all the expense and risk of such schemes, if they are to be accomplished at all. We hope that in many districts it A DEVELOPMENT GRANT, 5 will not be necessary for the State to take the initiative, and believe that reliable advice based on the actual experience of a Demonstration Forest, well secured loans, and a reduction or postponement of local burdens,! would induce many proprietors to undertake schemes of afforestation at their own expense, and submit the management of their woodlands to State super- vision. We would only observe at present that such schemes are impossible in the absence of a responsible executive authority. We believe that a sum of £10,000 a year will be required in Scotland to cover the cost of this programme as a whole for seven or eight years, until all the preliminaries outlined in this Memorandum are complete. At the end of this period the Survey will be finished, the Demonstration Forest and Forest School equipped, and the Forest Gardens in working order. The charges remaining will be limited to administration and teaching, together with any loss there may be on the capital invested in the Demonstration Forest and Forest Gardens. As soon as the Survey is concluded, it will be for the Commissioners to consider what resources they should devote to the direct work or encouragement of new schemes of afforestation. We desire, in conclusion, to offer the Commissioners every assistance in our power. Signed on behalf of the Society, JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL, President. To the above the following reply, dated 22nd September 1910, was received from the Development Commission :— Sir,—1. I am directed by the Development Commissioners to acknowledge the receipt of your letter forwarding copies of a letter from the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, on the subject of expenditure from the Development Fund on forestry in Scotland; and to inform you that they took the Society’s letter into consideration at their meeting yesterday. 2. They understand that the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries propose to submit at an early date an application for 1 We believe it will be found in practice, that the provisions of the Finance Act of I909 are on the whole relatively favourable to afforestation. (See Transactions, Vol. XXIII. page 133). 6 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. an advance from the fund, with a scheme framed after examina- tion of the forestry requirements of Great Britain as a whole: and they have therefore forwarded a copy of the Society’s letter to the Board for their consideration in preparing their scheme. 3. The Society are no doubt aware that under the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act, 1909, the Commissioners can only take into consideration schemes and applications for advances from the Development Fund, received from bodies other than Government Departments, after such applications and schemes have been referred to and reported on by the Govern- ment Departments concerned. Pam sir Your obedient Servant, H-E. Daz; THE SECRETARY, Secretary. ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. [ The undermentioned members of the Development Commission form a committee to confer, if necessary, with the Government Departments and unofficial associations interested, and to report on questions of forestry policy, and on schemes for that purpose which have been, and are about to be, submitted to the Commissioners from England, Scotland, and Ireland :—Mr Eardley Wilmot (chairman), Mr Jones-Davies, Mr Ennis and Mr Haldane.—Hon. Ep.| 2. The Vegetation of Woodlands. By Dr W. G. SMITH. During the past ten years several investigations on the vegetation of Britain have been in progress, and a consider- able amount of information on woodlands and other forms of vegetation has been brought together. The papers and botanical maps of the late Robert Smith, published in 1goo, are generally admitted to have opened a new era in the study of British vegetation, and led ultimately to the formation of the Central Committee for the Study and Survey of British Vegeta- tion, which consists of active workers most of whom have published memoirs and vegetation maps. Although mainly botanical, this type of work is intimately related to economic THE VEGETATION OF WOODLANDS. a and practical questions. In response to a request from the editor, we propose to collect together here some of the more important observations on woodlands. This is rendered the more easy because an important paper on the woodlands of England has been published recently.1 The time has not yet come for publishing a similar account of Scottish woodlands, but observations are being collected. Although the first botanical survey was Scottish, yet the later investigations have been more actively pursued south of the Border; the areas dealt with in England are, however, sufficiently varied to apply generally to woodlands in Scotland. They range from the Lake District over practically the whole of Yorkshire and Derbyshire, and include many important areas of woodland in England, such as the Lake District, Yorkshire and Derbyshire, the Cotswold and Chiltern Hills, and southwards to the well-wooded counties of Hampshire, Surrey, Kent and Sussex. In reviewing the results obtained, the opportunity is taken to incorporate other information on the composition of woods, and on the relation of soil and climate to woodlands. THE STRUCTURE OF A Woop. The term wood is used here to include all areas covered with trees, and, leaving out of account for the present whether the wood is natural or planted, it may be useful to consider the vegetation which goes to make a wood. From the silvicultural point of view the trees are the important part of a wood; from the outlook of game preservation the undergrowth is often the more important element; but from the botanical point of view canopy, shrubby growth and the low ground-vegetation are all equally important. A wood in middle age or during the later period shows a series of layers of vegetation which, when perfectly developed, are as follows:—(1) Canopy of trees, (2) shrubs, (3) ground- vegetation. Frequently each of these may show a fairly well- marked upper and lower layer, thus :— (a) Upper canopy, consisting of the taller dominant trees— oak, ash, beech, Scots pine, larch, etc. 1 « 995 1913, and from that date shall be discontinued; and for such period the Director shall give lectures in Indian forestry at Oxford to Forest probationers, and shall discharge all other duties that are at present discharged by the Indian Professor of Forestry at that University, whose appointment shall cease from the date of the appointment of the Director. The post of Assistant Professor, now vacant by the death of Mr Fisher, is abolished. If the officer in charge of the Oxford school up to midsummer 1913 reports that he requires assistance, this may be provided by the temporary deputation of a Forest Officer at home on leave, or otherwise as may be convenient. The ordinary period of the probationary course for all candidates shall for the present be two years, including seven months abroad. The provisions of the existing regulations as to the pro- bationers’ allowances shall be retained. His Lordship is prepared to permit probationers, who are selected in and after 1912, to undergo their probationary course at Cambridge Edinburgh authorities are willing to provide a suitable course in Indian diploma degree or diploma consult with the officer appointed by the Secretary of State as Director of Indian Forest Studies on the subject of the special studies and tests of proficiency which may be desirable; and in other respects to fall in with the proposals described in the above-quoted resolutions. Forest garden, . : . £100 University, on being satisfied that the University forestry, with a obtainable within two years; to I have, etc., R. RITCHIE. 214 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. [The number of probationers appointed in 1907 was 18; in 1908, it was 16; in 1909, it was 12; last year it was 10; and for the current year itis 5. We believe the reduction in numbers to be due to over-recruitment in previous years, and it appears unlikely that, at any rate for some years to come, the present number will be exceeded. This small number of appointments gives an average of 12 students to each of the three Universities now permitted to train candidates for the Indian Forest Service. We hope that, for these few students, the three Universities named may each find it possible to maintain the high standard of training hitherto provided by the Government of India, at Coopers Hill and recently at Oxford, for candidates for their Forest Service. If not, the Service must inevitably suffer.— Hon. Ep. |] NOTES AND QUERIES. 215 NOTES? AND OU ERTIES. GRANTS FROM THE DEVELOPMENT FUND, We understand that the Development Commissioners have approved of the purchase of an area in Scotland, to be converted into a Demonstration Forest, as soon as they are satisfied that a suitable tract of land can be obtained; and the Secretary for Scotland has appointed a Committee :— “To report as to the selection of a suitable location for a Demonstration Forest Area in Scotland: the uses, present and prospective, to which such area may be put (including the use that may be made of it by the various forestry teaching centres in Scotland): the staff and equipment required for successful working: the probable cost: and the most suitable form of management. “To report as to any further steps, following upon the acquisition of the said area, which, in the opinion of the Committee, it is desirable should be taken with a view to promoting silviculture in Scotland, due regard being had to the interests of other rural industries.” Chatrman—Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart. Members— The Right Hon. Lord Lovat, C.B., etc., The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., J. D. Sutherland, Esq., Sir John Fleming, LL.D., Sir Matthew Wallace and R. H. N. Sellar, Esq. Secretary—H. Warre Cornish, Esq., of the Scotch Education Department. An application of the University of Edinburgh for grants to develop the higher teaching of forestry which it at present provides is, we understand, now under consideration by the Commissioners, who have, we believe, already recommended to the Treasury a grant of £2000, to be spread over five years, for the provision of a Forest Garden in connection with the University and the East of Scotland College of Agriculture. The partial attainment of objects for which the Society has 216 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. steadily worked during the past twelve years is therefore now in sight. In reply to a question asked in the House of Commons, on 19th April, as to schemes sanctioned up to date by the Commissioners, Mr Hobhouse said that an advance of £25,000, recommended by them for purposes of forestry in Ireland, was to be spent on purchasing several areas of vacant land, in various parts of the country, on each of which a scheme of afforestation is to be carried out. In addition to the above, a Treasury grant has been obtained for the purpose of saving some of the larger woodland remnants on purchased estates in Ireland. On this subject Mr Birrell replied as follows to a question asked in the House of Commons :— “A sum of £6000 has been voted by Parliament in each of the years 1909-10 and rgr1o-r11 for forestry work to be undertaken by the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland ; and planting and other operations are in active progress at five centres where lands have been acquired by the Department under the terms of the Irish Land Acts. “The total area being dealt with amounts to nearly 4000 acres, and is distributed as follows:—County Galway, 1277 acres; County Tipperary, 1197 acres; County Wexford, 646 acres ; County Cavan, 405 acres; County Londonderry, 254 acres. In addition to these areas there are 800 acres of forest lands in County Wicklow and County Wexford utilised in connection with the Department’s forestry school at Avondale, County Wicklow. Forestry is one of the purposes to which County Councils may apply the proceeds of rates, not exceeding in all 2d. in the pound, which they can levy under the Agriculture and Technical Instruction (Ireland) Act, 1899, and the Technical Instruction Acts, 1889 and 1891. In addition, the Irish Land Act, 1909, prescribes that the instalments of the purchase annuity in respect of any parcel of land purchased by a County Council or by a Rural District Council shall be raised as a county charge or as a district charge, as the case may be. The Department is co-operating with County Councils with regard to forest areas suitable for being dealt with by these bodies. Forestry schemes approved by the Department are in operation in two counties, and the adoption of schemes in other counties is under consideration.” NOTES AND QUERIES. 217 Four-WEEKS’ COURSE FOR FORESTERS AT ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY. The instruction in forestry at Aberdeen now includes courses for practical foresters. The first of these was held at Marischal College last autumn, under the Aberdeen and North of Scotland College of Agriculture. The classes extended over four weeks, commencing 16th August. The attendance was very satisfactory, fourteen men having enrolled. The Very Rev. George Adam Smith, Principal of the University, who takes a very active interest in the subject, presided at the first lecture. He welcomed the men to Aberdeen, and expressed his satisfaction that so many men, some of them old in their profession, should have come forward. In the afternoon, the Principal conducted the men over King’s College in Old Aberdeen, and afterwards entertained them to tea at his residence, Chanonry Lodge. The work extended over the whole day, and consisted of lectures, microscopic and other laboratory work, and excursions. The lecture work dealt largely with silviculture, but also in- cluded Forest Botany, Forest Entomology, etc. Throughout the course, opportunity was afforded the men of discussing questions among themselves. The class was conducted by Mr Dawson, assisted by Mr C. O. Farquharson, M.A., B.Sc., and Mr W. R. Sherriffs, M.A., B.Sc., who had special charge of the botanical and entomological work in the laboratory. A course is being arranged for the coming autumn, commenc- ing on 15th August, and a complete prospectus is being prepared. Arrangements are also being made for lodging the men in one of the residences connected with the University. STATE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY IN THE ForEsT OF DEAN. From the Official Report for 1909-1910. The work of the school has progressed satisfactorily. In October 1909 Mr Popert examined the eight students of the senior class, but only six obtained full certificates, one was granted a partial certificate, and one failed to pass. The eight students of the junior class were also examined ; these did well. In November 1909 a seventh class of ten students was admitted, and there are eighteen men now in the school. A better class of men has been obtained since the age was raised toa minimum of 20 years. They are not only better at school work but are better workmen in the forest. VOL. XXIV. PART II. P 218 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. Since the school started thirty-two men have obtained the full certificate, and two have received a partial certificate. Of the thirty-two with full certificates— One is forester in British East Africa. One is assistant pole inspector, Postal Department. Four are woodmen in Crown Forests. One is foreman of the school gang in Dean Forest. Twelve are labourers in Dean Forest. Nine are foresters or woodmen on private estates. One is taking a further course of instruction at Armstrong College, and is likely to go as forester to East Africa. One is managing his mother’s farm, his father having recently died. Two obtained situations on leaving the school but left them, one for farm work, while the other is now in a timber merchant’s office. Of the two men who obtained partial certificates, one is employed in the woods on a private estate, and the other has left forest work. The new building has proved very suitable. The school nursery is now in full working order, and is fully stocked. The Abbotswood experimental plantations have been completed. A visit was paid to the school by Mr Hutchins, chief conservator of the British East Africa Forest. Department. As a result of his visit one passed student was appointed by the Secretary of State for the Colonies as forester at £120, rising by annual increments of £10 to £200. The names of two other students were registered with a view to offers of employment as vacancies occur. THE LarcH SAWFLY. The Lake District correspondent of Zhe Times reports that the larch sawfly, which some years ago did such serious damage to the larch plantations in Cumberland, has again made its appearance in the Lake district. The pest has proved most destructive to the larch forests in the United States (cf p. 222), and in Northern Europe, and its re-appearance in Cumberland naturally causes some alarm. The fly was first noticed on zoth May, and the larve were in June hatching out rapidly and defoliating the trees. Reference is invited to articles on this destructive fly on p. 43 of vol. xx., and on p. 42 of vol. xxiv. NOTES AND QUERIES. 219 Imports OF TIMBER AND OTHER CLASSES OF WOODS. For the twelve months ending 31st December 1909 and 1910. [From the Board of Trade Returns. | QUANTITY. VALUE. 1909. 1910. 1909. 1g!0. TIMBER (Hewn). Loads. Loads. & 4 Russia... 420,232 379,605 758,915 781,863 Sweden 25,617 16,792 45,304 36,084 Norway 29,835 30,131 64,037 63,463 Germany 94,842 | 132,533 279,725 392, 562 United States 151,677 164,709 820,421 907,160 British E. Indies 23,675 36,484 398, 137 619,374 Canada . 34,045 33,147 253,114 259,094 Other Countries 20,505 32,957 234,545 432,069 Total 800,428 | 826,358 | 2,854,198 | 3,491,669 Hewn: Pit-props or Pit- wood : ‘ . | 2,627,633 | 2,820,576 | 2,929,640 | 3,136,828 Total Wood, Hewn 3,428,061 | 3,646,934 | 5,783,838 | 6,628,497 TIMBER (Sawn or Split, Planed or lige Russia . 2,612,068 | 2,798,922 | 6,460,627 | 7,347,760 Sweden 1,043,037 | 1,217,339 | 2,533,667 | 3,234,663 Norway é 397,260 329,498 | 1,220,688 | 1,103,179 United States 498,067 412,814 | 1,826,374 | 1,627,438 Canada 1,050,106 | 1,105,545 | 3,051,227 | 3,237,588 Other Countries 121,303 129, 511 308,041 458,561 Total 5,721,901 | 5,993,629 | 15,469,624 | 17,009,189 Total of Hewn and Sawn | 9,149,962 | 9,640,563 | 21,253,462 | 23,637,686 Staves (all sizes) 126,339 167,208 546, 187 694,032 Mahogany (tons) . 76,202 95,770 609, 352 785,992 Other sorts 196,702 174,541 | 1,182,578 | 1,081,144 Grand total of Wood E : and Timber — — 23,591,579 | 26,198,854 ~ MANUFACTURED Woon. wo 4 Furniture and Cabinet ware 391,236 406, 335 House frames, fittings and Joiners’ ‘work : 185,487 206,528 Other sorts (including Wood ware and Wood turnery) . 2 AVES, SUE OTD BETAS Se OTe? Total | 2,054,258 2,338,470 220 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, In their annual report, Messrs Foy, Morgan & Co, state that, since 1905, the cost of sawn and planed goods imported into the United Kingdom has increased by 5 per cent., owing to diminished capacity for production due to the gradual depletion of the forests, to the increasing local demands within the exporting countries, and to the opening of new markets in the Colonies and elsewhere. FORESTRY AT THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SHOW, NORWICH. The Royal Agricultural Society has offered prizes, including its gold medal, for plantations and home nurseries in Norfolk, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire. The judges appointed are Professor Fraser Storey and Mr Alexander Slater. Prizes are also to be given in a variety of classes for exhibits in the forestry section of the show, Mr J. F. Annand being one of the judges. Exovric CONIFERS IN BRITAIN. Notwithstanding the long time that has elapsed since its publi- cation, we desire to invite the attention of our readers to a valuable paper on the above subject by Dr Somerville, which was contributed by him to the Congress of Forestry Experimental Stations, Vienna, in 1903, and was reprinted in the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for December of that year (price 4d.). The report, which covers 28 pages, contains extremely useful records of the height and girth measurements of conifers and numerous exotic trees growing in this country. Dr Somerville says that in compiling his tables he has made free use of Mr Dunn’s “‘ Census,” published in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, volume xiv., 1891. RAINFALL AT INVERLIEVER. Mr James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks and Curator of Botanic Gardens at Glasgow, has forwarded from Mr Boyd records of rainfall for the year 1910, at the two stations of Cruachan and Ford on the Inverliever estate. At the former, placed at a height of 280 feet above sea-level, the total fall was 82 inches; January with 12 inches showing the greatest NOTES AND QUERIES. 221 fall, and June with 2 inches the least. Rain fell on 237 days in the year. At Ford, only 150 feet above sea-level, the total fall was nearly 71 inches; February with nearly 10 inches having the greatest fall, and June with 2} inches the least. Rain fell on 245 days, in spite of the smaller total. THE TIMBER SUPPLY OF THE UNITED STATES. The Department of Agriculture, Washington, has issued a circular on this subject. It estimates that the original forests of the country have been reduced by cutting, clearing, and fire, from an acreage of 850,000,000 to 550,000,000, of which 100,000,000 are public lands. A further reduction by 100,000,000 acres of the present total, owing. to the necessity for more farm land, is considered probable, but the opinion is expressed that 450,000,000 acres, if properly developed and guarded, would produce sufficient wood for a population much greater than the present. The total yearly consumption, not counting losses from fire, storms, and insects, is calculated at 20,000,000,000 cubic feet, two-fifths of which are lumber, shingles, or firewood. Forests are being cut three times as fast as they grow, and, while the absolute exhaustion of the timber supply may never be reached, un- restricted exploitation has already had serious results. The yield of white pine, for instance, which was once considered inexhaustible, has decreased by 45 per cent. since 1900, and by 70 per cent. since 1890. The consumption of wood per head in the United States is 250 cubic feet, against 37 in Germany and 25 in France. LEAF-SHEDDING OF CONIFERS, DUE TO Botrytis cinerea. Leaflet No. 234, issued by the Board of Agriculture, describes the disease caused by the above-named fungus, which has been recorded as attacking the following trees :—Douglas fir, silver fir, spruce, larch, and Wedlingtonia. It has also been observed on juniper and Scots pine. The leaflet, which may be obtained free of charge and post free on application to the Secretary, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S.W., comprises an illustration and a description of the preventive measures recommended. 222 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. InsEcT DEPREDATIONS IN NORTH AMERICAN FORESTs. The following is extracted from the Journal of the Board of Agriculture for June 1910 :— “ A Bulletin recently issued by the United States Department of Agriculture (Bureau of Entomology, No. 58, Part V.) refers to the very extensive damage done to forest trees in North American forests by insects; Dr A. D. Hopkins, the officer in charge of Forest Insect Investigations, estimates that the loss due to insect pests represents I per cent. annually of the total stand of merchantable timber in the United States. This figure, based on the estimated area and stand of the present forests of the United States, and the average stumpage value, is equal to a value of about 13 million pounds sterling annually. *“ Among the pests which have done widespread damage is the large larch sawfly (WVematus erichsont), which is of special interest owing to its recent extension in Great Britain. As was stated in the recent article in this Journal, March 1910,! p. 982, this insect is believed to have destroyed, since 1880, from 50 to roo per cent. of the mature larch over vast areas in the north-eastern United States and south-eastern Canada. “Until about eleven years ago nothing had been done towards preventing this enormous damage. Since then inves- tigations have been conducted by the Bureau of Entomology of the United States Department of Agriculture, and satisfactory progress has been made in ascertaining the principal insect enemies of the forests of North America, in determining their life-history, and in devising practical: methods of control. In the first instance, a number of the most destructive insects were found to be new to science, while as regards the more important known species little information was available as to their habits; but it is considered that the advice now available would, ‘if properly utilised for practical application, evidently prevent from 1o to 30 per cent. of the annual losses at a very small cost.’ “The work that has been done is, however, only a beginning, and more purely scientific work on the life-history of insects is needed to provide a foundation of facts on which practical recommendations can be based. The need for trained experts is also very strongly urged.” 1 See Transactions, vol. xxiii. p. 186. NOTES AND QUERIES. 223 A Limse-SuLPHUR WASH FOR USE ON FOLIAGE. The Journal of the Board of Agriculture for June tgto con- tains an article on the above subject by Mr E. S. Salmon, F.L.S., Mycologist to the South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. A very concentrated form of the wash is made by boiling together the following quantities of lime and sulphur :— Quicklime (in lumps). : 50 lbs. Flowers of Sulphur ; : 100 lbs. Wetter * : 50 gallons. Before use as a spray on the foliage of plants, the concen- trated wash obtained as above requires to be diluted. The amount of dilution which is necessary in order to avoid ‘*“scorching,” varies with the character of the foliage or plant to be sprayed, and can only be ascertained by experiment. THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES. We have before us the report-on forest administration for the year 1909, by Mr A. M. Burn-Murdoch, Conservator of Forests, F.M.S. and S.S. At the close of the year, the area gazetted under the Forest Enactment was 749 square miles, or 2°74 per cent. of the total area of the Federated States. In Perak, where immediate reservation is said to be imperative, forest reservation appears to be very much behindhand. The more valuable and accessible forests are disappearing, in the rush for rubber land, at a rate which is, perhaps, hardly generally realised, and the necessity for immediate selection of valuable timber reserves, before it is too late, should be obvious to even those who look upon forests as a useless encumbrance, instead of as they really are, a very valuable asset. But, on the whole, satisfactory progress with ‘‘reserve” proposals has been made by the Department, though it cannot be said that the hoped for results have yet been attained. The Government object to lock up any accessible land which might be opened out for planting, but unfortunately the percentage of reserves is so low that a certain amount must be reserved whether accessible or not, so long as it contains valuable forest, especially chengal. Good progress has been made in the demarcation and upkeep of boundaries, and in the survey of Reserved forests, while 224 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. communications have been improved and some necessary build- ings have been erected. Regeneration is effected partly by natural seeding, and partly by the planting of cleared areas. The rate of growth of the various species is being observed by means of the periodical girth measurement of certain marked trees. An area of 55,133 acres is systematically managed in accordance with approved working-plans. We congratulate the Government of the States and Mr Burn-Murdoch on the result of the year’s work. MAHOGANY. Mr C. D. Mell, Assistant Dendrologist, United States Department of Agriculture, writes as follows :— “In reading the very interesting paper entitled ‘When Afforestation comes,’ by Sir John Fleming, LL.D., which appeared in vol. xxiii., Part 2, of the Zvansactions of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, I observed that a common error among timber merchants and foresters in this country is no less freely propagated in England. I refer to the use of the word ‘‘mahogany,” which Dr Fleming prefers to use to designate substitutes for real West Indian mahogany (Swietenia mahagonit, Jacq.). This is a monotypic genus, unless Szwzetenia macrophylla, king of Southern Asia, will finally be accepted as a valid species of this genus. All other woods whose trade names are “mahogany” do not deserve to be called mahogany, any more than alder should be classed with and named birch. Some of the African and South American mahoganies are not so closely related to true mahogany as the alder is to the birch. Yet these substitutes are sold as mahogany. The term mahogany given to certain species of West African woods referred to by Dr Fleming is very general in its application, for there are no less than ten different species of trees in that region that yield timber shipped to England and the United States under the general trade name of African cedar or African mahogany. The noble tree to which Dr Fleming alludes, by saying that it ‘is to the forest what the rose is to the garden,’ is the West Indian mahogany, and all other woods that resemble it and are now palmed off on the public as such, should, in my opinion, be called by their correct proper names. _ at -. 5. | . | er. | ; ‘q - - | a 4 Ja a tee i Merk aih it _ > Diba ‘dean mo ee PuaTeE VII. MR JAMES KAY. [To face page 225. NOTES AND QUERIES. 225 ForEsT CONSERVATION IN THE UNITED STATES. The Supreme Court, Washington, has found to be constitutional the reservation by the Federal authorities of forests in various parts of the country, without the consent of the States in which such forests are located. This decision sustains the validity of the modern conservation policy inaugurated by Mr Roosevelt. FORESTRY IN CANADA. At the opening of the Dominion Forestry Convention at Quebec, the Governor-General, Earl Grey, said: “I hope that one result of this Convention will be to induce those to consider the forest as a friend who in early years may have considered it only as an enemy. Upon the conservation of the forests depend alike the uniform level of navigable streams, the fertility of the soil, and consequently the wealth and happiness of the nation.” RETIREMENT OF MR JAMES Kay. (With Portrait.) After a service of forty-seven years, Mr James Kay, wood- manager on the Bute estate, has just passed into retirement, and the sincere wish of his many friends will be that he may long be spared to enjoy the well-earned rest which, by the kindness of his employer, he is now enabled to take. Born and brought up on the Hamilton estate, Mr Kay served three of the heads of that House, but before entering the service of the late Marquis of Bute he spent five years on the Lee and Carnwath estates, in the employment of the late Sir Norman Macdonald Lockhart, Bart. He joined the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society in 1867, so that he is now one of its oldest members, and he was elected an honorary member in 1904. Throughout his long membership Mr Kay has taken an active part in the work of the Society, and, though he is now in his seventy-sixth year, his interest in its doings is as keen as ever. Of an inventive turn of mind, he has devised some useful forest implements, and several of these are illustrated and described in the Zransactions. Amongst them may be mentioned a dendrometer (vol. v., p. 170), a transplanting machine for removing large trees (vol. vii., p. 186), and a straining post 226 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. for wire fences (vol. x., p. 32). He has also contributed to the Transactions a number of useful articles on forestry and allied subjects. Ever an ardent meteorologist, Mr Kay has for about 30 years kept a continuous record of the rainfall and other weather phenomena at his residence, Barone Cottage, Rothesay, and it may be mentioned that it was he who rescued from the flames the meteorological records of the town of Rothesay, which can now boast of possessing a continuous rainfall record from 1800 to the present time. A. D. R. REVIEWS AND NOTICES OB VEBOGES., Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Volume III., Forest Management. By Sir Wm. Scuticu, K.C.I.E., F.R.S., etc., Professor of Forestry, University of Oxford. Fourth Edition, Revised. Bradbury, Agnew & Co., London. Price 5s. A new edition of Sir William Schlich’s erudite and compre- hensive work on “Forest Management” appears at a most opportune moment, when questions relating to afforestation and to the introduction of scientific methods into forestry are being urged upon the Government, the members of the Development Commission, and forest owners. It is certain that action will shortly be taken along lines sug- gested by various representative committees, especially in the direction of the carrying out of forest surveys, the collection of forest statistics, and the application of sound principles of management either to one or more existing forest areas, or to woods hereafter to be created. Whatever may be done in this direction, we know of no English work which explains so clearly as Sir William Schlich’s does, how all these various matters can best be handled. Commencing with the collection of statistics, by means of which alone data can be made available, enabling the forest owner to apply to forestry the financial tests which are recognised as imperative in all other commercial under- takings, the author proceeds to explain clearly the manner in which method and order may be introduced into the working of existing forests, based on a careful estimation of the capital or growing stock actually present on the ground, and on a correct calcu- REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 227 lation of the interest or yield to be annually produced by it and thus to become available for realisation. For the purpose of expounding these various matters, Sir William Schlich divides his manual into three main sections or parts, dealing respectively with Forest Mensuration, Forest Valuation, and the Preparation of Working-Plans. The last part includes both the theory on which the science is based (the foundations of Forest Management), and the practical appli cation of that theory (the actual preparation of the working- plan). The first part, Forest Mensuration, deals with the determination of the dimensions, volume, age and increment of single trees and of whole woods: information which is indis- pensable to the scientific forester for the calculation of the material standing on a given area, the yield which a wood can give, and the value of single trees and whole woods or forests. In other words, it is information which enables the owner to determine the full value of his forest capital or growing stock, and the interest in produce, or the “ yield” at his disposal. But the portion of this subject which will more strongly appeal to our readers, especially in view of coming events, is that which deals with the preparation of “ Yield Tables ”; that is to say, of tabular statements which give the course of the development of a wood from early youth up to a certain age, either from year to year, or for intervals of a certain number of years. “The data contained in such tables enable the forester to determine the quantity of timber and firewood produced on lands of vary- ing yield capacity, upon the supposition that the progress of the wood has not suffered from any extraneous interference. Hence, they serve to determine the yield which may be expected, and to gauge the financial results of the industry if the land is planted with one or the other species.” There can be no question in our minds, that at the present time “the most urgent need of British forestry is the collection of statistics, by means of which the financial results of the industry can be estimated”; and in the chapter dealing with Yield Tables the kind of statistics required, and the manner in which these can best be collected, are most clearly set forth. Unfortunately, such tables can be prepared with any degree of accuracy only for woods which are practically fully stocked, taking into consideration the species, quality of locality, and the adopted method of treatment; and as woods which comply 228 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. fully with such requirements may not perhaps be found numer- ous enough in Great Britain to yield sufficiently reliable results, the collection of the necessary statistics may be somewhat delayed. Nevertheless, the opportunity afforded by the carrying out of the survey recommended in the Memorandum submitted by the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society to the members of the Development Commission, might well be taken advantage of in order to collect such “ Yield Table” statistics as may be possible. We would also invite the attention of our readers to an article on the Coombe Plantation, Keswick, which appeared in a recent number of the Journal of the Board of Agriculture, as an example of what can be done in this direction. The importance of Yield Tables, and their practical utility in: the determination of the financial results of forestry, are well exemplified in Part II. of Sir William Schlich’s manual, dealing with ‘‘ Forest Valuation,” and perhaps we cannot do better than quote a couple of examples showing the practical application of the various mathematical formulz worked out in the body of the book. On pages 124 and 125 the author shows, by the use of Yield Tables, how it is possible to calculate what sum of money a proprietor may be justified in paying for a given piece of land, according to the species he may intend to. plant, provided he is satisfied with a given per cent. at compound interest on his investment. Thus the author shows (the problem being worked out in detail, step by step) how, in a given locality, it would be profitable to pay £20, 4s. an acre for land to be cultivated with Scots pine, to be worked on a rotation of eighty years ; whilst, all other conditions remaining the same, he would not be justified in paying more than £18, 6s. for the same area of land if it were to be planted with beech. Again, on page 161, the author shows how the following useful problem may be satisfactorily worked out :—* Is it more profitable to use a given acre of land for agriculture or forestry under a given set of conditions?” This latter problem belongs to that all important branch of scientific forestry, ‘“‘ Forest Statics,” which weighs and considers the comparative merits of the different methods of treatment to which forests may be subjected: so that when several methods of treatment lead to the realisation of the desired object, it is left to the owner to base his decision on 1 The Journal of the Board of Agriculture, vol. xvii., No. 4: ‘Coombe Plantation, Keswick,” by R. L. Robinson, B.A., B.Sc. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF BOOKS. 229 the consideration of which of them will give him the highest rate of interest on his invested capital. This subject is most clearly and concisely dealt with in the work under review. Sir William Schlich devotes the second half of his manual of Forest Management to a study of the various matters connected with the preparation of forest working-plans; that is to say, to the drawing up of the necessary forest regulations prescribing, in the case of a given forest, the application of certain cultural rules and the execution of certain works in order to produce a desired result. As the author explains: “Ifa forest is to yield a return, either annually or periodically, it must be in a certain state. In order to determine what this state should be under a given set of conditions, it is useful to construct an ideal pattern, such as would be presented by a forest which has grown up uninfluenced by external interfering circumstances. The ideal state differs, of course, for every method of treatment, in accord- ance with the objects at which the management aims. In all these cases, a forest which corresponds in every way to the objects of management is called a zorma/ forest. It enables the forester to study the laws which must govern the management, and it serves as an ideal to be aimed at, though it may never be alto- gether reached, and at anyrate not permanently maintained.” A perfectly normal forest is, therefore, a purely ideal creation. Probably no such forests actually exist, although many may approach the normal condition when they have been under a regular system of organised treatment for a long period. Nevertheless, a correct understanding of the constitution of the growing stock in the normal or ideal forest under each and every method of treatment is essential, since upon it is based the whole business of the preparation of the working-plan. The purpose of a working-plan may, in fact, be said to be to bring the existing forest as soon as possible, and as nearly as possible, to the normal state, and thereafter to maintain it in that condition. Confining himself to the consideration of forests which are managed on economic principles, the author gives a very clear and concise exposition of what is understood by the “normal” forest, and how this normal state depends on a correct inter- pretation of its various factors :—the increment, the rotation, the distribution of the normal age-classes, the normal growing stock, and the normal yield. All these various matters constitute the general principles or foundations of forest 230 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. management, but the chapters which will perhaps be read with the greatest interest by the practical scientific forester, are those dealing with the determination of the rotation, with the size and distribution of the age-classes, and with the area to be cut over annually, under the different methods of treatment. Having thus obtained a clear picture of the constitution of the ideal or normal forest, the reader is at once led on to undertake the preparation of the working-plan proper, or the scheme which lays down the execution of the various measures which are necessary, so that the management of the forest to be dealt with may be carried out in an orderly manner. A working-plan (such as the author contemplates) has for its object “to lay down, according to time and locality, the entire management of the forest, so that the objects for which the forest is maintained may be as fully as possible realised. And this must be done in an economic manner, for extravagance has no place in forestry.” Moreover, ‘“‘the forest working-plan must be based on the principles of silviculture; it must not contravene them.” Bearing these remarks in mind, the preparation of a working-plan may be said to consist of two main operations: the preliminary work, which gives the forester a picture of the existing condition of the forest, enabling him to compare this with the ideal or normal forest, and the preparation of the working scheme which prescribes the works required to bring the forest, as nearly as possible, to the normal state. The preliminary works include the reconnaissance of the area, the choice of the method of treatment, the formation of working circles, the analysis and description of the crop, the calculation of the volume of material, and the determination of the exploitable age; all of these lead up to the drawing up of the working scheme and the determina- tion and regulation of the yield under the method of treatment selected. The author very correctly confines himself to describing the most important only of the numerous methods which have been devised for the calcuiation of the ‘ Possibility,” by which is meant the quantity of material which may be felled in a forest annually or periodically for the time being, without encroaching on the normal forest capital or growing stock. We are glad to find that adequate space is provided for the description of the procedure to be followed in calculating the Possibility in the particular cases which would probably be of most frequent occurrence at the present moment in the British Isles, in the NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF BOOKS. 231 existing condition of our forests; that is, when a Conversion from one silvicultural system to another is called for. Similarly, the Selection method, a somewhat primitive system, which at present finds considerable favour in the British Isles, is likewise fully dealt with. We cannot, however, altogether subscribe to the author’s remarks regarding the futility of attempting to prescribe the Possibility in the Selection-worked forest by any- thing more elaborate than an area method, with perhaps the addition of a diameter check. We are of opinion, that the method enforced in this manner is attended with the drawback that there is no means, other than by personal inspection, of checking its correct application. The only extraneous control that can be exercised over its application, is with regard to the area cut over: and all the prescriptions on this subject might be rigidly adhered to, while the far more important cultural rules were being misapplied. Hence, where possible, it is, in our opinion, always preferable to determine the quantity of material that may annually or periodically be removed with safety, and to limit the fellings to this maximum quantity while subordinat- ing them to cultural rules. There is one more minor matter to which we would here refer. The question of evolving a generally accepted forest terminology has been receiving considerable attention during recent years in English-speaking countries. In the United States of America, the matter has been placed on a sound footing by the publication of a very useful booklet,! givirig a list of the technical terms prescribed for use in all Government forest reports in that country. In India (where, thanks to the enormous areas of State forests, methodically worked and organised by a body of highly trained foresters, scientific forestry occupies a recognised position), the same has been attempted by the tentative issue of a glossary of forest technical terms, which may in due course receive official sanction. Under these circumstances, it is a pity that no attempt has been made by the Schools of Forestry in the British Isles, and those in our Indian dominions, to arrive at some agreement on the subject of a suitable and mutually acceptable nomenclature. As it is, the definitions given for the 1 Terms used in Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington. 2 A Glossary of Technical Terms for Usetn Indian Forestry. Superintendent, Government Printing Department, Calcutta, 232 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, terms “ working circle,” “cutting sertes” and “ working section” are not those generally accepted by the Indian Schools of Forestry. In conclusion, the view may be expressed by the uninitiated, that Sir William Schlich’s ideas of all that forest management implies are altogether too theoretical and too idealistic to find practical application in this country. It is an undeniable fact that this work clearly shows that forest management is something more than the mere art of tree-growing, and we readily admit that forest management, as taught by Sir William Schlich, is a Science, demanding a mathematical mind, applied to complicated studies, in order that the financial aspects of the business may be fully realised. But surely the present haphazard and deplorable condition of forestry in this country, judged from a financial point of view, is such as to fully justify Sir William Schlich’s able attempt to clearly indicate how the business may be placed on more scientific foundations. On the other hand, the author never loses sight of the practical nature of the business, a fact which is fully emphasised throughout the book, notably in the introductory remarks (page 241), and in the section dealing with the choice of the rotation (page 201). That scientific forest management on the lines laid down by Sir William Schlich is both possible and profitable, has been clearly proved in those continental countries in which the system has been given protracted practical application : a fact which many members of our Society are able to testify to as a result of various continental tours. Under these circumstances, we have no hesitation in bringing Schlich’s MZanual of Forest Management to the favour- able notice of all those who may be interested, either directly in the practical management of existing woodlands, or indirectly, in furthering the advancement of scientific forestry in the United Kingdom. C.— Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vol. U1., Silviculture. By Sir Wwm.. Scuticu,, K.€,I.S,, Ph.D., F.R.S.,, FaGpseeee on Edition, revised 1910. London: Bradbury, Agnew & Co. A fourth edition of the volume dealing with Silviculture of this excellent manual has made its appearance, and may be ocnsidered a marked improvement on its predecessors in one respect—the illustrations. The text has undergone revision in NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF BOOKS. 233 one or two places, but it is perhaps in the serviceable illustrations which have been added that the chief increase in the value of the book is to be found. The former editions, it will be remembered, included diagrams of various forms of fencing, forest implements and illustrations on methods of planting out transplants. In the present volume, additional illustrations on these matters have been added, whilst some most useful diagrammatic representations of the various silvicultural systems are included. These will be found of high utility to the student who wishes to make himself acquainted with the different systems. In the portion of the work dealing with the Formation and Regeneration of Woods, Sir William Schlich has incorporated some useful photographs illustrative of different classes of woods in various stages of growth. Natural regeneration in various stages coming in beneath the shelter-wood is shown very well in some of the photographs. The reproduction of some of the negatives, or the negatives themselves, however, leave some- thing to be desired. The part entitled ‘‘ Silvicultural Notes on British Forest Trees,” has been augmented by the inclusion of remarks on Robinia and the walnut amongst the hardwoods, and the Menzies or Sitka spruce, white spruce, Zhuza plicata, and Tsuga Albertiana amongst the conifers. The notes on other species have also, in some instances, been revised and lengthened. Under the Douglas fir, the author has some interesting remarks on the damage occasioned to this tree by storms. In Bagley Wood, near Oxford, trees planted eleven years ago and 30 feet high were thrown in December rtgo9. Even the plants in a plantation made three years ago were laid low three times during the winter of 1909-10, and this in spite of their enjoying a fair amount of shelter from the west and south. Sir William holds the opinion that the tree is slow in developing a sufficient root- system in Britain, so that it is easily thrown by the wind, in especially wet weather; and even if not thrown the leading shoots suffer from being broken or bent. The author puts in a plea for the silver fir. After describing the growth of the Taymount plantation of Douglas fir, planted by the late Mr M‘Corquodale about 1860, he writes: “He (M‘Corquodale) held the opinion that the silver fir, if grown and treated in the proper way, would be the most useful and profit- VOL. XXIV. PART II. Q 234 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY, able tree to plant in this country, an opinion verbally expressed by him to the author in 1888. Until now the silver fir has been so frequently a failure in Britain, because it has been planted on cleared ground instead of under shelter. If the latter method is adopted in future, much better results are likely to be obtained, a statement which is supported by the author’s experience in the Coopers Hill Experimental Plantations.” ! BvwE, Ss The Estate Manager. By RicHARD HENDERSON, Member by Examination of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and the Surveyors’ Institution, etc., etc. Edinburgh and London:. William Green & Sons, 1910. , It is quite impossible for any one man to be an expert in every subject, and the author of Zhe Estate Manager would surely have done better if he had called in more extensively the aid of recognised specialists in the various subjects dealt with in his book. For example, a little expert advice would have done much to improve the section devoted to forestry matters, although it is freely admitted that it contains much useful information of a general kind about trees and planting. In the introductory chapter of the book, the author discusses the training necessary for young estate managers, and deals with what, in his opinion, are the shortcomings and defects of the present system of training in the Agricultural Colleges. Several ably-written chapters are devoted to the treatment of such subjects as surveying and levelling, estate buildings, fences, hedges, roads and field drains. The author is fully alive to the importance of proper provision being made for the comfortable housing not only of the farmer but of the labourer also, and the chapters in which he describes the arrangement and construction of farm buildings are well worth perusal. Although it may seem paradoxical to say so, many of the Scottish farm buildings of past days seem to have been structures of a really too substantial and costly character, insomuch that when alterations in their arrangement are rendered necessary in consequence of changed conditions of farming, further heavy expenditure has often to be faced. 1 On this subject see 7vansactions, vol. xxii. p. 106,—HON, ED. NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF BOOKS. 235 With reference to the section of the book with which we are more immediately concerned, namely, that relating to forestry matters, it may be remarked that the author deals in a very ‘interesting manner with the advantages attending the formation of large compact areas of woodland on estates, when the production of timber is the primary object in view. However, I certainly cannot subscribe to the views he holds regarding soils and tree-growth. If I understand him aright, he indicates (page 341) that after a forest is established, the trees are quite independent of surface-soil conditions, once their roots strike into the subsoil. This is surely going against all the recognised ideas of continental and other scientists who have studied the question, and is contrary to fact. The author seems quite to overlook the fact that the feeding rootlets may and do return to the surface for nutrient materials. He forgets that the condition of the surface-soil must also affect the fertility of the under layers or subsoil. It has been proved beyond dispute in continental investigations, that with bad surface-soil conditions in the forest there is a loss of increment and predisposition to disease. In fact, the whole success of silviculture, in the opinion of continental forestry savants, hinges on this question of the proper protection of the soil and the maintenance thereby of its fertility. It is quite true, as the author points out, that the timber crop is independent of tillage and manure (in the agricultural sense), but he fails to notice that this is because a natural substitute is provided both for tillage and manure in the fall of leafage, and by the leafy canopy shading the soil and preventing the natural manure from being dried up.and dissipated by sun and wind. It is for this reason that so much stress is laid by the continental forester on the shade-enduring and soil-protecting qualities of certain species. Soil protection is all the more necessary because only poor and medium soils are available for forestry purposes. Regarding the selection of species for the formation of estate woodlands, the author’s statements are much too vague and general to be of any practical use to intending planters. Probably this section of the work is not intended to serve the purpose of a text-book on the subject of forestry; but, as I have already indicated, although the chapters contain a great deal of very interesting and useful information about trees, this information is of much too general a nature, and the author 236 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. would, in my opinion, have made his book much more valuable to those having charge of estate woodlands, if he had had expert assistance in preparing it. The book is well got up, printed in clean type, and has been carefully edited. J. Fe. Webster's Foresters Diary and Pocket Book for 1911. London: William Rider & Son. Price 2s. 6d. This useful little annual has been brought up to date, and is well worth the price at which it is offered. Sur une théorie nouvelle de la captation de l’azote atmosphérique par les plantes Par E, HENRY. This small pamphlet contains a paper published by Prof. Henry, in the ‘Annales de la Science agronomique frangaise et étrangére” for 1909, on a new theory of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. The new theory which forms the subject of the paper, was published by Mr Jameson in the Journals issued by the Agricultural Research ’ Association, Aberdeen, for the years 1905 and 1906 respectively. Prof. Henry commences his paper with a brief but interesting historical sketch of the work already done on nitrogen fixation. He then proceeds to subject the facts put forward by Mr Jameson to a critical examination, and comes to the con- clusion that Mr Jameson has not established the ground upon which his theory is based. The assimilation of nitrogen by plants is a question of absorbing interest and importance, and as Prof. Henry discusses the subject from the point of view of forest trees and agricultural crops respectively, his paper forms instructive reading to the student of both forestry and agriculture. R. A. BERRY. Syon House Trees and Shrubs. 38+viil. pp. By A. BRuce Jackson. West, Newman & Co., Ig1Io. This is a catalogue of hardy trees and shrubs growing in the grounds of Syon House, Brentford, the Middlesex seat of the Duke of Northumberland. An alphabetical arrangement has been adopted. The systematic name, with the authority for it, NOTICES AND REVIEWS OF BOOKS, 237 is followed by the popular name, if there be one. The Natural Order of each genus is given, and the geographical distribution of each tree or shrub in the wild state is indicated. The date of introduction of the trees into English cultivation is included, and the height and girth at five feet from the ground are also given. The trees have all recently been re-measured and their identification has been verified. A leaden label of the most approved type has been attached to each tree. A _ reference letter indicates the locality in which each specimen is to be found. Special interest attaches to these gardens, which date, as botanical gardens, from the sixteenth century; but it may be hoped that other owners will follow the excellent example set at Syon House. ‘The correct labelling of the specimens in a durable manner is a matter of first importance, and a list of them such as that before us would add greatly to the interest and value of any collection. flow to Know the Trees. By Henry Irvinc. With Frontispiece in colour and many Illustrations, 180 pp. Price 3s. 6d. net. Cassell & Co. In his introduction the author expresses the hope that his ‘*notes, descriptive and photographic, will serve as aids to those who desire a closer acquaintance with our common trees ; ability to distinguish one kind from another at any season; some knowledge of the individual character and habit; and added to these, the attainment of a sympathetic regard for them through grateful appreciation of their gentle companionship and generous service.” This little book should prove useful to teachers of nature knowledge, and to all lovers of trees. Diseases of the Sweet Chestnut: By E. Henry, Professor at the French School of Forestry. In the north-eastern region of the United States the sweet chestnut is now being attacked by a fungus which, from the rapidity with which it is propagated and the extent of the damage it causes, surpasses anything of a like nature previously experienced. Dr W. A. Murrill, of the Botanic Garden, New York, has 1 Les Maladies des Chataigniers, aux etats-unzs et Europe. 238 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. named the fungus Déaporthe parasitica. It appeared three years ago, and the disease immediately assumed an epidemic character. Numerous instances have occurred of attack by both insects and fungi which have reached Europe from over seas ; who can say that our own chestnuts will not soon become infested with this new parasite ? The disease is spread by means of spores carried by wind, birds, squirrels, insects, or otherwise. The spores enter the tree through wounds on the trunk or branches. From the point of entry the mycelium spreads in all directions into the liber and cambium, until it completely encircles the trunk or branch. Several of the outer wood-rings may be penetrated by it, and it probably enters the medullary plates in search of the reserve material that they contain; but the chief seat of the disease is the inner bark and the cambium layer. In the early stage, the presence of the disease is not easily detected. It usually first attacks small branches, which are speedily encircled by it; and, when this has been effected their foliage turns yellow and subsequently withers. The attack then becomes very conspicuous; it is developed in a clearly defined ring, the effect of which might have been produced by a deep incision round the trunk or branch. The girdled stems or branches do not, however, usually completely die until the second year of the attack. There has been no previous instance of aerial fungi killing, within the space of two years, and over large areas, trees of the dimensions shown in the photographs received from America. No fewer than 1400 attacked trees have been felled in Brooklyn Park, New York, and in another of the city’s parks there are 4000 sweet chestnuts, of which many are already dead, while it seems improbable that any of those still living will ultimately survive. The sweet chestnut is extensively cultivated as a forest-tree in the United States. Its timber being very durable, it is much used for posts, poles, and railway sleepers, while it is also valued by cabinet-makers. After the White (Weymouth) pine, it is, probably, the most profitable of the forest-trees grown in the States. M. Henry describes certain diseases which, in Europe, attack chestnut trees, especially grafted trees, grown for the sake of their fruit, but also attack those grown for the sake of their timber. Be S. OBITUARY. 239 OBITUARY. THE LATE PROFESSOR Mayr. The sad news of the death of Professor Heinrich Mayr, of the University of Munich, will be received with feelings of the deepest regret by his numerous friends and fellow members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Whilst delivering a lecture to his class in the Forestry School of Munich, on the roth of January last, he was suddenly struck down with a severe illness, and expired on the 25th at the early age of 56 years. ‘The burial took place in the Waldfriedhof on the afternoon of Friday, the 27th January. Numerous wreaths were sent, among which was one from the Society. Professor Mayr was born on the zgth of October 1854. He graduated in 1872 and joined the staff of the University two years later, starting as a teacher in the faculty of philosophy. His next appointment was to a professorship in the Imperial University of Tokyo. On returning to Europe he became assistant to Professor Robert Hartig, in Munich, and was finally appointed Professor of Silviculture and Forest Utilisation in his University. He possessed many orders and decorations of high degree. Professor Mayr was a great traveller, having made at least three journeys round the world, which occupied six years. The first journey was undertaken on behalf of the Bavarian Government, and was begun in July 1885, when he visited America in order to study and report on its trees and forests. These investigations gave origin to his well-known book on the forests of North America. After spending some time there his journey was continued to Japan, China, Java and India. The whole tour occupied a space of two years. Almost immediately on his return to Munich he again set out for Japan va America to occupy a Professor’s Chair in Tokyo. It was while in Japan that the results of his two visits to America were published in book form, entitled Die Waldungen von Nord Amerika. During his stay in Japan, Mayr explored the country from north to south, investigating its forest flora, and his results were published 240 TRANSACTIONS OF ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. in Japan under the title Dze Abietineen des japanischen Retches. The beautiful illustrations in this book were drawn from nature by the author, and the stones or their lithographic reproduction were prepared by him, as at that time it was difficult to get such work done in Japan. After spending over three years in Japan he returned to Bavaria, and on the homeward journey several months were spent in visiting China and Ceylon. The third visit to Asia and America was begun in December of 1902 when, on account of his extensive experience and knowledge, Mayr was chosen to accompany Prince and Princess Rupprecht and Prince Georg of Bavaria on a tour round the world. In his various travels Mayr was the first European forester of scientific training to penetrate into many of the more remote and inaccessible forest regions of the world. His last, and probably most important, book entitled Fremdtindlische Wald- und Parkbaime fiir Europa is truly a monumental work, embodying as it does the results of his wide travels and his conclusions, based on first-hand observations and years of hard and patient study, as regards the suitability of exotic species for our parks and forests. In 1894, the Bavarian Government placed an area of t00 acres, near Grafrath, at his disposal, in order that he might experimentally test the value of exotic species when grown under forest conditions in Europe. Many of his experiments had already been started at Grafrath, twenty-five years earlier, when he was assistant to Professor Robert Hartig. The use and interest of such experiments, and their educative value, is well known to the members of the Society who, two years ago, visited this area. The late Professor was also in charge of the department concerned with the introduction and cultivation of exotic species in the Bavarian State forests. It is impossible to estimate the loss to science and especially to forestry caused by the early death of Professor Mayr, who was so suddenly struck down while still in his prime. His loss will be deeply regretted, and his memory held in the highest esteem, by his numerous colleagues, pupils and friends, and especially by those members of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society who had the pleasure of knowing his kindly disposition and of appreciating his charming personality. Ai Wi: TRIS wR ML os Ving ¢ * ‘ ra ag Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1910—Continued. THE GENERAL MEETING. The General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Showyard at Dumfries, on Thursday, 21st July 1910, at 2.30 P.M. Sir JOHN STIRLING-MAXwWELL, Bart., President of the Society, presided over a large attendance of Members. ADDRESS TO THE KING. The CHairMAN intimated that the following Address had been sent to the King :— To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty. May it please your Majesty, We, the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society, humbly approach your Majesty on your accession to the Throne, with the desire to offer our respectful condolence with your Majesty, the Queen Mother and the other Members of the Royal Family, in the death of your lamented Father, King Edward VII., whose short but glorious reign has been fruitful in the blessings accompanying peace and good-will, which it was his constant endeavour to secure, not only for his own people, but for all Nations—and whose sudden removal has profoundly stirred the British Empire with a sense of inestimable loss. We especially desire to remember, with gratitude, His Majesty’s interest in the welfare of our Society to which he graciously extended his Patronage, and the continued a 28 prosperity of which we feel sure your Majesty will desire to promote. 3 We respectfully assure your Majesty of our loyalty and devotion to your Throne and Person, and express our trust that your Majesty and Queen Mary will be long spared to reign over a loyal, prosperous and happy people. JouN STIRLING-MAXWELL, President. R. Munro Fercuson, Hon. Secretary. R. GALLoway, Secretary. The reply received was in the following terms :— SCOTTISH OFFICE, WHITEHALL, 4th July 1910. Sir,—I am commanded by the King to convey to the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society His Majesty’s thanks for the expressions of sympathy with the Royal Family, on the occasion of the lamented death of His late Majesty King Edward the Seventh, and for the loyal and dutiful assurances on the occasion of His Majesty’s accession to the Throne, contained in their Address which I have had the honour to lay before His Majesty. Your obedient Servant, The President of the PENTLAND. Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society. MINUTES. The Minutes of the Annual Meeting, which was held in Edinburgh on 11th February last, were held as read and adopted. APOLOGIES. Apologies for absence were intimated from Sir Kenneth Mackenzie; The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., Flonorary Secretary; Sir David Stewart of Banchory; Sir Arthur Mackenzie of Coul; Mr James Johnstone, Ayr ; Colonel Bailey, and Messrs Methven, Annand, Whitton, Scott and Crozier, Members of Council. 29 THE DEVELOPMENT ACT. The CHAIRMAN, after referring to the recent Excursion to Lochaber, said that with regard to the Development Act of 1909, the Council was strongly of opinion that the interests of forestry would not be likely to receive fair or full consideration from the Development Commissioners unless some body— corresponding more or less to the Board of Agriculture—were created to take charge officially of the interests of forestry. No such body at present existed in this country, and at the request of the Council, he approached the Chancellor of the Exchequer with the request that he would appoint a Board of Forestry at the earliest possible moment, so that the applications to the Development Commission might have the sanction and support, and the advantage also of being weeded out by such a Board. The Chancellor of the Exchequer was reluctant to add to the expenses of Government by creating a new Board, and did not lend a willing ear to the proposal, although prepared to go into the matter further. The Chancellor felt that the fact that one of the Council of the Society, Mr Haldane, and an expert forester, in the person of Mr Wilmot, were among the Development Commissioners was a sufficient guarantee that the interests of forestry would be fully considered, but he (Sir John) did not think the Chancellor quite appreciated the point at which the Council were striving, that, although plenty of applications would reach the Commissioners, it did not follow that any of these applications would bring out the real pressing needs of forestry at this moment. For a good many years the Society had held the belief that two primary steps should be taken. The first was the establishment of a Demonstration Area somewhere in Scotland — where there could be a complete School of Forestry in touch with the growing forest, and where the results of experiments could be scientifically accumulated. The second step they thought necessary was that there should be a survey of the ground suitable for afforestation. It did not follow that either of these matters would come directly before the Development Commissioners, and therefore at the request of the Council he was to press this matter of the appointment of a Board of Forestry again upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and he hoped they might have the assistance of the Development Commissioners in putting the case, for he was sure it was the 30 wish of the Commissioners that the money at their disposal should be used so as to produce the greatest possible benefit. As regards the question of a survey, the Council had adopted the suggestion made at last Annual Meeting that, as the Government in this country moved slowly, it would be a good thing if the Society were to take up the question of survey on its own account by surveying a sample area in one or more places in Scotland which would bring to light the difficulties of such a survey and also the best methods according to which it might be made. They had devoted a sum of £100 to the purpose. They were of opinion that the best chance of having it well done was to put it into the hands of some one competent man, who might be willing to devote time to it and to view the subject, with the assistance of expert opinion, as a whole. It was felt that the survey would be of no use if it was a mere return of acreage which might be expected to grow trees, because they knew that the real problem was not merely to plant and to cut, but to dovetail in with other interests which now have a hold upon the ground in this country. Therefore their survey became of an economic character. In this matter the Council felt there was no one to whom they could better turn than Lord Lovat—whose interest in forestry and other parts of economic life in Scotland was well known, and whom he would ask to explain the lines on which he meant to make his survey. Lord Lovat said that it was a very intricate subject, and they would not expect a very coherent narrative. He felt that the work would be much better devoted to surveying one single area rather than to add one of those many pious opinions, which had been put forward from time to time as to the total area that could be afforested in Scotland. Some people put the area at two million acres, and others at twelve, and probably every shade of opinion was to be found between these two figures. His idea was to take a block of land of from twenty to thirty thousand acres and see how much of it could be planted with advantage, and how it would affect the other interests of that district. They were apt to forget that forestry was only one of the interests in the country, and they could not expect to turn over vested interests, and agricultural and sporting interests, suddenly without causing considerable commotion, and, in places, putting a large body of the community against them. 31 They would go into the survey in a thoroughly practical way, and consider the economic effect on agriculture and other kindred interests. They would be able to say how much land in Scotland could be afforested, and they could then say to the Development Commissioners—“ Here is a bit of land on which we have had the best planting experts, authorities have looked into the economic question, and we have had authorities on rating, sporting, and agricultural interests, and we say this land can be planted advisedly.” They would have something concrete to offer to the authorities. When asked to undertake the survey, he did so on condition that he would not require to begin the work at once, and that he would have the whole- hearted assistance of the Society and the advantage of their expert advice in the technical part of the work. Without boasting, he thought the Society contained the best authority in every branch, and if they could only get the specialists shoved into the work, they might hope to give an opinion in the end, which, if it did not command the good-will of everyone, would, at all events, be looked at with some respect. In his own mind he had selected the area to be surveyed, but he did not wish to name it because several proprietors were interested, and although he was certain of being able to count on the good-will of the proprietors in forwarding any national object, he would rather go and see them himself before stating where the area was. They had made a preliminary visit to the place, and certain of the members were satisfied that the area selected would be a typical one. He did not wish to take one that was better than another, because by doing so they would lose the object they had in view. They had selected an area with a certain amount of low-lying ground, a proportion of middle ground, and some high ground. One fact they must face was the amount of land that would be thrown out of gear, and in that respect he thought the area selected would be a normal one. They must also pay attention to the rating question. Whatever views they held on the subject of the land and sport, etc., they could not avoid the fact that fifty per cent. of the rating area was in sporting rents, and they could not hope to carry the body politic with them unless they could show all sides of the question, because it would undoubtedly mean a lowering of the sporting, sheep-raising, and other values. Some people were of opinion that exotics would grow on the 32 highest mountains. He hoped that if the survey arrived at anything it would be only founded on facts. He would call on many Members for opinions, and he hoped they would be able to give him their time and assistance on the spot. The £100 granted by the Society would go a considerable way towards carrying out the work, because enthusiasts were willing to do work without pay. The Chairman thanked Lord Lovat for his remarks. Jupces’ REPORT ON THE Essays. In the absence of the Convener of the Judges, the SECRETARY gave in their awards as follows :— Crass. ic 1. Suitability of any exotic Conifer for cultivation as a Forest Crop, and nature of the locality found, in the experience of the writer, to be most suitable for it. The Douglas Fir. By W. H. WHELLENs, Forester, Comlongon Nursery, Ruthwell. The Judges did not think that this essay was of sufficient merit to obtain the special prize of #5, 5s. offered for the subject, but they recommended an award of £1. 2. The same Subject as above. The Corsican Pine in Dorset. By “ BourNnE HILt.”—-No Award. 3. Report on the Woodlands of Tilgate Estate. By Ewan S. Grant, Forester, Tilgate Estate, Crawley, Sussex. Award— No. 2 Silver Medal. 4. An Attack of the Large Larch Saw-Fly (WVematus LErichsoniz) and what has been done to cope with it on Thirlmere Estate. By A. W. B. Epwarps, Hollie Bank, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Award—No. 2 Silver Medal. . “On Soils.” By Witt1am Hatz, Church Cottages, Bilton near York, Award—Bronze Medal. on Grasses 1. Collection of Notes of Silvicultural Interest based on personal observation. By “ Pfleget den Wald er ist des Wohlstands sichere Quelle.”—-No Award. 2. The making of Field Gates. By “‘ ASSISTANT FORESTER.” —No Award. The Chairman thanked the Judges for their Report, which was adopted. 33 FORESTRY EXHIBITION AT DUMFRIES. The Judges’ Awards in connection with the Exhibition were intimated as follows :— Competition No. J. Specimens of Timber of Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris), Larch (Larix europea), and Norway Spruce (Picea excelsa). OPEN SECTION. Ist Prize, £2, 10s., J. Ernest Kerr of Harviestoun Castle. Dollar. 2nd Prize, £1, 1os., The Marquis of Graham. ara Prize, £1, W. J. H. Maxwell of Munches. 4th, Highly Commended. The Duke of Buccleuch (Lang- holm Estate.) LocaL SECTION. 1st Prize, £1, The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate), 2nd Prize, 155s., Hj 3rd Prize, 10s., The Earl ae Mansfield. Competition No. LI. Specimens of Timber of any Three Coniferous Timber Trees other than the above. OPEN SECTION. 1st Prize, £2, 10s., H. J. Younger of Benmore. and Prize, £1, 10s., The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate). Competition No. III. Specimens of Timber of Ash (/raxinus excelsior), Oak (Quercus robur), and Elm ( U/mus montana). OPEN SECTION. 1st Prize, £2, 10s., The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate). and Prize, £1, 1os., Sir Herbert Maxwell of Monreith. 34 LocaL SECTION. 1st Prize, £1, The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate. Competition No. LV. Specimens of Timber of any Broad-Leaved Trees other than the above. OPEN SECTION. ist Prize, £2, 10s, H. J. Younger of Benmore. and Prize, £1, 10s., The Earl of Mansfield. ard Prize, 41, The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate.) Competition No. VII. Gate for Farm Use, manufactured from Home-Grown Timber. rst; 4h 5 ; . The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate). 2nd, Bronze Medal . Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House. Competition No. VIII. Gate manufactured from Home-grown Timber. ee A ae : . Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House. 2nd, Bronze Medal . Robert Cowan, Hoddam Castle, Ecclefechan. Competition No. IX. Self-closing Wicket-Gate, manufactured from Home-grown Timber. cos ae eee : . The Earl of Mansfield. 2nd, Bronze Medal . Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House. Competition No. XJ. Full-sized Section of Rustic Fence, made from Larch or other Thinnings. tst, Bronze Medal . The Earl of Mansfield. So) Competition No. XV. Collection of Fungi injurious to Forest Trees and Shrubs. 1st, No. 1 Silver Medal. HughR. Munro, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Competition No. XVII. Any Useful Invention or Marked Improvement on any of the Implements or Instruments used in Forestry. 1. No. 1 Silver Medal. The Duke of Roxburghe, p. Fred Moon, for Machine Nursery Hoe. 2. Bronze Medal . Robert Cowan, Hoddam Castle, for Wire Strainer. 3. Bronze Medal . The Duke of Roxburghe, for En- larged Photographs of Tackle used to get Timber out of a Glen on to Public Road. 4. Bronze Medal . W.H. Whellens, Comlongon Nur- sery, for Gate-Opener attached to Wicket-Gate. Competition No. X VIII. For any approved Article either wholly or mainly made of Wood. 1. No. 1 Silver Medal. Alex. Lowe, Forester, Lockerbie House, for Rustic Summer- House. 2. Bronze Medal . Alex. Pollock, Tarbolton, Ayr, for Three Pairs Rustic Oak Garden Vases, made of Wood grown on ‘‘the Bonnie Banks of Ayr.” 3, Commended . Thomas Sharpe, Forester, Mon- reith, for Box made of Scots Pine. In addition to the Prizes awarded in the Competitive Section, the Judges also recommended, and the Meeting approved of, the 36 following awards in the Section for Articles for Exhibition only :— The Forestry Department of the West of Scotland Agri- cultural College, a No. 1 Silver Medal, for a Collection of Tools, Implements, and Specimens. The Duke of Buccleuch (Langholm Estate), a No. 2 Silver Medal, for Exhibits of Cross Section of Douglas Fir and Creosoted and Uncreosoted Fencing Posts. * The Duke of Buccleuch (Drumlanrig Estate), a No. 2 Silver Medal, for Exhibits of Stobs treated with Naphtaline, Field-Gate, etc. Thomas Sharpe, Monreith, Port William, £1, for Specimens - of the Timber of Hardwoods and Conifers in Frame, Wire-Strainer and other Tools. John Munro, Foreman Forester, Kingswood, Murthly, a Bronze Medal, for Cones and Foliage of different kinds of Conifers. Matthew Feaks, Benmore, Kilmun, £41, for a Collection of Hand Specimens of Timber of different kinds of Trees grown on Benmore Estate, and Specimen of Pezizsa Willkommit on Japanese Larch. Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, Bart., a Gold Medal, for Specimens illustrating Experiments in Tree-Planting at High Elevations on Peaty Soil. The thanks of the Society were accorded to the Highland and Agricultural Society for granting the usual facilities for the Exhibition, and for providing the Prize Money for the Open Section of the Timber Competitions. Thanks were also accorded to Mr Joun Learmont, Nurseryman, Dumfries, for taking charge of the arrangements on the spot. Mr Watt, Nurseryman, Carlisle, drew attention to the exhibit of Messrs J. Heins, Sons, Nurserymen, Halstenbek, Germany, and expressed the hope that in future trade exhibits would be excluded from the Society’s Exhibition. The President in reply pointed out that home nurserymen might have enjoyed the same privilege as Messrs Heins, but said that the Council would no doubt act upon Mr Watt’s suggestion. Mr R. Duncan, Forester, Dryfeholm, said that in connection with the exhibits of gates, etc., he thought there ought to be two classes, one for gates made by joiners or regular tradesmen, and ae one for gates made by working foresters. He thought it was unfair to expect foresters to compete in workmanship with trained joiners, and to get over this difficulty he suggested that there should be two classes. The President thanked Mr Duncan for his suggestion, which he said would be carefully considered by the Council. Excursion TO LOCHABER. Mr Bucuanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, reported that the recent Excursion had been well attended, and had been one of the most interesting and instructive of the home Excursions that the Society had ever held. The Members were greatly indebted to the President for the trouble he had taken in preparing the descriptive guide, and for the help he had given the Committee during the outing. They were much interested in his experimental plantings on inverted turf on peaty soils at Corrour, of which some illustrations were on view in the Exhibition. The Council’s recommendation was that next year the Excursion should be held in the Border district. Mr Warr said that as a representative from the Border he would be glad to give the Society a welcome. ‘The report was approved of and the matter remitted to the Council with powers. SCHOOL FOR FOREST APPRENTICES. In regard to Dr Nisbet’s resolution on this subject, which he gave notice of at the Annual Meeting, and which was remitted to the Council for consideration and report, the Chairman said that this matter was brought before’the Council, not for the first time, and had received sympathetic consideration, and they had endeavoured in their dealings with public departments to put this idea of a school in the forefront of their policy. They all recognised the need for it, and one of the main reasons why a demonstration forest was so much required was that it would form the natural home of such a school. He regretted the Council had no progress to report in this matter, although they had repeated their application to the Government. Governments moved very slowly, but the Development Commissioners were now meeting, and it was hoped this would be one of the first things that would come out of their deliberations and their distribution of money. A vote of thanks to the Chairman closed the Meeting. Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society SYLLABUS OF COMPETITIONS—1911. [The Judges are empowered to fix the value of the Prizes to be awarded according to the respective merits of the Essays. All Essays, Reports, Models, or other Articles intended for Competition must be lodged with the Secretary not later than 13th May 1911. Hach such Essay, Report, Model, or Article must bear a Morro, and be accompanied by a sealed envelope bearing outside the same Morro, with the Class in which the Writer competes, and containing a Card with the NAME and ADDRESS of the Competitor. Essays should be written on one side of the paper only; the left-hand quarter of each page should be left as a blank margin. The lines should not be crowded together. Manuscripts for which prizes have been awarded, or which have been wholly or partly reproduced in the Transactions, become the property of the Society and are not returned to their authors. Judges cannot compete during their term of office. Successful Competitors may have either the medals or their con- verted values, which are as follows:—Gold, £5; No. 1 Silver, £3; No. 2 Silver, £2; No. 3 Silver, £1; Bronze, 10s. ] The following subjects are named for competition in 1911 :— Cuass I.—For OPEN CoMPETITION. I. Suitability of any exotic Conifer for cultivation as a Forest Crop, and nature of the locality found, in the experience of the writer, to be most suitable for it. (Five Guineas offered by Davin W. THomson, Esq., Nurseryman, Edinburgh.) 2 II. The relative powers to bear shade of one, two, or all of the following species :—Douglas Fir, Menzies Spruce (Picea sitchensis), White American Spruce, Sequoia Sempervirens, Lawson’s Cypress, Abies grandis, Giant Hemlock (T’suga Mertensiana), Thuya gigantea; and the order in which the above Species should be placed in a list of shade-bearing trees comprising also Silver Fir, Beech, Spruce, Hornbeam. The Report to be based on personal experience only. (Five Guineas offered by’ Joun Mertuven, Esq., of Messrs Thomas Methven & Sons, Nurserymen, Edinburgh.) III. Successful raising, by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, of a Young Forest Crop by the method of “Direct” Sowing. The conditions of Soil and Soil Covering to — be fully stated. (A Medal.) IV. Comparative results obtained up to the time at which the Young Crops have become thoroughly established, by various methods of Planting, with various Species and Sizes of Plants. (A Medal.) The Report to be based on personal experience ; soil and other local conditions to be fully described. V. The raising and management of Thorn Hedges, and the Comparative Merits of Various Local Methods. The writer must differentiate between Hedges as Fences for Agricultural . Purposes, and Hedges as Fences for Plantations. As regards the latter, the writer must discuss the relative advantages or disadvantages of Hedges as compared with other forms of Fencing. (A Medal.) VI. Successful raising, by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, of a young Forest Crop in a frosty locality, with details as to Soil Covering, Species, and Measures of Protection adopted. (A Jfedal.) VII. An approved Report on the Woods of which the competitor is Forester. Reporter to state the extent of the woods, the species of trees grown, soil, situation, age, manage- ment, ete. (A Medal.) 3 VIII. Successful Underplanting of Larch or other Light- crowned Species, on an Estate with which the writer is, or has been, connected. (A Medal.) The Report to be based on experience, the cases referred to being cited. IX. Details of Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Parasitic Fungus or Insect Pest, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Medal.) X. Details of Mechanical means employed by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected, for moving Timber from the interior of Woods to their margins, or to roads. (A Medal.) XI. The erection and maintenance of a Saw-mill (either temporarily or permanently placed), or of any other Machinery for the Manufacture of Timber, used by the writer, or on the Estate with which he is connected — with details of outturn and cost. (A Medal.) XII. Details of Measures successfully adopted for the natural regeneration of a timber-crop of Scots Pine, Larch, or other species. (A Jedal.) XIII. An approved Essay on the Botanical characteristics of some typical forest tree. The Essay to be accompanied by Illustrations. (A Wedal.) XIV. An approved Essay on Soils: — (a) preparation prior to planting ; (6) the advantages of soil-protection accruing from density of crop; (c) the improvement to the soil arising from mixing the main crop with various species of shade-bearing trees. (A Medal.) XV. An approved Essay on the best method of Planting at high altitudes and in exposed situations, together with the best Species of Trees to plant there with the object of procuring (a) shelter for stock, and (b) a protitable timber-crop. (A Medal.) XVI. Report on the comparative Durability and Suitability for Fencing of various kinds of Timber after it has been creosoted in open tank. (A Medal.) 4 XVII. An approved collection of short Notes of silvicultural : interest, based on personal observation. (A Medal.) : XVIII. An approved Essay or Report on any other subject connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) Crass II.—For AssIsTANT FORESTERS ONLY. I. Details of the Measures successfully practised by the writer to exterminate any important Insect Pest or Parasitic Fungus, or to mitigate the Damage done by it. (A Medal.) II. An approved collection of Notes of silvicultural interest based on personal observation. (A Medal.) III. An approved Essay or Report, based on _ personal experience, on any practical work connected with Forestry. (A Medal.) ROBERT GALLOWAY Secretary. 19 CASTLE STREET, EDINBURGH, November 1910. Roval Scottish Arboricultural Society. Instituted 16th February 1854. PATRON HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING. PROCEEDINGS IN 1911. THE ANNUAL MEETING. The Fifty-eighth Annual General Meeting of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society was held in the Goold Hall, 5 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh, on Friday, 3rd February 1911, at 2.30 P.M. Sir JoHN STIRLING-MAxwELL, Bart., of Pollok, President, occupied the chair, and there was a good attendance of Members. MINUTES. The Secretary, Mr Robert Galloway, S.S.C., submitted the Minutes of the General Meeting, held at Dumfries, on 21st July last, which were approved. New Honorary MEMBER. The PRESIDENT proposed the election of Mr A. T. GILLANDERS, F.E.S., author of Forest Entomology, to the Honorary Member- ship of the Society. He said, I expect that Mr Gillanders’ book, which is of a most practical character, is well known to most of the Members; and I think it entitles him to this honour. Mr Gillanders is also a hard-working member of our Council, and a gentleman to whom the Society is very much indebted for the assistance he has given. 2 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL The Secretary read the Report of the Council to the Annual Meeting, which was in the following terms :— Death of the King. The death of King Edward VII., on 6th May last, deprived the Society for a time of a Royal Patron. A loyal and dutiful Address, as recorded in the Minutes of the July meeting, was duly presented to His Majesty King George V., who, at a later date, intimated that he had been graciously pleased to become Patron of the Society, in succession to his illustrious father. Membership. The Membership of the Society at last Annual Meeting was 1352. tor names have been added to the roll in the course of the year, and 84 have been removed owing to death, resignation, or lapsing, leaving a net increase of 17, and raising the total membership to 1369. Amongst those who died in the course of the year were the following :—Alex. Milne, Edinburgh; Sir John Kinloch; Gen. Sir J. Clark Rattray; D. F. Mackenzie; James Robertson; W. A. Tait, Edinburgh (joint author of Zhe Arboriculturists in North Germany); Professor Fisher, Oxford; Sir Robert Dundas; Thomas Smith, Culzean; and Prof. H. Mayr, Munich. Syllabus and Prizes. There were 21 subjects of competition included in the Syllabus for gto. Seven Essays were received and submitted to the Judges, but only four of these obtained awards, as follows :— one, £1; two No. 2 Silver Medals; and one Bronze Medal. The Syllabus of Competitions for 1911 was issued along with the January part of the Zransactions. Donors. The thanks of the Society are again due to the Highland and Agricultural Society for the renewal of their grant of £20 for prizes to be awarded for home-grown timber exhibited at Inverness ; to Mr D. W. THomson and Mr JoHN METHVEN for renewing their offer of prizes for Essays; and to various donors of books and pamphlets to the Library. Transactions. The January Part was, as usual, issued punctually to all Members whose subscriptions for last year were paid before the close of the year. Unfortunately, a few continued to resist 3 the repeated appeals made to them, and their copies have meantime been held back, but will be forwarded in exchange for the amount due. Local Branches. The Annual Report of the Local Branches will be submitted in the course of the Meeting. forestry Exhibition. The Annual Exhibition was held in the Showyard of the Highland and Agricultural Society at Dumfries. On that occasion the Committee were fortunate in securing a large number of exhibits, and a site near the main entrance to the Show, which made the Exhibition more accessible and attractive. Mr Mitne Home presided over the Local Committee, and Mr Joun Lerarmont, Nurseryman, Dumfries, took charge of the arrangements on the spot. The Judges were Dr BorTHWICK, Mr Wi.Liam WILSson, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, and Mr G. U. Macdonald, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. Their awards were intimated at the meeting held at Dumfries, and were included in the proceedings of that meeting. A report of the Exhibition will be found on page to2 of vol. xxiv. of the Transactions. In all, 19 money prizes and 16 Medals were awarded, one of the latter being a Gold Medal to the President for specimens illustrating experiments in tree-planting at high elevations on peaty soil. The Exhibition is to be held in Inverness this year, under the auspices of the Northern Branch. The revised schedules have been issued to Members. It has been suggested that there should be a Competition for the best kept private Estate Nursery in the Show district, and the Council is conferring with the Northern Branch on the subject. General Meeting. The General Meeting was held in the Showyard at Dumfries, on 21st July, at which there was a large attendance. The usual report of the proceedings will be found appended to the Transactions issued last month. Annual Excursion. The Annual Excursion was held last year in Lochaber, the headquarters being the Lochiel Arms Hotel, Banavie, where sixty- seven Members assembled. The estates visited were Corrour, Ardverikie, Invergarry and Achnacarry. The weather was, upon the whole, very favourable, and the Excursion was looked upon, by those who took part in it, as having been one of the most interesting and instructive home Excursions they had attended. A full report of the proceedings will be found on page 73 of 4 vol. xxiv. of the Zvansactions. The thanks of the Society are particularly due to the President, for the trouble he took in connection with the preparation of the Guide and the Report, and to him and the other proprietors for granting permission to visit their estates, and for their generous hospitality to the Members while there. At the Meeting at Dumfries, it was decided to visit the Border district this summer. Consulting Foresters. Following upon the discussion at last Annual Meeting, the Council formally authorised the Secretary to keep a list of Consulting Foresters, whose services should be available to proprietors and others. Large Larch Sawfly. As desired by the Board of Agriculture, the Council issued to Members the Board’s Memorandum on the subject of this pest, which was discovered in Cumberland about five. years ago, and was believed to be spreading in the North of England and South of Scotland, as well as elsewhere. The Memorandum gave explanations as to how the pest might be identified, and requested those who might find it in their neighbourhood to send immediate information to the Board. It was hoped that in this way measures might be devised to mitigate or stamp out this pest. Distinguished Visttors. On 2oth September last Professor HEINRICH Mayr of Munich, who was understood to be in delicate health, unexpectedly called upon the Secretary accompanied by Mr Dawson, of Aberdeen. Dr Borthwick and Mr Dawson drew out a programme for Professor Mayr, and accompanied him to Murthly, Scone, Durris, Brodie Castle, Bins-ness and Novar. Professor Mayr expressed great admiration for Scotland as a field for afforestation, and it was understood that he would write an article upon his tour for the Zvansactions. The Council regrets, however, to intimate that news has been received of the death of Dr Mayr, which took place on 25th January last. Intimation of this event was kindly telegraphed to the Secretary by Mr W. F. Soltau, the British Consul, who was authorised to send a wreath to the funeral in name of the Society. A card has since been received from Professor Mayr’s family, acknowledging the wreath and the Council’s expressions of sympathy. On 3rd October, Dr H. Surrasawa, Chief of the Imperial Forest Experimental Station, Meguro, near Tokio, Japan, who was introduced by Professor Balfour, visited this country, and the 5 Secretary, accompanied by Dr Borthwick, took him to Dalkeith, Newbattle, Arniston and Penicuik as the guest of the Society. He subsequently, accompanied by Dr Borthwick, visited other parts of Scotland, including Balmoral. The Council decided that, in future, the Secretary, with consent of the Convener of the Excursion Committee or the Convener of the Finance Committee, should have power to make arrangements to entertain such distinguished visitors. Flonorary Membership. By the death of Mr D. F. Mackenzie, a vacancy was caused on the Home list of Honorary Members, and the Council unanimously recommended the election of Mr A. T. GILLANDERs, F.E.S., Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, to the vacancy, and this recommendation has since been confirmed by the Society. The death of Professor Mayr causes a vacancy on the Foreign list of Honorary Members. Counct. The death of Mr Mackenzie and the resignation of Mr Fred Moon caused two vacancies on the Council in the course of the year. The Council filled up the first vacancy by appointing Mr WILu1AM Davipson, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie, and the second by the appointment of Lord Lovat, and, in terms of the Rules, these appointments will hold good until the time when Mr Mackenzie and Mr Moon would have retired in ordinary course. Scottish National Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1908. The Council has pleasure in reporting that the Society’s application to the Scottish National Exhibition for repayment, out of the surplus, of the outlays in connection with the Exhibition held in Edinburgh two years ago, has been success- ful, and that the Secretary has received payment of the £150 asked for. The Council recorded in its Minutes its thanks to the Liquidator and the Advisory Committee for recognising the Society’s claim. Scottish National Exhibition, Glasgow, 1911. A suggestion was made by Dr Nisser that the Society should have a Forestry section in the Glasgow Exhibition similar to that held in Edinburgh in 1908, and the Committee appointed for the purpose having reported in favour of the proposal, it has been agreed that such a section is to be organised. A special Committee has accordingly been appointed, and the necessary Schedules inviting exhibits have been issued to Members. It is hoped that there will be a generous response to this invitation. 6 A suitable pavilion is to be erected and leased to the Society at a reasonable rent, upon a site which the Exhibition authorities have granted free of charge) The Council has limited the outlay to £200. The Committee is now on the outlook for a suitable attendant to organise and take charge of the section during the time that the Exhibition is open. Experiments with Railway Sleepers. On the suggestion of Mr Munro FERGUSON, negotiations have been entered into with the various railway companies with the view of getting them to make experiments with creosoted sleepers made of beech, oak and other home-grown timbers. Most of the Companies have intimated their willingness to co-operate in the matter, and it is hoped that some valuable information may eventually be obtained on the subject. Sample Survey. Following upon the suggestion made at last Annual Meeting, the Council resolved to expend a sum not exceeding £100 in making a Survey of one or more areas of land for afforestation purposes, which would give a lead to the Development Commissioners by showing, on a small scale, what should be done throughout the country, and at their request Lord Lovat agreed to superintend the work. At the General Meeting, held at Dumfries, Lord Lovat fully described the procedure which he proposed to adopt in connection with the Survey. The actual work in the field has now been practically concluded, and it is expected that the various reports wil] be put in type very soon. Lord Lovat has included most of the great glen from Fort William to Inverness, and his General Survey for this district will show about 60,000 acres of plantable land. The Detailed Survey and Forest Plan will deal with about 10,000 acres of this area round Fort Augustus. It is understood that the Report will deal with questions of disturbance of existing industries, rating, labour, transport, game damage and other problems which require to be considered in connection with schemes of afforesta- tion, and, when fully discussed and approved, it will be a valuable record and guide for future operations. Development Act. On roth February last, the Council passed the following Resolution :— ‘The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society supports the Deputation from the Society which met the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and thanks Mr Lloyd George for his reception of the Deputation, and for the excellent outline of /. silvicultural policy laid down by him in his Budget speech. The Council urges that the Government should, as soon as possible, give practical effect in Scotland to the intentions expressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his reply to the Society’s Deputation and in his Budget speech— (2) By creating a Board of Forestry ; (2) By providing Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and by otherwise assisting the development of University and other Educational enterprise ; and (c) By carrying out, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting.” On 25th May, it was decided to amend the Resolution by the addition of a request that the Forestry Board should have an office in Scotland where the best areas available for afforestation are situated, and that Scottish forestry should be adequately represented on the Board. The amended Resolution reads as follows :— “The Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society respectfully urges that the Government should, as soon as possible, give practical effect in Scotland to the intentions expressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer in his reply to the Society’s Deputation, which he was good enough to receive on 22nd March 1go09, and in his Budget speech thereafter, by creating a Board of Forestry, with an adequate representation of Scottish Forestry upon it, and an Office in Scotland, where the largest areas of land suitable for Afforestation are situated, which would provide Demonstration Forests and Forest Gardens, and otherwise assist the development of University and other Educational enterprise, and would carry out, as an essential preliminary to any great scheme of National Afforestation, a Survey of all areas throughout the country suitable for commercial planting.” A small Deputation was also appointed to wait upon the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Development Com- Missioners in support of the Resolution. The President subsequently reported that he had been in communication with the Chancellor on the subject of the Society’s Resolution, who appeared to indicate that the expense of creating a Board of Forestry would be considerable, and could be avoided as there were two experts on forestry upon the Development Commission. A special meeting of the Council was subsequently held, when the Representation to the Development Commission, which appears in the January 7ransactions, was adjusted and forwarded to the Commissioners, with the various particulars regarding the Society required by the Act. The reply received, to the effect that the Board of Agriculture were understood to be preparing 8 a scheme dealing with the forestry requirements of Great Britain as a whole, was also printed in the Zvansactions. Later, the President and the Honorary Secretary had a meeting with the President of the Board of Agriculture on the subject, but the matter was afterwards taken up by the Scottish Office and the Scotch Education Department with whom negotiations have been proceeding. The Council has also had an oppor- tunity of sending witnesses to appear before the Development Commissioners, in support of the Representation. The following reply has since been received from the Development Commission. DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION, 12th January 191t. Sir,—I am directed by the Development Commissioners to advert to your communication forwarding a letter, dated roth September 1gto, addressed to them on behalf of the Council of the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society by the President, Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, with reference to the expenditure of grants from the Development Fund on forestry in Scotland. 2. The Commissioners caused copies of the President’s letter to be transmitted to’ the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, and to the Scotch Education Department, and they referred it for consideration to their Forestry Committee. They have learnt with pleasure that the Royal Scottish Arboricultural Society accepted the invitation of the Forestry Committee to give evidence before them, and that Sir John Stirling-Maxwell, the Right Hon. R. C. Munro Ferguson, M.P., Lord Lovat, Captain Stirling, and Mr R. Galloway attended the meeting of the Committee on the 3rd January 1911, as witnesses on behalf of the Society. 3. The Commissioners have considered the report on the Society’s proposals, presented to them by the Forestry Committee, and have given special attention to the application for a grant towards the cost of carrying out a national Survey throughout Scotland, in order to ascertain areas suitable to afforest. 4. While favourably impressed with the Survey carried out for the Society by Lord Lovat in Inverness-shire, which they regard as valuable pioneer work, the Commissioners cannot help thinking that a national Survey would soon become out-of-date. They believe, however, that local Surveys similar to that carried out in Inverness-shire, might usefully be undertaken, as occasion arises, by the staff and students at a central Demonstration Area of the kind the Society desires to see established. 5. The Commissioners have concurred in proposals put forward by the Scotch Education Department, for the appointment of a Committee in Scotland to consider preliminary questions con- nected with the provision of a Demonstration Area. In the event of such an area being established in Scotland, the Commissioners 9 might be prepared to consider the question of recommending advances out of the Development Fund towards the cost of local Surveys.—I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, H. E. Date, THE SECRETARY, Secretary. ROYAL SCOTTISH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Secretary for Scotland had intimated to the President that he proposed to appoint a small Committee to make pre- liminary investigations into the Society’s proposals, and to suggest a suitable area or areas for the Demonstration Forest, and make other suggestions as to how the Society’s scheme should be carried out, and to formulate an application to the Development Commission. The Council approved generally of the outlines of the proposed procedure suggested by the Scottish Office, on condition that it received guarantees that the administration of the Development grant would be placed in competent hands. The Council has further considered the matter to-day, and has decided that the Society would not be justified in lending its assistance unless it receives a guarantee that any grant given for a Demonstration Forest will be administered by competent persons, and an assurance that the Survey will be proceeded with at once. About r1oo copies of the Society’s Representation were dis- tributed to Scottish, London and Dublin newspapers, County Councils and other bodies interested in the subject, and replies have been received from a number of County Councils to the effect that they have written to the Development Commission supporting the Society’s Representation: Conference with the English Society. At the request of the Royal English Arboricultural Society, a small Deputation was appointed to meet a similar Deputation from the English Society to confer on various matters of mutual interest. A meeting was held in London, on 3rd January last, and a Memorandum of the proceedings will be appended to this report. (See Appendix A.) FINANCES. Mr JouN METHVEN, Convener of the Finance Committee, submitted the Abstract of Accounts for the year ended 31st December last (see Appendix C), and read the Auditor’s Docquet appended. He said, I think we may hold the Accounts as read. There are only one or two points of interest in the Accounts that I might draw your attention to. We have been fortunate enough to receive from the management of the late Edinburgh Exhibition the sum of b IO #150 expended on the Forestry exhibits there. I think we owe them our grateful thanks for awarding us this sum out of the surplus. One other interesting point is that the actual surplus of income during the past year was £129, and also that the total sum at the credit of the Society now amounts to more than £2200. I think that is exceedingly satisfactory. I have much pleasure in moving the adoption of this report. ) Mr A. D. RicHarpson suggested that the cost of the Medals awarded for Essays and for Exhibits should be shown separately, and pointed out the omission from the Zransactions of any notice of the work that had been done by Dr Henry in connection with plant-breeding, which he said was of the very greatest importance from both an arboricultural and horticultural point of view. He thought the Zransactions would be much improved by taking notice of such work as Dr Henry’s. The PRESIDENT said he sympathised with what Mr Richardson had said. The Zransactions ought to afford the Members the means of keeping pace with what has been doing in other parts of the world, and the point raised was one which he would look into, and which he hoped would be dealt with satisfactorily. DunN MEMORIAL FUND aND ExcursION FUND ACCOUNTS. The SECRETARY submitted the report by the Auditor and Treasurer on the Dunn Memorial Fund and the Excursion Fund. The Dunn Memorial Fund, he said, showed a credit balance of £24, 5s. 6d. The Excursion Fund balance last year was £37, os. 11d., and there was now a balance of £54, 11s. in hand. (See Appendices B and D.) ABERDEEN AND NORTHERN BRANCHES. With regard to the reports from Aberdeen and Northern Branches, the SECRETARY said that they would be printed as usual, and as there was a good deal of very important business to follow, they might be held as read. This was agreed to. (See Appendices E, F, G, and H.) CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS, The CHAIRMAN said, I should like to make a few remarks about the reports. Looking back to last year, I think, on the whole, the record is one of steady advance and fairly productive work. When you did me the honour of putting II me in this chair last year, I tried to find out what the most pressing needs of forestry in Scotland appeared to be for the moment, and two matters which came to the front were the need of instruction in autumn for working foresters and men in charge of woodlands at such a time as they could attend lectures. That was one matter. The other was the need of taking some practical step in the direction of a Survey, which has been long advocated by the Society without any response on the part of the authorities. In both these matters there has been an advance during the year. Mr Dawson has started, at Aberdeen, a class for working foresters, which has been in every way successful, and I hope the step will be the beginning of a great development of work on these lines. We have also, in this Society, taken up for ourselves this matter of a Survey, and with the help of Lord Lovat and Captain Stirling we have actually been able to get, within the year, results far beyond anything expected when the suggestion was first thrown out that we might make an attempt in that direction. Lord Lovat will speak about the Survey himself, and therefore I have nothing more to say about it now, but that we have great reason to be grateful to him for the immense amount of time he has devoted to this subject. I want to say one word about the Development Grant and the negotiations in connection with it. It would be wearisome to go over them in detail, but I should like to point out that all our difficulties spring from the fact that we have not been able to persuade the Government to realise that a large subject like forestry cannot be dealt with effectively, unless it is made the subject of a Department organised to deal with it, which has power to take charge of it, and which is able to centralise all the different efforts which have been made. We have, unfortunately, not yet persuaded the Government to give us a Board of Forestry. We shall continue to press for such a Board, which has from the beginning been the policy of the Society. Meanwhile, however, money has been devoted by Parliament to the development of forestry, and the Development Commissioners, who hold the money, have to be approached through some public Department. As there is no Department of Forestry, we are approaching them through the Education Department for Scotland. I should like to say that Lord Pentland and his Department have met us in the matter very frankly, and I think with a very good 12 disposition. I have not the smallest doubt in my own mind that they wish to carry through, so far as they can, the programme which this Society has set before the Development Commissioners. On the other hand, we know the difficulties which any Department would have to confront when it comes to the actual practical work, and your Council feel that they ought not to give the assistance of this Society unless they can make sure that the development attempted will really be of an effectual and business-like character. Our assistance has been asked for, but we feel we cannot give it unless we have some definite assurance that when a grant is given for the development of forestry it will be entrusted to men who are competent to administer it. And we also feel that we cannot lend our assistance unless we have a clear assurance that the Survey, which we have at our own expense begun, shall be taken up by the Government. I do not think I need labour either of these conditions. As regards the matter of the Survey, I only want to say this that the object of our Society is to see an advance made in afforestation in Scotland. Afforestation cannot begin until we have had a Survey, to show which are the right places for planting in Scotland. Therefore if we keep back that Survey we keep back afforestation. I feel quite clear in my own mind, and I am glad to say the Council agree with me in thinking, that if we allow this question of the Survey to be put in the background at this stage, we shall find that afforestation makes no beginning for another twenty-five or thirty years. For fifty-seven years this Society has been working away at this subject. Nothing what- ever has been done by Government in these fifty-seven years, although there have been fair words from time to time from every Government which has been put in office, and I think we shall be fools indeed if, at this critical moment, we give our assistance, unless we are sure that the policy to be pursued is to be effective and good. I have nothing more to say on the reports, and I beg to move their adoption. The Motion was unanimously agreed to. OFFICE-BEARERS. Mr James WuitTTon proposed the re-election of Sir JOHN STIRLING- MaxwELL as President, which was unanimously 13 agreed to. The following were then elected to fill the vacancies on the list of Office-Bearers, viz.:—Vice-Presidents—Dr A. W. BortHwick and SypNey J. GAmMELL of Drumtochty. Councillors—GErEoRGE LEVEN, JOHN Broom, JOHN F. ANNAND, Joun W. M‘Hattiz, BrRopigE or Bropiz, WILLIAM Dawson and Joun Metuven. The Hon. Secretary, the Secretary and Treasurer, the Hon. Editor, the Auditor, and the Honorary Consulting Officials and Local Secretaries were re-elected. (See Appendix I. for list of Office-Bearers for 1911.) EXCURSION. The SEcRETARY said:—In the unavoidable absence of Mr Buchanan, Convener of the Excursion Committee, I have to say that the Excursion this year is to be held in the Border district. We have already had intimation that Lord Minto will be glad to see the Society at his place, and from what the Duke of Roxburghe’s factor at Langholm has said, we believe we shall be made welcome there. No doubt there are other places which we shall find interesting and well worth a visit. The Committee invite suggestions. The date of the Excursion has not yet been fixed. Last year we made a new departure. We went at the end of June for the particular reason that we were then able to avoid the crush of visitors in the Highlands, and to get the hotels to ourselves. The Committee will be glad to hear whether that time is likely to suit for another year. The Prestpent.—The general conclusion I came to last year was that the end of June was fully more convenient than July. Mr Wuitron.—I move that the same period be fixed this year. I think all the Members at last Excursion concurred in the opinion that it was a good time. The PresipENT.—It is rather safer for weather. Mr Pricer, factor for Lord Minto.—The weather is invariably good in the Border district in June. I should recommend the beginning of June. It is the date of the Hawick Riding, and for the last fifteen or sixteen years I have never known them have a wet day. Mr Whitton’s motion was agreed to. ScoTTIsH EXHIBITION AT GLASGOW, IgII. Mr WuittTon reported that the Committee had arranged for free space, and had made a contract with Messrs F. D. 14 Cowieson & Co., Glasgow, for the hire of a pavilion some 60 feet by 30 feet, a little larger than the Edinburgh one. The arrange- ments regarding the bringing forward of the material had been published. The Committee hoped there would be a hearty response to its appeal for exhibits. EXHIBITS AT INVERNESS. With reference to the Forestry Exhibition in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s Show at Inverness, Sir ANDREW AGNEW said that, in addition to the usual Competitions, there was a question as to whether a prize should be given for the best kept Estate Nursery, but the Council had not decided the point until they should receive the opinion of the Northern branch as to whether such a Competition would likely be taken advantage of. The PRESIDENT said he thought it was a good plan to mention the matter here, so that Members might communicate anything they thought about it. THE SAMPLE SURVEY. Lorp Lovat, reporting with reference to the Sample Survey, said :—We started work in October, and we have had a great many people employed since. We discovered that in the Loch Ness valley some 60,000 acres were capable of bearing trees. The Survey has been undertaken with the object of going into the whole of the economic necessities of the district as well as its silvicultural possibilities. We have consulted the best authorities locally. We have been very well supported by the local landowners, who have given us every assistance in their power. We have gone thoroughly into the question of the amount of employment that can be given in the district, the number of new settlements that can be made on the soil, and generally all the details which come up in connection with the establishment of an enterprise of such magnitude. Mr Dawson, Mr Nisbet, Mr Stebbing and a great many foresters in this part of the country have all associated themselves with the work. The Report will be submitted to the Council of the Society, probably about the end of March. I think when one argues the point for some time one clears one’s mind as to what form a Survey should take. On the subject of this particular Survey, 15 I have no doubt in my own mind now exactly in what way a Survey of Scotland should be done. I am satisfied that you want two Surveys. Captain Stirling and myself consider that, before launching out into any great expenditure of money in planting in Scotland, the Central Authority should carry out a Survey of at all events a portion of the waste land available. This Survey should include (a) a broad general investigation of the silvicultural possibilities of Scotland as a whole; (4) the particular and detailed consideration of certain definite forest centres, carefully selected, as suitable for silviculture, for the establishment of wood industries, and for the support of a permanent population. The General Survey would deal only with the land with regard to its silvicultural value. It would be of the nature of a flying Survey, with the idea more of fixing localities on which individual forest centres could be established, rather than an attempt to give the total number of isolated acres which would grow trees. The more important Survey would not in any way be dependent on the completion of the whole of the first Survey, but would be dependent on it only to the extent of using it as a means by which the forest centres could be marked down for investigation. That is the policy we advise the Society to pursue. We feel that though we wish in every way to co-operate with the Development Commission, we should certainly hold our hand till we are quite clear on two points. There is the point as to the Jersonnel raised by the Chairman. Certainly, we should be perfectly satisfied that this Development Commission is not going to put off Scotland by merely buying an Inverliever. They must undertake a Survey of Scotland with the central object in view of getting trees into the ground. I think we feel we have waited a great deal too long. What we have to do is to see that the Society throws its weight into the balance, in order to secure a whole definite scheme— (first) a training establishment; (second) a Survey, possibly on the two lines I have indicated ; and (third) within the nearest possible time in the future—a beginning with a scheme of State afforestation or some general afforestation on a large scale. PROPOSAL TO ALTER Law XIV. Mr A. D. RicHaRDsoN moved the adoption of the following motion:—For the alteration of Law XIV—(a) To delete the words Date of 16 Election. *1901. 1914: 1907. 1908, *1882. 1909. =1899- 1892. 1905. 1907. *1903. *1880. *1896. 1908. 1911. *1910. 1905. 1897. *1880. 1911. 1911. *1908. 1905. *1892. 1904. 1905. 1896. 1869. 1902. 1909. 1907. *1908. 1908. Haiipay, John, Timber Merchant, Rothesay. : Hamitton, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Hamiiton, Andrew, Naval Architect, 124 Shiel Road, Liverpool. Hamitton, David R., Catcune Mills, Gorebridge. Hamitron, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. HamiItton, John, C.A., 34 York Place, Edinburgh. Hamitron, The Right Hon. Baron, of WDalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. HannaH, George, Overseer, Estate Office, Boynton, Bridlington. Hanson, Clarence Oldham, Deputy Conservator, Indian Forest Department, Latimer Lodge, Cinderford, Gloucestershire. Harporrte, William, Assistant Forester, Woodhouse, Lough- borough, Leicestershire. Harpik, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. Hake, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. Hartey, Andrew M., Forester, 5 Thayer Street, Manchester Square, London. Harwonp, Henry, Park Forester, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. HARRIER, James B., Forester, Innes House, Elgin. Harrison, Alexander, Apprentice C.A., 3 Napier Road, Edinburgh. Harrow, R. L., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Harr, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. Havetock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. Hawes, A. F., A.B., M.F., Experimental Station, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A. Hawtey, Ralph Chipman, A.B., M.F., Assistant Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School, 360 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. Hay, Athole Stanhope, of Marlefield, Roxburgh. Hay, Henry Ferguson, Forester, Cholmondeley Estate Yard, near Malpas, Cheshire. Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 8 Rennie Street, Kilmarnock. Hay, Sir Duncan Edwyn, Bart. of Haystoun, 42 Egerton Gardens, London, S. W. Hay, William Black, Assistant Forester, Bondgate, Harewood, Leeds. Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian. Hayman, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkeudbrightshire. Haynes, Edwin, Editor Timber Trades Journal, 164 Aldersgate Street, London. Hector, Thomas Gordon, Estate Clerk, Philorth Estate Office, Fraserburgh. HENDERSON, John, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. HeEnvDERSON, John G. B., W.S., Nether Parkley, Linlithgow. HENDERSON, R., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Charlwood, Bury Creath, Banstead, Surrey. Date of 17 Election. 1893. 1893. *1906. 1898. 1910. 1908. 1911. *1901, *1874. *1884. 1904. *1904. *1903. *1905. *1902. 1907. 1906. 1895. 1909, 1909. *1908. 1866. 1908. *1905. 1910. 1909. *1902. *1908. wilsyae 1907. els iG 1908. PLOUL: 1909. 1902. 1905. Henpverson, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. Henperson, William, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. Henpnrick, James, B.Sc., F.1.C., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. Henke., John Spurgeon, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Midland Conservancy, Knysuva, Cape Colony. Henry, Augustine, M.A., etc., Reader in Forestry, 23 Chesterton Road, Cambridge. Henry, George J., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Hersurn, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Prestonkirk. Hersert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Heywoop, Arthur, Glevering Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. Hit, George, Assistant Forester, Fothringham, Fortar. Hitt, J. Smith, The Agricultural College, Aspatria. Hitt, Robert Wylie, of Balthayock, Perthshire. Hiwurer, Edwin L., F.R.H.S., Nurseryman and Landscape Gardener, Culross, Winchester. Hinckes, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford. Hinps, John, Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Histor, Robert, Assistant Forester, 11 Bawdsey Street, Bawdsey Manor Estate, near Wovdbridge, Suffolk. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. Hosart-Hamppen, A. G., Indian Forest Service, Ferns, Great Hampden, Great Missenden. Hopesun, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Fisher Place, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Hoe, Steuart Bayley, B.A., Newliston, Kirkliston. Hocarru, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. Hoce, Alexander, Assistant Forester. Nibbetstane, Durris, Drumoak. Houms, John A., Formaken, Erskine, Renfrewshire. HouzaPFEL, John William, B.Sc. and N.D.A., Student in Forestry, Kenton Farm, Kijabe, British East Afiica. HoneyMAN, John, Overseer, Kemback Estate, Cupar, Fife. Hoop, Thomas, jun., Land Agent, Ras-el-Khalig, Egypt. Hop, Captain Thomas, of Bridge Castle, Westfield, Linlithgowshire. Horr, H. W., of Lufiness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. Hopkinson, James Garlaud, Factor, Drumtochty Estates Office, lla Dee Street, Aberdeen. Horspuren, John, 21 Dick Place, Edinburgh. Houston, Samuel, 118 Allison Street, Crosshill, Glasgow. Howard de Walden, Baron, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Howe, James, Assistant Forester, Midhope, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. Howe, John Arnold, Overseer, Home Farm, Mount Stuart, Rothesay. Hupson, W. F. A., M.A., Lecturer on Forestry, Agricultural College, Glasgow. e 18 ascertain how the Inland Revenue officials interpret the clause as to Valuation and Deductions for Management, and to see that proper precedents were established. Mr Pratt pointed out that one question he would like members to keep in view was whether replanting of thin cover formed a statutory deduction. 5. Mr Pratr submitted the following Motion :—“ That in the opinion of the two Societies heavy death duties were a deterrent to systematic silviculture.” Sir JOHN STIRLING- MAxXwELL suggested that if the Societies proposed to ask the Government to make any change on the death duties, it should be on the understanding that no relief should be given unless in respect of woodlands kept under systematic management. Mr FeErcuson pointed out that this was what the Scottish Society had asked for before and had practically obtained, but that the proposed arrangement had been upset at the last moment on representations made by English Members of Parliament, who pointed out the hardship which proprietors of hedge-row timber would suffer, because such timber would continue to be valued under the old system. It was agreed to allow this matter to rest meantime. 6. Mr Pratt submitted the following Resolution :—“ That the Societies agree to the principle that private owners of woodlands managing their woods on approved principles of forestry be granted a rebate on their income tax annually.” The Scottish Members did not think that there was any hardship upon owners of woodlands with regard to income tax. The English Members, on the other hand, appeared to think that they had a distinct grievance, and as the delegates could not agree, the motion was not pressed. 7. Railway Rates—Mr Etwes pointed out the unfairness of the railway companies’ charges in respect of home-grown timber as compared with imported timber. Sir JOHN STIRLING- MAxwELL, who said he was a railway director, admitted the grievance, but said the matter should be taken up with the railway companies, who he thought would be glad to hear the Societies’ representations. It was pointed out that the foreign timber was imported in large quantities, and in a form more easily handled than the home-grown timber, and that this accounted to a great extent for the increased charges on the home timber. Mr Pratt fully admitted this, but said that 19 the English grower asked for fixed rates for large consignments as for foreign timber, not special quotations, and until this was done it could not be ascertained whether a wood was paying, and that no afforestation would be wise till the cost of export of the proposed produce was definitely ascertained. It was agreed that the two Societies, jointly, should approach the Conference of Railway Companies with specific cases where differentiation of rates acted against home timber, and should endeavour to arrange a tariff for home timber in large quantities, at reasonable rates, on lines similar to those for imported timber. It was agreed that the above Memorandum should, on approval, be signed by the Presidents of both Societies for submission to the Councils of the respective Societies. | JOHN STIRLING-MAXWELL. E. R.) PRatr. 20 APPENDIX B. ABSTRACT OF ACCOUNTS IN CONNECTION WITH THE Matcotm DunN MEmMoRIAL FUND, 1910. RECEIPTS. Balance in Bank at close of last Account, Dividend on £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation, payable at Whit- sunday and Martinmas, 1910, £3, Jess Tax 3s) od), PAYMENTS. Nil. Balance carried forward, being sum in National Bank of Scotland on Account Current, Note.—The Capital belonging to the Fund con- sists of £100 3 per cent. Redeemable Stock of Edinburgh Corporation. L2l 9 © 2-0" 66 £24 56 £24 1576 EDINBURGH, 21st January 1911.—Examined and found correct. The Certificate by the Bank of above balance, and Edinburgh Corporation Stock Certificate, have been exhibited. Joun T, WATSON, Auditor. ‘woppny ‘NOSLVM “L NHOL ‘aM 0} payiqryxe Uaaq OST cay ‘eAOGE s¥ Spun S,AJ0100g oY} Sutyueserded ‘sorq1anoeg ey, Yor Jo “OTST sequaoaq ysTg 0} week 94} AOJ ToIMsvery, 9Y} JO syUNODV ey} poulMexa savy T yey 8 61 SlOLF ‘radnsvery, Aq anp souvyeq * “og yyia qdieoay qisodaq uo tung “pry ‘puvyjoog jo yueg [euoyeN YIM JUeLINY JUNODDY JO JIpedo ye vouRled —sny} SuIsIty ‘sworuspsuniy ATENUeE JO ‘O49 ‘ys00 Jo JHE -Aved 04 yoolqns ‘ievak 4xom 04 pallies onueasy Jo sourleg */ * Feqidep 04 peatiejswety ung *9 * ‘sheng 430g pue ‘sonbesyQ uo suots -SIUWO(Z) ‘sese4ysog [e1euex) ‘SUOLJIDSUDLT, JO “LITXX ‘104 JO ‘[Tpue Tsjrvg Josasvysog IO} sojoN yous pure IOJ {SOT ‘Vay GueysIssY Joy JOYpy “WOH i) ; 2 0 0 OF ° (0), WU Alig SO 26h ‘ 6 LI 99 i ; ; x a eo ek ae 9 Vv SF 21a ‘skeqqng 0g g ; ‘ b OL F : ‘ (0) Sc) ; 0 OL Z& : : 0 € § a OT. OF 2 * + ‘Surqeow [enuuy oj Tey pue SNOOUBT[IOSIPY PUB Sanvysog ‘sorvgq AVMTLeY SLOT[IOUNOD ‘uolyney Jo puog s,AreyaID0g uo wniterlg pur ‘aouvimsuy ‘SuIsyaseApy ‘IaIMsvaly, pues A1v{a198G ‘OLF ‘sw029nsUnu7, UBUUIA+) * ‘royIpny 8 6. Stole 0 0 OST NERS aS 9 WERE) "4091100 Wey} PUNO] eavy pue “ourysqy uv ST 9AOGe 944 Ayyaeo Aqoray [—'T 161 Auwnune pice ‘ApunaNiay * molqoeg AIjse10,7 04 YAIA WOTDeUuTOD UT sesuedxq s,Ayo1I00g spaemoy sniding jo yno uolyeu0g — Q06T UOTTTQIYXG [eUOTFEN YsIyW09g *Y __‘naleagdatT XBT amoonur *Q APPENDIX C.—Assrracr or Accounts for Year ending 31st December 1910. I.—CAPITAL, CHARGE, DISCHARGE. 1. Funds at 31st December 1909, -£1885 0 0 | 1, Proportion of Life Members’ Subscriptions transferred to £500 Caledonian Railway Ci |Ongzhausted ty of Fall Life Subscriptions, £115 9 8 cent. Guaranteed Annuity | 2027 10 5 2, at 1054, £527 10 0 en ee tr of Commuted Subseriptions, © 17 12 1 £500 Caledonian Railway (conipan? 4 eck | cent. Debenture Stock, at 112, 560 0 0 | 2. Decrease in value of Railway Stocks at 81st December 1910, £400 North British Railway Company’ 8 per | cent, Debenture Stock, at 835, 335.10 0 8, Funds, ete., at 31st December 1910— £400 North British Railway Company, ; i ' BOR TCG Cec Se Aeon Guaranteed Amy we 100%, t eh ® } 2, at 103}. ">, £516 6 0 £1845 0 0 | een ‘Caledonian SOR ERE Gampene/4 per Furniture, etc., in Society's Room, 40 0 0 Debenture Stock, at 108}, 541 5 0 a | SRE Railway 3 per £1885 0 0 | cent. Debenture Stock, - 823 0 0 ———_—Ssé='| £400 North Railwa; 2. Life Members’ Sul ‘ions in 1910, » 67 40 eet Cet Pe aor 2412 0 No 1,49 Broferenve Stock, at 10h” 419 0 0 Ordinary Members by commutation, 1212 0 £1799 10 0 | Furniture, ete., in Society's Room, say 40 0 0 8. Sum transferred from Revenue, 6517 9 | 20018 1 9 | VENUE. CHARGE. | DISCHARGE. 1. Balance in hand at 31st December 1909, . £218 5 4 | 1. Printing, Stationery, etc., -\ A - } Vol. XXIII. Part. Transactions, £75 Hs 6 2. Ordinary Members’ Subscriptions, " 426 9 6 | Authors’ Reprints, 6 aan | = = 12 Arrears at 31st December 1909, £24 3 0 | Vol. XXUI. Part II. of Zrans., £10117 6 Add Arrears written off | ere ere es Ae but since recovered, 126 —— £25 5 6 | _ £184 13 6 Subscriptions for 1910, . £426 12 0 } paecera oY Bands aNoueEy £4 6 Less Received in 1909, 410 6 Rorestry Periodicals, Binding, etc ——— 422 1 6 Subscriptions for 191] received in 1910, 900 : es Bee teagier eee Less Receipts for Advts, in Trans,, £456 7 0 Deduct — | Cancelled or written off 2, Prizes (Money, £30, 10s.; Medals, £12, 15s.; as irrecoverable eatSlst Geman Bs.) igi ag ey, f December 1910, . £1214 6 Bea Ae beeen me tee i) (0 Arrears at 31st Decem- ber 1910, : 18 0 0 | — 38. BuO AE at the Highland and Agricultural | Society's Dumfries — Ponting, ‘i : £911 6 Advertising, 016 0 | ‘Tabling, Racks, etc 3 0 8. Proportion of Life Members’ Subscriptions transferred from Wages, etc., Capital, 5 : a 138 1 9 | Incidental Expenses, 4, Dividends and Interest, a a 3 . » 7016 3 | 4, Contribution to Aberdeen and Northern Branches, £5 each, 5. Transactions, etc., sold, 17 0 9 | 5, Expenses of Management, Rent of Room and Taxes for 1909 and 1910, 6. Income Pax Recovered, ; phe aha and Hall for Anital Meeting, - £26 1H 5 = \ 5 rer | Auditor, 330 7. Scottish National Exhibition 1908 :— Hon, Editor for Assistant, £27, 10s.; for Donation out of Surplus towards Society’s Bepeanes German and epi cenay Notes eo 7 0 ( "ramsaotions, £10, 37 10 0 iu connection with the Forestry Section . 150 0 0 Secrelene acd? Ha ~ Shean | Advertising, Insurance, and Premium on | Bond of Cai 416 4 } i 55 0 | ‘sions on Cheques, cn Petty Outlays, 37 6 6 —— 7100 | 6, Sum transferred to Capital, vb, Balance of Revenue carried to next - year, abject to pay- ment of cost, ete., of January Transactions, C halen | Balance at credit of Account Current with National Bank of Scotland, i ‘Sum on Deposit Receipt with Do,, } Balance due by Treasurer, EDINBURGH, 23rd January 1911.—I hereby certify that I have examined the Accounts of the above is an Abstra , and have found them correct, £1338 1 9 4510 0 419217 3 260 0 17 16 8 10 274 00 19 6517 9 427 JOHN T. WATSON, Auditor, 6 3 the Treasurer for the year to 31st December 1910, of which The Securities, representing the Society's Funds as above, have also been exhibited to me. (aa 23 APPENDIX D. EXCURSION ACCOUNT. Abstract of Accounts—Year I9gIo. Balance brought from last Year, : z Lag Fico Deduct—Auditor’s Fee for 1909, . : ye ae AO Cost of material for Bavarian Album in duplicate and binding : : Bie (eae) = iy a oe 31 10 oO Lxcursion to Lochaber. Amount collected . ‘ : : : ; , F 268 4 7 £299 14 7 PAYMENTS. Hotel Bill at Banavie : : : 24,144 14 <0 Railway Fares :— Fort William to Banavie . AG 2. UI Banavie to Corrour . : Sarr 16 3 Banavie to Tulloch . j On 2 O Banavie to Mallaig . ; - PSUS INO ait 427.77 Steamer on Canal . : ; : 32 OmO Hiring to Adverikie 4 : : : S ~2ietGeeO Lunch at Mallaig . ; : 5) Ae vO Gratuities and Incidental Outlays. : 71 6 ).0 Printing Excursion Programme, Guide, etc., 8 16 6 245 Vidi Of Balance (subject to Auditor’s Fee) carried forward to a next year, being sum in National Bank of Scot- land on Current Account, . : ; ; see A 30 EDINBURGH, 31s¢ /anwary 1911.—Examined with Vouchers and Memor- andum Book and found correct. Bank Certificate of above balance of 454, 11s. also exhibited. : Joun T. Watson, Auditor. 24 APPENDIX E. Roya ScoTTIsH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (ABERDEEN BRANCH). REPORT 1910. The Committee beg to submit the Fifth Annual Report of the Branch. The affairs of the Branch have been conducted on the same lines as in the preceding year. The Membership of the Branch has been slightly increased during the year, ten new Members having joined. The meetings and excursions have been somewhat better attended ; but the Committee would point out that the attendance of Country Members is not so good as it might be. They would be glad to have any suggestions as to how this could be remedied, so that all the Members of the Branch might have opportunities of meeting. During the year, three meetings of the Branch have been held, on 11th December 1909, and on 21st May and 16th July 1g10. Papers were read—by Sir John Fleming at the Annual General Meeting in December 1gog, the subject of his address being ‘““When Afforestation comes,” and by Mr C. S. France and Mr John Rule at the meeting in May, the subjects of their papers being respectively, ‘‘ Practical Forestry, with special reference to the Pruning of Forest Trees,” and “ The natural increment to be expected from a crop of larch and Norway spruce in decades of fifty to seventy years.” An Excursion was made to Mony- musk on 16th July 1910, and was attended by thirty-four Members and friends. The Committee have again to record their thanks to Professor Trail, and the University Authorities, for being allowed to use the Botanical class-room for the meetings of the Branch. GrorGE D Massie, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. N “40jpxF ‘NOSNIMdOH ‘9 ‘[ ‘yueg sduraeg uaopsaqy ey) UL paytsodap st ‘Surp19js sSurp[Iys usayuaaas spunod auo-AyuaM], 0} Suunowe ‘1vaf ayy jo pua ay} yw ‘Aja190G ay} jo Wpe1d dy} wv adur][eq aT, ‘payonoa Al[ny pu payeys 4]}991109 dures oY] puNoy aavy pue ‘AjaI00G JeaNy[NOIIOGIy Yst}}09g [eAoy ayy Jo yourrg usapioqy ay} JO O16I ava ACJ SJUNODIW JO JUdWIA}LIG Bulodasoy ayy poulwuexs savy [—"I161 Aewnuv/ yjL1 ‘NAAANALY ‘yunosIy [eIIUAay JO }Ipas Je doURTeg "Pg ‘ST Je SjaxIIy, youn’yT z roy ysea : : : : yora ‘sp . . ye uoisimoxg ysnutkuoy 10J sraquieyy If woy yseg : jsar1ajuy yuRg souraeg JUNODIY JSP] JO JIpaso ye sourleq “AWOONI yso1ajUy YU SssuAeG Ayato0g yuared wor yuess) yore ‘sI ye slaquiayy wor suonduosqns : JUNODY JSP] JO Wpesd ye vourleg . o ZI IZ ©) @ i : + unosdy UoIsIMOx| JO peso ye soUR[eg ce) iw (oray i ‘“LOVULsSaAV L a LF Lozi LF OmOnat * yowIISGY 0} pales 4Ipaxo ye souRpeg oy “ts (0) j om, Onno} : : suvisajay, pue sadejsog () 47 ©) : (oy te fe : : : * “oV0 ueIMERysay UOIIED oy Kay) ie : ; ; ; ysnukuop ye SuLIyy g Oo <0 2) ie yO. g , . : : : : * Sunuiug Why Lye “AYNLIGNAdX4 “LBNOOOOV NOISHYNOXH 99 yx 2S ee 0 2D re7. O II 02 : : : peNsqy 0} pauses ‘yIperg ye sourleg 6. 2.4 : * sanbay uo uoIsstwU0D pue ‘1eah 1OJ SABv}SOg (3) 0), 6) (oy Sue Co, 5 : : ; : : SUISIADAPY @Q © S Onset : : ‘ojo SsunuLg oy 0) WY OmOl Oy ; [eH jo Jwuexy Ol cumaay “AYNLIGNAdX4 ‘TLNOOOOV 'TIVYUHNHD “AIWOONI ‘OI6T UVHAA ‘SENNOOOV AO LNAHWHLVILS “HONVUG NAACAAAY—ALAIOOG TVANLTINOIMOMAY HSILLOOG TVWAOY ‘Ad XIOQNAddvV 24 APPENDIX G. Roya. ScoTrisH ARBORICULTURAL SOCIETY (NORTHERN BRANCH). REPORT 1910. The Committee have the honour to submit the Report on the work of the Branch for the third complete year of its exist- ence. For various reasons it was not found possible to arrange for more than one excursion during tgto. That took the form of an interesting visit to Mr Edward Wiseman’s Nurseries in Elgin, which was attended by a fair representation of the Society. The Committee regret to record that the interest shown by forest owners in the collection formed by the Trustees of the Inverness Museum is not as great as they would like it to be, but they hope that the elements of unrest which were evident during the year will, by their disappearance, enable Members to devote more attention to the work of the Society, and result in an increased interest in this department of the Branch’s work. The Roll of Members at the end of the year was 94, four Members having died, resigned, or discontinued their member- ship since the formation of the Branch. The income of the Branch to the date of the return is £5, 15s. From the Statement of Accounts appended to this report, it will be seen that there is a sum of £15, 11s. 2d. at the credit of the Branch, which sum is lying in bank in name of the Treasurer. On behalf of the Committee of the Northern Branch of the Society. ALEX. FRASER, Honorary Secretary and Treasurer. 27 Couto, we: : : ‘ ‘yueg url wns Kae kod ange * —- spury S.JoInsevary, ul wing —sny} dn apepy O61 ‘da ISIE 1 YOUPIG Oy] Jo WIperd 1v DOULTeg Or 50° : anbeyD uo uorsstwtu0g pre : iD ee Ses ie Vn O ; : : : : * ava Ioy sarojUy yueg 9 z Oo : . : ° . us| " ‘sj]vo oy Auvdwog auoydajay, peuoneN OAC 7 ; Aya10g yuareg Woy UO Che bur aere et : : : * O161 pue Oy} i : iva Sump yourrg 0} suonduossqng .sraquia yy 6061 sivaXk JO} syUaploul pue saseysog go lt i$ : : : : JUNODDY sv] Woy sourpeg “SYNLIGNAdX]A ‘SLdI30O3Y ‘O161 4aguasag ssie Suipua avax sof atnjipuadxag puv sygiazay fo ,IvYSQR ‘“HONVAG NYAHLYON—ALAINOS IVANLTINOMMOIUY HSILLOOS TVAOY ‘H XIQGNAddV 28 APPENDIX I. Otfice-Bearers for 1911 :— PATRON. His Majesty Tue Kine. PRESIDENT. Sir Joun Srrrtinc-MAXxwELL, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. VICE-PRESIDENTS. W. H. Massie, Nurseryman, 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Sir Kenneru J. MAckenzi&, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. W. SrevartT ForHrincHam of Murthly, Perthshire. Rospert Forbes, Overseer, Kennet Estate Office, Alloa. A. W. Borruwick, D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Sypney J. GammeEtt of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Bieldside, Aberdeen. COUNCIL. Cuas. BUCHANAN, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. A. T. GILLANDERS, F,E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick. Joun D. Croztzr, Forester, Durris Estate, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow. WILLIAM Davinson, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. W. S. HALDANE, of Foswell, 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. The Lorp Lovat, D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly. G. U. MacponaLp, Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. RoserT ALLAN, Factor, Polkemmet, Whitburn. ADAM Spiers, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-Mills, Edinburgh. James Cook, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge. ALEXANDER MITCHELL, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. Sir ANDREW AGNEW, Bart., Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. FrANK Scott, Forester, Scone. Gero. LEVEN, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. Joun Broom, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. JoHn F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne. Joun W. M‘Hartie, Superintendent of City Parks, City Chambers, Edinburgh. BropiE oF Bropik, Brodie Castle, Forres. Witttam Dawson, M.A., B.Sc., Lecturer on Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. JoHN MeruvEN, Nurseryman, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 29 HON. EDITOR. Lieut-Colonel F. Battery, F.R.S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. AUDITOR. Joun T. Warson, 16 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. HON. SECRETARY. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P., Raith House, Kirkcaldy. SECRETARY AND TREASURER. RosertT Gatitoway, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh, HONORARY CONSULTING OFFICIALS. Botanist—Professor BAYLEY Batrour, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Chemist—Dr ALEXANDER LAUDER, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. Cryptogamist—Dr A. W. Borruwick, Royal Botauie Garden, Edin- burgh. ntomologist — Prof. Strwarr MacDougatL, 9 Dryden Place, Edinburgh. Geologist—R. Camppett, M.A., B.Se., Geological Laboratory, University of Edinburgh. Meteorologist—ANDREW Wart, M.A., F.R.S.E., 122 George Street, Edinburgh. TRUSTEES. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P., W. Srevarr ForHrincHAM of Murthly, and Sir Jonn Srrrtinc-MAXxwELL, Bart. of Pollok. LOCAL BRANCHES. ABERDEEN. NORTHERN. President.—SYDNEY J. GAMMELL of | President.—BnroDIE oF BRODIE. Drumtochty. | Hon. Sceretary.—ALex. Fraser, Hon. Secretary.—GerorGcE D. MASsSIE, | Solicitor, 63 Church Street, Solicitor, 147 Union Street, | Inverness. Aberdeen. CORRESPONDENTS. The following have agreed to act as Correspondents residing abroad :— Canada, . Ropert’ Betz, 1.8:0., M.D:, LL.D., D.Se.(Cantab.), F.R.S. of Ottawa. Chief Geologist to Government of Canada, Ottawa. India, . . F. L. C. Cownrey Brown, Deputy Conservator of Forests, c/o Inspector-General of Forests, Simla. British East\ Epwarpd BatriscomBk, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Africa, : Nigeri, via Naivasha, East Africa Protectorate. United States | 1. ied teehee . See of America, | Hucu P. Baker, Forester, State College, Pennsylvania. Cape Colony, . W. Nimmo Brown, M‘Kenzie’s Farm, Mowbray, P.O. Western Australia, Fxep Moon. PHOTOGRAPHIC ARTIST. A. D. Ricuarpson, 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa. Counties. Aberdeen, Argyll, . Ay?, Berwick, Bute, Clackmannan,. Dumfries, East Lothian, . Fife, Forfar, . Inverness, Kincardine, Kinross, Lanark, . Moray, Perth, Renfrew, Ross, Roxburgh, Sutherland, Wigtown, Beds, Berks, Cheshire, Devon. Durham, Hants, Herts, Kent, Lancashire, 30 LOCAL SECRETARIES. Scotland. JoHN CLARK, Forester, Haddo House, Aberdeen. JoHN Micuiz, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater. JOHN D. SUTHERLAND, Estate Agent, Oban. ANDREW D. Paces, Overseer, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. A. B. Roperrson, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Wm. MILNE, Foulden Newton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Wo. Incuis, Forester, Cladoch, Brodick. JAMES Kay, retired Forester, Barone, Rothesay. ROBERT ForseEs, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. D. Craps, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie. W. S. Curr, Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk,. Wm. Gitcurist, Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. EpMUND SANG, Nurseryman, Kirkcaldy. © JAMES CRABBE, retired Forester, Glamis. JAMES A. Gossip, Nurseryman, Inverness. JOHN Hart, Estates Office, Cowie, Stonehaven. JAMES TERRIS, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam. JOHN Davinson, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. JAMES WHITTON, Superintendent of Parks, City Chambers, Glasgow D. Scorr, Forester, Darnaway Castle, Forres. JOHN ScrRIMGEOUR, Doune Lodge, Doune. S. MacBegan, Overseer, Erskine, Glasgow. JOHN J. R. MEIKLEJOHN, Factor, Novar, Evanton. Miss AMy Frances YuLE, Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. JOHN LEISHMAN, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick. R. V. MatrHErR, Nurseryman, Kelso. DonaALp RoBertson, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. JAMES HocarTH, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer. H. H. Waker, Monreith Estate Office, Whauphill. England, FRANCIS MITcHELL, Forester, Woburn. W. SroriE, Whitway House, Newbury. Wm. A. ForsrEr, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham. JAMES BARRIE, Forester, Stevenstone Estate, Torrington. JOHN F. ANNAND, Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. W. R. Brown, Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, Winchfield. JAMES Barton, Forester, Hatfield. THOMAS SMITH, Overseer, Tring Park, Wigginton, Tring. R. W. Cowrer, Gortanore, Sittingbourne. D. C. Hamiuron, Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Counties. Leicester, Lincoln, Middlese:, Notts, Suffolk, . Surrey, . Warwick, Wilts, York, Dublin, . Galway, . Kings County, Tipperary, Bit England. JAMES MArtTIN, The Reservoir, Knipton, Grantham. W. B. Havenock, The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park. Professor Bouncer, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, S. W. Wm. Expr, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark. W. Micutis, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop. Witson Tomurnson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop. Grorck Hannan, The Folly, Ampton Park, Bury St Edmunds. JoHNn ALEXANDER, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens. A. D. Curistre, Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham. ANDKEW Boa, Land Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. i D. Tart, Estate Bailiff, Owston Park, Doncaster. Treland. A. C. Forses, Department of Forestry, Board of Agriculture. JAMES WILSON, B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Dublin. Arcu. E. Morran, Lissadell, Stillorgan Park. Tuomas Ropertson, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn. Wm. HENDERSON, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore. Davin G. Cross, Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh. ALEX. M‘Rag, Forester, Dundrum. 32 APPENDIX J. Presentations to the Society’s Library since the publication of last List in Volume XXIII. Part 2. 16. . The Development of British Forestry. By A. C. Forbes. . Album of Photographs taken in Bavaria, 1909. . Building Timbers. By J. Davis. . Forest Fires. By A. Jacquot. 1910. . Bulletin of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1910. Books. Trees and How to Know Them. By Henry Irving. . The Estate Manager. By R. Henderson. . Schlich’s Manual of Forestry. Vols. Il. and III., 4th Ed., revised. The Country Gentleman's Estate Book, 1910. . The New Zealand Oficial Year Book, 1909. The following, presented by Mr A. D. Richardson: Brown's Forester, 1847. Water Supply in South Africa. By Dr. J. C. Brown. Management of Crown Forests at the Cape of Good Hope. By Dr J. C. Brown. Forestry in Norway. By Dr J. C. Brown. Forestry of the Ural Mountains. By Dr J. C. Brown. Glances at the Forests of North Europe. By Dr J. C. Brown. The Schools of Forestry in Europe. By Dr J. C. Brown. Pine Plantations in France. By Dr J. C. Brown. Forests and Moisture. By Dr J. C. Brown. . Catalogue of Hardy Trees and Shrubs at Syon House, Brentford. By A. Bruce Jackson. Town Planting. By A. D. Webster. Victorian Year Book, 1908-9. . New Zealand Official Year Book, 1910. GOVERNMENT AND STATE REPORTS. . Report on the Forests and Forestry Problems in Sierra Leone, 1909. . Indian Forest Pamphlets and Leaflets :— (1) Tables showing the Progress in Working-Plans. Compiled by A. M. F. Caccia. , (2) Pettwum or Tricomali Wood. By R.S. Troup. (3) Burma Padauk. By B.S. Troup. (4) The larger Deodar Bark Borer. By E. P. Stebbing. (5) The Blue Pine Bark Borer. By E. P. Stebbing. (6) Note on Best Season for Coppice Fellings of Teak (Tectona grandis). By R. S. Hole. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. él. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. a3 Report of the Department of Lands, New Zealand, 1908, 1909, 1910. Report of the Survey Operations, New Zealand, 1908, 1909, 1910. Report of State Nurseries and Plantations, New Zealand, 1909-1910. Annual Report of the Forestry Department of Madras, 1908-1909. Indian Forest Memoirs, vol. ii., part 1. By R. 8S. Troup. Indian Forest Records, vol. ii., parts 2and 3. By R. S. Troup. Highty-eighth Report of H.M. Cominissioners of Woods, Forests, ete. 28th June 1910. Report on Cyprus Forestry. By D. E. Hutchins. 1909. Report of the Pennsulvania Department of Forestry, 1908-1909. Various Reports of Ohio State University. U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletins :— (1) No. 79. Life History of Lodgepole Burn Forests. By F. &. Clements. 1910. (2) No. 80. Commercial Hickories. By Anton T. Boisen and J. A, Newlin. 1910. (3) No 83. Forest Resources of the World. By Raphael Zon. 1910. (4) Circular No. 170. Engelmann Spruce in the Rocky Mountains. Pennsylvania State College Bulletin 106—The Apple in Pennsyl- vania. Canadian Forestry Association Annual Report, 1910. First Report of Commission of Conservation, Canada, 1910. Canadian Department of the Interior Bulletins :— (1) Forest Fires and Railway. By R. H. Campbell. (2) Forest Fires in Canada. By H. R. Macmillan and G. A. Gutches. Report of Progress and Stream Measurements for 1909. Experimental Farms, Ottawa, 1910. Indian Forest Memoirs, vol. 1., part 3. Indian Forest Bulletin, Nos. 1 and 2. Report of the Chief Conservator of Forests, Cape of Good Hope. Report of State Forest Administration, South Australia (2). Bulletin of the Bureau of Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, Rome, 1910. Bureau of the Economic and Social Intelligence, Nos. 1 and 2, Rome, 1910. Report of the Department of Agriculture, Victoria, 1910. > Societies’ Reports AND TRANSACTIONS. . Lloyd Library Bulletins. . Transactions of the Highland and Agricultural Society, vol. xxii, with Indices, 1910. 2. Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1908. . The Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, vol. xxvii. . Scientific Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, Nos. 24 to 29 of vol. xii. . Economic Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society, No. 1, vol. ii. owe oO SNS ANN “TD OF > COMO MOH HMO HVA “SInnFr Wn | © wo OW 34 . The Canadian Journal of Forestry. . Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, part 3, vol. xxxv- . Mededeelingen van Ryks’ Herbarium, 1910. Foresters and Gardeners Society of Argyll, vol. ii. . Nova Scotian Institute of Science, vol. xii., part 2. . Perthshire Society of Natural Science, vol. v., part 2. - . Botanical Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxv. . Royal Dublin Society, 1910. . Glasgow Naturalist, vol. i., parts 1 to 4 (Nov. 1909, Feb. 1910 Sept. 1910, Nov. 1910). 5. Scottish Horticultural Society, 1909 and 1910. REPRINTS AND MISCELLANEOUS. . Condiment and Perfume producing Plants. . Crategus in Pennsylvania Il. By C. S. Sargent. report on the Chestnut Tree Blight on a part of the Forests of Pennsyl- vania, 1909. purchase. ) . Several Back Parts of the Society's Transactions. From Colonel] Bailey. . Quarterly Journal of Forestry. London. . Forestry Quarterly. New York. . American Forestry. Washington. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture for Ireland. . Journal of the Board of Agriculture. London. . Skogsvardsféreningens Tidsskrift. Stockholm. . Tidsskrift for Skogbrug. Kvristiania. . Timber Trades Journal. London. . Journal da Commerce des Bois. Paris. . Timber News. London. . Estate Magazine. . Agricultural Economist. London. . Indian Forester. Allahabad. . L’ Alpe. Bologna, October 1908. . Revue des Eaux et Foréts. Paris. (By purchase.) . Allgemeine Forst- und Jagd-Zeitung. ( 5A ) . Zeitschrift fiir Forst-und Jagdwesen. ( at aa . Bulletin de la Société Forestiére de Franche Comté et Belfort. (By Ropal Scottish Arboricultural Society. (INSTITUTED 16th FEBRUARY 1854.) foo. OF WE WS BL Reyi&e. YEAR. 1854-56. 1857. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. 1864-71. 1872-73. 1874-75. 1876-78. 1879-81. 1882. 1883-85. 1886-87. 1888-89. 1890-93. 1894-97. 1898. 1899-02. 1903-96. 1907-09. As at 6th July Io1rr. - PATRON. HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY THE KING, tt ta at i in in ee PRESIDENT. Sir Joun Stirtine-MaxweE.t, Bart. of Pollok. FORMER PRESIDENTS. Deputy-Surveyor of the Royal Forest of Dean. Wood Commissioner to the Earl of Seafield. The Right Hon. Tur Ear or Ducie. The Right Hin. Toe BEAL oF Srair. Sir Joun HA, Bart. o: Dunglass. His Grace THE DUKE of ATHOLL. Joun I. CHALMERS of Aldbar. The Rignt H n. THe EARL oF AIRLIE. The Right Hon, T. F. KENNEpy. Roperr Hurcuison of Carlowrie, F.R.S.E. HuGu CLecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. JouN Hurron BAtFour, M.D., M.A., F.R.SS. L. & E., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. W. P. ApAm of Blairadam, M.P. The Most Hon. THE MAraquess or LorHtian, K.T. ALEXANDER Dickson, M.D., F.RS.E., of Hartree, Regius Protess: r of Botany in the University of Edinburgh. Huecu Ciecuorn, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.E., of Stravithie. The Right Hon. Sir Herserr Euvstacrk MAxweE.t, Bart. of Monreith. The Right Hon. THz Marquess or LinLITHGow, Hopetoun House, South Queensferry. Isaac Baytey Baurour, M.D., Se.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany ‘n the University of Edinburgh. The Right Hon. R. C. Munro Fercuson, M.P. Colonel F. Bartey, R.E. The Right Hon. Tor EARL or MANSFIELD. W. Srevart ForuHrincHaAM of Murthly. Sir Kennetu J. MAckKENZI®£, Bart. of Gairloch. JAMES Brown, Date of Election. 1886. 1904. 1907. 1901. LOTT. 1905. 1886. 1886. 1904. 1907. 1903. 1889. 1889. 1895. 1907. 1904. 1886. 1904. Date of lo HONORARY MEMBEBS. AvEBuRY, The Right Hon. Baron, D.C. L., High Elms, Down, Kent. BatLey, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., 7 Drummond Piace, Edinburgh. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1887.) CasTLETOWN, Right Hon. Lord, of Upper Ossory, K.P., C.M.G., Granston Manor, Abbeyleix, Ireland. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., ex-Director of the Indian | Forest School, Highfield, East Liss, Hants, (Also Life Member by Subscription. ) GILLANDERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park C«ttage, Alnwick, Northumberland. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1897.) Henry, Auguste Edmond, Professor of Natural Science, etc., National Forest School, Nancy, France. Hooker, Sir Joseph D., O.M., M.D., K.C.S.1., The Camp, Sunning- dale, Berks. : JoHoreE, The Sultan of, Johore, Malay Peninsula. Kay, James, Retired Wood Manager, Barone, Rothesay. (Elected Ordinary Member in 1867.) Kumf#, Kinya, Chief of the Imperial Bureau of Forestry, Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Tokio, Japan. Niison, Jigmiastare Elis, Forestandare for Kolleherga skogsskola Ljungbyhed, Sweden. SarGENT, Professor C. S., Director of the Arnold Arboretum, Harvard College, Brookline, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ScuuicH, Sir William, K.C.I.E., Professor of Forestry, Oxford University. ScuwappacH, Dr Adam, Professor of Forestry, Eberswalde, Prussia. Srmmonps, Frederick, M.V.O., 16 Abingdon Court, Kensington West. SoMERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.Cic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1889.) Taxkel, Morimasa, 58 Mikumicho, Ushima, Tokio, Japan. THomson, John Grant, Retired Wood Manager, Mount Barker, Gran- town-on-Spey. (Also Life Member by Subscription, 1855.) HONORARY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS, Election. 1903. 1901. 1901. 1902. 1902. 1901. 1901. BatTIscoMBE, Edward, Deputy Conservator of Forests, Nairobe, British East Africa. Bruce, William, College of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. CroMBIE, T, Alexander, Forester, Estate Office, Longhir-t, Morpeth. GILBERT, W. Matthews, The Scotsman Officer, Euinbu gh. SmirH, Fred., Highfield Mount, Brook Street, Macclesfield, Story, Fraser, Professor of Forestry, University of North Wales, Bangor. UsueEr, Thomas, Courthill, Hawick. 3 LIFE AND ORDINARY MEMBERS. * Indicates Life Member. Italics indicates that present Address is unknown. Law V. Members in arrear shall not receive the Transactions. Any Member whose Annual Subscription remains unpaid for two years shall cease to be a Member of the Society, and no such Member shall be eligible for re-election till his arrears have heen paid up. Date of Election, 1895. *1906. — 1902. *1900. *1907. *1883. *1904. 1906. *1874. *1904, 1903. 1906. 1902. 1908. 1902. 1907. 1907. 1905. *1883. 1908, 1905. *1903. 1909. 1910, 1907. 1906. *1901. 1909. 1887. 1903. 1903. Apso, Thomas, Forester, Neidpath Castle, Peebles. ABERCROMBY, Sir George William, Forglen, Turriff. ACLAND, Sir Charles Thomas Dyke, Bart., M.A., D.L., etc., Killerton, Exeter. Apair, David Rattray, S.S.C., 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Apatr, John Downie, Nurseryman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh, ApvAM, Sir Charles Elphinstone, Bart. of Blairadam, 5 New Square. Lincoln’s Inn, London, W.C, ApAms, Joseph Wm. Atkin, Resident Agent, Mill Hill, Middlesex. ADAMSON, John, Head Forester, Bell’s Yew Green, Frant, Sussex. AppINGTON, The Right Hon. Lord, Addington Manor, Winslow, Bucks. AGNEw, Sir Andrew, Bart., Lochnaw Castle, Stranraer. AILSA, The Marquess of, Culzean Castle, Maybole. AINSLIE, John, Factor, Stobo, Peeblesshire. AINSLIE, Thomas, Glenesk, Penicuik. Atrp, William, Mechanical Engineer, Woodend, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. ArrcHison, William, Assistant Forester, Weirburn Cottage, Grant s House. AITKEN, James, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. ALDRIDGE, Arthur, Assistant Forester, Riseley Road, Swallowfield, near Reading, Berks. ALEXANDER, Henry, Head Forester, Grimstone Estate, Gilling East, York. ALEXANDER, John, 24 Lawn Crescent, Kew Gardens, Surrey. ALEXANDER, John, Nurseryman, 8 Chamberlain Road, Edinburgh. ALLAN, James, Forester, Lyde Green, Rotherwick, Winchfield, Hants, ALLAN, Robert, F.S.I., F.H.R.S., Factor, Halfway House, Polkemmet, Whitburn. ALLISON, Thomas, Solicitor and Factor, Fort William. Amos, Frank, Surveyor and Auctioneer, The Parade, Canterbury. ANDERSON, James, 467 Cameron Avenue, Detroit, Mich., U.S.A. ANDERSON, Robert, Foreman Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. ANDERSON, Robert, Bailiff, Phenix Park, Dublin. ANDERSON, Robert Lawson, Forester, Balgate, Kiltarlity, Beauly, N.B. Annanp, John F., Lecturer on Forestry, Armstrong College, Neweastle-on-Tyne. ANSTRUTHER, Sir Ralph, Bart. of Balcaskie, Pittenweem. ARCHIBALD, John Clark, Head Forester, Eden Hall, Langwathby R.S.0., Cumberland, Date of Election *1906. 1898. 1904. 1910. *1883. 1860. *1887. 1908. *1906. *1896. 1903. 1908. *1908. *1909. *1884. *1900. *1886. 1906. *1877. 1892. 1909, *1904. 1897. 1905. 1909. 1907. wile *1866. 1907. -18iitle 1909. 1874. 1904. *1908. 1908. 1910. *1903. 1904. *1897. 4» ARDWALL, The Hon. Lord, M.A., LL.D., 14 Moray Place, Edinburgh. ArMstTrRONG, Thos. J. A., Factor, Glenborrodale, Salen, Fort William. Arnotr, William, Foreman Forester, Invercolan Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. Arruur, John Maurice, I.A., ‘‘ Gleritore,” Airdrie. ATHOLL, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. AusTIN & M‘AsLAN, Nurserymen, 89 Mitchell Street, Glasgow. BAILEY, Colonel F., R.E., F.R.S.E., 7 Drummond Place, Edinburgh. BAILLIi£, Lieutenant-Colonel A. C., Factor, ete., Kirklands, Melrose. Barrp, Henry Robert, D.L., J.P., Durris House, Drumoak, Aberdeen. Barrp, J. G. A., of Adamton, 89 Eaton Square, London, S.W. Batrp, William Arthur, of Erskine, Glasgow. BAKER, Guy S., Assistant Conservator of Forests, British East Africa. Baucarres, Lord, M.P., Balearres, Fife; and 7 Audley Square, London, W. BALDEN, John, Estate Agent, Bywell Office, Stocksfield-on-Tyne. BALFOUR OF BuRLEIGH, The Right Hon. Lord, K.T., Kennet House, Alloa. BALFour, Charles B., of Newton Don, Kelso. Ba.LFrour, Edward, of Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. BaLFouk, Frederick Robert Stephen, J.P., Dawyck, Stobo, Peeblesshire. Barour, Isaac Bayley, LL.D., Sc.D., M.D., F.L.S., Professor of Botany, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. BALLINGALL, Niel, Sweet Bank, Markinch, Fife. Barrtig, William, Assistant Forester, Larachbeg, Lochaline, Morvern. Barsour, George Freeland, of Bonskeid, Pitlochry. Barciay, Robert Leatham, Banker, 54 Lombard Street, London, E.C. Barnes, Nicholas F., Head Gardener, Eaton Hall, Chester. Barr, D., Manager (Thos. Kennedy & Co.), Dumfries. Barr, John, Assistant Factor, Erskine, Bishopton. BARRIE, James Alexander, Forester, Harlestone, Northampton. . BaARRIE, James, Forester, Stevenstone, Torrington, North Devon. BARRON, Colin Campbell, Wood and Grain Merchant, Nairn Mills, Nairn. Barry, John W., of Fyling Hall, Fylingdales, Scarborough, Yorks. Barton, Ebenezer Johnstone, Assistant Forester, Damshot, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. Barton, James, Forester, Hatfield House, Herts. Barron, James Robert, Factor, 3 Coates Crescent, Edinburgh. BaxTER, Edward Gorrel, J.P., Teasses, Lower Largo, Fife. Baxter, James, Gardener, Gorddinog,: Llanfairfechan, Carnarvon- shire. BAYLEY, James Francis, W.S., 4 Hill Street, Edinburgh. Baz.ey, Gardner Sebastian, Hatherof Castle, Fairford, Gloucestershire. BEeAuMmonr, Robert, Assistant Forester, c/o Mr Brown, Colliers End,_ North Ware, Herts. Bece, James, Rosslyne, Culter, by Aberdeen. Date of Election. *1883. Butt, Andrew, Forester, Rothes, Elgin. 1898. Breit, David, Seed Merchant, Coburg Street, Leith. 1907. Breuy, David, Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. *1910. Bei, Sir James, Bart., of Montgreenan, Kilmarnock. 1908. Brix, John R., Assistant Forester, Colstoun, Haddington. 1900. Brit, Robert, Land Steward, Baronscourt, Newtown-Stewart, Ireland. 1900. Brent, William, Forester, Balthayock, Perth. *1871. Bri, William, of Gribdae, 37 Melbourne Grove, Dulwich, London, S.E. -1905. Bennetr, John, Forester and Acting Sub-Agent, Town’s End, Wolverton, Basingstoke. 1903. Benvinckx, Lord Henry, M.P., Underley Hall, Kirkby Lonsdale. *1904. Berry, Charles Walter, B.A., 11 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh. 1889. Berry, Francis, Forester, Minto, Hawick. 1911. BETHELL, Slingsby Westbury, Blackford, Rothienorman. 1907. BrvertpcE, James, Forester, Normanby, Doncaster. 1903. Binninc, The Lord, Mellerstain, Kelso. A 1909. Brscor, T. R., of Newton, Kingillie, Kirkhill R.S.O., Inverness-shire. *1897. Buack, Alexander, The Gardens, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. *1908. Briack, Florance William, of Kailzie, Peeblesshire. 1904. Brack, John, Factor, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir. 1911. Buack, William, Timber Merchant, 37 Clerk Street, Brechin. 1908. BLuackiaws, John, Head Forester, Seafield Cottage, Portsoy. 1908. Buarr, Charles, Glenfoot, Tillicoultry. 1910. Briarr, Captain Hunter, R.N., of Blairquhan, Ayrshire. 1903. Buarr, Thomas, Farmer, Hoprig Mains, Gladsmuir. 1872. Boa, Andrew, Estate Agent, Glenmore, The Avenue, Trowbridge. *1877. Botcxow, C. F. H., of Brackenhoe, Kentisknowle, Torquay. 1892. Bonn, Thomas, Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. *1895. Boorp, W. Bertram, Land Agent, Bewerley, Pateley Bridge, Yorks. 1909. Boorn, Miss Cary, 39 Mozartstrasse, Grosslichterfelde, Germany. *1898. Borruwick, Albert W., D.Sc., Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. 1898. Borruwick, Francis J. G., W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh. *1908. BorrHwick, Henry, Borthwick Castle, Gorebridge. 1887. Bouncer, Professor, 11 Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, London, 8. W. 1906. Bowman, John, Assistant Forester, Kincluny, Durris, Aberdeen. 1883. Boyp, John, Crown Forester’s House, Ford, Argyll. 1897. Bratp, J. B., Forester, Witley Court, Great Witley, Worcester. *1902. Brarp, William Wilson, 20 Esslemont Road, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh. 1907. BrEADALBANE, Marchioness of, Black Mount, Bridge of Orchy, Argyllshire. *1911. Brepner, Robert F., Factor, Strathallan Estate Office, Machany, Perthshire. 1909. Brews, William, Assistant Forester, Midhope, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. 1910, Broaprorp, David, Assistant Forester, Goldsboro’, Knaresboro’, Date of Election. 1907. *1900. *1900. 1910, 1904. 1900. 1878. 1899. *1896. 1895. 1900. 1905. 1907. 1901. 1910. *1895. *1867. 1909. 1904. 1907. 1897. *1879. wllisyASe 1911. 1906. 1909. 1909. 1910. 1904. 1906, SLO? *1909. *1909. *1902. *1908. 1906. 1901. 1910. 1908. Bropvik, Ian, of Brodie, Brodie Castle, Forres. Broom, John, Wood Merchant, Bathgate. Brown, Charles, Factor, Kerse, Falkirk. Brown, Francis Loftus Cowley Cowley-, Deputy Conservator of Forests, India Forest Service, Salem, South India. Brown, George, Timber Merchant, Buckhaven Saw-mills, Buckhaven. Brown, Gilbert, Wood Manager, Grantown, Strathspey. Brown, J. A. Harvie-, of Quarter, Dunipace House, Larbert. Brown, John, Overseer, Glenapp Estate, Ballantrae. Brown, Rev. W. Wallace, Minister of Alness, Ross-shire. Brown, Walter R., Forester, Park Cottage, Heckfield, near Winch- jield, Hants. Brown, William, Forester, Lissadell, Sligo, Ireland. Bruce, Alexander, Timber Merchant, 68 Gordon Street, Glasgow. Bruce, Charles, Assistant Forester, Beaumanor Park, Woodhouse, Loughborough, Leicestershire. Bruce, David, Forester, Earnock Estate Office, Hillhouse, Hamilton. Bruce, David, M.A., LL.B., 141 West George Street, Glasgow. Bruce, Peter, Manager, Achnacloich, Culnadalloch, by Connel. Brucr, Thomas Rae, Old Garroch, New Galloway. Brunton, James S., Forester, Hursley Park, near Winchester, Hants. Brunton, John, Head Forester, Langley Park, Norwich. BrypENn, Thomas, Nurseryman, Dennison Nurseries, Ayr. Brypon, John, Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, Darlington, Co. Durham. Buccieucnu, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Dalkeith Palace, Dalkeith.. BucHANAN, Charles, Overseer, Penicuik Estate, Penicuik. BucHANAN, John Hamilton, of Leny, Callander. BuRNETT, Sir Thomas, Bart., Crathes Castle, Crathes, N.B. BuRNLEY-CAMPBELL, Colin N., Ormidale, Colintraive, Argyllshire. Burn-Murpocu, Alfred Maule, Conservator of Forests, Kuala Lumpur, Federated Malay States. Burton, Richard Charles Fryer, District Forest Officer, George Town, Cape Province. BurLer, Robert, Forester, Estate Office, Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire. BurLerR, Walter James, Assistant Forester, Hillend Cottage, Minto, Hawick. Butter, Charles A. J., Cluniemore, Pitlochry. Buxton, Walter L., of Bolwich, Marsham, Norwich. Cacota, Anthony M., M.V.O., 108 Banbury Road, Oxford. CapELL, Henry Moubray, of Grange and Banton, B.Sc., F.R.S.E., F.A.S., J.P., etc., Grange, Linlithgow. CALDER, James Charles, of Ledlanet, Milnathort. CALDERHEAD, William, Overseer , Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyllshire. CaMERON, Alex., Land Steward, Balmina, Cookstown. CAMERON, Angus, F.S.I., Factor, Benmore, Kilmun, by Greenock. CaMERON, Colin M., Factor, Balmakyle, Munlochy. Date of Election. 1907. 1911. 1902. 1908, *1899. 1904. 1909. 1895. 1899. 1904, 1908. *1897, 1900. 1906. 1908. 1901. 1908. 909. 1903. LO *1903. *1896. 1910. 1908. 1906. 1907. 1903. *1898, 1907. 1904. 1 1904. 1909. CAMERON, Donald Walter, of Lochiel, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. CAMERON, Duncan C., Assistant Forester, Damshot, Pollokshaws. CAMERON, Ewan, of Rutherford, West Linton. Cameron, John, Forester, Isel Hall, Cockermouth, Cumberland. Cameron, John J., Norwood, Hamilton. CAMERON, Robert, Forester, Ardtornish, Morven, by Oban. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. CAMPBELL, Alexander, Land Steward, Rosemill Cottage, Strathmartin, by Dundee, CAMPBELL, Alexander, Tullymully, Dunkeld. CAMPBELL, David S., Forester, Wilton Castle, Redcar, Yorks. CAMPBELL, Donald, Assistant Forester, Homestall Cottage, Ashurst- wood, Sussex, CAMPBELL, James Arthur, Arduaine, Lochgilphead, Argyllshire. CAMPBELL, James S., Forester, Ginsboro Hall, Ginsboro, Yorks, CAMPBELL, John, Land Steward, Forss Estates, Westfield, Thurso. CAMPBELL, Patrick William, of Auchairne, W.S., 25 Moray Place, Kd nburgh. CAMPBELL Peter Purdie, Factor, Lee and Carnwath Estates Office, Cartland, Lanark. CAMPBELL, Robert, B.Se., Geological Laboratory, Edinburgh University. Campton, Edward, Assistant Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Cancu, Thomas Richard, B.Sc., P.A.S.I., 3 Greenbank Crescent, Morningside, Edinburgh. CaNnE, William, Assistant Forester, Brown’s Lodge, Pembury, Tunbridge Wells. CAPEL, James Carnegy Arbuthnott, of Ballnamon, 34 Roland Gardens, London, S.W. CARMICHAEL, His Excellency Sir Thos. D. Gibson, Bart. of Skirling, Governor-General, Melbourne, Australia. CARMICHAEL, James Brown, Student in Forestry, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. CARMICHAEL, James Louis, younger of Arthurstone, Arthurstone, Meigle. CARNEGIE, James, of Stronvar, Balquhidder. CaRNEGIB, Robert, Foreman Forester, Forester’s Cottage, Grantully, Ballinluig. CARRUTHERS, Major Francis Jobn, of Dormont, Lockerbie. Carson, David Simpson, C.A., 209 Wesr George Street, Glasgow. CasseELLs, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Baudon, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Carucart, Sir Reginald Gordon, Bart., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen- shire. CAVERHILL, W. R., Factor, The Glen, Innerleithen. Cavers, A. R. S., Menzies Estate Office, A berteldy. CHADWICK, James Melville, Findhorn House, Forres. Date of hiection *1906. 1911. 1897. 1898. 1904. 1892. 1909. 1908. 1906. 1897. 1909. *1882. 1884. 1906. 1910. 1908. 1906. *1883. 1890. 1902. 1910. 1910. 1891. 1906. *1892. 1902. 1911. *1872. 1910. *1902. 1906. *1898. 1904. 1906. *1904. 1906. 2900. CHALCRAFT, George Barker, ‘‘ Hillside,” Gimingham, near North Walsham, Norfolk. Cuatmers, Frank, Solicitor, 13 Riselaw Road, Edinburgh. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Gask, Auchterarder, Perthshire. CHALMERS, James, Overseer, Estate Office, Ballochmyle, Mauchline. CHALMERS, Robert W., Assistant Forester, Earlyvale, Estate, Eddleston. CHAPMAN, Andrew, Factor, Dinwoodie Lodge, Lockerbie, Dumfries- shire. CHAPMAN, William, Foreman, Canonbie Sawmill, Canonbie. CHERMSIDE, Sir Herbert, Newstead Abbey, Nottingham. CHISHOLM, Alexander M‘Kenzie, Clerk of Works, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. CHISHOLM, Colin, Forester, Lundin and Montrave Estates, Hattonlaw, Lundin Links. CHISHOLM, George, Forester, Wishaw House, Wishaw. CHOWLER, Christopher, Gamekeeper, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. CuristiE, Alex. D., Hillside, Frederick Road, Selly Oak, Bir- mingham. CuristTI£, Charles, Factor, Estate Office, Strathdon. CurIsTIE, James Sinton, Assistant Gardener, 50 Vicarage Road, Camberwell, London, S.E. CHRISTIE, Miss Isabella Robertson, of Cowden, Dollar. CHRISTIE, Thomas, Nurseryman, Rosefield Nurseries, Forres. CHRISTIE, William, Nurseryman, Fochabers. CLARK, Charles, Forester, Cawdor Castle, Nairn. Cuark, Francis Ion, Estate Office, Haddo House, Aberdeen. CLARK, George, Assistant Forester, Keiloch, Invercauld, Ballater. CLarK, George, Assistant Forester, Forester’s Bothy, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Crakk, John, Forester, Kelly, Methlick, Aberdeen. Ciark, John, Forester, Almond Dell, Old Clapperton Hall, Midcalder. ; Criark, William, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. CuLark, William, Assistant, Minto Estates Office, Hawick. CLARKSON, Alexander G., Assistant Forester, Lindertis, Kirriemuir. CLERK, Sir George D., Bart. of Penicuik, Midlothian. CLInToN-BAakER, Henry Wwm., J.P. for Herts, Bayfordbury, Hertford. Curnton, The Right Hon. Lord, Fettercairn House, Fettercairn. CLYNE, James, Engineer, Knappach, Banchory. Coats, Sir Thomas Glen, Bart., Ferguslie Park, Paisley. Cogs, Herbert Mansfield, Land Agent, Higham, Rochester, Kent. CockrR, Alexander Morrison, Nurseryman, Sunnypark Nursery, Aberdeen. Cokes, Hon. Richard, Weasenham, Swaffham. Cotes, Walter G., Engineer, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. CoLiiz, Alexander, Head Forester, Nettlebed, Henley-on-Thames. Date of lection. 1907..CoLtttrr, James, Assistant Forester, Estate Yard, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. *1879. Colquhoun, Andrew, 75 Buchanan Street, Glasgow. 1908. Cotsron, William G., Estate Clerk, Castlemilk Estates Office, Norwood, Lockerbie. 1908. Cotrman, Willian Hew, J.P:, B.A., Barrister, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeenshire. 1907. Comrig, Patrick, Land Agent, Waterside, Dalry, Ayrshire. 1905. Comrir, William Lewis, Factor, Cally Estates Office, Gatehouse. 1895. Cunnor, George A., Factor, Craigielaw, Longniddry. *1887. Coox, James, Land Steward, Arniston, Gorebridge, Midlothian. 1906. Coox, Melville Anderson, Assistant Forester, Glamis, Forfarshire. 1904. CoupaAr, Charles, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. *1897. Coupar, Wm., Overseer, Balgowan, Perthshire, 1910. Courts, James, Assistant Forester, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire. 1908. Courts, Wm., Forester, Gardener, and Ground Officer, Learney, Torphins, Aberdeen. *1908. Cowan, Alexander, Valleyfield, Penicuik. *1876. Cowan, Charles W., Dalhousie Castle, Bonnyrigg, Lasswade. “1892. Cowan, George, 1 Gillsland Road, Edinburgh. 1908. Cowan, Henry Hargrave, Dalzell Estates Office, Motherwell. *1899. Cowan, Robert, Chisholm Estates Office, Erchless, Strathglass. *1901. Cowan, Robert Craig, Eskhill, Inveresk, 1910. Cowan, Robert, Head Forester, Hoddom Cross, Ecclefechan. *1874. Cowrrer, Rk. W., Gortauore, Sittingbourne, Kent. *1904. Cox, Albert E., of Dangarthill, Dunkeld. *1904. Cox, William Henry, of Snaigow, Murthly. 1900. Crasse, Alfred, Forester, Glamis. 1875. Crasse, David, Forester, Byreburnfoot, Canonbie, Dumfriesshire. 1867. CrRABBE, James, Glamis. 1904. CrarG, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Glamis. 1910. Crarc, Andrew, jun., Assistant Surveyor, Ryesholm, Dalry. *1909. Craic, Sir Archibald Gibson, Bart. of Riccarton, Currie. *1875. Craic, Wm.,; M.D., CO.M., F.R.S.E., 71 Bruntsfield Place Edinburgh. 1903. Cransroun, Charles Joseph Edmondstoune, of Corehouse, Lanark. *1908. Craw, John Taylor, Factor and Farmer, Coldstream. 1899. Crerar, David, Land Steward, Methven Castle, Perth. 1911. Cricuron, Edward James, Wood Merchant’s Clerk, Silverbank Sawmills, Banchory. 1898. Cricuron, William, Manager, Castle Ward, Downpatrick. 1903. CRroLu, John, of D. & W. Croll, Nurseryman, Dundee. *1900. Crooks, James, Timber Merchant, Woodlands, Eccleston vark, Prescot. *1865. Cross, David G., Forester, Kylisk, Nenagh, Ireland. *1895. CroziEr, Johu D., Forester, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeen. 1910. Crupen, Lewis G., Forester, East Lodge, Brucklay, Aberdeenshire. Date of Election 1908. 1907. 1900. 1906. *1901. *1898. 1908. 1209. *1893. 1907. 1907. *1867. *1906. *1900. 1908. *1910. 1901. *1906. 1904. 1901. ASIA: 1905. 1904. 1892. 1908. *1892. 1901. 1904. 1909. *1908. 1910. 1904. 1906. 1906. 1902. *1901. 1909. 1904. *1898, 10 Cruieshank, Adam, Forester, Fasque, Fettercairn. 2 CRUICKSHANK, James, Farmer and Hotelkeeper, Port Erroll, Aberdeenshire. CumMING, John H., Overseer, Royal Dublin Society, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin. Cumminc, William, Nursery Foreman, Burnside Nurseries, Aberdeen. CUNNINGHAM, Captain John, Leithen Lodge, Innerleithen. CUNNINGHAM, George, Advocate, 30 Queen’s Gate Terrace, London, S.W. CUNNINGHAM, John Gilchrist, of Letham, 2 Gladstone Terrace, Burntisland. CUNNINGHAM, Robert, Forester, Glenlogan, by Mauchline, Ayr- shire. Curr, W. S., Factor, Ninewar, Prestonkirk. CUTHBERTSON, Evan James, W.S., 12 Church Hill, Edinburgh. DALE, Robert, Forester, The Nursery, Sorn Castle, Ayrshire. DALGLEISH, John I., of Westgrange, Brankston Grange, Bogside Station, Alloa. DALGLEISH, Sir William Ogilvie, Bart., Errol Park, Errol. DatuousieE,The Right Hon. the Earl of, Brechin Castle, Forfarshire. DALKEITH, The Earl of, Eildon Hall, St Boswells. Dauimore, William, Assistant, Royal Gardens, Kew, 36 Leyborne Park, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Da LryMPLE, Hon. Hew H., Lochinch, Castle Kennedy, Wigtownshire. DatrymMPcr, Lord, M.P., Lochinch, Stranraer. DALRYMPLE, The Right Hon. Sir Charles, Bart. of Newhailes, Mussel burgh. Dalziel, Henry, Assistant Forester, Cormiston Towers, Biggar. DANIELL, Cyrus Leaf, of Earlyvale, Eddleston, N.B. Davin, Albert E., Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. DAvIpson, James, 12 South Charlotte Street, Edinburgh. Davipson, John, Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. Davipson, Major Duncan Francis, Dess, Aberdeenshire. Davipson, William, Forester, Panmure, Carnoustie. Davie, George, Overseer, Balruddery Gardens, near Dundee. Davie, Thomas, Forester, Glenreardell, Whitehouse, Argyllshire. Dawson, Fred, Assistant Forester, Brotto, Dale Head, Grasmere, Dawson, William, M.A., B.Sc.(Agr.), Lecturer on Forestry, Marischal College, Aberdeen. Deas, James, Devon Cottage, Bonnyrigg. DENHOLM, John, Timber Merchant, Bo'ness. Denton, Sydney, Assistant Forester, Harewood, Leeds. Dewar, Alex., Factor, Fasque Estates Office, Fettercairn. Dewar, H. R., Forester, Beaufort Castle, Beauly. Dewar, Sir John A., Bart., M.P., Perth. Dick, Colonel A. C. D., Pitkerro House, by Dundee. Dick, William, Timber Merchant, Hamilton. Dicsy, The Right Hon. Baron, Minterne, Cerne, Dorsetshire. Date of 11 Election. 1904, *1903. 1893. 1908. *1896. 1882. 1904, 1887. 1903. 1911. 1903. 1898. 1909. 1900. 1904. 1862. 1909. 1908. *1909. 1907. 1903. 1907. 1907. 1910. 1910. 1907. 1905. e1002% 1873. 1900. 1898. 1911. 1885. 1906. 1904. 1899. 1893. Dodds, Thomas, Cashier, Pollok Estate Office, 216 West George Street, Glasgow. Don, Alex., Namitomba Estate, Zomba, British Central Africa. DonALDSON, James, Timber Merchant, Tayport, Fife. Doveuty, James T. S., Solicitor and Factor, Ayton. Dovetas, Alex., Estate Bailiff’s Office, Dean Road, Scarborough. Doveuas, Captain Palmer, of Cavers, Hawick. Dove.as, James A., Assistant Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. Dovetas, Robert, 64 Princes Street, Edinburgh. Doveas, William G., Forester, Ingleborough Estate, Clapham, Yorks. Dovtt1, Donald, M.A., A.R.C.Se., High School, Kelso. Dow, Alexander, Forester, Bretby Park, Burton-on-Trent. Dow, Thomas, Forester, Wakefield Lawn, Stony Stratford, Bucks. Drummonp, A. Hay, of Cromlix, Dunblane. Drummonp, Dudley W., Commissioner, Cawdor Estate Office, Car- marthen, South Wales. DrummMonp, William, Head Forester, Fairburn Estate, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. Drummonp & Sons, William, Nurserymen, Stirling. DryspALE, Thomas, Land Steward, Estate Office, Auchinleck. Ducuesne, M. C., Land Agent, Farnham Common, Slough, Bucks. Durr, Alexander M., Land Steward and Farm Manager, Ninewells, Snaigow, Murthly. Durr, John Wharton Wharton, of Orton and Barmuchity, Moray- shire. Durr, Mrs M. M. Wharton-, of Orton, Morayshire. Durr, Thomas Gordon, of Drummuir and Park, Banffshire. Dueuip, Charles, Head Forester, Philorth, Fraserburgh. Dunbar, John Christie Flockhart, Factor, Crathes Castle, Crathes. Duncan, Robert, Head Forester, Dryfeholm Estate, Lockerbie. Dunetass, Lord, Springhill, Coldstream. Dunstan, M. I. R., Principal of South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent. DuruHam, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., Lambton Castle, Durham. Durwarp, Robert, Estate Manager, Blelack, Dinnet, Aberdeen- shire. Dutuiz, James A., of Benjamin Reid & Co., Nurserymen, Aberdeen, Eapson, Thomas G., Forester, Whaley, Mansfield. Easson, Thomas S., W.S., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. EpinctTon, Francis, Overseer, Monk Coniston Park, Lancashire. Epear, James, Factor, Poltalloch Estate Office, Lochgilphead. EpMonD, James, Assistant, Wemyss Castle Estate Office, East Wemyss, Fife. Epwarps, Alex. W. B., Forester, Thirlmere Estate, via Grasmere. Exper, William, Forester, Thoresby, Ollerton, Newark, Notts. Date of Election. 1903. Excar, Walter Robinson, Land Agent, Hill House, Sittingbourne. 1902. Exxicr, Captain Edward Charles, Invergarry. 1911. Evxior, George F. Scott, Secretary, Landowners’ Co-operative Forestry Society, 122 George Street, Edinburgh. *1899. ELuison, Francis B., Bragleenbeg, Kilninver, Oban. *1904. ELpHinstonE, The Lord, Carberry Tower, Musselburgh. 1901. Eitwes, Henry John, F.R.S., of Colesborne, Cheltenham. 1901. Erskine, Richard Brittain, Oaklands, Trinity, Edinburgh. 1898. Ewan, Peter, Forester, Wood Cottage, Newland Park, Chalfont St Giles, Bucks. 1873. Ewrnc, David, Forester, Strichen House, Aberdeen. 1904. Ewine, Guy, F.S.I., 80 Chancery Lane, London, W.C. 1906. FaicHNey, John, Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. 1906. FAIRBAIRN, John, Assistant Forester, Softlaw, Kelso. 1909. FALconER, James, Farmer, Hill, Errol. 1910. FarquHarson, Major James, of Corrachree, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. *1894. Farquuarson, James, Forester, Ardgowan, Inverkip. 1911. FarquHarson, Right Hon. Robert, M.D., Finzean, Aboyne. 1900. Freaks, Matthew, Forester, Benmore, Kilmun. 1904. Fenwick, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Lime Walk Cottage, Rose- haugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. 1903. Fenwick, William, Factor, Darnaway Castle Estates Office, Earls- mill, Forres. 1908. Ferecuson, Donald, Joiner and Timber Merchant, Quarry Lane, Lennoxtown. *1900. Fercuson, Jaines Alex., Ardnith, Partickhill, Giasgow. 1910. FEreuson, John, Forester, Gregynog Lodge, Tregynon, Newtown, Montgomeryshire. *1888. Fereuson, The Right Hon. R. C. Munro, M.P., of Raith and Novar, Raith, Fife. 1880. Frreusson, Sir James Ranken, Bart., Spitalhaugh, West Linton. 1908. Ferniz, Alexander, Head Forester, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. *1911. FeRNIE, William Duncan, Forester, Balcarres, Fife. *1907. Ferrie, Thomas Young, Timber Merchant, 69 Buchanan St., Glasgow. *1901. Finpuay, John Ritchie, of Aberlour, Aberlour House, Aberlour. 18938. FINLAYSON, Malcolm, Solicitor, Crieff, Perthshire. 1908. Frnnig, Alexander, Clerk of Works, Woodlands Cottage, Durris. 1907. Fisa, Andrew, Forester, Boghead, Kirkmuirhil]l, Lanarkshire. 1909. FisHER, Malcolm, Assistant Forester, North Stables, Helbron Estate, Fairley. 1869. FisHer, William, Estate Agent, Wentworth Castle, Barnsley, York- shire, *1902. Firzwi.uiam, Right Hon. the Earl of, Wentworth, Rotherham. 1910. FLEMING, Archibald, Overseer, Culcreuch, Fintry, Stirlingshire. 1899. FLemiInG, Sir John, Timber Merchant, Albert Saw-mills, Aberdeen. *1906. FLercuer, J. Douglas, of Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. 1909. FLercHER, John Sydney, Under Forester, Thirlmere, Grasmere. 1910. Forsss, Alistair Hugh, Factor, The Foley, Rothesay. 13 Date of Election. 1890. Forsrs, Arthur C., Department of Agriculture, Dublin. 1898. Forbes, James, Factor, E\labus, Bridgend, Islay. *1896. Forses, James, The Gardens, Overtoun, Dumbartonshire. *1878. Forbes, R bert, Estate Office, Kennet, Alloa. *1373. Forses, William, Estate Office, West Bilney Lodge, King’s Lynn,. Norfolk. *1869. Forcan, James, Forester, 5 Belhelvie Terrace, Perth. 1892. ForcGAan, James, Sunnybraes, Largo, Fife. 1889. Forsrer, William A., Forester, Belgrave Lodge, Pulford, Wrexham, 1908. Forrescur, William Irvine, M.B.C.M., 7 Bon Accord Square, Aberdeen. *1908. FortuNE, George R., Factor, Colinsburgh, Fife. *1897. ForHrincHamM, W. Steuart, of Murthly, Perthshire. *1909, Foutis, Arch. Keith, Factor’s Assistant, Roselea, Orchard Street, Motherwell. 1908. Fow.er, Sir John Edward, Bart., Braemore, Garve. *1866. France, Charles S., 13 Cairntield Piace, Aberdeen. *1901. Fraser, Alexander, Solicitor and Factor, Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, Northern Branch, 63 Church Street, Inverness. 1908. Fraser, Charles James Roy, of Lochavich, Argyllshire. 1909. FRASER, George, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. *1892. FRASER, George, Factor, Dalzell, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. *1902. Fraser, George M., 13 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh. 1898. Fraser, James, Assistaut Forester, 10 Woodside Walk, Hamilton. *1899. Fraser, James, Home Steward, Factor’s Office, North Harris, Portree. 1911. Fraser, James, Student of Forestry, c/o Campbell, 12 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh. 1895. Fraser, J. C., Nurseryman, Comely Bank, Edinburgh. 1905. Fraser, John, Forester, The Little Hill, Leighton, Ironbridge R S8.0., Salop. 1901. Fraser, John M‘Laren, of Invermay, Forgandenny, Perthshire. 1904. Fraser, Peter, Land Steward, Dalguise, Duukeld. 1904. Fraser, Robert A., Cab Proprietor, 3 Sunbury Srreet, Edinburgh, 1907. FrasEr, Robert S., Bunchrew House, Bunchrew, Inverness ; Ivy House, Comshall, Surrey. *1892. Fraser, Simon, Land Agent, Hutton in the Forest, Penrith. *1907. FrAsER, Sweton, Forester, Gallovie, Kingussie. 1908. Fraser-TYTLER, James Francis, of Woodhouselee, Rosslyn. 1896. Frarer, John, Foreman Forester, Ardross Mains, Alness, Ross- shire. 1902. Frater, John, Head Forester, Ardross Castle, Alness, Ross-shire. 1907. Fyre, Harry Lessels, A-sistant Forester, Elko, B.C., Canada. 1909. Fyfe, William, Assistant Forester, North Lodge, Blair Drummond, Doune. 1910. Fyrrr, Robert, Botanical, Forestry, and Scientific Department, Entibbe, Uganda. Date of 14 Election. 1904. *1893. *1909. 1896. 1910. 1909. 1908. 1908. *1899. *1907. *1903. 1898. 1902. 1897. 1903. 1905. *1881. 1897. 1894. 1894. 1908. *1900. 1906. *1891. *1901. 1909. 1910. 1907. *1868. “180% 1909. 1897. 1897. 1905. *1904 1906. 1907. GALLoway, George, (Juarrymaster, Roseangle, Wellbank, by Dundee, GaLLoway, Robert, S.S.C., Secretary, 19 Castle Street, Edinburgh. GAMBLE, J. Sykes, C.I.E., etc., Highfield, East Liss, Hants (Hon. Member of the Society). GAMMELL, Sydney James, of Drumtochty, Countesswells House, Breldside, Aberdeen. GARDINAR, James, Assistant Forester, Forester’s Bothy, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Gardiner, Francis Forsyth, Assistant Forester, Home Farm, New- mains, Douglas, Lanarkshire. GARDINER, R., Assistant Forester, Inverliever Estate, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Taynuilt. GARDYNE, Lieutenant-Colonel Greenhill, of Finavon, Forfar. Garriocg, John E., Factor, Lovat Estates, Beauly. Garson, James, W.S., Albyn Place, Edinburgh. GASCOIGNE, Lieut.-Col. Richard French, D.S.O., Craignish Castle, Ardfern, Argyllshire. GAULD, William, Forester, Coombe Abbey, Binley, Coventry. GAVIN, George, Factor, Falkland Estate, Falkland. GELLATLY, Thomas, Forester, Hallyburton, Coupar Angus. Gipson, William, Forester, Carnell, Hurlford, Ayrshire. GiLBErtT, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Midhope Castle, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. GincHRist, Wm., Forester, Nursery Cottage, Mount Melville, St Andrews. GILLANDERS, A. T., F.E.S., Forester, Park Cottage, Alnwick, Northumberland. GILLESPIE, James, Overseer, Garden, Arnprior, Port of Monteith. Gitmour, Colonel Robert Gordon, of Craigmillar, The Inch, Mid- lothian. GLADSTONE, Hugh Steuart, F.Z.S., M.A., etc., Lannhall, Thornhill. GLADSTONE, Sir John R., Bart. of Fasque, Laurencekirk. Guass, James, Forester, Back Road Cottage, Larbert House, Larbert. GLENCONNAR, Right Hon. Lord, 31 Lennox Gardens, London, 8. W. Godman, Hubert, Land Agent, Ginsborough, Yorkshire. GoopFELLow, John, Forester, Faskally, Pitlochry. Gorpon, G. P., B.Sc., Student of Forestry, Goldie Lea, Eskbank. GorMAN, Alfred W., Timber Merchant’s Clerk, 14 Smith Street, Hillend, Glasgow. Gossip, James A., of Howden & Co., The Nurseries, Inverness. GoucH, Reginald, Forester, Wykeham, York. Gow, Alexander, Home Farm, Hatfield Park, Hatfield, Herts. Gow, Peter Douglas, Farmer, Bonaly, Colinton, Midlothian. Gow, Peter, Land Steward, Laggan, Ballantrae, Ayrshire. Gow, Robert, Head Forester, Appin House, Argyllshire. GRAHAM, Anthony George Maxtone, of Cultoquhey, Crieff. GRAHAM, David A., Teacher, 19 St Fillan’s Terrace, Edinburgh. GRAHAM, Hugh Meldrum, Solicitor, Inverness. Date of Election. 1908. 1910. *1884. *1905. 1909. 1887. SFSU: 1867. 1908. 1904. 1908. 1909. 1893. *1874. 1907. 1908. 1908. 1906. 1907, *1908. 1909. 1902. 1901. 1908. 1898. 1908. 1903. = 1905: 1911. 1879. 1910. *1900. 1905. 1906. 1904. Mater e 15 GraHamM, James, Marquis of, Brodick Castle, Arran (per Mr Douglas, Strabane, Brodick). GRAHAM, Robert Francis, M.A., of Skipness, Argyll, GRAHAM, Wm., 6 Royal Crescent, W., Glasgow. GraHAM, William, Foreman Forester, St Ann’s Cottage, Rae Hill, Lockerbie. GRAINGER, Henry Herbert Liddell, Ayton Castle, Ayton. Grant, Alexander, Forester, Rinagaip, Dallas, by Forres. GRANT, Captain Arthur, D.S.O., House of Monymusk, Aberdeen. Grant, Donald, Forester, Drumin, Ballindalloch, Banffshire. Grant, Donald, Forester, Fersit, Tulloch, Inverness-shire. GRANT, Ewan S., Head Forester, c/o Mrs Goater, Lower Tilgate, near Crawley, Sussex. Grant, Iain Robert James Murray, of Glenmoriston, Inverness-shire. GRANT, James, Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Grant, John B., Forester, Drumin Cottage, Glenlivet. GRANT, John, Overseer, Daldowie, Tollcross, Glasgow. GRANT, Robert, Fernleigh, Birchington, Kent. GrRaAnT, Sir John Macpherson, Bart., Ballindalloch Castle, Ballin- dalloch. Grassick, William Henderson, Land Steward, Daviot Branch Asylum, Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire. Gray, David, Wheelwright, 270 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Gray, George, Forester, The Lodge, Eliock, Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire. Gray, James Lowrie, Tenant Farmer, Elginhaugh, Dalkeith. Gray, James Ritchie, Wheelwright, 270 Great Western Road, Aberdeen. Gray, Walter Oliver, Forester, Pallinsburn, Cornhill, Northumber- land. Gray, Major William Anstruther-, of Kilmany, Cupar, Fife. Gray, William, Forester, Lundie, Lochee. Grey, The Right Hon. Sir Edward, Bart., M.P., of Falloden, Chathill, Northumberland. Grizve, J. W, A., Indian Forest Service, The Club, Darjeeling, Bengal. GRIFFITHS, Sir Richard Waldie, of Hendersyde Park, Kelso. GuRNEY, Eustace, Sprowston Hall, Norwich. HackineG, Thomas, B.Sc., etc., Agricultural College, Uckfield, Sussex. HappinctTon, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T., Tyninghame, Prestonkirk. Hawpank, David, Forester, Craighlaw Lodge, Kirkcowan, Wigtown- shire. HaLpAnk, William S., of Foswell, W.S., 55 Melville Street, Edinburgh. HA, Thomas, Forester, Moore Abbey, Monasterevan, Co. Kildare. Hau, William, Head Forester, Church Cottages, Bilton, near York. Ha.tey, John Y. (of Garvie & Syme), Ironmonger, etc., Perth. HALLIDAY, Geo., Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Date of 16 Election. *1901. SUE 1907. 1908. *1882. 1909. *1899. 1892. 1905. 1907. *1903. *1880. *1896. 1908. 1911. *1910. 1905. 1897. *1880. LOI 1911. *1908. 1905. *1892. 1904. 1905. 1896. 1869. 1902. 1909. 1907. *1908. 1908. Hawuipay, John, Timber Merchant, Rothesay. Hamitron, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Hamiuron, Andrew, Naval Architect, 124 Shiel Road, Liverpool. Haminton, David R., Catcune Mills, Gorebridge. HaAmIitron, Donald C., Forester, Knowsley, Prescot. Hamitron, John, C.A., 34 York Place, Edinburgh. Hamitron, The Right Hon. Baron, of Dalzell, Dalzell House, Motherwell. Hanna, George, Overseer, Estate Office, Boynton, Bridlington. Hanson, Clarence Oldham, Deputy Conservator, Indian Forest Department, Latimer Lodge, Cinderford, Gloucestershire. Harsorrie, William, Assistant Forester, Woodhouse, Lough- borough, Leicestershire. Harvie, David, Factor, Errol Park, Errol. Hare, Colonel, Blairlogie, Stirling. Hartey, Andrew M., Forester, 5 Thayer Street, Manchester Square, London, Harwonpd, Henry, Park Forester, Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. HArnriER, James B., Forester, Innes House, Elgin. Harrison, Alexander, Apprentice C.A., 3 Napier Road, Edinburgh. Harrow, R. L., Head Gardener, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Harr, John, Factor, Mains of Cowie, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire. Have tock, W. B., The Nurseries, Brocklesby Park, Lincolnshire. Hawes, A. F., A.B., M.F., Experimental Station, Burlington, Vermont, U.S.A. HAw.Ley, Ralph Chipman, A.B., M.F., Assistant Professor of Forestry, Yale Forest School, 360 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn., U.S.A. Hay, Athole Stanhope, of Marlefield, Roxburgh. Hay, Henry Ferguson, Forester, Cholmondeley Estate Yard, near Malpas, Cheshire. Hay, John, Overseer, Dollars Estate Office, 8 Rennie Street, Kilmarnock, Hay, Sir Duncan Edwyn, Bart. of Haystoun, 42 Egerton Gardens, London, S. W. Hay, William Black, Assistant Forester, Bondgate, Harewood, Leeds. Hay, Wm. P., Merchant, Rosebank, Loanhead, Midlothian. Hayman, John, Glentarff, Ringford, Kirkeudbrightshire. Haynes, Edwin, Editor Timber Trades Journal, 164 Aldersgate Street, London. ; Hecror, Thomas Gordon, Estate Clerk, Philorth Estate Office, Fraserburgh. HENDERSON, John, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Balbirnie, Markinch. Henverson, John G. B., W.S., Nether Parkley, Linlithgow. HEnpDERSON, R., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Charlwood, Bury Creath, Banstead, Surrey. Date of 17 Election. 1893. 1893. *1906. 1898. 1910. 1908. 1911. *1901, *1874. *1884. 1904. *1904. *1903. *1905. *1902. 1907. 1906. 1895. 1909, 1909. *1908. 1866. 1908. *1905. 1910. 1909. *1902. *1908. VALE 1907. *1876. 1908. ANE 1909. 1902. 1905. Henperson, R., 4 High Street, Penicuik, Midlothian. Henperson, William, Forester, Clonad Cottage, Tullamore, King’s County. Henpnrick, James, B.Se., F.I.C., Marischal College, Aberdeen. Henpry, James, 5 Thistle Street, Edinburgh. HENKEL, John Spurgeon, Assistant Conservator of Forests, Midland Conservancy, Knysua, Cape Colony, Henry, Augustine, M.A., etc., Reader in Forestry, 23 Chesterton Road, Cambridge. Henry, George J., 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Hepsurn, Sir Archibald Buchan-, Bart. of Smeaton-Hepburn, Prestonkirk. Hersert, H. A., of Muckross, Killarney, Co. Kerry, Ireland. Heywoop, Arthur, Gleverimg Hall, Wickham Market, Suffolk. HI, George, Assistant Forester, Fothringham, Fortar. Huu, J. Smith, The Agricultural College, Aspatria. Hix, Robert Wylie, of Balthayock, Perthshire. Hiuvier, Edwin L., F.R.H.S., Nurseryman and Landscape Gardener,. Culross, Winchester. Hincxkes, Ralph Tichborne, J.P., D.L., Foxley, Hereford. Hinps, John, Forester, Stockeld Park, Wetherby, Yorks. Histop, Robert, Assistant Forester, 11 Bawdsey Street, Bawdsey Manor Estate, near Wovdbridge, Suffolk. Hoare, Sir Henry Hugh Arthur, Bart. of Stourhead, Bath. Hopart-Hamppen, A. G., Indian Forest Service, Ferns, Great Hampden, Great Missenden. Hopesun, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Fisher Place, Thirlmere, Grasmere. Hoe, Steuart Bayley, B.A., Newliston, Kirkliston. HocarrH, James, Forester, Culhorn, Stranraer, Wigtownshire. Hoge, Alexander, Assistant Forester. Nibbetstane, Durris, Drumoak, Ho.ms, John A., Formaken, Erskine, Renfrewshire. HouzaPFe.L, John William, B.Sc. and N.D.A., Student in Forestry, Kenton Farm, Kijabe, British East Afiica. HoNEYMAN, John, Overseer, Kemback Estate, Cupar, Fife. Hoop, Thomas, jun., Land Agent, Ras-el-Khalig, Egypt. Hops, Captain Thomas, of Bridge Castle, Westfield, Linlithgowshire. Horr, H. W., of Lutfness, Drem, Haddingtonshire. Hopkinson, James Garlaud, Factor, Drumtochty Estates Office, lla Dee Street, Aberdeen. HorspureGu, John, 21 Dick Place, Edinburgh. Houston, Samuel, 118 Allison Street, Crosshill, Glasgow. Howard de Walden, Baron, The Dean, Kilmarnock. Howe, James, Assistant F orester, Midhope, Hopetoun, South Queensferry. Howe, John Arnold, Overseer, Home Farm, Monnt Stuart, Rothesay. Hupson, W. F. A., M.A., Lecturer on Forestry, Agricultural College, Glasgow. eé Date of Election. 18 1905. Hutron, George Kerse, Assistant Forester, Castle Kennedy, Wigtown- 1906. 1905. 1910. 1901. *1884, *1908. *1904. USNIle VONO: 1909. 1891. 1904. 1895. 1911. mg09? *1906. 1901. 1906. ELIO8: 1907. *1906. 1898. 1896. 1907. 1904. 1909. 1910. UGB. *1901. *1883. 1907. 1900. shire. Hurron, James, Head Forester, Glendye, Banchory. Imrtg£, Charles, Assistant Forester, Balgove, Rossie, Montrose. Imriz, George James, Forest Officer Transvaal Forest Service, P.O. Box 44, Belfast, Transvaal. Imriz£, James, Forester, Aberpergrom Estate, Glen-neath, Glamorgan- shire. Inglis, Alex., Greenlaw Dean, Greenlaw, Berwickshire. Inciis, Alexander Wood, of Glencorse, Loganbank, Milton Bridge. Inciis, David, National Bank House, Pathhead, Kirkcaldy. Incuiis, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. InGuis, Robert, Factor, Old Blair, B'air Atholl. Ineuis, Walter, Assistant Forester, Dalzell Farm, Motherwell. Incuis, William, Forester, Brodick, Isle of Arran. Innes, Alexander Berowald, of Raemoir and Dunnottar, Raemoir Honse, Banchory. InNeEs, Alexander, Forester, Drummuir, Keith. InnzEs, Robert, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. IRONSIDE, William, Solicitor, Royal Bank Buildings, Oban. IrvINE, Alexander Forbes, J.P., B.A.(Oxon.), Drum Castle, Aberdeen. Irving, John, Assistant Forester, Colesborne, Cheltenham, Glouces- tershire. IrvinGc, James Rae Anderson, Foreman Forester, Langholm Estate, Canonbie, Dunifriesshire. Izat, Alexander, C.I.E., Mem. Inst. C.E., Balliliesk, Muckhart, Perthshire. Jack, David, Assistant Forester, Houston House, Houston, Johnstone. JACKSON, George Erskine, B.A.(Oxon.), W.S., Kirkbuddo, Forfar. JAMIESON, James, Forester, Yunyslas, Llanarthney R.S.O., Car- marthenshire. JARDINE, Sir R. W. B., Bart. of Castlemilk, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire. JERVOISE, Francis Henry Tristram, J.P., Herriard Park Basingstoke. JOANNIDES, Pericles, Willesden, Sporting Ciub Station, Ramleh, Egypt. JOHNSTON, David T., Gardener, Dalmeny House Gardens, Edinburgh. JOHNSTON, Frank James, Nurseryman and Forester, Claycroft, Dalbeattie. f JOHNSTON, George, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. JOHNSTON, James, F.S.I., Factor, Alloway Cottage, Ayr. JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Bon Ryl Estate, Duns, Berwickshire. JOHNSTON, Robert, Forester, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. JOHNSTONE, William, Head Forester, Beil, Prestonkirk. Date of 19 Election. “1907. 1911. *1882. *1902. 1903. 1888. 1893. *1907. 1867. 1909. 1911. 1896. 1906. *1909. 1910. *1901. *1890. 1899. 1904, #1899. *1908. 1896. 1910. 1907. _ 1894. 1908. 1900. 1910. 1910. *1906. *1903. 1906. 1905. *1898, 1908. *1902. 1910. 1898. JOHNSTONE, Richard, Forester, The Glen, Innerleithen. JoLY DE LOTBINIERE, Major H. G., R.E., Survey Department, Cairo, Egypt. Jonas, Henry, Land Agent and Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London, S. W. Jonas, Robert Collier, Land Surveyor, 23 Pall Mall, London. Jones, Ireton Arthur, of Kennick & Co., Delgany Nurseries, Co. Wicklow. JONES, James, Wood Merchant, Larbert, Stirlingshire. JonES, Thomas Bruce, Wood Merchant, Larbert. Kay, James, Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. Kay, James, Retired Wood Manager, Barone, Rothesay. Kay, John, Assistant Gardener, Grangemuir Lodge, Prestwick. Keay, Robert Burton, Estate Overseer, Findon Cottage, Conon Bridge. Kerr, David, Forester, Ladywell, Dunkeld. Kerr, James 8., Estate Manager, Borrodale, Arisaig. KeirH, Marshall John, Factor, Brucklay Estates Office, Aberdour House, Fraserburgh. Kemp, Tainsh, Saw Mill Manager, Lochend Road, Leith. Kernnepy, Frederick D. C.-Shaw-, Dyroch, Maybole. KENNEDY, James, Doonholm, Ayr. KENNEDY, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Lambton Park, Fence Houses, Durham. KENNEDY, Colonel Watson, Wiveton Hall, Cley, Norfolk. Kerr, John, Farmer, Barney Mains, Haddington. Kerr, J. Ernest, of Harviestoun, Harviestoun, Dollar. Kerries, Robert, Assistant Forester, Craigend, Perth. Kuan, Allah Dad, District Forester, Fazilka, Ferozepur, Panjap, India. Kipp, John, Forester, Hackwood Park, W., Basingstoke. Kipp, Wm., Forester, Harewood, Leeds. KimmeErtt, John, Forester, The Lodge, Glenstriven, Toward, Argyllshire. Kine, David, Nurseryman, Osborne Nurseries, Murrayfield. Kine, William, Gardener, Airy Bank, Cousland, Dalkeith. KininmonTH, Robert, Assistant Forester, Raith, Kirkcaldy. Krntocu, Charles Y., of Gourdie, by Murthly. KrnnairD, The Hon. Douglas A., Master of Kinnaird, 10 St James Square, London. Kinnear, Alexander T., Wood Manager and Forester, Jeaniebank House, Old Scone, Perth. Kinross, D. A., Farmer, Hillend, Clackmannan, Kinross, John, Architect, 2 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh. Kieren, John, Assistant Forester, Doune Lodge, Doune. : Krepen, William James, Advocate, B.A., LL.B., Westerton, Balloch, Dumbartonshire. KIRKPATRICK, James, Forester, Balhary, Meigle. Kytiacuy, The Hon. Lord, of Kyllachy, 6 Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh. Date of 20 Election, 1907. 1911. **1896. 1911. *1901. 1910. *1894. 1899. *1905. 1911. *1906. *1896. 1906. 1901. 1911, 1897. 1906. 1902. SLOte 1904. 1905. 1909. 1909. 1880. 1908. 1909. *1868. *1893. *1881. 1907. *1909. 1879. 1907, 1909. 1905. *1908. Larrp, Charles, Forester, c/o Mrs Telford, Erskine, Bishopton. LarrD, Eric P., of James Dickson & Sons, Nurserymen, 46 Hanover- Street, Edinburgh. Larrp, Robert, Nurseryman, 17a South Frederick Street, Edinburgh. Larrp, William Pringle, Nurseryman, 20 High Street, Dundee. Lamp, Alexander, Overseer, Freeland, Forgandenny. Lamp, Everard Joseph, of Scotby House, Carlisle. LAMINGTON, The Hon. Lord, G.C.M.G., Lamington, Lanarkshire, Lamonp, Alexander, Forester, Freeland, Forgandenny. Lamont, Norman, M.P., of Knockdow, Toward, Argyllshire. Lance, Leopold Peter Harding, Superintendent of Plantations, c/o. Conservator of Forests, Pretoria, Transvaal. LANGLANDS, James H., Cunmont House, by Dundee. LANspoWNE, The Most Hon. the Marquess of, K.G., 54 Berkeley Square, London, 8, W. Lauper, Alexander, D.Sc., Edinburgh and East of Scotland College. of Agriculture, 13 George Square, Edinburgh. LAuDER, William, Steward, Summerhill House, Enfield, Co. Meath. LAUDERDALE, Earl of, Thirlestane Castle, Lauder. Lauriston, John, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs James Blair, Wynd, Cumbernauld. Lawson, William, Assistant Factor, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. LEARMONT, John, Nurseryman, Larchfield Nurseries, Dumfries. LEATHER, Major Gerard F. ‘'T., Middleton MHall, Belford,. Northumberland. Less, D., of Pitscottie, Cupar, Fife. Legs, Ernest A. G., Factor, Durris Estate, by Aberdeen. Le Fann, Victor Charles, B.A., F.S.I., Estate Office, Bray, Co. Wicklow. Leeat, Charles Edward, B.Sc.(Agric.), Chief of Forestry Division, Department of Agriculture, Transvaal, Pretoria. LEISHMAN, John, Manager, Cavers Estate, Hawick, Roxburghshire. Lestiz, Archibald Stewart, W.S., Factor to Colonel A. G. Leslie of Kininvie, etc., 33 Queen Street, Edinburgh. Leiru, Lord, of Fyvie, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire. LEsuik, Charles P., of Castle-Leslie, Glaslough, Ireland. LEVEN, George, Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. LEYLAND, Christopher, Haggerston Castle, Beal, Northumberland. Linpsay, Hugh, Head Forester, Torwoodlee Estate, Galashiels. Linpsay, John, Under Forester, Station Lodge, Brodie. Linpsay, Robert, Kaimes Lodge, Murrayfield, Midlothian. Linpsay, William, of Messrs J. & H. Lindsay, Ltd., Tourist Agents, 18 St Andrew Street, Edinburgh. Little, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Burnside Cottage, Canonbie. Locan, David, Factor, Saltoun, Pencaitland. Locan, Douglas Campbell, Assistant ,Factor, Porthane, Kenmore, Aberfeldy. Date of Election. 1908. Locun, Hugh, Forester, Knockdow, Toward, Argyllshire, *1883. Loney, Peter, Estate Agent, 6 Carlton Street, Edinburgh. 1909. Lonemuir, James, Assistant Forester, Monreith, Port-William. 1911. Lonemurr, James, jun., Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. 1907. Lourir, Rev. John Smeaton, Minister of Foveran, Manse of Foveran, Aberdeen. *1898, Lovar, The Right Hon. Lord, C.B., D.S.O., Beaufort Castle, Beauly, Inverness. *1880. Love, J. W., c/o Mrs Boyce, Byron Street, St Kilda, Victoria, South Australia. *1875. Lovexacg, The Right Hon. the Earl of, East Horsley Towers, Woking, ; Surrey. 1909. Low, David, Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. 1898. Low, James, Forester, Ballindalloch, Strathspey. *1900. Low, William, B.Sc., of Balmakewan, Marykirk, Kincardineshire. 1908. LowpENn, Thomas, Assistant Forester, Canmore, Alberta, Canada. 1910. Lown, Alex., Forester, Lockerbie House, Lockerbie. *1908. LumMspEN, George James, Aithernie, Lundin Links, Fife. *1891. LumspEN, Hugh Gordon, of Clova, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. 1900. LumspEN, Robert, jun., 11 Morningside Terrace, Edinburgh. 1908. Lunn, George, Forester, Invercauld, Ballater. *1875. Lurrre.i, George F., of Dunster Castle, Taunton, Somersetshire. *1900. Lynu., Sir Leonard, Bart. of Kinnordy, Kirriemuir. 1910. Lyrorp-Pike, James, Forestry Student, 131 Warrender Park Road, Edinburgh. *1909. Lye, Alexander Park, of Glendelvine, Murthly. *1907. M‘AinsH, Duncan, Wood Merchant, Crieff. 1908. M‘Arnsu, R., Assistant Forester, Bowmont Forest, Roxburgh. 1906. Macanpinr-Leny, Major R. L., of Dalswinton, Dumfriesshire. 1909. MacArtuor, Alaster, Bank Agent, ete., Inveraray. 1909. M‘Bain, John, M.A., Headmaster, High School for Girls, 35 Hamilton Place, Aberdeen. 1907. M‘Bain, William, Forester, Estates Office, Drumnadrochit. *1892. MacsEan, Simon, Land Steward, Erskine, Bishopton. 1896. M‘Braru, David, Forester, Brinscall, Chorley, Lancashire. 1908. M‘Catuium, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Dunira Cottages, Comrie, Perthshire. 1908. M‘CauuvoM, D., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormontfield, Perth. 1894. M‘Catitum, Edward, Overseer, Kerse Estate, Falkirk. 1898. M‘Cauium, James, Forester, Canford, Wimborne, Dorset. *1901. M‘Cautium, Thomas W., Retired Ground Officer, Dailly, Ayrshire. 1904, M‘CLELLAN, Frank C., Zanzibar Government Service, Pemba, via Zanzibar, East Africa. *1870. M‘CorquopaLE, D. A., Bank of Scotland, Carnoustie, Forfarshire. 1893. M‘Cousriz, M. S., Land Steward, Tullamore, King’s County, Ireland. Date of Election. 1904, 1907. 1908, 1901. 1893. 1908, *1900. *1894, 1897, *1908. 1895. 1908. 1908. 1910. 1907. 1906. 1904. 1894, 1907. *1895. *1884. 1906. 1909. 1908. 1909. 1904. 1901. 1898. 1907. 1909. 1910. *1904, *1901. 1901. *1901. Macpona.p, Alexander, Factor, Meggernie, Aberfeldy. MacDonatp, Alexander, Farmer, Rhives, Delny. M'Donald, Donald, Assistant Forester, 166 Darnley Street, Pollok- shields, Glasgow. MacponaLD, Mrs Eleanor E., The Manse, Swinton. MAcDONALD, George U., Overseer, Haystoun Estate, Woodbine Cottage, Peebles. MacponaLp, The Hon. Godfrey Evan Hugh, Factor, Macdonald Estates Office, Portree. MacponaLp, Harry L., of Dunach, Oban. MAcDONALD, James, Forester, Kinnaird Castle, Brechin. : M‘DonaLp, James N. B., Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask, Canada. ; Macponaup, James Farquharson, §.8.C. and N.P., Kilmuir,: Linlithgow. Macpona.Lp, John, Forester, Skibo, Dornoch. M‘Donaup, John, Foreman Forester, Culzean Estate, Maybole. Macponatp, John Ronald M., of Largie, M.A., D.L., J.P., Largie Castle, Tayinloan, Kintyre. MacDonatp, John, Assistant Forester, Rose Cottage, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Macponatp, T. Martin, of Barguillean, Taynuilt. Macponatp, William Kid, Windmill House, Arbroath. M'‘Donatp, William Yeats, of Auquharney, Hatton, Aberdeenshire. M‘Doveatt, Alex., Forester, Tuncombe Park, Helmsley R.S.0O., Yorks, MAcDOUGALL, James, Assistant Forester, 20 Victoria Street, Perth. MacDovucatu, Professor Robert Stewart, M.A., D.Sc., 9 Dryden. Place, Edinburgh. Macpurr, Alex., of Bonhard, Perth. M‘Ewan, James, Assistant Forester, Glamis. M‘Ewan, John, Assistant Forester, c/o Dow, 170 Darnley Street, Pollokshields, Glasgow. M‘Ewan, W., Assistant Forester, Drummond Cottage, Logiealmond, by Perth. MacEwan, William, Assistant Forester, Garscube Estate, by Glasgow. M‘Ewan, Wm., Forester, Allangrange, Munlochy, Ross-shire. M‘Ewen, Alexander, Overseer, Castle Lachlan, Stralachlan, Greenock. MacrapYeEn, Donald, Assistant Forester, Drumlanrig, Thornhill. MacFariane, Archibald, Timber Merchant, Harbour Saw-mills, Paisley. M‘FarLAnrF, Peter Graham, Assistant Forester, East End, Gartmore. MaAcFarqQuuar, Donald, Forester, Port Glas, Kenmore, Aberfeldy. Macriz, John William, of Dreghorn, Rowton Hall, Chester. M‘Garva, Gilbert Ramsay, Factor, Estate Office, Innes, Elgin. M‘Guis, John, Overseer, Kelburne Estate, Fairlie. M‘GrBpB0N, Doaald, Forester, Rossie Estate, Inchture. 23 Date of Election, 1904. M‘Gripson, R., Forester, Wentworth, Rotherham, 1998. M‘GLASHAN, James, Forester, Belladrum, by Beauly. *1902 MacGregor, Alasdair Ronald, Edinchip, Lochearnhead, 1902. M‘Grecor, Alexander, Forester, Abbeyleix, Queen’s Co, *1908. MacGi:reor, Alexander, Iron Merchant, Ravenswood, Dalmuir, Dumbartonshire. 1896. M‘Grecor, Angus, Forester, Craigton, Butterstone, Dunkeld. 1899. M‘Grecor, Archibald, Forest Office, Forestry Department, Nairobi, B.E.A. *1906. MacGrecor, Evan Malcolm, Factor, Ard Choille, Perth. 1909. MacGrecor, James, Head Forester, Broomhill, Airthrey Castle, Bridge of Allan. 1910. M‘Greeor, John, Assistant Forester, Brucefield, Clackmannan. 1910. M‘Greeor, John, Wood Merchant, Tam’s Brig Sawmills, Ayr. 1905. M‘HaArpy, James, Forester, Forglen, Turiff, Aberdeenshire. 1904. M‘Harpy. William, Forester, Chancefield, Falkland, Fife. 1901. M‘Harriz, John W., City Gardener, City Chambers, Edinburgh. 1894. M‘ILwrairn, Wm., Forester, Hall Barn Estate, Beaconsfield, Bucks. 1907. M‘InNzEs, William, Assistant Forester, Advie, Strathspey. 1905. M‘Inrosu, Alexander, Foreman Forester, Townsend Street, Birr, King’s Co., Ireland. 1911. M Inrosu, Donald J., Assistant Forester, Lynedoch, Almondbank, Perth. *1895. Macintosh, D. L., The Gardens, Stronvar, Lochearnhead. *1879. M‘Inrosu, Dr W. C., Professor of Natural History, University of St Andrews, 2 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews. 1904. M‘InrosH, Robert, Forester, Cullentragh Cottage, Rathdrum, Co. ' Wicklow. *1885. MacInrosu, William, Fife Estates Office, Banff. 1901. Mactnrosu, William, Forester, New Chapel, Boncath R.S.O., South Wales. 1907. M‘Inryre, Charles, Forester, Inver, Dunkeld. 1910. Macintyre, John Finlayson,, Assistant Forester, The Gardens, Glencoe, Ballachullish (East). 1908. Macintyre, Peter Brown, Findon Mains, Conon Bridge. 1911. M‘Intyre, Thomas Walker, Sorn Castle, Ayrshire. 1892. M‘Kay, Allan, c/o Park & Co., Ltd., Timber Merchants, Fraser- burgh. 1910. Mackay, James Waite, Forest Apprentice, 60 Park Street, Hull. 1865. Mackay, John, Lauderdale Estate Office, Wyndhead, Lauder. 1908. M‘Kay, Murdo, Forester, Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. 1887. Mackay, Peter, Forester and Overseer, Bargany Mains, Dailly, Ayr- shire. 1907. Mackay, William, Factor, Chisholm Estates, 19 Union Street, I .verness., 1900. M‘Krcuntg, Angus, Assistant Forester, Walkergate, Alnwick. 1891. MackENpRICK, James, Forester, Estate Office, Pallas, Loughrea, Co. Galway. Date of Election. 1908. 1908. 1867. 1909. 1907. 1901. 1909. 1908. 1901. 1904. 1908. 1908. *1893. 1899. 1897. 1907. *1900. 1908. 1908. 1907. 1911. 1907. 1896. 1905. *1897. 1907. 1909. *1898. 1883. 1907. 1878. *1905. *1895. 1904. 1908. *1879. 1909. *1898. 1908. 1906. 1902. 1898. MacKenziz, A., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormont- field, Perth. MackeEnzig£, Major A. F., of Ord, Ord House, Muir of Ord. MackeEnzig, Alex., Warriston Nursery, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh. MAcKENzIE, Alex. James, Factor, 62 Academy Street, Inverness. MAcKEnzIg, Sir Arthur, Bart. of Coul, Strathpeffer. MACKENZIE, Charles, Factor, Clunes, Achnacarry, Spean Bridge. Mackenzig, Charles J. S., Assistant Forester, Caberfeidh, Can Bridge. M‘Kenzig, Colin, Assistant Forester, Potters Heron, Ampfield, nr. Ramsey, Hants. M‘Kenziz£, Daniel, Forester, Wynyard Estate, Stockton-on-Tees. MACKENZIE, Major E. Walter Blunt, Castle Leod, Strathpeffer. MAcKENZIE, Evan North Barton, Kilcoy Castle, Killearnan. MACKENZIE-GILLANDERS, Captain E. B., of Highfield, Muir of Ord, MACKENZIE, James, Forester, Cullen Honse, Cullen. M‘KeEnzIz, James, Wood Merchant, Carr Bridge, Inverness-shire. MackeEnzik£, John, Forester, Holmhead, Daljarrock, Ayrshire. MACKENZIE, John, jun., Factor, Dunvegan, Skye. MaAcKENzIg, Sir Kenneth John, Bart. of Gairloch, 10 Moray Place, Edinburgh. MACKENZIE, Nigel Banks, Factor, Fort William. MAacKENZIE, Nigel Blair, Assistant Factor, Fort William. MACKENZIE, Colonel Stewart, of Seaforth, Br-han Castle, Dingwall. MAcKENZzIg, Thomas, Factor, Craigard, Invergarry. MACKENZI£, W. Dalziel, of Farr, Inverness, MACKENZIE, Wm., Forester, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. M‘Kercuar, John, Commercial Traveller and Seedsman, 35 Giesbach Road, Upper Holloway, London, N. M‘Kerrow, Robert, Manager, Carton, Maynooth, Co. Kildare. MacKezzack, George Ross, of Ardgye, Elgin. M‘Ktr, Henry B., Factor, Freeland, Erskine, Bishopton. MacKinnon, A., The Gardens, Scone Palace, Perth MacKinnon, George, The Gardens, Melville Castle, Lasswade. MACKINNON, Robert, Forester, Smithton, Culloden. MAckKINTOSH, The, of Mackintosh, Moy Hall, Inverness. MacxkintosH, W. E., Yr. of Kyllachy, 28 Royal Circus, Edinburgh. MACLACHLAN, John, of Maclachlan, Castle Lachlan, Argyll. MacaccAn, George C. R., Forester, Munday Co'tages, Aberdalgie, M‘LareEn, James, Sub-Agent, Jervau'x Abbey, Middleham, Yorks. M ‘LAREN, John, 12 Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. MacLarty, Alexander Sinclair, Forester, Tullichewan Cottage, Alexandria. Mac.ean, Archibald Douglas, J.P., Harmony, Balerno. M‘LEAN, Donald, Factor, Sutherland Estate Offices, Golspie. M‘LEanN, James Smith, Forester, Douglas Castle, Lanarkshire. MACLEAN, Peter, Forester, Invergarry. ; M‘LENNAN, John, The Gardens, Killaugh House, Rocky Valley, Bray. Date of lection 1909. 1901. 1908. 1895. 1910. *1904. 1909. 1903. 1903. 1910. 1909. 1900. *1899. 1900. 1908. 1908. 1906. 1907. *1879. 1895. 1905. *1905 1908. *1880. 1907. *1895. *1909. *1898. 1896. *1895. 1909. *1901. *1905. 1899. 1893. 1907. 1910. *1876. ¢1909. *1884. 25 MacLennan, Murdo, Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Riddles, 12 Rodney Street, Edinburgh. M‘Lxop, Peter, Nurseryman, Perth. M‘MILLAN, Duncan, Estate Overseer, Hafton 8.0., Sandbank. MacmILuan, John D., Steward, Margam Park, Port Talbot, Wales. M‘Morran, Peter, Assistant Forester, Dalzell, Motherwell. M‘Nas, David Borrie, Solicitor, Clydesdale Bank, Bothwell. M‘Nair, Gregor, Overseer, Conaglen, Ardgour. M‘Navcuron, George, Assistant Forester, Turleum Cottage, Drummond Castle, Crieff. M‘Naveuron, John, Forester, Auchterarder House, Perth. M‘Puerson, Alexander, Tayness, Kilmartin, Lochgilphead. MacpHerson, Duncan, Foreman Forester, Consall Hall, Stoke-on- Trent, Staffordshire. M‘Raz, Alexander, Forester, Dundrum, Co. Tipperary. Macrag-GitstraP, Major Jolin, of Ballimore, Otter Ferry, Argyll- shire. M‘Rag, Henry, Assistant Forester, Ufton, Southam, Rugby. M‘Rag, John, Assistant Forester, Lintonill, Cullen, Banffshire. Macrak, Sir Colin G., W.S., 45 Moray Place, Edinburgh. Macrakz, John, Forester, Highfield, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. M‘Raw, Donald, Manager, Strathgarve, Garve R.S.O. MacRitcuin, David, C.A., 4 Archibald Place, Edinburgh. M‘TavisuH, John, Assistant Forester, The Glen, Skelbo, Sutherland. M‘ViInniz, Samuel, Forester, Skeagarvie, Rossmore Park, Monaghan. MAIT.Lanp, A. D. Steel, of Sauchie, etc., Sauchieburn, Stirling. MALco.tm, George, Factor, Fernie House, Fort William. Matcouy, Lieut.-Col. E. D., R.E., Achnamara, Lochgilphead. MALKIN, Herbert C., J.P., 46 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington, W. Mann, Charles, Merchant, Lumsden, Aberdeenshire. MAnN, James, of Castlecraig, Dolphinton. MANSFIELD, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Scone Palace, Perth. Mar AnD KELLIz£, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Alloa House, Alloa. MARGERISON, Samuel, English Timber Merchant, Calverley, near Leeds. MarspEN, Reginald Edward, Indian Forest Service, 13 Leinster Gardens, London, W. MarsHALL, Archd. M‘Lean, Chitcombe, Breda, Sussex. MARSHALL, Henry Brown, of Rachan, Broughton. MarsHALL, John, Timber Merchant, etc., Maybole. MarsHALL, J. Z., Timber Merchant, 2 Dean Terrace, Bo'ness, MarsHALL, William, Assistant Forester, Castle Grant, Grantown-on- Spey, Glenllivon Park, Carmarthen, N. Wales. Martin, Lieut-Col. Martin, Upper Ostaig, by Broadford, Isle of Skye. MakrrTIN, James, Forester, Knipton, Grantham, Lincolnshire. Massi£, George Duncan, Solicitor (Hon..Secretary; Aberdeen Branch), 147 Union Street, Aberdeen. Massig, W. H., of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1907. Masson, William, Forester, Meikleour, Perth. 1910. Masterton, James, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Kennet Cottages, Alloa, 1893. Maruer, R. V., of Laing & Mather, Nurserymen, Kelso. 1901. MarrHeEws, Robert, Land Steward, Duncrub Park, Dunning. 1909. MavupE, James, Timber Merchant, Hebden Bridge, Yorks. *1894. MaucHAn, John, Estate Agent, Jervaulx Abbey, Middleham R.S.0., Yorks. 1907. Maw, Percival Trentham, Holmsdale, Nutfield, Surrey. 1907. Maxrone, James, Overseer, Strathallan, Machany, Perthshire. 1896. Maxtone, John, Forester, Duff House, Banff. *1904. MAxweELL, Aymer, Yr. of Monreith, Wigtownshire, Lieutenant, Grena- dier Guards. 1891. MAxweLL, James, Forester and Overseer, Ruglen, Maybole. *1893. MAXWELL, Sir John Stirling-, Bart. of Pollok, Pollokshaws. | 1886. MAxwELL, Tbe Right Hon. Sir Herbert E., Bart. of Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. 1908. MAxwELL, Wellwood, of Kirkennan, Dalbeattie. 1908. MaxweE.t, William James, Factor, Terregles Banks, Dumfries. 1905. MAxweELt, William Jardine Herries, of Munches, Dalbeattie. 1907. MracuEr, Sydney George, Land Agent, Marlee, Blairgowrie. 1896. MEIKLEJOHN, John J. R., Factor, Novar, Evanton, Ross-shire. _ 1906. MeLtprum, Thomas C., Nurseryman, Forfar. 1899. MELVILLE, David, The Gardens, Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. 1911. Metvin, David, Assistant Forester, Blair Drummond, Perthshire. 1901. Menzies, James, Forester, Caledon Estate, Co. Tyrone. *1908. Mrnzizs, William Dudgeon Graham, J.P., Hallyburton, Coupar- Angus, *1880. MrsHam, Captain, Pontryffydd, Bodvari, Rhyl, Denbighshire. 1906. Mestron, William, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris, Aberdeen. 1877. Mretuven, Henry, of Thomas Methven & Sons, 15 Princes Street, Edinburgh. 1869. MEeTHVEN, John, of Thomas Methven & Sons, Leith Walk Nurseries, Edinburgh. 1892. METHVEN, John, Viewforth, Kennoway, Fife. ; 1911. Micuie, Henry M., Assistant, Raith Estate Office, Kirkealdy. *1881. Micure, John, M.V.O., Factor, Balmoral, Ballater, Aberdeenshire. 1893. Micuix, William, Forester, Welbeck, Worksop, Notts. . *1893. MippiEMass, Archibald, Forester, Tulliallan, Kincardine-on-Forth. 1905. MippLEron, James, Factor, Braehead House, Kilmarnock. 1910. MippLEToN, James, Assistant Forester, Blythswood, Renfrew. *1905. Miuiar, John, Timber Merchant, Greenhaugh Saw-mills, Govan. 1908. Mriiiar, John W., Manager, Eldin Chemical Co., Loanhead. *1908. Miter, Robert E., Bonnycraig, Peebles. 1910. MiLuieAn, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Cromartie Estates, Kildary, Ross-shire. 1910. MILLican, J. A., Assistant Forester, lvy House, Baslow, Derbyshire. Date of 27 Election. 1899. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1908. 1895. 1906. 1899. *1898. 1890. 1902. 1906. 1901. *1897. 1894. *1909. 1904. 1898. *1882. 1904, *1902. 1904. 901. 1909. 1908. 1902. 1909. 1909. *1908. *1895. *1906. 1903. *1897. *1899. *1895, HOM Mine, Alexander, Factor, Urie Estate Office, Stonehaven. Mite, Alexander, Forester, Charboro’ Park, Wareham, Dorset. Ming, Colonel George, of Logie, Aberdeenshire. Miune, Frederick, Assistant Forester, Nursery Cottage, Tarbrax, by Forfar. Ming, G., Assistant Forester, Innerbuist Cottage, Stormontfield, Perth. MILNE, James, Land Steward, Carstairs House, Carstairs. Mixneg, John, Assistant Forester, West Cottage, Balfour, Durris, Drumoak. Mint, Ritchie, Assistant, Annandale Estate Office, Hillside, Lockerbie. Mine, Robert P., Spittal Mains, Berwick-on Tweed. MILne, William, Farmer, Foulden, Berwick-on-Tweed. MILNE, William, Forester, Huntly Hill, Stracathro, Brechin. Mine, William, Nurseryman (Wm. Fell & Co., Ltd.), Hexham. Mitne-Home, David William, of Wedderburn, Caldra, Duns. Mitne-Homg, J. Hepburn, Irvine House, Canonbie. Miusom, Isaac, Gardener and Steward, Claydon Park, Winslow, Bucks. Mrirri£LeEks, Frederick Donald, B.A.Oxon., of Pasture Wood, Dorking, Surrey. MitrcHetL, Alexander, Forester, Rosebery, Gorebridge. MirTcHE.1, David, Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. MircHELL, Francis, Forester, Woburn, Beds. MircHELL, James, Organising Secretary for Technical Education to. Fife County Council, County Buildings, Cupar, Fife. MitTcHELL, John, jun., Timber Merchant, Leith Walk Saw-mills, Leith. MircHELL, John Irvine, M.A., Teacher, 3 Craighouse Terrace, Edinburgh. MiTcHE.L, William Geddes, Estate Agent, Doneraile, Co. Cork. MircHEtL, William, Foreman Forester, Torresdale Castle, Carradale, Argyllshire. Moeran, Archibald E., Land Agent, etc., Lissadell, Stillorgan Park, Co. Dublin. Morrart, John, Head Forester, Boiden, Arden, N.B. Morrat, William, Forester, Castle Wemyss, Wemyss Bay. Morratt, Thomas, Clyde View, Fairlie, Ayrshire. Morssr, Cyril, P.A.S.I., Heworth Grange, York. MoncREIFFE, Sir Robert D., Bart. of Moncreiffe, Perth. Moon, John Laurence, Forest Ranger, Forestry Department, Nairobi, British East Africa. . Moray, The Right Hon. the Earl of, Darnaway Castle, Forres. Morean, Alex., Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire Morean, Andrew, Assistant Factor, Glamis. Morean, Malcolm, Timber Merchant, Crieff, Perthshire. Morcan, W. Dunlop, Forestry Student, 83 Brunswick Street, Edinburgh. Date of Election. 1907. 1895. *1908. 1908. 1903. 1905. *1905. *1908. 1907. 1908. 1906. 1906. 1890. 1901. 1904. 1903. 1895. 1906. 1902. 1908. 1905. 1909. *1902. 1910. 1907. 1907. 1911. 1909. *1909. *1892. 1910. 1900. 1904. 1900. *1896. *1899. 1904. 1907. *1905. *1909. 1910. *1909. Morrison, Andrew, Estate Manager, Brodie Mains, Forres. Morrison, Hew, LL.D., Librarian, Edinburgh Public Library. Morrison, Hugh, Little Ridge, Tisbury, Wilts. Morrison, John, Factor, House of Tongue, Sutherland. Morktson, William, Manufacturer, 61 Grant Street, St George Road, Glasgow. Morton, Andrew, Forester, Stockstruther, Roxburgh. MorTHERWELL, A. B., Writer, Airdrie. Movgray, John J., Naemoor, Rumbling Bridge. Moutrriz, James. Assistant Forester, Star, Balbirnie, Markinch. Mowat, George, Forester, Carmichael, Thankerton, Lanarkshire. Mowat, John, O erseer, H:zelhead Estate, Aberdeen. Muir, William, Estate Clerk, Broomlands, Kelso. MurruHeab, George, F.R.S.E., Commissioner, Speybank, Fochabers. - Moun, John, Forester, Eglinton Castle, Irvine. Munxo, Alexander, Overseer, Invereshie, Kincraig. Munro, Alexander J., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Munro, Douald, Forester, Holkham Hall, Nortolk. Munro, Donald, Wood Merchant, Ravenswood, Banchory. Munro, George A , S.S.C., 6 Rutland Square, Edinburgh. Munro, George, M.B.C.M., 51 Albany Street, Leith ; and Kergord, Shetland. Munro, Sir Hector, Bart. of Foulis Castle, Evanton, Ross-shire. Munro, Hugh R., Assistant Forester, Dalzell Home Farm, Motherwell. Munro. Hugh Thomas, Lindertis, Kirriemuir. Munro, James Watson, Student for BSc. in Agriculture and Forestry, Jeaniebank, O « Scone Road, Perth. Munko, John, Foreman Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. Munro, John, Laud Steward aud Forester, The Lodge, Tarland, Aberdeenshire. Munro, William, Assistant Forester, Brick House, Parkend, Lydney, Glos. Munro, William, Factor, Glenferness, Dunphail. Mvrray, Major Alastair Bruce, of Polmaise, Stirling. Murray, Alexander, Forester, Murtbly, Perthshire. Murray, Arthur, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Argyll. Murray, George J. B., Forester, Holylee, Walkerburn. Mornay, John M., Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Marthly. Murray, Willi«m, of Muarraythwaite, Ecclefechan, Dumfriesshire. Murray. William Hugh, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. Naren, Sir Michael B., Bart. of Rankeillour, Manufacturer, Kirkcaldy. Naren, Robert, Forester, Rowallan, Kilmarnock. Nasu, William, Assistant Forester, Airdsmill, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nasmyta, Norman, of Gle targ, Glenfarg Lodge, Abernethy. Naytor, John Murray, Laighton Hall, Welshpool. NerLson, Walter Montgomerie, of Barcuple, Ringford. Netsu, Edward William, Advocate, etc., Woodville, Greenock. Date of Election. 1893. *1908, 1910. 1893. 1895. 1906. *1903. 1909. 1901. *1901. *1893. *1902. *1899. 1899. 1904. *1909. 1911, 1906. 1910. 1908. *1908., 1900. 1909. *1894, *1899. *1906. 1906. 1907. 1902.: 1875. 1911. 1908. 1908, 1900. *1879. *1898. *1902. 1898. Netson, Robert, Assistant Forester, Hannahgate Cottage, Kinmount Estate, Cummertrees, Dumfriesshire. Nexson, Thomas Arthur, of Achnacloich, Connel, Argyllshire. Newton, James Whittet, Student for B.Sc. in Agricvlture and Forestry, c/o Lindsay, 15 Spottiswoode Street, Edinburgh. Nicot, James, Forester, Aird’s Miil, Muirkirk, Ayrshire. Nicou, James, Forester, Croxteth, Liverpool. Nicot, William, Forester, Cluny Castle, Ordhead, Aberdeenshire. Nico, William Edward, D.L., J.P., of Ballogie, Abvyne. Nicouz, William, Foreman Forester, Minto Estate, Hawick. Nico, William Peter, Assistant Forester, Kippo, Kingsbarns, Fife. Nicotson, Edward Badenach, Advocate,12 Atholl Crescent, Edinburgh, Nisbet, J., D.ic., Royal Societies’ Club, 63 St James Street, London, 8S. W. Nisbet, Robert C., Farmer, Kingsknowe, Slateford. Noses, Eric Arthur, B.S., Ph.D., Department of Agriculture, Salisbury, Rhodesia. Nose, Charles, Forester, Donibristle, Aberdour. Nose, Hugh, Assistant Forester, Buna hton, Inverness, OcILvIE, George Hamilton, Westlands, Broughty Ferry. Oci1vi£, John, M.A., Solicitor, 13 Albert Square, Dundee, OciLvi£, Thomas, D.L., J.P., Kepplestone, Aberde n. Ocitvy, Mrs Mary Georgiana Constance N. Hamilton, of Biel Prestonkirk. . Oaston, Alexander Milne, of Ardoe, near Aberdeen. Ocston, James, of Kildrummy, Kildrummy, Aberdeenshire. OLIPHANT, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Quarterbank, Abercairney, Crieff. Outver, Colonel William J., of Lochside, Kelso (18 Victoria Place, Stirling). Orkney, William C., Surveyor’s Office, Montrose Royal Asylum, Orr-Ewine, Sir Archibald Ernest, Bart., Ballikinrain Castle, Balfron, Orr, George W., Cowdenhall, Neilston. Orr, Harry D., Timber Merchant, 21 Fairfield Road, Chesterfield. OswaLD, Major Julian, Kindar Lodge, New Abbey, Dumfries, OswaLp, Richard Alexander, of Auchincruive, Ayr. > Pace, Andrew Duncan, Land Steward, Culzean Home Farm, Ayr. Park, James, Assistant Forester, Tower Cottage, Durris, Drumoak. Park, Robert, Contractor, Hamilton Street, Motherwell. Paterson, Alexander, Foreman Forester, Linton, Murebattle, Kelso. PaTERSON, George, Timber Merchant, Cliff House, Cults, Aberdeen. Paton, Hugh, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Paton, Robert Johnston, Nurseryman, Kilmarnock. Paton, Tom W., Nurserymau, Kilmarnock. PaTrEeRson, Thomas L., Nisbet, Pentcaitland, East Lothian, 30 Date of Election. 1908, Pearson, Andrew, Commissioner, Dalkeith House, Dalkeith. 1897. PEARSON, James, Forester, Sessay, Thirsk, Yorks, 1899, PEArson, James, Factor, The Cottage, Airdrie. 1909. Peattre, William, Assistant Forester, The Nursery, Phislinere, Grasmere. *1908. PENTLAND, Lord, The Right Hon., Secretary for Scotland, Dover House, Whitehall, London. *1900. Prrrins, C. W. Dyson, of Ardross, Ardross Castle, Alness. 1904. Perers, William, Assistant Forester, Gateside, Markinch, Fifeshire. *1897. Puiuip, Alexander, Solicitor, Brechin, Forfarshire. -*1895. Puitip, William Watt, Factor, Estate Office, Gigha, Argyllshire. 1908. Puiuuips, John, Nurseryman, Granton Road, Edinburgh. *1896. PHiLp, Henry, jun., Timber Merchant, Campbell Street, Dunfermline. *1896. PuiLp, John, Timber Merchant, Campbel! Street, Dunfermline. *1896. PitmMAN, Archibald Robert Craufurd, W.S., 48 Castle Street, Edinburgh. 1910. PLENDERLEITH, Mungo Sinclair, Fire Insurance Superintendent, 40 Morningside Park, Edinburgh. 1902. PLrummer, C. H. Scott, of Sunderland Hall, Selkirk. 1901. PotLocK, Alexander, Rustic Builder, Tarbolton, Ayrshire. 1897. Poor, Wm., Corn Exchange Buildings, Edinburgh. 1902. Porrert, E. P., Assistant Surveyor, Forest of Dean, Coleford, Glouces- tershire. 1908. Portrous, James, Solicitor and Factor, Coldstream. 1899. PortTEous, Colonel James, of Turfhills, Kinross. 1910. Prenticr, Andrew, Forester, Bank House, Worsley, nr. Manchester. 1896. Prentice, George, Strathore, Kirkcaldy, Fife. *1898. Pricz, W. M., Factor, Minto, Hawick. 1908, PrineLE, James Lewis, of Torwoodlee, J.P., D.L., B.A., Torwoodlee, Galashiels. 1908. PrircHarD, Henry A., Professor of Estate Management and Forestry, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. . 1908. Procror, John, Assistant Forester, Castle Stead, Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith. *1908. Purvis, Colonel Alexander, St Andrews. 1907.. Purvis, George, Forester, Cowden Estate, Dollar. 1907. Raz, Frederick S., Assistant Forester, Pollok, Pollokshaws. 1907. Ran, Louis, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. *1876. Rar, William A., Factor, Murthly Castle, Perthshire. *1901. Rarran, Alexander, Forester, Bonskeid, Pitlochry. 1898. RAFFAN, James, Estate Steward, Fota Farm, Carrigtwohill, Co. Cork. 1899. Rarn, Johannes, Tree-Seed Merchant, Skovfrékontoret, Copen- hagen, F. 1902. RaupH, William, I.8.0., Forrester Road, Corstorphine. 1897. Ratston, A. Agnew, Factor, Philipstoun House, West Lothian. 1907, Rauston, Charles W., Chamberlain on Dukedom of Queensberry, Dabton, Thornhill, Dumfriesshire. Date of 31 Election, *1908. *1908. *1910. 1907, *1855. 1870. * 1909. 1908. 1905. 1905. 1901. 1909. 1894. 1910. 1905. 1903. 1908. 1910. 1901. *1908, 1910. *1873. 1910. 1907. 1892. *1908. *1876. 1898. 1906. ollie 1900. 71909; 1909. *1897. 1897. 1911. 1911. 1899. *1879. *1907. Ratsron, Claude, Factor, Estates Office, Glamis, RaustTon, Gavin, Factor, Glamis. Ramsay, Professor George Gilbert, LL.D., Drumire, Blairgowrie. Ramsay, William, J.P., Longmorn House, Longmorn R.S.0. RaMSDEN, Sir John, Bart., Byram Hall, Ferrybridge, Normanton. RatrTray, Thos., Forester, Westonbirt House, Tetbury, Gloucester- shire. : Rattray, William, Wood Merchant, Tullylumb Terrace, Perth. REDPATH, John, Forester, Paxton, Berwick-on-Tweed. Rerp, Alexander T., Assistant, Foret de Bouredine, Medjez-Spa, Bone, Algeria. Re, Andrew, The Gardens, Durris, Drumoak, Aberdeenshire. Reip, Hugh, Forester, Ashten Court, Long Ashton, near Bristol. REID, James, jun., Assistant Forester, Balbirnie, Milldeans, Markinch, REID, James S., Forester, Balbirnie, Markinch, Fife. Rerp, Peter, Assistant Forester, Cruachan, Kilchrenan, Argyll. REID, Robert, Overseer, Kincairney, Dunkeld. Rerp, Robert Matelé, Thomanean, Milnathort. : Reid, Wm., Estate Overseer, Kildrummy Castle, Mossat, Aberdeen- shire. Reis, Gordon Stanley, B.Sc., The Laurels, Bright’s Crescent, Edinburgh. RENNIE, Joseph, Overseer, Hillend, Possil, Maryhill. RENSHAW, Charles Stephen Bine, B.A., Barochan, Houston. RIcHARD, James, Forester, Balnamoon, Brechin. Ricuarpson, Adam D., 6 Dalkeith Street, Joppa, Rice, Patrick Home, of Tarvit, Cupar. RILuI£, Joseph, Assistant Forester, Dailly, Ayrshire. RircHig, Alexander, Overseer, Brucehill, Cardross Estate, Port of Menteith. Rircuiz£, Charles Ronald, Law Apprentice, 37 Royal Terrace, Edin- burgh. Rircuie£, William, Hope Lodge, Moffat. Rirtcuie, Wm., Assistant Forester, Moss-side Cottage, Lynedoch, Perth. Ritcuiz, Wm. H., of Dunnottar House, Stonehaven. RitcHi£, William, Timber Merchant, 1 Commerce Street, Fraserburgh. Ross, John, Road Surveyor, County Buildings, Edinburgh. Roserts, Alex. Fowler, of Fairnilee, Clovenfords, Galashiels. RoBERTSON, Alexander, Factor, Polmaise, Stirling. Rosertson, A. Barnett, Forester, The Dean, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire. Ropertson, Andrew N., Forester, Glenferness, Dunphail. Rosertson, Andrew, Assistant Forester, Dean Road, Kilmarnock. Ropertson, Andrew Clark, Assistant Factor, Blair Drummond, Perthshire. ' RogBertson, Charles, Forester, Colstoun Old Mill, Gifford. Rogertson, Donald, Forester, Dunrobin, Golspie. Rosertson, Edward Hercules, B.A., Advocate, Burnside, Forfar. 32 Date of Election. 1896. RoBERTSON, George, Forester, Monreith Estate Office, Port William. 1908. Robertson, George, Assistant Forester, The Cottage, Stormontfield, J Perth. *1910. Ropertson, Henry Tod, Coalmaster, Meadowbank, Airdrie. 1900. Rogertson, James, Assistant Forester, Lime Walk Cottage, Rose- haugh, Avoch, Ross-shire. 1904. Roperrson, James, Assistant Forester, Pollok Estate, Pollokshaws. #1905. Robertson, James Morton, of Portmore, Portmore House, Eddleston. 1905. Roperrson, James W., Head Gardener, Letham Grange and Fern, Arbroath. 1907. Rogpertson, J. P., Forester, Edensor, Bakewell. *1905. Roserrson, John, Factor, Panmure Estates Office, Carnoustie. 1896. Roperrson, John, Forester, Altyre, Forres. 1909. Ropartson, John Alexander, c/o Donald Robertson, Dunrobin, Golspie. 1895. Ropertson, Thomas, Forester and Bailiff, Woodlawn, Co. Galway. 1910. RoBERTSONWHITE, John Peregine, M.A., LL.B., Advocate in Aberdeen, 80 Union Street, Aberdeen. 1909. Rogpinson, Alfred Whitmore, Forester, Bamford, near Sheffield. 1910. Rogpinson, R. G., Department of Lands, State Forests Branch, Tapanui, Otago, N.Z. *1890. Rosinson, William, Gravetye Manor, East Grinstead, Sussex. 1899. Roxsson, Alex., of Smith & Son, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. 1901. Rosson, Alexander, Head Gamekeeper, The Kennels, Culzean, Maybole. *1897. Rosson, Charles Durie, 66 Queen Street, Edinburgh. 1900. Rogson, John, Forester, Sawmill Cottage, Baronscourt, Newtown Stewart, Ireland. , 1893. RopeEr, James, Forester, Leinster Street, Athy, Co. Kildare. 1908. Rogers, E. Percy, Estate Office, Stanage Park, Brampton Byran, Herefordshire. *1883. Rotio, The Hon. Wm. Chas. Wordsworth, Master of Rollo, Duncrub Park, Dunning, Perthshire. *1872. RosEBEky, The Right Hon. the Earl of, K.G., K.T., Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh. 1898. Ross, Charles D. M., Factor, Abercairney, Crieff. 1905. Ross, John S., Factor’s Clerk, Monreith Estate Office, Wigtownshire. *1906. RoxpurGHE, His Grace the Duke of, K.T., Floors Castle, Kelso. 1903. RuLzE, John, Forester, Huntly. *1908. RussELL, David, Silverburn, Leven. 1893. RurHerForp, James A., Land Agent, Highclere Park, Newbury, Berks. 1910. RurHERFORD, James, Assistant Forester, 65 Bradder Street, Mansfield, Notts. : 1909. RuTHERFORD, J. D., Apprentice W.S., 198 Grange Loan, Edinburgh, 1870. RurHERFORD, John, Forester, Linthaugh, Jedburgh, Roxburgh- shire. 1904. RurHErFuRD, Henry, Barrister-at-Law, Fairnington, Roxburgh, Date of Election *1894.. 1875. *1906. 1903. 1911. *1867. 1892. 1901. 191. 1881. *1907. 1908. 1903. 1908. 1890. *1906. *1902. *1890. 1909. 1897. 1904. *1896. *1904. *1898. *1907. *1903. 1907. HOT 1. 1911. 1905. 1903. 1910. 1909. 1906. 1909. 1900. 1908. 1907. Samson, David T., Factor, Seatield Estates Office, Elgin. Sane, Edmund, of E. Sang & Sons, Nurserymen, Kirkealdy, Sane, J. H., LL.B., W.S., Westbrook, Balerno., Scuorr, Dr Peter Carl, Nursery and Seed Establishments, Knittels- heim, Palatinate, Germany. Scorr, Alexander, Assistant Forester, Broomhill, New Scone. Scorr, Daniel, Wood Manager, Darnaway, Forres. Scorr, David, Overseer, Dumfries House, Cumnock, Ayrshire. Scorr, Frank, Forester, Jeaniebank, Old Scone, Perth. Scorr, George Ritchie, Farmer, Oxgang, Colinton. Scorr, James, Forester, Wollaton Hall, Nottingham. Scorr, James Cospatrick, P.A.S.I., Yarrow Cottage, Poynder Place, Kelso. Scort, James Henry, of Eredine, Port Sonachan, Argyllshire. Scort, John, Forester, Annfield, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. Scorr, John A., Forester, The Gardens, Knockbrex, Kirkcudbright. Scort, John D., Land Steward, Estate Office, Brushford, Dulverton, Somerset. Scorr, John Henry Francis Kinnaird, of Gala, Gala House, Galashiels. ScriMGEOUR, James, Gardener, Manor House, Donaghadee. ScrimeGeour, John, Overseer, Doune Lodge, Doune. Seep, Frederick Hutton, Plant Import Inspector, Mombasa, East Africa Protectorate, SHARPE, Thomas, Head Forester, Gordon Castle, Fochabers. Saw, John, Factor, Kilmahew Estate Office, Cardross. Saaw-Srewanrt, Sir Hugh, Bart., M.P., of Ardgowan, Greenock. SHELLEY, Sir John Courtown Edward, Bart., Avington, Alresford, Hants. SHeprarp, Rev. H. A. Graham-, of Rednock, Port of Menteith, Stirling. Saracu, Gordon Reid, L.D.S., ete., Ardgilzean, Elgin. SHreL, James, Overseer, Abbey St Bathans, Grant’s House. Surets, George Henry, Forester, Low Entercommon, Great Smeaton, Northallerton. Sm, Ernest James, Factor, Airthrey Estate Office, Bridge of Allan. Sim, James, District Forest Officer, King Williamstown, Cape Colony. Sim, John, Forester, Fernybrae, Cornhill, Banffshire. Simon, Thomas, jun., Assistant Forester, clo Mrs Luckins, Wardley Marsh, Liphook, Hants. Simpson, Robert, Under Forester, Drumtochty, Auchinblae. Sinciair, Magnus H., Seedsman, 156a Union Street, Aberdeen. Srncuair, Robert, Factor, Tarbet, Loch Lomond. Sriycer, George, Forester, Rothienorman, SinceEr, John G., Forester, Whitestone Cottage, Maybole. SkimMinG, Robert, Timber Merchant, Kirkinner. Skirvinc, Robert, D.L., J.P., of Cobairdy, Huntly, Aberdeen- shire. Ss 34 Date of Election. 1868. 1902. *1893. 1906. 1908. 1909. 1911. 1901. 1908. 1908. 1906. 1907. 1895. *1907. 1901. 1908. 1901. 1909. *1895. 1896. 1899. *1896. *1907. 1910. *1882. 1907. 1906. 1906. *1889. 1904. 1910. 1898. *1899. *1883. *1909. 1899, Suater, Andrew, War Department Estates Office, Durrington, Salisbury, Wilts. Smart, John, Merchant, 18 Leith Street, Edinburgh. SmitH, Charles G., Factor, Haddo House, Aberdeen. SmituH, Douglas, P.A.S.I., Land Agent, Estate Office, Thwaite, Erpingham, Norwich. SmitH, Edwin Hedley, B.L., Factor, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk. Situ, Harold, Assistant Forester, Heckfield, Winchfield, Hants. SmitH, Herbert, Assistant Forester, Kirkmuirhill, Lanarkshire. SmirH, James, Forester, 1 Oxmantown Mall, Birr, King’s County. SmirH, James, Nurseryman, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock. SmiruH, James, Assistant, Town Clerk’s Office, Arbroath. SmiTH, James Fraser, F.R.H.S., late Gardener, Barons Hotel, Auchnagatt. SmirH, Right Hon. James Parker, P.C., 20 Draycott Place, London, S.W. SmitTH, John, Cabinetmaker, 1 Eastgate, Peebles. Sara, J. Grant, Factor, Seafield Estates Office, Grantown-on-Spey. SmirH, Matthew, Manager for Dyer & Co., Peebles. SmituH, Robert, Factor, Cranstoun Riddell, Dalkeith. Situ, Sydney, Factor, Drummuir Estates Office, Keith. Samira, Thomas, Nurseryman, Stranraer. Samira, Thomas, Overseer, The Nursery, Tring Park, Wiggington, Tring, Herts. SmitH, William, Forester, Camperdown, Dundee. SmirH, William, Overseer, Rothes Estate Office, Leslie, Fife. SuirH, William G., B.Se., Ph.D., Lecturer on Biology, Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture, George Square, Edinburgh. SmiTuHson, Harry S. C., of Inverernie, Daviot, Highland R.S.O. Smyty, John George, B.A., Consulting Forester and Land Agent, 22 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin. SmyTHE, David M., of Methven Castle, Perth. Somerset, His Grace the Duke of, Maiden Bradley, Bath; 35 Grosvenor Square, W. SoMERVILLE, Hugh Christopher, 2 Fairhaven, Dalkeith. SoMERVILLE, Robert Anderson, Eastwoodbrae, Dalkeith. SomERVILLE, Dr William, M.A., D.Sc., D.(ic., F.R.S.E., Professor of Rural Economy, Oxford. Sourar, William, Forester, The Farm, Titsey Place, Limpsfield, Surrey. SPENCE, James George, Forester, Stephenstown, Dundalk, Co. Louth, Ireland. SrENCE, William, Forester, Strathenery, Leslie. Sprers, Adam, Timber Merchant, Warriston Saw-mills, Edinburgh. Sprot, Major Alexander, of Garnkirk, Chryston, Glasgow. Srarr, The Earl of, Lochinch, Castle Kennedy. STaLKer, Wm. J., Nurseryman, Nairn. Date of 35 Election. 1910. 1908. 1908. 1903. 1911. 1907. 1901. 1897. *1908. 1907. 1909. 1910. *1899, 1901. 1903. 1909. *1892. 1908. 1876. 1906. 1910. *1904. 1907. *1911. *1908. 1909. *1909. 1897. 1906. 1893. 1908. *1908. 1908. 1910. 1908. Srespinc, Edward Perey, Indian Forest Service, Lecturer in Forestry, Edinburgh University. Sr Carr, The Right Hon. Charles William, Lord Sinclair, 55 Onslow Square, London, S.W. Sr Quintin, Geoffrey Apsley, Estate Commissioner, Kincurdy, Fortrose. StrepHen, Alfred, Assistant Forester, Drumtochty, Fordoun. STEPHEN, George, Forester, Castle Grant, Grantown. STEPHEN, John, Forester, Dell Nursery, Nethy Bridge. Stewart, Alistair D., Kinfauns Estates Office, Rockdale, Perth. Srewart, Charles, Forester, Castle Menzies, Aberfeldy. SrEwart, Charles, Achara, Duror of Appin, Argyll. Stewart, David, Forester, Baunreigh Forestry Station, Mount- rath, Queen’s Co. Stewart, Sir David, of Banchory-Devenick, Banchory House; Banchory, Devenick. Stewart, Donald, Forester, The Lodge, Inverlochy Castle, Fort William. Srewart, Duncan D., Factor, Rossie Estate, Inchture. STEWART, James, Forester, Letham and Fern Estates, Fern, near Brechin. Srewarr, John, Forester, Cavens, Kirkbean, Dumfries. Stewart, John M‘Gregor, Assistant Forester, Sawmill Cottage, Strathord, by Stanley. Srewart, Sir Mark J. M‘Taggart, Bart. of Southwick, Kirkecud- brightshire. Stewart, Colonel R. K., of Murdostoun, Murdostoun Castle, Lanark- shire. Srewart, Robert, Forester, Stonefield, Tarbert, Lochfyne. Stewart, William Maitland, Factor, 5 Inverleith Terrace, Edin- burgh. Stewart, William, of Shambellie, Kirkcudbrightshire. SrreiinG, Archibald, of Keir, Dunblane. Sriryine, John Alexander, of Kippendavie, Dunblane. StrrunG, Thomas Willing, of Muiravonside, Linlithgow. Srirtinc, William, D.L., J.P., of Fairburn, Muir of Ord. Srosart, Lionel Forrester, 9 Westminster Mansions, London, 8S. W. Sropart, Charles, Farmer, Wintonhill, Pencaitland. Sroppart, James, Builder, Bonnyrigg, Midlothian. Sroppart, James, jun., Joiner, Norwood, Bonnyrigg. Storie, W., Whitway House, Newbury, Berks. STRATHEDEN and CAMPBELL, The Right Hon. Lord, Hartrigge, Jedburgh. STRATHMORE AND KINGHORNE, The Earl of, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Stuart, Alexander, Estate Clerk, Benmore, Kilmun, Stuart, George Morrison, Gardener, The Gardens, Forglen, Turriff. Srvart, Lord Ninian Edward Crichton, M.P., House of Falkland, Fife. Date of 36 Election. 1906. 1902. *1880. 1907. *1883. *1892. 1909. Stuart, Peter, Brewer, Glen Grant, Rothes. Stunt, Walter Charles, Lorenden, Ospringe, Kent. SUTHERLAND, Evan C., Highland Club, Inverness. SUTHERLAND, George, Assistant Forester and Saw-miller, Park Cottage, Cardross, by Port of Menteith. SUTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dunrobin Castle, Golspie. SuTHERLAND, John D., Ardconnel Lodge, Oban, Argyll. SuTHERLAND, John S., Assistant Forester, Pilsley, Bakewell, Derby- shire. Tair, David, Overseer, Owston Park, Doneaster, Yorkshire. Tait, James, Builder, Penicuik, Midlothian. Tarr, James, jun., Westshiel, Penicuik. Tair, William, Seedsman, 75 Shandwick Place, Edinburgh. Tay Lor, John, Forester, Orchill Estate, by Braco, Perthshire. Tay1or, Robert, Assistant Forester, Chapelhill, Logiealmond, Methven. Tay Lor, Robert, Forester, West Saline, Saline, Oakley. Taytor, William, Forester, Sandside, Kirkcudbright. TELFER, John, Forester, Hardwick House, Whitchurch, Oxon. TENNANT, H. J., M.P., 33 Bruton Street, London, W. TERRIS, James, Factor, Dullomuir, Blairadam, Kinross-shire. Tuomas, David Gwilym, Forestry Student, 44 Lauriston Place, Edinburgh. THompson, Archibald, Overseer, Auchindarroch, Lochgilphead. THompson, David Peat, Tea Planter and Engineer (Retired), 6 Queen Street, Inverkeithing, THoMpPsoN, Dugald, Forester, Drimsynie, Lochgoilhead. Thompson, John, Assistant Forester, Abercairney, Crieff. Tuomson, David W., Nurseryman, 113 George Street, Edinburgh. THomson, John Burnside, Estate Manager, Calderwood Castle, High Blantyre. . THomson, John Grant, Retired Wood Manager, Mount Barker, Grantown-on-Spey. Tuomson, Peter Murray, 8.S.C., Cockbridge, Mealsgate, Cumberland. THomson, Robert, Foreman Forester, Park Hill, Ampthill, Bedford- shire. THomson, Spencer Campbell, of Eilean Sliona, 10 Eglinton Crescent, Edinburgh. THORBURN, Michael Grieve, D.L., ete., of Glenormiston, Innerleithen. THow, William Keir, Assistant Forester, Pitcairngreen, Almond- bank, Perth. THREIPLAND, Captain W. Murray, Dryburgh Abbey, St Boswells. TINDAL, Robert, Forester, Bellspool Cottages, Stobo. TIVENDALE, William D., Head Forester to Duke of Portland, Burnhouse, Galston. TomLinson, Wilson, Forester, Clumber Park, Worksop, Notts. Trait, James William Helenus, A.M., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University of Aberdeen, 71 High Street, Old Aberdeen. 37 Date of Election. *1902. Trorrer, A. E. C., of Bush, Milton Bridge, Midlothian. *1903. TULLIBARDINE, The Most Hon. the Marquis of, D.S.O., Blair Castle, Blair Atholl. 1903. TuRNBULL, John, Forester, Forester’s Lodge, Arbigland, Dumfries. 1910. Tweepie, Alexander, Forester, ete., Garth, Fortingal, Aberfeldy. 1883. UNpERwoop, Henry E., Fornham, St Martin, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. *1903. Unwry, Arthur Harold, D.(Ec., Town House, Haslemere, Surrey. *1908. Urquuart, Angus, Assistant Nursery and Seedsman, Inverness. 1907. UrquHart, Colonel Robert, Town Clerk, Forres. *1908. UsHer, Sir Robert, Bart. of Norton and Wells, Norton, Ratho Station, Midlothian. 1903. UsHER, Thomas, Factor, Courthill, Hawick. 1908. VerrcH, Andrew, Seedsman and Nurseryman, Melrose. 1911. WappincHam, James Hart, Indian Forest Service, Elsham, Grimsby. 1908. Watpron, Major Patrick John, East Haugh, Pitlochry. 1903. WALKER, Captain George Lawrie, of Crawfordton, Thornhill. 1894. WaLkeEr, Henry H., Factor, Monreith, Port William, Wigtownshire. 1878. WaLKer, Colonel I. Campbell, Newlands, Camberley, Surrey. *1907. WALKER, James, Wood Merchant, Inverness. *1906. WaLKEr, John Steven, Yard Foreman, Saw-mills, Hurlford, Ayrshire. *1906. Waker, Robert Williamson, C.E., Factor and Land Surveyor, 3 Golden Square, Aberdeen. - 1903. Waxtacr, Andrew, Saw-miller, 5 North Street, Freuchie. 1893. Wa.uace, David P., Forester, The Saw-mills, Filleigh, Molton, S. Devon. *1897. Waxtace, John A. A., of Lochryan, Cairnryan, Stranraer. *1905. Waxtace, Thomas Douglas, F.S.I., Callendar Estate Office, Callendar Park, Falkirk. 1909, WALLAcE, William, Foreman Forester, Hollows, Canonbie. 1899. WANDESFoRDE, R. H., Prior of Castlecomer, Co. Kilkenny. 1909. WarpLaw, Andrew Main, Solicitor, Bridge of Allan. 1909. Warinc, Captain Walter, M.P., of Lennel, Coldstream. #1900. Warwick, Charles, Foresty Department, Caledon, Co. Tyrone. 1901. Wason, Right Hon. Eugene, M.P., of Blair, Dailly, Ayrshire; 8 Sussex Gardens, Hyde Park, London. 1901. Watson, James, Manager, Moy Hall, Inverness-shire. 1893. Watson, John, Timber Merchant, Annandale Street, Edinburgh. *1893. Watson, John T., 6 Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh. 1910. Watson, William Johnstone, Student of Forestry, 35 Blythswood Drive, Glasgow. 1872. Wart, James, J.P., of Little & Ballantyne, Nurserymen, Carlisle. 1893. Watt, James W., Knowefield Nurseries, Carlisle. 1911. Wart, Sidney, Assistant Forester, Blue Tower, Douglas, Lanarkshire. Date of Election 1908. 1906. SOM *1908. ® «1908. *1891. 1904. 1902. 1905. *1898. 1895. 1909. *1884. *1899. 1895. *1869. 1910. 1883. 1891. 1902. 1908. 1908. 1895. *1907. 1907. 1907. *1898. *1889 1908. 1907. 1896. 1900. 1907. 1910. 1902. 1901. 38 WaucH, J., Assistant Forester, c/o Mrs Mercer, Harts Lane, Burghclere, Newbury, Berks. WEBSTER, Charles, Gardener and Forester, The Gardens, Gordon Castle, Fochabers. WesstTer, Sir Francis, Ashbrook, Arbroath. WEDDERBURN, Ernest Maclagan, LL.B., W.S., F.R.S.E., Factor, 2 Glenfinlas Street, Edinburgh. Werr, William, of Kindonan, Adamton, Monkton, Ayrshire. WELSH, James, of Dicksons & Co., 1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh. WENTWoORTH-FiTzZWILLIAM, George Charles, of Milton, Peter- borough. WHELLENS, W. Henry, Forester, Comlongon Nurseries, Ruthwell. WHITE, Andrew, Forester, Portmore, Eddleston. Wuirs, J. Martin, Balruddery, near Dundee. Wuite, William, Farmer, Gortonlee, Lasswade. Whitehead, David, Assistant Forester, Kingswood, Murthly. WHITTON, James, Superintendent of Parks, 249 George Street, Glasgow. Wuytks, John D. B., Factor, Estate Office, Elveden, Suffolk. Wicut, Alexander, Overseer, Thurston, Temple Mains, Innerwick. Witp, Albert Edward (Conservator of Forests, Darjeeling, India), c/o Henry S. King & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E.C. Wipes, Walter R., A.B. and M.F., Consulting Forester, Little Falls, New Jersey, U.S.A. WILKIE, Charles, Forester, Lennoxlove, Haddington. WILKIE, G., Architect, Hayfield, Peebles. WitxInson, John, Factor, The Grange, Kirkcudbright. WILL, George, Manager, Crichton Royal Institution Farm, Duifries. Wititamson, James A., A.R.I.B.A., Public Works Office, City Chambers, Edinburgh. WiiiAmson, John, Bank Agent, Loanhead, Midlothian. Wiiiamson, John, Joiner and Builder, Grangemouth. Witson, Adam Frank, C.D.A.(Edin.), 164 Braid Road, Edinburgh. Witson, Andrew Robertson, M.A., M.D., Hopewell, Tarland, Aboyne ; and Trafford House, Liscard, Cheshire. Wizson, David, Timber Merchant, Troon, Ayrshire. Wi son, David, jun., of Carbeth, Killearn, Glasgow. Witson, Edward Arthur, Rockingham, Edgbaston Park Road, Birmingham, Witson, Ian Hall, Saw-mill Manager, Brodie Cottage, Brodie. Witson, James, M.A., B.Sc., Royal College of Science, Stephens Green East, Dublin. Witson, James, jun., Nurseryman, St Andrews. Witson, James G., Assistant, 24 St Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Witson, John, Estate Steward, Brand’s Mill, Dunbar. Witson, Sir John, Bart. of Airdrie. Witson, John Currie, Factor, Tulliallan Estate Office, Kincardine- on-Forth. 39 Date of Election. 1903. 1899. 1893. 1895. 1911. 1906. 1909. 1907. 1907. 1904. 1904. 1909. 1904. 1909. 1868. 1906. “1908. 1904. 1905. 1908. 1907. 1909. 1910. 1910. 1910 WILson, Thomas, Head Gardener, Glamis Castle, Glamis. Witson, William, Timber Merchant, Auchenleck, Ayrshire. WIsrEMAN, Edward, Nurseryman, Elgin. WISEMAN, William, Nurseryman, Forres. WisHART, John, Ellangowan, Peebles. Wo.rer, George, sen., J.P., Shovel Manufacturer, Millburn, Bath- gate. Woop, James, of Wallhouse, Torphichen. Woop, Thomas, Forester, West Lodge, Durie, Leven, Fife. Woo.rorp, Albert, Assistant Forester, Goldsboro’, Knaresborough, Yorks. WorsFo.p, Edward Mowll, Land Agent, Christ Church Villas, Priory Road, Dover. WorHErspPooN, George, Factor, Cromartie Estate Office, Kildary, Ross-shire. Wrieut, John Moncrieff, of Kinmonth, Bridge of Earn. WRriGHrtT, Sir Robert Patrick, F.H.A.S., F.R.S.E., Maraval, Udding- ston. Wricut, William Girvan, M.R.A.C., Maraval, Uddingston. WYLLIE, George, Ballogie, Aboyne, Aberdeenshire. WYLLIE, William, Seedsman, 18 Market Street, Aberdeen. YEAMAN, Alexander, W.S., 32 Charlotte Square, Edinburgh. Yoou, Thomas, Factor, Menzies Estates Office, Aberfeldy. Youne, John, Hedger, West Lodge, Corehouse, Lanark. Youne, John, Hedger and Assistant Forester, Muirhouse, Falkirk, Youne, John U., Cart Craigs, Pollokshaws. Youne, Peter, Assistant Forester, Loch Cottage, Taymount, Stanley. Younc, R. M., Nursery Manager, Cathcart Nurseries, Newlands, Glasgow. Youne, William George, Estate Clerk, Craigielaw, Longniddry. . YouncER, Harry George, 21 Grosvenor Crescent, Edinburgh. *1898. YouncErR, Henry J., of Benmore and Kilmun, Greenock. *1899. YuLE, Miss Amy Frances, L.A., Tarradale House, Muir of Ord. ven te q ‘diel abtesii ete Sy ivet TH beat eae H Pest h cee. b scaioeal BX ell aos 1 TT vi 4 . ae es AT abil ee ie: ; ve fen 7 " 299 ; ann se oh | vont él ie atiatl ently Vis j wit? ..t ee . - * ahs - aah } e . ie - * ¢ ‘ ‘ + A aigworbdastei! . 6 wd) eS AF i 4 ‘ina qiontt eri) i ign evra tt } fall’. % at?" } ? eee aE i. of Are he lov nia th : A A ee + hid 4 tas aul of ig Ch Ee eitdal +n} jy att 2 ey Se red k } pier avi wah ie “A oan “Hanalei oxen a nko’ ll Acillah wudowulyTe ¢4 ra oa io coy Li le : aint * 4 tn | ae eel uu elas dene, rp ees Piva ine eadegell re Sama yee” CoE TS PTR iy aoo-g ne oe ay Poe abn yao, GeMlige), hss Oe yd diba JiastezO oe ees D Sahl aa be ’ . . : ‘ 19h Se Beh oi os Wilh ee He siatiawl