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Field Museum of Natural history
LIBRARY

Chiragn

TRANSACTIONS

SOUTH AFRICAN PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY.

Ol Wen X Ve,
1907-1908.

WITH TWENTY PLATES.

CAPE TOWN:
PUBS ED ye BY EH). SOCIEY,

1908.

CONTENTS.

THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATA OF SouTH ArFricA. By R. BEreu

A New Species or Planocera (P. Gilchristt) FRoM SouTH
Arrica. By Lypia JacuBowa.

New Forms or tHE Henuchordata FRoM SoutH AFRICA.
By J. D. F. Gincuristr

On a Parasitic CopErpop FRoM Cephalodiscus. By W. T.
CALMAN

On THE GENUS Botellina (Carpenter), witH A DESCRIPTION
oF A New Species. By F. Gorpon PEARCEY

151

177

185

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in 2011 with funding from
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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

SOUTH AFRICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Vion. OVE

THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATA OF SOUTH AFRICA.
By R. Bereu, Copenhagen.
(With fourteen Plates)

The number of Opisthobranchiata hitherto known from the coast
of South Africa is very small. Krause described a Plewrobranchus
granulatus, Vayssiére a Plewrobranchea capensis, Rang a Melibe
rosea, Stimpson a Tritonia pallida and a Triopa lucida.

The investigations of late years of the Cape Government, carried
out under the direction of Dr. Gilchrist, have considerably aug-
mented the number, and have furnished the material for the
following report.

The East and South Coasts of South Africa are washed by a
prolongation of the great equatorial current from the Indian Ocean ;
the West, on the contrary, by the cold Antarctic current. Some-
times, however, it happens that the warm Agulhas current passes up
this side, while at other times the cold Antarctic current passes
further to the Hast.* In general there is a marked difference

* Gilchrist, ‘‘ Observations on the Temperature and Salinity of the Sea around
the Cape Peninsula.” Mar. Inv. I., 1902, pp. 181-216.
Gilchrist, ‘‘ Currents on the South African Coast, as Indicated by the Course of
Drift Bottles,” part ii. 1904, pp. 155-166.
1

2 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

between the fauna of the West side of the Cape of Good Hope
Peninsula and that of the East. The latter has more of a tropical
Indian character, the former a somewhat more Northern, although
typically tropical forms of Nudibranchiata (e.g., the Melibe) are not
wanting.

TECTIBRANCHIATA.
ANASPIDEA.

APLYSIIDA.
APLYSIIDZ PROPRIA.

I. Apuysia, L.

Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii., 1767, p. 1072.

Cuvier, Tableau Elém. (1798) an v., p. 386, pl. ix., fig. 3.
Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s.v. 1801, p. 62.

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905,

p. 3.
i, Arm. GincuRistr, Bont sp:

Animal colore brunneo albo-maculato.
PS ehies: ol aie tional

A living specimen was procured in False Bay in February, 1905
(Pl. X., fig. 1). It was brown in colour, the sides of the foot with
many small white spots and white border, the outer border of the
wings with larger white blotches, and many fine black perpendicular
lines on their outer side. It swam dexterously and at a fair speed
through the water.

The animal, in a contracted condition (preserved in formalin), had
a length of 65 cm. and, with raised parapodia, a height of 3 and a
breadth of 2°56; the breadth of the head (with its 7 mm. long tenta-
cles) 2 cm., the height of the rhinophores 6 mm., the length of the
mantle-shield 2°5 cm., its breadth 2, the length of the sipho 1, the
breadth of the foot proper (sole) 9 mm., the length of the tail 8,
the length of the foot-wings 4 cm., with an inside height of 1:7.—
The colour of the sole of the foot is blackish brown with a whitish
margin, the animal otherwise of a dark brown colour, whitish rather
elongate spots on the sides of the body, some also on the outside of
the wings and a series of larger blots along the margin, the inside of
the wings of the same brown colour with afew whitish spots towards

The Optsthobranchiata of South Africa. 3

the whitish margin, the mantle and the sipho of somewhat brighter
brownish colour with spread roundish whitish spots.

The animal has large, rather flattened tentacles, the sole of the
foot not narrow, with distinct margins, the wings high, meeting
behind and connecting with the tail; on the mantle no aperture
could be detected, the somewhat grayish gill 22 mm. long by a
height of 10 and a thickness of 6, nearly its half freely projecting,
the number of groups of lamelle about 15.

The shell 2:3 cm. in length with a breadth of 2 and a height of
about 0°5; of quite usual form, with a thin calcified, very fragile
layer and a rather large cuticular margin.

The eyes of a diameter of about 1 mm.

The length of the mouth tube 3 mm. The bulbus pharyngeus
grayish, 9 mm. long, with a height and a breadth of 6.. The mandi-
bular plates larger, meeting above and beneath, 4°5 mm. high with a
breadth of 2:25; their full anterior half black brownish, the rest
yellowish ; their staff-formed elements up to at least 0-2 mm. high
by a diameter at the slightly thickened upper end of 0:016. The
gray palate as usual, its plates with the usual thin hooks of a height
of up to at least 0°2 mm. The brownish yellow rasp of the broad
tongue containing about 36 series of plates, in the short and thick
sheath 10 series, the total number thus being 46; in the series up to
33 plates. The plates in the thicker parts yellow ; the breadth of the
median 0°28 mm.; the 4 outermost measured 0:08-0°12-0':18, and
0°25 mm., the length then rising to 0°35 by a height of 0:24 mm.
The median plate (Pl. I., fig. 1) not broad, with finely denticulated
hook and two denticles at its root. The two outer plates (fig. 2a)
without hook, the next with a small single one, the following with
denticular hook (fig. 2). The plates otherwise of the usual form,
with pointed finely denticulated hook and a stronger denticle towards
its root or (on the outside) with 2-4 (fig. 3).

The long thin white salivary glands as usual.

The black cesophagus 10 mm. long by a breadth of 1:25. The first
stomach nearly colourless, 14 mm. long by a diameter of 10, empty.
The masticatory stomach, brownish gray, 8 mm. long by a diameter of
6, two series of rather low thorns before the cardia, the facets of the
stomach as usual, with 8 larger and about 6 smaller plates, the larger
of about the same size, of a height of 3-5 mm., dirty yellow, the smaller
paler, less regularly pyramidal. The third stomach 5 mm. long and
broad, without facets, as it were.

The brownish gray conical lwer 14 mm. long by other diameter
of 9, the end of the long (about 4 mm.) gall-bladder freely projecting
on the surface of the liver.

4 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

The yellow hermaphrodite gland covering the end and the hinder
upper side of the liver with a layer 4 mm. thick, 8 mm. long, and
7 mm. broad, its duct long and strong. The yellowish white and
erayish anterior genital mass as usual, the grayish globular spermato-
theca 6 mm. in diameter. The brownish gray penis 11 mm. long
by a diameter of 2°25, nearly cylindrical, the inside of the prasputium
with strong blackish longitudinal folds ; the white glans 7 mm. long,
very pointed, somewhat turned, with rather deep furrow.

2, APL. ALLOCHROA, B. n. sp.
Pl. L., figs. 4-10.

Two individuals of nearly the same size were caught at Knysna at
low tide on the shore between the jetty and the village. One of them
gave off a good deal of red pigment.

The length was 25 mm. with a breadth of 10 and a height of 11,
the oval mantle 12 mm. long, its round hole of a diameter of 8, the
sipho 4 mm. long by a breadth of 3, the length of the somewhat
flattened gill 5 with a breadth of 2 mm.; the foot 4 mm. broad, the
wings 13 mm. long, their height (on the inside) 5, the length of the
tail 4. They were one-coloured, yellow, merely the cleft of the
rhinophores and the tentacles black and on the free inner margin
of the foot-wings a series of small black spots, the gill slightly
brownish.

The skin quite smooth all over. The foot-wings coalescent
behind. The under-side of the mantle brim brown, richly provided
with small glands. The shell (fig. 4) very difficult to see and to
loosen, 11 mm. long with a diameter of 9, very flattened, very thin
cuticular, with small nucleus, without any trace of calcification,
nearly colourless.

The central nervous system as usual.

The bulbus pharyngeus dirty yellowish, 5 mm. long with a breadth
of 3°5 and a height of 3; two grayish, as it were, palate plates shone
through the roof of the mouth cavity, but no trace of armature could
be detected. The longish triangular mandibles brown, anteriorly
nearly black, 1:75 mm. high by a breadth up to 1, their elements
(fig. 5) up to 0:18 mm. in height by a diameter of 0:009. The rasp.
of the tongue yellowish brown, containing 22 rows of plates, in
addition 15 in the sheath, the total number of the series thus being
37; about 20 plates in the rows. These last with exception of the
2°3 outer brownish yellow; the length of the 6 outer (fig. 8) was
0:06-0:08-0:1—0:12-0:18-0°25, and seemed not to become higher,
the breadth of the median plates 0:35 mm. These last (fig. 6) with

The Oprsthobranchiata of South Africa. 9)

finely denticulated hook and at the base of this two pointed denticles.
The first lateral plates (fig. 7) with strong hook finely denticulated
on the margins and at its base two strong denticles. On most of the
lateral plates the margins of the hook were even, but at its base two
pointed denticles on each side; the 4-5 outer (fig. 8) had no hook.

The salivary glands as usual.

The first stomach 8 mm. long by a diameter of 7, at its pylorus
two series of irregularly roundish facets. The masticatory stomach
brownish, of a diameter of 3 and a length of 25 mm., showing 9
larger and 4 smaller plates, all yellow, the first up to 1:5 mm. high,
of the usual pyramidal form, the later partly more conical (fig. 9).
The third stomach 2 mm. long, around its cardiac opening a few
rounded tubercles; but no thorns could be found. The liver brownish
gray, sackformed, 10 mm. long by diameter of 6.

The hermaphrodite gland in colour scarcely differing from the
liver, in the male and female lobules ripe genital elements. The
somewhat compressed anterior genital mass about 5 mm. long,
whitish and yellowish, the sperm-oviduct 6 mm. long. The penis
(fig. 10) straightened out 6 mm. long, yellowish, the white glans in
its hinder end 1 mm. long, to its posterior end a small prostata gland
seemed affixed (fig. 10).

This form represents perhaps a new species.

3. APL. GARGANTUA, B. n. sp.
Ei stigc = 2 Pei fig. 1

One individual was taken on the beach at Simon’s Town (2.11.99).

Preserved in formalin it had a length of 18 cm. by a breadth of 7°5
and a height of 6°7 cm., the length of the side of the head from the
mouth to the end of the tentacles 3 cm. (on each side) by a breadth
of 1:8, the tentacles and the rhinophores 7 mm. long. The mantle
7d cm. long by a breadth of 4:5, its sipho 2°8 em. long with a breadth
of 1:8. The gill is of a length of 4 cm. with a height of 2:2, and
a breadth of 2, the number of tufts of lamellz on each side
about 15. The foot-wings (parapodia) reaching from the region
behind the rhinophores to the tail, the height of the wings on the
inside up to 3°50 cm.—The ground colour of the whole of the back
with the wings and mantle clear brownish gray with very many
irregular rather large white spots, the upper half of the inside of the
wings coloured in the same way here as on the mantle, the spots
often confluent in large patches, the lower part of the inside of the
wings whitish, the sides of the body grayish, the foot dirty yellowish
white.

6 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

The form of the animal as usual, the fore end of the head rather
large, the tentacles proper and the rhinophores rather small, the
male genital opening at the root of the (right) head-wing (about
9 mm. from the mouth). The seminal furrow very distinct, the
vulva rather thick. The mantle a little convex, without hole (to
the shell) ; the posterior third of the gill freely projecting, the anal
aperture flat, the branchio-pericardial on usual place. The margin
on the foot-wings finely crenulated, the foot rounded anteriorly,
with pronounced marginal furrow.

The shell measured (floating in water) 6 cm. in length bya breadth
of 4, the height was about 7 mm.; it was quite cuticular, somewhat:
yellowish, without trace of calcification, the nuclear part very small
(igs).

The cavity of the body extends to the root of the tail.

The central nervous system as usual.

The mouth tube 8 mm. long, grayish, darker on the inside. The
bulbus pharyngeus 17 mm. long with a breadth of 13 and a height
of 12 mm., whitish with gray palate, the thick rasp-sheath forming
a prominence on the under side. The mandibles 9 mm. high with a
breadth of 4:5 and a thickness of about 0:3, the posterior margin
convex, the anterior somewhat concave; the colour brownish yellow,
the anterior half darker; the elements high, rather straight, up to
0:3 mm. long (fig. 12) with diameter of 0°007 mm. The median part
of the palate as usual, the thorns of the lateral parts thin, colourless,
somewhat bent, of a height up to 0°20 mm. (fig. 13). The large
tongue with brownish yellow rasp ; the whole organ was so hardened
that a proper examination was impossible; the rasp contained per-
haps about 30 and the sheath about 12 rows of plates. The median
plates could not be seen; the length of the body of the six outer
laterals was 0:04-0:08-0°10-0:20-0°25 and 0°30 mm., and did not
seem to be more; that of the innermost scarcely exceeded 0°25 mm.;
the colour of the plates yellow. The lateral plates (figs. 14-16) nearly
of the usual form, with long pointed hook, whose inferior half bore
denticles, larger on the outer margin, the upper half with some very
fine denticles. The outer plates are much smaller, nearly or quite
reduced to the basal plate (fig. 15a).

The salivary glands a little depressed, yellowish white, about
4 cm. long, with a breadth in the anterior part of 2 mm., their duct
very short.

The esophagus (PI. II, fig. la) rather dark gray, 2 mm. long with
a breadth of 5. It dilates suddenly in (fig. 1b) the anterior stomach,
which is somewhat bent, before smooth, and with some (5) strong
circular bands. The length of this rather stiff, somewhat cylindrical

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. fs

stomach was 3°5 cm. with a diameter of 1:6 (the gray folds of the
cesophagus continued through the foremost part of the stomach.
Its cavity was filled with long, whitish, somewhat ramified threads of
an alga of a diameter mostly of 0°5-0'75 mm.). The second, masti-
catory stomach 1:3 em. long by a diameter of 2 (fig. 1c); in the
cardia a belt of smaller plates, set in 3-5 irregular quincunx-series.
(figs. 17, 18); behind these the two series of larger plates (fig. 17) ;
these last of a dirty brown colour, mostly of the pyramidal form,
sometimes (fig. 18) more hornlike, rising to a height of 8 mm.; the
plates of the cardial belt smaller, less regular, sometimes pointed-
conical rising to a height of 4 mm. The third stomach (fig. ld)
2 cm. long by a diameter of 2°3, its wall thinner than that of the
two other; it passes immediately in the intestine (fig. le), which
has a diameter of 7°5 mm., and as usual runs in the surface of
the liver.

The liver blackish gray, black in section, 4°5 cm. long by a height
of 3 and a breadth of 3°5 cm.

The hermaphrodite gland placed obliquely on the hinder end of
the liver whitish, of a breadth of 3 cm., with a height of 2, and
a thickness up to 1:2 cm., rather smooth on the free side; in the
lobules ripe genital elements. The duct rather short, of a diameter
of 4 mm., forming an ampulla with short windings, extending
along the whole side of the anterior genital mass. The anterior
genital mass large. The muco-albuminous mass oviform, of a
length of 20 by a diameter of 11 mm., yellowish in the pos-
terior two-thirds, with some (4) grayish spirally circular bands.
The strong, nearly cylindrical spermoviduct nearly as long as the
whole gland by a diameter of 8 mm., the under half brown, the
upper yellowish. The spermatotheca globular, of a diameter of
9 mm., its duct a little longer. The penis a little bent (Pl. L,
fig. 19), 15 mm. long, at its hinder end a strong retractor. This
hinder end globular, of 3 mm. diameter, whitish; the rest, the
preputium, 12 mm. long, grayish. The inside of the preeputium
darker, with longitudinal folds, of which two stronger are continued
in the furrow of the glans; from the bottom of the preputial
cavity projected (fig. 20) the pointed head of the glans, show-
ing a furrow, which is continued up into the small cavity of the
rest of the glans (fig. 21); in retracted state of the penis situated
behind the praputium (fig. 19a), it did not show any glandular
structure.

This form may represent a new species.

8 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

4, APL. LOBATA, B. n. sp.
Pl. II., figs. 8-12.

One specimen was procured from Woodstock beach (Table Bay) ;
it was preserved in a rather contracted condition.

It was 3 cm. long with a breadth of 2°5 and a height of 2;
the length of the mantle shield 2°3 with a breadth of 1:7, the length
of its hole 6 mm., the sipho about 8 mm. high with a breadth of 10,
the height of the foot-wings (on the inside) 14 mm., the breadth
of the foot 9mm. The animal was dirty yellowish white in colour.

The foot-wings with grossly undulated margin. They both showed
at about the middie of their length a perpendicular fissure with a
smaller one before and behind. They coalesced posteriorly, and in
front nearly covered the head with a prominent lobe 8 mm. long.
The mantle very large and prominent; the gill bent, 13 mm. long,
with a breadth of 7 and a thickness of 4. The whole body was
quite smooth.

The shell (fig. 8) of usual form, 2:2 cm. long with a breadth
of 1:7, very thin, its calcareous layer broken in many small pieces.

The foot-wings were of curious form, lobed and both so sym-
metrical that it scarcely could be by mutilation. The gill with
about twelve compound pairs of lamellae, the last third freely
projecting, the anus and the renal pore very distinct.

The bulbus pharyngeus 8 mm. long with a breadth and a height
of 6; the mandibular plates 1:5 mm. broad, dirty yellow, their
elements (fig. 9) somewhat bent, of a height up to 0°22 mm.
with a diameter of 0-013, a little flattened at the point. The palate
thorns erect, plump, of a height up to 0°06 mm. The brownish
yellow rasp of the tongue contained 32 series of plates, in the
sheath 18, the total number of plates being therefore 50, the
number of plates in the series 15. The plates yellow, the median
0°35 mm. broad, the length of the basal part of the four outer lateral
plates 0:06—0:10-0:14-0°20 mm., and mounting up to 0°30, that
of the first (inmost) 0°28 mm. The median plates (fig. 10) with
three denticles at the base of the finely denticulated hook ; the lateral
plates (fig. 10) with finely denticulated hook, with one denticle at
the inside of its root, with 2-3 on its outside ; the 3(—4) outer lateral
plates (fig. 11) without hook.

The masticatory stomach small, 4 mm. long with a diameter of 4;
it showed about five clear yellowish white pyramids of a height
of about 2°5 mm.; close at the cardiac end 2-3 series of small
roundish tubercles. The liver yellow.

The penis (fig. 12) 9 mm. long, no armature.

This form seems to represent a definite species.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 9

.5, APL. BUSIPHONATA, B. n. sp.
Pl. IIil., figs. 5-15.

Of this form one specimen was procured in May, 1902, at Hast
London. .

It hada length of 8-5 cm. by a height of 5 and a breadth of 4:5;
the height of the rhinophores and tentacles was 5 mm., the length
of the foot-wings was 6°5, their height (on the inside) 2 cm.; the
length of the mantle 3-3 cm., the breadth 2:4; the height of the large
sipho 2:2 cm., its breadth at the base 2°6, at the upper end 1:2 cm. ;
the breadth of the foot 2 em.—The ground colour of the upper side,
whitish, the head and the neck blackish, due to black partly con-
fluent stripes; the outside and inside of the foot-wings with spread
rather large irregular black spots; the mantle clear grayish with
a few black spots and some black stripes radiating from the centre ;
the foot clear dirty yellowish.

The form as usual. The foot-wings large, reaching to the root
of the very short tail, their margin very slightly undulated, the
outside and the inside quite smooth. The mantle of oval circuit,
the anterior end a little more pointed, on the centre of the somewhat
convex upper side there may be a fine opening; the sipho (figs. 5, 6)
very large, embracing a great part of the upper side, fixed to the
hinder wall; the anus was seen in the upper part of the siphonal
channel; the large mantle quite covered the gill with exception
of its pointed end (fig. 6). In the mantle no trace of a shell could
be found. The somewhat brownish gill strongly curved, the chorda
measured 14 mm., its height 11, its thickness 6 mm., on the
underside a broad furrow between the lamelle ; its last fourth freely
projecting.

The central nervous system as in other true Aplysiz ; the pleural
ganglia not half as large as the pedal, lying next to these and
before them.

The length of the mouth tube 5 mm. The bulbus pharyngeus
10 mm. long by a height and a breadth of 8. The hooks of the gray
palate as usual, somewhat grayish, as much as 0°20 mm. high (fig. 8).
The mandibular plates strong, brown, broader in the upper end,
4 mm. high by a breadth of 2:5 and a thickness of 0:25 mm.; their
high elements (fig. 7) of a diameter of 0'009 mm. The tongue with
brown rasp, containing 28 rows of plates, in the sheath 18,
the total number of rows being thus 46; the number of lateral
plates on each side of the median about 26. The plates were
yellow, only the outer nearly colourless; the breadth of the median
0-25 mm.; the length of the body of the first lateral 0°25, the length

10 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

rising to 0:30 mm., the body of the four outer measuring 0:10-
0-14-0:18-0:29 mm. in length. The median plates (fig. 9) some-
what plump, their legs rather short, their hook strong, and den-
ticulated along the margins; the lateral plates (figs. 10-12) of the
usual form, the strong hook with 4-5 denticles at the root of the
outer margin, the point with fine denticles, mostly somewhat stronger
on one margin; the 4 outer smaller (fig. 13), two without any
trace of a hook, and the next with a short one without denticles.

The grayish cesophagus 6 mm. long. The yellowish first stomach
somewhat curved, 17 mm. long by a diameter of 10. The mastica-
tory stomach 6 mm. long by a diameter of 10°5 ; it showed arranged
in usual way 10 larger plates and in front 8 smaller; the plates
of usual form, pyramidal, of reddish brown colour, of a height up to
4mm. The posterior stomach 8 mm. long by diameter of 7; in
its cardiac part fine folds, on the pyloric margin a series of yellow
conical and pyramidal plates, 1-1‘5 mm. high, always with broken
or worn point (fig. 14).—The gray contents of the stomachs formed
of different alga, undeterminable detritus and very small sand-
particles. The intestine as usual.

The dirty dark-gray liver nearly globular, 2-4 cm. long by a breadth
of 2:2 and a height of 2 cm.

The yellowish white hermaphrodite gland about 14 mm. broad by
height of 12 and a thickness of 4; its duct running with its short
windings along the whole of the under-side of the anterior gemtal
mass. This last, the albumino-mucous gland, 8 mm. long by a
height of 5 and a breadth of 4, yellowish white with the usual spiral
white band. The sperm-oviduct-a little curved, 8 mm. long by
diameter of 2, quite as usual; the short pyriform spermatotheca
3 mm. Jong, the spermatocysta half as large. The yellowish
preputiun (fig. 15a) 8 mm. long, the retracted glans bent, 4 mm.
long, more whitish, with transparent furrow, with strong retractor
muscle. The inside of the preputium grayish, in front black,
nowhere in the penis any trace of armature.

6. APL. POIKILIA, B. mn. sp.
Pl. II., figs. 20-21; Pl. IIL, figs. 1-4.

A single specimen was found at Kalk Bay (in Simon’s Bay); it had
coloured the preserving fluid brownish.

It was 7 cm. long by a breadth of 3 and a height also of 3 cm. ;
the length of the tentacles and of the rhinophoria 8 mm.; the length
of the foot-wings 4 cm., by a height on the inside of 1:3; the length
of the mantle 3 cm. by a breadth of 2:2; the foot was 1 cm. broad.—
The ground colour of the upper side was grayish white, but for the

The Opisthobranchiata of South Afreca. el

most part disappearing through large confluent or anastomosing
irregular black spots; the mantle with strong spots and stripes
radiating from about the centre; similar markings occurred on the
upper part of the inside of the foot-lobes reaching to their margin,
the rest being grayish white, as were also the side parts of the body
adjoining the mantle; the foot grayish white.

The form of the usual type, the foot-lobes free as far as their
hinder end; the mantle without hole; the siphonal mantle-fold
rather flat, 6 mm. long by a breadth of 2:2; the gill as in the
former species.

The shell 22 mm. long by a breadth of 20 and a height up to
4 mm. (fig. 1); the cuticular margin rather broad, else the shell
was yellow, rather solid, with a prominent nucleal part.

The grayish bulbus pharyngeus short, pear-formed, 10 mm. long by
a breadth and height of 9. The mahogany brown mandibles strong,
o mm. high by a breadth of 3; their elements (with a diameter of
0-007 to 0:30 mm.) high, thin, their upper point bent (fig. 20). The
palatal hooks nearly colourless, weak and thin, reaching to a height
of 0:24 m., by a diameter at the base of 0°035 (fig. 21). The strong
tongue contained in the yellow rasp 32 series of plates, in the
sheath 22, the total number of the series being thus 54. The 6
foremost series were very incomplete and the plates mostly damaged ;
the 6 hindermost in the sheath not quite developed. The number
of lateral plates on each side of the median was 25. The plates
were yellow, the breadth of the median (between the legs) 0°28 mm.,
the length of the first lateral 0:26. The median plates (fig. 2) of
usual form with serrulated hook, and on either side of it two denticles.
The inner lateral plates (fig. 3) were also of the common form,
with serrate hook and two denticles at its base (fig. 4).

The cesophagus was developed posteriorly into a proventricle.
The masticatory stomach nearly cylindrical, 9 mm. long, with the
usual armature, the plates faint yellowish. The grayish-brown liver
28 mm. long by a height and breadth of 17.

The hermaphrodite gland yellowish white, 15 mm. broad by a
length of 10 and a thickness of 4-5 mm. The anterior gemtal mass
yellowish white, 15 mm. long by height of 7 and a thickness of
4mm.; the yellowish-white spermatotheca globular, of a diameter
of 9 mm., the pear-formed spermatocysta 2°56 mm. long. The
grayish penis somewhat bent, 15 mm. long; the more whitish
glans conical, 4mm. long (without armature).

The colour of the animal, its mandibles, and perhaps the nature
of the palatal hooks seem to indicate a definite species.

12 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

7. Apu. Woop, B. n. sp.
Pl. I1., figs. 138-19.

Together with a specimen of Doridiwm capense, one individual of
this Aplysia was procured on the shore, Hast London (23.5.1902).*

The furrow of the rhinophores and tentacles was velvet-black,
otherwise the animal was whitish with scattered traces of gray. Its
length was 3 cm. by a breadth of 1:7 and a height of 1:6; the
length of oval mantle 12 mm., the length of its oval hole 5, the
length of the sipho 5, the gill 14 mm. long by a breadth of 4; the
length of the foot-wings 18 mm. by a height (on the inside) of 7.

The end of the sole of the foot was developed in a strange way,
perhaps pathologically. It formed, as it were, a roundish disc
(fig. 13) of a diameter of 9 mm., a little elevated and lmited to the
rest of the foot on the sides and in front. The wings of the foot
passed one into the other behind; the strong sipho broadly gaping ;
the large pallial gland with cells of uncommon size.

The rather flattened shell (fig. 14), of a length of 13 by a breadth
of 8 mm., very thin, cuticular with very slight and spread traces of
calcination, with a small uncalcified nucleus, somewhat pointed in
front.

The central nervous system quite as in other true Aplysiez.

The mouth tube on the outside and the inside dark gray. The
bulbus pharyngeus 7 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a height of
3°5. The mandibles dirty yellow, 3 mm. high by a breadth of
2; their elements (fig. 15) reaching a height of 0:25 by a diameter
of 0°013. The rasp of the tongue yellow, perhaps containing 19
and the sheath 18 rows of plates, on each side of the median plates
probably about 30 lateral. The plates yellow; the breadth of the
median 0°24 mm.; the length of the basal plate of the first lateral
0:20, of the second 0-023; the length of the four outermost 0:05-
0-08-0-08-0:13 mm. The median plates (fig. 16) broad, with short
and broad hook, which is serrated as far as the pointed end; the
three outermost lateral plates (fig. 19) small, without hook; the
other plates are similar in form, have a very pointed hook with a
strong denticle on each side; the innermost (fig. 17) had moreover
some finer denticles on the outer margin of the hook, which were
absent on the rest (figs. 18, 19).

The white salivary glands quite as usual.

The pharynx gray. The cesophagus whitish, 10 mm. long by a
diameter of 4. The first stomach 4 mm. long and broad, at the pylorus

* It is named after Mr. John Wood, Kast London, who has rendered valuable
service in the discovery of this and other marine animals new to science.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 13

two series of (about 10) short cones. The masticatory stomach 4 mm.
long by a diameter of 5; its armature as usual, but the pyramids
were nearly all gone; these were of the usual form, clear yellowish,
transparent. The third stomach 5 mm. long by a breadth of 3°5 ;
at its cardiac end distinct round ese one left by cones, which
were absent.

The grayish brown liver irregularly globular, its greatest diameter
being 10 mm. ; the gall-bladder whitish.

The white hermaphrodite gland 4 mm. broad by a height of 3
and a thickness of 2, somewhat meniscus formed; in its lobules
ripe genital elements (zoosperms). The penis whitish, grayish in
front. The conical white glans 1°5 mm. long.

This form seems allied to the Apl. Siboge (l.c., 1905, p. 9,
taf. vi., figs. 36-42 ; taf. vii., figs. 1-6).

8. APL. MONOCHROA, B. n. sp.
Pl. I., figs. 22-24; Pl. IT., figs. 2-7.

Three specimens were procured at Hermanus on January 15, 1897.
Two individuals were dissected.

They were of about the same size, and otherwise resembled each
other, were uniformly white, except that the inside of the rhinophores
and tentacles was blackish brown.

The largest one was 4:5 cm. long by a breadth of 2 and a
height of 2°5; the foot-wings reaching to the head, 2°5 ¢.m. long by
a height (on the inside) of 1; the length of the oval mantle- hole
75 mm. (fig. 22), the white ee 10 mm. broad.

The form was as usual; the whole of the back quite even. The
shell rather variable in form, thin, in one specimen quite cuticular,
in another merely in the two posterior thirds slightly calcified, 18 mm.
long by a breadth of 16, rather depressed (fig. 2). Near the
hinder end of the mantle-hole, a little to the right, the mantle sends
out a sort of siphonal (expiratory) fold separated from the free
mantle margin protecting the gill (fig. 22). The curved whitish gall
13 mm. long by a height up to 8 and a breadth to 4:5 mm., the
rhachis rather strong, on each side about 18 tufts of lamella ;
the gill projecting freely by about a third. The ee rather narrow,
somewhat broader in front.

The mouth tube 4 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus
65-7 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 6; the yellowish
mandible-plates not broad, their thin elements of a height up to
0:12 mm. by a diameter of 0-007 (fig. 23). The palate in the middle
with the usual network with glands; the palatal plates weak, with

14 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

thin, colourless hooks (fig. 24) up to the height of 0:08 mm. by
diameter of 0:007-0-016.

The rasp of the strong tongue yellow, with 18-19 series of plates,
in the sheath 17-18, the total number of series thus being 35-37.
In the series 17-18 lateral plates on each side of the median. The
plates yellow, the median 0°28 mm. broad; the length of the four
outermost 0:6-0°14—-0:16-0°20. The median plates (fig. 4) of the
usual form, with finely denticulated hook and 2-3 denticles at its
base. The lateral plates of the usual form (figs. 5-7), the three
outermost without any trace of hook, the next with a rudiment, the
following of the usual form, but the hook without denticles, which
begin on the sixth to eighth (figs. 6-7).

The cesophagus in its posterior half developed into a proventriculus.
The masticatory stomach nearly cylindrical, stiff, 3 mm. long by
diameter of 4; in both individuals eight larger pyramids, bright
yellowish up to 2 mm. high, and four smaller, more irregular, mostly
bluntly conical.

The lever yellowish white, on section yellow, 2 cm. long by a
height of 1:5 and a breadth of 1:3-1'5; a small whitish gall-
bladder was very distinct.

A branchio-renal pore was very distinct deep under the root of the
gill. The sub-branchial gland well developed. |

The hermaphrodite gland white. The proper albumino-mucous
mass 9-10 mm. long by a height of 7-9 and a thickness of 4; the
sperm-oviduct 10 mm. long; the globular spermatotheca of a
diameter of 5mm. The penis long, whitish, at its hinder end a small,
apparently glandular, appendix (fig. 3a). (No armature, neither of
the small whitish glans nor of the preeputium.)

The form here examined seems to represent a new species.

II. DonaBELiLa, Lam.

Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., 1801, p. 62.

Cuvier, Mém. sur la Dolabella &., Ann. du Mus. v., 1804, p. 435.

Rang, Hist. Nat. des Aplysiens, 1828, pp. 45-49, pl. i.-iii., xxiv.,

fig. 1.
Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiaten der Siboga Expedition, 1905,
pp. 13-20.

Corpus postice latius oblique truncatum; parapodiis brevioribus,
apertura branchiali breviori angustiori. Testa pro majore parte
nuda, fortior, nonnihil securiformis, margine sinistro crassiori,
postice angustior, dextrorsum emarginata et parte nucleali deorsum
incurvata carina postica prominenti instructa.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 15

Systema nervosum ut in Aplysiis propriis. Radula (limgue)
dentibus medianis elongatis, dentibus lateralibus numerosis non
denticulatis —Glandula hermaphrodisiaca hepati non connata.

This animal, with its peculiar form, was first noticed by Rumph
(D’Amboin. Rariteitkammer, 2 ed., 1741, N. x., N. 5), who figured
the animal as well as its shell, but without any description. On the
figure of the shell, given by Rumph, Lamarck established the
genus Dolabella, which was adopted by Cuvier and afterwards by
malacologists.

The form of the animal is quite peculiar, differing from that of all
other Aplysiide ; it is posteriorly broader, and terminates in a
roundish oblique large disk, to the middle of which the rather
narrow, longish branchial slit is continued. The somewhat dolabri-
form shell well calcified, with thickened left margin; the hinder part
narrower, its right margin is notched; the hind end thicker, bent
downwards and to the right, with a sharp, prominent keel.

The central nervous system as in the Aplysize proper.

The rasp (of the tongue) has longish median plate and long series
_of undenticulated lateral plates.

The hermaphrodite gland not coalescent with the liver.

The genus seems confined to the Red Sea, the Indian and Pacific
Oceans.

As the form called by Cuvier Dolabella Rumphit cannot now be
determined, this name must be reserved for the form figured by
Rang. This author has, moreover, drawn up a small series of
species (D. Hasseltwu, Terenudt, ecaudata* (truncata), and still others
have been named by Ehrenberg, Qouy and Gaimard, Sowerby,
Stearns (D. Hemprichiu, tongana, elongata, califormca t+); some of
them are merely established on the shell, which is rather variable in
form, and some are very likely merely varieties of a very widely
distributed species.

Dou. Rumpuit, (Cuv.) Rang, var.

(D. Rumphu, Cuv., l.c., p. 437, pl. xxix., fig. 1.)

D. Rumphu, Rang, l.c., p. 46, pl. 1.

Aplysia tongana, Q. et G., Voy. de |’ Astrolabe, 11., 1832, p. 305,
pl. 23, figs. 6-7.

* V.d. Decken, ‘‘ Reisen in Ostafrica,’’ iii., 1869; v. Martens, ‘‘ Mollusken,”’

p. 65: Dolabella ecauda, Rang (Zanzibar).
+ Tryon and Pilsbry, ‘‘ Man. of Conchology,”’ xvi., 1895-96, pp. 151-160.

16 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

Dolabella Hasseltit, Fér. Eliot, Notes on Tectibr. and Naked Moll.
from Samoa. Proc. Ac. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 515, pl. xix.,
Me e.

(Dolabella callosa, Lam. Syst. des Anim., s. v. 1801, p. 62.)

Dolabella Rumphi, Cuv., Rang. Bgh., l.c., 1905, pp. 13-20;
taf. vii., figs. 22-40; taf. vi., figs. 1-7 (9).

Pl. XIV., figs. 10-20.

One specimen was procured at Hast London and preserved in
formalin, |

The length of the individual was 12 cm. by a breadth of 9 and a
height up to 6:3; the length of the posterior disk was 7:5 cm. by a
breadth of 8°5 (the breadth of its brim 1:2); the length of the
branchial slit 7 cm. by a breadth at both ends of 1; the height of
the sipho 9 mm., that of the parapodia 13, of the (contracted)
rhinophoria 6 mm.; the length of the curved gill in a straight line
3°5 cm. by a breadth of 2°3 and a thickness of 1:8cm. The animal
was one-coloured, yellowish white, the gill less bright.

The shell of typical form (figs. 12, 13), 4°3 cm. long by a breadth
of 3:3; the crest on the hinder end not strong; the calcareous layer
on the under side of the strong yellowish cuticula broken in pieces in
front, the upper as well as the under side of the shell chalk-white. ~

The form of the animal was typical, the branchial fissure reaching
to about the middle of the hinder disk. The back with rather
numerous (fig. 11) small pointed cones of a height of 2-4 mm., as
also the hinder disk, as well as its somewhat laciniated brim
(fig. 10). The seminal furrow in its first part running in the
depth between the parapodia for a length of 2 cm., then continued
forwards to the male genital opening under the right tentacle. The
mouth, the sipho, the anus, and the pallial gland as usual. Nearly
the posterior half of the gill projects freely ; on either side it showed
about ten strong compound chief lamelle; at the base of the
frenulum of the gill the reno-branchial aperture. The common
genital opening as usual.

The central nervous system agrees with that of the true Aplysia,
and is quite different from that of the Notarchide, with which group
the Dolabelle otherwise show affinities; the visceral ganglia thus
situated far backwards (on the side of the spermatotheca). The
nearly coalescent cerebral ganglia measure in breadth nearly 4 mm.;
the cerebro-pleuro-pedal connectives about 13 mm. long; the pleuro-
pedal ganglionic mass 8 mm. broad; the pleural ganglia scarcely
half as large as the pedal.*

* Cf. Amaudrut, Bull. Soc. Philom., x., 1886, pp. 68-74.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. oe

The very retracted and contracted mouth tube about 7 mm. long.

The plump bulbus pharyngeus 15 mm. long and high by a breadth
of 12, of usual form, with the end of the rasp-sheath somewhat
prominent on the lower side posteriorly ; the strong inferior retractor
muscles of the bulbus issuing from the region of the margin of the
hinder disk of the body. The strong, somewhat brittle mandzble

plates of a length of 7 mm. by a breadth of 3°8 and a thickness of

0-4 mm.; they were yellowish brown on the free side, on the breach
yellowish white; their closely set angularly cylindrical elements of
a diameter of 0-016 mm. (fig. 19). On each side of the palate a thin,
dirty yellowish plate, 3 mm. broad, densely set with (fig. 18) horny,
compressed hooks, of form as in other Aplysiude, of a length up to
0-8 mm. by a breadth to 0°10. This spinous covering continued a
little behind the roof of the pharynx. The large tongue with deep
cleft; the rasp brownish yellow, containing 42 se ies of plates
(counted: at the margin of the rasp), in the sheath 44, of which
the 5 hindermost are not fully developed; the total number of
series about 86; the 6 foremost on the tongue very incomplete and
partly damaged. The number of plates in the series seemed to be
about 200. The plates were yellow; the length of the median was
about 0°20 by a breadth up to 0:07 mm.; the height of the two
outermost lateral plates was about 0:14-0:16 mm.; through the
series the height of these plates rose to 037 mm. The median
plates in form very different from those of the proper Aplysie,
longish, narrower in front, with a small denticulated hook at

the anterior end (figs. 14, 15); the lateral plates of ordinary hook

form (figs. 16-17).
The yellowish white salivary glands long, reaching to the cardia,
nearly cylindrical, of a diameter of 2 mm., thinner behind; the

efferent duct quite short.

The length of the gray csophagus with its dilatation (proven-.

triculus) 4 cm. by a diameter of 7-12 mm., its interior with fine
longitudinal folds and plump villi. The (masticatory) stomach
brownish gray, somewhat roundish, of a (transverse) diameter of
2°5 cm. by a length and height of 1:7; the usual nerves run along
this stomach, anastomosing at the pylorus and forming a circle around

this, and then continued on the second stomach. The anterior part

of this stomach had 8 somewhat depressed angular-roundish facets

belonging to the stomach plates, and behind them 2-8 series of

smaller and less regularly set facets. The 8 large very hard

stomach plates were irregularly pyramidal; the broad basis convex,

very smooth; the height and the breadth nearly the same, 7-9 mm. ;

the base and the top brown; otherwise the base was chalk-white.
2

18 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

Behind these plates 10 somewhat smaller followed, mostly rather
compressed, more irregular, yellow, of a height of 4-6 mm, Behind
this stomach, in the mouth of the second, more thin-walled gray
stomach, were seen about 5 series of rounded small papille, each
with a pointed, straight, yellow prickle of the height of 2-2°5 mm.
(fig. 20); papilla of the same kind, mostly without horn, were
scantily distributed over the stomach. The abundant content of
the stomachs was fine paunce mixed up with vegetable substance
(different alge), parts of small worms, and some foraminifera and
small Rissoa-like shells. The dirty gray intestene makes a large
superficial curve in a furrow of the liver and ascends to the anus;
its diameter 7-9 mm., its wall thin, its abundant contents the same
as in the stomachs. .

The large liver dirty and dark greenish gray, 5 cm. long by a
breadth of 4 and a height of 3°8, superficially 3-lobed by the
windings of the intestine ; its mass compact, with a small cavity.
In front, immediately behind the second stomach, opens the bent,
horn-shaped gall-bladder, contrasting by its milk-white colour with
the liver, of a diameter of 4 mm., with about its half freely projecting
on the under side of the liver.

The bright yellowish white kidney 3°3 cm. long by a breadth
of 2°3 cm. and a thickness of 5-6 mm.

The yellow-white hermaphrodite gland at the hinder end of the
liver convex-plain, 4°5 cm. long by a breadth of 2°5, and a thickness
of 2; in its lobules ripe genital elements. The thick hermaphrodite
duct in corkscrew windings running to the anterior genital mass; its
diameter mostly 3°5 mm., anteriorly much thinner. The anterior
gemtal mass large, 3°5 cm. long by a height of 3 and a thickness of
1:5; chiefly formed by the large muco-albuminous gland. On the
right side of this appeared a black central region of oval form,
11 mm. long, encircled by alternately more whitish and more
yellowish arcuate windings; the left side more simple with a
large winding. The curved sperm-oviduct extended 5 cm. long by
diameter of 8-4 mm.; on the cuts two tubes, separated by an
incomplete septum, appear. The spermatotheca, situated immedi-
ately before the pericardium, globular, of a diameter of 15 mm. The
dark grayish pens (preputium) folded up extended 5 cm. long by
diameter of 7-4 mm.; to its posterior end, which is yellowish, the
strong retractor is attached, to its anterior end the digitations of
the protractor. The inside with fine longitudinal folds and a thicker
one, all with a number of black points. From the bottom of
the cavity projects the flattened, blackish only at the point, else
yellowish, somewhat strained glans, extended 15 mm. long by a

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 19

breadth of 5; one margin is thick, compact, otherwise it is flat,
leaflike.

The colour of this specimen was different from those I also have
seen *; the form of the shell, too, somewhat particular, and the
stomach-plates different, Still, it is very likely but a variety of
the somewhat variable Dol. Rumphiw (Cuv., Rang).

NOTARCHIDA.

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905,
pp. 20-27.

This group contains the genera Notarchus (Cuv.), Aclesia (Rang),
Aplysiella (P. Fischer), and Phyllaplysia (P. Fischer).

AcursiA, Rang.

Rang, Hist. Nat. des Aplysiens, 1828, p. 68, pl. xx.—xxui.

R. Bergh, Malacolog. Untersuch. V. 1900, pp. 352-361.— The
Danish Expedition to Siam, 1902, pp. 168-174.—Die Opistho-
branchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905, pp. 20-23.

Notzum sicut rhinophoria et tentacula papillis majoribus simpli-
cibus et compositis instructum ; fissura branchialis brevis. Scutum
palliale sicut testa desunt; branchia, ren et pericardium in cavitate
branchiali libera (scuto non tecta). Podarium non angustum.

Ganglia visceralia antice, inter pleuralia sita. Penis conulis
hamigeris armatus.

The genus was established by Rang, and the plates xx.—xxii.
have the name of Aclesia; in the text he has (p. 68) retracted the
name, referrmg the species named in the plates to the genus
Notarchus of Cuvier, to which, however, they do not belong.
The genus has mostly been adopted by malacologists and con-
chologists + for forms like those originally given by Rang, but a
real knowledge of the genus dates from the later years (1900,
1902, 1905).

The Aclesiz belong to the warmer seas, and especially to

* R. Bergh, ‘“‘ Die Opisthobranchiata der SibogaHxpedition,” 1905, pp. 13-20,
taf. vii., figs. 22-40; taf. viii., figs. 1-9; taf. lx., figs. 1-3.
| The genus Thallepus of Swainson (“ A Treatise of Malacology,” 1840, pp. 250,359)
is often mentioned as being synonymous with Aclesia. The characters given by
Swainson are partly incorrect and quite insufficient ; the characteristic tufts on
the back of the Aclesie are not at all mentioned.

20 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

those of the tropics. Somewhat better known are the following

species :
1. Acl. Plew, Rang.

M. atlant. occid.
. striata (Q. et. G.).
M. africano-indie.
currhifera (Q. et G.).
| M. africano-indie.
14. Acl. umpexa, B.
| M. phillopin.
L

26° AC

—N

3. Act.

5. Acl. ocelligera, B.
M. Stamense.
varicolor, B.
M. wndicum.
pusilla, B.
M. wndicum.

6. Acl.

7. Acl.

ACL. CIRRHIFERA, Q. et G.

Aplysia currhifera, Q. et G. Voy. de |’ Astrolabe, ii., 1832, p. 311,
pl. 24, fig. 8.
Aclesia corrhifera, Q. et G. Ed. v. Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna

d. Insel Mauritius u. d.

Seychellen., 1880, p. 308.

Aclesia currhifera, (Q. et G.) Bgh., Lc., 1900, pp. 351-360,

taf. xxix., figs. 28-31.
Pl. III., figs. 16-24 ; Pl. IV., figs. 1-7.

Two individuals were procured from the lagoon at Port Alfred,
five specimens caught at low-tide at Knysna along shore from jetty
towards village, one was procured at the mouth of Nahoon on
June 12, 1900, one more at Hast London in August, 1902.

They were all of a very similar exterior; but the colour of the
smaller was dark greenish gray, that of the larger blackish gray,
with small black dots ; the foot always yellowish gray. The largest
individuals were 8 cm. long, by a height and a breadth of 4; the
height of the fea ep roles and tentacles about 7 mm.; the length of
the gill-slit 1-2 cm.; the breadth of the foot 3 cm.; the length
of the tail 1:5-2 cm. The other individuals 5-7 cm. tone.

The four specimens anatomically examined had a length of
4°6-7 cm. by a breadth of 2°6-4 anda height of 2°5-3; the height
of the nae and the tentacles 4-5 mm., of the papille of the
back —5 ; the length of the gill-slit 6-10 mm.; the breadth of

the foot 1: 5 2: 7 cm., the length of the tail 1-1:3 em.—The animals
were very soft in onnatenee

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 21

The form of the animal as in other Aclesia, a little pointed
behind, the back rather vaulted. The backside everywhere very
uneven, covered with simple and compound papille, for very large
part confluent to numerous undulating crests and tufts covered with
smaller papilla; on the sides of the back proper the crests some-
times coalesced in a kind of ridge and behind on each side over the
tail in a larger prominent knot. The rhinophores and the tentacles
also covered with papilla. The border of the foot-wings convex,
their inside even. The seminal furrow distinct. The foot a little
broader in front, with a small median notch.

On the floor of the gill-cavity no mantle plate, and the organs were
uncovered (PI. III., fig. 16). On the left side the long white kidney
with a pore on its hinder end (fig. 16). To the right of the kidney
the strong curved gill, of dirty yellowish colour, with grayish or
blackish rhachides (fig. 16). Stretched out, it had a length of about
2 cm. by a breadth and height of 4-5 mm., about its half not
attached ; it contained about 15-18 groups of lamelle (fig. 1).
_Behind the first part of the gill the thick upwards turned anal
papilla with black striz and several (about eight) rather prominent
knots around the opening (fig. 16c). Before the gill to the left the
somewhat black dotted pericardium and to its left, under the brown
part, the blood-gland ; the vulva as usual.

The central nervous system as usual in the Notarchide.

The mouth tube 3-4 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus short-
pyriform with the thick radula-sheath projecting a little on the lower
side behind; 7-5-9 mm. long by a breadth of 5-6°5 and a height
of 4:5-6, whitish. The mandibles longish, broader upwards,
25-3 mm. long by a breadth up to 0:°75-1, dark red-brown
(fig. 17); their elements nearly cylindrical, reaching to a height of
0:2 by diameter of 0:020 mm. (fig. 18). The walls of the cavity
of the mouth dark red-yellow, darker on the palate, whose side parts
showed the usual covering of closely set compressed hooks of a
height up to 0-1 mm. (fig. 19); this covering is continued to some
extent up into the pharynx. The rasp of the short and broad tongue
(fig. 20) dark brown or brownish yellow, of a length and a breadth
of 3-4 mm., containing 20-28 series of teeth, in the sheath 15-18,
_ the total number of series thus being 35-46. The number of lateral
plates on each side of the median about 36-40. The plates reddish
brown at the basal parts, elsewhere yellow, the breadth between the
legs of the median plates nearly 0:20; the lateral reached a height
of 0:30 mm.; that of the four outermost was mostly about 0-12-
0:16—-0:20-0:24. The median plates of the usual form (fig. 21), with
3-4 denticles on each side of the pointed hook; the first lateral

22 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socrety.

plate (fig. 21) with bilobate hook and some small denticles on the
margin of the outer lobe; on the following plates (figs. 3, 4) the
outer lobe had become a coarse denticle ; on the following one, two,
or mostly three, rather blunt denticles on the hook (figs. 5, 6);
sometimes the denticles failed on some plates, or four were seen
(fig. 6); on the 3-5 outermost plates denticles were not seen
(Gare 7)

The long white salivary glands, 12-14 mm. in length by a breadth
of 0°5 mm., as usual, and reaching backwards to the masticatory
stomach. |

The cesophagus 8-10 mm. long, its hinder part sometimes dilated
into a first stomach of a length of 4 by a breadth of 6 mm. The
masticatory stomach 5-9 mm. long by a diameter of 9-10 ; it showed,
arranged in the usual way, 8-10 larger pyramids, in the cardiac part
moreover 6-4 smaller and more irregular, 8-7 more conical; or 10
larger and 8 smaller, in all 22-21-18 stomachal teeth. The larger
were up to 4 mm. high and their base also to 4 mm. broad; they
were brownish yellow, cartilaginous, translucent, and showed the
common finely iridescent axial or subaxial column. The third
stomach 8-12 long. The intestine as usual.—The liver dirty
brownish yellow, 2°3-3 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5-1:6, reaches
a height of 1:4-1°5; it was short-sausage shaped, by the windings.
of the intestine superficially divided in several longer or shorter
lobes united with each other. Anteriorly beside the intestine a
little biliary cavity was found, with several openings in the pyloric
part of the third stomach; no proper biliary bladder was seen.

The pericardium was large. The ventricle of the heart 5 mm.
long, the crista of the truncus aorte pellucid, 2 mm. long.

The whitish small hermaphrodite gland 6-7 mm. broad by a
length of 5-3 and a thickness of 2; in its lobes ripe genital
elements; its duct in coils wound between the lobes of the liver
to the inside of the anterior genital mass (fig. 2a). This latter
whitish and yellowish white, in length measuring 10-15 mm. to the
vulva by a height of 5-6 and a thickness of 2-3 mm. The proper
(fig. 2b) muco-albuminous gland convex-plain, on its upper margin
the pellucid pear-formed spermatocysta of a length of 3 mm. (fig. 2c),
opening with its duct in the root of the sperm-oviduct. The gland
is continued in a nearly cylindric tube, a little longer than the gland
itself, the sperm-oviduct (fig. 2d), on sections it is seen divided into
two parts of unequal size by a strong fold or partition-wall; in the
lower part the spermatotheca seems to open. This latter (fig. 2e)
lies before the heart, on the hinder end of the stomach; it was
globular, yellowish, of a diameter of 4 mm.; its duct a little longer

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 23

than the bladder itself, opening near the vulva (fig. 2f).—The penis
7-10 mm. long by diameter of 1-5-2, nearly cylindrical, a little
tapering anteriorly (fig. 22); its anterior half blackish, the rest
yellowish ; the inside is also dotted with black and shows fine longi-
tudinal folds, between which one stronger than the others and con-
tinued up to and on to the small, 2 mm. long, whitish conical glans.
This last and the top of the preeputium show small cones partly set
in longitudinal series (fig. 23); most of the cones carry a horny
thorn, a little curved and of a height up to 0:28 mm. (fig. 24).

The form here examined probably represents a variety of the
typical Acl. corrhifera. 7

CHPHALASPIDHA.
PHILINIDA.

PuHILInE, Ascanius.
Philine, Ascanius. Vetensk. Ak. Handl., 1772, p. 329.
Lobaria, O. Fr. Muller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, pp. xxix., 226.
—Zool. Dan., iii., 1788, pp. 30-31, tab. C, figs. 1-5.
Buliga, Lam. Systém des An., s. v. 1801, p. 63.
Philine, Asc. Bergh, Malacol. Unters. v. 1900, p. 275.— Die
Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 28-32.

Animal sat applanatum (testa non recondendum); clypeus
frontalis magnus, subquadratus, postice non lobatus, oculis externe
conspicuis nullis; sub margine laterali clypei antice rhinophoria
parva plicata; osphradium parvum simplex ante fissuram branchialem
situm. Pallium testam omnino includens, postice paullum supra
et infra prominens ; glandula spiralis nulla. Podarium breve, latum,
epipodiis sat crassis lateribus interstitium inter pallium et clypeum
implentibus.

Testa interna tenuis, fragilis, pellucida, alba, sat applanata; spira.
minuta depressa ; apertura amplissima, postice angustior ; columella
angusta callo levi.

Mandibule nulle. Radula rhachide nuda, pleure dente laterali

fortissimo uncinato et interdum dentibus externis (1-6) hamatis.—.
Glandulas salivales parve sacciformes. Ventriculus masticatorius.
(fere semper) laminis calcareis fortissimis subsimilibus oblongis tribus.

armatus, utrinque laterali et inferiore singula.
Penis inermis, apparatu prostatico fortissimo preeditus.

These animals are of very peculiar form; their thin shell quite

24 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

inclosed in the mantle. They have no mandibles. The rhachis of
the tongue is naked; the pleuree wear a very strong, particularly
formed lateral plate and sometimes also (1-6) outer plates. They
have a particular masticatory stomach with three very strong calcified
plates. Their unarmed, peculiarly formed penis is provided with a
well-developed prostatic apparatus.

1. PHILINE APERTA (L.).
Bulla aperta, Li, Syst. Nat., ed. xi., 1767, p. 1183; ed. xiik
(Gmelin), t. 1., pars vi., 1791, p. 3424.
Philine quadripartita, Ase. l.c., 1772, p. 329, tab. x., figs. a, 0.
Bulla Schroeterz, Phil. En. moll. Sic., u., 1844, p. 94, tab. xx.,
fies 2. |
Bulla Schroetert, Ph. Krauss, Die stidafrikan. Moll., 1878, p. 70.
Philine quadripartita, (Asc.) R. Bergh. Malac. Unters. v. 1900,
pp. 276-285, taf. xxii., figs. 15-35; taf. xxiv., figs. 2-5;
taf. xxvi., figs. 1-9.
Ph V5. figs) 5-10.

More than twenty large specimens were procured by dredge off
Elsie Peak (False Bay) from a depth of 10 fms. on sand and shell
bottom ; several also near Roman Rock (False Bay) by shrimp-trawl
on fine sand from a depth of 13-18 fms., and in False Bay, and off
Cape Natal and Umvote River.

The first-mentioned had a length of 55-6 cm. by a breadth of
3'5-3'3 and 4, and a height of 1-1°5 and 2 cm.; the length of the
piece behind the foot was 1:8-2 cm. The animals were coloured
white.

The shell was 2°8 cm. long by a breadth of 2°5, and a height of
1°5 cm.; white, rather solid.

The form of the animal quite as usual. The tentacular (frontal)
shield and the mantle shield nearly of the same length. The flat
rounded-hexagonal tentacular shield with its slightly prominent
margin mostly covering the neck, and sometimes also the anterior
margin of the mantle shield. The anterior margin a little notched
in the middle, and on each side of it a fine pore; next to the furrow |
between the shield and the foot the yellowish, slightly prominent
rhinophore about 1 cm. long, with about fifteen low folds. The
mantle shield somewhat convex, rather posteriorly and somewhat to
the left sometimes (in the two larger individuals and three smaller),
a fine opening leading to the shell. The hinder margin of the
mantle prominent beyond the shell, notched medianly, and passing
in the rather flat and broad covering of the left part of the shell and

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 25

of its free margin. This under part of the mantle is separated from
the foot by a rather deep furrow, and towards the right side cleft
by the open longitudinal branchial fissure ; behind the hinder end
of the fissure a fine glandular opening. The branchial cavity, in
accordance with the form of the shell, rather low; the curved,
brownish gill about 10-12 mm. long by a height of 4-6 and a
breadth of 3-5. Over the gill the small, sometimes black punc-
tuated, osphradium ; above the root of the gill the prominent anus.
Below the fore end of the gill the vulva, whose opening is continued
in the seminal groove that runs along the low side of the body to
the male aperture near the mouth. The broad foot a little narrower
before, with a little median notch or slit, on each side of which there
is a fine opening; the sides of the foot through them whole length
developed into a strong wing, on the sides filling the space between
the two shields, thicker below, rising to a thin convex margin ; the
posterior margin free, covering the groove before the under side of
the mantle, oblique from the right side to the left and forwards,
straight or convex in the middle, with posteriorly prominent edges
belonging to the wings of the foot.

The length of the whitish mouth tube 6-7 mm., its inside
yellowish. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus of the usual form,
5-6 mm. long. The strong tongue, with deep cleft, with yellowish
or brownish yellow rasp, containing 15-20 series of plates, in the
sheath 12-16, of which the two hindermost are not fully developed ;
the total number of series being thus 27-36. The rhachis not
narrow. The plates nearly colourless in their upper half; their
length (in straight line) 1 mm.; their form was quite as formerly
described (l.c., p. 279); still, the denticulation was finer than in the
specimens from the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, and did not
seem to extend so far out on the hook as in these specimens
(figs. 6-8).

The salivary glands small but somewhat longer than usual,
4-6 mm. long, whitish, applanated (fig. 5).

The cesophagus short, 3 mm. long. The first stomach 6 mm. long
by a diameter of 6-7, its hinder end sunk in the cardia of the second
stomach. This masticatory stomach sometimes turned a little to the
right, usually lying on the under plate, 2 cm. long by a breadth of
13 and a height of 1:2. The two lateral masticatory plates 20 mm.
long by a breadth of 75-8 and a thickness of 2-3; the inferior of a
length of 16 by a breadth of 9 and a thickness of 3 mm.; their
outside yellowish or chalk-white; the inside showed the large flat
central part white; this part was inclosed by a broad belt of fine
yellow lines, the marginal part white; the two small holes on the

26 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

outside and inside less pronounced than in the specimens from other
localities, and even on the inside scarcely visible ; still, one or two of
the three plates showed in two individuals three holes. The third
stomach 10-11 mm. long by a diameter of 4-5, with very thin walls
with fine folds. The zntestene as usual, about 10 cm. long by a
diameter of 2-4 mm.—The contents of the stomachs (sometimes,
too, of the bulbus pharyngeus) chiefly very fine sand-particles, thin
pieces of alge, fragments of small bivalves, some Polythalmia.

The lever dirty brown, 2—2'5 cm. long by a breadth of 1:2-1-4 and
a height of 1 cm.

The white kzdney 13 mm. long by a breadth of 3-4.

The yellow hermaphrodite gland covering the hinder end and-
a small part of the upper side of the liver with a layer about 4 mm.
thick ; the ampulla of its duct forming a coil of white windings.
The anterior genital mass seemed to be essentially quite as before
(l.c., p. 283) described, 12-14 mm. long. The grayish brown
spermatotheca globular, of a diameter of 6 mm.; the strong
yellowish duct 8 mm. long; the spermatocyst whitish, sack-formed,
2mm.long. The seminal furrow terminating in the male aperture
near the right side of the mouth. Into it also opens the pens,
which is pear-formed, 4°5-5 mm. long; on the base of the organ is
fixed a strong retractor, and into its cavity opens the large prostata, a
small globular gland, and a small cylindrical sack of the length of
2mm. (fig. 9c). The large coil of the prostata, 8-11 mm. long by a
breadth of 8-9, lying under and behind the bulbus pharyngeus ;
when disentangled the length of the organ was about 20-25 cm.;
the tube was yellowish, its last windings white. The small, mostly
globular, glandular sack (fig. 9e) yellowish, 2-2°5 mm. long, its duct
mostly 2-3 times as long; the sack was always intimately fixed to
one of the windings of the prostata (fig. 9a). From the base of
(fig. 9d) the penis sack (preputium) projects the glans, nearly as
long as the sack, mostly very pronounced hammer-shaped (fig. 9e),
along the stalk a distinctly visible furrow, issuing from the opening
of the (fig. 10a) prostata and continued especially along one of the
legs of the hammer; in one of the individuals the end of the
hammer projected from the genital opening (fig. 9).

In spite of some differences, this form seems to belong to the
typical Ph. aperta, According to Hanley * the original specimen of
Linnzeus was from the Cape, and there seems to be every reason for
returning to the old specific name.

* Hanley, ipsa Linner conchylia, 1855, pp. 203-204.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Afroca. 27

9. PHILINE CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp.
Pl. V., figs. 11-15.

Off Cape Point Lighthouse, SW. by W. 4% miles, one specimen
was taken by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 29 fms. on bottom of
fine sand.

It was of whitish-yellow colour. Its length was 11 by a breadth
of 7 and a height of 6 mm.; the frontal shield very inclined
forwards, 6 mm. long; the mantle shield 9 mm. long by a breadth
of 5; the wings of the foot 2°5 high.

The thin mantle quite enveloping the shell except (by muti-
lation of?) the middle. The shell as long and large as the
mantle, chalk-white, not thin, but rather fragile, of usual (fig. 11)
form.

The bulbus pharyngeus 1 mm. long, with prominent rasp-sbeath,.
the lip disk with strong cuticula. In the yellow rasp of the tongue
8 series of rows, in the sheath 14, the total number of rows being
therefore 22; the radula formula was 2-1-0-1-2. The nearly
colourless lateral plates (fig. 12) of about the usual form, (in direct
line) measuring in length 0°30; the first external plate rather thin,
about 0:20 mm. long (fig. 13); the other, the outermost, shorter and
a little thicker, 0:14 mm. high (fig. 14).

The whitish salivary glands long, strong, very nodular.

The masticatory stomach 3°5 mm. long by a diameter of 3; of its
plates, the median a little smaller than the others, which measured
2°56 mm. in length by a breadth of 1 (fig. 15); they were greenish
yellow, rather thin and flexible ; no holes could be detected either on
the outer or on the inner side.

The large liver, sausage-formed, 7 mm. long, 4 broad, gray on the
outside, its substance brown-gray.

The penis and the very large bundle of coils of the prostata
seemed to agree with the arrangement in the typical species.

This form. belongs to the group of Philine, which has outer as
well as lateral plates—one (Ph. scabra, M.; Ph. catena, Mtg. ;
Ph. Lovém, Malm; Ph. sinuata, Stimps), or two (Ph. quadrata,
Wood; Ph. lima, Brown; Ph. velutinoides, Sars), or several (6),
(Ph. pruinosa, Clark).*

* Cf. Sars, Moll. reg. arcticee Norvegie, 1878, pp. 293-808, tab. 18, xii.

28 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

DORIDIIDA.

R. Bergh, Die Gruppe der Doridiiden. Mittheil. aus der zool.
Station zu Neapel, xi, 1893, pp. 107-135, taf. 8.—Die
Opisthobranchien. Report on—Albatross, xiii., 1894, pp. 205—
222, taf. x.-xu.—Malacol. Unters. v. 1901, pp. 177-181,
303-307, taf. xxv. .

Eliot, On Doridiidee. Proc. Malacolog. Soe., v., 1903, pp. 331-337,
pl. xiii.

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905,
pp. 42-46, ;

This group of rather pregnant exterior contains two not very
different genera.

I. Dorrprum, Meckel.
R. Bergh, /.c., 1898, p. 109.—1894, p. 209.

1. Dorid. tricoloratwm (Renier).
M. Medtterr.
2. D. depictum (Renier).
M. mediterr. ?
3. D. punctilucens, B.
M. Aniillense.
4. D. purpureum, B.
M. pacific.
. cylindricum (Cheeseman).
M. pacrfic.
. ocelligerum, B.
M. pacific.
. diomedeum, B.
M. pacific,
. ineolatum, (H. & A. Adams) B.*:
M. pacific.
9. D. cyanewm, v. Martens.
M. africano-indic.
10. D. pilsbryi, Eliot.
M. pacific.
11. D. capense, B.
M. pacific.

* R. Bergh, Gaster. opisthobranchiata, 1902. The Dan. Exped. to Siam,
pp. 17-18, pl. ii., fig. 12.

a
Sh FS) ers)

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 29°

12. D. obscurum, B.
M. pacific.

13. D. albo-ventrale, B.
M. pacific.

14, D. Gardinert, Eliot.
M. pacific.

15. D. reticulatwm, Eliot.
M. africano-indie.

II. Cueviponura, A. Adams.

Chelidonura, Ad. R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchier (Schauinsland,
Ergebn. einer Reise). Zool. Jahrb., xiii., 1900, pp. 212-220,
—R. Bergh, J.c., 1905, pp. 42-46.

2 Navarchus, Cooper. R. Bergh, l.c. (Albatross), 1894, pp. 213-222.
1. Chelid. hirundinina (Q. & G.), var. elegans, B.

Re - (Q. & G.), var. punctata, Eliot.
M. pacific et africano-ndie.
2. Ch. mermis (Cooper).
M. pacific. (Calif.).
3. Ch. emgmatica (B.).
— M. pacific. (Panama).
4. Ch. plebera, B.
MM. pacific.
5. Ch. varians, Eliot.
M. africano-ndic.
6. Ch. velutina, B. (Siboga-Exped., 1905).
M. indie.
7. Ch. philinopsis, Eliot.
M. africano-indic.
8. Ch. amena, B. (1905).
M. wndie.

DoRIDIUM CAPENSE, B, n. sp.

One individual was captured on the shore at East London
(23.5.02). Preserved in formalin it still had the largest part of a
2°5 cm. long Annelide hanging out of the retracted mouth.

It measured to the end of the hinder wings 5 cm. in length by a
breadth (with raised foot-lobes) of 18 and a height of 1:9; the
length of the anterior shield was 2:2 cm., its hinder end projected
freely 6 mm.; the wings of the hinder shield 10 mm. long; the
proper foot 13 mm. broad, its wings 8 mm. high, the tail 8 mm. long.
The animal was nearly uniformly coloured grayish white (but had

30 = ©Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

certainly been darker when alive); the under side of the free part of
the anterior shield, the neck under it and the sides of the body
blackish, the margins of the foot-lobes on the hinder wings blackish
on their inside (fainter on their outside); the large gill white; the
foot grayish, black at its anterior end.

The form as usual; the fore shield rather long; the wing-like lobes
of the hinder shield projecting downwards with the point turned
somewhat inwards; the right wing seemed somewhat larger than
the left; no flagellum. The whole of the upper side of the animal
quite smooth. The large gill projects nearly quite free from the gill
cavity; it is 8 mm. broad by a height of 6 mm., composed of 10
large tufts of lamella, its end a little rolled up.

The shell quite membranous with a faint touch of yellowish, only
the indistinct rolled up small nuclear part a little calcified; the large
winding did not seem to project towards the root of the right wing ;
the length of the shell 13 by a breadth of 7 mm.

The mouth tube 6 mm. long, black on the outside as well as on
the inside. The bulbus pharyngeus 14 mm. long by a height of 9
and a breadth of 8 mm., yellowish white on the outside and the
inside, of the usual rounded prismatic form and of the usual
structure; the walls of the arrow-formed cavity of a thickness
of 2°5-3 mm.

The liver yellowish gray.

The penis yellowish, black in front.

This form is perhaps specifically different from the other hitherto
described.

NOTASPIDEA.
PLEUROBRANCHIDA.
R. jBergh, Malacolog. Unters, v. 1897-98, pp. 1-158, 371-380,
taf. 1.—xil.
PLEUROBRANCHAA, Leue.
R. Bergh, System, l.c., p. 4 ( -51).—l.c., IL., 1905, pp. 47-49.

1. PLEUROBRANCHHA CAPENSIS, Vayss.

Vayssiére, Monogr. de la Fam. des Pleurobranchidés, 2 partie.
Ann. des sc. nat., 8.8., t. xii, 1901, pp. 46-49, pl. iv.
figs. 232-237.

Pl. IV., figs. 8-11.
A notice of the locality, where 19 individuals of this form had

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 31

been caught, is wanting ; at Cape Point Lighthouse by shrimp-trawl
on fine sand-bottom from a depth of 33 fms. 8 more were taken.

They were very similar in size and colour, and were in a very
contracted condition in the formalin in which they were preserved ;
4 individuals were dissected.

The length of the largest was 2°3-3°5 cm. by a breadth of 2-2°3
and a height of 15-2; the gill 10-16 mm. long by a breadth of 4-6 ;
the foot 15-16 mm. broad. The colour whitish or grayish whitish,
the back with a faint olive-gray network of lines and patches partly
bordering, partly covering the not very pronounced nodules. In
nearly all individuals the black cesophagus was very distinctly
visible through the surrounding tissues.

The back covered all over with weak nodules. The rather
flattened gill with about 15-17 tufts of lamellz on each side of the
rhachis. The prebranchial papilla very distinct, somewhat cleft.
A tail-gland not externally visible and a finger on the end of the
tail always absent.

_ The mouth tube 4mm. long, its inside blackish gray. The
bulbus pharyngeus whitish, together with the prominent rasp-sheath
7-5-8-10 mm. long by a breadth of 5-6 and a height of 4—4°5 mm.
The mandibular plates rather hard, grayish yellow; their elements
(figs. 8, 9) as usual high, a little curved, columns of a height up to
0-29 mm. by a diameter of 0°04. The palate, which was longitudinally
and transversely wrinkled, was black, as were also the cheeks. Th
rasp of the tongwe brownish yellow, containing 26-30-34 rows of
plates, in the sheath 18-20-25, the total number of series being thus
44-50-59. The number of plates in the rows seemed to amount to
95. The plates pale yellow in the basal part, otherwise colourless ;
the height of the outermost about 0:08 mm., that of the largest 0-4.
On the narrow rhachis a fine longitudinal fold, sometimes broken in
pieces, but no trace of false plates. The plates (figs. 10, 11) essen-
tially as in the Pl. Meckels, the outermost 4-8 without denticle.

The ampulla of the duct of the glandula salivalis white or blackish,
but the continuation of the duct towards the mouth black. The
gl. ptyalina well developed, its tubes often covering the back of the
bulbus pharyngeus.

The cesophagus black, on the inside velvet-black, 4-5-5 mm. long,
in the hinder part of a diameter of 3. The liver 12-16 mm. long by
a height and a breadth of 9-10, dirty-yellowish, or grayish, on
sections brownish.

The aniertor gemtal mass yellowish white, 8-10 mm. long by a
height of 45-7 and a breadth of 4-7; the prostata short-reniform,
its greatest diameter being 5 mm.; the vas deferens as in the species

32 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

described by Vayssiére, much shorter than in the typical species
(cf. l.c., p. 49, fis. 232).

Perhaps the form here examined is really the Pl. capensis of
Vayssiere.
PLEUROBRANCHZA CAPENSIS, Vayssiére, var.
Pl. XI., figs. 1-8.

One specimen was found off Cape Hangklip; in its mouth an
annelide, 11 mm. long, was sticking. The state of preservation was
not good. |

It was uniformly coloured whitish. Its length about 18 mm. by a
breadth of 10 and a height of 6; the breadth of the frontal veil (with
the 3 mm. long tentacles) 10 mm.; the height of the rhinophoria
2°5; the gill 5 mm. long by a breadth of 3; the penis projected 2:5,
the preebranchial papilla 0°8 mm.; the breadth of the foot 10 mm.,
the tail 3 mm. long.

The form as usual. On the margin of the frontal veil very slight
traces of papille ; the back quite even. On the somewhat prominent
genital papilla were situated the rather projecting penis in front and
the female opening behind; between the genital papilla and the gill
the prominent przbranchial papilla. The gill with about 20 leaves
on each side, its hindmost part (2 mm. long) free; at the base of this
part the anal papilla; under the middle of the gill the fine renal
aperture. The tail without finger-like papilla; its gland not
pronounced, about 2 mm. long.

The intestines were not visible through the walls of the body.

The central nervous system as in other Pleurobranchez. The
large eye of a diameter of 0:28 mm.

The mouth tube 2mm. long, wide. The bulbus pharyngeus whitish,
but its inside and the palate black; the length 6 by a breadth of 4:5,
and a height of 3mm.; the rasp-sheath 1:5 mm. projecting. The
mandibular plates longish, 3 mm. long, clear yellow; their elements
as in other Pleurobranchee, of a height up to 0°20 mm. by diameter
of 0°045 ; they were mostly hexagonal, the free facet in the anterior
margin finely denticulated, the number of the denticles commonly
8-10 (figs. 1-2). The broad tongue with very pale yellowish radula
with about 25 series of plates, in the sheath 20, the number of series
being thus 45; the number of plates on each side amounted to 50.
The plates (figs. 3-6) colourless, of the usual form, the length of the
largest 0°30, their height 0°20 mm.; the length of the outermost
(fig. 6) 0-10 mm., the denticle of these last sometimes very short.

The proper glandula salwalis white, transversely ovate, 1:5 mm.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 33

broad, the two long efferent ducts in their last, about 2 mm. long,
portion gray, as were also their pear-formed ampulla. The gl.
ptyalina and its duct as in the typical species.

The esophagus violet-black. The liver grayish yellow, 9 mm. long
by a breadth of 7. |

The prebranchial sack (fig. 7) rather bent, extended nearly 6 mm.
in length.

The hermaphrodite gland whitish, about 5 mm. broad by a thick-
ness of 2. The anterior genital mass whitish, 5 mm. long by a
height and breadth of 3; the prostata of a diameter of 2°5 mm. ;
the coils of the continuation of the vas deferens extended 3 cm. in
length, much longer than represented by Vayssiére (/.c., p. 49;
pl. 4, fig. 232cd), but absolutely different from the relations of the
organ in Pl. Meckelw*; the internal sheath of the vas deferens
projecting (fig. 8) 1:2 mm. (0:05 mm. broad) from the end of
the penis.

The forms here examined differ from the typical one by the
-absence of the caudal finger and the very different relations of
the vas deferens. It may be that it is really the Pl. capensis of
Vayssiére ; the individuals which have been examined by Vayssiére
as well as by me, have been too insufficient to settle the question
with certainty.

2, PLEUROBRANCHHA MELANOPUS, B. n. sp.
PREY 3 digse 12-15:

Off Cape Point (NK. by E. 36 miles) one individual was caught
by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 650 fms.; the bottom was green
mud.

The length was 2:4 by a breadth of 1:5, and a height of 1:3 cm. ;
the height of the rhinophores 4, of the tentacles 83 mm.; the length
of the gill 5 mm. by a breadth of 2:5; the breadth of the foot
8 mm., the length of the caudal gland 3 mm. by a breadth of 1.—
The animal very likely had been velvet-black all over, but on the
back this colour only remained on the head and partly towards the
margin; elsewhere it seemed rubbed off; the dirty yellowish colour
of the gill, with traces of black on the rhachides, of the cleft prae-
branchial organ, and of the outer genitals as well as of the caudal
gland, contrasted with the black of their surroundings.

The anterior margin of the tentacular veil with 2-3 series of small
nodules. The back quite even. The gill somewhat flattened, with

* Cf. my Monogr. of the Pleurobranchide (l.c., v. 1897, p. 25-26; taf. iii.,
fig. 22; taf. iv., figs. 30, 4c, 5b.

3

384 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

about 20 lamelle on each side of the smooth rhachis. No caudal
finger.

The inside of the mouth tube black. The whitish bulbus
pharyngeus 7 mm. long by a breadth of 6 and a height of 5;
the pharynx black, as also were the walls of the mouth-cavity.
The mandibles under the black coating wax-white ; their somewhat.
compressed elements of the usual form (figs. 12, 13) 0-20 mm. high,
their upper facet of a length of 0:06. The rasp of the tongue, dirty-
brown, seemed to contain about 22 rows of plates, in the sheath 17,
the total number of rows being thus 39; in the series on each side
of the narrow rhachis very likely about 60 plates. The basal part.
of the plates reddish brown, their height reaching to about 0-4 mm.,
that of the two outermost 0°14 and 0:16; their form (figs. 14, 15) the
usual, the outermost mostly without the denticle.

The whitish, roundish, flattened gl. salivalis of 5 mm. diameter; the.
gl. ptyalina very developed.

The brownish gray liver 13 mm. long by a height of 7. The large
whitish kidney 12 mm. long by a height of 7 and a thickness of 2,
with many transverse furrows.

The yellowish hermaphrodite gland lying on the hinder end of the
liver and the kidney, and continued along the upper margin of
the latter; in the male and female lobules ripe genital elements.
The anterior genital mass somewhat compressed, 10 mm. long,
and, as far as could be determined, as in the typical species.

OSCANIOPSIS, Bgh.

R. Bergh, Die Pleurobranchiden, 1, 1897, p. 53. (Malacolog.
Unters. V., p. 53 (-61).)

Vayssiére, Monogr. de la Fam. des Pleurobranchidés, ii. Ann.
des sc. nat. Zool., 8 8., xii, 1901, pp. 6-15.

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga LExped., 1905,
pp. 49-52.

Caput discretum nullum. Notaeum a velo (scuto) frontali
(tentaculari) latissimo non discretum, applanatum, lve, testa
nulla; tentacula sicut rhinophoria distantia, lateralia, canaliculata.
Rhachis branchiz serie nodulorum duplici instructa. Apertura
genitalis simplex. Podarium magnum, infra massa glandulari
caudali mediana preeditum.

Connectiva cerebro- et pleuro-pedalia brevia sed distincta.—
Mandibule ex elementis applanatis composite.

This group represents a passage from the Pleurobrancheee to the

The Opisthobranchiata of South Ajrica. 30

Oscanii. The back is, as in the former, continued directly into
the large semilunar tentacular shield; the tentacles as well as the
rhinophores are thus very distant; no shell in the flat and even back.
Oscaniopsis has the short form of Oscanius, and the rhachis of the
branchia shows as in the last a double series of nodules. They have,
moreover, a simple genital aperture, and the large foot shows on the
under side of the tail a peculiar gland. The céntral nervous system
and the elements of the mandibular plates are as in the Oscanius.
Sometimes the glans penis is covered with small cones.

On the form of the tentacular shield in the Plewrobranchus
luniceps H. and A. Adams (in 1858) established the genus Neda ;
this was adopted by Gray (Guide, 1, 1857, p. 203) as well as (still
with some doubt) by P. Fischer (Man. de Conchyl., 1887, p. 573).
The genus Oscaniopsis was formed and scientifically established
much later. There is hardly any real reason for returning to the
loosely sketched denomination Neda.

The genus has contained hitherto merely some few forms from
the Chinese and Indian Sea (Osc. Sempert, B.; O. compta, B.;
O. Ambomei, Vayss.*), which perhaps are not even specifically
different, but identical with O. lwimceps (Cuv.), which has been
known for a long time.

OSCANIOPSIS PLEUROBRANCHHANA, B.
PI Ve ics lo 2k,

One specimen was obtained off south head of Tugela River by
shrimp-trawl from a muddy bottom at a depth of 12-14 fms.

It had a length of the body of 3°5 cm. by a breadth of 1:8 and
a height of 1:2; the breadth of the tentacular shield was 2:2 cm.,
the height of the rhinophores 6 mm. ; the breadth of the brim of the
back was, on the right side and over the tail, 8 mm.; on the left side
the brim was narrower; the gill 15 mm. long by a breadth and
height of 5; the length of the foot 3-5 cm. by a breadth at the
anterior end of 1:5, the length of the tail 1-2 cm.—The animal was
colowred white; through the foot and the side the intestines appeared
brownish gray.

The large semilunar tentacle shield gives the animal a very
peculiar appearance. This shield is, in the middle of the margin,
rather broadly notched ; it ends in tentacles in the usual way; the

* Vayssiére, ‘‘ Monogr. de la Fam. der Pleurobranchidés,”’ 1, 1898, pl. 15, fig. 27
(Pleurobranchea maculata, Q. et G.); ii., 1. l.c., 1901, pp. 15-20, i. jolly al
figs. 190-204,

36 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

margin with about 20 small prominences, of which 3-4 on each si e
have a knotted appearance (fig. 16). The shield as well as the
whole of the back are otherwise rather flat, quite even. The
distance between the base of the rhinophores 1 cm.; the brim of
the back rather projecting over the tail, rounded behind. The
prebranchial papilla strong, not cleft; before it the prominent
vulva. The gill rather pointed behind, its half freely projecting,
the number of lamellz about 40, the vesicles at their base small ;
the renal and the anal pore as usual. The foot rounded in front
with a fine marginal furrow, its brim rather broad (5 mm.); the tail
rather long, on the outside scarcely any trace of a gland visible.

Half of the bulbus pharyngeus projected freely in front. The
bulbus of a length of 14 by a breadth of 10 and a height of 9°5 mm.
of the usual form. The mandibular plates whitish, thin and very
brittle; their elements reaching a length of 0:06 mm. by a height of
0-025, of the usual form, the denticulation very slight (fig. 17) or want-
ing. The palate of the mouth-cavity black. The tongue with yellow
rasp, which seemed to contain about 40 series of plates ; the number
of the series in the sheath could not be determined on account of the
hardened and brittle state of the whole of the tongue and especially
of the sheath. The number of plates in the series could not be
determined, but exceeded 100. The lower part of the plates
brownish yellow, the rest nearly colourless; their height was up
to 0°63 (measured from the anterior end to the point), the length of
the innermost 0°58, of the three outermost 0-10—0-16-0:25 mm.
The plates were different from those of other known Oscaniopsis,
nearly quite as in the Pleurobrancheza, provided with a long pointed
denticle (figs. 18, 19), only the 4 outermost had no such denticle
(fig. 20).

The central nervous system as usual; the cells reaching a diameter
of 0:2 mm. The eyes of a diameter of 0°30 mm., with large
yellow lens.

The white salivary glands (gl. salivales) roundish (fig. 21), button-
like, with deep hilus, one touching the other in the midline; together
they measured 4°5 mm. in diameter, the white ducts with the usual
ampulla at some distance from their end. The supplementary
salivary gland (gl. ptyalina) very developed, its duct whitish.

The black cesophagus 6 mm. long by a diameter of 2-4; the inside
also black, with fine longitudinal folds.

The grayish stomach 7 mm. long by a diameter of 4. The
intestine as usual. The contents of the stomach and of the intestine
were indeterminable animal matter.

The lwver brown, 10 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a height of 6;

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 37

on the right side partly covered by the kidney, on the upper side and
on the posterior end partly by the hermaphrodite gland, in front by
the gland. salivales.

The kidney whitish gray, 7 mm. long by a breadth of 6.

The hermaphrodite gland white, 9 mm. long by a breadth of 3 and
a thickness of 1:4; in the predominant male follicles bundles of
zoosperms, in the female less developed eggs. The white somewhat
globular anterior genital mass of a maximum diameter of 2°25 mm.
The hermaphrodite duct long, thin, forming many windings; on the
mass in front the sperm duct makes a clew of windings ; the prostata
somewhat applanated, roundish; the preputium of the penis thin ;
no cones were detected on the glans.

This is certainly specifically different from the typical form, and
constitutes a connecting link between Oscaniopsis and Pleuro-
branchea.

OSCANIELLA, Bgh.

R. Bergh, Die Pleurobranchiden, l.c., v., 3, 1898, p. 94 (-115).—Die
Opisthobranchiaten der Siboga Expedition, 1905, pp. 58-66.

The Oscanielle are intermediate between the genera Oscanius and
Pleurobranchus.

They belong to the warmer regions of the seas, especially to the
Indian and’ Pacific Ocean.

OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, Bgh. n. sp.
Pl. IV., figs. 22-26; Pl. XI, figs. 9-18.

One specimen was procured off Cape Infanta by tow-net. It was
rather contracted and bent together.

In its present state the length is only 22 mm. by a breadth of 16
and a height of 12. Examined more closely the breadth of the brim
of the back was 6-8 mm.; the length of the rhinophores 5, of the
tentacles 3 mm.; the length of the gill 8 mm. by a breadth in front
of 4; the breadth of the foot 14 mm., of its brim 5; the length of the
tail 9 and of its gland about 4mm.—The general colour of the animal
was yellowish; the back covered all over with somewhat darker
scarcely prominent, sometimes nearly confluent, roundish or poly-
gonal areas of a diameter up to 3°5 mm.; on the anterior and
posterior ends of the back, as well as towards its sides and especially
on the brim, the areas show a very pronounced black centre (fig. 9).
On the under side of the brim the dark areas shone distinctly through.
Black spots were scattered over the brim of the foot as well as on the
tail. The intestines shone through the skin nowhere.

38 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Soctety.

Quite in front a small, perfectly transparent, colourless shell,
2°5 mm. long, and without any trace of calcification, was seen
(fig. 10).

The form was as usual; the tentacles small; the back smooth
with brim broad ; the gill with two very pronounced series of nodules
(vesicles); in front of the gill a small prebranchial tube. The
genital apertures without protecting folds. The foot well developed,
the tail projecting behind the body proper.

The central nervous system quite as in other Oscanielle. The
ganglion opticum distinct with a short N. opticus, the diam. of the
large eyes 0°30 mm.; in the skin of the back, as is usual in the
Oscaniellew, there were peculiar filaments (fig. 11) of different
length and bent in the most different way, often serpentine; their
diameter 0-0035-0:005.

The length of the buccal tube 3 mm.; that of the bulbus
pharyngeus 4:5 mm. by a breadth of 5 and a height of 3:5; of
the usual form, the rasp-sheath a little projecting behind. The
yellowish mandibles quite as usual, as also their rather clumsy
elements (figs. 12-14), whose length rose to 0:22 by a breadth of
0-14 and a height of 0°08 mm.; on each side of the somewhat
pointed hook 2-4 short denticles. The tongwe as usual; in the
yellowish rasp about 25 series of plates, in the sheath 20, the total
number of rows being thus 45; in the series up to about 120 plates.
The plates (figs. 15-18) were yellowish; the height of the inner-
most 0:035 mm., rising to 0°12, further on up to 0:18, then decreasing,
the tenth from the outer margin of the rasp measuring 0-08, the
outermost 0:°035 mm, The plates of the inner half of the series
hook-formed (figs. 15, 16), those of the outer erect with shorter
base (figs. 17, 18); the teeth had no trace of denticles.

The stomachs as in other Oscanielle. The liver yellowish brown.

This form seems different from the other hitherto known species.

OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B. var. ?
Pl. IV., figs. 22-26.

Off Cape St. Blaize (N. 42, E. 11 miles) a single individual was
taken by shrimp-trawl.

It was very badly preserved, the colour mostly rubbed off and
replaced by a dirty gray. The back all over had been covered by
rather closely placed small polyangular scarcely prominent disks
of a diameter of 2-3 mm., now grayish brown with a whitish centre
(sometimes like a papula) ; somewhat smaller disks of the same kind

The Opisthobrancata of South Africa. 39

were scattered over the head and the upper side of the brim of the
foot; the upper lip of the marginal furrow of the anterior end of
the foot brownish—The length was 3 cm. by a breadth (of the back)
of 2 and a height of 1-3; the frontal veil 14 mm. broad, the breadth
of the mantle-brim 5; the length of the gill 16 mm. by a breadth of
5 and a height of 4; the breadth of the foot 22 mm., that of the
brim 4.

The form as usual. The number of the lamellee in the gill about
25, the vesicles along the rhachis very distinct; the external genital
organs nearly without prominent folds; the caudal gland, very
indistinct, seemed 7 mm. long.

The nature of the shell could not be determined.

The nervous system as usual. The skin contained a quantity of
cells and groups of not calcified cells.

The mouth tube 3 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus (with the
prominent rasp-sheath) 9 mm. long by a breadth of 7 and a height
of 4. The mandibles clear reddish yellow, 7 mm. long by a height of
.3°5, in a length of 2-5 mm. denudated. Their elements brownish
yellow, 0°26 mm. long by a breadth of 0:14 and a height of 0-1;
behind the pointed hook on each side 4 denticles, of which the upper
the largest (fig. 22). The rasp of the tongue of a clear yellow colour,
the number of series of plates was large, and so too the number in
the rows. The plates with yellowish basal part, otherwise nearly
colourless ; the height of the 4 innermost (fig. 23) 0:035—-0-04—0-06-
and 0-08 mm., quickly mounting to 0°20, then gradually to 0°25, then
decreasing; the height of the three outermost (fig. 26) was 0:035-
0:06-0'10 mm. The inner half of the series, or thereabout, had the
hook of the plates somewhat crooked (fig. 24); in the remainder it
was straighter (fig. 25).

The gland. ptyalina not much developed. The liver brownish gray,
contrasting in colour to the yellowish white hermaphrodite gland.

This form is distinctly different from the Oscamella granulata
described by me (.c., pp. 113-115, tab. ix., figs. 17-22) as being the
Plewrobranchus granulatus of Krauss, which seems to be a Berthella.

It is possible that it represents a variety of Osc. mgropunctata.

BERTHELLA, Blv.

Berthella, Blainville. Man. de Malacol., 1825, pp. 469, 627,
pl xd5 fig. 1.

Cleanthus, Leach. Moll. Brit. syn., 1852, p. 28.

Berthella, Blv. BR. Bergh, Die Opisthobr. d. Siboga Exp., 1905,
pp. 68-73.

40 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss) ?

Pleurobranchus granulatus, Krauss. Die Sitdafric. Moll., 1848,

[Oe Olly
? Berthella granulata, Vayss. l.c., 1898, pp. 268-271, pl. 10,
figs. 14-16.

PIOV., figs. 27, 28; BIW fesse:

Two specimens were procured, October 23, 1897, at Somerset
West (False Bay). They were very much hardened.

They were similar in appearance, were 2°5-3 cm. long. The
largest was 1:2 mm. broad, 1:'4 mm. high; the breadth of the frontal
veil was 10 mm., the length of the flattened gill 13 mm. by a breadth
of 5, the breadth of the foot 15 mm. The animals were of one
colour, yellowish gray.

The form about the same as that of B. plwmula; on the mantle,
which was quite smooth, a very fine white punctuation. The genital
capilla without stronger folds. The shell was not visible externally.

The shell placed anteriorly and a little to the right, 6-5 mm. long,
by a breadth in front of 3, very flattened, hard, yellow, with an
anterior cuticular brim, the spire very small (fig. 27), white.

The bulbus pharyngeus whitish, of usual form, 7 mm. long by
a breadth of 4 and a height of 3mm. The mandibular plates yellow,
thin; their elements (fig. 28, 1, 2) of a length of 0-16 and a height
of 0:08 ; the hook is very pointed, without denticles (sometimes the
point was split in 2 to 3 short needles), the lateral knots only
shghtly prominent, the inferior margin forming an angle. The
yellow rasp of the tongwe contained about 40 series of plates, in
the sheath were about 43, the total number of rows therefore being
83; about 130 plates in the rows. The plates yellow at the base,
otherwise nearly colourless, reaching a height of 0:25 mm., their
form and relations (figs. 3, 4) being otherwise nearly as in the
B. plurmla.

Another specimen was procured at Kalk Bay, January 5, 1904.
It had a length of 24 mm., the fine gill 11 mm. long; no trace of
white punctuation of the mantle.—The shel/ 5mm. long by a breadth
of 2, rather hard, reddish yellow, the small spire white.

The bulbus pharyngeus 5 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a height
of 3; the mandibles (as well as the rasp) brownish yellow. In the
rasp of the tongue about 38, in the sheath about 33 series of plates.
The plates as usual.—The penis as usual.

Vayssiére seems to have examined the original specimens of

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. ot

Krauss, and with respect to the shell, the elements of the mandibles
and to the lingual plates, the form here examined agrees with the
figures given by Vayssiére. On the other hand the ‘ Plewrobranchus
(Oscamella) granulatus, Krauss,”’ in my Monograph,* founded on a
specimen purchased as belonging to the form of Krauss, is quite
different, and does not even belong to the Berthelle.

BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss), var.

A specimen was procured from Hout Bay by dredge, December
22, 1897, resembling the above.

It had a length of 3 cm. by a breadth of 2 and a height of 1:5;
the breadth of the frontal veil was 11 mm., the length of the some-
what flattened gill 18 by a breadth of 4, and the breadth of the foot
16 mm. The animal was of a uniform grayish colour, no white
punctuation being visible on the back.

The gill with about 25 pairs of lamellae.

The mouth tube 3 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 5 mm. long
‘by a breadth of 2°5 and a height of 3-5; the elements of the yellow
mandibles merely 0:14 mm. long by a breadth of 0:05 and a height
of 0:05; otherwise quite as in the form above. The plates of the
tongue as above, reaching a height up to 0:28 mm.

Four smaller (15-17 mm. long) individuals were procured at
Gordon’s Bay (in False Bay) at low tide. Their mandibles and rasp
were quite similar to those of the other individuals, only that their
elements were much smaller.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

NUDIBRANCHIATA HOLOHEPATICA.
DORIDIDA CRYPTOBRANCHIATH.

ARCHIDORIDID/4.

R. Bergh, System der nudibr. Gasteropoden. Malacolog. Unter-
such., ul. (xviii. Heft). 1892, pp. 1092-1094.

ARCHIDORIS, Bgh.
R. Bergh, J.c., p. 1092 ;—J.c., 1905, p. 93.

* L.¢., pp. 112-115, taf. ix., figs. 17-22.

42 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

ARCHIDORIS CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp.

One specimen, now very much hardened, was procured at Cape
Point by large trawl ; it had been first treated with cocaine.

The specimen was of a uniform white colour. Its length was
40 mm. by a breadth of 22 and a height of 12 mm.; the height of
the rhinophores was 3, the diameter of the gill-aperture 5, the height
of the gill-leaves 5 mm., the breadth of the brim of the back 7; the
tentacles 2 mm. long ; the breadth of the foot 11, of its brim 3 mm.,
the length of the tail 5.

The form oval, somewhat depressed. The yale even, quite finely
chagreened, with broad brim. The somewhat clumsy club of the
rhinophores with numerous lamellz, stiffened by closely set long
very hardened spicules. The number of gill-leaves 6. The ten-
tacles finger-shaped. The foot strong, the anterior margin with
deep furrow, the upper lip with median cleft.

The cerebro-pleural ganglia somewhat long, the pedal short, pear-
shaped. The eyes of a diameter of 0°22 mm., with large yellow
lens ; the otocysts measuring 0°16 mm. in diameter packed full with
otokonia. The skin full of very hard long spicules of a diameter up
to 0-025 mm., mostly lying in bundles sometimes irregular and star-
shaped. In the interstitial connective tissue a mass of similar
spicula.

The mouth tube 5mm. long. The somewhat yellowish bulbus
pharyngeus (inclosing the strong 3 mm. projecting rasp-sheath) 9 mm.
long by a height of 5:5 and a breadth of 6 mm. ; the lip dise covered
by a colourless and not thin cuticula. The broad tongue with yellow
rasp, the rhachis narrow, the number of rows about 28, in the
sheath 33, the total number being thus 61; about 90 plates in the
series on each side ; the plates of the common hook form; the height
of the outermost 0°14 mm., of the sixth 0-20, the height rising to
0:25 mm.

The salivary glands long, well developed, of a diameter up to 2mm.,
reaching backwards to the liver, the ducts very short.

The stomach globular, 5 mm. in diameter, projecting from the
cleft of the liver ; the intestine 24 mm. long by a diameter of 1:5.
The lever on the outside yellowish, its substance yellow, of conical
form, its fore-end obliquely truncate, 17 mm. long by a breadth
anteriorly of 10.

The oval pericardium 10 mm.; the pericardio-renal organ some-
what flattened, 1:5 mm. long.

The thin layer of the whitish hermaphrodite gland contained in its
lobules ripe genital elements. The anterior genital mass of irregular

The Opisthobranchiata of South Afraca. 43

meniscus-form, 14 mm. long by a height of 11 and a breadth of 5,
yellowish white and white; the spermatotheca pear-shaped, 5 mm.
long, the spermatocysta globular, of 3 mm. diameter; the efferent
ducts without any trace of armature.

This form seems to belong to the genus Archidoris.

2. ARCHIDORIS GRANOSA, B. n. sp.
Pl, V., figs. 16-18.

At Tongaati River mouth (NW. by N.4, N. 54 miles) an individual
was procured by large dredge, from a depth of 36 fms. and hard
ground (December 20, 1900). Two others were procured at Wood-
stock beach (Table Bay).

They were very hardened and quite stiff, 20-25 mm. long by a
breadth of 13-19 and a height of 0-8-1-0, the breadth of the brim of
the back 3-4, that of the foot 8-10, the tail 3-4 mm. long.—The
-colour of the living animal seems to have been yellowish, but is now
a yellowish white.

The form as usual: the back all over covered with more or less
small nodules of a diameter up to 7°5 and a height to 0°75 mm.
(fig. 16); along the middle of the back sometimes a series of
somewhat larger nodules, which formed a sort of median crest ;
the gill seemed formed of 8-leaves about 2 mm. high (when
retracted).

The eyes, which were nearly sessile, of a diameter of 0°08 mm.
with large yellow lens; the otocysts of a diameter of 0-08, full of
otokonia. The skin everywhere with masses of hard spicules, which
ascended through the nodules of the back.

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus with prominent rasp-sheath 4-6
mm. long by a height of 4-5 anda breadth of 3-5-4; the lip dise
covered with a strong colourless cuticula. The very slightly
yellowish rasp of the tongwe seemed to contain 25 series of plates,
the rasp-sheath 20, the total number of rows thus being 45. The
plates colourless; the height of the outermost (fig. 18), about
0:06 mm., rising to 0:22; of the common hook-shaped form
(ig 7).

The large stomach 8 mm. long by a breadth of 3:5, very projecting ;
the liver yellowish white.

The form here examined seems to be an Archidoris, but could not,
on account of its hardened state, be sufficiently examined. It would
perhaps be preferable not to give a specific denomination.

44 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

2. ARCHIDORIS ?? scoRIpTA, Bgh. n. sp.

Color albidus, notszo punctis et striolis nigris interruptus; margine
limbi dorsalis flavo.
Pl. XL, figs. 19-25.

Of this form three individuals were sent, procured off the Hongazi
River by dredge, now unfortunately very hardened and stiff.

The lengths of the specimens were 10, 15, and 21 mm. The
largest had a breadth of 13 and a height of 7 mm.; the brim of the
back 4; the height of the gill-leaves 2°5; that of the rhinophores
2°5; the length of tentacles 1°55 mm.; the breadth of the foot 5:5,
and the length of the tail 3°56 mm.—The colour was white ; the back
showed, irregularly spread, very finely punctuated dots and stripes
(fig. 19); the margin of the brim of the back yellow; the sole of the
foot with clear, grayish shades. A white intestine shone through
the middle of the back and of the foot.

The circumference oval, the body somewhat depressed, the back
smooth, its brim rather broad ; the rhinophores and the gill with
its 6-leaves, both situated rather before and behind. The tentacles
conical ; the foot rather broad, with prominent brim, its anterior
margin with deep furrow and its upper lip medianly cleft; the tail
projecting behind the body proper.

The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the eyes
0:14 mm., the lens very yellow; the diameter of the otocysts 0:10 ;
they were quite packed with otokonia; in the lamelle of the club
of rhinophores some long, very calcified spicules of a diameter of
0-007 mm.; no spicules in the tentacles ; the skin of the back with
numerous, very calcified spicules (fig. 20), mostly of a diameter
of 0-013-0:016 mm.

The buccal tube strong, 2 mm. long. The whitish bulbus
pharyngeus 3 rm. long, with strong prominent rasp-sheath ; the
lip dise with nearly colourless rather thin cuticula. The tongue
broad; in the clear-yellowish rasp 16 plates, in the rasp-sheath 15,
of which the two hindermost are not fully developed, the total
number of plates being thus 31. The plates nearly colourless; the
height of the innermost 0:08, of the outermost 0:04 mm., of the next
0:08, rising to0°20 mm. The number of plates in the rows up to
42. They were of the common hook form (figs. 21-24), the outer-
most somewhat different (fig. 24a), but missing (fig. 21).

The white salivary glands flattened, lobate at the margin, 2 mm.
long. |

The liver 10 mm. long, brownish, its sides covered by the rather
thick layer of the yellowish white hermaphrodite gland, in the lobes

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 45

of which there were no ripe genital elements. The whitish anterior
genital mass 5-5 mm. long; the long spermduct (fig. 25a) forms a
coil of fine windings ; the penis (fig. 25) cylindrical, 5 mm. long, the
glans moreover 2 mm., projecting in the thin preputium (fig. 25c),
absolutely unarmed ; the spermatotheca 2 mm. in diameter, sperma-
tocyst half as large. |

The generic position of this form in the system of the Doridide,
as hitherto framed, seems very uncertain. The want of armature of
the lip disc, the nature of the rasp and the unarmed penis would
seem to denote an affinity to Archidoris, but the habitus is quite
different and the back quite even.

STAURODORIS, Bgh.

R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, l.c., 1892,

? p. 1093.

Kliot, Nudibranchiata. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and
Laccadive Archipelagoes, 1., 1, 1903, pp. 557-558.—On some
Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar. Proc. Zool.
Soc. of London, 1903, u., pp. 863-364.

Corpus non durum, subdepressum, dorso tuberculato; foves
rhinophoriorum sicut fovea branchialis tuberculis marginalibus elevatis
valviformibus defense; tentacula brevia crassa, sulco marginali
externo ; branchia e foliis sat numerosis simpliciter pinnatis
formata. }

Penis et vagina inermes.

The genus belonging to the family of the Archidorididz has, like
the other genera, the lp disc merely covered by a simple cuticula,
the radula shows the narrow rhachis naked and the pleure with a
series of hook-formed plates. It differs from the other genera by the
protecting valves of the rhinophores and of the gill; the leaves of
the last are, moreover, simply pinnate.

To the genus belong:

1. St. verrucosa (Cuv.).
St. pseudoverrucosa, Jher.
St. Januaru, Beh.
St. Berthelots (d’Orb.).
St. (juv. ?) bicolor, Bgh.
St. ocelligera, Bgh.
M. mediterr., atlant. or. et occ.
2. St. @ Orbignyt (Gray).
Hab. ?

46 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

3. St. calva, BHhiot.
M. africano-indie.
4. St. ? pustulata (Abraham).
M. Pacific.
5. St. ? depressa, EH.
M. africano-indic.
6. St. ? pecten, H.
M. africano-imdic.

ST. VERRUCOSA (Cuv.).
POX ess 26.2

The single specimen sent had been procured on the shore amongst
rocks at St. James. It was unfortunately very hardened.

The length of the animal was 8 by a breadth of 5 and a height of
3 mm.; the breadth of the gill star 3, the height of the gill-leaves 0:5,
the breadth of the brim of the back 1°3 mm.; the breadth of the foot
3°5 mm.—The colour yellowish white.

The form oval, somewhat depressed. The rhinophores protected
on each side by a little valva. The back covered all over with small
and quite small rounded tubercles of a diameter up to 0°5 mm.; the
gill formed of about 20 (?) simple leaves the protecting valves
rather small; the foot not narrow, the tail rather short.

The cerebral and pleural ganglia quite distinct, smaller than the
roundish pedal. The eyes of a diameter of about 0°12 mm.; that of
the otocysts 0°10, they were packed full of otokonia of a length up
to 0016 mm. The skin (of the back) full of very calcified long
spicules of a diameter up to 0-025 mm.; spicules of the same kind
in quantity in the valves, and in the lamelle of the rhinophores.

The mouth tube 1:5 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus together
with the very projecting rasp-sheath 3 mm. long; the lip disc
covered by a yellowish cuticle. The tongue with yellowish rasp
that contained 12 series of plates and in the sheath 15, the total
number of rows thus being 27; in the series up to 39 plates.* The
nearly colourless plates of the common hook form (figs. 26, 27); the
height of the outermost 0°03, the height of the plates rising to
0-12 mm.

* The number of series of plates and the number of plates in the series seem
to vary much in the S¢. verrucosa. Ina small series of specimens of the typical
form the number of series varied from 40 to 73, with a number of plates in the
series from 41 to 95. In the St. bicolor these numbers were 28 to 33 and 33 to.
36; in the St. Januarti the number varied from 39 to 61 and 40 to 65.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 47

The whitish salivary glands were nodular and seemed to be
shorter than in the typical species.
The liver yellowish, of conical form.

The form here examined seemed to be the typical St. verrucosa
(Cuv.) of the Mediterranean Sea and from both sides of the Atlantic.

DISCODORIDID.

R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, 1892, p. 1095.
—Die Opisthobranchiaten d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 98-118.

GEIToporis, Bgh.

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiaten. Rep. on Alaska. Bull. of the

Mus. of Compar. Zodlogy at Harvard College, xxv., 10,
1894, p. 162 (—-168).

Corpus ovale, depressum, notzo minute granulato vel levi;
tentacula digitiformia; branchia e foliolis tripinnatis formata.

Armatura labialis e baculis minutis composita. Radula lata ;
rhachide angusta nuda; pleuris multidentatis, dentibus internis
fortibus hamatis, externis tenuissimis.

Penis inermis.

This genus differs from the other generic forms of Discodorididz
especially in the dimorphism of the plates of the radula.
The genus now contains :—
1. G. complanata (Verrill).
M. Atlant. occrd.
2. G. vumnunda, B.
M, Pacsfie.
3. G. Capensis, B. n. sp.
M. Capense.

GEITODORIS CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp.
Pl. XII, figs. 2-5.
One specimen was sent, dredged off Glendower Beacon; it was
very much hardened.

When alive it was of yellow colour. In the preserved condition it
was of a length of 18 mm. by a breadth of 11 and a height of 6;
the rhinophores 2 mm. high, the brim of the back 3, the height of
the gill-leaves 2°5; the breadth of the foot 7, of its brim 1:5 mm.

48 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Soctety.

The colour of the back yellowish, that of the gill a little darker; the
body otherwise whitish; the white intestines were visible through
the hind part of the back and of the sides.

The form as usual. The rhinophores standing very far forwards,
with prominent sheaths, the club with about 15 lamelle. The back
nearly quite even with rather broad brim; the gill consisting of
6 leaves, standing very far backwards. The tentacles short, finger-
like ; the foot rather large, with prominent brim; the tail short.

The central nervous system as usual. The eyes, with yellow lens,
of a diameter of 0:16 mm.; the otocysts of a diameter of 0:09, nearly
filed by a mass of otokonia mostly of a diameter of 0:°008 mm. In
the skin (of the back) a number of scattered spicules which were not
long nor very much calcified; almost none in the lamelle of the
club of the rhinophores.

The yellowish bulbus pharyngeus about 3 mm. long, so hardened
that a sufficient examination was quite impossible. The yellow lip
plates (fig. 2) composed of closely packed rods of a height up to
0-035 and a diameter of 07009 mm, The rasp seemed in its rows to
contain about 30 more regular and 10-15 quite thin plates on each
side of the naked rather narrow rhachis. The plates nearly colourless,
transparent, hard, rising to a height of 0:33 mm. The plates erect,
fixed to the cuticula only by their lower end; the plates of the
larger inner part of the rows strong, of peculiar hook form (figs. 3, 4),
with a strong outer border; the smaller outer part (fig. 5) showed,
without any transition, merely very thin rather long plates.

The liver yellowish-white. The whiter hermaphrodite gland
covering the largest part of the liver; in its lobules were ripe
genital elements. The anterior genital mass white; the penis
seemed to be unarmed.

The animal seems to belong to the genus Geitodoris.

DIAULULIDAS.
R. Bergh, System. J.c., 1892, p. 1097 (—1100).—Die Opistho-
branchiata d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 118-136.
| Diauuuna, Bgh.

R. Bergh, System, 1892, p. 1097.—Die Opisthobranchiata, J.c.,
1905, pp. 118-121.

1. DIAULULA CAPENSIS, B. n. sp.

Pl. V., figs. 19-22.

At Mossel Bay (Seal Island, 8. by W., 14 miles) one individual
was dredged from a depth of 11 fms. with bottom of sand and shells.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 49

When alive it was “light-brown” in colour. In the preserved
state it was very stiff and hardened, and of a yellowish white colour,
the rhinophores only being brownish gray.

The length of the body was 25 mm. by a breadth of 15 and a
height of 8; the height of the (retracted) rhinophores 2 mm.; the
diameter of the gill hole 5 mm.; the height of the gill-leaves
(retracted) 4; the brim of the back 3 mm.; the foot 8 mm. broad,
its brim 2, the tail short.

The back was of a fine chagreen texture all over; the closely set
(figs. 19, 20) small papillae of a height up to0-16 mm. The region
of the (retracted) rhinophores somewhat prominent. The (retracted)
gill composed of 8 apparently tripinnate leaves; the projecting anus
subcentral.

The eyes of a diameter of 0:16 mm., with large clear-yellow lens.
The lamelle of the club of the rhinophores stiffened with long
spicula. Coarse long spicules in quantity in the skin of the back,
also ascending through the papillule and often projecting on their
top (fig. 20).

_ The white mouth tube 25 mm. long. The white bulbus pharyngeus
4 mm. long by a height of 3, the lip disc covered by a strong
yellowish white cuticle, the rasp-sheath rather projecting behind
on the under side. The rasp of the strong tongue faint yellowish,
containing about 15 series of plates, in the sheath 25, the total
number of rows thus being 40; the number of plates in the rows
about 35. The plates were nearly colourless; the height of the
outermost 0-14 mm., the height rising to 0:285. The plates were
of the usual hook form (fig. 21), the outermost somewhat slender
(fig. 22).

The cesophagus 11 mm. long, the intestine appearing at the
middle of the length of the liver, bending and passing backwards
with a total length of 830 mm. by a diameter of 3. Its contents were
animal matter and quantities of spicules pointed at both ends. The
liver yellowish white, 12 mm. long by a breadth of 8 and a height
of 7; with a deep median fissure through the anterior half of the
upper side, divided by superficial furrows into several lobes, with a
flattening of the under side towards the right. The gall-bladder on
the left side of the cardia, 2 mm. high by a diameter at the summit
of 0-4.

The grayish blood glands as usual.

The hermaphrodite gland with a whitish layer covering the
upper side of the liver; the lobules contained ripe genital ele-
ments. The anterior genital mass white and yellowish white,
8 mm. long by a height of 6 and a thickness of 4:5; the large

a

00 Transactions of the South African Philosoplical Society.

prostata of a diameter of 4 mm., the globulous spermatotheca
of 2 mm. diameter.

This form seemed to be a Diaulula and very likely a new species.

2. DiauLuLA ? morRoSA, B. n. sp.
Pl. V., figs. 23-26.

One specimen of this form was found on the shore at Mossel Bay.

It had a length of 14 by a breadth of 6 and a height of 3 mm., the
height of the rhinophores 1:5, the diameter of the gill-aperture 2:5,
and the height of the branchial leaves 1:5; the breadth of the foot
3°25 mm.—The back of this animal was of a uniform dark greenish
gray colour, the foot white.

The form was elongate-oval, rounded behind and in front with
somewhat prominent brim of the villous back; the lamellae of the
rhinophores not thin; the gill consisting of 10 simply pinnate
leaves, protruding from the roundish gill-opening; the tentacles
small; the foot shorter than the back, with prominent brim.

The back densely covered with rather low villi of a height up to
0-2 mm., stiffened with spicules in and often around them (fig. 23) ;
the skin of the back containing masses of dark pigment and many
spicules.

The bulbus pharyngeus 2 mm. long, whitish; the lip disc with a
strong, much folded, colourless cuticle (no armature). The rasp of
the tongue nearly colourless, with many rows of plates and many
plates in the series; the plates colourless, reaching a height mostly
of 0:016 mm., of the common hook form (fig. 24), the outermost (6)
very thin and slender, with short basal plate, reaching a height of
0-14 mm. (figs. 25, 26).

The liver longish, 6 mm. long, clear grayish yellow.

The anterior genital mass whitish. The penis short, pear-shaped ;
the glans short, conical, with yellowish cuticle.

The generic position of this animal is quite uncertain; in many
respects it would seem to belong to the Diaululide, but the leaves of
the gill are simply pinnate.

THORDISA, Bgh.

R. Bergh, System, J.c., 1892, p. 1098.—Die Opisthobranchiata d.
Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 121-124.

THORDISA PUNCTULIFERA, B. n. sp.
Pl. VL, figs. 1-4.

In False Bay (Rockland Point bearing NW. 4, N. 24 miles) three
specimens were taken by large dredge, together with a species of

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 51

Chromodoris, from rocky bottom with many sponges in a depth of
23 fms.

The very hardened specimens varied in length from 11 to 16 mm.
and resembled each other. The largest was 9 mm. broad by a
height of 3:5; the height of the rhinophores nearly 2; the diameter
of the gill aperture 1, the height of the gill-leaves 1:5, the breadth of
the brim of the back 3, the breadth of the foot 3°5, and the length of
the tail 1:5 mm.—The animal was of a uniform white colour, with
small black roundish and more irregular spots spread over the back,
sometimes too on the foot-brim; the brim of the back had perhaps
been of another colour.

The form longish oval, with the broad brim of the back somewhat
undulating. The back appeared under the lens covered all over
with very small closely set tubercles of a height and diameter of
about 0-10 mm.; the black points much larger than the tubercles,
measuring up to 0°3 mm. The rhinophores with about 20 lamellee
and prominent end-papilla. The gill containing 5 tripinnate leaves.
The tentacles appeared as very small prominences on the sides of
the head. ‘The brim of the foot not narrow, the tail short.

The central nervous system as usual. The eyes of a diameter of
0-12 mm.; the otocysts a little smaller, crowded with otokonia.

The small tubercles of the skin (fig. 1) with many cellular glands
and spicules (fig. 2). The skin as well as the interstitial tissue
crowded with calcified cells and long spicules.

‘The whitish bulbus pharyngeus. about 3 mm. long, with prominent
rasp-sheath; the lip disc clothed with a nearly colourless cuticle.
The rasp of the tongue was nearly colourless and seemed to contain
about 30 series of plates, the rasp-sheath about 30, the total number
of rows thus being about 60. In the series on both sides of the
rhachis (fig. 3) about 100 plates. The plates nearly colourless, the
height of the 3 innermost 0-04-0-05-0:06, the height rising to
0-3 mm.; in the outermost it was 0-06-0:10—-0:12-0:14—0:16-0-20,
0:25. They were of the usual hook form (figs. 3, 4); the 3 outer-
most being always of another form, erect, with rounded, finely
pectinated end (fig. 4).

The salivary glands white, long, flattened. The posterior visceral
mass (liver) 5°5 mm. long by a breadth of 3; flattened on the under
side, yellowish.

The anterior genital mass 3°5 mm. long, whitish; the penis as
well as the vagina without armature.

The tail of this animal is short, scarcely projecting behind the
back, otherwise it resembles the D. punctulifera, B. (Neue

52 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

Nacktschnecken der Siidsee II. Journ d. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft vi.

1874, taf. 1, figs. 19, 20), only known by the coloured figure of
Graeffe.

GENUS (?).

Doris (Gen. ?) pseudida, B. n. sp.
Pl. VI., figs. 7-8.

Near Table Bay (Lion’s Head bearing N. 63 E., 34 miles) four
individuals were taken by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 154 fms.
on a bottom with black specks. The three individuals sent were
very hardened.

Two were 15 and 23 mm. long. The third, which was dissected,
had a length of 33 by a breadth of 20 and a height of 14 mm., the
rhinophores 1 mm. high; the brim of the back 5 mm. broad; the
round gill-hole of a diameter of 3 mm., the height of the retracted
gill-leaves 3 mm.; the tentacles 1 mm. long, the breadth of the foot
6, the length of the tail2 mm. The animal was uniformly coloured
whitish ; a fine white line along the margin of the back.

The form longish-oval, the brim of the quite smooth back not
narrow, overlapping the head and the tail, the rhinophores per-
foliate; the gill formed of 6 tripinnate leaves, the subcentral anal
papilla 3 mm. high. The tentacles short, finger-shaped; the brim
of the foot rather narrow.

Calcified groups of cells and spicules seldom occurred in the skin.

The bulbus pharyngeus 7mm. long by a height and a breadth of 5,
the rasp-sheath not prominent, the lip disc clothed with a thick
white cuticle. The rasp of the tongue yellowish, containing 9 series
of plates, in the rasp-sheath about 15, the total number of rows thus
being 24; the rows seemed to have about 25 plates on each side of
the very narrow rhachis. The plates nearly colourless, the height ~
of the 4 outermost was 0-06-0:12-0-14-0:16, rising to 0°37 mm.
The plates of the usual hook form (fig. 7), with hook quite even, the
outermost small (fig. 8). |

The white salivary glands long, their last two-thirds flattened,
1 mm. broad, the remaining hinder part very thin, the efferent
duct not short.

The large stomach very prominent, 8 mm. long by a breadth of
6; its contents were animal matter with quantities of pointed hard
spicules. The intestine 2°8 cm. long by a diameter of 0-5-1 mm.
The yellowish white liver short, conical, 14 mm. long with a hollow
base (for the stomach), of 11 mm. diameter. The gall-bladder
4-5 mm. high by a diameter at its summit of 3:5.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. a3

The genital system very little developed, the penis apparently
unarmed.

This form does not seem to belong to any of the hitherto estab-
lished genera or even families of the cryptobranchiate Doridide.

GENUS (?).

Doris (Gen. ?) perplexa, B. n. sp.
Pl. VI., figs. 5-6.

Off Cape St. Blaize (N. by H. 84 miles) a specimen was taken by
large trawl from a depth of 39 fms. on stony bottom, and in company
with the Doriopsilla capensis.

It was very hardened but soft, coloured uniformly whitish, the
back anteriorly slightly grayish brown. It was 25 mm. long by a

height and breadth of 7:5; the breadth of the foot 4 mm.

The form longish, highest in the middle of the length, the quite
smooth back separated from the sides by a narrow white margin;
the rhinophores well in front, 2 mm. high, with the club bent some-
what backwards; the gill placed quite behind, 3 mm. from the end
of the body, formed by 6 simply pinnate leaves about 1:5 mm. high ;
the tentacles very small lobes; the foot rounded in front; the brim
rather narrow, the tail very short, passing into the back without
distinct demarcation.

The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the eyes
0-12 mm. No spicules in the skin.

The mouth tube 4 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus
5 mm. long by a height of 4:5 and a breadth of 3:5; the rasp-sheath
large, projecting downwards; the lip disc with a rather strong,
nearly colourless cuticle. The rasp of the large tongue nearly
colourless ; the number of series of plates could not be determined.
The series seemed to contain up to 46 plates on each side of the
inconspicuous rhachis. The plates nearly colourless; the length of
the basal plate of the innermost 0:10 mm.; that of the 4 outermost
(fig. 6) was 0:08-0:12-0-18-0:22, rising to 0°37. They were of the
common hook form, with wing of the basal plate (fig. 5).

The white salivary glands very long.

The stomach 5 mm. long by a breadth of 2. The intestine
17 mm. long by a breadth of 0-5-0°75, filled with indeterminable
animal matter with masses of needle-shaped pellucid spicules. The
large yellowish white liver, conical, 15 mm. long by a breadth of 5,

o4 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

The genital system very little developed; no ripe genital elements
were seen ; the penis seemed unarmed.

This form could not be referred to any of the hitherto established
genera. It had a smooth back with very narrow margin, simply
pinnate gill-leaves. Moreover, no armature of the lip disc, and
uniform hook-formed lingual plates. |

GENUS (?).

Doris (Gen. ?) glabella, B. n. sp.
PL VL, figs. 9-13.

One specimen was procured off Buffalo Bay by shrimp-trawl from
a depth of 30 fms. with sandy bottom, with stony Polyzoa. It was
very contracted and hardened.

The colour was yellowish white, the gill more yellow, and the
club of the rhinophores brownish. The length was 4 cm. by a
height of 2:2 and a breadth of 2; the length of the club of the per-
foliated rhinophores 3 mm.; the diameter of the prominent gill 11,
its leaves—7 mm. long, the strong anal papilla 2 mm. high; the
breadth of the foot 6 mm., the length of the tail 6.

The body somewhat compressed, the even back rounded, passing
into the sides of the body. The 10 leaves of the gill mostly bifid or
trifid, often branched, set in horseshoe form, simply pinnate
(fig. 9).

The nervous system and the eyes as usual. In the skin, besides
the enormous quantity of glandular cells, calcified cells and cell-
groups, long, irregular grumous calcified spicula.

The mouth tube 6 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 12 mm.
long, 8 mm. broad, and 7 high; the thick rasp-sheath rather
prominent; the lip dise with thick, yellowish cuticle, and a
narrow armature of, as it were, chitinous cylinder-epithelium of a
height of about 0°025 by a diameter of 0-007 mm. (fig. 10).
The broad rasp of the tongue with about 60 series of plates, in
the sheath moreover about 70; in the long rows on each side of
the narrow naked rhachis about 200-300 plates. The plates clear
yellow; the innermost (fig. 11) of a height of 0:08 mm., the
three outermost 0:025-0:04-0:08 mm. high, the height of the
plates from both ends of the rows abruptly rising to 0°25 mm.
The plates were of the common hook form (fig. 12), never denti-
culated, the 1-2 outermost (fig. 11) small and somewhat irregular.
A peculiar deformation was rather often seen in the different

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 55

series, and often several times in the same series (fig. 13); the
point of the plates sometimes bifid.

The white salivary glands were long and thin.

The cesophagus 1:2 cm. long. The (liver-) stomachal cavity
rather small; the intestine appearing at about the middle of the
length of the liver, turning on the anterior genital mass and
going backwards to the anal papilla. The length of the intestine
2°5 cm. by a diameter generally of 3 mm. ‘The liver clear yellowish
gray, rather short and thick, 12 mm. long by a diameter of 9, with a
depression for the anterior genital mass.

The reno-pericardial organ rather roundish, of a diameter of
1:5 mm.

The anterior genital mass seemed of a rather complicated nature,
but it could not be made out in the hardened specimen; it was
about 15 mm. long by a diameter of 7-8. Its hinder part was
formed by a sort of short pyramid, yellowish gray, of a height
of 6 mm., by a base of 8, very likely opening in the vestibulum ; the
rest of the mass whitish and yellowish ; the spermatotheca globular,
of a diameter of 3°5; the coil of the windings of the vas deferens
very large, consisting of a longer prostatic and a shorter muscular
part ; the penis 6 mm. long, without armature.

This form cannot apparently be placed in any of the hitherto
known genera of Doridide ; it agrees with the Chromodoris and the
Halla in the simply pinnate nature of the gill-leaves.

CHROMODORIDIDA.

R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1103-1112.—Die Opisthobranchiata
d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 142-168.

CHROMODORIS, Ald. et Hance.
R. Bergh, J.c., 1905, pp. 143-162.

1. CHROMODORIS ALBOLIMBATA, B. n. sp.
Pl. VI., figs. 18-24.

Off Sebastian Bluff (W. by N., 3 N., 7 miles) one individual was
taken by large dredge from a depth of 20 fms.; the bottom was coral
and stones.

The animal was 15 mm. long by a breadth of 6 and a height

56 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

of 4; the height of the rhinophores 1:5; the entirely everted gill
projected 2 mm., the diameter of the gill-star 6 mm., the length
of the leaves up to 3; the brim of the back 1:5, the breadth of
the foot 4 and the length of the tail 3 mm.—The colour clear
reddish white, the brim of the back chalk-white.

The back quite even; the very fine gill with its 15 leaves
(fig. 18) mostly extending out horizontally ; the anal papilla sub-
median; the caudal and frontal veil about 1:5 mm. broad, the
white brim finely punctuated; the tail projecting behind the
back. |

The diameter of the eyes 0:10 mm., the lens very clear yellow.
The diameter of the otocysts 0°08. The brim of the back filled
with sacks of very different size, stuffed with vesicles mostly
0-04 mm. in diameter.

The length of the mouth tube 2 mm. The whitish bulbus
pharyngeus with the (fig. 19) prominent rasp-sheath 3 mm, long by a
breadth of 2. The very strong (fig. 19) lip plate reddish brown,
the elements, which were variously bent (fig. 20), of a length up to
0:06 by a diameter of nearly 0:005 mm. The rasp of the tongue
yellowish, with many series of plates and a great number of
plates in the series. The plates of usual form (fig. 23) and all with
finely denticulated hook. On the very narrow rhachis small
triangular pseudo-plates (fig. 21a) of a length short of 0:04 mm.
The innermost plates denticulated as usual on both sides of the
hook, 0:030 mm. high (fig. 21), the next 0:04 mm. high (fig. 22), the
outermost about 8-10 plates only denticulated at the point (fig. 24).

The liver on the outside gray, in section black, 8 mm. long by a
breadth of 3 and a thickness of 2°5, sausage-shaped ; its fore-end
and upper side covered by the whitish yellow hermaphrodite gland.
The anterior genital mass whitish yellow, about 3°5 mm. long; the
penis 1-5 mm. long.

This form is different from the 13 species of Chromodoris
described by Hliot (J.c., iv., 1904, pp. 386-399) from Zanzibar ;
perhaps it is identical with one of the many species described from
the Indo-Pacific Seas.

2. CHROMODORIS EUELPIS,* B. n. sp.
1d an Vo er ot ode
One specimen was procured off Umloti River mouth by large
dredge from a depth of 45 fms. and a hard bottom of sand and shells

on December 18, 1900. |
* ?Ruedmec, Good Hope.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 57

The specimen, killed with cocaine and expanded but somewhat
hardened, had a total length of 18 mm. by a breadth of 4 and a
height of 3 mm.; the frontal as well as the caudal veil projected
2-5 mm., the first 5 mm. broad, broader than the caudal; the
height of the rhinophores 2, of the gill 25 mm.; the breadth of
the foot 3, the length of the tail 7 mm.—The animal of a
uniform yellowish colour, the back and the sides of the body very
finely punctuated with black dots.

The form as usual, the frontal and caudal veil very pronounced,
the back quite even; the anterior part of the brim of the back and
the caudal veil showed a series of slightly prominent bags (as seen
in so many Chromodorides) with contents of roundish and pear-
shaped elements; the gill, far back on the back, formed of eight
leaves ; the brim of the back prominent; the tentacles short, finger-
shaped, the tail rather long.

The dirty whitish bulbus pharyngeus 3 mm. long. The slight
yellowish armature of the lip disc 0°50 mm. high by a breadth of
0°25, the elements (fig. 14) of a height up to 0:035 mm., with
somewhat thicker bent end. The rasp of the tongue slghtly
yellowish with many rows of plates, and very many plates in the
series. The plates nearly colourless, of a height up to 0-035 mm.,
the outermost measuring 0°016. They showed (figs. 15, 16) a
plump bifid hook, the outermost of which (fig. 17) was more
irregular.

The long salivary glands white. The liver grayish, sausage-
shaped, 8 mm. long by a diameter of 2. The anterior genital mass
whitish.

Perhaps this form represents a new species. No form of
Chromodoris seems to have been hitherto described from the region
of the Cape; this species does not agree with any of those from
Zanzibar described by Eliot.

3. CHROMODORIS, sp.
Pl. VI., figs. 25-26.

Three specimens were procured in False Bay (Rockland Point
bearing N. 4 N., 24 miles) by large dredge from rocky bottom with
many sponges in a depth of 23 fms., together with the Thordisa
punctulifera.

The specimens, which were much hardened, varied in length from
13-17 mm. The largest was 13 mm. broad by a height of 4°5; the
height of the rhinophores 2:5, the breadth of the brim of the back

08 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

30, the height of the gill 2-5 mm., the breadth of the foot 4,
the length of the tail 2 mm. The animal was of a uniform
whitish colour, the tubercles of the back white, the gill grayish.

The form was longish oval ; the back covered all over with small
rounded tubercles of a diameter of about 0°25 mm. These were also
very distinct on the margin of the gill and of the rhinophore
cavities ; the gill seemed formed of about 12 simply pinnate leaves.
The tentacles appeared merely as small tubercles. |

The central nervous system, eyes and otocysts as usual. In
the skin of the back calcified cells and spicules were in abundance.

The mouth tube 2°5 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus
3°5 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 3, with rather prominent
rasp-sheath : the lip plates large, nearly joing above and below,
about 2 mm. high, 1 mm. broad, yellow; their elements (fig. 25)
somewhat bent, 0°08 mm. high. The rasp yellow, with many series
of plates. The number of plates in the series could not be deter-
mined. The plates (fig. 26) nearly colourless, of a height up to
0-08 mm., the hooks finely denticulated.

The salivary glands long, white, flattened.

The stomach large, 3 mm. broad, covering the anterior half of the
liver. The posterior visceral mass (liver) yellowish white, short,
conical, 7 mm. long by a breadth of 3:5.

This form is very likely identical with one of the many hitherto
described species of Chromodoris.

APHELODORIS, B.
R. Bergh, System, /.c., 1892, p. 1112.

APHELODORIS ? ? BRUNNEA, Bgh.n. sp.
PIX igs. 28-29 ee ies Ie

One specimen was sent for examination. It had been captured at
low tide on rocks at Kalk Bay.

The length of the animal was 4°7 cm. by a breadth of 1:5 and a
height of 0-9 cm.; the diameter of the gill aperture was 3 mm., the
height of the retracted gill 3 mm.; the breadth of the brim of the
back 2°5 mm. ; the foot 8 mm. broad, its brim measured 2.—The back
was of a brown colour, the whole of the under side whitish, and on
the sides of the body were some scattered grayish brown spots (the
colour rubbed off ?); the club of the rhinophores brownish, so, too,
the rhachides of the gill-leaves. |

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 59

The form of the animal longish, somewhat narrow and depressed,
the body quite smooth. The rhinophore-sheaths, immediately behind
the anterior end of the proper back, about 1-5 mm. projecting, their
opening obliquely truncate ; the rhinophores about 2 mm. high, the
club perfoliated, the lamella rather numerous, thin. The gill rather
contracted, composed of 8 tripinnate leaves, situated at the posterior
end of the back. The tentacles short, as it were, refolded on the top.
The foot rather narrow throughout its whole length, rounded before
and behind ; the tail 3 mm. long, not extending beyond the back.

The central nervous system quite as in allied forms. The nearly
sessile eyes of a diameter of 0°12 mm., with yellowlens. The otocysts
a little larger. In the lamellee of the rhinophores no spicules, which
are absent also in the skin of the body.

The whitish mouth tube rather long (5 mm.). The bulbus

pharyngeus short, clumsy, 4 mm. long, whitish; the labial disc
covered over by a rather strong, bright yellowish cuticle; the rasp-
sheath hardly prominent. The rasp bright yellowish, containing
9 series of tooth plates, in the short and thick sheath 20 series, of
which two are not fully developed; the total number of series 29.
In the series about 40 plates. The plates nearly colourless; the
height of the three outermost 0:07—0:10—0:16, rising to 0°25 mm.
farther inwards. The outermost tooth (fig. 29a) more erect, all the
others of the common hook form (fig. 29); the innermost (fig. 28)
with low hook, 0-07 mm. in height.

The yellow salivary glands about 10 mm. long, their posterior half
very thin, folded in the middle.

The csophagus short, 2 mm. long. The stomach quite free,
13 mm. long by a diameter of 8, filled with yellowish animal matter
of undeterminable nature. The intestine (26 mm. in length) running
from the anterior end of the stomach straight backwards to the
white conical anal papilla.

The posterior visceral mass (the liver) 20 mm. long by diameter of
7, the anterior end obliquely truncate, the posterior a little attenuated,
roundish ; the colour of the surface yellowish white, with a number
of groups of small white nodules (lobules of hermaphrodite gland) ;
the liver substance more yellow. The pear-shaped gall-bladder
4 mm. long.

The reno-pericardial organ (renal syrinx) whitish, of a length of
2mm.

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland oogenous cells and
bundles of zoosperms. The anterior genital mass white, somewhat
compressed, 10 mm. long by a height of 4 and a breadth of 3 mm.,
rather hard and difficult to examine (fig. 1). The hermaphrodite

60 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

duct forms a little coil of windings (fig. la). From the anterior of
the mucous gland (fig. 1d) there issues a long, rather bent and
particular organ (fig. 1cc) that opens in the vestibulum genitale *
(fig. ld); the walls of this milk-white organ are rather thick, the
cavity narrow (the prostatic part of a kind of vas deferens?). The
globular spermatotheca (fig. le) of a diameter of 3:25 mm., at its
side the much smaller pear-shaped spermatocyst. The efferent ducts
of the genital system absolutely unarmed.

The systematic position of this form is very doubtful. It may,
perhaps, be referred to the Chromodoridide and placed in the
neighbourhood of Aphelodoris.

POROSTOMATA.

DORIOPSIDIDAL.
R. Bergh, J.c., 1892, pp. 1114-1122.

I. DORIOPIS (Pease), Bgh.

1. D. capensis, Bgh. n. sp.

Limbus dorsalis serie macularum nigrarum ornatus.
Pl. XTV,, ng.4.

One specimen of this form had been taken off Umlanga River
mouth by shrimp-trawl.

It was rather contracted and somewhat bent, rather soft. The
colour was yellowish white, but the brim of the back showed at the
margin somewhat roundish black patches; the tip of the branchial
leaves grayish. The length was about 18 mm. by a height of 6 and
a total breadth of 11, of which 3 on each side belonged to the brim ;
the breadth of the foot 7 mm., the brim 1:5 mm. broad, the length of
the tail nearly 5 mm.; the diameter of the branchial star 7 mm., the
length of the gill-leaves 3 mm.

The form was as in other Doriopsides; the brim of the even back
very undulating; the rhinophores situated far forward, the gill far
backward, consisting of 5 leaves ; tentacles were not visible; the tail
of the foot not short, projecting behind the body proper.

The central nervous system whitish, of usual relations, the buccal
ganglia situated between the salivary glands (gl. salivales). The very

* A small, roundish multicellular ganglion (genitale) was attached in the
neighbourhood of the vestibulum.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 61

short-stalked eyes of a diameter of 0-10 mm. Hardened spicules
were not found either in the lamelle of the club of the rhinophores
or in the skin of the back.

The yellowish pharyngeal cone nearly 2 mm. long; at its base the
secondary salivary gland (gl. ptyalina), consisting of two halves
adjoining each other. The bulbus pharyngews, whose foremost end
lies in the pharyngeal cone, as usual; at its hinder end the small
oval salivary glands proper. The cesophagus thicker but shorter
than the bulbus. The posterior visceral mass (liver) yellow, 8 mm.
long by a breadth of 4, truncate in front, the slit (so characteristic in
the Doriopsidee) in the hinder end, 3 mm. long.

The pericardium as usual ; the blood gland yellowish white.

The anterior genital mass somewhat compressed, 2°5 mm. long,
whitish and white (the mucous gland). The glans penis provided in
the usual way with the (quincuncial) series of hooks; the slightly
yellowish hooks (fig. 4) relatively strong, of a height up to 0:035 mm.,
the armature continued up in the vas deferens only for a short
distance.*

The Doriopsides vary very much in colouration; still, this form
seems to represent a new species.

2. Dor. cALLosa, Bgh. n. sp.
Pl. VIIL., figs. 1-4.

Two specimens were procured by dredge at ‘‘ Rocky Bank”’ in
False Bay on rocky bottom in a depth of 17-27 fms.

One of them was 15 mm. long, the other 25 mm. by a breadth of
15 and a height of 6; the height of the rhinophores 2, the brim
of the back 4°5 mm. broad, the diameter of the gill-aperture 3, the
breadth of the foot 8 (of its brim 2).—The colour was whitish, the
border of the back proper blackish, as also the fore-part of the back ;
there were besides a few black patches spread over the back. The
back proper showed, all over, long spicules shining through, crossing
each other irregularly in all directions ; on the brim the spicula were
more scattered, whiter, and mostly running transversely towards the
margin. On the under side of the brim the radiation was less
pronounced.

The form somewhat elongated; the white strongly foliated rhino-

* In the vagina of an individual of Platydoris arrogans I found the (torn out)
penis of another individual (cf., my ‘‘ Malacol. Unters.,” ii. (Heft xii.), 1877,
p- 517). Sometimes individuals of Doriopsides and Pryllidiide are seen, in
which the armature of the penis is wanting.

62 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

phores standing quite anteriorly ; the back quite even, but with many
small nodules at its junction with the margin. The gill-hole far
behind, with prominent margin ; the number of leaves of the gill 6.
The mouth a fine pore, no visible tentacles. The foot rounded in
front, the tail short.

The central nervous system as usual; the buccal ganglia (fig. 4)
much smaller than the salivary glands. The eyes 0:14 mm. in
diameter, with large yellow lens; the otocysts 0:10 mm. in diameter,
filled with otokonia. . The skin full of spicules of the most different
sizes, form, and degree of calcification (fig. 3). The most of the long
spicules of a diameter up to at least 0°05 mm., mostly smooth, some-
times a little thorny, mostly clear, sometimes even blackish. In the
interstitial tissue masses of spicules; as also in the axis of the rhino-
phores, but almost none in the lamelle.

The mouth tube about 4 mm. long, white. The glandula ptyalina
about 1 mm. broad, rather thick. The transparent bulbus pharyn-
geus (fig. 4a) unusually, nearly 17 mm., long by a general diameter of
0-4 mm.; at its hinder end the salivary glands rather large (fig. 400).
The cesophagus rather short and wide (fig. 4c) ; the intestine 6 mm.
long. The liver a little flattened, in nearly its anterior half very
compressed by the anterior genital mass, yellowish white, 10 mm.
long by a breadth of 5, the cleft in the hinder end 1:5 mm. long.

The hermaphrodite gland clothing the largest part of the liver, of
a similar colour, and with ripe genital elements in its lobules. The
large anterior genital mass yellow and white, 6 mm. long by a height
and breadth of 4. The form and the armature of the penis as usual
(gst a2):

This form is specifically different from the D. sprculata.*

3. Doriopsis cassia, B. n. sp.

An individual was taken by dredge near Roman Rock Lighthouse
(SH. 48., 14 miles) from a bottom of sand and shells in a depth of
10 fms. . |

The living animal is noted to have been “ bluish.” Preserved, it
was whitish with the margin of the back more grayish, the rhino-
phores yellowish. The length was 14 mm. by a breadth of 7-5 and
a height of 4°5; the height of the rhinophores 2, the diameter of the
gill 4, the breadth of the brim of the back 3, the breadth of the foot
3 mm.

* R. Bergh, Die Nacktschnecken der Siidsee. Journal d. Mus. Godeffroy,
Heft xiv., 1878, p. 37. taf. u1., figs. 13-15.

The Opisthobranchata of South Africa. 63

The form of the body oval; the rhinophores rather large, the gill
formed of 8 rather low (simply ?) pinnate leaves ; the back quite even
with undulating broad brim, the frontal veil rather large. The
animal did not at first sight look like a Doriopsis.

The central nervous system as usual.

The glandula ptyalina large, brownish. The bulbus pharyngeus
with the gland. salivales (and the buccal ganglia) as usual, the more
brownish cesophagus rather short. The liver dirty-yellowish, sausage-
shaped, 6 mm. long by a breadth of 3, the cleft in the hinder end
3 mm. long.

In the lobes of the thin layer of the hermaphrodite gland ripe
genital elements, the ampulla of its duct strong, yellowish white.
The anterior genital mass 4 mm. long by a height of 3°5 and a thick-
ness of 2°5. The penis whitish; the everted prominent glans of a
diameter of 0°25 mm., covered with about 25 quincunx-series of
hooks of a height up to 0°08; the armature continued for a short
distance up into the vas deferens, where the number of series
seemed to be smaller ; the hooks weaker, with larger basal part of a
diameter of 0:04 mm.*

4. DoRIOPSIS, sp.
Pl. VIIIL., figs. 5-6.

At Swart’ Klip (NE. 4 N. 1 mile) an individual was taken.by
dredge from a depth of ten fms. and from a bottom of broken
shells (November 17, 1902).

The contracted and very hardened specimen was 16 mm. long by
a breadth of 6 and a height of 5, the breadth of the foot 5:5 and
the length of the tail 5-5 mm.—The colour is now whitish, but had
very likely been grayish, the back and the sides still retaining
large patches of this colour; the rhinophores and the gill whitish.

The form as usual; the head rather large, the rhinophores with
10-12 strong lamelle, and a small papilla at the top; the back
quite even ; the gill, standing nearly on the middle of the back, con-
sisting of 6 pinnate leaves; the brim of the back as well as of the foot
a little projecting; the whitish penis (fig. 5) projected as a cylinder of
a height of 1 mm., and from its top the armed end of the vas deferens,
15 mm. long (figs. 5, 6): the tail prominent beyond the end of
the back.

The central nervous system as in other Doriopsides.

* A dark-blue variety of the so varying D. nigra is known from the Southern
Japanese Sea (R. Bergh, Beitr. zur Kenntniss d. Japan. Nudibranchien, I. Verh.
d. k. k. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1880, pp. 181-184).

64 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Soctety.

The bulbus pharyngeus, the cesophagus, and the gl. ptyalina
as in other Doriopsides. The liver short-conical, truncate in front,
the length 7 mm., the colour yellowish gray ; scarcely any fissure of
the hinder end could be seen.

The everted part of the vas deferens (fig. 5) 0°14 mm. broad,
showing 10-12 irregular quincunx series of thorns; these last a
little bent, clear, colourless, mostly 0°02 mm. high (fig. 6).

DORIOPSILLA, B.
R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, p. 1123 ;—.c., 1905, pp. 178-180.

DoRIOPSILLA CAPENSIS, B. n. sp.
Pl Vas hoa i.

Along with Doris perplexa a specimen of this form was procured
by large trawl at Cape St. Blaize.

The rather stiff specimen measured 15 mm. in length bya breadth
of 10 and a height of 7; the breadth of the nearly straight brim of
the back was 2 mm., that of the foot 9. It was uniformly coloured
whitish, the nodules of the back white.

The form as usual; the back covered all over with small rounded
nodules; the gill situated far behind, formed of six leaves of the
height of 2 mm.

The central nervous system as usual, the buccal ganglia seemed
to be situated in its immediate neighbourhood. The eyes were
somewhat flattened, of a diameter of about 0°25 mm. The back
filled full of calcified cells, groups of cells, and spicules proper (of a
diameter up to 0°06 mm.).

The gl. ptyalina white, flattened, 3 mm. broad. The very thin
bulbus pharyngeus nearly 4 mm. long, the gl. salivales as usual,
the cesophagus very short.

The large intestinal mass (liver) 10 mm. long by a breadth of 6;
the length of the cleft in the hinder end 1:75 mm. The dirty-yellow
liver on its sides for a breadth of 3 mm. covered by the transverse,
yellowish white bands of the hermaphrodite gland, in its lobes ripe
genital elements. The anterior genital mass meniscus-shaped,
6 mm. long, whitish, and dirty yellowish. The penis as usual, the
diameter of the glans (fig. 7) at its point 0-10 mm. ; the hooks small,
reaching a height of 0:013 mm.

At South Head (HK. by 8S. 4 5., 25 miles) nine individuals of
probably the same animal were caught by shrimp-trawl from a depth
of 190 fms. with a bottom of green sand and black specks.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 65

The (five) specimens sent, very hardened, varied in size from 17 to
23mm. The largest was 12 mm. broad by a height of 7, the brim of
the back 4 mm. broad, the breadth of the foot 7, the 6 gill-leaves
3mm. high. The colour as above. Two individuals showed a few
roundish small patches on the back. |

The skin of the back quite as above. So, too, the thin bulbus
pharyngeus. The liver sausage-shaped, 8 mm. long by a breadth
of 5, the cleft in the hinder end 2°5 mm. long.

DORIDIDH PHANEROBRANCHIATAL.
R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, pp. 1129-1160.

Dor. PHANEROBR. NON SUCTORIZ 8S. POLYCERID.
R. Bergh, J.c., pp. 1133-1147.

TRIOPA, Johnston.

Johnston, Miscell. Zool. Ann. of Nat. H., 1, 1838, p. 123.

R. Bergh, On the nudibr. gaster. Moll. of the North Pacific Oc.,
li. (Dall, Se. res. of the explor. of Alaska, ii.), 1880, pl. xiii.
(v.), figs. 15-20; pl. xiv. (vi.), figs. 21-22; pl. xv. (vii),
figs. 12-13.—System d. nudibranch. Gasteropoden., l.c., 1892,
p- 1139; l.c., 1905, pp. 185-187.

Corpus vix depressum ; limbus frontalis angustior cirrhis granu-
losis ornatus, margo dorsalis cirrhis subclavatis instructus ; rhino-
phoria retractilia clavo perfoliato; branchia paucifoliata foliolis
tripinnatis ; tentacula sat brevia obtusa canaliculata.

Armatura labialis et malaris nulla. Radula sat angusta rhachide
nuda; pleuris dentibus lateralibus duobus majoribus et serie
dentium externorum quorum modo intimus hamo rudimentario
preeditus.

Glans penis armata.

The rather narrow frontal brim is provided with somewhat
granular appendages, and the margin of the back with more club-
shaped ones; the gill is formed of a few (3-5) tripinnate leaves.
The lip disc is clothed with a simple cuticle. The rasp of the tongue
not broad ; the rhachis naked; the pleure contain two large lateral
plates and a series of smaller flattened plates. The glans of the
penis armed with series of hooks.

Some few species of the genus are known .—

1. Tr. clavigera (O. Fr. Miller).
M. Atlant., Mediterr,
5

66 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

2. Tr. lucida, Stimpson.

M. capense.

3. Tr. Cataline, Cooper.
M. Pacific.

4. Tr. Yates1, Angas.
M. Pacific.

d. Tr. longicornes, B.
M. Indic.

6. Tr. (?) gracilis, Pease.
M. Paczfic.

Clr Oasis: I
M. Indic.

TRIOPA LUCIDA, Stimpson.

Stimpson, Descr. of some new Marine Invertebrata. Proc. of the
Ac. of Nat. Se. of Philadelphia, vii., 1856, p. 388.

Pl. XII, figs. 6-7.

One specimen was sent, procured near Tugela River mouth, along
with Idaliella amenula.

The animal is now of a uniform whitish colour.* The length is
9 mm., by a breadth of the body proper of 3:5 and a height of 3;
the length of the papille of the back reaching up to 3 mm., that of
the leaves of the gill 2°5; the breadth of the foot 4 mm.

The head with perpendicular mouth; the tentacles truncate,
somewhat folded up. The frontal brim rather narrow with
8 appendages of different sizes, the highest somewhat nodular in
their upper half. The margin of the back otherwise not project-
ing, but rising through its whole length in club-shaped appendages,
on each side 15-17 (Stimpson mentions a number of about 40 in all).
The clubs (fig. 6) mostly of about the same size, slightly nodular (in
their upper half), the lower half stuffed with long strong spicules,
and in the point of the club a roundish bag.t The back smooth ;
the gill consisting of 3 strong, quite separate leaves, of which the
lateral are bifid; the anal papilla as usual. The sides of the body
rather high. ‘The foot at least as broad as the body proper.

The intestines shone dark-grayish through the foot.—The nervous
system as in the typical species. The short-stalked eyes of a

* According to Stimpson the ‘‘ colour is uniform transparent white, except
that the tentacles, branchie, and appendages are all of yellowish colour towards
their extremities. Length O0'8 inch. Simon’s Bay, Cape.”

+ Cf. Bergh, Polyceraden, J.c., ii., 1881, p. 642.—Bergh, Alaska (Dall), ii.
1880, p. 264, pl. xiii., figs. 16-17.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 67

diameter of 0:075 mm.; the otocysts of a diameter of 0:08 mm.,
filled with otokonia of a diameter up to 0:009 mm. ‘The skin of the
back, the appendages of the back and the stalk of the rhinophores
(but not the lamellz) full of very long, very hardened spicules of a
diameter up to 0'035 mm. The interstitial connective tissue filled
with spicules.

The bulbus pharyngeus scarcely 1 mm. in length; the hardened
state of the organ did not permit a thorough examination. The lip
dise only clothed with a thin cuticle. The number of rows of tooth-
plates altogether perhaps about 55, on the outside of the lateral
plates about 15 outer. The plates were nearly colourless; the
length of the second lateral plate was 0:06 mm., that of the first of
the outer plates 0:037, of the outermost 0'029 mm. The first and
second lateral plates (fig. 7ab) as formerly described * in 7’. clavigera,
so too the outer plates (fig. 7c).

The posterior visceral mass grayish brown, the anterior genital
mass whitish. The armature of the glans was not seen.

The form here examined is no doubt the Tr. lucida of Stimpson,
which hitherto was only known from his imperfect description.

NEMBROTHA, Bgh.

R. Bergh, System der nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, J.c., 1892,
pp. 1144-1145.—Die Opisthobranchiata d. Siboga Exped.,
1905, pp. 194-202.

Corpus lmaciforme, fere leve ; rhinophoria retractilia clavo per-
foliato ; branchia in medio fere dorsi sita, paucifoliata, folios bi- vel
tripinnatis ; tentacula brevia lobiformia ; podarium angustius.

Armatura labialis debilis vel nulla. Radula non lata; rhachis
dente subquadrato applanato; pleurz dente laterali (primo) falci-
formi et dentibus externis compluribus depressis simplicibus.

Glandula hermaphrodisiaca hepate connata; prostata nulla; glans
penis aculeis vel hamis armata.

Outwardly the Nembrothz are not always easily to be distin-
guished from the Trevelyane ; the nwmber of their branchial leaves is
smaller than in this genus, but the anatomy shows very important
differences. The nature of the rasp is very different; and the her-
maphrodite gland clothes (as common in other allied forms) the liver ;
there exists no special prostata, and the (glans) penis is armed.

* R. Bergh, Beitr. zu einer Monogr. d. Polyceraden, ii. Verh. d. k.k. zool.
bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1881, p. 643. taf. xiii., fig. 9a); taf, xiv., figs. 2-3.

68 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

A small number of species is known hitherto, excepting the N.
gratiosa of the Mexican Gulf,* only from the Philippine Seas (Cap)
and the Pacific Ocean.

1. N. mgerrima, Bgh.
2. N. Kubaryana, B.
3. N. diaphana, B.
4. N. gracilis, B.
5. N. morosa, B.
6. N. cristata, B.
7. N. gratoosa, B.
8. N. rubropapulosa, B. (Siboga).
9. N. leneolata, B. (Siboga).
10. N. Ametina, B. (Siboga).
11. N. capensis, Bgh. n. sp.
12. N. sp. (Sempert, B.).
13. N. (2) rubro-ocellata, B. (Siboga).
14. N. (?) Hdwardsz (Angas).

NEMBROTHA CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp.
POX figs e— ii,

Of this form I had three specimens to examine, procured at rocks,
Kalk Bay.

The two larger were examined by dissection, more particularly the
largest. When alive the colour was “ dark blue.”

The length of the specimens was 3°8-4:°2 and 67cm. The latter,
the largest, had a height of 2 cm. at the gill, which was about 8 mm.
high ; the breadth 1:2 cm., that of the back proper 1:1; the breadth
of the foot 7 mm., the height of the club of the rhinophores 4 mm.

The colour was uniformly deep blackish blue; the sole of the foot
somewhat yellowish white.

The form of the animal, as usual in the Nembrothe, rather com-
pressed. The short tentacles, as it were, refolded on the top; the
sheath of the rhinophores somewhat prominent, the club of the
conical rhinophores with about 30 lamelle and a black terminal
papilla. The true back limited by a low brim; the gill situated
before the middle of the back, the number of the gill-leaves 7, their
form as usual. The anal papilla completing the gill ring 1°75 mm.
high. The foot as usual in the Nembrothe.

* R. Bergh, Rep. on the Nudibranchs (Blake Expedition). Bull. of the Mus.
of Comparative Zodlogy of Harvard College xix., 3, 1890, pp. 172-175. taf. ii.,
figs. 1-5; taf. iii., figs. 1-4.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 69

The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the almost
sessile eyes 0°10 mm.; neither in the rhinophorial lamelle nor in
the skin were spicules seen.

The short mouth tube with the inside black. The clumsy bulbus
pharyngeus (fig. 8) oval in circumference, with a breadth and height
of 4 mm.,of a length of 6, the rasp-sheath moreover projected 2 mm. ;
the labial disc yellowish white, the perpendicular mouth downwards,
with strong grayish folds; the cheeks clothed with an especially
downwards strong grayish cuticle. On the upper side of the bulbus
the rather narrow palate shone blackish through, on each side
accompanied by a strong yellowish or grayish white glandular mass
(fig. 8). The rasp of the tongue yellow, containing (in the two speci-
mens) 12 series of tooth-plates, in the sheath moreover 10-12 series,
of which the two hindermost were not quite developed; the total
number of series being thus 22-24. The median and outer plates
yellow; the large lateral ones colourless, transparent; the breadth
of the median plates 0°56 mm., the length of the lateral about 1 mm.;
the plates, especially the lateral, were very hard. The median
plates (fig. 9) of usual form, but scarcely with any thickening of the
foremost edge; the lateral (figs. 10-12) very clumsy, broad, some-
what bent, with short simple hook; the number of outer plates was
5 (rather seldom 6), their form (figs. 13, 14) as usual.

Salivary glands of the usual kind were wanting, being represented
by the glandular masses on the upper side of the bulbus pharyngeus.

The cesophagus rather short. The zntestene rose to the surface of
the. hinder visceral mass (liver) at about the limit of its first and
second third, made some large windings on the upper and right side
of the genital mass, and ran on the right side of the liver to the
black anal papilla; the whole length about 5 cm. by a nearly
constant diameter of 2°25 mm.

The posterior visceral mass yellowish gray, 15-17 mm. long by
diameters of 10-9, with rounded anterior and posterior end; the
cavity of the diver (stomach) rather large, its substance somewhat
more grayish than the surface, which was nearly quite covered by
the thin yellowish layer of the groups of lobules of the hermaphro-
dite gland. The whole of the digestive tract was quite empty.

The blood gland blue, of oval form, 3°5-5:5 mm. long, rather
thick, composed of quite-small lobules; fixed to the bend of the
intestine.

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland ripe sexual elements,
The anterior genital mass pear-shaped, narrower towards the
anterior end, 8 mm. long by a height and a breadth of 6-7; the
connected efferent ducts projected moreover 3 mm., were black on

10 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

the outside and inside. The whitish seminal duct making several
windings, when unrolled 2°5 cm. long, continued in the blackish
penis sack (preeputium) of a length of 4 mm., the inside of this with
fine longitudinal folds, at its base the small glans. This last has the
usual armature of (quincuncial) series of slightly yellowish hooks
(fig. 15) rising to a height of 0:02 mm., the armature continued for a
short distance up in the seminal duct. The spermatotheca (fig. 16a)
globular, of a diameter of 2-3 mm., greenish blue on account of its
dark contents (of usual kind); the spermatocysta (fig. 165) smaller,
whitish, pear-shaped, containing zoosperms. The mucous and albu-
minous gland whitish and white; into the anterior end opened a
thin-walled bag (vestibular gland ?) (fig. 17) of the length of 4-5 mm.
the inside of which showed closely set fine reticular folds.

The whole of the intestines was wrapt up in a loose, somewhat
felt-hke, colourless connective tissue, and the different parts of the
intestines were connected by a similar substance.

The form here examined is certainly new ; it approaches perhaps
nearest to the N. diaphana of the Pacific Ocean (Aibukit).* Regard-
ing the salivary glands and the presence of a vestibular bag, it seems
to differ from the hitherto known species of the genus.

EUPLOCAMUS, Phil.

Huplocamus, Phil., Enum. moll. Sic., i. 1836, p. 103.

Kaloplocanus, Bgh., Beitr. zu einer Monogr. d. Polyceraden, 1.
Verh. d. k.k. zool. bot. Ges. in Wien, xxix., 1880, p. 623 (27).+

EHuplocamus, Phil. R. Bergh, System d. nudibranch. Gasteropoden,
US Vinee 185 IANS),

Corpus nonnihil elongatum, vix depressum ; margo frontalis sicut
margo dorsalis appendicibus arborescentibus ornati; rhinophoria
retractilia, clavo elongato perfoliato ; branchia paucifoliata, foliolis
tripinnatis ; tentacula auriformia; podarium sat forte.

Lamelle mandibulares valid, e baculis minutis dense confertis
composite. Radula latiuscula; rhachis nuda; pleure dentibus
lateralibus majoribus hamatis quasi cochleariformibus tribus vel
duobus et serie dentium externorum minorum, applanatorum breviori
vel longiori (5-35).

Prostata magna, spermatothecam et spermatocystam amplectens ;
glans penis armata.

* Lc. xi., 1877, pp. 454-457. taf. lv., figs. 15-16 ; taf. lvi., figs. 6-10.
+ The generic name had been employed by Latreille (1809) for a Lepidopteron,
somewhat later (1838) by Temminck for a fowl,

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. (al

The frontal margin as well as the dorsal is provided with fine
arborescent tufts, in the former more numerous, in the latter fewer
in number. The retractile rhinophores with very perfoliate club.
The gill composed of a few (5) tripinnate leaves. The tentacles ear-
shaped ; the foot rather well developed..

The strong mandibles formed of closely set fine staffs. The
radula not narrow; the rhachis naked ; the pleuree with a few (3)
strong hook-shaped lateral plates and a series of (5-35) rather
flattened outer plates. The prostata large, embracing the two
seminal bags; the glans armed.

The Euplocami form a transition link between the Polyceree and
the Plocamopheri, being more closely allied to the latter.

Only some few species are known, the validity of which even is
not quite established :—

1. EH. croceus, Phil.
M. Medtterr.
Var. Atlantica, Bgh.
M. Atlantec.
Var. capensis, Bgh.
M. Capense.
2. H. japonicus, Bgh.
M. Japon.
3. H. pacificus, Bgh.
M. Pacztfic.

E.. crocevs, Phil., var. CAPENSIS.
Pl. XIL., figs. 18-24.

Four specimens of this form were sent for examination, procured
off Great Fish Lighthouse, off Cape Hangklip, and off Cape Point
Lighthouse.

When alive they were of a “ greenish colour with small red spots.”

They closely resembled each other, and had a length of 30-35 mm.
They are now of a whitish colour, but the best preserved and the
largest of them showed the gill reddish yellow, so too the arbores-
cences of the frontal and lateral appendages; moreover, small
reddish yellow spots were sparsely scattered over the back and on
the sides of the body. In all the specimens fine white points, some-
times a little prominent, appeared on the body, and, in all, the
intestines shone blackish through the right side of the body.

Two individuals were dissected.

In the largest individual (35 mm. long) the diameter of the frontal
veil with its arborescences was 25 mm., the height of these last rose

72 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

to 8 mm.; the breadth of the back between the lateral arbusculi was
13 mm., the height of these rose to 11; the height of the body
proper 13 mm.; the height of the rhinophores was 10, the length of
the gill-leaves 7 mm.; the breadth of the head with the tentacles
16 mm., of the tentacles themselves 5; the breadth of the foot in
front 15, that of the brim 3, the tail 6 mm. long.

The form of the animal as in other Euplocamis; the strongly
developed, rather large, somewhat curved frontal veil had in all the
specimens 8 arborescences, of which the outermost was a little
larger. The head rather broad with ear-like tentacles (fig. 18); in
the largest individual the mouth tube was inverted and the bulbus
pharyngeus projected to a length of 6 mm. ‘The sheath of the
rhinophores low, in one specimen the organs were nearly quite
retracted ; the stalk was a third of the height of the whole organ ;
the club with about 40 lamella and short end papilla. The back
somewhat convex, smooth, sloping backwards; from the narrow
brim projected, at somewhat equal intervals on either side, in all
individuals, 4 strong arborescent appendages, the first near the
rhinophore, the last at the root of the tail. They were of the usual
form (fig. 19), mostly tripinnate, the branchlets mostly more or less
pointed ; the mostly somewhat lower frontal arborescent tufts of the
same nature as the dorsal. The gill formed of 5 sometimes bifid
tripinnate leaves, situated at about the last third of the length of the
animal. The truncate anal papilla 1-5 mm. high; at its root to the
right the fine renal pore. The sides of the body smooth ; the genital
papilla in one individual contracted, in the other the everted penis
with its preeputium projected 7 mm. (fig. 20), and from its point also
the armature of the seminal duct to a length of 0°5 mm. (with a
diameter of 0:12). The foot not narrower than the back; the
anterior margin straight with a simple furrow; the tail with a slight
crest with small arborescent tufts.

The nervous system nearly quite as formerly described * in the
Eupl. croceus, Phil. The lamelle of the club of the rhinophores
had no calcified cells nor had their stalk, and in the skin of the back
only few and small, never true spicules.

The mouth tube 4 mm. long, wide. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus
65-7 mm. long by a breadth of 5°5-6°5 and a height of 5°75, its
form and structure quite agreeing with that of the H. croceus.t The
yellow mandibular plates (fig. 21) 3 mm. long, somewhat longer
than in the typical form, otherwise as in this, as also its structure ;
the diameter of its elements 0°005 mm.{ The rather broad, some-

* Cf. L.c., i., 1880, pp. 628-629. taf. xii., figs. 10, 11; taf. xiii., fig. 3.
+ Cf. l.c., pp. 6380-631, t Cf..l.c., p. 680,

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 73

what depressed, whitish tongue with a deep cleft for the yellowish or
yellow radula (as far as could be determined by the nearly cartilagi-
nous state of hardening of the bulbus); the rasp contained about
17 rows of plates, in the sheath moreover about 13, the total number
of rows being thus about 30. On each side of the rather broad
naked rhachis 3 strong lateral plates and a series of outer plates.
The plates were yellowish ; the length of the first lateral plate was
(in a straight line) 0-40 mm., that of the first of the outer plates 0-20,
of the last mostly 0-10 mm. The three lateral plates (fig. 22) as in
the typical species,* as also the outer ones (fig. 22a), whose number
rose to at least 22.

The salivary glands (12-138 mm.) long, rather thin, somewhat
uneven, yellowish white, running along the cesophagus to the
anterior end of the liver.

The esophagus 5 mm. long. The stomach 8-9 mm. long by a
diameter of 4-5, entering a little to the left in the cleft on the under
side of the anterior end of the liver. The zntestone under the gill
rising to the surface somewhat to the left in the deep furrow of the
liver, running forwards along the left side of the liver, with its bend
overlying the stomach and anterior genital mass, and running back-
wards to the anal papilla; the length of the intestine 4—4°5 cm., the
diameter 25-4 mm. The contents of the alimentary tract, especially
of the intestine, blackish, consisting chiefly of pieces of different
Bryozoa, fine sand particles and different spicula.

The posterior visceral mass (liver) 16-18 mm. long by a height
and breadth of 11, yellowish, rounded behind; with a rather deep
cavity on the right side of the anterior end for the pylorus and the
anterior genital mass, and an oblique transverse furrow on the upper
side from the region of the gill. The substance of the liver yellow,
contrasting with the enveloping whitish hermaphrodite gland; the
cavity small. No gall-bladder could be seen.

The pericardium, the blood gland, the kidney, and the pericardio-
renal organ as formerly described. t

The whitish hermaphrodite gland forms a rather (2—2°5 mm.) thick
layer ; in its lobules ripe genital elements. The hermaphrodite duct
with its ampulla as formerly described.| The anterzor genital mass
large, angularly rounded, of a diameter (in the two individuals) of
9-12 mm., whitish. The largest part of this is formed by the large
prostata (with the spermatotheca); this mass is short and pear-
shaped, 8-9 mm. long by a diameter of 3°5 and 6; the gland quite
envelops the spermatotheca, only leaving its neck free. The sper-
matotheca pear-shaped, 7 and 7°5 mm. long by diameter of 3 and 5 ;

* Ch. Le:, p. 632: fOr. ic. 1880) ps 634. t Cf. U.c., 1880, p. 635,

74 = Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

the small spermatocysta also pear-shaped, of a length of 2-5-3 mm.,
in both individuals lying quite free at the neck of the spermato-
theca. From the prostata issues the sperm duct, whose prostatic
part forms a little bundle of windings and then passes into the
strong muscular part ; this last has a length of 2-75-83 cm., and was
continued as the somewhat thicker penis of a length of 2:25-3 mm.
The glans was in the two individuals quite everted (fig. 20), in one
drawn back in the sheath (preeputium) (fig. 23); the anterior part
(about 2 mm.) of the seminal duct showed on its inside out to its
mouth on the glans (fig. 23) a clothing with rows of hooks; the
diameter of this clothed part was then 0:08 mm., and the end of it
was (as often in the Polyceride) (fig. 23) everted. The hooks were
colourless, of usual form, of a height up to 0-02 mm. (fig. 24). The
albumino-mucous gland as usual.

The differences in outer form and anatomical structure from the
typical species does not seem to me to be of sufficient value to justify
the establishment of a new species. I regard the form examined as
a variety of the H. croceus of the Mediterranean (and perhaps of the
Atlantic) Sea.

An additional specimen captured off the Tugela River mouth
showed some differences in its habitus, but certainly belonged to the
same species.

This specimen had a length of 20 mm. by a breadth of the back
proper of 6 and a height of 7mm. The frontal veil showed 6 arbor-
escences, and the back on either side 5 arbuscular appendages ; the
gill had the usual 5 leaves.

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 3:5 mm. long by a height and
a breadth of 3; the yellow mandibular plates as above. On the
tongue 13 series of tooth-plates; in the rasp-sheath 9, the total
number of series being thus 22; the plates as above, the number of
outer plates as much as 18. ‘The length of the first lateral plate was
nearly 0-40 mm., that of the third 0°35; that of the outermost of
outer plates 0:075-0-10-0:12, that of the innermost 0:16 mm.

The penis projected just as above.

KALINGA, Ald. et Hane.
Alder and Hancock, Notice of a Coll. of Nudibr. Moll. Trans. Zool.
Soe., v., 3, 1864, pp. 134-136, pl. xxxii., figs. 7-10.
R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters., iii. (Heft xvii.). 1890, pp. 959-962.
taf. Ixxxviii., figs. 19-20; taf. Ixxxix., figs. 46-47.

Corpus ovale, postice rotundatum, brevicaudatum ; limbus fron-

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 70

talis sat angustus, digitatus, digitis papilligeris; margo dorsalis
digitis similibus sed majoribus, parcis ornatus ; rhinophoria retrac-
tilia, clavo perfoliato ; branchia paucifoliata, e foliis magnis, omnino
discretis, in orbem dispositis, tri- vel quadripinnatis composita ;
tentacula a lateribus disci oralis auriculatim soluta; podarium
magnum, dorso latius.

Armatura labialis nulla. Radula seriebus confertis numerosis e
dentibus uniformibus minutissimis et numerosissimis formata.

Prostata magna. Glans penis aculeis armata.

Body rather clumsy, oval, subangular, rounded behind ; the back
somewhat narrower than the foot, the frontal margin with a row of
closely set papillated processes, the lateral with a few similar but
larger appendages; the perfoliated rhinophores retractile within
sheaths; the (oral) tentacles short, flattened; the branchia (non-
retractile) formed of few (5) quadripinnate, large plumes, each
standing separately (as in Hexabranchus) surrounding the vent.
-The foot very strong, larger than the back, and, like it, on the back
covered with tubercles.

The lip disc clothed by a simple cuticle, without particular arma-
ture. The rasp shows many closely set series of tooth-plates, the
number of plates in the series very great; the plates uniform, very
small and with tricuspid hook.*

A large prostatic gland exists. The glans penis armed with thorns.

Only one species of the genus is hitherto known.

KALINGA oRNATA, A. et H.

Alder and Hancock, J.c., 1864. pl. xxxii., figs. 7-10.
R. Bergh, l.c., 1890, pp. 959-962.

Pl. XITI., figs. 1-5.

Two large specimens were captured off Amatikulu Conical Hill by
shrimp-trawl; both were dissected. When alive the colour of the
animals was a ‘light flesh or hght brown.”

The length of the individuals was 7°5 and 9:5 cm. by a breadth of
4°5 and 6 and a height of 2°5 and 2°7 cm.; the breadth of the back
proper was 3-2 and 3°8 cm., its brim projected 7 mm., and the height
of the (5) larger marginal papille reached up to 15 and 17 mm.;
the length of the gill-leaves was 15-20 mm., the anal papilla pro-
jected 5 mm. ; the height of the rhinophores 7 mm. ; the breadth of

* The specimen formerly examined by me had been taken by angling, and the
anterior viscera were torn out,

76 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

the head disc with the tentacles 3 and 2 cm. by a height of 1
and 0:5.

The ground colowr of the back seemed to be grayish white, but
the tubercles and cones whiter with mostly crimson top ; the margin
of the rhinophore sheaths crimson, the club of these organs reddish
with crimson tip; the larger marginal and (2) posterior papille, as
well as some of the smaller, crimson coloured, sometimes with
yellowish tip ; the rhachides of the gill-leaves and their ends of the
same colour; the margin of the anal papilla crimson. The whole of
the under side of the body grayish white ; but the sides of the body
(foot) as well as the tail showed here and there the tips of the
tubercles crimson coloured. The consistence of the animal some-
what coriaceous, but still rather soft.

The posterior part somewhat convex, covered all over with rather
closely set, soft papille or tubercles of roundish form and very
different size, reaching a diameter of 4 mm. and sometimes of the
same height, they very often rise in a central (contractile) pointed
cone (fig. 1); the sides of the body (foot) and the tail are covered
with similar tubercles, but the cones are less pronounced. The
anterior convex margin of the back with about 12 whitish, unequal,
somewhat branched and papillated appendages, between which
there are here and there small cones; this row ends on either side
with a somewhat larger papilla of crimson colour; the under side
of this frontal brim even. The lateral brim of the back bears at
irregular intervals 5 larger conical appendages covered all over with
small papillae ; behind the gill, at the end of the back proper, two
similar appendages. The brim of the rhinophore-sheath carries a
row of small papillated appendages; the strong club with about
30 thin lamelle on either side. The diameter of the whole some-
what flattened gill was greater than that of the back; every one of
the (5) gill trees consisting of (4—) 5 diverging tripinnate or quadri-
pinnate leaves. In the middle of the interbranchial area the truncate
anal papilla (standing about at the limit of the second and last third
of the back), and at its base to the right the renal pore. The head
disc rather broad, somewhat semilunar; the mouth perpendicular ;
the free auricular parts of the tentacles short. In front at the base
of the marginal brim of the back the genital papilla. The foot
large, with a marginal transverse furrow in front, the border every-
where with small arborescent appendices.

The walls of the cavity of the body very thick.

The central nervous system of a breadth of 4:5 mm., whitish,
wrapt up in a covering of closely attached connective tissue ; the
different ganglia could not easily be separated; the nerve-cells of a

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. a

diameter up to 0°25 mm.; gastro-cesophageal ganglia were wanting
as in the allied genera, (Nembrotha) Huplocamus and Plocamopherus.

The nearly sessile eyes of a diameter of 0°12 mm.; the otocysts a
little larger. In the lamelle of the club of the rhinophores no
spicula, which were almost absent in the skin (as in allied genera).

The whitish mouth tube 8 mm. long, its inside more grayish.
The strong bulbus pharyngeus whitish, red or crimson on the out-
side and inside of the palate, the pharyngeal region and the cheeks
and roof of the rasp-sheath (tectum radule); the length 17 and
22 mm. by a height of 13 and 26 and a breadth of 15 and 22 mm. ;
the lip dise and partly the inner mouth clothed with a whitish,
downwards grayish cuticle; on the hinder end of the bulb pro-
jected the rounded head of the two lingual masses, and between
and before them the short and not large rasp-sheath plunges.
Against the white tongue contrasted the brownish gray rasp; that on
the upper side (and quite in the same way in both specimens)
appeared (fig. 2) as a rather broad wall; the length of this part was
in the largest specimen 16 mm. by a breadth of 8, the anterior end
was for a length of 10 mm. continued at the under side of the
tongue ; the hindermost part of the rasp was sunk in a valley and
then backwards and downwards continued in the rasp-sheath. This
last (16 mm. long) was a gray, rather thick-walled, compressed,
longitudinally wrinkled bag, whose cavity showed the close set
series of tooth-plates. The rhachidial part of the rasp seemed not
quite narrow. The number of series of plates in the radula more
than 100, and that of plates in the series scarcely less than a couple
of hundreds. The series were for a great part rubbed off. The
tooth-plates (figs. 3, 4) yellowish, uniform, small, the length of the
body about 0:08 mm., the height of the hook about 0-075; the hook
with two larger and a smaller lateral denticle.* Some few of the
hinder series in the rasp-sheath were not fully developed. The
state of conservation did not permit a more detailed examination.

The salivary glands about 3 cm. long, in their first fourth of a
diameter of 2 mm., elsewhere thinner.

The esophagus of crimson colour, contrasting against the grayish
stomach, 15 and 17 mm. long by diameter of 10-15, marked off from
the stomach by a slight constriction. The stomach broader in front,
18 and 26 mm. long by diameter of 13 and 11, entering in the trans-
verse furrow of the liver to the right. On the inside of the esophagus
and the stomach fine longitudinal folds; the cavity empty. The
wmtestine appears in the neighbourhood of the pylorus, runs to the

* Alder and Hancock (l.c., p. 134) mention the tricuspid character of the tooth-
plates.

78 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Soctety.

left through the transverse and link furrow of the liver, then for-
wards, forming a bend on the upper side of the anterior genital
mass, then runs backwards to the anal papilla; the length of the
intestine 6 and 10 cm. by diameter of 7 and (38-) 5 mm.; the
yellowish gray and blackish contents of the intestine were more or
less crumbled animal substances filled with spicules, perhaps of
Holothuria. The posterior visceral mass (lwver) on the surface
yellowish white, 3 and 3-5 cm. long by a breadth of 1:7 and 2:3
and a height of 1:3 and 2cm.; the mass was rounded behind and
before, the anterior half a little lower; a transverse furrow divides
the mass on its upper side into two parts of nearly equal size; it is
continued along the left side to the anterior end; the substance of
the liver dirty yellow ; the cavity rather small.

The pericardium large, 28 mm. broad by a length of 22; the
ventricle of the heart 11 mm. long by a breadth of 9. The blood
gland whitish, thin, of oval form, 17 mm. long by a breadth of 9,
lying to the right within the genuflection of the intestine. The
reno-pericardial organ whitish, flattened, 4 mm. broad; its duct
20 mm. long.

The hermaphrodite gland nearly clothing the whole liver with a
whitish layer 2-4 mm. thick; in its lobules ripe sexual elements.
The antercor genital mass (in the larger individual) 2°8 cm. long by
a height of 2°2 and a breadth of 1:5; the efferent ducts moreover
projecting 1cm. The hermaphroditic duct forming a longish bunch
of coils on the left side of the hindermost part of the genital mass.
The spermatotheca is a long grayish pyriform bag of the length of
2 cm. by a diameter of 1; the vaginal duct about 4 cm. long, the
vagina somewhat wider; the uterine duct 16 mm. long; somewhat
about its middle hangs the small pyriform spermatocyst of a length
of 4 mm., its duct about twice as long as the organ itself. The
muscular first part of the seminal duct short, passing into the white,
compressed prostatic part, that projects in a stronger, short con-
tinuation, ending in a strong, nearly globular ampulla of a length of
10 mm. by a diameter of 8; the continuation forwards nearly 2 cm.
long. In the last lies the glans penis ; its anterior end is somewhat
leaf-like, it is entirely covered with yellow pointed thorns (fig. 5) of a
length up to 0:12 mm.; irregular forms are rather often seen. The
muco-albuminous gland very large, yellowish white and white. In
the vestibulum opens a brownish, rounded gland 7 mm. in diameter.*

* The state of conservation of the anterior genital mass was not good.

The condition of the vas deferens was as formerly represented by me (Cf. l.c.,
taf. lxxxiv., figs. 46-47).

The smaller individual showed the whole genital apparatus less developed ; on
the glans penis no armature could be detected.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 79

Dor. PHANEROBR. NON SUCTORIZ 8. GONIODORIDIDH.
R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, pp. 1147-1157.

IDALIA, F. 8. Leuckart.

F. 8. Leuckart, Br. animal. quor. descript. 1828, p. 15, fig. 2ad.

R. Bergh, Ub. die Gatt. Idalia, Leuck. Arch. f. Naturg. xlvii, 1, 1881,
pp. 140-181 ; taf. vi-viii—System d. Nudibr. Gasterop., l.c., 1892,
pp. 1155-1156.

Forma corporis sat alta. Notzum proprium sat applanatum
cirrhis paucis seriatis vel omnino leve, margine prominente cirri-
gero. Rhinophoria juxta-marginalia non retractilia. Branchia
postica, e foliis simpliciter pinnatis, in arcum dispositis formata.
Podarium sat latum, cauda applanata continuatum.

Discus labialis annulo angusto hamulorum seriatim dispositorum
armatus vel utrinque lamina mandibulari elementis similibus formata.
Radula angusta; rhachide nuda, pleuris dente majori hamiformi et
externo lamelliformi instructis——Ingluvies buccalis fortis, fere

. sessilis.

Prostata magna; glans penis hamulis armata.

The form of the Idaliz is somewhat distinctive, not depressed.
The rather flat back proper shows some cirrhi set in series or is
quite smooth; the margin projecting, somewhat turned up and
furnished with a series of cirrhi. The rhinophores stand apart
from each other anteriorly, not retractile, with perfoliated club.
The gill standing rather backwards, consisting of simple pinnate
leaves quite distinct from one another, set in the form of an arch.
The foot is rather large, continued in a short tail_—The bulbus
pharyngeus with a strong suctorial crop; the lip dise of the bulbus
proper provided with an armature of densely set small hooks or with
mandibular plates. The radula is narrow; the rhachis narrow,
naked ; the pleuree contain a very large compressed upright lateral
plate with plain or finely denticulated hook, and an outer small
lamelliform plate.—The prostata is rather large; the glans penis
armed with hooks.

The genus is divided into two subgenera :

1. IDAuIA (proprie).
Not#um medium cirrhigerum. Discus labialis annulo hamigero
instructus.
1. Id. elegans, Leuck.
M. Atlantic., Mediterraneum.

80 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

92. Id. Leachu, Ald. et Hane.

M. Atlantic., Mediterraneum.
3. Id. Mediterranea, Jher.

M. Mediterranewm.
4. Id. tentaculata, Stimpson.

M. Chinense.

2. IpALIELLA, Beh.

R. Bergh, /.c., 1881, p. 145.
Not#wum medium leve. Discus labialis lamellis mandibularibus
instructus. :
1. Id. aspersa, A. et H.
M. Atlantic.
2. Id. pulchella, A. et H.
M. Atlantre.
3. Id. mequalis, Forb. et Hanley.
M. Atlant.
4. Id. amenula, B.
M. capense.

IDALIELLA AMGNULA, Bgh. n. sp.

Color generalis animalis lacteus, notzeum (anterius) linea mediana
et laterali coccinea ornatum, rhinophoria flavescentia, cirrhi apice e
flavo rubri; branchia et area branchialis coccinee ; latera corporis
superne linea coccinea ornata ; dorsum caude linea mediana coccinea.

Pl. XIII, figs. 6-11.

Of this beautiful form 5 specimens were sent, procured at rocks,
Gordon’s Bay.

Two individuals were dissected. The colour of the living animal

as ‘‘ pink.”

The length of the animals was 8-13 mm. In the largest the
breadth of the back proper was 5, the height 4:5 mm.; the height
of the rhinophores 2, of the cirrhi 3 mm., the diameter of the gill 4,
the foot 4 mm. broad, the tail 1 mm. long.—The ground colour was |
milk-white, on the anterior part of the back a rather thin median
crimson line and another on each side of the back proper, somewhat
broader and more irregular, all three lines uniting in front; the
rhinophores yellowish; the upper third or sometimes half of the
cirrhi reddish yellow; the area branchialis and the gill-leaves of
crimson colour; along the upper part of the sides of the body a
more or less hefommmmiall line of similar colour, along the back of
the tail a median line of the same nature.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 81

The form as in other Idaliz (fig. 6). The tentacles rather large,
lobe-like; the rhinophores strong, not retractile, situated on the
sides of the neck proper. The back with weak median crest, other-
wise quite even; its prominent brim somewhat turned up, disappear-
ing behind, and the back passing in the tail. The frontal brim
carries 4, seldom 6 cirrhi, the lateral 8, but the hindermost always
coalescent; the cirrhi pointed, finger-shaped, of nearly equal size,
quite even; the brim quite even between the digitations. Behind
the middle of the back stands the gill, consisting of 12, seldom 11,
simple-pinnate, not large leaves, set in a wide arch (fig. 6), the
hindermost somewhat smaller; the anal nipple a little behind the
median leaf, at its base the renal pore. The sides of the body even.
‘The foot nearly as broad as the back, its brim not narrow; the tail
short.

The intestines shone grayish through the sides and through
the foot.

The central nervous system seemed to be as in Id. elegans formerly
described by me (l.c., pp. 153-156).—The number of lamellae in the
club of the rhinophores did not seem to be large. The skin (of the
back) scantily provided with spicules, which were looser, hardened
and crumbling, yellowish.

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus small, 2-2°75 mm. long; more
than the half of it belongs to the (suctorial) crop, that covers the
whole of the bulb proper, is somewhat embedded in its upper wall,
not connected with it by a short stalk, but opening in it through a
sht. This crop (fig. 7) is of the usual structure. On the bulbus
proper the rasp-sheath projects a little behind; the lip disc is pro-
vided with mandibular plates of a breadth up to 0:25 mm., the
height of their elements (fig. 8) reaching 0:013 mm.—The tongue
rather well developed; the narrow rasp nearly colourless, with erect
tooth-plates (fig. 9). These last colourless; the height of the lateral
plates 0:25, of the outer ones 0°08 mm. The number of rows of
plates on the tongue 22-24, in the sheath 10-11, the total number
of rows being thus 32-35. The lateral plates (figs. 9, 10a) of the
form as in other Idaliz, but the hook finely serrated. The outer
plates (fig. 106) also of the ordinary form.

The salivary glands (fig. 7aa) whitish, about as long as the bulbus
pharyngeus.

The posterior visceral mass 8 mm. long by a diameter of 4; its
posterior end rounded, the anterior with long and deep impression
on the right and under side by the anterior genital mass. The mass
shows only the hinder end of the brownish gray or grayish brown
liver naked; this is elsewhere, on the whole of the upper side,

6

82 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socrety.

covered by the very thick layer of the whitish hermaphrodite
gland.

The hermaphrodite gland showed ripe genital elements in its lobes.
The anterior genital mass in one of the two individuals 3, in the other
6 mm. long, rounded quadrangular in circumference, plano-convex,
whitish and white. As far as could be determined by the hardened
state of the organ, the relations of the prostata and the seminal bags
were as in the typical species. The muscular part of the seminal
duct not short, passing gradually into the somewhat thicker, whitish
penis of a length of about 1 mm. The glans armed in the usual way
with hooks, this armature for a short distance continued up into the
seminal duct, and in one individual the anterior end of the armature
freely projecting from the glans (fig. 11) for a length of 0:28 mm.
and with a diameter of 0:06; the height of the small hooks hardly
exceeding 0:0055 mm.

NUDIBRANCHIATA KLADOHEPATICA.

R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, pp. 999-1070.

Fam. TRITONIIDA.

R. Bergh, System der Nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, 1892,
pp. 1066-1070.

The family contains the typical ‘Tritoniz of Cuvier and the
Marioniz of Vayssiere, the Tritoniopsis of Eliot,“ moreover the
Atthilidee + with perfoliated rhinophores, which character otherwise
is not seen in the Tritoniidew, and now the Tritonidoxe, different
from all other Tritoniidse by the absence of gills on the sides of the
back.

* Eliot, ‘‘ The Nudibranchiata of the Antarctic Expedition.’’ Trans. of the
Royal Soc. of Edinburgh., xli., 3, 1905. pp. 530-532, figs. 17-20.

The description of the rhinophores is rather unintelligible.

{| R. Bergh, ‘‘Nudibranchiate Gasteropoder. ii. Den Danske Ingolf-Expedi-
tion,’’ ii., 3, 1899. pp. 21-24; tab. iii., figs. 10-26. -

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 83

TRITONIA, Cuv.
R. Bergh, System, /.c., p. 1068.

1. TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson.

Stimpson, Descr. of some new Marine Invertebrata. Proc. of
the Ac. of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, vii., 1856, p. 388.

Eliot, the Nudibranchiata of the Antarctic Expedition. Trans.
Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, xl, 3, 1905. p. 528, figs. 11-54

Pl. XIII, figs. 12-15; Taf. XIV., fig. 1.

One specimen of this form was procured in False Bay (Buffalo
Bay) by shrimp-trawl. It is now very hard and stiff, not very
suitable for anatomical examination.

The length of the animal is 5 cm. by a breadth of the back proper
of 1:5 and a height of 1:2 cm. ; the breadth of the frontal veil 11 mm.,
the height of the rhinophore sheaths 3 mm., that of the gills 4 mm. ;
the breadth of the foot in front 13 mm., its brim 3, the length of the
tail 7 mm. The animal is now uniformly coloured white.*

The form is as usual, elongated, subquadrilateral ; the frontal veil
somewhat bilobed, with 4 digitations on either lobe (as also remarked
by Stimpson), the outermost one being the usual spoon-like tentacle ;
the sheaths of the rhinophores erect, tubular, with digitate margin,
the club as far as could be detected of the usual sword-knot form.
The back all over somewhat nodular, flattened; the margin a little
projecting, rising in about 12-14 gills of the usual kind and some-
what varying size (according to Stimpson there are 16 gills and
between those smaller ones). The genital opening as usual; the
anus at about the middle of the body proper, under the sixth gill.
The foot with a rather long slight marginal furrow, the brim not
quite narrow; the tail rather long.

The intestines were nowhere to be seen from without.

The whitish central nervous system as usual; the nerve cells
reaching a diameter up to 0°28 mm.

The strong bulbus pharyngeus 14 mm. long by a breadth of 8 and
a height of 75; its form and structure as usual. The yellow man-
dibles rather elongated, 14 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a

* The specimen captured by Stimpson in False Bay, Cape, was when alive
‘“‘1inch long, of transparent white colour with a few flake-white spots on the back
—the filaments around the truncated extremity of the sheaths of the tentacles of
a dark brownish colour; a white line extends below and parallel to the branchiz
on the sides of the body.”’

84 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

convexity of 2:5; the length of the hinge 2 mm. (fig. 12); the
masticatory edge not broad with some small and usually 4-5 series
of clumsy denticles (fig. 13), reaching a height of 0:16 mm., the
masticatory process rather short (fig. 12a). The tongue large, as
usual, quite hardened, so that neither the number of rows of plates
in the colourless radula nor in the sheath could be determined; the
number of plates also in the rows could not be ascertained ; it seemed
to be rather considerable. The median as well as the first lateral
plates yellowish, the rest colourless; the median plates of a breadth
of 0:28 mm., the length of the first lateral 0°26, the height of the
lateral rising to 0°28 mm. The median plates (fig. 1) of the usual
form, as well as the first lateral (fig. 1) and as the following (fig. 14) ;
towards the margin of the rasp the plates were sometimes of different
form (fig. 15).

The salivary glands as usual. The cesophagus posteriorly dilated
into a kind of stomach of a length of 8 mm. by a diameter of 4; the
intestine as usual. The alimentary tract quiteempty. The posterior
visceral mass (liver) 2°5 cm. long by a diameter of 1, conical, the
anterior end obliquely truncate (for the anterior genital mass) ; its
substance grayish, covered nearly all over by the thick layer of
yellow hermaphrodite lobes.

In these last were ripe genital elements. The anterior genital mass
somewhat globular, 10 mm. long by 7 in diameter; the very strong
ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct with its two coils constituting at
least a fourth part of the whole mass; the seminal vesicle longish
(5°5 mm. long); the albumino-mucous gland yellowish and whitish.

The form here examined is very probably the Trit. pallida of
Stimpson.

A smaller individual was procured by dredge at Cape Morgan,
another by shrimp-trawl off Great Fish Point Lighthouse.

They were 18-21 mm. long by a breadth and a height of the body
proper of 5-6; the height of the gills reached 2-5-3 mm. The colour
was (yellowish) white, along the side of the body (as mentioned by
Stimpson) ran a thin white line. On the right side the intestine
shone grayish through and behind the yellowish white hermaphro-
dite gland. The frontal veil showed all in all 10 digitations, and the
margin of body 10-15 on each side.

The markedly whitish bulbus pharyngeus 5°9 mm. long. The
yellow mandibles quite as above. The radula colourless, containing
33 series of plates, in the sheath 13, the total number of rows thus
being 46. On each side of the median plates 32 lateral. The plates
colourless, the breadth of the median 0:14 mm.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 85

_ At a later date two specimens were procured off Constable Hill
(NNE. 6% miles) by large trawl from green mud and a depth
of 33 fms. The living animal showed the “back of light
flesh colour.” One specimen was small, only 2:3 cm. long, but
otherwise in respect to the frontal veil, the gills and even the everted
glans penis entirely agreeing with the larger, which was more
closely examined.

This last was 4°5 cm. long by a breadth of 1:8 and a height, with
the gills, of 1:1; the breadth of the frontal veil 11 mm., the height
of the sheath of the rhinophores 2 and of the club 3 mm., the height
of the gills reaching up to 6 mm.; the breadth of the foot 14 mm.

The series of gills commenced with a small one, then followed
12-13 larger and finally came 5 small. The frontal veil on each
side with 4 small fingers. The back quite even. The pointed
conical glans penis projected straight out 5 mm.

The bulbus pharyngeus 13 mm. long by a height of 7 and a breadth
of 8; the mandibles quite as above, the masticatory edge with some
few (38-5) smaller and about 5 stronger series of flattened denticles.
The cavity of the mouth colourless. The colourless rasp of the
tongue seemed to contain 23 series of plates; the number of the
lateral plates could not be determined. The plates as above;
the breadth of the median 0:35 mm.

2. TRITONIA INDECORA, Bgh. n. sp.
Pe xO oO be XV mesos.

Two individuals were procured off Cape Point by a shrimp-trawl.
They were rather hardened and in a fair state of preservation ; the
largest was, as far as possible, examined anatomically.

The specimens had a length of 30-35 mm. The breadth of the
back was in the largest 11 and the height also 11.

_ The colour was whitish all over. When alive, they were of a
“pinkish colour.”

The form was as usual; the narrow frontal veil with a slight
median emargination, each side of which was provided with 11-12
pointed finger-like processes, the outermost slightly spoon-shaped.
The rhinophores seemed of the usual kind; their sheath somewhat
crenulated with a stronger outer lobe. The back quite even, the
margin slightly projecting, rising (in the two individuals) on each
side in 5-8 rather low arborescences (of a height up to about 3 mm.) ;
between these here and there were some much smaller ones. The
foot as above.

The intestines nowhere shining through.

86 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

The central nervous system yellowish red; the cerebro-pleural
ganglia roundish, a little larger than the rounded pedal ganglia ;
the cerebro- and pleuro-pedal connectives short; the double chief
commissure rather wide. The optic nerve long, the eye of 0:14 mm.
diameter; the otocyst measuring about 0°10 in diameter.

The bulbus pharyngeus whitish, only the palate and the pharynx
being black; the length was 10 by a breadth of 7 and a height
of 6 mm. The bright yellow mandibles 10 mm. long, together
measuring in breadth 6 mm.,. and one only 3 mm.; the form
about as in the other species, but the hinge a little larger, about
2:25 mm. long; the masticatory edge a little broader, with 5 rows of
projecting denticles of a height up to0:'10 mm. The tongue whitish
with yellow rasp, which behind at the tectum radule had a breadth
of 6mm.; the rasp contained 26 series of teeth, the sheath 13, the
total number being thus 39; the rows had, on each side of the
median plate up to 60 lateral. The plates were yellow; the
breadth of the median was 0°25 mm., the length of the first lateral
0-18, the height of the lateral rising to 0°30 mm. The median plates
(fig. 2) resembling those of the former species, but with the hook
always rounded ; the lateral plates (fig. 16, 3) as above.

The long, white, rather thin salivary glands as usual. The
stomach-like cesophagus 8 mm. long by a diameter of 5, whitish
and contrasting with the black pharynx; the intestine making a
large arch, 13 mm. long. The contents of the digestive tract were
a red mass of sponge, full of red spicules of a length up to 9 mm.

The posterior visceral mass, 16 mm. long by a diameter of 8,
pointed behind, obliquely truncate before, with a large excavation
for the cesophagus and anterior genital mass. The liver brownish
gray, but nearly quite covered by the thick yellowish layer of the
large lobes of the hermaphrodite gland.

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland ripe genital elements.
The anterior genital mass triangular-rounded of a diameter of 7 mm.,
white, the ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct grayish; the coils of
the sperm duct measured when stretched out 2 cm.; the seminal
vesicle globular, of a diameter of 2 mm.

The nature of the frontal veil and of the gills, the colour of
the palate and pharynx and the form of the median tooth-plates
seem to justify the establishment of a new species.

TRITONIDOXA, Bgh. nov. gen.

Forma corporis ut in Tritoniis, ita quoque velum frontale mar-
gine breve-digitato tentaculis cochleariformibus sicut rhinophoria,
Notzum leve limbo sat sato, sine branchiis,

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. oT

Bulbus pharyngeus ut in Tritoniis, ita mandibule cum processu
masticatorio, et ita radula.

This genus* differs from the other generic types chiefly in the
total want of branchie on the sides of the back. Otherwise the
group agrees almost entirely with the other Tritonie in the form of
the body, the frontal veil with its peculiar tentacles, and the sword-
knot-rhinophores. It has, too, the same form of the bulbus
pharyngeus with its mandibles and of the armature of the tongue.

TRITONIDOXA CAPENSIS, B, n. sp.
Pl. VIILI., figs. 8-13.

One specimen of this form was taken by dredge off Glendower
Beacon from a depth of 66 fms. ; the bottom was broken shells and
stones,

It was 3:2 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5 and a height up to 1 cm. ;
the breadth of the frontal (tentacular) veil was 11 mm., the height of
the rhinophores 6, the breadth of the brim of the back 6 mm.; the
breadth of the foot 11 mm., of its brim 3. It was of a uniform white
colour.

The form of the animal, as in other Tritoniide, somewhat pointed
towards the hinder end. The frontal veil (fig. 8) not much projecting,
quite even, at the margin with 2-3 short finger-shaped processes on
each side besides the tentacular. The margin of the rhinophore
cavities somewhat prominent, even; the stalk of the rhinophores as
high as the swordknot-like club. The back entirely even, its brim
rather broad, very undulating, also quite even on the under side. The
sides of the body rather low ; from the genital opening the glans of the
penis projected (very curved) for a length of 2-5 cm.; the small anal
papilla at the base of the brim of the back behind the middle of the
length of the body. The foot rounded in front, with a slight marginal
furrow; the brim not narrow. On the left side an intestine shone
grayish through.

The cavity of the body ending 14 mm. from its end.

The central nervous system as in other Tritoniide#x, the cerebro-
pleural ganglia not quite as large as the pedal.

The white bulbus pharyngeus of typical form, 8 mm. long by
a breadth of 6 and a height of 5 mm.; the muscular plate on the
fore side of the mandibles was as usual. The mandibles measured
in a straight line 6 mm.; they were yellowish, only the masticatory
edge being brownish yellow; their form was as usual, but rather

* Avga, presumption, conjecture,

88 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

narrow and the hinder end more pointed (fig. 9); the masticatory
edge about 0:14 mm. high, showing about 5-6 series of cones, whose
point projected about 0:025 mm. (fig. 10). The tongue as usual,
strong, the rasp nearly colourless, tapering anteriorly, containing
31 series of plates, in the sheath moreover 34, of which the three
hindermost were not quite developed, the total number of series
being thus 65. The number of lateral plates on each side of the ~
median seemed to rise to 75. The median plates bright yellow, the
lateral colourless ; the breadth of the median 0:16 mm., the height of
the lateral up to 0:16, that of the outermost 0°12. The median
plates of the form common in the Tritoniide, but rather broad, with
a clumsy short median hook and two similar a little smaller (fig. 11).
The first lateral plate also typical, different from the rest (fig. 11) ;
these were of the common hook form, but slender (fig. 12), the
innermost more clumsy (fig. 11).

The whitish salivary glands as usual.

The cesophagus short, about 3 mm. long. The stomach partly
lying on the left side of the liver, somewhat constricted in the
middle, 9 mm. long by a breadth up to 4:5, empty; the longitudinal
folds of the anterior part much stronger than those of the posterior.
The intestine issuing from the stomach near its end, ending near the
end of the liver.

The liwer brownish yellow, conical, 11 mm. long by a breadth in
front of 5; the anterior part was partly isolated from the rest by a
deep cleft entering from the right side and a smaller one interpolated
between the pylorus and the intestine.

The large lobes of the yellowish white hermaphrodtte gland were
spread over the upper side of the liver, and contained ripe genital
elements. The rather thick yellowish coils of the hermaphrodite
duct lay on the inside of the anterior genital mass. This last some-
what pear-shaped, 7 mm. long, white. The seminal vesicle globular,
of a diameter of 2 mm. ; the vaginal duct 2 em. long. The preputiwm
pems thin, reverted; the glans very long (3 cm.), its greater part
(2°5 cm.) freely projecting, cylindrical, with pointed end (fig. 18);
the seminal duct opened at its end.

AMOLIDITD A.
R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1002-1039.

JANIDZi.
R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1036-1037.

Corpus nonnihil depressum, margo dorsalis ‘gaye cia bursee

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 89

cnidogene nullz; anus ut plurimum dorsalis, posticus medianus ;
rhinophoria ut plurimum perfoliata, tentacula brevia; margo anterior
podarii angulis vix prominentibus.

Mandibule fortissime, margo masticatorius applanatus, aut
edentulus aut denticulis crassioribus armatus. Radula ut plurimum
lata et multiseriata ; dentes, mediani sicut laterales, elongati hamati
non denticulati.

Penis inermis.

The Janide form a very distinct group. The anus lies mostly
dorsal, far backwards and median. But their most essential
character is the possession of colossal mandibles, the flat mastica-
tory edge of which is even or bears very strong denticles. The
lingual teeth, median as well as lateral, are elongate, never
denticulate.

The family contains a few genera, mostly very distinct.

I. Janus, Verany.
Ky Bersh., Beitr; dieu xxut, IS(4) pp.a9%—b0o; vil., dic., Xxxil,,
1882, pp. 64-66.
Vayssiére, l.c., 1888, pp. 29-32.
Rhinophoria perfoliata, crista interrhinophorialis ; anus dorsalis.
Margo masticatorius latus dentatus. Radula multiseriata.

1. J. cristatus (delle Chiaje).
M, Atlantic., Medtterr.

2. J. ? sanguineus, Angas.
M. Pacific.

II. JaANouus, Bgh.
R. Bergh, Rep. on the Nudibr., /.c., 1884, pp. 18-23.—Malacolog.
Unters,, vi, 1. 1904, p..6.

Rhinophoria perfoliata, crista interrhinophorialis ; anus dorsalis.
Margo masticatorius latus non dentatus. Radula multiseriata.

1. J. hyalinus (A. et H.), B.
M. Atlantic.
2. J. Australis, B.
M. Pacwficum.
3. J. ceruleo-pictus, Cockerell et Eliot.*
M. Calaforn.
4. J. Capensis, B. n. sp.
M. Capense.

* « Notes on Californian N udibranchs,”’ Journ, of Malacology, xii., 1905, p. 48,
pl. viii., figs. 12-16,

90 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

III. Proctonotus, A. et H.
Alder et Hanc., Nudibr. moll., Part ii., 1845. Fam. 3, pl. 42.

Rhinophoria simplicia, crista interrhinophorialis nulla; anus
dorsalis,
Margo masticatorius non dentatus. Radula multiseriata.

1. Pr. mucronferus, A. et H.
M. Atlant.

IV. Mapretua, A. et H.

A. et Hanc., Notice, l.c., v., 3, 1864, pp. 141-142.
Vayssiére, Rech.—sur les Opisthobranches, 1903, pp. 88-92.

Rhinophoria papillata, crista interrhinophorialis nulla; anus
lateralis,
Margo masticatorius non dentatus. Radula triseriata.

1. M. ferruginosa, A. et H.
Kliot, Nudibranchs from Zanzibar, i. lc., 1902. p. 71. pl. vii.,

figs. 14-16.
M. Indic.

2. M. awrantiaca, Vayss.
M. Mediterr.

JANOLUS CAPENSIS, B. n. sp.
Pl. VIL., figs. 6-21.

One specimen was procured at ‘‘ Rocky Bank,’ False Bay, by
dredge (17-27 fms.) on rocky bottom, October 8, 1902; it was
rather hardened.

It was 3 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5 and a height of 1:3 cm.; the
height of the rhinophoria 5 mm., the length of the tentacles 3, the
height of the dorsal papilla 4 and of the anus 3 mm.; the sides of
the body at the middle 5 mm. high; the breadth of the foot 12 mm., of
its brim 2 and the length of the tail 2 mm.—The animal was uniformly
coloured whitish yellow ; the papillz and the anus nearly colourless,
semi-pellucid. The liver shone brownish through the back and the
intestine whitish.

The form of the body as in other Janide. The mouth tube was
turned up, the anterior of the bulbus pharyngeus somewhat promi-
nent, the form of the head rather broad and its tentacles finger-
shaped; the relations of the head to the foot quite as in other
Janide.* The inter-rhinophorial crest median on the neck, not

* Cf. R. Bergh, ‘Beitr. zur Kenntn, d. AXolidiaden,’’ 1. 1874, J.c., p. 599, ~
tab. vil., fig. 10,

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. , mM j E ooh

strong, somewhat compressed, the upper margin with several slight

transverse furrows. Close to the crest the (scarcely retractile) not
short-stalked rhinophoria; the club rather slender, with about 18-20
rather stout lamella and a rounded end papilla (fig. 7). The even
back somewhat convex; the margin not very prominent, 1-3 mm.
broad, densely set with perhaps 3-4 indistinct series of rather small
papille ; this margin in front reaching beyond the rhinophoria, only
interrupted in the middle of the anterior and the hinder end of the
back. The papillae (epinotidia) as in other Janide placed without
order, small; the outer quite small, the inner somewhat larger; here
and there a solitary papilla was seen in the neighbourhood of the
margin. The papille seemed nearly all present, and there was no
trace of dropped larger ones. The papillee of usual form, sometimes
a little nodular (fig. 6). Quite posteriorly on the back, 3 mm. from
its end, and submedian, still nearer to the right margin, the anal
papilla, directed forwards, gaping, with strong folds (fig. 8), at its
base behind a fine renal pore. The sides rather high, the genital
- papilla with two openings. The foot scarcely narrower than the
back, the margin prominent, the tail short.

The central nervous system yellowish, nearly as in the Janolus
australis, the large pedal ganglion lying on the outside of the
cerebro-pleural.

The narrow lip disc with strong cuticle. The (fig. 11) huge bulbus
pharyngeus 11°5 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 7 mm., in
shape as in other Janidz, the blackish anterior end of the mandibles
projecting in the inner mouth; its sides are quite covered by the
mandibles; on the somewhat concave upper and on the convex
under side the strong (faintly reddish) yellowish transverse muscles,
the hinder end formed by the lingual musculature. The mandibles
(figs. 9-16) very powerful, their thickness in front and in the middle
3 mm.; the colour of the thicker parts mahogany brown, in the
fore end and in the hinge blackish, the thinner parts reddish yellow ;
their length and their height equals that of the bulbus. They consist
of a little shorter but stronger anterior part, flattened in the fore end,
and a longer slightly quadrangular posterior. The anterior convex
part has on the owtside (figs. 10, 13) a deep somewhat curved
perpendicular furrow for muscular insertion ; before this the mandible
is thicker, more convex, behind the furrow the part is more flattened.
The longer posterior part is by a deep longitudinal furrow and border
(also for muscular insertion) divided in two lips, a thinner superior
and thicker inferior, somewhat concave beneath. The znside of the
mandible shows (figs. 9, 11) the anterior part convex, prominent,
before passing into the smaller foremost part of the outside, above

92 Try nea non of the South African Philosophical Society.

dentine’ | in a prominent black, even, connecting process. This
anterior part is separated by a deep furrow from the posterior, that
also through a longitudinal cleft and border is divided into two lips,
a higher inferior and a lower and thicker superior, that is continued
in the anterior part. The inferior edge of the mandible is quite even
(figs. 9, 10). Above, the jaws are connected with a thick nearly black
cuticle, consisting of longitudinal halves corresponding to the jaws.
Below at the entrance into the mouth is a little yellow (black
in front) lamina (fig. 11), 3 mm. broad, 2 long, with a crest in front
(fig. 14) on the upper side. The thickness of the M. transversus
mandibularum here 35 mm. Behind the M. transv. pass in two
cartilaginous-looking strong plates (figs. 15, 16) of cellular structure
with large clear round cells.—The narrow mouth cavity is filled by
the short and keel-shaped tongue with broad reddish brown rasp.
This last contained about 18 series of plates, in the sheath, more-
over, at least 24 rows, the total number being thus probably 42.
The rows seemed to contain about 50 lateral plates. The plates
were all yellow at the basal part, otherwise nearly colourless; the
length of the lateral plates rising to about 0-4 mm. The median
plates narrow, with a weak pointed hook (fig. 17). The lateral plates
quite as in other Janida,* rather narrow and slender, the hook a
little bent (figs. 18, 19). The whitish salivary glands reaching
backwards to the liver.

The cesophagus (fig. 20a) 10 mm. long, by a diameter of 2, with
fine longitudinal folds. The presence of a stomach before the liver
could not be determined. The large posterior intestinal mass, chiefly
formed by the brown liver, somewhat flattened in front, rounded
behind, 2 cm. long by a breadth of 1:3 and a height of 1:1 (fig. 20) ;
distinct branches were not seen. In the liver anteriorly a roundish
cavity (fig. 20). From this last issues the white intestene ; for a short
distance it perforates the liver, and appears on its under side running
submedian backwards (fig. 20), then making a bend, and, further on,
running in a furrow of the liver, lies first to the left, then obliquely
crossing the liver going backwards on the right side, turning upwards
(fig. 8) and ending in the anal papilla (figs. 8a, 20); the total length
of the intestine about 5 cm. by a breadth of 3-4:5 mm.—The contents
of the cavity of the liver and of the intestine white, consisting of
hard masses of calcareous Bryozoa.

A ramification of the brownish black liver could not be ascertained
or followed. The epinotidia (fig. 6) on the margin of the back were

* The number of series of plates was in Jan. hyalinus 16 (8+ 8), in
J. australis 24 (16 + 8), the number of lateral plates in the rows in the former ~
12-13, in the latter up to 54,

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 93

slightly nodular, over the middle of their height a blackish gray mass
shone through, up to this rose a thin-walled even tube; the point of
the organs often flattened, and with a follicle.*

The renal mass behind the liver ‘‘ being a network of tubes” t as
in other Janide.

The hermaphrodite gland yellowish, lying to the right, embraced
by the transverse and descending part of the intestine (fig. 20),
roundish in circumference with a diameter of 10 mm., 6 mm. thick ;
the under side distinctly divided into some large lobes radiating
from the centre ; the thin whitish efferent duct issues from this deep
centre. In the whitish lobules ripe genital elements. The anterior
gemtal mass yellowish and yellow brown, somewhat compressed,
7 mm. long and high by a thickness of 5, on its inside a large coil of
windings of the ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct; the white
seminal vesicle, globular, 2 mm. in diameter. The yellowish penis
(fig. 21) nearly cylindrical, its upper end recurved, 12 mm. long
by a diameter of 2, consisting of the preputium, that shows many
folds of the inside and at the bottom of its cavity a small whitish
glans.

This form is certainly specifically different from the other known
Janoli, in the epinotidia and its distinctive mandibles.

Off Cape Port Lighthouse (SW. by W., 44 miles) a specimen
very likely of the same species was procured by shrimp-trawl
(December 5, 1902) from a depth of 29 fms. on fine sand bottom.
The epinotidia are said to have been “red tipped.”

The specimen had a length of 3°56 cm. and resembled the former,
only the epinotidia had fallen off (not being left in the bottle) with
the exception of those of the outermost series, where they had a
length of 0°5-1:25 mm.

The bulbus pharyngeus 13 mm. long by a breadth of 11 anda
height of 4°56. The mandibles not so high and the furrows on the
outside and inside not so deep. The lingual plates longer than in
the former specimen. The csophagus, the intestine and the liver
as described.

The position and form of the hermaphrodite gland as well as the
anterior genital mass as described.

An additional specimen was procured off Buffalo Bay ‘‘ by shrimp-

* According to Alder and Hancock (/.c., Part 5, 1851) a distinct external orifice
was visible in the living state in Antiopa cristata. Cf., too, my “ Beitr. zur
Kenntn. der AXolidiaden,” I., l.c., 1874, l.c., p. 604, note 3.

+ Alder and Hancock, l.c., pl. 48, fig. 1, ii, hh.

94 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

trawl from a depth of 30 fms. and from sandy bottom with stony
Polyzoa,” it was very hardened; two others were taken in False
Bay from rocky bottom with many sponges.

The length of the two largest was 3-35 cm. by a height of 0:8;
the height of the rhinophores 5 mm., of the tentacles 2, of the
epinotidia 0:5-3; the back 1 cm. broad, the foot 1:2, the marginal
furrow continued along the side of the foot for 8-9 mm., the
length of the tail 4.

The epinotidia in 2-4 series; the inter-rhinophorial crest very
small; the anus submedian, 2 mm. high.

The bulbus pharyngeus 14-16 mm. long by a breadth of 9-9°5, and
a height of 7-7:5, the furrows of the posterior part of the mandibles
replaced by a thick edge (fig. 13); in general the forms of these
organs is rather variable in different specimens, the thickness of the
mandibles in front and in the middle of their length 3-5 and 4 mm.
The tongue 3 mm. high and long, the length of the rasp-sheath
4-5 mm. (its long nearly horizontal pulpy end 2 mm. long). In the
rasp about 18-20 rows of plates, and in the sheath 22-24; the
number of plates in the series could not be determined. The
plates as above.

GLAUCIDAL.
R. Bergh, System, 1892, pp. 1035-1036.

GLAUCUS, Forster.
GLAUCUS ATLANTICUS, Forster.

R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters. ii. (Heft xvii.), 1890, p. 876.

One specimen was procured from rock pool, Muizenberg. Its
length was with the tail 22 mm.; it agreed in all respects with
the type.

THTHYMELIBIDA.

R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden., l.c., iii., 1892,
pp. 1039-1043.

Forma corporis quasi ut in MXolidiidis, Caput permagnum et
cuculliforme ; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia, clavo per-

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 95

foliato; tentacula nulla. Epinotidia (papillae dorsales) colossez
sine bursis cnidogenis.

Bulbus pharyngeus rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque
mandibulis destitutus. Hepar solidum vel fortiter ramificatum,
ramis papillaribus non validis.—Penis inermis.

This family only contains two genera, Tethys and Melibe.

MELIBE, Rang.

Meltbe, Rang, Man. des moll., 1829, p. 129. pl. iit, fig. 3.

Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters. i. (Heft 9, 1875), pp. 382-
386, taf. xlv.—xlvi.; ii. (Heft 17, 1890), pp. 881-883

Melsbe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn.d. Japan. Nudibr.,i. Verh.
d. k. k. zool. bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1880, pp. 160-165 ;
taf. i, figs. 1.-11.; taf. ii., figs. 1-2.

Meltbe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. AMolidiaden., l.c.,
Xxxviii., 1883, pp. 688-693; taf. xvii. figs. 13-14; taf. xix.,
figs. 3-7.

Melbe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Gattung Melibe, Rang.
Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool., xli., 1884, pp. 142-152, taf. i.
Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata. Dan. exped.
to Siam (Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., xii., 2), 1902, pp. 42-46

(205-209). pl. iii., figs. 6-10.

Chirera, Gould. Un. St. Explor. exped. Moll., 1852, p. 309,

fig. 404.

Corpus nonnihil compressum. Branchie (proprie) nulle.
Podarium angustius.
Bulbus pharyngeus solum lingua destitutus.

These animals, which in some parts of the seas very likely are to
be found as frequent as Tethys in the Mediterranean, belong only
to the warmer and tropic seas. Continued examination will likely
reduce the number of the mentioned species, which are as follows :—

1. M. rosea, Rang.
Mare Capense.
2. M. Rangi, B.
M. rubr.
3. M. fimbriata, A. et H.*
M. Indve.
4. M. ocellata, B.
M. Indic.

* Hliot, On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar, l.c., 1902, pp. 68-70, fig. 5.

96 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socrety.

5. M. vemillifera, B.
M. Japon.
6. M. papillosa (de Filippi).
M. Japon.
7. M. bucephala, B.
M. Svamense.
8. M. capucina, B.
M. Philippin.
' 9. M. pilosa, Pease.
M. Pacific.
10. M. leonna (Gould).
M. Pacific.
11. M. australs, Angas.
M. Pacific.

MELIBE ROSEA, Rang.
Rang, Man.—des moll., 1829, p. 129. pl. i., fig. 3.
Pl. I[X., figs. 1-12.

At Woodstock Beach, Table Bay, 10 individuals of this form were
procured, of which 2 were dissected.

They varied in length from 1:°5-3'8 cm. The largest was very
hardened, the cowl-shaped head quite contracted, and all the papillz
of the back fallen off. Two other specimens were 3°2 cm. long by a
breadth of the body proper of 0°8 and a height of 1:2; the head
11 mm. broad and 11mm. long on the upper side, beneath merely
3 mm. long; the stalk of the rhinophores 2 mm. high, the epinotidia
of the back up to 8 mm. in height; the breadth of the foot 4, the
length of the tail6 mm. The animals were uniformly whitish ; living
they varied. according to Prof. Gilchrist from white to yellowish red,
usually the latter. |

In the form of the body the animal agrees with other Melibes.
The large cowl-shaped head with a little thickened refolded edge
provided with 2-4 close-set series of cirrhi (fig. 1), which are
conical, somewhat constricted at the base, up: to 40:6 mma, nels
but often contracted, especially the innermost; the outside of the
capuchin shows under a strong lens (fig. la) very fine nodules
formed of small groups of glandular cells; the thickness of the
cowl up to 1 mm.; it showed the muscular bands, circular, and
especially longitudinal, very distinctly shining through; the inside
of the cowl quite the same as the outside ; median in the bottom of
its cavity somewhat beneath the centre, the roundish mouth with
circular prominent lip, the diameter of the whole region 2°5 mm.;

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 97

the lip covered all over with small papillae. Behind the middle of
the length of the cowl the rhinophores, from the bottom of the
chalices (with undulated margin), rise the beautiful strong club with
about 12 lamelle and terminal papilla. The even back with minimal
nodules as the cowl; on its rounded margin in these individuals
8 epinotidia (papille) on each side, 4 large, 1 of middle size, and
3 small. These organs (fig. 2) were a little compressed, narrower
at the root, pointed towards the end, pronounced nodulous; they
adhered rather firmly to their base.* The anal aperture before the
second (right) organ more inwards. The szdes of the body even as
the back. The narrow foot projected 2 mm. beneath the cowl, of
almost the same breadth throughout the whole of its length, the
tapering tail rather short.

The intestines were nowhere to be seen from without, which was,
however, the case with thin muscular fibres running along the
whole length of the sides of the body. The cavity of the body
reaching to the region of the last of the larger papille.

The central nervous system as in other species examined
(IM. capucina).

The outer mouth (already mentioned) leading in the (about 1 mm.)
long mouth tube (fig. 3a), on the inside, covered with small cones
(fig. 4), of the same kind as on the outer lips. Both the buccal
tube and the bulbus pharyngeus are wrapt in a rather closely
adhering connective tissue. The length of the bulbus pharyngeus
1:5 mm. by a breadth of 2, on its hinder end and beneath a little
prominence; through the walls the outlines of the mandibles were
very distinctly visible (fig. 3b). The cavity of the mouth with
longitudinal folds, but no trace of lingual prominence. The clear-
yellow mandibles (fig. 5) resembling those of p. ex. the Tritoniz
or Pleurophyllidiz ; also partly covered by a muscular disc, about
0°65 mm. broad, with a strong connective region and a very plump
denticulated masticatory edge, the 10-12 denticles reaching a height
fig. 5) up to 0:08 mm.+

The white salivary glands small, uneven.

The cesophagus (figs. 6a, 7a) 6 mm. long, with rather strong
longitudinal folds. The stomach (figs. 6b, 7b) of a diameter of
3mm., roundish ; through its anterior part shone indistinctly longi-

* The figure of Rang represents 7 pairs of papille, the two hinder small.

The smaller papille were often set not in pairs, but unpaired in the middle
line. The smaller individuals had often only 5 papille, of which the 8 larger, 2
paired or unpaired.

+ The bulbus pharyngeus with its mandibles agrees very likely in the other
species of Melibe in general with that of the typical species. Cf. J.c., taf. xlviii.,
figs. 10-12.

q

98 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

tudinal folds; in this part opened from each side the bile-duct
(figs. 6c, 7cc) and a little more backwards the intestine (figs. 6, 7).
Through the posterior part of the stomach shone the belt of the
stomachal plates (figs. 6, 7). This belt was formed of 8 brownish
yellow plates of usual form with 1-3 intermedian smaller. The short
mtestine stomach-like dilated in its first part, with several small
pocket-like widenings arranged in a series (fig. 6d) on the anterior |
margin, with fine oblique folds on the inside; from this widened
part issues a stronger fold, which with several thinner ones runs
through the length of the intestine (fig. 6¢). The total length of
the intestine 9 mm.—The contents of the alimentary cavity were
animal matter with remains of small Hydroids.

The three principal lwver-branches with their ramified hepatic
ducts and the principal branchlets to the dorsal epinotidia as usual,
but in these last clearer (not so yellow) ; the epinotidial hepatic trunks
not reaching the point of the organs and their branchlets scarcely
entering in the nodules; through the axis of the papillae moreover
two vessels and muscular fibres, which cause the often very notable
contraction of the epinotidia. The nodules of these are again finely
nodulous (fig. 8), and each of the minimal nodules possesses a few
glandular cells.

The net-work of the liver-branches is interwoven with the much
branched renal tubes (figs. 9, 10), the branches reaching the root of
the epinotidia, but did not seem to ascend into them. The renal cells
reaching a diameter of 0:025 mm. (fig. 11).

The large yellow lobules of the hermaphrodite gland filling a
great part of the hinder cavity of the body, wrapped up and often
concealed by connective tissue and by closely adhesive hepatic
branches and lobules. They were chiefly globulous, of a diameter
up to 3 mm., their number only about 20; their structure as
usual. ;

The anterior genital mass large, 8°5 mm. long by a breadth of 4
and height of 5, white and yellowish. The yellow hermaphrodite
duct long, twisted. The ovigerous duct did not seem to have a
‘fan-shaped’ organ (as in the M. capucina). The seminal vesicle
small, pear-shaped, 2 mm. in its greatest diameter; the rather strong
duct somewhat winding. The globular prostata has the anterior
somewhat flattened, and the navel here is deep ; it is yellowish, of a
diameter of 3°5 mm., finely granulated on the whole of the surface ;
its duct rather strong, 4 mm. long. The preputium thin, 3 mm.
long; the pointed glans (fig. 12) shone through throughout its whole
length. The chiefly white mucous gland formed the Jargest part of
the anterior genital mass.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 99

Rang had the type of his genus Melibe from the Cape seas. The
original specimens do not of course now exist, and since then no
Melibe has been mentioned from this region. The figure of Rang
(he gives no adequate description) does not prohibit an identification
with the form here examined, that henceforth very likely will adopt
the name of Rang, especially if it shall be found, when living, rosy.
It seems different from the M. Rangi of the Red Sea, and can
scarcely be identified with any of the other described species.

PLHUROPHYLUIDIIDA.

R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1060-1064.

The family contains the genera Pleurophyllidia (proper) of Meckel,
the Lingvella of Blainville, and Camarga of Bergh.

PLEUROPHYLLIDIA, Meckel.

R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1063-1064.—Die Opisthobranchiata d.
Siboga Expedition, 1908, l.c., pp. 213-215.

A number of species is known, chiefly from the warm and from the
tropical seas.’
1. Pu. capensis, B. n. sp.

Pl. VIIL., figs. 23-24.

One individual was procured about 16 miles W. of Kast London by
large trawl from a depth of 37-39 fms.

The length of the rather contracted and hardened animal was 5 cm.
by a breadth of 3°3 and a height up to 2:5; the breadth of the dorsal
brim up to 1-4 cm.; the length of the gill 1, the height of its leaves
4 mm., that of the lateral lamellae up to 3-5 mm., the breadth of the
head (tentacular shield) 2 cm.; the breadth of the foot 2:2 cm., of its
brim up to 7 mm., the length of the furrow of the tail 8 mm. by a
breadth of 2:°5.—The ground colowr of the back was black, but
supplanted by the light yellowish longitudinal folds; the neck with
the rhinophores black (with whitish point), the tentacular shield
black; the gill bright-grayish, the lateral lamelle bright dirty
yellowish, the sides of the body grayish black, the foot nearly black,
the tail-furrow white.

The form as a whole, the usual. No proper nuchal caruncula, the
rhinophores 5 mm. high, as usual; the dorsal folds as usual, rather
regularly alternating in thickness, their number at the middle of the

100 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

length of the back about 30. The lamelle on the under side of
the brim of the back numerous, especially at the thin and narrow
margin ; the larger ones, in number about 30, descending obliquely
from the narrow margin forwards; the margin proper of the back
showed no openings of cnidophore sacs. The sides low; the
genital and renal opening as usual, as also the rather prominent
anal papilla. The margins of the rather strong caudal furrow
prominent.

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 12 mm. long by a breadth and a
height of 11. The yellowish mandzbles united 10 mm. long and broad,
the height of the convexity 4 mm.; their inner half much thicker
than the outer; the mandibular process as also the whole of the
masticatory edge straight and qute even. The rasp of the tongue
yellow, containing about 25 series of teeth, in the sheath moreover
about 33 series, the total number being thus 58. In the lateral series
about 50 plates. The plates were yellow and yellowish; the breadth
of the median plates 0°30 mm., the height of the first lateral 0-08, of
the fifth 0:28, and this height was scarcely surpassed. The median
plates broad (fig. 23), with short hook and on each side about 10
denticles ; the lateral plates also of usual form, mostly with 4-6 very
small denticles (fig. 24), the outermost mostly without these.

The upper salivary glands (gl. salivales) as usual; the under
(gl. ptyalinz) very strong.

The cesophagus and the stomach as usual; the intestine 3 cm.
long by a diameter of 2—-2°5 mm., in the rectum some dark animal
matter. The liver ramifications in the lateral lamine as usual. No
cnidocysts could be found; but in the narrow margin of the back
fine gland-openings.

The large hermaphrodite gland dirty brown, 18 mm. long by a
breadth of 12 and a height of 10; the ampulla of the hermaphrodite
duct brown. The large anterior genital mass white and whitish,
15 mm. long by a height of 8 and a breadth of 7 mm.; the seminal
vesicle large.

This species seems different from others known from the coast
of Africa, from the Pl. natalensis, B., Pl. Petersi, B., and perhaps
from the Pl. Horatew of Hliot.* The mandibles have a straight,
even masticatory edge, the lateral plates of the rasp have mostly

* Eliot, ‘‘On some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar,’ ii.
Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1903, i., pp. 251-252.

The description of this species (given by Crossland) is not at all clear; the
assertion of Eliot that the gill is wanting is very doubtful; the median plates
have a long cusp, and the cnidocysts are distinct.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 101

some few denticles, the nuchal region is even (and the margin of the
back without cnidocysts).

2, Pu. GILCHRISTI, B. n. sp.
Pl. VIIL., figs. 14-18.

Of this form one individual was procured off Sebastian Bluff
(July 11, 1900) from a depth of 40 fms. by shrimp-trawl, two otf
Cape St. Blaize from muddy bottom and a depth of 35 fms. by large
trawl, and one more off Cape Point Lighthouse.

The three last had a length of 20 and 27 mm. The first, which
was thoroughly examined, was 24 mm. long by a breadth of 15 and
a height of 8 mm., the tentacular shield 9 mm. broad; the brim of
the back mostly 4:5 mm. broad, the length of the gill 4:5; the breadth
of the foot 12, the length of the (not very pronounced) furrow of the
tail 4 mm.—The ground colour of the back grayish, more blackish in
front, the folds whitish, otherwise the animal seemed to be uniformly
white.

The lateral lamelle as above, in number about 40, about half of
which were larger; no cnidal pores or bags were seen. The neck
without caruncle, folds, or papille.

The anal papilla formed a prominence 5 mm. in height.

The central nervous system as usual. The otocysts 0-06 mm. in
diameter.

The bulbus pharyngeus 3-5-4 mm. long by a breadth and a height
of 2:5. The mandibles of a length of 3 mm. by a breadth of 2°8,
their masticatory edge yellow, elsewhere nearly colourless; the
masticatory margin (fig. 14) with (about 10) series of very small
blunt cones of a height of about 0:025 mm. (in two individuals).
The very bright yellowish rasp of the tongue contained, in the
two individuals examined, 22 and 25 series of plates, in the sheath
moreover were counted 23 and 21, the total number of series being
thus 45-46. In the lateral series (of three individuals) 41, 33, and 35
plates. The plates rather pale; the breadth of the median 0-17-
0:18 mm., the height of the first lateral 0°12, of the next 0-16,
rising to 0°18, that of the outermost about 0°10 mm. The median
plates had 4 strong denticles on each side (fig. 15), the first lateral
with (fig. 16) 6-8 not quite small denticles, the plates of about the
inner third or eighth part of the rasp provided with a few very
fine denticles (fig. 16), the rest without denticle (fig. 17).

This form is different from the preceding and does not seem to
agree with any one of the hitherto known species.

102. Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

3. PL. EUCHROA, B. n. sp.
PE Wil igs. 1-o; PI Vai tige25:

Two specimens of the form were procured, both by shrimp-traw] ;
one taken from a depth of 50 fms. (green mud) off Cape Hang Klip;
the other from sandy bottom at a depth of 30 fms. in Buffalo Bay.
A third individual was dredged off Cape Point Lighthouse, and two
at Seal Island from a depth of 16 fms. and a sandy bottom with
shells. )

The first two were about of the same size and appearance. Their
length was 17 mm. by a breadth of 9-10 and a height of 6-7; the
breadth of the frontal veil 5, of the brim of the back 4 mm., the
length of the gill 2 by a breadth of 1:75 mm., the breadth of the foot
7 mm., of the caudal furrow 3-4 mm. The two last-mentioned
individuals were 3 cm. long (not dissected).—The ground colour of
the back dark gray or blackish with whitish lines, the colour other-
wise whitish or yellowish.

Of the usual form, behind the frontal veil perhaps a small
caruncle ; the margin of the back with a series of fine sometimes
grayish cnidocysts, their contents sometimes projecting. The lateral
lamelle obliquely set, in number about 40.

The bulbus pharyngeus in 4 individuals whitish, 3-3°5-4 mm.
long by a breadth of 3-3-5 and a height of 3. The mandibles thin,
yellowish, about as in Pl. Grlchristi, the height of the columns of
the masticatory edge about 0:04 mm., of which the blunt end pro-
jected 0-01 mm. high. The nearly colourless or dirty yellowish
rasp of the tongwe contained 18 rows of plates, in the sheath 27,
the total number of series being thus 45; in the series on each side
about 25 plates. The plates yellowish ; the breadth of the median
0-14 mm.; the height of the two outermost lateral 0:06-0:08 mm.,
rising to 0:20. The median plate (fig. 25) had on each side 5 strong
denticles and a small one on the short pointed hook ; the first lateral
plate with a series of fine denticles (fig. 1), all the other (figs. 2, 3)
without denticles (as in the Pl. natalensis).

The cnide as usual. The anterior genital mass dirty yellowish,
of meniscus form. In three individuals the pointed penis (fig. 5)
projected 5:5 mm. from the genital papilla or everted vestibulum

(fig. 4).

To the same species very probably belong a large individual
procured by large shrimp-trawl about 20 miles W. of East London
from a depth of 37 fms.

It had a length of 4:5 cm. by a breadth of 1:8 and a height of 1;

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 103

the tentacular veil 10 mm. broad; the breadth of the foot in front
(with its angles) 20 mm.; the length and the breadth of the gill
5 mm.—The ground colour of the back black, but the colour reduced
by the white longitudinal ribs (in number at the foremost third about
25) ; the colour otherwise whitish.

The foremost lamelle horizontal, the rest obliquely set as usual :
on the brim of the back very pronounced enidocysts. The caudal
furrow very pronounced, yellow, 13 mm. long by a breadth of 1:25.

The bulbus pharyngeus (projecting freely 8 mm.) whitish, 9 mm.
long by a height and a breadth of 6. The mandibles yellow, rather
strong; the masticatory edge had about 15 series of scarcely
prominent roundish quadrangular facets of a diameter up~ to
0-025 mm., belonging to columns of a height up to 0:04. In the
yellowish rasp of the tongue 22 series of plates, in the sheath 54,
the total number of rows thus being 56; the number of plates in
the series seemed to rise to 32. The median teeth 0:29 mm. broad,
their hook with a little denticle on each side, more outwardly 6—7
coarser denticles on each side. The lateral plates quite as above,
reaching a height of 0°30 mm.

This form seems specifically different from the foregoing. Of the
hitherto known species of Pleurophyllidiide only Pl. natalensis,
cygnea,* and Miillerc + show the margin of the lateral plates (with
the exception of the first always finely denticulated) even (not
denticulated), but from these species Pl. euchroa seems to differ
by different character of the masticatory edge of the mandibles,

4, Pu. micropontTa, B. n. sp.
Pl. VITI., figs. 17-22.

Off Constable Hill (NNE. 64 miles) one specimen was taken by
large trawl from a depth of 33 fms. and green mud bottom. It
was 1n a very bad state of preservation, very hardened, somewhat
contracted and bent.

The length seemed to have been 3 cm. by a breadth of 1:5 and
a height of 1. The ground colour of the back seemed to have been
black, the whitish lines as usual.

A caruncle before the rhinophores could not be detected. The
gill, the lateral lamella, and the cnidocysts as usual.

The length of the bulbus pharyngeus 4 mm. by a breadth of 3:5

* R. Bergh, ‘“‘Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Pleurophyllidien.”” Malacozool.
Bl., xxili., 1876, pp. 9-13; taf. 1, figs. 1-7.

+ H.v. Jhering, ‘“‘ Zur Kenntniss d. Nudibranchien der brasilianischen kiiste,’”’
Malakol. Jahrb., xiii., 1883, pp. 223-228; taf. 9, fig. 1,

104 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

and a height of 3. The yellow mandibles as in the Pl. euchroa.
The rasp of the tongue, clear yellow, seemed to contain 20 series of
plates, the sheath about a like number ; in the lateral series about 50
plates. The plates yellowish; the breadth of the median 0-075 mm.
by a height of 0:05, the height of the thin outermost lateral 0:055.
The median plates (figs. 19, 20) with 8-10 denticles on each side of
the pointed hook, which had a strong denticle at its root. The .
lateral plates of common form, with mostly 8-10 pointed denticles
(fig. 22), the 10-15 outermost somewhat slender, without denticles.

This form differs from the other, particularly in the very small
size of the plates of the rasp.

PECTINIBRANCHIATA.

MARSENIID AL.

R. Bergh, Malacolog. Untersuch., iv. (Supplementheft i1., 1, 2),
1886-1887, with 14 plates.

MARSENIA, Leach.
1. Mars. pERspicua (L.).
Pl. XIV., figs. 5-9.

A specimen was sent, taken off Umhlanga River mouth by shrimp-
trawl. It was somewhat contracted, nearly semiglobular. Later
five specimens were fished at Cape Point (N. 50° E., 184 miles),
among which was one male. The largest was 3°3 cm. long by a
height of 1:5 and a breadth of 2:7 cm.

The length of the first mentioned, male, specimen was 12 mm. by
a breadth of 8 and a height of 5.

The colour of the smooth back was gray with rather numerous
more or less large blackish spots; the rest of the body yellowish.
The inside of the mantle spotted blackish. The shell of usual form,
8 mm. long by a breadth of 6, thin and very fragile.

The form of the body quite as in the typical Marsenia. The large
penis projected forwards, 6 mm. long.

The buccal tube 2 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 2 mm. long,
its form quite as usual, the long rasp-sheath rolled up to the right

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 105

side. The mandibles 1:‘5 mm. long, yellow in the anterior part,
otherwise nearly colourless (fig. 5), the hinge very pronounced
(figs. 5,6). The tongue as usual; the yellow rasp of a breadth of
0:37 mm., containing 12 series of plates ; in the sheath moreover 38,
of which the 3 hindermost were not quite developed; thus the total
number of series 47. The plates very clear yellowish; the breadth
of the median plates behind 0:10 mm.; the length of the lateral ones
in a straight line 0-22. The median plates (fig. 7aa) of usual form ;
the anterior refolded edge with 2 (—3) denticles on each side of the
pointed hook, the legs not quite of the same length. The lateral
plates (fig. 7) also of usual form; the pointed hook (fig. 8) showed
at the upper edge 12-15 denticles, of which the hindermost 4-5
were much stronger; the lower edge had 4-5 rather weak and
blunter denticles.

The cesophagus as usual with a widening. The liver brown.

The penis of about the common form, somewhat compressed ; from
its end the very pointed continuation of the vas deferens projected

(ig. 9),

The larve of the Marsenie, the Echinospira, &e., are found widely
spread in plankton and carried far and wide by the currents. By
far the most of the forms of Marsenia described as species, including
this form, are probably only local varieties of the Mars. perspicua,
which seems to be almost cosmopolitan; I have seen such forms
collected by Plate on the western coast of South America (‘‘ Die
Opisthobranchien der Sammlung Plate,’’ Zool. Jahrb., Supplement-
heft iv., 3, 1898, pp. 564-569), and others collected by Mortensen
near the coast of Siam (‘‘The Danish Expedition to Siam,” 1. Gas-
teropoda opisthobranchiata, 1902, pp. 213 (55) -214 (56); pl. i,
figs. 13-14).

2. MARSENIA CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp.
Pl. IX., figs. 13-16.

Ten individuals of this form (four of which were male) were pro-
cured at Cape Point with shrimp-trawl from green mud and a depth
of 650-700 fms.; one more at Cape Point by American trawl from a
depth of 310 fms. with bottom of sand and black specks ; moreover
from the same locality 13 specimens from a depth of 700-800 fms.
with green mud bottom (6 of 8 examined were male). Three rather
large (2°38 (?) and 3°5 (gf) and 4 (3%) em. long) were moreover
caught off Lion’s Head from a depth of 131, 136, 195, 204 fms.

They were all very contracted and stiff.

The length of the dissected individuals varied from 14-18 mm.

106 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

the two largest had a breadth of 16 anda height of 8 mm. They
were uniformly coloured whitish ; on the back rather spread short
0-5 mm. high conical prominences; the shell shone white through
the mantle, but always (on account of the strong contraction) broken
in pieces. The form of the animal as usual; so too, as far as could
be determined, the thin shell.

The bulbus pharyngeus of usual form, 6 mm. long; the rasp-sheath |
in two of the three more closely examined (female) individuals rolled
up to the right, in the third (male) to the left side. The mandibular
plates, 2°56 mm. long, of about the usual form, but the brownish
masticatory part not separated by an actual furrow from the
yellowish remainder; the anterior narrower margin (in the three
individuals) produced in a strong point (fig. 13). On the yellowish
rasp 16-17-20 series of plates, in the sheath 25-40-42, the total
number of rows being thus 41-57-62; the end of the sheath very
little swollen, rounded behind. The thicker part of the lateral plates
yellow ; the rest as well as the median plates nearly colourless. The
breadth of the median plates 0:25 mm., the length of the lateral 0°52.
The median plates with curved anterior margin with pointed hook
and with about 10 fine denticles on its sides, the posterior margin
straight (not bifid) (figs. 14, 15). The lateral plates of usual form,
the upper margin of the hook with 8-20 fine denticles, the other
with 6-8 coarser.

The liver grayish brown. The large ovarium yellow. The penzs
(fig. 16) 7 mm. long, somewhat flattened, always (by 10 individuals)
of quite the same form.

The largest (male) individual 4 cm. long by a breadth of 3:3 and a
height of 2; when living it was white; the back was somewhat
nodulous; the penis quite as described. The shell very thin,
broken.

The bulbus pharyngeus 7 mm. long, the rasp-sheath rolled up to
the right. The mandibles nearly as above. In the rasp 17 series of
plates, in the sheath 49, the total number of rows being thus 66; the
plates quite as above.

3. MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B. n. sp.
PDX iss (20) eel xX igs: 12.

One male specimen was procured off Cape Point (E. i, N.
36 miles) from a depth of 700-800 fms. from green mud bottom by
shrimp-trawl.

The specimen resembled, preserved in formalin, a somewhat

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 107

transparent sphere, flattened on the under side. The length was
6-8 cm. by a breadth of 5:5 and a height of 4; the submedian
(inspiratory) cleft 1 cm. long; the breadth of the mantle brim, that
was bent downwards and touching the margin of the foot, 13 mm. ;
the aperture of the gill cavity 9 mm. broad; the length of the ten-
tacles 8 mm., that of the penis 2°6 cm. by a diameter of 0°5; the
length of the foot 4 cm. by a breadth of 2:2; the length of the tail
12 mm.—The upper side of the mantle uniformly coloured greenish
white, the under side of the mantle (except the broad inspiratory
furrow), the neck, and the upper side of the foot velvet black; the
tentacles, the penis, and the sole of the foot white; the intestines
did not shine through. .

The mantle was even all over ; its under side densely transversely
striated, no distinct expiratory furrow. The ophthalmophoria very
small, and eyes not visible. The penis strong, nearly cylindrical.
The foot as usual.

The shell 3 cm. long by a breadth of 2, as in the Mars. leptolemma
quite thin, membranous, slightly yellowish, easily loosened from the
intestines, and when spread in water assuming the ordinary form of
the Marsenia shell (fig. 1).

The situation of the intestines quite as usual. The olfactory organ
(Spengel) 15 mm. long by a breadth of 9, dirty brown with whitish
rhachis; the curved gill whitish, about 2°5 cm. long, its very thin
and narrow leaves up to 8 mm. high. The ventricle of the heart
5mm. long; the kidney and the foliated gland exhibited the usual
relations and structure.

The bulbus pharyngeus of usual form, but small, 6 mm. long by a
breadth of 6 and a height of 3:5, whitish. I did not succeed in
determining the form of the mandibular plates. The tongue as
usual; in the faintly yellowish rasp 22 series of plates, in the sheath
(that was bent directly forwards and median, reaching to the anterior
of the bulbus) 46, the total number of the series thus being 68. The
median plates quite colourless, the breadth between their legs 0:22 mm.
The median plates narrower in front, with 4-6 sharp denticles on each
side of the pointed hook (fig. 18); the lateral plates of the common
form on one margin unusually finely denticulated, on the other with
4-6 more clumsy (fig. 2) denticles. The end of the rasp-sheath
smaller than usual (fig. 19).

The cesophagus as usual and with a widening. On the anterior
side of the psaltervwm (the foliated or glandular stomach) the trans-
versely situated second stomach or crop. The psalterium itself
semiglobular, somewhat of a cup-like shape, of a transverse diameter
of 9 mm., yellowish. The proper (third) stomach as usual. The

108 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

brownish liver for the most part covered by the yellowish testes,
whose large lobes contained ripe zoosperms. The vas deferens
formed the usual twisted ball, and was continued forwards first in a
straight course; it continued in winding through the penis, and
projected a little from its end (fig. 20). |

Another, a female and somewhat smaller, specimen was procured —
off Cape Point (NE. by E. 36 miles), 660-700 fms., green mud.

It was 3:5 cm. long by a breadth of 2:3 and a height of 2°8 cm.
The colour was quite as in the male individual, as were also the
ophthalmophores. The exserted pharyngeal bulb was (only)
examined.

The bulbus pharyngeus 6 mm. long by a breadth of 5. The man-
dibles 3 mm. long, dirty yellowish, in the anterior part dirty
brownish, of about the usual form (fig. 17). The rasp of the tongue
more yellow than in the male specimen, containing 23 series of
plates ; the sheath bent upwards and forwards in the median line,
but not reaching so far forwards, containing 26 series, of which the
5 hindermost were not fully developed; the total number of series
thus 49. The plates quite as in the other specimen.

As regards the large size and the membranous condition of the
shell this form quite agrees with MW. leptolemma of the Atlantic.*
The colour of the under side of the mantle is, however, quite
different, as also the character of the lingual plates, especially that
of the median. This form is a new species.

NATICIDAL.

SIGARETUS, Lmk.

SIGARETUS PLANULATUS, Recluz.

Sigaretus planus, Philippi. Abb. u. Beschreib., i., 1842, p. 146;
tab. 1., fig. 7.

Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz. Sigaretus, Chenu, illustr. conchyl.,
1843-1845.

Sigaretus planus, Phil. Troschel, das Gebiss d. Schnecken, i.,
(1856-) 1868, p. 184; tab. xv., fig. 16.

* R. Bergh, ‘‘Nudibranches et Marsenia,” Res. scientif., par Albert i.,
fasc. xiv., 1899, pp. 31-36; pl. i.; pl. ii., figs. 1-65.

The Opisthobranchiata of South Africa. 109

Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz. Sowerby, Thesaurus, v., 1887, p. 42.
No. 14, tab. 442, figs. 29-30.

Pl. X., figs. 4-16.

Two specimens were dredged off Umvote River from a depth of
27 fms. from sandy bottom with shells. They were of quite the
same size, now very hardened and very difficult to examine; in the
male individual the shell was well preserved, in the female broken
in pieces.

The colour was dirty yellowish gray. The length 4 cm., of which
the propodium measured 1:7; the breadth of the propodium behind
13 mm., at the anterior narrower.

The milk-white fine shell on the middle of the animal 16 mm. long
by a breadth of 11 and a height of 5, with a very thin yellowish
cuticle. An operculum was not present.

The propodium broader behind, sloping towards the rounded
anterior end, flat and even; its straight hinder brim covering the
head and the margin of the gill cavity; the propodium is separated
by a furrow from the sole; behind this furrow passes in the flatter
furrow at the margin of the tail. The hinder foot, the tail is gradu-
ally pointed backwards and sloping, rather convex, even, along the
margin accompanied by a furrow ; its anterior end concave, thinner,
and with a height up to 13 mm., reflected on the shell, whose hinder
end partly covers its outer lip.

The broad, short head (fig. 4) with rather (4 mm.) long tentacles ;
the intestines shone blackish through the floor of the gill cavity.
The nearly cylindrical pens (fig. 7) 15 mm. long by a diameter of
1-1:5, with a hollow at the end, from the end of which the sperm-
duct projected; along the side a superficial furrow. The clear
yellow gill (fig. 5) 13 mm. long with a breadth up to 3:25; its fine
leaves (fig. 6) free for about half their length. The olfactory organ
(Spengel) dirty brownish, nearly as long as the gill by a breadth of
1:25 mm., bent in its anterior end.

The brownish gray bulbus pharyngeus of oval form, nearly 2 mm.
long. The mandibles nearly reaching each other above and below;
brownish yellow, 0°75 mm. long by a breadth of 0:5; their elements
as in other Sigareti, 0°10 mm. long (fig. 8). The very faint yellowish
rasp of the tongue containing about 30-36 series of plates ; the long
sheath (fig. 16) of a breadth of 0:20 mm., bent several times, affixed
to the cesophagus and the salivary glands, contained a much larger
number ; the number of rows seemed in the two individuals to be all
in all 131 and 145(¢). The plates nearly colourless; the breadth
of the median 0:13 mm., the height of the lateral plate 0:11, of the

110 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

two outer plates 0:115 mm. The median plate (figs. 9a, 10-12)
broad, in front a little concave and narrower, behind a little convex
and with the angles prominent and pointed ; the cutting edge with
a small median tooth with a stronger one on each side, from the
under side a short pointed hook moreover projected (figs. 10-12).
The lateral plate upwards bifurcate, the anterior part longer than
the posterior (figs. 9b, 13).* The outer plates (figs. 14, 15) hook- |
shaped, the interior a little stronger than the exterior, both a little
blunt at the point, the interior (fig. 14a) with 3 small teeth, the
exterior with but one (fig. 140). _

The state of preservation did not admit of an examination of the
other organs.

* The figure by Troschel (J.c., p. 185; taf. xv., fig. 16) of the lateral plate seems
rather different, but is very likely but incorrectly drawn. It is not quite easy to
get the different plates arranged in a convenient position.

Troschel saw in his two individuals 126 and 134 series of plates, and the median
plates of a breadth of 0°15 mm.

(111)

INDEX TO GENERA AND

A
PAGE
Aclesia cirrhifera, Q. et G., var. ... 20
Aphelodoris (?) brunnea, Bisset en eneies 58
ply Star MOTO, Ws ves eracsaceenesss- 4
ve -eusiphonatd,B.. cavtices..s0hs 9
Pe ALCAN GUA) amc. overs sc canee! 5
Ree a OMICMFISOI GIs) wasgsscecnge testes 2
Birr TODA ba es. acrecasocnssie ees toate 8
Pee geIMOMOCMTON, was... fesse ct elas 8s 13
Aa IV VOOM Ease seh a. Cle eccateen scans 12
poikilia, Be Miieceere eevee 10
Archidoris CAPCMSIS, D.cseane sc oececer er 42
ms PUAMOSE, secs searnotteneees 43
a @yiseriptas, Brvccsinticseces 44
B
Berthella granulata, Krauss ......... 40
C
Chromodoris albolimbata, B. ......... 55
5 CUCIPIS ABs japeawensdeeas 56
rs SDersseenti yeaa acssescsuiee 57
D
Diaulula capensis, B. .................. 48
(2) MMOTOSa 5 Bsr stews sens eae 50
Dolabella Rumphii, Rang. Vals esos 15
Doridiim ‘capense;, B.° cvic.ssseecu.22: 29
Doriopsilla capensis, B. ............... 64
DORIOpSIS Cxe81a, Bis ae. tcsscn scant. ceo 62
aS Callosa ss We hiceeeeteaaesnne 61
a CAPONSIS, Bie sige ee neceeee 60
SPrastreacl een asl isnmna eae 63
Doris (gen..?) glabella,, Beocstie.iesees 54
5p so, (ce perplexa,, Bs 22 stone. 53
50 »» (2) pseudida, B. si5.0ss.5... 52
7)
Kuplocamus croceus, Phil. var.
CAPCWSIS. asi vicsesseiedcoesesoncessesee 71
G
Geitodoris capensis, B..........0sesc0+0 47
Glaucus atlanticus, F. .................. 94

SPECIES.

I

PAGE

Fdaliella amoentla, B: ...2...s0css0+s oe 80
J

JAHOlUS CAPENSIS, Bs c.cc.e5..erscsk vera 90
K

Kalin gan Ora tagn ein Cb lel eycacan.sesee eres 75
M

Molibe rosea; Ranges ccc .ssecssseseee seen 96
N

Nembrotha capensis, B. ............+4. 68
O

Oscaniella nigropunctata, B. ......... 37

Oscaniopsis pleurobrancheana, B. 36

iP
Philinevapernbary Wi -cwescesen uaedseseusters 24
Boe | CRDOMGISN Ds cr eSsh oe ssaasdnorene DM
Pleurobranchea capensis, Vayss. ... 30
melanopus, B. ...... 33
Pleurophyllidia GCapensis, Bs. t.aecesa: 99
- euchroa, B. ......... 102
a Gilchristi, Be,» Sheyaee 101
ns microdonta, B....... 103
S
Staurodoris verrucosa (Cuv.) ......++. 46
AL
Thordisa punctulifera, B. ............ 50
Triopa lucida, Stimpson ............... 66
Mritonia Indecora, Be wasitassscqeceese 85
3). . pallida, Stimpson’ «.<c....2... 83
Tritonidoxa capensis, B. ............... 87
Marsenia capensis, B. ...............006 105
Ae leptoconcha, B............... 106
. perspiciiay (lis) e-c..c<cscsses 104
Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz ......... 108

(112)

After the printing of a large part of this memoir I received the
‘‘NoTEs ON soME British Nupiprancus”’ (Journ. of the Marine
Biological Association, vii., 3, 1906, pp. 333-382, with 2 pl.),
by Sir Charles Eliot,

and

‘‘ OPISTHOBRANCHIATE Mouuusca FROM MontTEREY Bay, CALIFORNIA,
AND Vicinity’”’ (Bull. of the Bureau of Fisheries, xxv., 1905,
pp. 111-151, with 14 pl.), by Prof. MacFarland.

I therefore have not been able here to use the general and special
notices contained in these papers.

(113)

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA AND SPECIES.

Tectibrancliata.
Anaspidea.
Aplysiide proprie.
Aplysia Gilchristi, B.
», allochroa, B.
» gargantua, B.
», \lobata, B.
», eusiphonata, B.
pe porkilia, B.
,, Woodii, B.
>» monochroa, B.
Dolabella, Lam.
re Rumphii, (Cuv.) Rang. var.
Notarchide.
Aclesia cirrhifera, Q. et G. var.
Cephalaspidea.
Philinide.
Philine aperta, L.
», capensis, B.
Doridiide.
Doridium capense, B.
Notaspidea. _
Pleurobranchide.
Pleurobranchea, Lewe.
Pleurobranchea capensis, Vayss.
_ melanopus, B.
Oscaniopsis, Bgh.
Oscaniopsis pleurobrancheana, B.
Osecaniella, B.
Oscaniella nigropunctata, B.
Berthella, Blv.
| Berthella granulata (Krauss).
Nudibranchiata holohepatica.
Dorididz cryptobranchiate.
Archidoris, B.
Archidoris capensis, B.
3 granosa, B.
“ ? scripta, B.

8

114 Transactions of the South African Physiological Society.

Staurodoris, B.
verrucosa (Cuv.).
Geitodoris, B.
G. capensis, B.
Diaulula, B.
D. capensis, B.
D. ? morosa, B.
Thordisa, B.
Th. punctilifera, B.
Genus ?
Doris pseudida, B.
Genus? —
Doris perplexa, B.
Genus ?
Doris glabella, B.
Chromodoris, A. et H.
Chrom. albolimbata, B.
Chrom. euelpis, B.
Chrom., sp.
Aphelodoris, B.
Aph. ? brunnea, B.
Porostomata.
Doriopsidide.
Doriopsis (Pease), Bgh.
Dor. capensis, B
Dor. callosa, B.
Dor. cesia, B.
Dor., sp.
Doriopsilla, B.
Dor. capensis, B.
Doridide phanerobranchiate.
Polyceride.
Triopa, Johnst.
Tr. lucida, Stimpson.
Nembrotha, B.
N. capensis, B.
Kuplocamus, Phil.
HK. croceus, Ph., var. capensis.
Kalinga, Ald. et Hanc.
K. ornata, A. et H.
Goniodoridide.
Idalia, Leuck.
Idahella amcenula, B.
Nudibranchiata kladohepatica.

Tritoniide.
Tritonia, Cuv.
Tr. pallida, Stimpson.
Tr. indecora, B.
Tritonidoxa, B.
Tr. capensis, B.
Aeolidiidee.

Glaucus atlanticus, F.
Janolus capensis, B.

Synopsis of Genera and Species.
Tethymelibidee.

Pleurophyllidiidex.

Pleurophyllidia, Meckel.

Pl. capensis, B.
Pl. Gilchristi, B.
Pl. euchroa, B.
Pl. microdonta, B.

Pectinibranchiata.
Marsenia, Leach.
M. perspicua (L.).
M. capensis, B.
M. leptoconcha, B.
Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz.

Melibe rosea, Rang.

115

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

FIG
I

(118)

Puate I,

ApuLysiIA GILCHRISTI, B.

“Median plate.

2. Outer end of two series of plates. aa, outermost plate.
(Figs. 1-2 drawn by Cam. luc. 200 x.)

3.

OID oF

A lateral plate. 350 x.

APELYSIA

. The shell, from above. 3/1.
. Elements of mandible plate.
. Median plates.

. First lateral plate.

. Outer end of two series. aa

ALLOCHROA, B.

3 }940) <3

, outermost plate.

(Figs. 6-8 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

APLYSIA

. One of the smaller stomachal plates.
. Penis. a, prostata.

GARGANTUA, B.

. The shell, from beneath. 3/1.
. Elements of mandibular piate.
. Hooks of the palate.
. A lateral plate.

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate.

(Figs. 12-15 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

masticatory plates.

. One of the inner lateral plates. 350 x.
. a, Before the cardia region of the masticatory stomach; 0, facets for
. A thorn from the region a in Fig. 17.

. Penis. a, region of the glans; b, preeputium.
. Hinder end of the preputium opened, the glans exposed.
. Transverse section of the head of the glans.

APLYSIA MONOCHROA, B.

. The mantle shield.

23. Elements of the mandibles.

4. Hooks of the palate,

300 X,

Opisthobranchiata. Pl.1

: ———
as aa
ee
Pe oe ae

arin sA

(120)

Puate II.

APLYSIA GARGANTUA, B.
FIG
1. a, Csophagus; 0, first stomach; c, masticatory stomach; d, third

stomach; e, intestine.

APLYSIA MONOCHROA, B.

. The shell from beneath. 2/1.

. The penis with a, the prostata (?).

. Median plates.

. First lateral plate.

. Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate.

. Outer end of two series. aa, outermost plate.
(Figs. 4-7 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

1m Of oo bO

APLYSIA LOBATA, B.

8. The shell, from beneath. 2/1.
9. Elements of the mandible.
10. Median and first lateral plate.
11. Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate.
(Figs. 10-12 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)
12. The penis.

APLysia Woopt, B

13. The hinder end of the sole of the foot.

14. The shell from beneath. 3/1.

15. Elements of mandible.

16. Median plate.

17. A lateral plate.

18. The ninth plate from the outer end of a series.

19. Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate.
(Figs. 15-19 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

APLYSIA POIKILIA, B.

O. Elements of mandible.
. Hooks of the palate.
(Figs. 20-21 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

bw bw
e

Opisthobranchiata. PLII

R.Bergh Werner & Winter, Frankfort?M., hth
J

(122)

Puate III.

APLYSIA POIKILIA, B.

. The shell from beneath. 2/1.

. Median plate.

. Fifth lateral plate, from within.
. A lateral plate.

APLYSIA EUSIPHONATA, B.

. The mantle shield, from above, with sipho.
. The same, from the right side.

. Elements from the mandible.

. Hooks of the palate.

. Median plates of two series.

. One of the interior lateral plates.

and 12. Largest lateral plates.

Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.
(Figs. 2-13 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

. Stomachal plates. 55 x.
. Penis.

ACLESIA CIRRHIFERA, Q. et G.

. Mantle region. a, rudiment of mantle; b, branchia; c, anus.
. Mandible.

. Elements of mandible. 350 x.

. Piece of the palate plate. 350 x.

. Anterior end of the bulbus pharyngeus with the rasp.
. Median and first lateral plates. 350 x.

. The penis.

. The glans.

. Hook of the penis. 350 x.

4 Mar Inv SA. | Opisthovranchiata. Pl IL

k.Bergh

eae
ry;

(124)

PuatTEe LY.

ACLESIA CIRRHIFERA, Q. et G.

. Upper margin of the gill (rhachis).

2. a, Hermaphrodite duct; 0b, anterior genital mass; c, spermatocysta ;
d, sperm-oviduct ; e, spermatotheca; f, vulva.

3. From the interior part of the rasp.

4. One of the plates.
(Figs. 3-4 with Cam. 200 x.)

5. Lateral plate.

6. Lateral plate.

7. Three outermost plates.

(Figs. 5-7 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

PLEUROBRANCHZA CAPENSIS, 5.

8. Piece of the mandible, from the side.
9. Piece from the surface.
(Figs. 8-9 with Cam. 350 x.)
10 and 11. Plates of the rasp in different positions. 200 x.

PLEUROBRANCHASA MELANOPUS, B.

12. Elements of the mandible, from the side. 200 x.

13. Piece of the mandible, from the surface.

14 and 15. Plates of the rasp, in different positions.
(Figs. 13-15 by Cam. 350 x.)

OSCANIOPSIS PLEUROBRANCHAANA, B.

16. Part of the frontal margin.

17. Part of the mandibles. 350 x.

18 and 19. Largest plates of the rasp.

20. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.
(Figs. 18-20 with Cam. 200 x.)

21. Salivary glands with ducts.

OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B. var.

22. Klement of the mandible.
3. Innermost plates.

24, Plates from the inner half of the rasp.

25. Plates from the outer half of the rasp.

26. Outer part of a series of plates. a, outermost.
(Figs. 22-26 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

BERTHELLA GRANULATA, Krauss.

27. Shell from the upper side. 5/1.
28. Piece of mandible. 350 x.

F Mar lita wee ial me Opieihobrancmata, PliV

» R.Bergh. Werner & Winter, Frankfort ?M., lith.

oe ooun 1
ie

FIG
de

( 126 )

PLATE V.

BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss).

Point of elements of mandible.
2. Element from the side.
oe

4, One of the largest plates.

Plate of the rasp.
(Figs. 1-4 by Cam. 350 x.)

PHILINE APERTA (L,).

. Salivary gland.
. A plate of the rasp. —
. Upper half of a plate.

(Figs. 6-7 by Cam. 200 x.)

. Piece of the denticulation of the hook. 350 x.)
. The penis apparatus. a, a prostatic gland; b, globular sac with duct ;

c, cylindrical sac; d, preeputium; e, hammer-shaped glans.
The freely projecting hammer-shaped glans. a, end of prostatic gland.

PHILINE CAPENSIS, B.

. The shell.

. A lateral plate of the rasp.

. The innermost of the two outermost plates.
. The outermost.

(Figs. 12-14 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

. A stomachal plate from the inside. 20/1.

ARCHIDORIS GRANOSA, B.

. Nodules of the back.
. A plate of the rasp.
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.

DIAULULA CAPENSIS, B.

. A piece of the skin of the back. 55 x.

. Tubercles of the same.

. A plate of the rasp.

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.

(Figs. 21-22 by Cam. 200 x.)

DIAULULA ? ? MOROSA, B.

. A tubercle of the back.
. A plate of the rasp.
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.

. One of the outer plates.

(Figs. 24-26 with Cam. 350 x.)

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3.
4,

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25.
26.

( 128 )

Puate VI.

THORDISA PUNCTULIFERA, B.

Piece of the skin of the back.

A tubercle of the same.

Of the rhachidian part of the rasp.

Outer part of two series of plates. aa, outermost.
(Figs. 2-4 by Cam. 350 x.)

DoRIS PERPLEXA, B.

. A plate of the rasp. 200 x.
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 350 x.

DoRIS PSEUDIDA, B.

. A plate of the rasp. 200 x.
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 350 x.

DoRIS GLABELLA, B.

. Part of the gill.

. Part of the armature of the lip-disc.

. Inner part of a series of plates. a, innermost.

. A plate of the rasp.

. Part of two series of plates, each with a deformed plate.

(Figs. 10-13 by Cam. 350 x.)

CHROMODORIS EUELPIS, B.

. Elements of the lip-disc. 750 x.
. Plates of the rasp. 350 x.

. One of the largest plates.

. An outermost plate.

(Figs. 16-17 with Cam. 350 x.)

CHROMODORIS ALBOLIMBATA, B.

. Agill-leaf. 55 x.

. The bulbus pharyngeus, from the under side, with lip plates.
. Elements of the lip disc.

. Part of the middle of the rasp. aa, pseudo-plates.

. Innermost plates of the rasp.

. One of the largest plates.

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.

CHROMODORIS, Sp.

Elements of the lip disc.
Plates of the rasp.
(Figs. 19-26 by Cam. 350 x.)

~ MarInv:S. A : Opisthobranchiata. PPyy.

R. Bergh Werner & Winter, Frankfort®M, lith.

a

(130)

‘Prate VII.

PLEUROPHYLLIDIA EUCHROA, B.
FIG. ;
* 1. First lateral plate.

2. A plate from the middle of a series.

3. Outer end of series of plates. a, outermost.
(Figs. 1-3 by Cam. 350 x.)

4, Everted vestibulum with vulva and glans penis.

5. Glans penis. 55 x.

JANOLUS CAPENSIS, B.
6. An epinotidium.
7. Upper end of rhinophore.
8. Anal papilla with a rectum.
9. Left mandible from the inside. 4/1.
10. The same from the outside.
11, The bulbus pharyngeus, from the under side.
12. Left mandible of another individual, from the inside. 4/1.°
13. The same from the outside.
14. Crest anteriorly on the upper side of the lamina between the fore-end of
the mandibles.
15. Cartilaginous plates between the hinder end of the mandibles, from the
side.
16. The same, from beneath.
17. A median plate of the rasp, from beneath.
18. A lateral plate.
19. One of the largest lateral plates.
(Figs. 17-19 with Cam. 350 x.)
20. The posterior intestinal mass (liver, &c.), from beneath. a, cesophagus.
21. The penis.

Opisthobranchiata. PI.VIL

R. Bergh. ‘ Werner &Winter, Franktort?M.,, lith

ve
im

Ts

25.

(Figs. 1-3

them the

. End of glans.

(Figs. 6-7

(132)

Pirate VIII.

DORIOPSIS CALLOSA, B.

~ End of the everted glans.
. Armature in the vas deferens.
. Spicula of the

skin.
by Cam. 350 x.)

. Hinder end of the bulbus pharyngeus. 0b, salivary glands, between

buccal ganglia ; c, cesophagus.

DORIOPSIS, sp.

. Penis with everted vas deferens. 15/1.
. Armature of the glans.

DORIOPSILLA CAPENSIS, B.

drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

TRITONIDOXA CAPENSIS, B.

. Fore-end of the animal, from beneath.
. Mandible, from the inside. 6/1.

. Masticatory edge, from the inside.

. Median and first lateral plate.

. Lateral plates,

from the inside and from the outside.

(Figs. 10-12 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

. Median plates.
. Denticles of the same.

. First lateral plate of two series.

. Hook of lateral plate from the middle of a series,

. End of the penis. 100 x.

PLEUROPHYLLIDIA GitcHRistt, B.

. Piece of masticatory edge.
. Median plates.
. First and second lateral plates.

. Outer end of two series of plates.

. Plate of the inner third of the radula.

PLEUROPH. MICRODONTA, B,

(Figs. 14-22 by Cam. 350 x.)

. Median plate.
24,

Lateral plate.

Median plate.

PLEUROPH. CAPENSIS, B.
200 x.
350 x.

PLEUROPH, EUCHROA, B.
350 x.

; Opisthobranchiata. Pi Vill

il ll

ra

’
.

7 .
oe oan
Surne

FIG.
. From the upper side of the cowl with the outer series of cirrhi.

(134)

PuatTeE IX.

MELIBE ROSEA, Rang.

a, nodules.

. Epinotidium.
. Bulbus pharyngeus with—a, mouth-tube; b, region of the mandibles ;

c, esophagus.

. From the inside of mouth-tube. 350 x.
. The mandibles, from the fore-side, the left overlapping the right. 35 x.
. a, CAsophagus; b, stomach with the plates shining through; c, left

biliary duct; d, pocket-like widenings near the pyloric part of e,
the intestine.

. a, Gsophagus; 6, stomach; cc, biliary ducts.

Surface of one of the nodules of an epinotidium.

. Ramificated renal tube.

End of a renal tube.

. Cells of a renal tube.

(Figs. 10-11 by Cam. 350 x.)

2. Last half of the glans penis. 55 x.

MARSENIA CAPENSIS, B.

. From the anterior margin of the mandible. 55 x.
. Median plate.
. Median plate from a larger individual.

(Figs. 14-15 by Cam. 200 x.)

. The penis.

MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B.

. Mandible. 9/1.

. Median plate. 200 x.
. End of the rasp-sheath.
. The penis.

Opisthobranchiata. PL IX.

S
Weg

PES ES: rd Jf / a eg |

1 aN
Re
me Sear:
_ eee
ee ae
aS OZ aes

R.Bergh. Werner & Wintey Frankfort?M,, lth.

FIG.
. The shell, from beneath. 1/1.

. End of the hook of a lateral plate. 200 x.

(136 )

PLATE X.

MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B.

APLYSIA GILCHRISTI, B.

. The animal, when living, natural size and colours,

SIGARETUS PLANULATUS, Recluz.

. The head with tentacles.
. A gill leaf.

From the structure of the gill leaf. 100 x.

. The penis.
. A piece of the mandible. 350 x.
. Apiece of the rasp. a, median plate; b, lateral plate; c, outer plates.

200 x.

. Median plates, from the upper side.

. The same, from the under side.

. The same, obliquely from above.

. The lateral plates.

. Outer plates, from the backside. a, interior; 0, exterior.
. Outer plates, from the side.

(Figs. 10-15 by Cam. 350 x.)

. The rasp-sheath.

Mar Inv. S.A.

Opisthobranchiata. PIX

S
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| $ ay NS / J

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Werner & Winter Frankfort? M, lith

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1G

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29.

(138 )

PLATE XI.

PLEUROBRANCH4A CAPENSIS, Vayss.

. Piece of the mandibular plates, from the side.

. A piece of the mandibular plate, from the upper end.

. One of the largest plates of the rasp, from the margin.
. A similar one from the fore-side.

. A plate from the middle of a series.

. Outermost end of a series.

(Figs. 1-6 drawn by Cam. luc. 350 x.)

. The prebranchial sac.
. End of the internal sheath of the vas deferens.

OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B.

. Squares of the back, partly withiblack centre.

. The shell from the upper side. 9/1.

. Serpent-like filaments of the skin of the back.

. Element of the mandibular plate, from the upper side.

. Similar, from the side.

. Similar, from the under side.

. Inmost plate of the rasp.

. Plates of the inner part of the rasp.

. Largest plate from the middle of the rasp.

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost of 7 plates.

(Figs. 11-18 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

ARCHIDORIS SCRIPTA, B.

. The animal, from the back side. 2/1.
. Spikel of the skin of the back.

21.
. Plate from the median part of a series.

. Largest plate.

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate.

Plates of the outer part of the rasp. a, outermost.

(Figs. 20-24 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

. a@, Spermduct; 6, penis; c, preputium with glans.

STAURODORIS VERRUCOSA (Cuv.).

. Plates of the middle of the rasp.
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate.

APHELODORIS BRUNNEA, B,

Innermost plate of a series of the rasp.
Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost.
(Figs. 26-29 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

a Mar Inv. ee. ) Opisthobranchiata. Pee

. R. Bergh.

one
7

(140)

Puate XII.

APHELODORIS BRUNNEA, B.

FIG.

1.

St He © bo

Anterior genital mass. a, hermaphrodite duct; 6b, muco-albuminous
mass; cc, prostata, vas deferens; d, vestibulum genitale; e, sper-
matotheca and spermatocysta.

GEITODORIS CAPENSIS, B.

. Piece of the lip-plate.

. From the inner part of the rasp. a, innermost plate. 200 x.
. Plate herefrom.

. Outer end of series of plates. a, outermost plate.

(Figs. 4-5 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

TRIOPA LUCIDA, Stimpson.

. Club-shaped appendix of the back.
. a, First; b, second lateral plate; c, outer plate.

NEMBROTHA CAPENSIS, B.

. Bulbus pharyngeus, from the upper side. 4/1.
. Median plates.

11, and 12. Lateral plates in different positions.

. The outer plates. a, outermost.
. Innermost (first) of the outer plates.

(Figs. 9-14 drawn by Cam. 100 x.)

. Hooks of the penis.
. a, Spermatotheca; b, spermatocysta.
. Vestibular gland.

EUPLOCAMUS CROCEUS, Phil., var. CAPENSIS.

. Head with tentacles and fore end of the foot.
. Arbuscule of the back.
. Genital papilla with vulva and end of the penis with prominent

armature.

. Mandibular plate. 12/1.
. Inner part of the rasp with the three lateral plates; and a, the inner-

most plates of the outer series.

. End of the glans.

(Figs. 22-23 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

. Hooks of the glans. 350 x.

vo | | PLE

(he,
See Ke yy)
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Werner & Winter Frankfort ?M., lith

16.

(142)

Pirate XIII.

KALINGA oRNATA, A. et H.

. Papilla of the back.

. Tongue with rasp.

. Plates from above.

. A plate from the side.

. Hooks of the glans penis.

(Figs. 3-5 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

IDALIELLA AM@NULA, B.

. The animal, from above.

. The crop of the bulbus pharyngeus, from above. aa, glandule salivales.
. Elements of the mandibular plates.

. From the rhachis of the rasp (lateral plates).

. a, Lateral plates ; b, outer plates.

(Figs. 9-10 drawn by Cam. 350 x.)

. Glans penis with projecting armature. 200 x.

TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson.

. Left mandible, from the back side. a, masticatory process. 3/1.
. Piece of the masticatory edge.

. One of the largest plates.

. One of the outer plates.

TRITONIA INDECORA, B.

One of the inner plates.
(Figs. 13-16 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)

vr
j

f Mar InvSA Opisthobranchiata.. Pl.XIIL

MH

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(
\

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FIG.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

Sie
20.

(144)

PuatEe XIV.

TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson.

Median and five innermost plates.

TRITONIA INDECORA, B.

. Median and first lateral plate.
. Two plates of the outer part of a series.

DORIOPSIS CAPENSIS, B.

. Hooks of the armature of the penis.

(Figs. 1-4 drawn by Cam. luc.)

MARSENIA PERSPICUA (L.).

. Mandibular plate. 55 x.

. Hinge part of the same. 200 x.
. Piece of the rasp.

. Point of a lateral plate.

(Figs. 7-8 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) _

. Penis.

DoLABELLA RuMpPHII, (Cuv.) Rang.

Part of the margin of the hinder disc.
A papilla of the back.
The shell, from the upper side. 1/1.
The nucleus, from the under side.
Median plate. 200 x.
Median plate. 350 x.
Lateral plates, from the middle of a series.
The two outermost plates.
Thorns from the palate.
(Figs. 16-18 drawn by Cam. 200 x.)
Elements of the mandibular plates. 350 x.
Prickles of the cardia of the second stomach.

Opisthobranchiata. Pap

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( 145 )

A NEW SPECIES OF PLANOCERA (P. GILCHEISTI)
FROM SOUTH AFRICA.

(Pl. XV., figs. 1-7).
By Lypia Jacusowa, Archangel.

Among the material at my disposal occurred the above Polyclad
which had been found by Dr. Gilchrist near the Marine Laboratory
at Cape Town. A single specimen only was available. Although
considerably contracted, it was on the whole very well preserved
both with regard to external features and histological structure.

The length of the animal is 40 mm., the breadth 28 mm., and the
thickness varies from 1 mm. at the sides to 14-2 mm. in the central
region. The form of the body is broadly oval, both ends being
similarly rounded ; the margin of the body is strongly folded. It is
of a fairly firm consistency and very little transparent.

The ground colour of the back of the specimen (preserved in
alcohol) is yellowish white. On this are to be seen black spots
of irregular shape, and these are grouped together in small heaps
equally distributed over the surface of the back. They form a con-
tinuous black line only in the dorsal middle line, in the region of the
reproductive organs. On the other hand, the region of the brain
area is almost devoid of spots and forms a clear unpigmented area.
The small spots are also found on the tentacles in very diminished
numbers. They are formed of the pigment which lies in the dorsal
epithelium of the body in the form of black particles.

On the dorsal side of the animal two high pointed neck-tentacles
can be distinguished, situated 9 mm. from the anterior end, that is,
at the end of the first fourth of the body. The distance between them
is 2mm. It is seen by microscopical examination that each tentacle
has, at its base, from about fifteen to twenty large, well-developed
eyes (fig. 2). The eyes of the brain area, which are not much
smaller, are arranged in two rather elongate groups, which lie on
the lateral margin of the brain, over which they extend in front and

10

146 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

behind. Each group consists of about twenty to twenty-five eye
spots. The brain is well developed and surrounded by a strong
capsule somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally. It is far removed from
the anterior end and is situated near the pharyngeal sac. The
anterior nerve cords and the nerves of the tentacles are remarkably
well developed.

On the under side, which is of a dirty white colour, may be seen,
even with the naked eye, the mouth and the genital openings, the
female opening being surrounded by a fairly well-developed raised
wall. |

The pharyngeal apparatus is broad and short; it is less than a
third of the length of the body and ends close to the male genital
apparatus. The pharyngeal sac, which is provided with deep lateral
sacs, conceais a strongly folded pharynx, the folds of which are not
of any great thickness. The outer mouth lies somewhat in front of
the middle of the body and at the commencement of the posterior
half of the pharyngeal sac. The gut-mouth is placed somewhat in
front of the outer. It leads into a spacious main gut which does
not project beyond the pharyngeal sac either in front or behind.
It gives off on each side six intestinal branches. The anterior
middle branch is rather narrow at that part which lies over the
brain, and beyond this it gradually becomes wider. The tree-like
branched intestinal canals are exceptionally wide, and,are, like the
main intestine and pharyngeal cavity, quite filled with food material,
the origin of which cannot be determined.

The reproductive organs occupy a relatively large space. They
are altogether about 74-8 mm. in length, or one-fifth of the total
length of the body. The female sexual aperture is situated 8 mm.
from the hinder end of the body, that is, between its fourth and its
last fifth. The male sexual aperture is situated 5 mm. in front of
the female, that is, at the commencement of the last third of the
body. The penis and the granule-gland (figs. 3 and 7) of the male
and the bursa copulatrix (fig. 7) of the female sexual apparatus
appear very peculiarly formed. ‘The penis is a large barrel-shaped
muscular organ directed backwards. It passes obliquely from in
front and ventrally, to the posterior and upwards. On its dorsal
wall is a fairly deep fold. The ductus ejaculatorius, which pene-
trates the organ, occupies a corresponding position — passing
obliquely from in front and ventrally to the posterior and upwards,
so that its free end is directed against the dorsal body wall. This
position appears to me to be an artificial product, probably brought
about by the strongly contracted condition and the consequent
folding mentioned above, for the expansion of these parts would

A New Species of Planocera. 147

bring about a more normal and horizontal position in the body.
The penis consists of a delicate outer muscular tissue and an inner
alongside of the ductus ejaculatorius. The musculature is specially
well developed at the base of the penis where the inner joins the
outer. The arrangement of the muscle fibres is so complicated that
I was unable to determine it with certainty. Radially arranged
muscular fibres pass from the inner to the outer musculature, the
remaining space between which is filled with connective tissue and
parenchyma cells. The free surface of the penis bears chitinous
spines and is surrounded by the very spacious antrum masculinum
produced by a folding in of the ventral wall of the body. The spines
(fig. 5) are small, closely set, and with their points slightly bent
forwards. In the neighbourhood of the free end of the ductus
ejaculatorius the spines are modified in such a way that they appear
in the form of small irregular processes which are twice as long as
the spine (fig. 4).

The ductus ejaculatorius, which is lined with a cubical ciliated
epithelium, extends to the fixed end of the copulatory organ and
here divides into a dorsal branch leading to the granule-gland and a
ventral branch leading to the seminal vesicle. The granule-gland is
rather peculiarly shaped, as shown in fig. 8. It has a central canal
with smaller branching canals, which run approximately in the radii
of the granule-gland and open at various places in the central canal ;
this last leads into the ductus ejaculatorius, into which its distal end
opens. The radial canals are surrounded by numerous small
glandular cells, the small elongate nuclei of which are situated at
their bases. The number of glandular canals is considerable ; ten
to eleven are to be seen in median longitudinal section, and they
may altogether be present in considerably larger numbers. The
thin musculature of the granule-gland consists of longitudinal muscle
fibres provided with nuclei. The numerous nuclei of the parenchyma
lie on the outside of these. Extracapsular glands are not present.
Below and somewhat in front of the granule-gland lies a small oval
seminal vesicle provided with a low flat epithelium. Its musculature
is constituted of felt-like somewhat loose fibres. Both the vasa
differentia open separately into its blind end. Behind the pharynx
they turn round and pass into the large seminal ducts. They are
short, somewhat coiled canals with a collection of parenchyma nuclei
round their epithelium. Anteriorly they extend to the posterior end
of the pharynx and posteriorly to the neighbourhood of the female
genital opening without however joining here.

We have to do with an animal not quite sexually mature, and
whose sexual apparatus is not yet quite functionally perfect. The

148 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

testes are not well developed, the seminal ducts not broad and con-
taining no spermatozoa. The immaturity of the female sexual
apparatus is recognised by the limited number and size of the ovaries,
as also by the poorly developed uteri and shell gland.

The bursa copulatrix of the female copulatory apparatus is in the
form of a large strong muscular egg-shaped organ, the pointed end of
which is directed backwards. The inner surface of the bursa copu-
latrix is provided with rather large closely set papilla. The largest lie
in the centre of the organ, and they gradually diminish in size towards
the anterior and posterior regions. They are provided with a broad
basis and are partly drawn out into points and partly more or less
rounded off. The papille are covered with an epithelium which is
a continuation of the ventral epithelium of the body, and this varies
in different parts of the bursa copulatrix; at its distal end it is
. extremely flat and its cells are only to be distinguished by their
nuclei. Nearer, on the larger papilla, it loses its nuclei, becomes
thickened and assumes the appearance of a strongly refractive chiti-
noid membrane, coloured an intense yellow with picric acid. In its
further course it again‘assumes the characteristics of a flat epithelium,
which becomes glandular in character at its anterior end. The
papille in the bursa copulatrix probably serve in some sort of way
as accessory organs of copulation. The anterior end of the bursa
copulatrix, which is provided with glandular epithelium, may be
regarded as the beginning of the duct of the shell gland, which runs
further forward. The shell glands occur in fewer numbers in the
epithelium of the duct; in its neighbourhood, 7.e., in the parenchyma,
there are however none present. The duct is continued forward to
the region of the male genital apparatus, here bending round in a
backward direction and passing into the oviduct. This is clothed
with a cubical epithelium; at its commencement it includes a
common part of both uteri and is continued to a point over the
middle of the bursa copulatrix. The accessory vesicle is absent.
The uteri consist of narrow canals which do not contain any eggs.
I was unable to follow them throughout their whole course.

This animal belongs to the family of the Planoceridz, in which it
agrees most closely with the genus Planocera, group A, but it differs
considerably from other species of Planocera. The male copu-
latory apparatus is characterised by the abnormal structure of the
penis and the granule-gland. The difference of the female apparatus
from that in other species of this group consists in the peculiar
structure of the bursa copulatrix, which is provided with papille, and
in the absence of the accessory vesicle. I have named this animal
Planocera Guichristi in honour of its discoverer.

eames SoA te inl sec Vom avails

Fe a ee eee

Anni,

tee

'@ @

Plate XV.

West, Newman chromo.

|
|
\)
1
|
|
My

—

La ee

ay

( 149 )

EXPLANATION OF FIGURES.
(For all figures.)

aeb = anterior enteric branch.

b = brain.

be = bursa copulatrix.

be = brain eyes.

cc = central canal of the granule-gland.

cht p = chitinous processes of the male copulatory organ.
con = connective tissue.

dsh = duct of shell gland.

eb = enteric branch. —

em = enteric mouth.

fl = flattened epithelium.

gg = granule-gland.
glcl = canals of the granule-gland.
gle = glandular cells of the granule-gland.

mi = main intestine.

m-o = outer mouth.

msc = musculature.

ov = oviduct.

ovd = opening of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle.

p be = papille of bursa copulatrix.
phs = pharyngeal sac.

pao = parenchyma nuclei.

ps = penis.

sd = seminal duct,

Sp = spines of penis.

SV = Seminal vesicle.

t = testes.

te = tentacular eyes.

ut = opening of uterus to oviduct.

vd = vasa deferentia.

3 = male genital opening.

? = female genital opening.

PuatTE XV.

FIG.

1. Longitudinal section. Enlarged ca. 5.

2. Sketch of anatomy.

3. Granule-gland, median longitudinal section. Obj. 3, Oc. 3.

4, Chitinous processes round the ductus ejaculatorius. Obj. 5, Oc. 0.
5. Spine of penis from a longitudinal section through the copulatory organ.

Obj. 7, Oc. 3.
6. Longitudinal section through the bursa copulatrix. Obj. 2, Oc. 0,
7. Schematic representation of the copulatory apparatus,

“

(151)

NEW FORMS OF THE HEMICHORDATA FROM SOUTH
AFRICA.

I. PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA, g. et Sp. n.
II. PHORONIS CAPENSIS, sp. n.
III. PrycHoDERA CAPENSIS, sp. n.

By J. D. F. Gincurist, M.A., D.Se., Ph.D., C.M.Z.S.,
Government Biologist to the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope.

(With Plates XVI., XVII.)
(Read June 26, 1907.)
INTRODUCTION.

The three orders of the Hemichordata* prove to be represented
in South Africa: the Enteropneusta by the form here described ;
the Pterobranchia by a new species of Cephalodiscus +; and the
Phoronidea by the two forms mentioned above.

A species of Phoronis is not uncommon in South African seas,
and individual specimens are readily obtained in limestone and
amongst incrustations of Polyzoa and worm tubes dredged from
shallow water (15 to 30 fathoms).

A number of the animals were, however, obtained in a much
simpler way. About the beginning of May, 1906, numerous
specimens were observed in a tank at the Government Marine
Laboratory, and there is evidence that they had been brought in
with the supply water as larval forms. They were first seen in a
small piece of limestone which had been procured from a depth of
about 20 fathoms in False Bay some time previously, and it was
thought that they had been brought in with the stone. Further
search, however, in the tank resulted in the discovery of other

* Adopting for the present purpose Harmer’s subdivisions of this group (vide
‘‘ Cambridge Natural History,”’ vol. vii.).
| Vide ‘‘ Marine Investigations in South Africa,” vol. iv., pp. 173-192,

152 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

individuals, one in a large limestone rock which had been for some
months out of water before being used to form part of the rock-work
in the tank, three in a small piece of stone at the further end of the
same tank introduced later, and a solitary specimen in another tank.
Further evidence was afforded by the fact that a dried piece of lime-
stone put into the tank for the purpose of confirmation had at least
one Phoronis on it about eight months afterwards.

During the examination of the specimens in the limestone a single
specimen (A) was observed which appeared to be a different species,
being larger, of a somewhat different form, and pigmented. This
was the only one of its kind then found, and special care was taken
to observe its habits and behaviour in the living condition before
preserving it for more detailed examination. It appeared to be
thriving and specially active, and it was disappointing to find, on
proceeding to examine it again, that this unique specimen had
entirely disappeared, leaving only the end of the tube visible.
After a time, however, the headless trunk of the animal was slowly
protruded, and a month later the head region had apparently grown
to its former dimensions. Fig. 2 is from a photograph of the animal
at this time.

Only two other specimens (B and C) of this species have as yet
been procured, but it will probably be found that the animal is not
so rare aS would seem to be indicated. |

With regard to the first species (Phoronis capensis, sp. n.), there is
little of special interest; but as the specimens, on account of their
hardiness and their thriving so well in captivity in spite of somewhat
severe handling, afforded excellent material for observation of their
habits and certain features of the living animal, an opportunity was
taken to add a few details to the little that is known on these points.
Fig. 1 represents one of this species carrying eggs, and is from the
living animal.

The second species is of more interest structurally. It shows
an apparent advance on species hitherto described in the circum-
cesophageal nerve ring being partially sunk in an involution of the
epithelium of the body, the single nerve chord being well developed,
the nephridia somewhat modified, the longitudinal muscles of the
body increased in number, and ova deposited in gelatinous mass
in the tube instead of in the tentacles.

These distinctive features, especially the first, seemed to neces-
sitate the separation of this form from others as a new genus—
Phoronopsis.

The following description of this animal is necessarily somewhat
incomplete on account of the limited material available, but I hope

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 153

to procure additional specimens to check and supplement it.
Transverse sections were made of specimen A and longitudinal
sections of B,

I.—PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA.
(Plate XVI., fig. 2.)
PHORONOPSIS, g. n.

The body is asymmetrical, muscles of body being numerous and
more developed on left side, one nerve chord well developed, and
nerve ring in an involution of the epidermis, ova deposited in
gelatinous mass in the tube.

In all the species of Phoronis hitherto described the body is
symmetrical or asymmetrical, as indicated by the development of
the muscles and nerve of the left side; the muscles of the body are
_ markedly less in number than in Phoronopsis, and there is no trace
of any involution of the epidermis at the nerve ring; the ova and
larvee are lodged in the coils of the lophophore.*

There seems little doubt of the necessity of separating this form
from those hitherto described.

PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA, Sp. Nn.

Size.—The length of the animal removed from its tube was 18 mm.,
the diameter of the body 1 mm. immediately below the lophophore
and 2 mm. at a distance of 4 mm. from the opposite extremity.
The diameter of the lophophore from tip to tip of tentacles, when the
animal was alive and completely expanded, was 7°5 mm.

Tube.—The tube is larger than that of P. capensis, being 1:2 mm.
in diameter. It is not embedded—z.e., it does not penetrate the
substratum, but rather lies on it, being firmly attached by one side.
The substance of the tube spreads over the substratum on the
attached side, so that in sections it does not appear circular, but is
flattened on one side.

The tube is about 30 mm. long, and, in the specimens, was irregu-
larly curved, so that the two ends lay near each other. Its substance
was apparently of the same nature as that of P. capensis, but firmer
and of a much tougher consistency. It was covered by grains of
sand and pieces of shell arranged in no definite manner.

* Longchamps (8) observed the eggs of Phoronis Miillert being discharged
directly into the water, and suggests that this may be normal.

154 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

Colour.—A pure white pigment of finely branching chromatophores
occurs in spots irregularly placed on the tentacles. These spots were
somewhat elongate in the direction of the length of the tentacles.
To the naked eye each appears as a solid spot, but when examined
with a lens is seen to be more or less divided longitudinally, and to
consist in reality of two patches, one on each side of the tentacle.
At the base of the tentacle they are more numerous, -and form a ~
continuous line along the lophophore near the oral region so as
to form an incomplete circle. At the median point (that is, the
mouth region) a strip of pigment passes backwards towards the
anus (or along the dorsal aspect of the animal), and ends in a
slightly enlarged circular patch. Whether or not this spot coincides ~
with the anus, as it appears to do, could not with certainty be made
out as the pigment was not visible in sections. The white pigment
extends on to the body in few and irregular streaks below the
lophophore.

Apart from this pigment the tentacle and lophophore were clear,
transparent, and apparently colourless. The body, however, was of
a faint yellowish colour.

Nervous System.—The single nerve along the left side of the
body is well developed. The nerve cells are numerous and well
developed, and are arranged so as to form a solid rod (cf. Caldwell (8),
Cori (4), Longchamps (8). A transverse section showed that this nerve
is not hollow, the centre being occupied by a clear, refractile, non-
staining substance. The nerve was thus, as a whole, partly
differentiated from the epithelium, but not sinking away from it,

In following the sections upwards however it is seen that as they
approach the duct of the nephridia the nerve gradually leaves the
epithelium of the body, and when the duct (double, as it is here in
the form of a loop) is cut the nerve is seen internal to it. Succeed~
ing sections show that, after the nerve has thus passed over the duct
on the inside, it again passes out between the two limbs of the duct
before joining the circum-cesophageal ring of nerve tissue ; in other
words, on coming to the nephridial duct it passes over it on the
inside in place of continuing on the outside, where the epidermis of
the body is. This twisting of the lateral nerve may be associated
with the marked distortion of the body. The anus, at one time
terminal, has come to lie near and behind the mouth. The
nephridial opening, at one time probably ventral and below the
lateral nerve chord, has been carried upwards, necessarily passing
over the lateral nerve chord, and finally attains a position near
the anus.

The passing of the opening of the nephridial duct over-the nerve |

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 155

may also be associated with its separation from the epidermis at
this: point.

The most striking feature of the nervous system, however, is to be
found in the character and position of the nerve ring. It is sunk
in a comparatively deep involution of the epidermis, which is so
intimately connected with the nervous system that it is most con-
veniently dealt with here. This involution or fold of the epidermis
passes from the oral side of the animal round on each side, follow-
ing the course of the nerve ring, till, on reaching the lophophoral
opening, in or near which are situated the anal and nephridial
apertures, it is continued round the body, passing outside these
organs.

The fold can readily be seen with a low magnifying glass. It
varies greatly in depth ; outside the anus it is a mere ridge; it
is deepest at the sides of the body, being about one-fourth of its
diameter. Anteriorly, 7.e:, in the oral region, it becomes somewhat
shallower.

The general character of the histological elements of this fold is
indicated in fig. 4. The external part is identical in structure with
the general epithelium of the body—a layer of deep epithelium cells,
including glandular cells. Towards the tip of the fold, however,
these cells become smaller and lower, and at the tip somewhat
abruptly change in character and become low, square, with com-
paratively large, round nuclei, and without distinct cell demarcations.
These are continued down to the bottom of the fold, where they
once more abruptly change into deep elongate cells, with punctated
nerve substance. The nervous epithelium of the nerve ring does
not, therefore, participate in the folding.

In some sections of the fold a few cells occur between the
cubical epithelium and the epidermis, and apparently a space which
is not coelomic. The existence of a space is doubtful, however, and
may be an artifact.

In life, the small cubical epithelium of the fold is applied to the
nervous epithelium, the lip of the folding not standing out as shown
in the figure, which is from a specimen (B) killed and fixed in
sublimate. In the other specimen (A), which was treated in practi-
cally the same way (fixed in sublimate with 1 per cent. acetic acid)
before removal from the tube, the lip of the fold was closely applied
to the body.

The epithelium of the nerve ring is not entirely covered by the
fold, even when closely applied to it. In the region of the organs,
which for want of a better name I have called ‘olfactory organs,’ it
extends beyond the fold and is freely exposed. The nerve ring is

156 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Socvety.

therefore elongated, or broadened upwards towards the tentacles
here, and, in the same region, elongated downwards in the lateral
folds. This downward elongation comes in close approximation
to the nephridia, as shown in fig. 5, which is a transverse section
of specimen A.

With regard to the interpretation of this organ, the most obvious
suggestion is that it is of the nature of an introvert, such as occurs in
the Polyzoa and Sipunculoidea, and, if so, it might form another link
between the Phoronidea and these groups. It seems probable from
its size, structure, apparent absence of retractor muscles, and intimate
relation with nerve ring, that it does not however act, to any great
extent at least, as an organ for the withdrawal of the body, or any
part of it—a function which is most efficiently performed by the
numerous and powerful muscles of the body.

In specimen A we are dealing with a regenerated head, not
impossibly in B also, and it might be suggested that the fold is a
stage in the complete separation of the nerve ring from the epi-
dermis—a condition which might occur in a completely developed
specimen, though the nature of the folding does not seem to sup-
port such a view.

If any phylogenetic significance is to be attached to the form
of this organ, which is possible, it may be that it is the remnant
of an ancestral introvert which has been retained with the new
function of protection of the nerve ring.

Muscles.—The longitudinal muscles of the body were numerous
and well developed, especially on the left side. In the region just
below the nephridia there were 32 in the left oral chamber, 30 in the
right, 18 in the left anal chamber, and 14 in the right, or, according
to Longchamps’ formula, ae

Lophophoral Organ.—In specimen A this organ was not present,
but in specimen B it was very marked, being a deeply staining
mass of glandular cells.

Tentacles —The tentacles were numerous—126 in specimen A.
They were a little over 3 mm. in length, and ‘08 mm. in diameter.

Septa.—The septa seemed to be of the usual number and
disposition. The transverse septum was in part without basement
tissue. In median longitudinal sections there appeared an off-
shoot towards the epistome—a condition which requires further
examination and confirmation on other specimens.

Nephridia.—The two nephridial tubes are well developed, and in
preserved material were bent on themselves, forming a loop, the
limbs of which appeared of about equal length. As described above,
the nephridial tube of the left side passes between the nerve and the

New Forms of the Henichordata. 157

external epithelial layer of the body. Internally the nephridia opened
in the lateral mesenteries, there being two very marked and wide
openings to each. These openings were composed of deeply staining
masses of cells, which extended up on to the transverse septum.
They were not, as in other species, continued down on the lateral
mesenteries.

Ova.—Specimen C was in all respects like in general form and
colour to A and B, so far as could be ascertained by microscopic
examination of the living animal protruding from its tube. There
were no eggs or embryos in the tentacles, but, on one occasion, when
the animal was retracted, a large number of ova were seen lining
the mouth of the tube, and these were held together by a gela-
tinous substance. The eggs were slightly yellow in colour and
‘1mm. in diameter. They were all in a very early stage of de-
velopment. Both the animal and eggs were torn off, probably
by a fish or other animal in the tank, only a part of the animal
and tube being left, so that later stages of the eggs were not
observed.

II.—PHORONIS CAPENSIS, sp. n.
(Plate XVI., fig. 1.)

There are no satisfactory features by which the various forms, which
are here included under the genus Phoronis, to which this species
belongs, may be separated from each other, and the description of
a supposed new species cannot be drawn up on very definite lines,
but rather with a view to affording details, some of which may
subsequently be found to be of systematic value. Such particulars
are size, form, colour, number of tentacles, tube, number and
development of longitudinal muscles, nerve chord, &c.

Szze, €c.—The body of this species is neither particularly large
nor small. The largest specimen was not more than 1 mm. in
diameter at the end of the body immediately below the lophophore.
This might be reduced to about half this diameter when the
animal was fully extended from its tube. The total length of a
specimen removed from its tube was 21 mm., the smallest diameter
of its body 1 mm., and the greatest 1:3 mm. (near the basal end).

The living animal is clear, colourless, almost transparent. The
tube in which it lives is circular and of a brown, horny-like sub-
stance, not easily ruptured, and is not confined to any special
substratum, but may occur embedded in limestone or between any

158 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

calcareous tubes of other animals, even among calcareous alge.
(See below for further details.)

Nervous System.—This is essentially as described in some other
species. There are two very fine tracts of punctated nervous
tissue running along each side of the body where it is joined by
the lateral septa.

Beneath these, on or in the basement membrane, could be
detected a very fine tube, such as has been described. No
nervous tissue was found anywhere separated from the epidermis.
The specially developed patches of nerve tissue at the base of the
lophophore were present as described by Benham (2) for P. australis,
and, for reasons stated further on, are perhaps to be considered
as olfactory organs.

Another patch of nervous tissue, apparently representing a sen-
sory organ, was found at the base of the epithelium of the floor
‘of the mouth where it joins the transverse septum. The tissue is
less developed and definite than in the previous case, but, taken
in conjunction with the observations below, it would seem to be
an organ of taste, or at least of discrimination of food particles, of
which there is a very definite selection and rejection (fig. 6 e’).

Musculature-—The longitudinal muscles of the body are fairly
well developed. Near the nephridial region they are symmetrical,
that is, an equal number on the right and left of the median septum.
According to the convenient formula of Longchamps they would be

ar, that is, 12 in the right and left anterior chamber, and 4 in

the right and left posterior. This, however, was not constant, and
ravi and other combinations were observed.

Lophophoral Organ.—This organ in P. capensis appears to be
essentially similar to that in other described species.

In view of the observations on this organ in the living animal, two
parts are to be distinguished. First, the glandular epithelium at the
base of the lophophore below the tentacles forming the lower part of
the brood chamber. This glandular epithelium extends up on the
inner side of one or two of the tentacles, that is, into the region
where the more developed embryos lie. It is readily seen in
sections that the mucus from the epithelium envelops the eggs,
and the mucus with which the mass of developing eggs and embryos
are held together is very apparently from this source. Secondly,
a free continuation of the epithelium out from the lophophore.
The cells here assume rather the characteristic of ordinary
epithelium (ciliated). Though in sections little more than a slight
projection or fold, this part in the living animal is broad and leaf-

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 159

like, and functions as an organ for conveying the eggs from the
nephridial opening to the brood chamber as described below.

Tentacles.—The number of tentacles in specimens with eggs, and
therefore probably full grown, is about 90, though much fewer
were observed in others with rejuvenating (?) heads and in small
specimens.

The number of coils of the lophophore when contracted (in
sections) was at most one and a half on each side, and, when
fully extended, one, that is, in the circle of tentacles, the course
from a point in front of the middle of the mouth to a corresponding
point behind, was about circular with a slight re-entering curve in
which the eggs were lodged (vide fig. 1). The coils were flat, that
is, not in a turreted form as described in P. australis (2) and P.
buskw (7).

Septa.—A transverse septum exists in P. capensis, but it is not of
the same character as in P. australis (2). In the latter it is com-
posed of a homogeneous dense matrix with embedded cells and
- spaces lined by cells. This condition, which I have also found in
section of P. hippocrepia, may have been brought about by the
invasion of the septum by the gelatinous basement membrane of the
body wall. In P. capensis only a part on each side and behind
is so invaded, the rest of the septum being composed of the closely
applied coelomic epithelium of the supra- and infra-septal cavities,
so that in longitudinal section near the right or left body wall the
septum appears of the character found in P. australis, while in a
median longitudinal section the septum is in the form of cells with-
out basement tissue. The characteristics of the septum in this
respect would probably be of value in specific determination, but it
has not been described for most species. |

The mesenteries of the cavity below the transverse septum are of
the same character. Gaps, however, occur in them, and the two
layers are not always evident. In the nephridial region of the
lateral septa the basement tissue, however, appears.

Nephridia.—There are two nephridia. In addition to the large
opening into the rectal chamber, there is a smaller into the lateral
chamber. The rectal opening is continued down the mesentery for
a considerable distance, as described in P. australis, and other
species.

Circulatory Systen.—Some of the details of the course of circula-
tion were made out by examination of sections, but chiefly by
observations on the living animal. They showed that the circulation
was apparently different from that of P. australis (2).

In sections, the afferent vessel was seen to be divided into two

160 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

branches, but these do not pass into ‘“ cireular’’ vessels only, but
lead by a large vessel (often swollen up into a large cavity full of
blood corpuscles) directly into the two branches of the efferent
vessel, so as to effect a direct communication between afferent and
efferent vessels.

This was confirmed by observation on the circulation in the
living animal as given below, where the circulation is more fully
discussed.

Affinities of P. capensis.—The species seem nearest to P.
luppocrepia. It differs from specimens of this species which I have
examined in the structure of the transverse septa, as already
indicated, and in the number of tentacles. The latter characteristic
is, however, very variable, and the value of the former as a specific
characteristic is not yet proved, and it is by no means certain that
the forms are distinct.

The wide geographical separation of the species can reasonably
be accounted for by the habits and modes of occurrence of the
animals as here described. If they can be conveyed through a
pump, along pipe, with a fall of about a foot into a tank of water,
and become affixed to a stone, it is more than probable that they
will lodge in the material which accumulates on ships’ bottoms, or
floating pieces of wood, and be carried great distances in this way.

OBSERVATIONS ON BEHAVIOUR AND HABITS OF PHORONIS CAPENSIS.

There is still some considerable doubt on many points connected
with the general habits and certain physiological phenomena of
Phoronis. Its formation of what might be called ‘‘ pseudo-colonies,”
in which there is apparently no co-operation or advantage to its
individual members ; how the animal apparently penetrates solid
limestone ; how the tube is formed ; how food is ingested ; function
of the ‘‘lophophoral organ” and of epistome; nature of sense
organs, 1f any ; whether the movement of the blood is real circula-
tion or merely oscillation—these and other points still remain
somewhat obscure.

The following notes are based on observations for a year on a
‘‘colony,’’ and on specimens occasionally procured by dredging, and
also on repeated observations made under the microscope on speci-
mens living in as normal conditions as possible. For convenience,
I have arranged these under the following heads :—

(a) Mode of occurrence, formation of tube, boring (?), colony
formation.

(b) Tentacles, muscular and ciliary movements.

New Forms of the Henuchordata. 161

(c) Eggs, larvee, oviposition, breeding season.

(zd) Lophophoral organ, lophophoral gap, epistome.

(e) Sensory organs.

(f) Circulation.

(a) Mode of Occurrence, Formation of Tube, &c.—Most of the
animals examined were found in a limestone of recent origin which
occurs on the shore and on the sea-bottom in False Bay. It con-
tains a large quantity of rounded sand-grains embedded in a
calcareous matrix, which is made up of recent shells. It is bored
through by worms, lamellibranchs, and sponges. It seemed at
first pretty conclusive that the Phoronis had bored into this lime-
stone, as, in most of the cases, where they were chiselled out or
the limestone broken, they were found to fit closely the cavities
in which they lay, and as the tubes were coated on their out-
side with a layer of sand-grains apparently pushed aside when
the limestone itself was dissolved. The presence, however, of
numerous sponge spicules in this coating of the tube seemed to
indicate that the cavity had originally been made by a sponge.
Further, the fact that other specimens were found in the interstices
of Polyzoa and worm tubes, in one case in the tube of a Serpula
which had left or been ejected, and in another case in the loculi of
the base of a barnacle shell, is evidence in the same direction. I
may add also that no acid reaction was obtained from living
specimens. On the whole, the balance of evidence seemed to
indicate that this Phoronis is not a limestone-boring animal, and
that colony formation, which, however, is not a very characteristic
feature of this species, is merely due to local conditions favouring
growth at a particular point.

The part of the tube projecting from the material in which the
animal occurred varies much in length, being usually about 4 to
6 mm., but sometimes much longer, or entirely absent. This part
of the tube was very flexible, and covered with a substance similar
to that of its surroundings. The stone was found to be covered with
a greyish coating of débris, held together by a sticky substance. On
one or two occasions large starfish, which were in the tank, were
observed to remain for some time in the stone and clear off this
coating without, however, injuring the Phoronis. It would appear
that this coating may be produced by the action of the Phoronis
themselves. Sections of the projecting part of the tube showed that
the débris was not only adherent to the outside of the tube, but was
included in the substance of the tube itself. Hor the probable origin
of this mucous substance and particles, see below. In some species
the foreign substance adhering to the tube has been described as the

le

162 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

excreta of the animal. In this species the excreta were observed to
be ejected in long, solid, cylindrical masses, falling clear of the
animal and tube. Growing on the tube were often to be observed
solitary stalked Protozoa with horseshoe-shaped nucleus.

The exposed part of the tube was readily injured, and occasionally
individuals were seen protruding through an aperture in the injured
tube.

The substance of the tube was semi-transparent, brownish, and of
a tough consistency where embedded; in this region there were
no inclusions in the substance of the tube. There was evidence
that the tube is secreted by glandular epithelium of the body gene-
rally. Thus, if the animal is removed from the tube, there is an
active secretion of mucus, which soon causes the body to be covered
with any loose particles that may be in the neighbourhood. In one
case a fairly large active copepod was observed to become entangled
in the viscid secretion, and was soon rendered quite helpless. The
mucus is at first clear and transparent, but soon becomes whitish
and opaque.

None of the tubes were straight, but had a more or less irregular
curve, sometimes even forming a loop. When tubes were removed
from the limestone by decalcifying, they were found to be densely
coated with firmly adherent quartz grains, not arranged in any
definite manner. These sometimes deeply indented the substance
of the tube and the body of the animal. The posterior end of
the animal apparently exercises some penetrating though not boring
function.

The body of the animal varied much in diameter according to the
extent to which it was protruded. Under certain conditions, which
could not exactly be determined, the animals were greatly extended
from the tube. The body and tentacles were then mostly rigidly
extended. They sometimes slowly rotated in themselves—both
lophophore and body—but did not, as described for some species,
bend or wave from side to side. This latter movement was some-
times observed, however, when the animals were under observation
in small vessels, especially when being examined by transmitted
light.

Tentacles, Muscular and Ciliary Movement, ¢c.—The method at
first adopted in microscopic examination of the living animals was
to remove it from its tube by cutting away the limestone, or to
suddenly cut off a protruded head, when after a time it often again
expanded fully. The tentacles were then observed to be well pro-
vided with long cilia (about one-fourth the diameter of the tentacles).
In these cases, however, the cilia were never observed to be in motion

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 163

(cf. van Beneden’s observations (2), in which he describes the cilia as
non-motile).

Other observations were then made on animals projecting over
the edge of the stone so that transmitted light could be used. In
this case the cilia were observed to be very active, though, if the
animal were disturbed, they suddenly ceased before the animal
withdrew into the tube. On one or two occasions the cilia were
observed to remain at rest when the undisturbed animal was fully
extended. Expansion of the lophophore was not as described in
some species, viz., after the extension of the body, but the tentacles
began to spread out at the very commencement of the protrusion.

_ The currents of water were best observed under the microscope.
It was found that what might be called the inset current, as is to be
expected, was into the space between the outer and inner circle.
Particles in suspension in the water were carried into this region
even from a distance equal to the length of the outstretched tentacles.
The particles, especially the larger, were carried to the mouth on the
tentacles, evidently by the active cilia. It was surprising, however,
to find that in many cases, after reaching the base of the tentacles
or margin of the mouth region, the same particles were returned on
the same tentacles, and travelled as rapidly in the opposite direction
to the distal end of the tentacle. The tip of the tentacle was then
slowly bent backwards, and the particle dropped off on to the stone,
the cilia at this part of the tentacle during the process ceasing all
movement. In such cases the particle was observed to have a
coating of mucus, by a thread of which it often hung on to the
tentacle for a time. In a few cases the particles were dropped ott
in the same way without first travelling to the mouth. This was
observed to occur not only in the outer circle of tentacles, but also in
the inner, in which case they were dropped into the centre of the
inner circle when there was a constant and very strong current
passing upwards and away from the animal. The disposal of par-
ticles in this way seemed as much a function of the cilia as the
conveying of them to the mouth. I at first supposed that it was
effected by a reversal of the movement of the cilia, but this was never
observed. It was afterwards observed, however, that if a tentacle
be carefully examined, looking towards it from the direction of the
mouth region, the cilia on each side showed the ciliary movement in
opposite directions.* This occurred on all the tentacles, both those
of the inner and outer row. The apparent movement may best be
described as upwards on the left side and downwards on the right of

* I do not know whether such ciliary motion has been recorded in any of the
Polyzoa, but I have observed it in some.

164 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

each tentacle when it is viewed from the oral side of the animal and
with the lophophore fully expanded. The result would be, of course,
that particles, in contact with the one side only, would be carried in a
direction outwards or inwards, and opposite to that of the apparent
motion of the cilia (due, of course, to the slower stroke in that
direction). The cilia on either side could be brought into contact
with the particles by rotation of the tentacle, which was observed in
a few cases to occur, but this point was not conclusively established,
as exact observations are not here-easily made. It is certain, how-
ever, that the propulsive action of the cilia ig not only towards the
mouth, as has been supposed, but is largely concerned in carrying
away any rejected particles. Particles of a diameter about equal to
a sixth of that of the tentacle, and larger, are carried off in this way,
as are also irregular masses of débris that may be caught up in the
inhalent current. Smaller particles are got rid of in another way.
If an actively feeding animal be viewed laterally, so that the outer
and basal part of the tentacles is seen, a large number of particles is
observed to be escaping between the bases of the tentacles over the
edge of the “‘ membrane ’”’ connecting them, and then to fall in a con-
tinuous shower on to the edge of the tube, to which some were
observed to adhere (probably the origin of the inclusion seen in the
substance of the protruding part of the tube).

Another and different action of the tentacles was observed when
the animal was feeding actively. This was a sudden bending in
towards the mouth of the distal free end of the tentacle both of the
inner and outer row (cf. fig. 1, in which one tentacle of the outer
row shows the nature of this bending). Single tentacles, indepen-
dently of the others immediately next them, showed this movement,
which was sharp and detinite both in the action and recovery to the
normal position. At times this movement was repeated by different
tentacles at very short intervals, and in the case of Phoronopsis, in
which this movement was more marked, on several occasions it
appeared as a quite continuous jaculatory movement all round the
lophophore. It might be suggested that the result of this movement
is to throw or sweep particles of food towards the mouth, but only
in a few instances was this actually seen, and the possibility is not
excluded that these cases were accidental. This movement might
be compared to the reaction on stimulus of the tentacles of some sea
anemones and polyzoa.

The inhalent current, which sets in towards the mouth region,
passes off in two directions, viz., between the outstretched tentacles
of the outer row and downwards, and between the tentacles of the
inner row and inwards, where there is formed a very strong current

New Forms of the Hemuchordata. 165

upwards, stronger than the inhalent current (being more confined).
It might be expected that a part or all of this current would also flow
out over the anus and nephridial openings by the large space which
forms the open part of the horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and, indeed,
Masterman (6), who, however, had not the living animal, describes and
figures such a current as existing. If the living animal is carefully
observed, however, it can be seen that not only does no such current
exist, but that there is a current leading inwards not outwards at
this aperture, so that it passes first over the two pillar-like sides
of the lophophore which are characterised by the special develop-
ment of nervous tissue at this place, then over the nephridial open-
ings and the anus, and joins the strong exhalent current of the inner
circle of the lophophore. Benham (2) has accurately described this
patch of nervous tissue, and regarded it as structurally the only
approach to an appearance of a sensory organ in Phoronis, but
expresses his doubts on account of its proximity to the excretory
openings. The existence of such a current of water however, pass-
ing in turn over the nervous epithelium, the renal openings and the
anus, removes this objection, and renders the case quite similar to
that of the current, for instance, in the palleal chamber of some
Mollusea, which passes first over the osphradium, then the renal
aperture, and finally the anus. It has been repeatedly observed
that the animal seems very sensitive to the condition of the water in
which it lives, and I cannot but think that the two special patches
of nerve tissue represent a sensory organ similar in function to the
osphradium of molluscs, and it may be called for want of a better
name the olfactory organ.

Still another movement may be observed, but with greater diffi-
culty. It occurs on the upper part of the body just below the
insertion of the lophophore. No current of water was observed, but
merely a movement of particles apparently entangled in mucus and
in contact with the body. These were slowly carried upwards away
from the mouth of the tube. Very small cilia were on occasions
observed. This action may account for the fact that no foreign
particles, such as might fall into the tube, were found included in
its substance where embedded in the stone.

Eggs, Larve, Oviposition, Breeding Season, dc.—The eggs and
embryos are very conspicuous, and could be readily observed mostly
within the lateral bends of the inner circle of tentacles though
occasionally projecting outside these bends. Those nearest the
body were apparently held together by the mucus which is secreted
by the glandular part of the lophophoral organ; those near the free
ends of the tentacle were further developed, some attached to the

166 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

tentacles and still in the delicate egg capsule; others, however,
were in some cases observed to have hatched out, and to have
reached the stage at which the pre-oral hood and the body formed
two approximately equal portions. Some embryos at this stage were
observed to exhibit a fairly active opening and closing motion of the
two limbs thus forming (pre-oral hood and the body), suggesting
that the relatively large development of the hood at this stage may
have an important physiological function (respiration? attachment ?
nutrition ?). |

The discharge of the ova from the body and lodgment in the
brood chamber can readily be observed. Throughout the whole
breeding season of about 11 months eggs could be seen in the
particular group under observation at any time, in one or other
of the specimens, passing up the body cavity singly or in rows of
usually about 6 or 8. If a specimen projecting over the edge of the
stone (so as to allow of microscopic examination by transmitted
light) be examined, the movement of the eggs upwards in the body
can readily be observed. At each expansion of the blood vessel
from below upwards the eggs or row of eggs was shifted a little
further towards the nephridial opening, and on the contraction and
emptying of the blood-vessel they were carried back again, though
not so far. No evidence of any slow forward movement, such as
might be caused by cilia, was apparent. In a typical case the eggs
were observed to pass in this manner from the point in the body
where it projected from the tube upwards to the nephridial duct in
about 10 minutes. Here they became grouped together, remaining
thus for 6 minutes. One of the eggs was then seen assuming an
elongate slightly bent form (apparently entering the nephridial
tube). It was then observed to travel upwards slowly and at a
uniform rate inside the nephridial tube which was closely applied
to the base of the lophophore. The nephridial tube was then
apparently elongated, its opening being covered by the leaf-like part
of the lophophoral organ so that on its escape from the opening of
the duct the egg was safely carried upwards to the base of the brood
pouch and took its place along with the others. It here again
assumed a circular form, 0:22 mm. in diameter. Almost immediately
after the discharge of the ovum by one nephridial duct the same
process took place by the other duct, and so on alternately till all of
the group of ova were discharged (in about 15 minutes).

At the upper end of the mass of developing eggs the larvee were
well advanced. In a larva which was observed escaping no trace of
tentacles was seen (cf. Longchamps’ observations (8)). In one or
two cases the larve were observed swimming about freely, but

New Forms of the Henuchordata. 167

retained by a- bending in of the tips of the tentacles of the inner
circle.

In the particular group of animals under observation nearly all
the individuals carried eggs and larve when first found in the
beginning of May. A few had them up to the end of June. On
November 10th one specimen was observed to have an egg in the
body, and by the 20th of the same month more than 90 per cent.
had conspicuous clusters of eggs and larve in the tentacles. The
comparatively sudden and simultaneous appearance of these was
somewhat striking.

Soon all of the specimens bore eggs and larve, and this continued
up to about the beginning of March of the following year, when a
few were seen without them. By May 12th none of the group under
observation had eggs. In some of the individuals which were more
carefully watched a peculiar occurrence, for which I cannot suggest
an explanation, was observed. The animal which had remained with
body and lophophore with its egg mass fully extended for months,
totally disappeared, leaving only the projecting tube. This seemed
a confirmation of the suggestion of the annual dying off of the
Phoronis. A few days (8-10) afterwards, however, the same animal
was observed projecting (to a less extent) from the tube, but the
lophophore was much smaller, the tentacles being only about two-
thirds their former length and without eggs.

Lophophoral Organ, Lophophoral Gap, Epistome.—From the
observations just described on the method of discharge of ova, it
is apparent that the projecting leaf-like fold of the lophophoral organ
acts in such a way as to form a closed passage from the aperture of
the nephridial duct to the brood cavity, the glandular part supplying
the mucus in which the eggs are enveloped and bound together.
The whole organ might be described, therefore, as a glandular
oviducal furrow.

Contrary to what has been observed in other species, I have not
found this organ absent in any specimen with eggs, though sections
of a large number of individuals might show that this is true of
P. capensis also.

The lophophoral gap between mouth and anus has received a good
deal of attention, and there has been some speculation as to its
function. It is a very striking opening in the circle of tentacles
as seen in sections, but it does not exist as such in the expanded
living animal, in which the gap is no larger than the spaces
between the tentacles. This will be made clear from fig. 1,
which is from the living animal. It seems quite out of the
question that the inhalent current of water directed by the

168 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

’

epistome escapes by this “gap” into the inner circle as has been
suggested (Masterman (6) ).

It is merely the point of origin of the tentacles, which in this
region are of all sizes; two sometimes scarcely projecting have been
seen at each side touching each other across the ‘‘ gap,’”’ and follow-
ing these 5 or 6 on each side rapidly increasing in length till they
join the fully developed tentacles of the inner circle. These smaller
tentacles on each side often overlap at their tips, preventing any
wide opening between the regions of the inhalent and exhalent
currents.

The contraction of these small tentacles and of the tissue in the
neighbourhood of the gap, along with the approximation of the
tentacles in preserved material, doubtless bring about the appearance
of a large gap in sections of this region.

The epistome could be readily observed in the living animal in
certain positions. In contrast to the other organs of the body it
showed a constant and active movement. This occurred at its
free edge. Observations were, of course, only possible when the
lophophore was fully extended. In this condition the epistome
was usually held back against the inner circle of tentacles, the
mouth being widely open. Occasionally, however, the epistome
descended over the mouth, closing or partly closing it. Various
suggestions have been made as to its action, directing the currents of
water (Masterman (6) ), preventing a direct passage between mouth
and anus through the lophophoral gap (Benham (2)). These, though
quite justifiable deductions from a study of sections, do not seem
probable in view of what has been noted above with regard to the
behaviour of the animal in the living condition. So far as observa-
tions went, the function appeared to be the obvious one of closing
the mouth, and its lateral extension on each side; it is doubtless also
partly sensory.

Crrculation.—Though the closed vascular system with red blood of
Phoronis is one of its most striking characteristics, there is still some
doubt as to whether there is actual circulation or merely oscillation
of the blood. This is probably to be accounted for by the difficulty
in obtaining accurate observation of the course of the blood. Ina
recent paper Hnriques (5) describes a unique type of circula-
tion which he has observed in Phoroms psammophila. He was
enabled to examine the circulation microscopically by removing the
animal from its tube by a method which he considers would not
injure the animal to such an extent as to upset its normal circula-
tion. Briefly, his conclusions are that there is an oscillatory
movement of the blood plasma, and that, during this process, the

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 169

corpuscles accumulate in the distal or lophophoral region, from
which they are finally expelled by a strong contraction of the
median vessel into the general vascular system, there being thus
a circulation of blood corpuscles but not of plasma. I have also
observed something similar to this in specimens of P. capensis
which have been removed from their tubes, and also similar move-
ments in the vascular system of individuals which have thrown off
the lophophoral region, with the exception in this case, of course,
that the blood corpuscles, while accumulating at the distal or
regenerating end, cannot pass off again by a circulatory movement
into the system.

I cannot but suspect that these interesting phenomena observed
by Enriques, are mainly due to injury or irritation produced in
removing the animal from its tube, and might be compared from
their mechanical aspect at least to clot formation.

The method adopted in making the following observations was to
select for microscopic examination specimens projecting over the
edge of a piece of stone so that they can be examined by transmitted
light. The animals sooner or later began to expand, often to a very
considerable extent, and an account of their habit of occasionally
rotating slowly in the tube, first in one direction then in another,
presented different aspects of the vascular system. The method is
rather tedious, but probably ensures normal results.

On the first protrusion of the tentacles, the movement of the blood
was readily observed in a few, and, in full expansion, blood was seen
to course up and down in all the tentacles. The intervals between
such pulsation varied much (4-10 seconds). The inflow of the blood
into the blood-vessels of the tentacles was slow, and apparently
caused by pressure from behind; the outflow was more rapid and
apparently caused by contraction of the vessels.

The inflow and outflow of blood was never synchronous in all the
tentacles, but was irregular, though occasionally a few neighbouring
tentacles showed pulsation at the same time. Hach of the blind
tentacular vessels opened into a common circular vessel in which
the course of the blood was sometimes in one direction, some-
times in another.

Two such circular vessels were seen lying not far from each other.
These were, however, not recipient and distributing vessels such as
occur in P. australis (2), but were merely the single connecting or
circular vessels of the inner and outer circle of tentacles. In both,
the movement of the blood was to and fro without any regularity.
The outer circular vessel was continued round on the oral side, but

the inner circle was interrupted at this point thus «)).

170 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

The blood flowed away from each side of the lophophore, from the
right by a vessel which passed round by the oral region and joined
that from ‘the left to form the large vessel on the left side of the
descending limb of the alimentary canal. In all these there was
observed to be an almost continuous stream of blood downwards
away from the lophophoral region.

As in some other species, the efferent vessel at a little distance
from the lophophoral region gives off a number of blind vessels into
the body cavity. These were occasionally very distinctly seen in the
living animal, and were then observed to be contractile, receiving
blood from the main vessel and expelling it exactly as in the case of
the tentacular vessels.

The tentacular vessels apparently expelled the blood by con-
traction. It would be difficult to say if the circular vessels were
contractile. The vessels by which the blood leaves the lophophoral
region were not contractile (z.e., the vessel on the left side of the
alimentary canal and its two branches).

The centrally placed vessel between the ascending and descending
limbs of the alimentary tract showed, however, a very marked con-
traction from below upwards. This was observed to occur, always
in the same direction, through the entire course of so much of the
vessel as could be seen (sometimes 10 mm.) under normal conditions,
without removing the animal from its tube, in which case the move-
ment was abnormal. A large volume of blood (corpuscles and
plasma) was seen to be thus conveyed to the lophophoral region
and to pass to either side by two short branches of the main vessel.
Each of these branches opened directly into a vessel which seems
capable of great expansion, and is lodged in a cavity of the lopho-
phore very apparent in section. The blood passed into the tentacles
in its immediate neighbourhood, and to the tentacles further removed
by the circular vessels. There was no evidence of any true circula-
tion through the tentacles nor of circular distributing and recipient
vessels, the whole of the blood-vessels of the lophophoral region
being merely a complex form of the simple blind vascular diverticula
seen on the large vessel within the body. The greater part of the
stream of blood thus never entered the tentacles, but passed on
directly to the two branches of the efferent vessel which joined
each other to form the single vessel situated in the left side of the
descending limb of the alimentary canal. There was thus a true
circulation, the blood being driven forward by a vessel lying over
what in Phoronis corresponds to the dorsal aspect of the alimentary
canal. On reaching the anterior end it passes by two vessels round
the alimentary canal (cf. the ‘“hearts’’ of annelids) which join to-

New Forms of the Henuchordata. 171

gether on the left side (ventral ?) of the alimentary canal to form the
efferent vessel. This passes downwards and joins the contractile
afferent vessel, by which the blood is again driven through the same
circle. Blind diverticula occur in the course of this vascular system,
viz., the tentacular vessels, a group of vessels floating freely in the
body cavity some distance below these, and finally a number of
vessels penetrating the gonads at the other end of the body.

The intervals between the contraction of the dorsal vessel were
very uniform in any one individual under observation, but varied
much in different individuals. In some they were three seconds, in
others as much as ten. They appeared also to differ in the same
individual at different times.

If the movement of the blood be carefully observed in a
favourable position of the animal it is found that after each con-
traction of the dorsal vessel is completed there is a very slight
return of the blood in its upper part, the quantity returned
however being infinitesimal as compared to the large volume passed
upwards, and it is only in the upper part of the afferent vessel
and carried forward again in the next flow. The same thing happens
in the commencement of the efferent vessels. This may be
expressed more definitely in the time observations in a particular
case. Thus in one case the interval between the contraction of the
dorsal vessel was ten seconds. In the afferent vessel the flow of
blood continued from the first to the sixth second, in the seventh
and eighth there was complete contraction and emptying of the
vessel (both of corpuscles and plasma), in the ninth and tenth there
was a slight return of blood in the upper part of the vessel. The
efferent vessel was never without blood corpuscles. A more decided
flow began in the second second and lasted till the eighth, and
between such intervals there was a slight return.

The lumen of the afferent vessel is less than that of the
efferent, but the proportions of blood corpuscles to plasma in each
seemed the same. The peristaltic contractions of the dorsal vessel
were always towards the free or lophophoral end of the animal in
normal conditions.

In injured or regenerating animals there is an oscillatory or to-
and-fro movement of the blood in the afferent and efferent vessels,
and often a crowding together of blood corpuscles into patches
which remain stationary for a time in the free or distal region of

the body.

172 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

III.—PTYCHODERA CAPENSIS, sp. n.

I have from time to time, in shore collecting, found specimens of
this Enteropneust chiefly at or near low water, and generally in
coarse sand or gravel. It appears to belong to a species not
hitherto described, and, in recording its occurrence in this region,
I add a brief description of its external features, which I hope to
supplement at a later date by anatomical details and a figure of the
animal. |

The length of the specimens procured varied from about 80 to
130 mm. in the normal expanded condition. Individual specimens,
of course, varied much at times when disturbed, but when left in
fresh sea-water and coarse sand seemed to assume about the same
proportion. The relative size of the various regions of the body
did not vary much. Even the caudal region, which in other
species has been found to vary so greatly, was in these specimens
about the same proportionate length, probably owing to the fact
that this species does not show the tendency to break up so
markedly as in other species. Some imperfect specimens were
procured, but they seem to have been injured in the securing of the
animals. None of the specimens kept alive or preserved were
observed to break up.

Proboscis.—The proboscis is of the usual size and shape. It was
mostly somewhat longer than broad, egg-shaped, slightly tapering to
the anterior end. When prying among the sand and shells, it was
somewhat longer and often bent in various directions. A slight
notch occasionally appeared on its posterior dorsal surface. In some
conditions the longitudinal muscles of the proboscis were seen in
distinct bundles.

The colour of the proboscis was pale chrome-yellow, uniform,
except when this organ was expanded so that the longitudinal
muscles appeared as distinct stripes.

Collar.—The dimensions of the collar were also normally fairly
constant, its length being usually equal to that of the proboscis.
Its breadth was slightly less than its length, being narrow in the
middle. The free anterior margin was always somewhat folded.
This region, which occupied nearly a half of the total length of the
collar, was of a paler yellow than the succeeding part, which was in
the form of a narrow ring. This was followed by a thin band of
white pigment in the form of a circular streak, a little further back
another thin band or yellow streak, and somewhat behind this, where
the collar joined the body, another.

The collar often showed longitudinal corrugations thicker in the

New Forms of the Henuchordata. 173

middle, but none occurred between the two last-mentioned yellow
streaks. No distinct circular furrow was seen in this region in the
living animal.

In one living specimen, which happened to have the lip of the
collar widely expanded, the two legs of the skeleton were seen lying
at an angle of about 50° to each other. In the apex of the angle was
observed what appeared to be a small opening—apparently that of
the ‘‘ notochord.”’

Gental Wings.—These were well developed both in length and
breadth. Their greatest breadth was at the posterior end of the
gills. It was, when spread out, a little over twice the length of the
proboscis. The posterior extremity could not be exactly determined,
as from this point they gradually diminish in size and lie alongside
the hepatic coeca as mere ridges. The place of transition from
distinct folds to ridges is about the middle of the hepatic coeca.
Here also the brilliantly coloured gonads ended in most specimens.
There was, however, no abrupt transition, as in some other species.
The free edge of the genital wings are always in contact with each
other where they join the collar. They are transparent throughout,
in marked contrast to the gonads. Towards the body they meet
each other above the intestine behind the gills, and this region is
also clear and transparent. A fine genital streak (apertures of the
gonads) occurs along the centre of each, and is of a dark reddish
colour, the colour of the gonads themselves being a bright yellow.
The genital folds usually met each other dorsally over the body,
though often folded outwards, so as to expose the gills; their point of
origin is the dorso-lateral region of the body.

Gills.—The gill region is comparatively small, being equal to the
combined length of the proboscis and collar. This length did not
vary in any of the specimens examined. In breadth it was fairly
uniform till near the posterior end, when it abruptly tapered off to a
point and was often observed to pass under the joined bases of the
genital pleurz, about one-seventh of its total length being thus
hidden. At its widest anterior part it was about half the length of
the proboscis. About fifty gill-slits or pores were counted in the
deep furrow at each side of the gill. In the living animal the
anterior of these were slit-like, being more than twice as long as
broad. Towards the posterior part of the gill they became more
circular, and the most posterior were almost circular, sometimes
square. In preserved specimens all the openings were decidedly
elongate.

Hepatic Coeca.—These are about sixty in number, and are arranged
in pairs. Anteriorly they are less definite and more widely set

= oe — =

174 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

apart, about twelve of them being between the genital folds, by
which a few of the anterior of the twelve may be hidden.
Further back they are normally in pairs, one on each side of the
body opposite each other, but in extensions of the body they were
often seen to interdigitate, thus alternating on each side. Posteriorly
they gradually diminished, the whole length of the hepatic tract
being about half the length of the genital ridge, or one-third of the —
tail region.

In colour the hepatic coeca varied considerably, being, however,
always dark brown in the central region. Anteriorly and posteriorly
they were more or less light in colour, sometimes pinkish.

Tail Region.—The tail region was a little over half the total
length, and did not vary much in thickness, being about equal to
that of the middle of the hepatic region, which was a little over half
the diameter of the collar. The most prominent feature was the
presence of three lines running along nearly the whole length of the
upper surface, the central one of these being the dorsal nerve chord,
and one on each side being a thin yellowish streak, which com-
menced about the middle of the hepatic region and continued to near
the extremity of the tail. In other species in which such streaks
are described they are situated in a groove which passes through the
‘‘islet’’ like cross-bands of glandular tissue. Here, however, these
bands pass over them so that epidermal furrows were absent on the
dorsal surface, one of the most distinctive external characteristics of
this species.

On the ventral side the yellowish ventral nerve chord occurs, and
interrupts the glandular patch throughout its whole course from the
collar to the anus; in contrast to the dorsal nerve it thus lies
in an epidermal groove.

On the dorsal side of the tail these glandular patches of the
epidermis are of no great length transversely to the body, but on
the ventral side they appear almost like annulations.

SUMMARY.

(1) Phronopsis, a new genus of the Phoronidea, differing from
Phoronis chiefly in having an involution of the epidermis with
definitely differentiated (cubical) cells. The involution occurs below
the nerve ring, which it partly covers; it passes round the body,
encircling the mouth, anus, and nephridial apertures.

(2) Phoronis capensis, a new species, closely related to P.
hippocrepia.

(3) In Phoronis capensis the following observations, some of

New Forms of the Hemichordata. 175

which are probably applicable to other species of Phoronis, have
been made :—

a. Currents of water with food and other particles pass in between
the outer and inner circle of tentacles towards the mouth. They
pass out between the expanded tentacles, downwards between those
of the outer row, and inwards and upwards between those of the inner.

b. Another current of water passes in succession over two special
patches of nervous epithelium, the nephridial openings and the anal
opening, and joins the last-mentioned current.

c. Most of the particles in the first current come in contact with
the tentacles, and are carried on them to the mouth region ; some of
these are then carried back on the same tentacles on which they
came and dropped off.

d. The two special patches of nerve tissue on the nerve ring are
in a position with regard to currents of water similar to the palleal
olfactory organ of Mollusca and probably exercise a similar function.

e. The nervous tissue at the commencement of the digestive tract
appears from the definite rejection of particles after reaching this
region to be an organ for the discrimination of food particles, and
may be called an organ of taste.

f. The lophophoral gap between mouth and anus is in the living
and expanded animal no wider than the spaces between the tentacles,
and plays no special part in the passage of currents of water.

g. The projecting free part of the lophophoral organ is relatively
large and leaf-like in life, and in discharge of ova overlaps the
nephridial opening conveying the ovum to the brood cavity in the
tentacles. The more glandular part probably supplies the mucus in
which ova and embryo are enveloped. The whole organ may be
called a glandular oviducal furrow.

h. The blood (corpuscles and plasma) in the normal condition of
the animal passes successively through a median (dorsal?) vessel,
_ two circumcesophageal dilatable vessels, a lateral (ventral ?) vessel,
and on again to the median vessel. ‘That is, in these vessels there is
a true circulation which, however, becomes oscillatory or partly so
under abnormal conditions.

1. The movement of the blood is oscillatory (to and fro) in the
vascular diverticula of the tentacles, the body cavity and the gonads.
It is also oscillatory in the small circular vessel at the base of the
tentacles.

4. Reproduction may take place throughout the year, but is much
more marked in the summer months.

k, This species does not die off annually.

(4) Ptychodera capensis, a new species of the Enteropneusta.

——

(176 )

REFERENCES.

1) BenepeN, P. T. Van. Note sur un Annélide céphalobranche sans soies,
désigné sous le nom de Crepina. Ann. Sc. Nat. (Zool.) 4° série, vol. x.,
1858.

(2) Benuam, W. B. The Anatomy of Thoronis Australis. Quart. Journ. Micr.
Sc., N.S., vol. xxx., 1889.

(3) CaLDWELL, W. H. Preliminary Note on the Structure, Development, and
Affinities of Thoronis. Proc. Roy. Soc., No. 222, 1882.

(4) Cori, I. Inaugural Dissertation. Prague, 1889.

(5) Exriquss, P. Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Roma, xiv., 1905.

(6) MastermMan, H. On the Diplochorda. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sc., vol. xliii.,
Part 2, N.S.

(7) McIntosH, W. C. Report on Phoronis Buskit. Challenger Reports, vol.
xxvii., 1888.

(8) Srtys Lonacuamps, M. Ueber Phoronis und Actinotrocha bei Helgoland,
Wiss. Meeresunt. Neue folge. Sechster Band. Abteilung Helgoland.
Heft 1.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVI, XVII.

Fig. 1.—Phoronis capensis in nearly complete expansion. The eggs are
indicated in the inner circle of tentacles, the jaculatory movement of tentacles
by a bent tentacle on the left, the nerve ring by white lines, and the digestive
tract by a longitudinal white band.

Fic. 2.—Phoronopsis albomaculata, viewed from above (from a photograph of
the living animal in complete expansion).

Fic. 8.—Longitudinal section of Phoronopsis albomaculata (specimen B),
showing fold of epidermis and nerve ring. 01. Blood-vessel. 6¢. Basement tissue.
ep. Epidermis of body. ep’. Modified epidermis of fold. eps. Epistome. «nt.
Tangential section of wall of intestine. Jo, Lophophoral organ. mn. Nervous
tissue. neph. Section of duct of nephridium.

Fic. 4.—Enlarged view of nerve ring with epidermal fold shown in fig. 3.
bt. Basement tissue. coe. Coelomic epithelium. ep. Epidermis of body. ep’.
Modified epidermis of fold. m. Nervous tissue. mneph. Section of duct of
nephridium. ts. Transverse septum.

Fic. 5.—Transverse section of Phoronopsis albomaculata (specimen A). The
section is in reality oblique, as the organs of the left side were at a lower level
than those of the right. Figuring as in Fig. 4 with the addition of a. Anus.
m. Mouth. nep’. Cells of internal opening of nephridium.

Fie. 6.—Median longitudinal section of Phoronis capensis. 06.t. Basement
tissue. eps. Kpistome. m. Mouth. n.e. Sub-epidermal nerve tissue of nerve
ring. .e’. Nerve tissue near mouth (organ of taste?). oe. Cisophagus.
t. Tentacle.

XVI.

Plate

Vol. V1.

Inv. 5S. A

Mar

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ve

Soc. Vol.

Nive Jelaull

Trans. 8.

Trane S Ate Pail soc Volar

Plate XVII.

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(177 )

ON A PARASITIC COPEPOD FROM CHPHALODISCUS.

By W. T. Cauman, D.Sc.
British Museum (Natural History).

(Plates XVIII., XIX.)

The parasite dealt with in this paper was discovered by
-Dr. W. G. Ridewood in the course of his investigation of Cephalo-
discus gilchristi from the Cape Seas, and is briefly referred to in his
memoir on that species (Mar. Invest. 8. Africa, iv., p. 181). At his
request I made a preliminary examination of the specimens, and sup-
plied him with a few notes, which are incorporated in the paper
referred to.. In view of the special interest of the host it seemed
desirable to attempt a more complete examination of the material,
and I gladly avail myself of the opportunity kindly given me by
Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist of publishing a fuller account.

Most of the specimens which I have examined were found by
Dr. Ridewood in the course of his dissection of the Cephalodiscus,
and I am indebted to him for notes on the circumstances of their
occurrence. The other specimens were obtained by searching
through some pieces of Cephalodiscus-colony which Dr. Ridewood
kindly handed over to me for the purpose.

The parasite belongs to the family Ascidicolide, of which most
of the members are parasitic in the alimentary canal of Tunicata.
The fact, however, that the form to which it is most nearly allied,
Enterognathus comatule of Giesbrecht, infests, not a Tunicate, but
the Echinoderm Antedon, shows that the nature of the parasite
in the present case has not necessarily any bearing on the chordate
affinities of its host.

In the following account Dr. Giesbrecht’s lucid and detailed
description of Hnterognathus* has been taken as a guide. The

* Giesbrecht, W., ‘‘ Mitth. ti. Copepoden. 14. Hnterognathus comatule, ein
neuer Darmparasit.’’ Mitth. zool. Stat. Neapel, xiv., pp. 61-79, pl. 5, 1900. Dr.
12

178 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

characters and affinities of the new genus which I have found it
necessary to establish will be discussed later.

Faminy ASCIDICOLIDA.

ZANCLOPUS* CEPHALODISCI, gen. et. sp. nov.

ADULT FEMALE.
(Plate XVIIL., figs. 1-8.)

Total length, ‘55-62 mm.

The body is stout and maggot-shaped, about 34 times as long as
wide. The integument is thin and membranous, and the segmenta-
tion, especially in the abdominal region, is very obscure. The five
thoracic somites are defined by deep constrictions and overlap a
little at the sides, but do not form collar-like folds on the dorsal
surface as in Hnterognathus. The thoracic limbs, with the exception
of the fifth pair, are articulated on the ventral surface of the body,
and are almost invisible when the animal is viewed from above.
The head is slightly narrowed in front, and there is a blunt, deflexed
rostrum, only visible from beneath (fig. 4). Posteriorly the body
tapers gradually, without any marked constriction. The genital
somite is very short and is obscurely defined from the somites
in front and behind. The openings of the oviducts are lateral in
position (fig. 6). The copulatory pore was not observed. The
following four somites are rather obscurely separated. The
furca (fig. 6) is short, the rami not much longer than wide, each
terminating in four short spiniform points directed outwards.

The antennules and antennez (fig. 4) are short, thick, and not
distinctly segmented. The former have each a single terminal seta
and a minute seta on the posterior edge.

The mouth-cone (fig. 5) is not very prominent. The lower lip has
large lateral lobes. The mandibles each end in a scythe-shaped
blade projecting between the upper and lower lips. No trace of
a mandibular palp could be detected.

Immediately behind the mouth-cone on each side is a rounded

Giesbrecht has overlooked the fact that Hnterognathus was figured (but not
named) many years ago by Prof. W. C. McIntosh (‘‘ Observations on the Marine
Zoology of North Uist,”’ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, v., p. 611, fig. 5, 1866. The
figure is reproduced in the same author’s ‘‘ Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of
St. Andrews,” 1875, p. 140).

* From Zayxdor, a sickle, and zovg, a foot, in allusion to the sickle-shaped
claws on the thoracic feet of the female.

On a Parasitic Copepod from Cephalodiscus. 179

prominence bearing a single terminal seta (fig. 4, ma'’). A com-
parison with Hnterognathus suggests that these prominences probably
represent the second maxille. No other mouth-parts appear to be
present.

The first four pairs of thoracic feet (figs. 7 and 8) are similar in
form. The protopodite is more or less distinctly divided into two
segments, of which the distal bears externally, in the first three
pairs, a fine seta. The basal part of the exopodite is not distinctly
defined from the protopodite; it has, on the inner edge, a minute
seta which is largest in the third pair and seems to be absent from
the fourth. Distally, the exopodite ends in a sickle-shaped claw,
at the base of which a small segment can in some cases be detected.
The endopodite is apparently unsegmented, and forms a broadly
ovate or nearly circular leaflet, bearing four small blunt papille on
its distal edge.

The feet of the fifth pair (fig. 6) are large ovate plates attached
to the side of the body and pointing backwards. Two very minute
sete were observed on the distal margin of each.

MALE IN FIFTH COPEPODID STAGE.

(Plate XIX.)

Total length, ‘6 mm.

The general shape is Cyclops-like, rather elongated, the greatest
breadth being about 4+ of the length. The fifth thoracic somite
is distinctly narrower than the fourth. The head is about + of the
total length, bluntly pointed in front, with a deflexed rostrum
as in the female. The pleura of the head-region are not bent
inwards as they are in the adult male of Hnterognathus. The first
three somites of the abdomen (fig. 14) diminish successively in
length; the fourth is as long as the first, and beneath the cuticle
can be seen the division between the fourth and fifth somites of the
adult. On the ventral surface of the genital segment are the genital
valves (fig. 14, g.v.), each truncate posteriorly and bearing two set.
The fureal rami are longer than in the female and each bears six
spines ; the inner spine is set on the dorsal surface, the outer one
is minute, and the terminal four, of which the second is the largest,
are stout and strongly curved outwards.

The antennules (fig. 12, a’) have a very delicate external cuticle
which does not seem to show any segmentation proper to this stage,
but within which can be seen, in the specimen examined, the seven
segments of the succeeding (adult) stage. They are beset with
fairly numerous simple hairs but no esthetascs were observed. The

180 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

antenne (fig. 13) are composed of three segments and have two,
perhaps three, terminal claws.

The mouth-cone (fig. 12) with the mandibles (md) and the
maxillary prominences (mu'’) are exactly as in the female, except
that the last-named structures seem to have no terminal sete.

The first four pairs of feet (figs. 15-17) have the protopodite
indistinctly divided into two segments, the distal one bearing, in the
first three pairs, a seta on its outer edge. The rami of the first four
pairs are each composed of three segments. The distribution of
their setee is shown by the following table, drawn up after the plan
followed by Dr. Giesbrecht :—

Rel. Re Qos Re 3. Ril. | Ri 2. Ri3.
Ist Foot... | 1Se OSi 0 2Se 18t 3Si | 0 OSe 18i 1Se 38i
2nd Foot 1Se OSi 1Se 151 %e 18t 458i | 0 | OSe 28i 1Se 4Si
3rd Foot... | 1Se OSi 1Se 1Si Qe 18t 58i | 0 OSe 2Si 1Se 58i
4th Foot... 0 | 1Se OSi 9Se 18t 5Si | OSe 1Si OSe 2Si | 1Se 4Si

The feet of the fifth pair (fig. 14, p*) consist each of two small
papille, of which the inner is the larger, each bearing a single seta.

YOUNGER STAGES.

Specimens of younger stages were occasionally found, but on
account of the very indistinct segmentation of the body and limbs
it was not possible to refer them to the various larval stages
recognised in the Copepoda. The youngest stage observed is repre-
sented on Plate XVIII, fig. 9. The total length is about 36 mm.
The fourth pair of feet are present as bilobed prominences, and the
abdomen is divided into two segments. The first three pairs of feet
(fig. 10) have both rami in the form of ovate leaflets, the exopodite
with four spiniform points on its distal margin; the second of these
points, from the outer side, is larger than the others, and probably
represents the single curved claw of the adult female.

MopbrE oF OccURRENCE AND PROBABLE LIFE-HISTORY.

All the specimens were found in the stomach of adult zooids ,or
nearly full-grown buds. The degree of infection varies in different
colonies, or perhaps in different branches of the same colony. In
some of the pieces of Cephalodiscus-colony which I examined nearly
every adult zooid contained one or more parasites, but in other
pieces they were much less abundant. The position generally
occupied by the parasite in the stomach of its host is shown in

On a Parasitic Copepod from Cephalodiscus. 181

Plate XVIII., fig. 1, but it appears to be a matter of indifference
whether the head or the tail is directed towards the anterior end
of the stomach.

The adult females are most common, and in every case only
a single one of these occurs in one host. The eggs were never
observed attached to the body, but isolated eggs, or packets of eggs,
were sometimes found free in the host’s stomach. The number
of eggs deposited at one time appears to vary somewhat. Two
packets of two each, two packets of three, and from three to five
isolated eggs were observed on different occasions. The diameter
of an egg is about 12 mm. Of the larval stages, two, three, or four
specimens occurred together in one stomach, accompanied or not
by an adult female. No adult male was found, and from the
analogy of Hnterognathus we may assume that this stage is free-
swimming.

In several cases it was observed that zooids containing specimens
of the parasite had well developed and apparently ripe gonads,
so that there would appear to be no “parasitic castration’’ of
the host. ,

It is not altogether easy to reconstruct from our observations the
probable life-history of the parasite. From the relatively large size
of the eggs it may be assumed that hatching takes place at a late
stage of development. On two occasions specimens in a stage
corresponding to that shown on Plate XVIILI., fig. 9, were found in
the act of escaping from a membranous investment which appeared
to present no trace of appendages, and was at first regarded as the
egg-membrane. The fact that from two to four of these young
individuals always occur together seemed also to suggest that they
were hatched a sitw and had to pass through a free-swimming stage
before entering each a separate zooid of the host to become adult
females. Further search, however, afforded no evidence of any
break in the series of forms, all of them plainly incapable of
locomotion, connecting these young stages with the adult. As
it seems necessary to assume the existence of a free-swimming
stage at some period of the female’s life-history (the male is
probably, as already stated, free-swimming when adult) there can
be little doubt that the earliest stages observed are preceded, as
in Enterognathus, by a free-swimming stage in which the larve
pass from one host to another. As in Hnterognathus also, the
females probably emerge temporarily from their hosts when sexual
maturity is reached in order to be fertilised by the free-swimming
males. On again becoming endoparasitic they each select a host
which does not already harbour a parasite.

182 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION.

Although it has not been possible to ascertain some important
characters, such as the condition of the copulatory pore in the
female, the parasite described above agrees sufficiently well with
the definition of the family Ascidicolide as given by Canu,* and
resembles with sufficient closeness several types included therein,
to leave no doubt that it must be referred to that family. It
appears hopeless,.in the present state of our knowledge of the
parasitic Copepoda, to look for an exact diagnosis either of
the family or of its constituent genera. At the same time the
new species is so distinct from any of those hitherto described
that it appears impossible to avoid the establishment of a new genus
for its reception. In the vermiform, or maggot-shaped, body and
non-natatory thoracic feet of the female and in the absence of
a brood-sac and of maxillipeds it approaches the genera Hnterocola,
Aplostoma, Enteropsis, and Enterognathus. Erom all of these
except the last it is distinguished (in the female sex) by the strongly-
hooked exopodites of the first four pairs of thoracic feet. From
Enterognathus it differs in the less strongly-marked segmentation
of the thoracic region, of which the somites do not overlap dorsally,
in the indistinctly segmented appendages, the reduced and palpless
mandibles, the vestigial non-prehensile second maxille, and in the
absence of the first maxilla. In the last-named character it agrees
with Aplostoma and Hnteropsis, differing from both, however, in the
structure of the mandible, second maxilla, and thoracic feet, and
in many other details.

* Canu, E., ‘‘ Les Copépodes du Boulonnais.’’ Trav. Stat. Zool. Wimereux,
vi., p. 186, 1892.

(184 )

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pruate XVIII.

ae Polypide of Cephalodiscus gilchristi, partly dissected to show the position of
the parasite Zanclopus cephalodisci in the stomach. One of the gonads
of the host is seen immediately above the stomach.

2. Adult female of Zanclopus cephalodisci, from above.

3. The same, from the side. The abdomen is generally bent dorsally in the
position shown here.

4. Head of aduit female, seen from below. a’, antennule, aw’, antenna, max’’,
second maxilla. Between the bases of the antennules is the deflexed
rostrum.

5. The mouth-cone, more highly magnified. lL, labrum or upper lip, J, lateral
lobe of lower lip, 7d, mandible.

6. Abdominal region of adult female, from below; p’, fifth pair of thoracic feet,
0, opening of oviduct.

7. Thoracic foot of second pair; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite.

8. Thoracic foot of fourth pair.

9. Larva of the earliest stage observed.

10. Third thoracic foot of same; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite.

PLATE XIX,

11. Male in fifth Copepodid stage, from above. Appendages omitted.

12. Head of same, from below; a’, antennule, showing through the thin cuticle
the segmentation of the adult stage, a'’, antenna, md, mandible, mx'’,
second maxilla.

13. Antenna of same.

14. Abdominal region of same, from below; p*, thoracic foot of fifth pair, g.v.,
genital valve.

15. First thoracic foot of same; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite,

16. Third thoracic foot.

17. Fourth thoracic foot,

Mar. Inv. S.A., Vol. V. | |
Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc., Vol. XVII. Plate XVIII.

W. T. Calman, del.

ZANCLOPUS CEPHALODISCI.

(Female and young).

Mar. Inv. $.A., Vol. V.
Plate XIX.

rans. S. Afr. Phil. Soc., Vol.. XVII.

W. T. Calman, del.

ZANCLOPUS CEPHALODISCI.
(Male).

( 185 )

ON THE GENUS BOTELLINA (Carpenter), WITH A
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES.

By F. Gorpon PEARCEY,
Bristol Museum.

(Plate XX.)

INTRODUCTION.

In the year 1869 the late Professor H. P. Carpenter first described
what was at that time considered the most interesting and largest
- known recent arenaceous Rhizopod, measuring 1 inch (25 mm.) in
length, with the diameter of 4 inch (3 mm.), judging from
broken specimens, to which he gave the generic name Botellina, no
mention being made of a specific name.

Since that time, however, a number of new arenaceous L/uzopods
have been discovered fully 14 inches, or more; 7.e., Syringammina
fragillissima,* from the Faroe Channel, in a depth of 555 fathoms ;
Hyperamnuna palimfornis,+ also from the Faréde Channel, in 516
fathoms ; Reophax nodulosa,; from the Antarctic and Pacific Oceans,
in depths from 1,300 to 2,900 fathoms; Pelosina variabilis,§ and
others.

In 1881 Dr. H. B. Brady redescribed the genus Botellina (from
the same fragmentary specimens with which Professor H. P.
Carpenter had made his description in 1869), and to which he gave the
specific name labyrinthica,|| reproduced and figured in the Challenger
Reports, Foraminifera.4' Botellina labyrinthica, Brady, was first
obtained in some abundance at a single station (No. 51) on the third
cruise of H.M.S. Porcupine, in 1869, at a point lying on the border-
line, between the warm and cold areas of the Faroe Channel, at a
depth of 440 fathoms, lat. 60° 6’ N., long. 8° 14’ W., bottom tempera-

* H. B. Brady, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1883, vol. xxxv., p. 155, pls. 2-3.

+ F. G. Pearcey, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, vol. ii., pt. 2, new series, pl. 3,
1887-8.

t H. B. Brady, Chal. Reports Foraminifera, vol. ix., p. 294, pl. 31, figs. 1-9.

§ Ibid. pp. 235-236, pl. 26, figs. 7-9.

|| Ibid., Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. xxi., new series, p. 48.

4] Ibid, Chal. Reports, Foraminifera, vol. ix.

186 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

ture 42° F., and the surface water 51:6° F. It was again met with
by the Naturalists of the Knight Hrrant and Triton Expeditions in
1880 and 1882, but always in a fragmentary condition in the same
areas, at a depth of 516 fathoms in the warm area, and in 580
fathoms in the cold area, with a bottom temperature 46°5 and 31° F.
respectively. It would thus appear to be more common in the
cold area, where it was taken in the greatest abundance, strongly
indicating that it favours a low temperature.

In 1886 Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.,* again records B. labyrinthica
as having been obtained in considerable abundance in a dredging
taken about midway between Belfast Lough and Portpatrick, at a
depth of 100 fathoms,} and again in September, 1902, from washings
of dredged material from Rathlin Sound, Church Bay, in 17 to 24
fathoms, but he makes no mention of the temperature of the water.
So far as I am aware, B. labyrinthica has not since been taken or
recorded from any other locality.

Ten years later (in 1879), after its first discovery, I had the
pleasure of examining some of the specimens of B. labyrinthica
obtained by the Porcupine Expedition, which I considered at that
time were merely fragments of an incomplete species, and mentioned
the fact to the late Dr. H. B. Brady, who quite agreed with me. At
that time he was preparing the Challenger Report; we also held
similar views with regard to other arenaceous forms described and
figured in that publication, viz., Rhabdamnuna discreta, Hyperam-
mina friabilis, and others, as was proved by the discovery of a new
and perfect species of Hyperammiuna (H. palmifornus), figured
and described by me from the Farde Channel.{

In December, 1904, while occupied, under the direction of Sir
John Murray, examining a series of marine deposits collected
on board the Cape Government Zoological investigation vessel,
ss. Pieter Faure (the late Captain Turbyne), off the N.E. and
S.W. coasts of Africa, and in the vicinity of the Agulhas Bank, I
observed several fragments of a large arenaceous Foraminifera, which
I considered to be closely allied to Professor H. P. Carpenter’s
genus Botelliana. These samples of deposit had been sent to Sir
John Murray direct from the Cape of Good Hope, as they were
obtained by dredge, or trawl, and placed in canvas or strong cotton-
cloth bags, so that the general character of the samples as a whole

* J. Wright, Foraminifera from Rathlin Island, Irish Naturalist, vol. xi.,
pp. 211-213.

+ Ibid., second dredging cruise of the ss. Protector. Belfast Nat. Field
Club, 1886.

t F. G. Pearcey, on the Foraminifera of the Farée Channel, Trans. Nat. Hist.
Soc., Glasgow, new series, 1887-8, pp. 163-79, vol. ii., pt. 2, pl. 3.

On the Genus Botellina. 187

could not at the time be made out. On closer examination, later, it
was found that several of these samples were made up almost wholly
of a beautiful arenaceous Foraminifera of large dimensions, with an
erect robust test, and pinnate in form, measuring from # inch to
2 inches or more in height, 2 inch to + inch in circumference,
varying in colour from a brick-red to light and dark brown, or burnt-
sienna, of which in previous samples I had examined I had obtained
only small fragments. At two stations, Nos. 593 and 594, lat. 33°
50’ 8., long. 25° 54’ 30” EH. in 26 fathoms, the samples from both
of these stations were found to consist of a mass of this gigantic
Rhizopod, sufficient to more than fill a half-gallon measure—enough,
surely, to gladden the heart of the most ardent Rhizopodist.

Here, then, was sufficient material to work out the true character
and position of the genus Botellina, of which hitherto fragments
only had been discovered. I therefore decided to examine all the
samples carefully with that purpose in view. The results of my
study are depicted in the following pages.

Notwithstanding the large amount of material on hand, there were
still serious doubts as to whether all or any of the specimens were
really perfect.

In the great number afterwards examined, I found that the basal
portion of each individual specimen (with three exceptions) showed
a true and more or less ciean fracture (see figs. 1, a—0, pl. 1), as
if they had been broken sharply off from a basal attachment,
showing clearly that they must have been, when living in their
natural condition, attached to some foreign body on the sea-floor,
or had possessed a large primordial chamber embedded in the
deposit to support such a large test; although diligent search was
made nothing of the kind was found, till a sample of deposit
obtained off Cape Natal was examined, viz., Station No. 11,074,
Cape Natal, N. 4 W., distant 4% miles, at a depth of 55 fathoms. In
this deposit, composed of a siliceous sand, containing a considerable
percentage of shell and coral fragments, amongst which a number
of the large Botellina were found, seven large oval, sublenticular,
and subangular arenaceous chambers were obtained, showing a
prominent elongation or tubular neck at one point, similar in
composition, character, and colour to the large fractured, robust
pinnate form previously discovered, which at once connected them
with the incomplete arenaceous tests or Botellina, mentioned above,
as taken in mass at Stations Nos. 593 and 594; indeed, with two or
three of these chambers it was found possible, with scarce a doubt,
to fit the fracture of the neck-like prolongations of these chambers
to the fractures at the basal ends of the large pinnate branching

188 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

form, thus providing it with a primordial chamber (see Pl. XX.,
figs. 2-3). And although I have not found a complete or perfect
specimen, viz., ‘‘ the large pinnate test with a primordial chamber
intact,’’ there can be no doubt that these few large cells or
chambers, taken in the same haul with the branching tests, of the
same characteristic form and composition, their fractured tubular
necks fitting as they do, in two or three instances, exactly the broken
basal portions of the larger erect branching tests, are the primordial
cells with which they were fixed on the sea-floor, and from which
these beautiful erect pinnate structures were produced, as will be
seen by the following detailed description, with figures showing
fractured and restored specimens (Pl. XX., figs. 1, -2, and 3).

Famity ASTRORHIZIDA.

Sup-Famiry RHABDAMMININ A.

Genus BOTELLINA, Carpenter.
Boretuina, Carpenter (1869). Burtscnut, Brady.

GENERIC CHARACTERS.

TypicAL ForM.

(Botellina pinnata, Pearcey.)

Test free, arenaceous, erect, pinnate, rising from a primordial
chamber, oval, subglobular, subangular, or compressed in form,
with pseudopodial openings situated at the extremity of pinnate
outgrowths; walls thick, of very firm consistence, subdivided into
chambers which communicate freely into a main tubular chamber,
running through the whole test, compactly cemented and generally
smooth externally, in colour ferric brown of various shades. It is
conspicuous amongst all other known AsTRORHIZID& by its robust
form and size.

PRIMITIVE Form.
(Botellina labyrinthica, Brady.)

Test arenaceous, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, some-
what irregular in outline, one end rounded and more or less swollen
(the natural condition of the other end not certainly known); walls
of the test of firm consistence, rough, without external fine cement,
subdivided irregularly by a labyrinth of sand-grains cemented

On the Genus Botellina. 189

together at various angles forming rude chamberlets which open out
into a main tube (or chamber), which runs through nearly the whole
test.

Incomplete specimens only known.

DEFINITION OF NEW SPECIES.

Botellina pinata, sp. nov.

Test free, erect, arenaceous, comparatively smooth externally,
tubular, in the form of a slightly compressed or rounded robust
pinnate structure ; the pinnate outgrowths rounded and slightly
swollen, compressed or lobulated at their distal ends, with a series
of pseudopodial apertures at the apex,—these are covered with a
very fine, pale-coloured cement, from which (in the fresh state)
numerous delicate transparent spicules project irregularly. Size,
1 to 24 inches (25 to 62 mm.) in height, with a diameter of ,%; to
3 inch (3°5 to 6 mm.) rising from a basal or primordial more or less
inflated chamber ~ to about $ inch broad (9 to 12 mm.); oval,
subglobular, subangular, or more or less compressed, from which
arises a short cone-shaped neck before becoming divided into
regular alternate pinnate outgrowths, which at times again divide
into radiating branches or offshoots, but always retaining the
pinnate character. Walls thick, of very firm consistence, finely
cemented externally, and with minute chambers, which communicate
into a main tubular passage running through the whole structure
opening out freely, vestibular-like, into the pinnate outgrowths.
Colour in various shades of red and brown, or ferric-brown.

The specimens on which the genus Botellina has been founded
differ from all other known AstTRoRHIZID#, not only on account of
its size, but in the general structure of its test, the walls of which
-are chambered, and therefore represents one of the highest types of
structural development among the recent arenaceous Foraminifera.

In Botellina punnata we have a well-defined method of building
up the test; the main body of the test is composed of coarse
materials. The walls are of firm consistence, ;4, to ;°; of an inch
(35 to 10°56 mm.) in thickness, composed of siliceous grains, with a
mean diameter of 0°5 mm., made up chiefly of Quartz, Kurcon, and
a sprinkling of Glauwcomtic particles, with an occasional Garnet or
two, the whole incorporated by a siliceous and ferruginous cement.
A thin layer on the exterior is more or less solid and imperforate,
giving the whole structure a smooth and solid appearance. The

190 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society.

siliceous grains are so arranged in building up the wall that they
form a network of minute chambers communicating freely with each
other, and perforated with tubular-like passages opening out freely
into a main central chamber, supplemented and strengthened at
intervals by the extension of a portion of the walls into the interior ;
in the form of septa, constructed, like the remainder of the test, of
cemented sand-grains (Pl. XX., figs. 8, 9).

These chambers, having free communication with each other, are
generally quite filled with green sarcode, containing nuclear (?)
corpuscles. Diameter of the central chamber variable (m. di. j4, inch
= 1:26 mm.), internal chitinous lining absent. The pseudopodial
apertures are situated at the extreme or peripheral ends of the
pinnate outgrowths (see woodcut), formed sometimes of three or

Front view of a peripheral end of one of the pinnate outgrowths of Botellina
pinnata, sp. nov., after it has been treated with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Magnified 12 diameters; a, a, pseudopodial apertures.

four transverse slits, or more generally of irregular spaces between
the agglutinated sand-grains. These apertures are almost closed in
with a light brown cement made up of carbonate of lime and ferru-
ginous material, from which extend minute transparent spicules also
formed of carbonate of lime, produced to all appearance by the
organism itself as a protective agent. These portions are of a
much paler colour than any other part of the test, due to a higher
percentage of lime at these points than elsewhere, giving a bright
and life-like effect to the whole structure.

On the test being laid open longitudinally, the main central
chamber is seen to start from a large primordial cell, from whence a
main passage runs through the whole structure, branching off into

On the Genus Botellina. 191

vestibular-like passages to the pinnate outgrowths; the septa from
the inner walls are exposed, as also the foramina, or tubular com-
munications to the wall chambers which open out into it, shown in
El OG, hiss, 9, lO andi lt say 0; 6.

The same figures show the wall chambers, by means of micro-
photography, of the actual specimens, which are not accidental
lacune, but in a measure regularly constructed ; the sand-grains
which form their walls are fixed to each other by a siliceous com-
pound, and are arranged in a more or less orderly fashion, so as to
form a labyrinth of minute chambers.

A transverse section across one of the pinnate outgrowths (PI. XX.,
fig. 9) magnified twelve diameters shows the wall chambers more
clearly. In this figure the thickness of the walls indicated; also
the fine thin layer of siliceo-ferruginous cement, d, which contains
about 2 per cent. of carbonate of lime, and forms the final outer
coating of the walls.

The wall of the primordial cell is chambered in a similar manner
_ to that of the remainder of the test (PI. I., fig. 86). It possesses one
large, or from two to five small pseudopodial (?) openings (figs. 1-3
and 7e); oval, or slightly projecting outwards along the edge of its
basal portion, which, when living, is most probably buried in the
deposit on the sea-floor, and by which means it is enabled to
support oz anchor the large, erect, robust test.

The junction, or neck, connecting the distal portion of the test
with the primordial chamber, being the weakest point of the whole
structure, will doubtless account for so many imperfect specimens
being taken by means of the trawl and dredge, minus the primordial
chamber.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

Dr. H. B. Brady, in his description of Botellina labyrinthica, gives
its specific name evidently on account, as he states, of the interior
of the tube being subdivided irregularly by a labyrinth of coarse
sandy particles, except at the rounded terminal cavity (?) which
forms an undivided chamber. And, later on, he states that the test
has the appearance of a cylindrical tube of a somewhat irregular
diameter, one end rather swollen and rounded, the other end always
imperfect, apparently broken. At the broad end, the investment is
thin and incomplete, and there are many orifices (chambers) * left
between the sand-grains; and this fact, together with the broken
condition of the specimens, gives rise to the supposition that when

* The italics are my own.

192 Transactions of the South African Philosophical Soctety.

living the test is erect and sessile, growing attached or rooted by its
narrow extremity to some fixed base, and that the interstitial
orifice of the terminal chamber serves as the general aperture.

It would appear quite evident from the above that the late Dr.
Brady was cognisant of the true character of this interesting
rhizopod when in its perfect living condition, although no definite
mention is made of the chamber walls; it must be borne in mind
that he had but incomplete fragmentary specimens to deal with; the
fact that he mentions the many orifices left between the sand-grains,
and the interior of the tube (or central chamber)* in parts being sub-
divided, is, I take it, an admittance that he saw the primitive
arrangement of chambers in the walls of the test.

Again, the jlate Dr. H. C. Carpenter (loc. cit.) states that the
cavity of the tube is not divided into chambers by interposed septa,
as in the genus Reophax ; but it is continuous throughout, though
traversed in every part of its length by irregular processes, which
goes to prove its close affinity to the structure of the chambered
walls of Botellina pinnata.

Neither Dr. Carpenter nor Dr. Brady mentions any special
formation of chambers by the sand-grains in the building up of the
walls of the test (except the irregular processes traversing the whole
length of the tube (?)), from which it would be inferred that they
both saw, at least in some of the fragments examined by them, a
central continuous tube, or main chamber in direct communication
with the interstices, cellular, or chambered wall structure. I have
examined some of the actual specimens or fragments from which
Messrs. Carpenter and Brady made their descriptions, and these
show definite indications of chambers in the walls of the test, with
inter-communications with the main chamber, resembling that of
B. pinnata, but the fine material which forms the outer coating and
gives the smooth and solid finish to the outer surface of the whole
test of Botellina pinata is altogether wanting in B. labyrinthica ;
still, I consider there is sufficient generic similarity to retain the
new species under the genus Botellina founded by the late Dr. H. P.
Carpenter, although on first acquaintance there is a strong desire
to form a new genus, which, however, is lost sight of on structural
examination of the tests of each species.

I wish here to thank my friend Mr. J. W. Tutcher, of Bristol,
for the energetic manner in which he undertook the difficult task of
producing by micro-photography figs. 8-11 on the Plate.

* The italics are my own.

On the Genus Botellina.

193

List oF Stations, witH Locauitizs, &., FRom wuHicuH Botellina

Number of
Station

781

805
and
806
826
and
827

1,108 |

and
1,109

1,882

10,778

11,074

10,834

11,188

Latitude.

33° 54’ 13" §.

34° 1’ 30’ S.
33° 50’ 00’’ S.

33° 53’ 00’’ S.
(Off East
about 17

of East

33° 3’ 00’' S.

36° 6" 45" Ss.

Bird Island
Algoa

Cape St.
N. by E.,

Cape Natal,
45 miles

Umkomaas
N.W. by
distant

pinnata HAVE BEEN OBTAINED.

go
@ |
Longitude. | 33
aS
os
Ar
95° 53’ 30’ BE.
25° 45’ 00" E.

25° 54’ 30’’ HE.

and Foraminifera,
and siliceous sand.
28° 12'00'"" BH. | 45

Beacon,
miles EK.

red colour.

279 57' 00’ KH. | 32

270 55' 45" H. | 43

General Remarks.

B. pinnata, moderately common.

Two large specimens and fragments.

B.pinnata,in mass. These two samples
_ fully filled a half-gallon measure of B.
pirnata alone. In this sample were also
obtained a few irregular perforated slabs
| of agglutinated shelly sand, overgrown
| with Serpula, Polyzoa, Coral, Hydrozoa,

Lamellibranch shells, shell fragments,

Quite 2 lbs. in weight of B. pinnata,
with a few Gasteropods, Polyzoa, and a
mass of a large Hydroid (Sestularia ?),
London.) sand and shell fragments.

The B. pin-
nata taken in this haul are of a bright

A good many B. pinnata, brown and
bright red in colour.

About 6 Ibs. in weight of material,
composed of sandy mud and sheils, with
hardened lumps of homogeneous mud.
B. pinmnata moderately common.

Passage, 10 A few specimens and fragments of B.
Bay. to | pinnata, and a number of a smaller
16 species, nov.

Blaize, 125 Several fragments.

distant

miles.

Natal, 8 | <A few fragments of B. pinnata, with

distant /a number of specimens of a smaller

niles. | species. Bottom deposit, a coarse sandy
mud.

N. 4 W., 55 | This deposit, composed of a dead

distant. coarse shelly sand and coral fragments

| containing a number of ferric-brown

phosphatic concretions, among which
was found a good number of B. pinnata,
and seven large primordial chambers
belonging to them, together with many
other large foraminifera, as Polytrema
rubra, Rupertia sp. nov., Astrorhiza sp. ?
Cristellaria, &¢.

River 40 A number of highly coloured B. pin-

N. by nata, and some fragments of a smaller

distance species, nov.

miles.

of the B. pinnata, in mass. Nearly a quart

River, measure full, many with incrusting

W. 4 W., Polyzoa, with a great quantity ofa large

5+ miles. Hydrozoa (Tubularia? sp.?), worm
tubes, free Polyzoa, Gasteropods, and

Lamellibranchs, with a quantity of shelly
sand, shingle, and coral fragments.

13

Fia.

( 194 )

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX.

Botellina pinnata, sp. nov.

1. a, Branching form, showing three offshoots from one primordial chamber ; —

b, primordial chamber detached from the main test by the trawl when
captured ; slightly enlarged.

The fractured parts, cc, shown in ‘this figure were found to fit each
other exactly; e, pseudopodial (?) apertures. Station 11,074; off Cape
Natal; depth, 55 fathoms.

2-3. Typical forms of B. pinata, with primordial chambers restored; the

pseudopodial apertures are shown armed with delicate spicules; e e,
pseudopodial (?) apertures. Station 11,074.

4. A somewhat compressed form, with double branching of pinnate outgrowths ;

“J

10:

att,

primordial chamber broken off from distal portion of test; slightly
enlarged. Station 593-594.

. A double branching form minus the primordial chamber ; slightly enlarged ;

this form of test was found comparatively common. Station 781 ;
depth, 45 fathoms.

. Specimen from Station 805-806, showing new offshoot from an old fracture

of the test; natural size.

. Detached primordial chamber before being ground down to show the interior

and wall chambers; natural size ; e, pseudopodial (?) apertures.

. Detached primordial chamber (fig. 7), after a portion of one side has been

ground away longitudinally; (microphoto) magnified 4 diameters; a,
interior of main chamber; 0, wall chambers; c, elongated neck showing
tubular passage communicating to the upper portion of the main test
and pinnate outgrowths; d, external covering of cement.

. Micro-photograph of a transverse section across one of the pinnate out-

growths; magnified 12 diameters; a, main passage which forms the
direct communication to the primordial chamber; 6 b, septa; c, wall
chambers; d, thin layer of cement which forms the outer coating of
the test.

Micro-photograph of a part longitudinal section of a portion of the test,
magnified 4 diameters; a, main passage; 0, tubular openings from
the wall chambers into main passage; c, wall chambers exposed after
external coating of cement has been removed.

Micro-photograph of a longitudinal section of two of the pinnate out-
growths showing numerous openings from wall chambers; a a,
pseudopodial apertures. (See also woodcut, p. 190.)

\

Mere may. S.A Voir. ~ 7 rs
Pieams o Alero Soe. Vol xX Vil IeyES 24

| West, Newman lith.
BOTHEREINA PINNATA Sp. nor

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