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TRANSACTIONS.

TRANSACTIONS

POs OCH On Were TOR LA:
VOLUME V.

CORRIGENDA.

Cover and Title-page—Line 5 - Delete “(Part I.)”
cc ~ » 6 - For “1909” read “1910”

3 34 Last line For “December, 1909” read
“ March, 1910”

CONTENTS.

DIOPTROGRAPHIC TRACINGS IN FOUR NORMA OF
FIFTY - TWO TASMANIAN OCRANIA.

By RICHARD J. A. BERRY, M.D., Hpiy.; F.R.C.S., Hpin.; F.R.S., Epi. (Professor of
Anatomy in the University of Melbourne); and A. W. D. ROBERTSON, M.B., Cu.B.,
MeLBourne (Victorian Government Research Scholar in the Anatomy Department of the

University of Melbourne).

C10 eR GahiyN DAT

Cover and Title-page—Line 5 - Delete “(Part I.)”
» » Ome eetore 0s reads a hOl On

53 iw Last line For “‘ December, 1909” read.
“March, 1910”

Bp Authority :
J. KEMP, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, MELBOURNE

DECEMBER, 1909.

ERANSACTIONS

OF THE

ROWA In OCI SOIn Veke POR LAS

VOLUME V.

<r
| (PARTE)
1909.
¢
.
CONTENTS.

DIOPTROGRAPHIC TRACINGS IN FOUR NORMA OF
7 , FIFTY-TWO TASMANIAN CRANTA.

By RICHARD J. A. BERRY, M.D., Epiy.; F.R.C.S., Hpin.; F.R.S., Hpi. (Professor of
Anatomy in the University of Melbourne) ; and A. W. D. ROBERTSON, M.B., Cxu.B..
Me.rourne (Victorian Government Research Scholar in the Anatomy Department of the

University of Melbourne).

By Authority :
J. KEMP, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, MELBOURNE

DECEMBER, 1909.

n.

TN Ps
mR Aye

DIOPTROGRAPHIC TRACINGS OF FIFTY-TWO TASMANIAN
CRANTA.

In a communication to the Royal Society of Victoria, in March, 1909, since
published in Vol. XXII. of the Proceedings of that Society, we recorded the finding
of 42 Tasmanian crania hitherto unknown to the world of science.

Prior to January, 1909, “the crania cataloeued in museums as Tasmanian,
which have been studied and described by anthropologists, and the measurements of
which have been more or less fully recorded, are 79 in number.” —(Turner.)

As a result of our investigations in Tasmania during the months of January
and February, 1909, we have been enabled to add to this extremely limited number
an additional 42, as is duly set forth in our preliminary communication to the Royal
Society of Victoria already mentioned, and also in the Anatomischer Anzevger,
Vol. 35, 1909.

Of the 42 crania discovered by ourselves, some were in the hands of private
owners. Others were excavated by us in the early part of 1909, but all are owned by
private individuals, who cannot be induced to part with them for proper scientific
storage In a museum; and it seemed to us then—an opinion which we still hold—that on
the demise of the present proprietors, this valuable scientific material must inevitably
be either lost or dispersed.

With the dual object of rescuing these crania from the fate which seems to await
them, and of making the material available to craniologists all the world over, we have
reproduced in life size dioptrographic tracings of these skulls in four norme, namely,
norma lateralis, norma facialis, norma verticalis, and norma occipitalis. Vi the mandible
were present, that has also been drawn from a facial and a lateral point of view. The
present work consists, therefore, of the drawings of 41 of the 42 crania discovered by
ourselves, and of 11 of the 79 crania referred to by Turner as having already been
described prior to 1909. These 11 crania are 11 of the 12 described by
Harper and Clarke, in the Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
for 1897. The twelfth skull has since disappeared. The remaining 11 are now
safely housed in the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart.

The technique was as follows:—The crania were oriented in the Frankfort
plane in the Kubuskraniophor, and then drawn by means of Martin’s dioptrograph
in the four norme specified. If the mandible were present that also was included.
In some instances the crania were so much damaged that it was not possible to record
all four norme, and in one instance the skull was so completely distorted by the action

12130. B

a

of water upon it as to cause us to reject it in toto; hence the fact of our having dealt
with only 41 of the 42 crania of our discovery. The number of drawings herein recorded
is, therefore, 211, made up as follows :—

48 crania in four norme a oe .. 192
2? crania in three norme .. ie ee 6
2 crania in one norma each a ae Bs
11 mandibule recorded on eleven plates 2

Total 46, a 54 ALI

In the various drawings the alveoli dentales are recorded in black, as are any
other cavities occurring in the specimen. Broken or distorted edges are indicated
by thick black lines, and such portions should not be employed for the estimation of
any measurements or angles, or, if so employed, the result should be expressly stated
as estimated only. The various anthropological points are indicated by round black
dots, and will be readily recognised by every skilled craniologist. They are labelled

throughout as follows :—
G is the glabella.

Br, the bregma.

L, the lambda.

I, the inion.

O, the opisthion.
Ba, the basion.

P, the prosthion.
N, the nasion.

D, the dacryon.
NS, the nasal spine.

Tn the estimation of such points as the glabella and the inion, which, in Tasmanian
crania, are particularly difficult to localize with any great degree of certainty, we
followed the procedure recommended by Schwalbe, in his work on Pithecanthropus
Erectus. -

All other details of the crania, such as sex, present place of location, number,
&c., are fully set forth in the synopsis which follows.

In conclusion, we can only express the hope that these drawings of crania,
which are otherwise absolutely accessible, may prove of service to craniologists in
all parts of the world, and that they may play some part, however small, in the
advancement of our knowledge of the evolution of man in particular, and of
anthropology in general.

We also desire to express our thanks to the Council of the Royal Society of
Victoria for having impressed the Government of Victoria with the necessity of
publication, to the Government of Victoria for their great kindness in undertaking
the cost of publication, and to Mr. J. Kemp, the Government Printer, for the care and
labour which he has bestowed upon the publication. .

University of Melbourne, 1909.

5

A SYNOPSIS OF THE TASMANTAN CRANIA OF THE PRESENT WORK.

In the following synopsis of the Tasmanian crania which form the subject of the
present memoir, the following procedure has been adopted :—

1. Each skull is numbered serially from 1 to 52, and the sex indicated. Under
each number the drawings of the various norme are indicated by letters, thus :—

A indicates the Norma lateralis.
B indicates the Norma facialis.

C indicates the Norma verticalis.
D indicates the Norma occipitalis.
EK indicates the mandible.

2. The place of location of the cranium is next indicated. If im a museum, the
museum is mentioned, and the museum number of the skull given. If in private
possession, the name of the individual presently owning the skull is appended.

3. In the cases of those crania which have already formed the subject of previous
memoirs, and which constitute numbers 1 to 14 of the present series, the
names of the authors are appended, and the reference numbers employed by such
authors to indicate the skulls are also given.

4, Lastly, there follow any remarks which the present authors have thought it
desirable to make as to the characters, state of preservation, &c., of the skulls dealt

with.
No. 1.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, male—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4288.

Harper and Clarke. “ Notes on the Measurements of the Tasmanian
Crania in the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart.”

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania oe
1897. Issued April, 1898. Pages 97 to 110. Skull No. 1.

This skull is that of an aboriginal named “ Augustus.”

No. 2.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4291.
Harper and Clarke. No. 2.
The skull numbered 3 in the Harper and Clarke monograph has
disappeared from the Tasmanian Museum, Hobart, and is not
now available.

No. 3.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4300.
Harper and Clarke. No. 4.
‘This skull is inscribed “ skull of an aboriginal dug up in Mount Direction,
Risdon. Presented by Mr. T. EH. Gage, 1871” (?). The opisthion
is broken away.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

6

. 4.Norme A, B, C, D, male—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4301.

Harper_and Clarke. No. 5.

The prosthionic region is broken away, and the os zygomaticum and
part of the mazilla of the right side are absent.

. 5.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4298.
Harper and Clarke. No. 6.
This skull is much broken, and neither basion nor opisthion is present.

6.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4287.
Harper and Clarke. No. 7.
This skull is that of Truganina or Lalla Rookh, the last surviving
member of the Tasmanian race, and is specially mounted with
the rest of the skeleton, and is in an excellent state of preservation,

7.—Norme A, B, 0, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4293.
Harper and Clarke. No. 8.

8.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, female—
-Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4289.
Harper and Clarke. No. 9.
This skull is that of an aboriginal named “ Caroline.”

9.—Norme A, B, ©, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 3362.
Harper and Clarke. No. 10.
The whole of the facial skeleton below the level of the os frontale is
broken away.

10.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4294.
Harper and Clarke. No. 11.

11.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4292.
Harper and Clarke. No. 12.
The os zygomaticum of the left side is absent, a portion of the os
parvetale is broken, and the os occipitale'is absent. The maximum
breadth of this skull can, therefore, only be estimated.

X

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

7

12) Norma A. Bo C; Ds mate

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4302.

Harper and Clarke. No. 1a. Thought by these authors to be the
skull of a half-caste, but believed by us to be that of a pure-bred
Tasmanian.

This skull is inscribed “‘ Found on Pavilion Point, in the Domain, 1856.”

. 13.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4297.

Harper and Clarke. No. 2a. Thought by these authors to be the
skull of a half-caste, but believed by us to be that of a pure-bred
Tasmanian. °

.The basion and opisthion are broken away.

14,—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4290.
Harper and Clarke. No. 34. Thought by these authors to be the
skull of a half-caste, but believed by us to be that of a pure-bred
Tasmanian.

15.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4295.
The asterion cannot be accurately located, inasmuch as the os
occupitale is absent.

16.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4296.
The os parietale is diseased, hence the apparent lack of uniformity.

. 17.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 4303.
The os occipitale is broken, and the sguama occipitalis is absent,

. 18.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—

In the possession of Inspector Cook, Hobart.

19.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. A. J. Taylor, Hobart. No. 1.
This skull was obtained from the New Norfolk District, and the os
zygomaticum and the os temporale of the left side are both absent.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

8

20.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Mr. A. J. Taylor, Hobart. No. 2.
This skull was obtained trom the New Norfolk District, and the whole
of the facial skeleton below the level of the os frontale is broken
away.

21.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—

Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. No. 1572.

A portion of the os frontale is broken away, and the position of the
glabellar point can only be estimated. The os zygomaticum and
the maxila of the right side are absent, and the sutures in the
region of the pterion are indistinguishable.

22.—Norma A, female (?)—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. Not numbered.
A fronto-occipital fragment only.

23.—Norme A, B, C, male (?)—
Tasmanian Museum, Hobart. Not numbered.
A frontal fragment only.

24.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. Jolly, Launceston.

. 25.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, male—

Museum, Launceston. No. 1201.
This skull is that of an aboriginal named “ Cobia.”

26.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Museum, Launceston. No. 1202.
This skull is inscribed from “‘ R. H. Green, Tamar Heads, Kelso.”

27.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Museum, Launceston. No. 1203.
This skull is inscribed from “ Eric O’Toole, Mag’s Hill.” |
The os occepitale in the vicinity of the foramen occipitale magnum is
broken away. The sutwra sagittalis is obliterated in the region ~
of the obelion.

28.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Museum, Launceston. No. 1204.

This skull is inscribed from ‘‘ F. Holmes.”

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

No.

9

29.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, male—
Museum, Launceston. No. 1205.
This skull is inscribed from “ Dyer, Hast Devonport.”

30.—Normz A, B, C, D, male—
Devonport Town Board. No. 1.

31.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
Devonport Town Board. No. 2.

32 = Normap Ae bo semale=

Mr. EK. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 1.

33.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. E. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 2.
A sutura mendosa and os interparveiale are present.

34.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. EH. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 3.

. 35.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—

Mr. E. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 4.-
The os zygomaticum of the leit side is absent.

36.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—

Mr. E. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 5.

A portion of the maxilla and the whole of the os zygomaticum of the
left side are absent. The pars basiaris ossis occipitalis is also
broken away.

An os epipterica is present on the left side.

37.—_Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. E. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 6.
The pars basilaris ossis occvpitalis and the adjacent portion of the os
sphenoidale are broken away.

38.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Mr. EH. Cotton, Kelvedon. No. 7.

39.—_Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 1.
A portion of the right side of the skull, including the mght orbit, is
distorted. The remaining portions of the skull are normal.

No.

No.

No.

No.

10

. 40.—Norme A, B, C, D, K, male—

Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 3.

. 41.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, female—

Dr. HE. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 4.

42,—Norme Al BC. Ds keamale——
Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 5.

43.—Norme A, B, C, D, H, male—
Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 6.

. 44.—Norme A, B, C, D; KE, male—

Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 7.

45.—Norme A, B, C, D, male—
Dr. EK. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 8.
In this skull the midpoint of a large sutural bone in the vicinity of
the lambda is taken as the lambda.

46.—Norme A, B, C, D, E, male—
Dr. EK. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 9.

The angulus mandibule torms on the leit side almost a right angle.

. 47.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—

Dr. E.. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 10.
The whole of the facial skeleton below the level of the os frontale is
broken away.

. 48.—Norma A, juvenile—

Dr. EK. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 11.

This skull is that of a young person aged about 20-24, as 1s shown
by the fact that the third upper molar is just erupting. It may
possibly be that of a half-caste. The sutwra coronalis is obliterated
below the stephanion, as are also the suture sphenosquamosa,
sphenozygomatica, and sphenofrontalis.

. 49.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—

Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 12.

. 50.—Norme A, B, C, male—

Dr. E. L. Crowther, Hobart. No. 13.
The os occvpitale and portions of both ossa parveialia are absent.

11
No. 51.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
National Museum, Melbourne. No. 12922.
This skull has at one time apparently belonged to a phrenologist, as
it is inscribed “No. 10, Tasmanian aboriginal female. Lowest
type of barbaric life. Weakness, timidity, and semi-imbecility.

A striking contrast to New Zealander.”

No. 52.—Norme A, B, C, D, female—
National Museum, Melbourne. No. 12997.
This skull has also apparently belonged at one time to a phrenologist.
It is inscribed “ No. 55, Tasmanian, male. Weakness, timidity.
Immense caution like horns. Contrast with New Zealander.”

By Authority : J. Kemp, Government Printer, Melbourne.

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