Tsn

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FOR 1899,

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS FOR

THE SAME YEAR.

a

VOLUME HI

AUSTIN, TEXAS.
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY.
OCTOBER, 1900.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FOE 1899,

TOGETHER WITH THE PROCEEDINGS FOR
THE SAME YEAR.

VOLUME 111.

AUSTIN, TEXAS.
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY.
OCTOBER, 1900.

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.

James K. Bailea% Ph. D.,

Wm. L. Bray, Ph. D.,

Henry L. Hilhartner, B. S., M. D.

VON BOECKMANN, SCHUTZE <fe CO., PRINTERS, AUSTIN, TEXAS.

CONTENTS.

Transactions:

Annual Address by the President:

“From the Standpoint of a Man of Science,”

Dr. Frederic W. Simonds 7-16

“A Record of the Geology of Texas for the Decade Ending
December 31, 1896,”

Dr. Frederic W. Simonds 19-285

Proceedings: ^

Officers and Council for 1899-1900 298

Titles of Papers Read Before the Academy From February 3,

1899, to December 15, 1899... ^ ' 299

Resolutions on ihe Death of Dr. W. W. Norman 300

List oe Patrons and Fellows 301-302.

List of Members 302-304

Exchanges,

305-308

\

From the Standpoint of a
Man of Science.

[Annual Address hy the President.^

DR. FREDERIC W. SIMOISTDS.

THE TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

lAnnual Address by the President, October 13, 1899.^

FEOM THE STANDPOINT OF A MAN OF SCIENCE.

DR. FREDERIC W. SIMONDS,
University of Texas.

■ We are living in a great age — the best, perhaps, the world has ever
seen — ^the Age e'f Scientific' Achievement. Compared with the present
the past is darkness, or at most, illnmined with a dim and feeble light.
So marked is the contrast, notwithstanding the high civilization of Rome,
Grreece, Egypt and India, this, our day, is, by many, regarded as the be-
ginning. If the beginning, what, we may well inquire, will be the end?
That wonderful instrument, the human mind, fearless, penetrating,
persevering, is wresting from ISTature her closest secrets, which, classified
and utilized under the name of Science, are of incalculable benefit to the
world. Yet, strange as it may seem., by the public at large, and even in
the more enlightened countries. Science, though a direct contributor to
civilization and happiness, placing at man^s disposal resources practically
unlimited, is little understood and the Man of 'Science, at times, posi-
tively misunderstood. In this address it is my purpose to point out some
of these misunderstandings and to illustrate by example, some of the
differences between real science and what is popularly conceived to be
science.

THE IDEAL SCIENTIEIG MAN.

At the outset, let me picture the ideal Man of Science. If he be scien-
tific he must be honest — his work must be thorough and well done. Will-
ing to plod, willing to wait — ^Truth is not an ignis-fatum ever escaping
from his hand, but a tangible thing, which, as a reward of patience and
industry may, through him, be given to the world. Modest and unassum"
ing, he may not proclaim his own fame from the housetop, he may not
advertise his wares, he may not seek notoriety; but rather the quietude
of his laboratory, the solitude of the wilderness, or, perchance the pres-
ence of death itself. His highest aim is not personal fame, but to add
to human knowledge, to contribute something, though it be a mite, to the

8

Teans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science.

great ifnnd of man^s information, to leave posterity an inheritance of
value.

QUACKS AND PEBTENDERS.

But following in the footsteps of such a man is an army of quacks and
charlatans — imen who hesitate not to appropriate the work of others, men
who keep themselves in the public eye until in a dazed and bewildered
state, worthy folk are unable to distinguish between the true man and the
impostor. 'And the public press, with shame I 'confess it, and even the
dignified publishers of books, lend themselves to this deception. Think
of an adventurer, with some patent nostrum or microbe annihilator ad-
vertising himself in company with Huxley or Helmholtz ! Like a great
tidal wave, the public seems to lag behind, and the appreciation showered
upon ^^scientific frauds^^ is due not to real adoration, but to ignorance.
He who can distinguish between the false and the true can not fail to be
impressed with the genuine worth of the scientific men of the day ; yet,
how sharp the contrast, not infrequently thrust upon our view, when
we behold the vast array of fraud and delusion pressing forward for the
seats of honor, national, state, educational, pushing ruthlessly aside, it
may be, their true occupants. 'This is a species of savagery still tolerated
in many ^Aivilized’^ communities, where in violation of all moral obliga-
tions, ‘^‘^might makes righfi^; but, as surely as darkness fiees from light,
so surely must these degenerate growths wither and decay under ’the
scorching rays of the intellectual sun.

That shams exist we all know; that they are greater to-day than ever
before may be questioned; that they are permitted to exist, when their
true character and purpose is recognized, is a refiection — and it can not
be construed otherwise — upon the morals and integrity of the people. If
the masses be ignorant, it is the duty of the few who know to teach them,
though the blare of the brazen may attempt to drown modest worth.
Truth, and Truth only, is destined to survive. Untruth, though its fol-
lowers number legions, will surely perish, but not in our day and genera-
tion; therefore, it behooves every educated person to consider well the
banner he follows, whether it be that of 'Truth or that of Sham; whether
that of the rabble jeering at true worthy or that of the earnest seekers
after knowledge.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

To be specific: From the standpoint of the Man of Science, the
searcher for truth, the advocate of truth, public indifference to fraud is
pitiful. For years in many of our states the practice of medicine, for
example, has been poorly regulated, or practically not regulated at all.
The veriest ignoramus, 'the owner of a %ogus diploma,’^ the graduate of

Annual Addeess by the Peesident.

9

a ^^six weeks^ course/^^ or a course of ^‘^bome study/^ is free to enter upon
a career— can it be termed other than a career of imposture and crime?
The inability of our law-making bodies to handle the question of medical
practi'ce is well nigh incomprehensible, especially when the responsibili-
ties of no profession exceed those of the medical profession. 'That one^s
life, or 'the lives of those dearest to him, should be innocently placed in
the hands of a charlatan is horrible to contemplate ; yet legislators, with
an eye more to their own glory than the welfare of their constituents,
allow the crime to run its course year after year, making no attempt to
stem or even check the current. 'The fact is, the public fails to distin-
guish between the pretender and the scholar. Fine dress, easy manners,
an elegantly furnished office, in short, show is mistaken for knowledge. A
glib tongue does not indicate necessarily a skillful surgeon — it may indi-
cate a consummate knave — but he must have a steady, well-trained
hand, guided by a thorough knowledge of anatomy. If the accumulation
of a fortune be an index of success, then has many a ^^quack’^ been suc-
cessful; but the same is true of many another wicked and immoral per-
son judged by the same standard. Sooner or later the pretender is un-
masked by those who see him in the true light, and branded as a ^Traud,’^
he is to the great body of truthseekers forever an alien — an outcast. Still
the public fails to realize the seriousness of the case, and frequently, it is
only after repeated exposures of malpractice that the charlatan is finally
dethroned.

THE POLITICAL APPOINTEE.

Again, with indignation, the 'Man of Science beholds the competent,
scholarly man, the specialist, the enthusiast in his chosen field ^Turned
down and ouF^ to make place for the so-called ^^political appointee.’^ I
call to mind in my own profession, geology, the dismissal of a most com-
petent and highly trained state geologist for the purpose of making
^Toom” for one totally ignorant of the first principles of the subject.
^^Brawn’^ and ^^pulh^ may be temporarily triumphant, but what of truth
can such an one give the world? Well may we blush with shame that
in these ^ffiays of scientific achievement,’^ the last days of the N'ineteenth
century, in the ^ffiest age 'the world has ever seen,” such an act of vandal-
ism is tolerated by a free people. This is but a single instance, yet it
well illustrates the fact that to the wicked all things are unhoty — ^to the

’(As 'bearing upon this statement, attention is called to the following advertise-
ments clipped from a well known Texas daily paper:

T. “How soon graduate medicine, dentistry, law, pharmacy, osteopathy, elec-
trology. Box , , 111.’’

II. “Hypnotism, ocultisim, magnetic healing taught by mail. iFree lessons,
nr. . Ave., , 111.”

10 Teansactions Texas Academy oe Science. .

profane not even Truth itself is sacred. That such an act is deliberate
need not be questioned — for the greed of power some men would sell their
birthright. The want of a prompt and vigorous protest on the part of
the community, however, is due not so much to an acquiescence in what
has been done as to a misoonception of what Science really is and what
the Man. of Science is attempting to do. A highly cultured musician, no
doubt, would feel greatly aggrieved at the thought of his profession being
judged by a few strains from a ‘’^catchy tune^^ whistled on the street; yet
this is the kind of treatment not infrequently accorded the Man of Science.
A few showy experiments, amusement for the people, serve to fix the
public estimate of his profession, while his profounder work is passed
slightingly by, misunderstood, and, it may be, misrepresented. Prom
this point of view we can readily understand how it is possible for the
unprincipled politician to foist upon the public an ^^appointee” totally
unqualified for his position and worthless, or worse than worthless, in his
relations to science. Think for a moment what this means; in our great
cities, ifor instance, meat iDspectors, milk inspectors, sanitary inspectors,
health officers are appointed at the dictum' of that petty tyrant, the ward
politician. The spectacle often presented is that of a municipality pre-
tending to protect itself by playing with science — an insult to the very
name, blow, I do not wish to be misunderstood; I am. aware that not all
political appointments are of this kind. Scientific bureaus, national,
state and municipal, are in these days a necessity, and when properly
administered, of immense value to the people ; but when their work is a
mere travesty of science they are tolerated only because- of public igno-
rance, or a low moral standard; for I maintain that the upholding of
deception — of fraud — when known to be such, by an individual, a com-
munity, a state, or a nation, shows decided and marked obliquity.

an not science.

'Science is the child of Truth. Broadly speaking, it may embrace all
branches of learning that admit of ^The scientific method of treatment.^^
Proof must croton speculation — an ^fism’^ is therefore not science. A
matter of belief is one thing ; science is another. There are those who
believe in ^h'ccultism,^^ in ^‘^spiritualism,^^ in ^^Christian ‘Science,” in
^^mesmerism,” in ^Typnotism,” etc., but the explanations offered by them
can not be regarded as scientific, for they do not employ scientific meth-
ods of investigation.^ An ^fism” may have a numerous following; its
advocates may even be regarded as scholarly, but obviously their strength

^To be oonvinced that “Christian Science” is not science, one needs but read
Dr. J. B. Huber’s article in the October, 1899, number of Appleton’s Popular
Science Monthly, in which he describes his futile attempts to secure satisfactory
answers to a series of questions bearing upon medical and surgical treatment as

Annual Address by the President.

11

does not lie within the domain of science. When mental phenomena is
the subject of stnd}^, the most delicate tests are essential ; the veil of dark-
ness, of mystery, must be torn aside, and every safeguard employed against
deception, be it willful or otherwise. And, I may add, under no circum-
stances is a people more easily duped than at the hands of a skilled advo-
cate of an ^hsm^^ who poses before them as ^^scientitic.^^

MISCONCEPTION OF THE PUBLIC.

Again, the occasions are not few when the iMan of Science feels that
he is personally misunderstood by the public. While he is attempting to
do one thing, another, and a totally different thing, may be expected.
All science is not applied science. That a man should labor early and
late without the hope of financial reward, that science for the -sake of
science should be an incentive, is utterly beyond the mental grasp of some
selfish individuals. Were the ^^scientifiic spirit^’ a burning flame in the
midst of darkness they could not see it. Tor such the only hope is that,
by careful education and patience, their children's children, at least, may
see the brightness of the day !

But let us look into the matter more carefully, analyze the situation
more minutely. Whether science be understood or not depends in a great
degree upon environment. Let me illustrate: If a people be remote
from the great centers of scientific activity and growth; if its thought
tends towards other than the scientific aspects of life; if its opportunities
for advarucement are confined to one or a few channels, as law, politics,
theology and the like, the breadth of its culture is limited, the old ideals
have 'not yet given way to the new, and, in consequence, its scientific
progress is an exceedingly slow, and, perhaps, stunted growth. With
such the misconception of science is most marked. That similar mis-
conceptions may occasionally appear under other environmental condi-
tions is not denied. My reference here, however, is not to the profoundly
ignorant, but to the so-called ^^educated^^ classes.

THE WORK OF THE CHEMIST.

Take, for instance, the chemist. Many associate him with a ‘^‘^^drug-
gist,^’ an apothecary. (Others regard him merely as an analyst, who, by
the application of some ^'^rule,^^ is able to ascertain the ingredients of a
mixture. That he should investigate in other lines is unknown to them ;
that in the domain of matter his discoveries should be of the highest type

praoticed by lOhris^tian Scientists. Mrs. Eddy referred bis courteous letter to ber
attorney, Judge Hanna, wbo, in his answer, appears to hawe accomplished but
one thing in a satisfactory manner, and that was to “stave off” a reply to the
questions.

12 Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

is andreampt 'by them. Yet, it is true that the chemist is not a mere
“xule of thnmb^^ experimenter, an analyst who follows blindly the re-
ceipts of others, but, on the contrary, an investigator; indeed, he may
be an investigator in the most exalted meaning of that term, ever on
the lookout for new elements, and, what is of more importance, new
combinations of elements; and higher still, it may be his privilege to
assist in unraveling the skein, which, in its tangled meshes, conceals
some, of the profonndest laws that govern the universe. What of dol-
lars and cents in this aspect of his work? Is it honor and glory he
seeks ? 'Such may be his reward, and, if so, he merits, them. Little does
the public know of the inner life of the investigator, and few recognize
the severity of his self-imposed task. An eminent factor in the world's
progress he may be, yet, so modest in demeanor, so unassuming in
manner, so devoid of self-consciousness, that even his associates may, for
a time, be unaware of his greatness.

THE TVORK OF THE GEOLOGIST.

'The geologist, too, in many communities is misunderstood, and even
in states where his function ought to be as well known as that of the
preacher or schoolmaster. To ordinary e^^es he figures as ^^a collector of
rocks, fossils and minerals." Beyond the building up of a cabinet, pub-
lic knowledge seldom goes. 'How often we hear it said that ^^Mr. So-and-
So must be a fine geologist ; he has a beautiful cabinet." How the mak-
ing of a cabinet may be the work of the merest novice. There are ^Tends"
in all walks of life; photograph fiends, postage stamp fiends, autograph
fiends — persons who gloat over a collection of any thing, not that it is
of any special value or use to them, but theirs, a possession. The geolo-
gist is not at all of this type. If he 'eollects' rocks, fossils, and minerals,
rest assured it is for some purpose. Eocks assist him in interpreting the
earth's history, and, at times, are especially valuable from an economic
standpoint, for his knowledge of their association and relation may be
worth thousands of dollars to a community directly, or indirectly in
preventing useless expenditure in the vain search for something that
does not exist. The fossil contents of rocks not only enable him to recog-
nize strata, but they give him an insight into the great problem of the
earth's population ; the evolution of forms, the migration of faunas, the
succession of faunas and fioras in time^ — questions of the keenest inter-
est, questions requiring extended and minute research. That species
must be named and described is true; but, beyond all this is the great
philosophic inquiry regarding the origin of life and the development of
living things. Whatever answer is received must come largely through

Annual Address by the President. 13

this channel. Not only this, but the answers to many of Nature’s prob-
lems will' only come — ^can only come — after a patient, painstaking study
of fossils and rocks. A "'cabinet fiend” a geologist ! Never did public
opinion shoot wider of the murk.

Again, there are certain persons who confuse a geologist 'with a chem-
ist, assayer, mining engineer. Now, while he may know much or little of
the branches which they represent, professionally, he o'ocupies a different
field. It is admitted, of course, that occasionally, sometimes frequently,
problems arise in ‘which outside knowledge is a necessity, and especially
that of chemistry. (That this should be so need cause no surprise, for
geolog}^ be it remembered, is a composite science, which, in various direc-
tions, merges — blends — ^^with other lines of research.

THE SPECIALIST AND APPLIED SCIENCE.

A geologist may be an "expert,” using this vague term to indicate a
specialist in some particular field, as an "expert in oil,” "in natural gas,”
"in coal.” Here his knowledge is of great practical value, und pure
science gives place to applied. Thus, economic geology becomes an agent
for the acquirement of 'wealth, and is, therefore, of no little importance
in the development of the world’s material resources.

In some communities the function of a geologist is confused with that
of a '"prospector.” Those who have served on state geological surveys
will recall the oft-repeated interrogatory: "Mister, are you looking for
mineral ?” While the geologist is not prohibited from prospecting, nor
even from assaying, if he chooses to do so and is competent, he rarely
makes it his sole object. When, however, called upon professionally, he
will undertake investigations in economic geology, and, 'when so engaged,
he is entitled to the same substantial consideration as is given the profes-
sional experts in other fields of applied science, such as civil, mechanical
or electrical engineering. Here is a difference which the public fails to
understand : In pure science the worker is free to give to the world the
truths gleaned from Nature ; but, when the domain cf applied science is
entered, the information sought becomes a matter of sale, and should be
paid for as any other commodity. When the commercial world desires
special investigations, as in chemistry, physics, geology, botany, etc., for
the purpose of financial gain, then the years of study and training, the
experience of the Man of Science, must be recognized as capital, and as
such should have an "earning capacity.” There is no injustice in this;
surely intellectual possessions are the most valuable of all possessions, and
ought they to be reckoned of less worth than stocks and bonds, ware-
houses, machiuery and goods ! This the public must concede.

14

Trans ACTioi^^s Texas Academy of Science.

TEACHERS OF SCIENCE.

In our educational institutions wliere one would expect to find an
earnest, nay, an ardent support of science, we frequently find the reverse.
In the smaller and meagerly endowed schools, normal .schools and colleges,
and even in institutions bearing the name of ^^University,^^ it often hap-
pens that the studies of several departments are assigned to a single
professor. That a “professor of the natural .sciences,^^ for example, can
teach effectively or efficiently the studies comprehended in his title is out
of the question — it is a physical impossibility. He is over-worked; he
can not even keep abreast o'f the times ; fresh lectures are not to be thought
of; and, no matter how ambitious he may be, he is compelled to enter
upon the text-book phase of teaching. In the meantime, what of labo-
ratory instruction so essential in modern scientific training ? When will
our administrative officers, trustees, presidents, principals, recognize the
fact that long hours kill inspiration, destroy originality, and that over-
work reduces a teacher to a mere machine ? And further, when will they
recognize the fact that science can not be properly taught without ade-
quate equipment, a suitable library, apparatus, collections and laboratory
facilities ? Memorizing a text-book can scarcely be called studying
science, and the officers of an institution who belittle la!boratory methods,
or ignore them as unessential, perpetrate a great wrong upon their stu-
dents. In short, the moral right of an institution to undertake instruc-
tion in science without providing proper appliances may be questioned,
and its administrative officers are guilty of fraud, for they profess to do
that which they can not do. But the mischief does not end here. Plas-
tic minds may be moulded, conceptions, or rather misconceptions, of
truth impressed upon them which the experience of a lifetime may not
eradicate. It should be made plain that an adequate provision for in-
struction in one branch of science is worth infinitely more to students
than a superficial attempt at instruction in several without proper equip-
ment.

On the other hand, the larger the institution, the greater its endow-
ment and consequently its income, the broader its officers of government,
the stronger the assumption that the instruction O'ffered will be of high
grade. As such an institution can afford specialists in its different
departments, the instruction will be deeper and richer, more thorough,
and, may I say, more truthful. When the opportunity is given the
teacher or professor to devote his time and energy to a limited field there
will be felt an inspiration in the work, an enthusiasm, which, consciously
or unconsciously shared by the students, becomes an incentive of the higli-
est order in awakening interest in scientific investigation and research.

Annual Address by the President,

15

THE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR AND ORIGINAL RESEARCH.

Tliat an oppoTtnnity be afforded him to carry on original investigation
is the'ichief desire of a university professor. 'Success in this direction
gives him a reputation \yhich, in no small degree^ is shared by the institu-
tion he serves. Yet he must recognize the fact that his first duty is to
his students — ^they demand and they receive his energy, his time, his best
thought. Whatever of research is done must be the work of spare mo-
ments, time, it may be, stolen from his periods of rest. The character of
the ivork undertaken depends, too, upon the facilities offered by the
institution. In different parts of our 'country, and even in the best uni-
versities, these vary greatly, but, no matter how great the facilities offered
of a material kind, there is one thing 'that can effectively stifle investi-
gation, and that is overwork. The trustees and even the presidents of
many institutions fail to recognize that university work is exhaustive
work, and especially in the line of science. A man can not labor in the
class room and laboratory all day, prepare lectures at night, and success-
fully carry on outside investigations. While it is true that the professors
in Northern and Eastern universities are the more productive, the reason
is not far to seek; not only have they better facilities, but they have
more leisure. I believe that trustees and presidents are at times over-
exacting; they expect productivity, publication and research by the pro-
fessor, 'Wihen, on their part, the possibility of such work is not encourag-
ed in any substantial manner. That they mean well in their official con-
nection with universities need not be doubted — ^the difficulty, in most
instances, is that, educated in other than scientific lines, members of the
governing boards fail to understand that a scientific paper, involving re-
search, may not be written as readily as a lawyer writes his brief or a
preacher his sermon. Time and facility — granted that there be ability
and training — are needed by most men to produce results worthy of pub-
lication. Personally, I believe that research is a part of university work,
and that it should be fostered in every conceivable and possible manner.
I feel, also, that I am in no 'wise apologizing for my profession in plainly
stating the facts. The trustees and executives of our institutions of
learning should fairly meet the issue : that more investigation is not car-
ried on and more worthy publications made is not altogether the fault of
the professor. As I know them, university instructors are conscientious
men who fully realize their responsibilities wihich are first of all to their
students. If boards of trustees - would make even limited provision for
research by ^suitable appropriations, improved facilities, and less exacting
duties, the productivity of what now seems barren ground would, I vent-
ure to say, be astonishing.

16

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

OUR DUTY.

I have spoken of the ideal Man of Science — of his ambition to add to
the great fund of human learning ; I have spoken, too, of the charlatan
who 'would bedeck himself with the garlands won by others; I have
pointed out some of the misconceptions of the public and the evil conse-
quences following, as exemplified by reference to medicine, chemistry,
geology; and I have shown fhe calamitous results attendant oftentimes
upon political appointments; I have dwelt especially upon the popular
misunderstandings of science for the reason that the attention of the
public should be emphatically called to them; I have briefiy considered
science in its educational aspect for a. three-fold purpose : First, to cor-
rect the impression that science can be taught without equipment ; sec-
ond, to emphasize the high ambition and lofty aims of teachers of science;
and third, to correct an opinion more or less prevalent in governing
boards that the university professor is unproductive from choice, that
he is content to teach ^Tor wages as a laborer. That we have a duty to
perform is evident. As Men of Science we are to ever stand boldly —
aggressively, if need there be — ^for the truth. To this end we must exert
ourselves in every legitimate way to create a proper and wholsome scien-
tific spirit among our people. Error must be exposed and misunder-
standing corrected. The blare of the brazen is not science; the pretender
is not genuine; misunderstanding is not reality!

A Record of the Geology of Texas for the
Decade Ending December 31, 1896.

FREDERIC W. SIMONDS, Ph. D.,

PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS.

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A RECOED OF THE GEOLOGY OF TEXAS FOR THE
DECADE ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1896.

FREDERIC W. SIMONDS, Ph. D.,
Professor of Geology in the University of Texas.

(Publication authorized February 3, 1899; presented to the Academy June

12, 1899.)

PREFATORY NOTE.

This Record of the Geology of Texas supplements Bulletin No. 45 of
the United States Geological Survey (^^The Present Condition of Knowl-
edge of the Geology of Texas/^ hy Robert 'T. Hill, Washington, 1887).
Doubtless its imperfections are many, nevertheless’, it will serve as a
guide fo those who desire to know what, where, and by whom, work has
been done in the past ten years — a decade especially fruitful in results.
The many papers of value produced by my predecessor. Professor Hill,
now of the U. S. Greological ‘Survey, and by the Geological Survey of
Texas (Humble Survey) are embraced within this period. Broadly
speaking, our knowledge of Texas geology may now be said to rest on a
firm foundation — details are yet to be worked out; errors corrected.

The libraries of the University of Texas and of the lately discontinued
Geological Survey, as well as my own, have been carefully gone over, and
in addition I have drawn freely upon the work of others, of which I
wish here to especially mention the excellent Records of Mr. N. H. Bar-
ton, of the U. 'S. Geological Survey (Bulletins Nos. 75, 91, 99 and 127),
and the valuable Bibliographies' and Indexes of Mr. F. B. Weeks, also
of the U. S. Geological Survey (Bulletins Nos. 130, 135, 146 and 149).

With few exceptio'ns contributions to newspapers are not included, as
they are usually inaccessible, and the matter is 'found in a more perma-
nent form elsewhere.

Frederic W. Simonds.

School of Geolog}^, University of Texas, 1897.

A delay in printing this Record has enabled me to add much that would
otherwise have been omitted. I desire here to express my obligations to
Mr. E. T. Humble, lately State Geologist, for information that has been

20

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

freely givon^ and to the Hon. Jefferson Johnson, 'Commissioner of Agri-
cnltnre, Insurance, iStatistics and History, for courtesies shown me while
prosecuting the work. To Professor Kobert 'T. Hill, of the United
States Geological Survey; Professor Gilbert D. Harris, of 'Cornell Uni-
versity, and to Mr. W. Kennedy, of Austin, I am greatly indebted for
publications unknown to the ordinary reader, and not easy to obtain.
My thanks are also due Librarian Wyche, of the University, both for
suggestions and valuable assistance. F. W. S.

December, 1899.

Publications marked with a star (*) have not been examined by the
Compiler.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

21

LIST OF AUTHORS WHOSE PAPERS ARE CITED IN THIS

RECORD.

Aldrioh, (T. H., Nos. 1-2.

Aimerican Naturalist, Nos. 3-6.
AsWburner, Cliarles A., Nos. 7-9.
Birkimbine, John, Nos. 10-17.

Blake, William P., Nos. >18-19.
Broadhead, iGr. C., No. 20.

Call, P. Ellsworth, No. 21.

Olark, William Bullock, Nos. 22-23.
Comstock, Theo. B., Nos. 24-35.

Cope, E. D., Nos. 36-53.

Cragin, :F. W., Nos. 54-58.

Cummings, Uriah, No. 59.

Cummins, Duncan H., No. 60.
Cummins, W. F., Nos. 61-82.

'Curtice, Cooper, No. 83.

Dali, W. H., No. 83a.

Dana, James D., No. 84.

Day, David T., Nos. 85-87 j
Day, William C., Nos. 88-^106.

De Pyee, William, No. 107.

Diller, J. S., No. 108.

Drake, N. F., Nos. 109-110.

Dumble, Edwin T., Nos. 111-154.
Eakins, 'L. C., No. 155.

Emmons, S. F., No. 156.

Engineering and Mining Journal, Nos.
157T60.

Everhart, Edgar, Nos. 161-162.
Fontaine, William iMorris, No. 163.
G., No. 164.

Gannett, Henry, No. 165.

Genth, F. A., No. 166.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Nos.
167-172.

Gilbert, G. K., No. 173.

Goldsmith, E., No. 174.

Gregg, A., No. 175.

Gulliver, F. P., No. 176.

Harrington, H. H., Nos. 177-178.
Harris, Gilbert D., Nos. 179-186.
Harrod, B. M., No. 187.

Hay, Po'bert, Nos. 188-189.

Heilprin, Angelo, No. 190.

Herndon, J. H., Nos. 191-192.

Hidden, W. E., Nos. 193-195.

Hill, Pobert T., Nos. 196-250.

Hillebrand, W. F., Nos. 251-253.
Hinton, Pichard J., No. 254.
Hicchcock, Charles H., No. 255.
Howell, Edwin E., No. 256.

Hyatt, Alpheus, Nos. 257-259.
Jermy, Gustav, No. 260.

Johnson, Lawrence C., No. 261.
Jones, John H., No. 262.

J. T. W., No. 263.

Kain, C. Henry, No. 263a.

Kemp, James F., No. 264.

Kennedy, William, Nos. 265-281.
Kent, William, No. 282.

Knowlton, F. H., No. 283.

Kunz, George F., Nos. 284-287.
Lerch, Otto, Nos. 288-290.

Leverett, iStorer, No. 291.
Loughridge, P. H., No. 292.
Mackintosh, J. B., No. 293.
Magnenat, L. E., No. 294.

Marcou, Jules, Nos. 295-302.
Melcher, J. C., No. 303.

Merrill, G. P., Nos. 304-305.
Merrill, J. A., No. 306.

Newberry, >S. B., No. 307.

Osann, A., Nos. 308-309.

Owen, J., Nos. 310-311.

Parker, E. W., Nos. 312-322.

Peale, A. C., Nos. 323-330.

Penrose, P. A. F., Jr., Nos. 331-337.
Pond, Edward J., No. 338.
Ragsdale, G. H., No. 339.

Pauff, Heranann, No. 340.

P. G., No. 341.

Roemer, Ferdinand, Nos. 342-343.
Roesler, F. E., No. 344.

Rolker, Charles 'M., No. 345.
fcchmitz, E. J., No. 346.

Science, No. 347.

Scott, W. IS.3 No. 348.

Shaler, N. S., No. 349.

Shumard, George G., No. 350.
Simonds, Frederic W., Nos. 351-352.
Simpson, Charles T., No. 353.
Singley, J. A., Nos. 354-356.

Smitli, Eugene A., No. 357.

22

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Stanton, T. W., Nos. 358-359.
Sterki, V., No. 360.

Streeriiwitz, W. H., Nos. 361-377.
Swank, James IM.^ No. 378-382.
Taff, J. A., Nos. 383-388.

Tait, J. L., Nos. 389-390.

Tarr, Ralph iS., Nos. 391-400.

T. F. L., No. 401.

Thompson, 'R. A., No. 402.
Turner, Henry W., No. 403.

Van Hise, lOharles R., No. 404.
Vaughan, T. Wayland, No. 405.

Walcott, 'Chaides D., Nos. 406-408.
Walker, J. B., Nos. 409-41i5.

Weeks, Joseph D., No. 416-418.
Weitzell, R. IS., No. 419.

W. H., No. 420.

White, Charles A., Nos. 421-435.
White, il. C., No. 436.

Whitefield, J. E., No. 437.

Williams, Albert, Jr., No. 438.
Williams, J. Francis, No. 439.
Woolnran, Lewis, No. 440.

ADDITIONAL CITATIONS.

Birkinibine, John, No. 441.

Day, David T., No. 442.

Day, William C., No. 443-445.
Fleming, H. 'S., No. 446.

Hobart, Frederick, No. 447-448.

Jones, Jno. H., No. 449.
Peale, A. €., No. 450.

Ries, Heinrich, No. 451.
Rothwell, R. P., No. 452-464.
Weeks, Jos. D., No. 465-466.

Record oe Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

23

PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THE GEOLOGY OF TEXAS,
1887-1896 INCLUSIVE, ARRANGED ALPHABETI-
CALLY ACCORDING TO AUTHORS.

1. Aldrich, T. H.

A New Eocene Fossil from Texas.

The Nautilus, VoL lY, No. 3, p. 25. Phila., July, 1890.

Description of Omalaxis Singleyi n. sp. Locality: Lee County, Texas.

“This is the second species now known from 'the lAtlaiitic Eocene. The
first was descrihed by I. Lea from the Claiborne sand as ‘Orhis rotella.*
For the generic synonomy, see Dali’s ‘IRqport nn the Molusca,’ 1889, part 2,
p. 276. Discovered by J. A. 'Singley, Esq., and named in his honor.”

2.

New or little known Tertiary Mollusea from Alabama and Texas.

Bull. Am. Paleontology, Yol. I, No. 2, 30 pp., pis. 1-5. Ithaca,
N. Y., June, 1895.

“The fossils described in this paper were obtained by the writer between
the years 1887 and 1889, and the plates and anost of the descriptions were
prepared for publication early in 1890. The material, however, was never
^published, and since then several of the forms illustrated have been de-
scribed by others. A large num.ber of the species are from the Eocene
of Alabama. They do noit by any means exhaust the subject, as the writer
still has a number of new species from the prolific strata of Alabama and
adjoining States. '

“Through the kindness of Professor Gilbert D. Harris, of Cornell Uni-
versity, the writer is now able to publish the following descriptions.

“All the types of the species herein described are in my collection unless
otherwise stated.” P. 3.

Only forms occurring in Texas are included in the following list:

Scaphopoda: Cadulus juvenis, Mr., Mosley’s Perry, Burleson county;
Lee county. Pteropoda : Greseis simplex ? Mr. Gastropoda : Borsoma
{Scohinella) conradiana n. sp., Wheelock, Tex. B. plenta, Har. and Aid.,
Wheelock and other localities; Eucheilodon reticulata, Gabb, Wheelock;
Glyphostoma harrisi n. sp., Wheelock, also Lee and Burleson counties;
Pyramimitra costata, Lea, Texas; Pyrula {Fusoficula) texana, Harris, “oc-
curs at Newton, Miss., Lisbon, Ala., and Texas.” Goniohasis texana Heilp.,
Wheelock and Lee County, Texas.

3. American Naturalist.

The Tertiary Formations of Western Texas.

Yol. XXY, p. 49, Jan., 1891.

A general note referring to the work of Prof. R. T. Hill. (Notes on the
Geology of Western Texas, Geol. and Sci. Bull., Oct., 1888; The Geology
of the Staked Plains of Texas, with a Description of the Staked Plains

24

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

American Naturalist.

Formation, Proc. Am. Assoc, for the Adv. of Sci., Vol. XXXVdll, p. 243;
'Classification and Origin of the Chief Ceographic Features of the Texas
'Region, Aon. iGreoL, Vol. V, pp. ff-29.) Reference is also made to Dr. Otto
Lerch (A G-eological iSurvey of 'tlie Concho Country, Texas, with Cum-
mins, W. F., Amer. Ceol., Vol. V., pp. 321-335), and to Prof. E. D. Cope
(On the Distribution of the Loup Fork Formation in New Mexico, Proc.
Amer. Phil. Soc., 1883, p. 308).

Occurrence of Texas Lignite
(General Note.)

Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXV, p. 737, Aug., 1891.

A paragraph, very sliglitly modified, taken from Lerch (‘‘Lignites and
their Utilization, with sipecial reference to Texas Brown Coal,” Second
Ann. Rep. of the Geol. iSurv. of Texas, pp. 52-53. 1891).

The Iron Ore District of East Texas.

Vo]. XXV, pp. 910-911, Oct., 1891.

A general note referring to the account of this region given by Mr.
E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, in the 'Second Annual Report of the Geo-
logical iSurvey of Texas, 1890, pp. 7-31.

Fresh-Water Diatomaceous Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas.
(General Note;)

Vol. XXVI, pp. 505-506. June, 1892.

“Some nearly white earth, very light in weight, from Crosby County,
Texas, and within the 'Staked Plains region was submitted by Prof. E. D.
Cope to the first of the undersigned authors for examination. [Mr.
Woolman.]

“In a contribution to the ‘Vertebrate Paleontology of Texas,’ p. 123 of
the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Sooidty [Vol. XXX], Prof.
Cope states that this material iis from the Blanco Canon beds as named
by Mr. Cummins in the first annual report of the Geological Survey of
Texas, 1890, p. 190, and describes it as a ‘white .siliceous friable chalk.’

“Under the microscope this earth is found to be constituted almost
entirely of the siliceous skeletal remains of fresh-water diatoms, proba-
bly 90 per cent, of the body of the earth being made up of these minute
single celled forms of plant life.” * *

Mr. C. Henry Kain reports: “This is a fresh-water fossil deposit. The
species contained in it may now be found living in Utah and in the Yellow-
stone National Park. Many of the species are also common to fresh water
streams everywhere.”

A list of twenty-seven identified species follows, signed by Lewis Wool-
man and C. Henry Klain.

‘Tn the paper previously referred to. Prof. Cope notes the occurrence
in this diatomaceous stratum of a ‘Mastodon of the angustidens type,’

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

25

American Naturalist.

and of a horse allied to the Equiis occidentalis of Leidy, and defines the
ilatter as 'a new species, to which he assigns the name Equus simplicidens ;
and indicates hy a comparison of !Equus and iMastodon fauna that the age
of the .Blanco 'Canon finds is probably intermediate between that of the
Equus beds and the Loup Fork beds or the equivalent of the Pliocene
proper.”

7. Ashburner, 'Charles A.

Art. Coal. Min. 'Resonrces of the U. S. 1886.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 347-350. Washington, 1887.

Outline: Production and value, 1886. E. T. Bumble quoted on bounda-
ries of Eolignitic Area; number and thickness of seams; quality and use
of lignite; attempts to utilize it as fuel. Analyses of Texas lignite. Mr.
'Humble quoted on lignite at .Po.ckdale, Milam County, and Atascosa,
Bexar 'County. Location of Central Area, Hon. iS. H. 'Stout, of Cisco,
quoted. Mountain Area, along the IRio 'Grrande and between that river
and the Pecos. 'Geological rellations of the beds. Thickness of seams
near Laredo. Hon. 'W. M. Chandler quoted on coals west of the Pecos.
Analyses of lignite by Dr. Edgiir Everhart.

“Total production in 1886, 100,000 short tons; spot value, $185,000.
(The same figures are given in table showing the Production of coal in the
United States in 1886,’ p. 230.) Ho reliable statistics of the amount of
coal mined in this State are available.” P. 347.

“The following analyses of lignites frO'Ui different points in Texas have
ibeen supplied by Dr. Edgar Everhart, Professor of Chemistry at the
University of Texas:

ANALYSES OF LIGNITES FROM DIFFERENT POINTS IN TEXAS.

LOCALITY.

Fixed

Carbon.

Volatile

Matter.

Ash.

Water.

Total.

Sulphur.

Lignite from Robertson county

29.34

44.89

9.91

15.86

100.00

Lignite from Cherokee county

28.75

18.80

36.03

16.42

100.00

Lignite from Milam county

30.65

45.17

5.39

18.79

100.00

1.04

Lignite from Hopkins county

21.66

50.28

5.14

22.92

100.00

0.67

Lignite from North 'vest of Texas

36 87

43.40

3.25

16.48

100.00

0.75

Lignite from North Texas

40.77

31.11

7.66

20.46

100.00

1.82

Do

37.19

30.98

14.06

17.77

100.00

2.36

Do

42.03

29.66

12.43

15.88

100.00

2.90

Semi-bituminous coal from Burnet County

43.03

38.97

13.62

4.38

100.00

4.14

Do

40.40

39.89

15.58

4.13

100.00

5.22

Coal from Palo Pinto county near Gordon

63.64

32.64

2.86

0.86

100.00

0.25

8.

Art. Coal. Min. Eesouroes 'Of the IT. S. 1887.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 357-359. Washington, 1888.

'Outline: Production and value, 1887. Thickness, depth of seams and
quality of 'coal at mine of the Black Diamond Coal Company, near Roek-
dale'i, Milam County, The Kirkwood Colliery. Thickness of the bed.
Mine operated by R. H. Hartz ne'ar Eagle Pass, Maverick County. Thick-
ness of beds. Extent of adjacent coal field.

26

Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science.

Ashburner, Charles A.

“Total prockietion in 1887, 75,000 short tons; spot value, $150,000.

(!See also table ‘Production of Coal in the United 'States in 1887,’ p.
171, of the same volume.)

“No reliable statistics of the amount of coal mined in this State are
available.” P. 357.

“The largest mine in the State from which returns were received by
the Survey was that operated by 'Mr. P. H. Hartz, at Eagle Pass, Maverick
county. This mine produced during the year 2'2,700 tons, including nut
and slack ooal. Of this production, 17,400 tons were shipped to San
Antonio or supplied to the Southern Pacihe Company for locomotive use.

- This coal commanded in 1887 a price of $2.2'5 per ton at the mines. The
coal is used for stationary engines and loeomotives. The bed worked is
6 feet 4 inches in thickness, and is interstratified with a streak of slate,
which reduces the workable thickness to 4 feet 3 inches. The coal is
hard, and has to be blasted with powder. The coal field in this vicinity
is very large; its exact dimensions have never been established, but the
outcropping of coal beds can be seen for miles up and down the Kio Grande
river in the vicinity of Eagle Pass. The mine operated by Mr. Hartz is
iabout 5 miles northwest of Eagle Pass.” P. 358.

Art. iCoal. Min. Eesonrces of the IT. S. 1888.

('Coal in Texas), pp. 367-374. .Washington, 1890.

Outline: Production and value, 1888. ‘Location of the more prominent
mines of the State (Carboniferous and Cretaceous). Texas and Pacific
Coal Company. The iSpring Mine, 110 miles east of El Paso. Thickness
of seam and depth below the surface. Preliminary report of E. T. Dum-
ble, (State Geologist to the U. S. Geol.' 'Surv. : Three coal fields. (1)
Central Coal Field, Carboniferous, bounded. Dr. Charles A. Ashburner
on the coal-bearing strata. (2) Nueces or Semi-bituminous Field,
bounded. Number and lage of seams., ' Where worked. Character of lig-
nites. (3) Lignitic Field, bounded. Number and thickness of seams.
•Carboniferous formation of North Texas. 'Boundaries. Thickness. Coun-
ties embraced in the true coal measures. Number and thickness of seams.
'Section of coal-bearing strata near Millsiap. Information concerning the
following mines (location, thickness of seams, etc.) : Gordon, Palo Pinto
county; Johnson, between Gordon and iStrawn; at Cisco; outcrop east of
Putnam; ten miles west of Decatur; Stephens, four miles west of Bowie.
R. A. F. Penrose on lignites of Eastern Texas number and thickness of
beds. Chlaraeter of lignite. Outcrops in Van Zandt co'unty; along the
line of the Texas and Pacific. Prof. Gustav Jermy reports deposits in
southwestern counties. Col. John L. Tait reports lignite in Edwards,
Bandera, Medina, Atascosa and Frio counties. Outcrop fourteen miles
■southwest of Uvalde; thickness. The western boundary of this field.
Coal seam at Eagle Pass. Extent of outcrop. Inclination of stratum.
Thickness in Hartz mines; character and stratigraphical position.

“Total product in 1888, 90,000 tons; spot value, $184,500. On account
of the very scattered and meagre developments of the coal and lignite beds
of Texas it has been impossible to collect any reliable statistics as to the

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

27

Ashburner, Charles A.

.product during '1888 at each point where these beds have been opened.”
P. 367.

'See E. IT. Dumble ('Coal in Texas). Mr. Dumble’s report is included in
Mr. Ashburner’s article.

10. Birkustbine, John.

Art. Iron Ore Mining in 1887. Min. Resources of the IT. S.
1887.

(Iron in Texas), pp. 51-52. Washington, 1888.

“A large area of northeastern Texas exposes limonite ore which is of
excellent quality. The deposits do not indicate great depth, 'but their
liberal distribution would suggest quantities sufficient to maintain iron
industries. Two blast-furnace plants now depend on these ores, one being
operated in connection with the 'State penitentiary. 'Estimated upon the
production of pig iron in 1887, the amount of these ores mined wias about
9,000 long tons. The following analyses show the composition of the ore
near Alcalde furnace:

COMPOSITION OF LIMONITE NEAR RUSK, CHEROKEE COUNTY, TEXAS.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Iron

46.55

45.55

45.17

40.63

48.31

48.11

Silica

17.53

17.67

30.36

33.84

16.63

10.43

Sulphur

0.038

0.01

0.037

Phosphorus

0.153

0.069

0.063

0.315

0.384

3.13

Water

13.09

15.35

15.76

13.71

14.64

‘‘'A sample personally collected in Cherokee county was analyzed by
the (St. Louis 'Sampling and Testing works with the following results:

ANALYSIS OF LIMONITE FROM CHEROKEE COUNTY, TEXAS.

Per cent.

Moisture .' 1.63

Loss by ignition 11.65

Silica . . 10.81

Alumiha 3.40

Metallic Iron 48.24

Manganese 0.43

Lime 0.24

Magnesia Trace

(Sulphur 1.176

Phosphorus 0.268

“EXfploration has been active in Llano county, about 90 miles northwest
of Austin, where, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean, a deposit
of red hematite iron ore has been exposed along a chain of hills running
northwest and southeast. The iron formations crop out prominently
throughout the valley, mostly in the quartzite belts. On the table lands
and ridges mica schist, ferruginous sandstones, 'black shale, and tilted
veins of slate are encountered at various places. Outcroppings are re-
ported as numerous and indicating large bodies of ore. 'Samples of the
ores submitted to Mr. Davenport Pisher, and one to the North Chicago
[Rolling Mills, show as follows:

28

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Birkinbine^ John.

analyses of hematite iron ores from llano county, TEXAS.

Iron.

Silica.

Pho.spliorus.

Manganese.

Sulphur.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per cent.

Per pent.

63.25

6.35

0.049

Trace.

None.

67.43

4.03

0.059

Trace.

Trace.

66.27

68.26

68.82

2.81

0.47

Trace.

Trace.

2.52

0.038

Trace.

Trace.

69.30

3.83

0.034

Trace.

None.

70.95

2.89

0.024

Trace.

Trace.

67.54

2.45

0.041

None.

None.

69.17

2.99

0.009

None.

None.

60.49

15.67

0.020

Trace.

None.

50.99

26.05

0.019

None.

None.

63.74

10.08

0.018

None.

None.

67.27

4.83

0.018

Trace.

None.

70.25

1.23

0.014

Trace.

None.

Eeports on the Iron Ore Diisiriet of East Texas. 'Part II. Fuels
and their Utilization. Chapter I. Charcoal Manufacture in
Texas.

' Second Ann. Eept. of the Greol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 33-'37.

Austin, 1891.

The existence of iron ores in the State directs attention towards the
possibility of smelting them within its iboundaries. No immediate pros-
pect of obtaining suitable mineral fuel. Charcoai suggested. The yellow
pine furnishes excellent charcoal, as do also the hard woodis of Eastern
Texas. Bhould the timber be thus used the necessity of reforestration is
pointed out. Manufacture of charcoal. (lA) Charring in Pits or Mei-
lers. (P)' Charring in Kilns. (C) 'Retort Charring. Charcoal made
under dirt covers and in kilns. ICharcoal manufactured in Michigan; in
Alabama. By-products. Economy of production. Eorm of kiln or retort
.for Texas. Cost of production.

Art. Iron Ores. Min. Eesources of the U. S. 1889-90.
(Production of Iron in Texas), pp. 35-36.

(Production of Brown Hematite in Texas), pp. 40-41. Wash-
ington, 1892.

The following, relating to the Iron Production oP Texas, is taken from
a table (pp. 35-36), showing the “Production of iron ores by. States in
1890, 1889, and 1880, with percentages of increase or decrease:”

State.

1890.

1889.

1880.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Texas....

21

22,000

long

tons.

0.14

20

13,000

long

tons.

0.09

39

3,214

long

tons.

0.05

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

29

Birkinbine, Johk.

The following is taken from a table (pp. 40-41), showing the “Produc-
tion of brown hematite ore, by States, in 1890, 1889, and 1880, with per-
centages of increase or decrease:”

state.

1890.

1889.

1880.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Rank.

Produc-

tion.

Per cent
of total.

Texas ....

15

22.000

long

tons.

0.86-

15

13,000

long

tons.

0.51

15

3,214

long-

tons.

0.17

“Texas has commenced the development of its bog ores, but it is not
probable that it will reach a production equivalent to 1 per cent, of the
country’s total for seveial years,” P. 38.

Art. Iron Ores. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1891.

(Iron Ore Product in Texas), p. 12. Washington, 1893.
'From a table showing “The iron ore product of the United States in
1891, distributed by classes and (States:

States.

Red Hematite.

Long tons.

Brown Hematite.

Long tons.

Magnetite.

Long tons.

Oarbonite.

Long tons.

Total.

Long tons.

Tovn.s

51,000

51,000

“Texas’ advance is due to the starting up of new blast-furnace plants,
the mining having been principally in the brown hematite deposits in
the eastern .part of the State. \As, however, railroads have reached the
southern central portion of the State, where richer ores are found, it is
probable that Texas will in the future augment her output and improve
the average grade of her iron ores.” P. 27.

Art. Iron Ores. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1892.

(Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp. 26 and 34. Washing-
ton, 1893.

In a tabulated statement en p. 26, Texas is credited with the produc-
tion of 22,853 long tons of Frown Hematite, and 50 long tons of Magnetite
during the year 1892, making a total production of 22,903 long tons^

On pp. 34-35, it is noted that “the brown hematite ores of Texas came
from the eastern and south eentral portions of the State, the magnetite
being a few ear-load lots which were sent from the Llano district for
trial in the blast furnace.”

Art. Iron Ore. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1893.

(Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp. 26 and 28. Washing-
ton, 1894.

30

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Birkinbine^ John.

Texas is credited with the production of 22,G20 long tons of brown hema-
tite and 3^,000 long tons of magnetite for dhe year 1893 ; total, 25,620 long
tons. T. 26.

•In a tabulated statement, on p. 28, Texas is credited with the produc-
tion of 13,000 long tons of iron ore in 1889; 22,000 in 1890; 51,000 in
1891; 22,903 in 1892; and 25,620 in 1893.

16.

Art. The Production of Iron Ores- in Various Parts of the
World. iMin. -Eesources of the IJnited States. 1894.

16th Ann. Eept. U. S. G-eol. Survey, Part III.

(Production of Iron Ore in Texas), p. 19'2. Washington,
1895.

•In a table showing the production of different varieties of iron ore in
the year 1894, by 'States, Texas is credited with 15,361 long tons of brown
hematite.

Art. Iron Ores. 'Min. Eesources of the United States. 1895.
17th Ann. Eept. U. S. Greol. Survey, Part HI.

(Production of Iron Ore in Texas), pp. 26, 27, 41. Wash-
ington, 1896.

'In a tabulated statement on p. 26, in which the production of iron ores
by States, from 1889 to 1895, is given, Texas is credited with 8,371 long
tons for 1895.1 This statement is repeated in a table on p. 27, and also
in that on p. 41. In the latter the valuation is placed at $6,278, or 75
cents per ton.

18. Blake, William P.

Quicksilver in Texas.

Mineral Eesources of the United States. 1894.

16th Ann. Eept. U. S. Oeol. Survey, Part III, pp. 601-604.
Washington, 1895.

See title following.

Cinnabar in Texas.

Trans. American Inst. Min. Engineers, Vol. XXY, pp. 68-76,

1896.

The literature* -of the quick silver deposits of the United (States is
thought to contain no reference to this locality. The reported occurrence
of cinnabar in Texas is made in the (Second 'Annual [Report of the Texas
'Greological Survey. It is not noticed by Becker in his monograph on
Quick (Silver 'Deposits.

‘‘Early in the year 1894, Mr. iG-eorge W. Manless, of Jimenez, Mexico,
agent 'at that point of the Rio- Urande -Smelting Works, having learned
that some Mexicans had obtained very rich cinnabar in the mountains
of Texas, a few miles north of the iBio Uraiide, undertook, together with

V

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 81

Blake, William P.

Mr. iCharles Allen, of (Socorro, GST. M., .an exploration of the region, with
the result of finding the einnahar-deposits and locating them for develop-
ment. My attention was directed to them through Mr. James P. Chase,
0‘f iSocorro, with whom I visited, the locality in the month of August, last.
About the same time a notice of the discovery was printed in Los Angeles,
Cal.,'-'' (*The Bulletin, Aug. 14, 1894), and it was also mentioned in one or
more of the papers in LI Paso, and later in the Manufacturer’s Record,
published in Baltimore.

‘The locality is in the southern portion of the part of Texas within
the (Big Bend of the Bio Grande river, about 80 or 90 miles south of
Alpine station, and 90 or 100 miles from Marfa station, on the Southern
Pacific Railway. It is 50 or 60 miles from Presidio del GSTorte, and about
10 or 12 miles from the Rio Grande. These distances, it will be noted, are
approximately stated, as there has not been any survey of the region.
The longitude is about 27 W., and lat. 29.30 N. The cinnabar is best
reached from Marfa by team through an open country, with a gradual
descent from the Marfa table-land to the Rio Grande valley, following first
the valley of Alamitos and then over a low divide to the Tres Lenguas,
which is followed southwards, genevally between the flat-topped hills of the
mesas on each side, until nearing the (Rio Grande, where the road winds
among the higher and more rugged hills. The last six miles of the route
is impassable for wagons, and the cinnabar camp is reached by a pack-
trail, which turns westwards from the wagon-road and leads across a
country much broken and intersected by dry ‘washes’ or creek beds.

“The hills are low, but are much broken by escarpments of nearly horizon-
tal strata of cretaceous limestone. The elevation of the camp is shown by
the .aneroid barometer to be 3250 feet above tide.”

Topography. Major Emory’s description of the region. Nature of the
'Country between Marfa and the Tres Lenguas. Table-lands capped with
basaltic lava. Church Mountains. iSan Diego Peak. Beds under the lava
thought to be Pliocene and Miocene Tertiary. Descending the valley of
thC' Tres Lenguas cretaceous rocks appear. Discussion of the genesis of
cinnabar. Occurrence of cinnabar different from that at New Almaden.

“In considering the source and origin .of the cinnabar, we should not
lose sight of the fact that there is an intrusion of doleritic rock near by,
and that this probably has a direct and close connection, not only with
the disturbance of the strata, but also with the source of the metalliferous
impregnations.”

The conditions for working the ore not as favorable as could be wished.
No water near.. (Wood from the Rio Grande would cost $5.00 and $6.00
per cord. The low grade ore would probably remain useless.

20. Beoadhead^ G. C.

■Mi'tcliell County, Texas.

Correspondence of the American Geologist. VoL II, pp. 433-
436. Minneapolis, 1888.

Texas and Pacific Railroad passes east and west through centre of the
county. 'Crosses Colorado river at Colorado City. Course of Colorado
river. “Red Beds” exposed. Paucity of fossils. (Section at Colorado

32

Transactiojjs Texas Academy of Science.

Broadi-iead^ Gr. C.

iCity. iFossil wood on Wolf iMountain. 'Beds of brown sandstone. Con-
glomerate. Lone Wolf 'Mountain. IStrata compoising it. Section on (Silver
creek, 'Nolan county. (Relations witli Cretaceous skown. iSummary of a
boring l/l'lG feet deep on the hill west of Colorado City. Brine. Buffalo
paths in solid rock. Pot-holes at the forks of Champion creek, lAltitude
of points westward of ‘Fort Worth. Salt deposits. Depth at Kingman,
Kansas ; at Lyons, Kansas, .Salt water near Blue Rapids, Kansas. Depth
of salt stratum at Ellsworth, Kansas. The geological . position of most
of the Kansas and Texas salt beds Permian.

21. Call, E-. Ellsworth.

Tlie 'Tertiary Silicified Woods of Eastern Arkansas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLII, pp. 394-401. ISTew

Haven, ISTov., 1891.

(Silicified Wood in the Texas Tertiary.)

Quotation from R. lA. F. Penrose, Jr., in foot note on p. 399, referring to
(Silicified Wood in the Sabine River Beds of Texas (See First Ann. Kept,
of the .Geological Surv. of Texas, p. 24).

22. Clark, William Bullock.

A Ee vision of the Cretaceous. Echinoidea of IsTorth America.

Johns Hopkins University (Circulars, Yol. X, Xo. 87, pp. 75-77,

Balto., Apr., 1891.

Among the species considered in this paper are the following from
Texas: Cidaris T exanus n. sp., Washita Formation of Comanche Series;
Leiocidaris heniigranosus ('Shuraard), Washita Formation; Salenia Tex-
ancb Credner, Washita Formation; Pseudodiaema Texanum (Roemer),
Fredericksburg Formation of Comanche Series; Pseudodiadema Roemeri n.
sp., Fredericksburg Formation; Pseudodiadema Hilli n. sp., Austin Lime-
stone; Goniopygus Zitteli n. sp., Fredericksburg Formation; Holectypus
planatus Roemer, Fredericksburg Formation; Pyrina Parryi Hall, Washita
Formation; Echinohrissus Texanus n. sp.; Holaster simplex Shumard,
Washita Formation; Enallaster Texanus (Roemer), Fredericksburg Forma-
tion; Epiaster elegans (Shumard), Washita Formation; Epiaster Whitei
n. sp., Fredericksburg Formation; Hemiaster Texanus Roemer, Upper Di-
vision; Eemiastey' Dalli n. sp., Washita Formation.

23.

The Mesozoic Echinodermata o4 the United States.

Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Surv., Xo. 97, 207 pp., L plates.

Washington, 1893.

In this (Bulletin the following species from Texas are described:

Opliioglypha Texana Clark, Denison Beds of Washita Division of Co-
manche Series, p. 30; Cidaris Texanus Clk., Washita Formation, p. 3i6;
Leiocidaris hemigranosus (iShumard), “Washita Limestone,” p. 38; Salenia,
Texana Credner, Washita Formation, p. 40; Pseudodiadema Texanum
(Roemer), Fredericksburg Formation of 'Comanche (Series, p. 47; Diplo-
podia Texanum (Roemer), Frederiolvsburg Formation, p. 48; Diplopodia

Record oe Geology ofjTexas, ISS1-IS96.

33

Clark, William Bullock.

Hilli Clk., LA.ustin Chalk, p. 50 ; Goniopygus Zitteli Clk., Caprina Lime-
stone, p. 53; Pedinopsis Pondi Clk., Austin Chalk? p. 57; Holectypus pla-
natus Roemer, Washita iFormation, p. 58; Pyrina Parryi Hall, Washita
Formation, p. 59 ; Echinohrissus Texanus Clk., Austin Chalk, p. 62 ; Holas-
ter simjjlex Shumard, Washita Formation, p. 76; Enallaster Texanus
(Roemer), Frederickshurg Formation, p. 78; Enallaster ohloquatus Clk.,
Frederiokshurg, p. 79; Epiaster elegans (’Shumard), Washita Formation,
p. 80;- Epiaster Whitei Clk., Washita Formation, p. 82; Hemiaster Tex-
anus Roemer, Austin Chalk, p. 86; Hemiaster Dalli Clk., Washita Forma-
tion, p. 89; Hemiaster Calvini Clk., /Shoal Creek Limestone, p. 90; ? Holec-
typus simplex Shumard. Meek includes this species in his list of Creta-
ceous Echinodermata, giving Texas as the locality. His reference to this
species is probably an error. P. 93.

24. Comstock, Theo. B.

The Geological Burvey of Texas.

Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. XLIX, pp. 384-386,
Xew York, Apr. 5, 1890.

“There have been three distinct periods of popular interest in the dis-
covery and development of the mineral resources of Texas.” The Shumard
(B. F.) 'Survey in 1858. The Survey of 1870. The present (3d) Survey
under the direction of E. T. Humble. Personnel of the (Survey. Areas
assigned the different geologists. Announcement of facts concerning the
economic resources thus far discovered. 1. Precious Metals. 2. Copper.
3. Lead. 4. Iron. Analyses of Magnetites, Hematites and Limonites.
5. Manganese. 6. Zinc, Tin, etc. 7. Rare Metals — iGradolinite.

Report of. First Ann. Rept. Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1889, pp.
Ixxxviii-xc. Austin, 1890. ' /

Administrative Report of the Geologist for Central Texas. Plans of
field work for 1889; personnel of parties; topographic work of. Mr. J. C.
Nagle; acknowledginents.

26.

A Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Central Mineral Re-
gion of Texas.

First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 237-

391; 3 ills.; 1 pi. Austin, 1890.

Contents: • Introduction. Pt. I. •Stratigraphic Geology. Archaean
group.. Burnetan system. Fernandan system. Eparchaean group,
classification of Pre-Paleozoic Igneous rocks. Paleozoic group.
The Cambrian system. The 'Silurian system. The Niagara (Upper Silu-
rian) system. The Devonian system. Post-Paleozoic uplifts. The Pre-
Cretaceous movement. The Post-Cretaceous deposits. Relations of the
Wichita Mountains to the Central Paleozoic area. Part II. Economic
Geology. Precious Metals. Base Metals. Manganese Ores. The Iron

84

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Comstock^ Theo. B.

Ores. [Rare Minerals and Precious 'Stones. iBuilding Materials. [Refrac-
tory Materials. Materials for Paints. Miscellaneous Economic Products.
Part dill. 'List of Minerals collected by the Survey from the Central
Mineral District.

‘The area included in the present review comprises a portion of what
has been, not inaptly, termed the ‘Paleozoic 'Region of Central Texas.’ The
general plan of the work of this division of the Oeological Survey has been
to confine attention, in, most eases, to the rocks of the Pre-Carboniferous
age, giving heed to the more recent strata only in so far as it semed neces-
sary in order to present a clear and complete geologic history of the dis-
trict.

“u4s will be apparent from a cursory examination of the accompanying
geologic map, the natural boundaries of this district are the escarpments
of the Carboniferous and Cretaceous systems, the latter being by far the
more extensive, and in some places completely obscuring the earlier rocks.

- No serious attempt has been made to classify any of the divisions above
the base of the Carboniferous system, although incidental notes are re-
corded which may perhaps prove useful to students of the later sediments.
As thus limited, the ‘Central Mineral Region’* (*“The title of ‘Central
Mineral Region’ is adopted by Mr. E. T. Dumble, State (Geologist, to des-
ignate this district as defined above; or, more properly, a restricted area
within this field.” — 'Foot note, p. 239) comprises all of the counties of Llano
and Mason, and large portions of the neighboring counties of Burnet, San
Saba, McCulloch, Menard, Kimble, Gillespie and Blanco, with extensions
into Lampasas and Concho counties. The area in square miles is about
3,800, equivalent to more than three-fourths of the State of Connecticut,
and nearly one-half of the area of New Jersey, and 500 square miles more
than the combined superficies of Delaware and Rhode island, and yet
forming less than .014 of the total area of the 'State of Texas.” P. 239.

27. .

Tlie Industrial Growtli of Texas.

Tlie Age of Steel, Yol. LXIX, Xo. 1, pp. 19-22. St. Louis,
Jan. 3, 1891.

A popular article on Texas, in which, among other matter, reference
is made to the mineral resources of the State.

Tin in Texas.

Eng. and Mining Jour., Yol. LI, pp. 117-118. Xew York,

Jan. 24, 1891.

An announcement of the facts concerning the discovery of tin iu Texas.

The existence of tin ore in the State had been claimed for a number of
years. There is no instance on record of what proved to be the discovery
of more .than traces until the author’s announcement, in 1889, of the
receipt of a small crystal of cassiterite from a resident of Llano county.
'In November the author’s attention, in working up and determining min-
erals, was called to some foi-mer collections made by the Geological Survey,
and turned over to him for study, from Barrenger Hill, and from a local-

Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

85

Comstock, Theo. B.

ity in Mason county not yet critically examined. A large inclusion was
found in quartz, and the occurrence of tungsten and niobium was also
noteworthy. A special ‘trip was made to the neglected region. The report
'of Mr. George Durst as to the existence of old furnaces was verified. Slag
at one place was said to contain globules of silver. Careful examination
showed the inclusione to be tin, not silver, and that the whole slag carries
/abundant traces of tin. A detailed description of this district is found in
the Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, pp. 595-602.

The tin territory is defined as a tract fifty miles long, ten to fifteen
wide, extending from western Burnet to eastern Mason across the center
of 'Llano county.

The above announcement called forth a statement by “G. A. F.” that
tin had previously been found, in 1866, twenty miles south of Gonzales,
and, in 1867, at two localities on the Nueces river. He also states that
tin had been found in Llano county in 1877. Eng. and Min. Jour., LI, p.
229. Feb. 21, 1891.

Tin in Central Texas.

Correspondence.

Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LI, p. 281. F. Y.,
March 7, 1891.

A reply to “G. A. F.”

“Two instances reported by him are from South Texas, beyond the
limits 'of my investigations, and both of them appear to have been hereto-
fore unrecorded. ‘ The localities are both in the Tertiary Area, from which
the discovery only of drift or secondary deposits of little commercial value
can ever be anticipated.”

Occurrence of 'Tin in iCentral Texas.

American Journal of Science, III, Vol. XLI, p. 251. Yew
Haven, March, 1891.

In a note bearing the above title, dated January 24, 1891, Professor
'Comstock makes a statement concerning the discovery of Cassiterite in
Central Texas.

Report of.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 189,0, pp. xciv-
xcviii. Austin, 1891.

Administrative report of the Geologist for Central Texas for 1890. Ex-
ploration of a district (Wichita Mountains) in Indian Territory with Mr.
iCummins., Personnel of the field party for thg Central Mineral Kegion.
Character of the region traversed. Method of survey adopted. Office
assistants. Topographic work of Mr. J. C. Nagle. Work of Mr. Charles
Huppertz, geologic aid. Work of Messrs. Jones and Clark. The Con-

86

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Comstock^ Theo. B.

struetion of majps- 'Greologieal conclusions tentatively announced in the
First Annual 'Report, mostly confirmed hy subsequent field work. Material
■on hand. Fossils from the Cambrian, Silurian and possible Devonian.
Minerals. Discovery of tin ore. Acknowledgments.

32.

Beport OR the G-eology and 'Mineral Eesonrees of the Central
Mineral Begion of Texas, chiefly south of 'the San Saha river and
north of the Pedernales river, ivest of Burnet and east of Menard-
ville and Junction City.

Second Ann. Bept. of the GleoL Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 553-
664; 2 plates; 2 maps; 9 figures. Austin, 1891.

“Skeleton: iPart d. — 'General Review of (Geologic Structure. Outline
O'! the geologic groups, for the use of persons engaged in prospecting and
development. Statement of the classification adotpted, with cha-rt showing
the various terranes in chronologic order. General statement of the eco-
nomic products of each main geologic horizon. Part ’ll. — Economic Geol-
ogy. How to use the report for practical purposes. Plan of this part.
Metalliferous Deposits. Precious Metals. Gold. — ^Possible sources stated,
with results of assays, etc. ^Silver. — ^^Sources of supply. Districts limited
and ores discussed- Rase Metals. Copper. — 'Belts defined, with descrip-
tions of localities and cuts showing structure. Lead. — Districts outlined;
outcrops illustrated 'and described. Review of the situation. Guide to pros-
ipec'tors. Table I. Assays for gold, silver, copper, and lead. Tin. — ^Full
discussion of the present situation, with cuts showing the geologic condi-
tions where tin ore has been found; character of ore and mode of occur-
rence. Uncertainty of discovering the mineral in commercially important
quantities. Zinc. — Absence from this district- Unsuipported claims of dis-
covery of zinc blende in 1890. Manganese. — ^Areas in which the ores out-
crop. Belts defined. Diseussion of ores and modes of occurrence. Table
III. Analyses. Iron. — Extent and importance of the ores of the district.
Hints regarding the development of the iron fields. (Separation of the ores
into five classes, individually discussed in detail, with location, description,
and full treatment of the six great belts, or axes, including important hints
concerning the mining of ores. Table III. Analyses of iron ores. Metal-
lurgic review of iron fields. 'Probable future of the iron industry.

Building 'Stones. Granites. — ''Seven classes, distribution and economic
value. Marbles. — (Three classes, their distribution and uses., Limestones
and Dolomites. — ^Localities and character of material. Sandstones, Slates,
Schists, Clays, and materials for Cements, Lime, Mortars, etc.

Refractory Materials. Fictile Material. Materials for Paints.

Part III. — .Supplement. Additional notes on stratigraphic geology.” P.
555.

“The area of Pre-Carboniferous rocks comprising the Central Mineral
Region, as defined in the Report of this ^Survey for 1889, was estimated at
less than four thousand square miles. The more complete survey of 1890
has materially extended the boundaries of the tract by the discovery of
uncovered 'Silurian and Cambrian strata in extensive fields hitherto sup-

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

37

Comstock^ Theo. B.

posed to l)e ca-pped by the iCretaceous. The maps accompanying the pres-
ent Report include only enough of the territory outlying to give a fair
idea of the relations of the Pre-Cariboniferous terranes to those of more
recent origin. These sheets represent an area of six thousand square miles,
of which considerably more than five thousand square miles contain ex-
posures of an earlier date than the Oarboniferous.” P. 556.

“There are representatives of the Archean, Eparchean, and Paleozoic
groups in the 'Central Mineral Region, which, as we now understand them,
are regarded as the geologic equivalents of the Laurentian, Ontarian,
Algonkian, Cambrian, iSilurian, and Devonian systems of other parts of
the United iStates.” 'P. 556.

Numerous analyses of dron Ores, Magnetites, Hematites, Sandy Ores,
Segregated Ores, Soft (hydrated) Ores and Titaniferous Ore, are given on
ipp. 634-635.

Report of.

(A Preliminary Report on Parts of the Counties of Menard,
Concho, 'Tom Green, 'Sutton, 'S'chleicher, Crockett, Val Verde,
Kinney, Maverick, Gvalde, Edwards, Bandera, Kerr, and Gilles-
pie.)

Geological Survey of Texas Second Report of Progress, 1891,
pp. 43-54. Austin, 1892.

Contents : 'Introduction. The 'General Geologic Section. Topographic
'Features. Agricultural Possibilities. Water Supply — 'Artesian •Water.
Mineral Resources — ^Ores of Metals other than Iron; Iron Ores; Koalin;
■As.phaltum; ‘Coal or Lignite; Building Materials. Conclusion.

“The rocks which lie at surface in the counties immediately bordering
the Central Mineral Region are of Lower iCretaceous or Jurassic time.
The settle'ment of the real horizons of the beds must be relegated to the
specialists who are 'still debating the question. It is sufficient for our
immediate purpose to warn investors that, in any event, no valuable deposit
of coal or lignite may be expected within this range, although worthy peo-
ple have proiposed boring to test the matter. All the important lignite
layers lie in a geologic position considerably above this.” P. 44.

“The topography of the Cretaceous area is distinctive and pronounced,
a characteristic example of simple drainage erosion carried to a numerical
extreme without widespread denud-ation. To express it otherwise, the
results are those accomplished by myriads of streams of small extent, which
have cut deep and narrow canyons, leaving innumerable peaks, buttes, and
‘hog-backs’ in the intervening spaces. Thus the plateau levels correspond-
ing to successively exposed hard layers are extensive, but so badly out up
by ramifying streams that it is impossible to travel across them except
by frequent ascent and descent of steep inclines. This peculiarity gives
to one following the valley roads of the country only an idea about as
erroneous as is obtained by one who pursues , the cross-eountry course,
although either one will be liable to regard the region as more compli-
cated in structure than it really is.” Pp. 45-46.

38

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

COMSTOOK^ Theo. B.

‘The pastural and agricultural capabilities of the major part of the
region are hy far greater than has been generally appreciated. Much of
the area which is now neglected or given over to grazing can he eventually
utilized for tillage. 'In the river valleys irrigation is perfectly feasible,
and in many places where the streams are dry at surface there is an
abundant supply of water not far below throughout the year; windmills
and ‘water-holes’ (tanks) now supply the needs as they exist, but a very
much larger population and a materially increased produetiveness will
follow the advent of the steam pump, as it has already in other similar
oases where capital has been freely expended.” Pp. 46-47.

“The lignite field, so far as it lies within the limits of our survey of
1891, is confined to a comparatively narrow tract extending across the
Pio G-rande from Mexico into Maverick county, Texas, north of Eagle
Pass. The lignite is of excellent quality, as a rule, and in many localities
along the northern and western edge of the field it is well exposed for
economical mining, fit has been worked successfully in a few places near
the surface, and it has been discovered by boring or shafting at other
points at depths varying from twenty feet and less to three hundred feet
and more. The Hartz Mine has the most extensive development.” Pp.
52-53.

34.

Report of.

'Thirdi Ann. Rept. of the Greol. Surv. of Texa®, 1891, pp. Iiv4v.

Austin, 1892.

Administrative report of the Geologist for Central Texas eovering the
field season from May -25th to iSeptember 1st, 1891. 'Region examined.
Personnel of the party. W ork of Mr. R. A. Thompson, topographer. Work
of Mr. F. '8. Ellsworth, aid. Aeknowledgments.

35.

(Tin in Texas.)

See Rolker, Charles M., The Prodnction of Tin in Various

Parts of the World, 16th Annual Rept. of the IT. S. Geol. Survey,

Pt. Ill, pp. 528-529. Washington, 1895.

36. (Cope, Edward D.)

Review of a paper on ‘^^The Cros's Timhers of Texas,’^ read by
Robert T. Hill before the Washington Philosophical Society.

American Haturalist, Vol. XXI, p. 172. Eeb., 1887.

“The article demonstrated that these tv/o belts of anomalous timber,’
instead of representing quaternary or tertiary basins, are merely the
detritus of outcrops of arenaceous strata, those of the eastern member
being probably of the age of the Dakota sandstone, and the western of a
sandy group at the base of the entire cretaceous series, part of which are
of undetermined Mesozoic, and are given the name of ‘'Dinosiaur sands’
by Mr. Hill, while a part of them are of undoubted Carboniferous age.
He furthermore shows that the toipography of the entire central region is
the result of extensive denudation, whereiby the members of the geologic

Record op Geology op Texas, 1881-1896.

39

Cope,. Edward D.

series, from the marine tertiary to the Carboniferous eoal-mea.sures, are
successively exposed along the line of the Texas Pacific [Railroad from
Elmo to Millsap. The most interesting feature of Mr. Hill’s paper, how-
ever, is that he demonstrates the existence of a marine group of the Cre-
taceous in Texas lower than any heretofore recognized in America, and
completely clears up, by methods of stratigraphic palaeontology, the vague-
ness that has hitherto accompanied our knowledge of that region.”

'The iMesozoic and Caenozoic Realms of the Interior of North
America.

(The Comianche.)

Amer. Naturalist, Yol. XXI, pp. 447-448. OMay, 1887.

A brief description of the “Comanche 'Series” of Texas.

Mr. Hill on fhe Cretaceous of Texas.

Amer. Naturalist, Yol. XXI, pp. 469-470. May, 1887.

A further review of Professor Hill’s .paper on “The Topography and
Geology of the Cross Timbers and ISurrounding iRegions in iHorth Texas,”
(Am. Jour. iSci., HI, XXXilTI, 291-303), in which the writer protests
against the duplication of names in the classification of the Cretaceous
therein proposed.

39. ( )

'The Yertehrate Fauna of the Equus Beds.

American Naturalist, Yol. XXIII, pp. 160-165. Feb., 1889.

“While the Equus Reds lare found at various localities in North America,
the greater number of eharaeteristie species of vertebrata have been ob-
tained in three regions* .First, the Oregon Desert; second, the country of
the Nueces, 'S. W. Texas; third, the Valley of Mexico. I give lists of the
species found at these and their localities.”

The list from [S. W. Texas is as follows: ^‘Equus harcenaei, Cope, E.
fraternus, Leidy, E. excelsus, Leidy, E. OGcidentalis , Leidy, E. crenidens,
Cope, Elephas primigenius, 'Blum., Cams sp., Glyptodon petaliferous , Cope,
Cistudo marnochii, ICope,” p. 161. An enumeration of the species common, to
the Valley of Mexico and the Oregon Desert is given. “Of these, the Equus
excelsus, and Elephas primigenius have been found in IS. W. Texas. These
species, with the Equus harcenaei, E. crenidens, and probably the Glypto-
don petaliferous are common to the last named locality and the Valley
of Mexico.” iP. 164.

Of this paper only those parts relating to Texas receive mention.

40.

'The Prohoscidia.

American Naturalist, Yol. XXIII, pp. 191-211, with plates and

figures. Apr., 1889.

Mention is here made of only those parts o.f the paper referring to spe-

40

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cope, Edward D. *

cies found in Texas. Mastodon serridens, iCope, p. 196. Tetrahelodon ?
serridens, Coipe, p. 205.. Fig. 8 gives two views of ? first molar. “Typical
specimen from ? Pliocene of Texas.’’

“Falconer regarded the true elephant of Texas as a distinct species,
which he named E. columbi. He distinguished it by the coarse plates of the
enamel, and by the wide lower jaw, with curved rami, and short sym-
physis. * * I have in my museum an entire skull, lacking the lower

jaw (Plate XIV), from the ‘orange sand’ of the city of Dallas, in North-
eastern Texas, which only differs in form from that of the E. primigenius
as figured by Blumenbach and Cuvier in the shorter and wider premaxil-
lary region.” Pp. 207-208. Other comparisons follow. A figure of the
Dallas specimen is given on p. 208.

41.

On the Skull of the Equus excelsus Leidy, from the Equus Bed
of Texas.

Amer. ISTaturalist, Vol. XXV, pp. 912-913. Oct., 1891.

“I have received from my valued correspondent, William Taylor, a skull
of the Equus excelsus, which is of much interest as the first that has come
to light in the United States. It lacks only the posterior and inferior
walls of the brain case, and the premaxillary region was detached in such
a way that its length is not absolutely certain, though contact of the
adherent matrix was found. This skull shows that the Equus excelsus
is intermediate in characters between the horse and the quagga and allied
species, and possesses some Hippidium characters in addition. The resem-
blance is, however, greater to the quagga.”

Comparison with the quagga. The skull is- that of an adult female.
Frontal bone crushed as if with a hammer. 'Stone hammer found in the
same bed.

42.

A contribution to a Knowledge of the Fauna of the Blanco 'Beds
of Texas.

Proceedings of the Acad, of Xaf. Sciences, Phila., Pt. II, pp.
226-229. Apr.-Oct., 1892.

“Prof. E. T. Dumble, iState Greologist of Texas, appointed Prof. W. F.
Cummins to conduct the survey of the northwestern district of the State,
and in pursuance of this order the latter gentleman is now examining the
mesozoic and cenozoic beds which compose and underlie the Staked Plains.
I accompanied this party in the capacity uf paleontologist, kaving already
determined the vertebrate fossils collected by the Survey’s expeditions of
last year (see Proceedings of the 'American Philosophical Society, first
No., for 1892).

“The superficial formation of the Staked Plains has been determined by
Prof. R. T. Hill to be of late cenozoic age, and the term Blanco Beds has
been applied to it by Prof. Cummins. The examination of the vertebrate
fossils from it led me to state [loo. cit.) that in age the Blanco formation
intervenes' between the Loup Fork below and the Equus beds above, in the
series. This conclusion was based chiefly on the fact of the presence of

Record oe Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

41

Cope, Edward D.

horses of the genus Equus {E. simplicidens Cope) in association with
mastodons of the molar dental type of the Tetrabelodon angustidens, an
association not previously met with in ISTorth America. In addition to
these sipecies, the presence of a peculiar land tortoise {Testudo turgida
Cope), and of a new genus of birds allied to the rails [Grecoides Shuf.)
was established.

“I propose to present to the Academy a list of the species obtained, so
far, from the Blanco beds by the present expedition, with such conclusions
as may be derived from it.”

Testudinata : Testudo turgida Cope loc cit. T. pertenuis sp. nov.
Description. Edentata: Megalonyx sp. Carnivora. Proboscidia: Mas-
todon successor sp. nov. M. cfr. mirificus Leidy, M. cfr. shepardii Leidy.
Perissodactyla : Equus simplicidens Cope, 1. c. E. sp., E. a second sp.
Aritiodactyla : Pliauchenia.

In the 'Texas Panhandle.

Oorrespondenee.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 131-132. 'Minneapolis, August,'
1892.

A letter dated Clarendon, 'Texas, June 13, 1892. A ride of 250 miles
from Big 'Springs, a station of the Texas and Pacific railroad. Dry season.
Weather. Difference in temiperature between day and night often 30-40
degrees. Difference 'in the feeling of heat here and in Philadelphia. Bad
water. Party in charge of W. E. Cummins. Line of travel along the
eastern escarpment of the iStaked Plains. Accessible Permian, Trias, Loup
Fork and Blanco beds. The latter contain a new vertebrate fauna, mostly
mammals. Of fourteen species collected, ten are new, two of them mas-
todons. Loup Fork beds and numerous fossils — horses, camels and mas-
todons. Acres covered with bones. The Blanco beds form the entire sur-
face of the Llano Fstaeado. Underlain by Trias and Permian. How far
the Loup Fork passes under the plains is unknown.

.44.

(Geology of the ^^Staked Plains.’^)

Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, p. 196. Minneapolis, SeptO'mber,
1892.

A note, under the heading Personal and 'Scientific News, beginning as
follows: ‘According to Prof. E. D. Cope, the ‘'Staked Plains’ of Texas are
composed ef Cenozoic strata, divisible into Equus beds, Blanco Canon and
Loup Fork, the last being lowest, conifirming the determinations of Prof,
Hill.” Underlain by Trias. Equus beds have a well-known vertebrate
fauna. Same true of Loup Fork beds. Paleontological blank between filled
by the discovery of the Blanco Canon beds. No marine forms in these
beds or in the Triassic or Permian below. He considers the Equus beds
as probably of the age of the La iFayette. He obtained the remains of
Megalonyx in the Blanco Canon beds and several species of the horse in
the Equus beds.

42

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

45. CoPE^ Edward D.

A Hyena and Other Carnivora from -Texas.

Proc. Acad, od Hat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. HI, pp. 326-327.
Oct.-Dec., 1892.

‘Tmf. E. X). Cope stated that he had, during the past season, while
exploring the eastern front of the ^Staked Plains of Texas with a party
of the Geological Survey of that 'State, under Prof. W. E. Cununins, ob-
tained the remains of some interesting ICarnivora from the iBlaneo or Plio-
cene hedsj 'One of these is a hyena nearly allied to the genus Hyaena, and
the first lapecies of this family found in America. It, however, differs
from the typical genus in having a fourth premolar in the lower jaw, and
prohahly in having a shorter blade of the sectorial- tooth in the upper,
'He proposed the name Borophagus for the genus, and for the species the
name diver sidens.”' * * *

■K- ***** *

“Another interesting carnivore is a weasel of a new genus and species,
which it was proposed to call Ganimartes cumminsii, after its discoverer.”
* * *

“A third carnivore is a cat, provisionally referred to the genus Felis
under the name of F. hillianuS; after Prof. Pobert T. Hill, the well-known
geologist. IThis cat is about the size of the cheetah, and has large canine
teeth without grooves, and the feet are shorter than in modern cats.”

On tlie Characters of So'me Paleozoic Fishes.

Proceedings of the IT. SJ Hat. Mnsenm, Yol. XIV, 1891.

II. — On Hew Ichthyodornlites.

Pp. 448-449. Washington, 1892.

Eyhodus regularis, sp. nov.

Description.

“The fine specimen on which this species is based was obtained by Jasob
Boll from a soft Mesozoic limestone in Baylor county, Texas, which is
probably of Triassic age. The species approaches most nearly the Eyhodus
major of Agassiz, from the cMuschelkalk., In that species the teeth are
stated to be mere tubercles, which is not the case in this species.” P.
448.

Ctenacanthus amhlyxipliias, sp. nov.

Description.

“The Permian formation of Texas j W. F. Cummins.” P. 449.

Eeport on the Paleontology of the Yertebrata.

Third Ann. Eept. of the Heol. Snrv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 249-
259. Austin, 1892.

Also Proceedings of Amer. Phil. Soc., Yol. XXX, Ho. 137, pp.
123-131.*

Contents: I4 Fayette formation. II. Upper Cenozoic of the Staked

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-ISQG.

43

CoPE^ Edward D.

Plains. Equus simpUcidens, Cope. Greccoides oshornii, 'Shufeldt. Tes-
tudo turgida. III. On a Mesozoic Pycnodont — Microdus dumhleii. IV.
Triassie or Dockum beds. Episcoposaurus haplocerus.

“1. Fayette Formation.

‘‘In the First LA.nnual [Report of the iGreological 'Survey of Texas (p. 47),
Mr. K. A. F. Penrose, Jr., describes this formation as it occurs in iSouth
and East Texas. He places it at the summit of the Tertiary series and
below the ‘Post- tertiary’; that is, at the summit of the GSTeoeene, just prior
to the advent ef the Pleistocene. This location is justified by the only
vertebrate fossils definitely traceable to these beds, which have been sent
me for identification by Mr. E. IT. Humble, 'State Geologist of Texas. One
of these consists of a well-preserved left ramus with symphysis and nearly
complete dentition of the mandible of the large lama, Holomensicus Jiester-
nus Leidy. This species is charaeteristic of the Equus beds of Oregon,
'California and Mexico, and indicates satisfactorily the age of the formation
in which it occurs. It confirms fully the position assigned to the Fay-
ette beds by Mr. Penrose and by President Chamberlain for their eastern
extension. The only other identifiable fossil from this formation is several
teeth of the Equus major Dekay. This species is most abundant in the
Eastern 'States, where the Equus beds have not been certainly identified;
but it occurs also in the Equus beds of Hueces county, with other charac-
teristic species of that epoch. The specimens of the two species named
came from Wharton county.”

“II, 'Upper Cenozoic of the (Staked Plains.

“In some remains of vertebrata, obtained by Mr. W. P. Cummins, from
iCrosby county, Texas, and sent me for determination by Mr. E. T. Humble,
(State Geologist, four genera may be identified, and several others are indi-
cated. (The four genera are Equus, Mastodon, Creccoides g. n., and Tes-
tudo. They are enclosed in a white siliceous friable chalk, which Mr.
Louis Woolman finds on examination to be highly diatomaceous. Pro-
fessor C. Henry Kain had identified the following species : Campylodiscus
hicostatus W. 'Smith; Epithemia gihha Ehr.; E. zebra Ehr. ; E. gibberula
var. producta Ehr.; Navicula major Ehr.; V. viridis Ehr.; N. rostrata
Ehr.; N. elliptica var. minutissima Green; Qomphonema clavatum Ehr.;
Cymbella cistula Hemp.; Fragillaria vivescens Faffs var. The formation
has been named the Blanco Canyon by Mr. W. F. Cummins, of the Survey
(iKeport 18'90, p. 190, without sipecific location in the Cenozoic series).

“The Mastodon is of the M. angustidens type, as indicated by the teeth,
but there are not enough fragments preserved to render it clear whether
they pertain to this species or some allied one. The Equus is allied to
the E. occidentalis of Leidy, but the enamel plates are more simple than
in that species, being the most simple known in the genus. I regard it as
an undescribed species, and describe it below under the name of Equus sim-
plicidens. A second species of horse is indicated, but an exact determina-
tion cannot be made without additional material. The tortoise is a terres-
trial form, but there is not enough preserved for identification.” Pp. 251-
252.

44

Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science.

48. CoPE^ Edward D.

The Oenoz'oi'c Beds of the Staked Plains of Texas.

(Abstract.)

Proc. Amer. Assoc, for •the Adv. of Science, Yol. XLI, p.
177. 1892.

“The Cenozoic heds referred to are the Loup Fork, .Blanco and Equus
beds. Their geographical and stratigraphical relations and their paleon-
tology are described, especial attention being given to the Blanco Fauna,
which is intermediate in character between the others.’’ See “A Pre-
liminary Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the Llano Estacado,”
Geol. iSurv. of Texas, Fourth Annual Report, Pt. II, pp. 3-136.

49.

A Preliminary Eeport on the Paleontology of the Llano Esta-
cado.

Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Gleol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. II,
pp. 3-136; 1 cut; xxiii plates. Austin, 1893.

(Oontents: Introduction by E. T. Bumble, State Geologist. Ghap. I. —
The Vertebrate Remains from the Bockum Terrane of the Triassic System.
Batrachia. Reptilia: Belodon, Meyer; B. superciUosus Cope; Palseocto-
nus'Cope; P. orthodon 'Oope ; P. dumhlianus 'Cope. (Summary.. Chap. II. —
The Vertebrate Fauna of the Loup Fork Beds. Proboscidia: Tetrabelo-
don Cope; T. serridens ? Cope. Biplarthra: Aphelops Cope; A. fossiger
Cope; Protohippus Leidy; P. pachyops Cope; P. perditus Leidy; P. parvu-
lus Marsh; P. fossulatus Cope; P. mirabilis Leidy; P. placidus Leidy.
Hiippotherium Faup; H. affine Leidy; H. occidentale Leidy. Proeaihelus
Leidy; P. rohustus Leidy; P. gracilis Leidy; P. leptognathus Cope. Bla-
stomeryx Cope; B. gemmifer Cope. Appendix to the Report on the Loup
Fork Terrane. Protohippus lenticularis Cope; P. perditus Leidy. Hippi-
dium interpolatum Cope; E. ? spectans Cope. Equus eurystylus Cope.
Synopsis of Species. Chap. III. — ^The vertebrate Fauna of the Blanco
Beds. Testudinata. Testudo: T. turgida Cope; T. pertenuis Cope.
Edentata. Megalonyx, Jeff.; M. leptostomus Cope.; Carnivora. Canimar-
tes: C. cumminsii Cope. Borophagus:' B. diversidens Cope. Felis: P.
hillanus Cope. Proboscidia. Tetrabelodon : T. shepardii Leidy. Bibelo-
don: D. humholdtii Cuvier; D. tropicus Cope; D. prcecursor Cope. Bi-
plarthra. Equus: E. simplicidens Cope; E. cumminsU Cope', E. minutus
Cope. Platygonus Le Conte: P. hicaloaratus Cope; Pliauchenia Cope:
P. spatula Cope. Summary.

Chap. IV. — The fauna of the Equus Beds. Testudinata. Testudo Linn.;
T. laticaudata Cope; T. hexagonata Cope. Edentata. Mylodon: M. ?
sodolis Cope. Proboscidia. 'Elephas Linn. E. primigenius Blum. Biplar-
thra. Equus Linn.; E. tau Owen; E. semiplicatus Cope; E. excelsus
Leidy; E. major Bekay. Holemeniseus. E. hesternus Leidy; E. sulcatus
Cope; E. macrocephalus Cope. Summary of the species of the Equus Beds
of the Staked Plains.

“The results brought out by the report of Prof. Cope, which follow, are
the determination of the occurrence of both Tertiary and Quaternary de-
posits [in the region of the Llano Estacado], and that the forms of the

Record op Geology op Texas, 188'7-1896.

45

Cope, EdwIrd D.

Blanco and 'G-oodnight (beds not only present new species, but are strictly
intermediate between the Loup Fork and Bquus beds, and, as be says,
more strictly Pliocene in character than any of the interior lake deposits
heretofore described.

“'The paper here presented is therefore of importance, not only as defi-
nitely determining the ages of certain portions of the Plains deposits, but
as ,a valuable addition to our knowledge of these most interesting forms of
life which were the precursors of tho'se of the present.” From Introduction
by E. T. Dumble, p. 9.

50.

On the Genus Tomiopsis.

Proceedings of Amer. Phil. Soe., Vol. XXXI, pp. 317-318
1893.’

Tomiopsis — description of a tooth upon which the new genus is founded.

“The general characters of this tooth are those c^f mammal of the order
Bruta ( Edentata ) . It resembles no known form of the order, but might
be said to be intermediate between those of an armadillo and a sloth.”

iSipeeific characters.

“This animal left its remains in a bed of probably Neocene age, which
is exposed on the Lapara creek in Western Texas. It was associated with
the scales of Lepidosteus, and the bones of Trionyx and a tooth of a croco-
dile, which do not furnish an exact clue to the age of the formation.”
f The specimen was obtained by State Geologist Dumble.

51.

Description of a Lower J aw of Tetrabelodon sliepardii Leidy.

Proceedings of Acad, of Xat. 'Sciences, Phila., Pt. II, pp. 202-
204. Apr.-'Sept., 1893.

“This species ‘has been known hitherto by a third inferior molar only.
This has been described or figured at the following places of reference:

Mastodon shepardii Leidy, Proe. 'Acad., Philadelphia, 1870, p. 98; 1872,
p. 472. Cope, American Naturalist, 1884, p. 524.

Dihelodon shepardii Cope, Proc. Aaner. Philosoph. Soc., 1884, p. 5, par-
tim.

Mastodon ohservus Leidy, partim, (Report U. 'S. Geol. Survey Terrs., I,
ip. 330, pi. XX'I, 1873.

“A lower jaw of this species, lacking the condyles and supporting the
second and third true molars, was taken from the bluff in Crosby county,
Texas, from the same excavation that yielded the Pliauchenia spatula
Cope, and within fifty feet of that at which the tooth of the Dihelodon prae-
cursor was obtained^ It came into possession of Mr. M. M. Cox, of Esta-
cado, from whom I obtained it by purchase after my return from Texas.
The acquisition of this specimen is important as enabling me to determine
the true characters of the species* (Besides the last inferior molar, Leidy
has referred to it provisionally a fragment of a tusk, which, like the
molar, came from California.”

Description. Measurements of T. shepherdii.

46

Transactions Texas Academy op Science.

52. Cope, Edward D.

Observations on the Greology of A-djacent Parts of Oklahoma and
Northwest Texas.

Proe. Acad, of Nat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. I, pp. 63-68. Jan.-
Apr., 1894.

An account of an expedition in the interest of vertebrate paleontology
made during the summer of 1893. List of contributors to the expedition
fund. iThe month of July and thirteen days nf August occupied in explora-
tions in the 'Standing iRock and Lheyenne River Sioux Reservations in
North and South Dakota. Fossils obtained and localities visited.

Investigation of the Upper Permian Bad Lands of the 'Cimarron in
Oldahoma. 'The Cretaceous age of the formation which constitutes the
higher levels at the heads of the canyons tributary to the Cimarron. List
of Mollusks determined by Prof. Brown. Vertebrate remains.

‘T have never found Lepidotid fish remains in the Upper Cretaceous of
North America, while they are characteristically Lower Cretaceous and
Jurassic in Europe. The only occurrence of Lepidotid fishes so far rec-
ognized in North America is based on some teeth sent by Mr. Charles H.
'Sternberg in the Dakota sandstone of Kansas, and on the new species,
Macrepistius arenatus, from the Trinity bed of Texas discovered by Prof.
R. T. Hill. (See Journal of the Academy, Vol. IX, Part 4.)” P. 65.

Rocks corresponding (according to Brown) with the Comanche Peak
terrane of the Texas geologists.

The Permian Red Beds. Remnant of the Loup Fork or the Upper
Miocene.

‘^Wit'h the view of further determining the extent of the Comanche and
Loup Fork formations, we left Fort Supply and went by rail to Miami,
which is a village in Ro'berts county, of the Panhandle of Texas, south
of the Canadian river. For iseveral miles before reaching Miami, the
railroad runs between steep bluffs, which form the southern border of
the flood plains of the Canadian river, and are the escarpments of the out-
lying tracts and fingers of the Staked Plains. They are a'bout two hun-
dred feet in elevation, and include two hard strata, while the great mass is
sandy clay, or sand in a few localities. One of the indurated beds is at the
■summit of the blufi's, forming the surface of the plain, and is about six feet
in thickness. The softer argillaceous bed below it varies from fifteen to
fiity feet, when the second impure sandstone is reached, which has a thick-
ness of about eight feet. The one hundred and fifty feet below this is
friable, so that the construction of the escarpment is such as to keep it
more or less perpendicular. The general appearance of the bluffs is
closely similar to that of the Blanco beds at the typical locality one hun-
dred and fifty miles south, at the point where the Brazos river issues
from the iStaked Plains in the Blanco Canyon. In order to ascertain
whether this formation is the Blanco or the Loup Fork, which it resembles,
we examined the bluffs for a day and a half for fossils. 'They are rare
in that region, but I obtained, on the second day, teeth of both series of
a horse, Equus cumminsii Cope, whieh demonstrated at once that the
age is the Blanco. Mr. Brown found ^ camel bones which approach in

Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

47

Cope, Edward D.

dimensions those of the Blanco species, rather than those of the Loup
iFork; but the species could not be identified.

“On the succeeding day, we drove, thanks to Mr. K. T. Cole, of Mobeetie,
to the town of iMobeetie, in Wheeler county, eighteen miles S. E. of Miami.
The route takes the traveler across a part of the Staked Plains, and a
considerable distance before Mobeetie is reached, ravines belonging to the
drainage system of the tributaries of the 'Bed Biver are passed. We exam-
ined a number of these for a considerable distance without obtaining fos-
sils. As we passed fhe deserted Fort Elliott, near to Mobeetie, I examined
some sandy beds like thpse of the Upper Blanco beds, and obtained addi-
tional tooth fragments of Equus cumminsii and a second species of Equus,
(probably E. eurystylus, and fragments of teeth and other bones of unde-
terminable camels. We thus determined the extension of the Blanco bed
las far east as Mobeetie.

“The result of my observations on this, the northeastern border of the
(Staked Plains, is to the effect that this plateau to the north of the Bed
Biver, like that part to the south of it, belongs to the Blanco deposit,
giving the latter a north and south extent of two hundred and fifty miles.
It had been hitherto positively determined at the typical locality only,
that distance south of Miami, on the upper waters of the Brazos. From
this point to the Bed IBiver the formation appears to be continuous, and
the portion north of the Bed Biver now described not only has a close
physical resemblance to the portion south of it, but contains, as now
appears, fossils of the same age. (See Beport of the Geological Survey of
Texas for 189^, for reports by Cummins and Cope on the Blanco Terrane.)”

Examination of the Upper Permian at Tucker, 0. T., and Pleistocene
sands at Wellington, Kansas. Vertebrate remains near Hennessy, O. T.

53.

The Reptillian Order of Cotylosauria.

Proceedings of the Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. XXXIV, pp. 436-457;
pis. vii-ix. Phila., 1895.

■Characters of the Order. The Families of the Order, viz. : Elginiidae,
Parisauridae, Diadectidae, Pariotichidae. None of the species embraced
in the first two families are found in Texas. The following species, con-
stituting the Diadectidae, are from the Permian of Texas :( Diadectes
sideropelicus , Empedias molaris, E. fissus, E. phaseolinus, E. latihuccatus
and Chilonyx rapidens. The Pariotichidae: Isodectes megalops, Cope,
from the Permian of Texas. Description of Gaptorhinus angusticeps, sp.
nov. From Permian of Texas. Description of the genus Pariotichus,
Cope, P. hrachyops, Cope, P. incisivus, Cope, P. ordinatus, Cope, all from
the Texas Permian. Description of P. isolomus, Cope, sp. nov. Texas Per-
mian. P. aguti, Cope, P. hamatus, Cope, Pantylus cordatus, Cope, Texas
Permian, P. coicodus, Cope, sp. nov. Plypopnous, Cope, gen. nov. Hypop-
nous squosliceps, sp. nov. Permian of Texas.

Supplement.

'Some New Batrachia from the Permian Bed of Texas. Descriptions of
new species: Zatrachys micropththalmus, Z. conchigerus, Trimerorhachis
mesops, Diplocaulus magnicornis, D. limhatus.

48

Tra^^sactions Texas Academy of Science.

54. Ceagin, F. W.

Further N'otes on the Cheyenne Sandstone and hreocomian Shales.

Amer. CeologisC Vol. YII, pp. 179-181. Minneapolis. March,
1891.

“During the summer of 1890, and since my article Dn the Cheyenne
Sandstone and the Neocomian 'Shales of Kansas/ * * I have gath-

ered some additional data touching these formations.”

“ * * * I have been shown a locality on the Korth Canadian or

Beaver river, about longitude 100° 12' W., where both the larger and
smaller varieties of Gryphwa pitcheri occur in the Loup Fork Tertiary
conglomerate, some of the specimens showing very little wear, and bear-
ing witness to the former extension of the Keocomian over that region.”

“Occurrences reported to me from points not far northeast of Tascosa,
Texas, are probably referaible to the Keocomian.”

“I have also reconnoitered that portion of the ‘Cherokee Outlet’ and
‘Panhandle of Texas’ adjacent to the Cimarron river, and the Panhandle
extension of the .Santa Fe railway southwest to the main Canadian.
Loup Fork Tertiary sandstone, or more commonly the sandy decomposition
product of the same, cloaks the divides and their south slopes, resting
in general directly upon ‘red beds’ * * * ; yet the data in hand leave

little room to doubt that the lower JSTeocomian strata once prevailed from
the western border of McPherson county, Kansas, * * . to the foun-

dations of the Llano Estacado.”

“By the courtesy of Prof. Hill, of the Texas Geological Survey, I have
been able to traverse with him a course from Millsap, Texas, to Weather-
ford, and thence to Gr anbury, and thus to confirm his reference in 1889
(Ann. Kept, of Geol. 'Surv. of Ark., 1888, Vol. II, p. 115), of Nos. 5 and 6
of my Belvidere section to his Fredericksburg shale and Trinity sandstone,
respectively.”

“The paleontologic and lithologic identity of .No. 5 of my Belvidere section
with a certain shell-conglomerate occurring at Weatherford — the lowest
known Gryphiea-bearing horizon of Texas— is such as to warrant me in
asserting the essential chronologic equivalency of the two horizons.”

Discussion of Gryphwa pitcheri.

“The Cheyenne sandstone may be regarded as the much abbreviated rep-
resentative of the series of incoherent sandstones underlying the above
mentioned Weatherford shell- conglomerate, and outer o-pping between Mill-
sap and Weatherford in alternation with harder strata containing Pleuro-
cera, Nerinwa, and other forms, to the most of which southern Kansas
can show nothing similar. The upper and major portion of the basal
stratum of friable ferrugiiious-yellow and white sandstone seen on Grind-
istone creek and its tributaries a little east of Millsap, resting upon the
eroded Carboniferous — 'from the harder elements of which its basal con-
glomerate portion is derived— bears especial lithologic resemblance to a
very common phase of the Cheyenne sandstone.”

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS^-ISOG.

49

55. Ceagin, F. W.

A Oontril^iition to 'the Invertebrate Paleontology of the Texas
■Cretaceons.

Fonrth Annual Rept. of the Geol. 'Snrv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. II,
pp. 139-294; plates xxiv-xlvi, inclusive. x\ns‘tin, 1893.

Contents; Introduction. Discussion of 'G-enera and Species.

Coelenterata — Favia teooana sp. nov.

Eohinodermata — Ananchytes texana sp. nov. ; Gidaris dixiensis sp. nov. ;
Cyphosoma volanum sp. nov.; Diptloj^odia hilli, Clark; D. streeruvitzii sp.
nov. ; D. taffi sp. nov. ; D. texana, Eocm. Dumblea gen. nov. ; D. symmetrica
sp. nov. Echinohrissus texanus, Clark. Enallaster inflatus sp. nov. ; E.
texanus, Roem., Epiaster electus sp. nov.; E. elegans, Skum.; E. elegans,
var. nov. praenuntius; E. hemiasterinus sp. nov.; E. tohitei, Clark. Gonio-
2Wg'>^s zitteli, Clark. Hemiaster texanus, .Roein. Holaster completus sp.
nov.; H. nanus sp. nov.; H. simplex, Shum.; H. sup)ernus sp. nov.; Holecty-
pus charltoni sp. nov. ; H. planatus, Roem. ; H. transpecosensis sp. nov.
Leiocidaris hemigranosa, iShum., Orthopsis occidentalis sp. nov.; Pseudo-
diadema texanum, Roem. *Pyrina bulloides sp. nov.; P. parryi, Hall.
Salenia texana, Credn. ; Gidaris, sp.

Molluscoidea —

Bryozoa. Bifliistra hroivnii sp. nov. ; Poroeystis gen. nov,. P. prunifor-
. mis sp. nov.

Brachiopoda. Lingula shumardi sp. nov.

Mollusca —

Lamellibranchiata. Aguileria cumminsi, White. Anatina texana sp.
nov.; A. tosta sp. nov./ Area galliennei, var. nov. tramitensis ; A. [Trigon-
area) siouxensis, H. and M. Astarte ( ? Stearnsia) acuminata sp. nov.
Avicula leveretti sp. nov.; A. singleyi sp. nov. Gucullaea gracilis sp. nov.;
G. gratioti. Hill; G. tippmia. Con.; 0. terminalis. Con.; G. transpecosensis
sip. nov. GyjJremeria fexcavata, Mort. ; G. erassa, iMk. ; G. gigantea sp.
nov.; G. texana, Roem. Gyprina mediate. Con.; G. roemeri sp. nov.; G.
{fRoundairia) strecruvAtzi sp. nov.; G. texana. Con. Gytherea lamarensis,
iSlium.; G. leveretti sp. nov.; G. taffi sp. nov. Exogyra amerieana, Mareou;
E. columbella, Mk. ; E. drakei sp. nov.; E. ferox sp. nov.; E. hilli sp. nov.;
E. laeviuscula, Roem.; E. paupereula sp. nov.; E. plexa sp. nov.; E. weath-
erfordensis sp. nov. Gervilliopsis invaginata. White. Gryphcea gihherosa
sp. nov. Hippurites flahellifer sp. nov. Holocraspedum gen. nov. Ho-
momya jurafacies sp. nov.; E. solida sp. nov. Inoeeramus cumminsi sp.
nov.; I. multistriatus sp. nov. Isocardia humilis sip. nov. Lima generosa
sp. nov.; L. semilaevis sp. nov. Modiola filisculpta sp. nov.; AI. jurafacies
sp. nov. i¥. stoneioallensis sp. nov. Opis texana sp. nov. Ostrea alifera sp.
nov; 0. alifera var. nov. pediformis; 0. alternans sp. nov.; 0. bella, Con.;
0. hellaplieata, Shum.; 0. camelina sp. nov.; 0. earica sp. nov.; 0. cre-
nulimar g o, Eoem.', 0. crenulimargo var. nov. ston&wallensis ; 0. diluvvana,
Linn.; 0. franklini, Coq. ; 0. luguhris. Con.; 0. lyoni, Shum.; 0. perversa
sp. nov.; 0. p>lumosa, Mort.; 0. soleniscus, Mk. ; 0. suhovata, Shum.; 0.
subspatulata, Forbes. Pholadomya ingens sp. nov. ; P. postextenta sp.
nov. Plicatula dentonensis sp. nov.; P. incongrua. Con. Protocardium
2^endens sp. nov.; P. stonei sp. nov.; P. subspingerum sp. nov. Pteria
fsalinensis. White. Spondylus hilli, sp. nov. Tapes dentonensis sp. nov.

50

Transactioi^s Texas Academy of Science.

Cragin, F. W.

Trigonia clavigera sp. nov. ; T. concentrica sp. nov. ; T. securiformis sp.
nov. ; T. taffi sp. nov.; T. vyschetzkii sp. nov. Venus malonesis sp. nov.
Vola hellula sp. nov.; V. catherina sp. nov.; V. dupUcicosta, Roem. ; V.
lorightii, Shuin. Yoldia septariana sp. nov.

Gasteropoda. Anchera modesta sp. nov. Buceinatrix gen. nov. B.
regina sp. nov. Cerithium hosquensg, iShum. ; G. interlineatum sp. nov. ;
C. proctori sp. nov.; G. tramitenses sp. nov. Ginulia tarrantensis sp. nov.
Gylindrites formosus sp. nov. Fusus graysonensis sp. nov. Natica humi-
lis ap. nov. N. striaticostuta sp. nov. Nerinea hicoriensis sp. nov. N.
pellucida sp. nov.; N. volana sp. nov.. Neritina apparata ap. nov. Nerit-
opsis hiangulatus, IShum.; N. tramitensis sp. nov. Pleurotomaria macil-
enta sp. nov.; P. rohusta ap. nov. Rostellites pupoides sp. nov. Tricho-
tropis shumardi sp. nov.; Turhinopsis septariana sp. nov.; Turritella
coalvillensis, 'Mk. ; T. renauxiana, D’Orh.; T. seriatim- granulata, Roem.
Tylostoma ? mutabilis, Gahb.

Cephalopoda. Buchiceras incequiplicatus , Shum. ; B. sioallowvi, iShum.
Grioceras annulatus, iShuni. Hoplites roemeri sp. nov.; H. texanus sp.
nov. Nautilus texanus, Shum. P achy discus hrazoensis, Shum.; P. corn-
plexus, H. and M. Placenticeras syrtalis. Mart., var. nov. cumminsi.
Pulchellia hentonianum sp. nov. Soaphites septem-seriatus sp. nov.
Schloenhachia leonensis. Con. ; 8. peruviana. Von B. ; 8. pollgari, Mantell.
8phenodiscus dumbli sp. nov.; 8. emarginatus sp. nov.; 8. lenticularis,
Owen; 8. roemeri sp. nov.

Plates.

8erpula jonahensis sp. nov. based on illustration. Ostrea roanokensis
sp. nov. based on illustration.

56.

The Choctaw and G-rayiSon Terranes of the Arietina.

Colorado College Studies, 5th Ann. Pub., pp. 40-48. Colorado
Springs, 1894.

• “The ^ram’s horn oyster,’ Exyogyra arietina, F. Roemer, is the character-
istic fossil of a column of sediments, the so-called Exogyra arietina marl,
that in Hays, Travis and Williamson counties, Texas, consists mostly of
calcareo-argillaceous, and more or less ferruginous marl, and attains a
thickness of sixty to eighty feet, occupying the interval between the top of
the Washita limestone of Shumard and the base of the 'Shoal Creek Lime-
stone of Hill. ^ * From LAustin to the Red River valley, in Cook

and Grayson counties, the Arietina becomes, as Tatf has shown, gradually
reduced in thickness and decidedly more ■ calcareous. For this calca-
reous northern phase of the Arietina which, in the Red River valley, occu-
pies the entire interval between the summit of the Pawpaw clays of Hill
and the base of the Dakota sandstone. Hill has recently proposed the
name. Main-street Limestone.

“The Main-street Limestone, however, consists of two members.. Its dual
character has been independenitly determined in the field by the present
writer'., (But the members that compose it were first recognized as terranes
by Taff in his second Report on the Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado

.Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

51

Ckagin-, F. W.

river, who oorrolaited the upper member with the Shoal Creek (Vola)
Limestone.” DPp. 40-41.

The lower of the two members is termed the Choctaw Limestone. Its
occurrence. IFauna of Choctaw Limestone. ‘‘Perhaps the most marked
paleontological characteristic of the Choctaw Limestone is the plentiful
occurrence of Terehratula Wacoensis in association with Exogyra arie-
tina ” 'P. 42.

The second member, the Grayson 'Marls which rest conformably on the
limestone above mentioned and are succeeded unconformably by the Lakota
sandstone. Description of the Marls. Fauna. Table of the occurrence of
fossils in the Terranes of the Main-street Arietina.

57.

'D'escriptions of InYerteibrate Fo'Sisils from the Coimainehe Series
in Texas, Kansas, and Indian Territory.

Golorado College Studies., 5th Ann. Puh., pp. 49-68. Colorado
Springs, 1894.-

“The material described in this paper has been derived chiefly from the
Arietina beds of Northern Texas, a small part of it coming from rocks
of lower horizons and elsewhere. * * * ” The Kiowa Shales, explana-

tion of the term., For Choctaw limestone and Grayson Marl see preceding
title.

Astroeoenia nidiformis, sp. nov. Kiowa Shales, Belvidere, Kansas.
Eemipedina Gharltoni, sp. nov. Choctaw Limestone, near Denison, Texas.
Pecten inconspicuus, sp. nov. Pawpaw Clays, east of Denison. Vola
Frederickshurgensis, sp. nov. Comanche Peak limestone. Avicula dispar,
sp. nov. Grayson Marl, near Denison. Inoceramus comancheana, sp. nov.
Duck Creek Limestone, northeast of Denison. Inoceramus munsoni, sp.
nov. Duck Creek Limestone, northeast of Denison. Nucula chickasaensis,
sp. nov. Comanche P.eak Limestone, south of Overbrook, I. T. Gardium
quinordinatum, sp. nov. /Washita Limestone, near Georgetown., Rou-
dairia denisonensis , sp. nov. Grayson Marl, Denison. Pholadomya Rags-
dalei, sp. nov. Choctaw Limestone, southeast of Denison. Homomya
^oasMta, sp. nov. Grayson Marls, Denison. Tellina suhaequalis, sp. nov.
Pawpaw Creek, east of Denison. Gorhula crassicostata, sp. nov. Kiowa
iShales, Belvidere, Kansas. Margarita Brownii, sp. nov. Caprina Lime-
stone, Travis county. Neritotna Marcouana, sp. nov. Kiowa Shales,
Kiowa county, Kansas. Solarium chickasaense, sp. nov. Comanche Peak
Limestone, near Marietta, I. T. Turritella Denisonensis, sp. nov. Choc-
taw Limestone, east and southeast of Denis, on. Vanikoro propinqua, sp.
nov. Kiowa Shales, near Belvidere, Kansas. Anchura kioivana, sp. nov.
Kiowa 'Shales, Clark county, Kansas. Nautilus tmshitanus, isp. nov.
Common, Washita Limestone.

58. ( )

The Oolumhian Exposition. Kotos on some Mesozoic and Ter-
tiary Exhibits. The United States Geological Survey.

52

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cragin, F. W.

Editorial 'Comment.

Amer. Greologist, Yol. XI'II, pp. 185-189. Minneapolis,
1894.

That portion of the editorial relating to Texas paleontology is found
on pp. 186-189. It consists mainly of a criticism of the determination of
■certain species on exhibition by the U. S. geological survey.

59. Cummings^ Uriah.

Art. American Eock Cement. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S.
1895. 'hTonmetallic Prodncts, except coal.

Seventeenth iVnnnal Eeport of the U. S. Ceplogical Survey,
part III (continned).

(Eock Cement in Texas), p. 891. Washington, 1896.

'In a table showing the “Product of Rock Cement in 1894 and 1895,”
Texas is credited as follows:;

1894.

1895.

State.

Number
of Works.

Barrels.

Value.

Number
of Works.

Barrels.

Value.

Tfi-x-n.s...

1

13,000

$ 18,000

1

10,000

$ 17,000

60. Cummins, Duncan H.

Texas Gypsum Formation.

Science, Yol. XX, Xo. 516, p. 353. Dec. 23, 1892.

“The Texas beds extend over an area of upwards of six million acres.
'Extending from the north line of the State, south to the line of the Texas
and Pacific Railroad, the beds vary in thickness from that of a sheet of
paper up to seventy-five feet. The east line of the deposit passes Sweet-
water, on the line of the Texas -and Pacific Railroad in Nolan county.
The west line passes about twenty miles east of the /Staked Plains. The
greatest thickness of these beds is about nineteen hundred feet.”

'Six forms of gypsum are described, viz. : selenite, rose, massive, radiated,
fibrous, and alabaster. In addition there are gypseous marls and gyp-
siferous sandstones in great abundance.

61. Cummins, W. F.

Mining Districts in El Paso County.

Geol. and .Scientific Bulletin, Yol. I, Xo. 2. Houston, June,

1888.

“There are two principal mining districts in El Paso county, one of
them known as the Quitman Mountain district, and the other as the
Eiabolo district. The Quitman Mountain district is about eighty-five
miles southeast of the city of El Paso, and is on the south side of the

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1 896.

53

Cummins^ W. F.

iG. H. & 'S. A. R. R. iThe iDiaboIo 'Mountain district is about one hundred
and twenty-five miles east of El Paso- There are some other localities in
the county where there has been considerable prospecting done, and where
there will be found valuable properties no doubt, but for the present
nothing is being done to develop them. The Quitman district so far has
produced principally argentiferous galena; occasionally gold has been
found, but not in paying quantities. The mineral generally occurs in
veins traversing the country rocks. These veins are from a few inches to
several feet in width. The country rock is usually granite or porphyry.
The lower foothills are Cretaceous limestone. The vein material is some-
times quartz, sometimes carbonate of lime, and in other places it is car-
bonate of iron. There are some good veins of mineral in contact veins.
These contacts are between porphyry and limestone. The highest moun-
tains are composed of igneous rocks, while the limestones are at the base
of the miounjtains and dip at various angles, according to their proximity to
or remoteness from the general line of upheaval. The limestones on the
north side of the mountains belong to the 'Cretaceous formation. Elsewhere
I did not examine them sufficiently to determine their geological age.

. ****«■•» -JC-

“The other district I have mentioned, the Diabolo, is about eight miles
north of the line of the T. & P. R. R. The most of the ore taken from
that district has been shipped from Carrizo 'Stationj The ores of this dis-
trict are copper and silver- No galena, so far as I know, having been
found here. The ore occurs in well defined fissure veins, and in contacts.
'The veins are found traversing the country rock almost perpendicularly
in a northeast and southwest course. The country rock is a fine grained
red argillaceous sandstone, massive, showing no lines of stratification,
breaking with conchoidal fracture, and much broken up by atmospheric
influences. It has no fossils. It is overlaid by the rocks of the Carbon-
iferous formation, but never having seen any of the underlying strata, I
have been unable to determine to what geological formation this red sand-
stone belongs. The copper ores are gray copper ( tetrahedrite) , copper
pyrites, malachite, and azurite. These ores all carry more or less silver.
In the gray copper ores the silver is native, and yields a very large, per
cent.”

The OarboniferoTis Form'atioii in Texas.

Geol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, Ko. 3. Houston, July,
1888.

Extract: “I have seen the Carboniferous rocks as far south as Marble
Falls, in Rurnet county. The eastern boundary of this formation begins
at a point on Red River, near the northeast corner of Montague county,
thence through Wise county, crossing the Texas and Pacific Railroad near
the town of Millsap, and thence in a southwestern direction to the iColor-
ado river. The western boundary of the formation begins at a point on
Red River, near the northwest corner of Montague county, thence south-
westwardly, crossing the Texas and Pacific Railroad near iBafi’d, and
thence to the Colorado river, near the town of Ballinger. This coal field

54

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins^ W. F.

is a continuation of the coal fields of the Indian Territory, Arkansas and
iMissouri. The strata are composed, as in other 'States, of limestones,
sandstones, clay beds, shales and coal beds. The characteristic fossils of
the formation are very numerous,, and in a fine state of preservation. In
the northern part of this field the strata dip at a slight angle to the
northwest. In the middle portion the dip is at a small angle to the south-
west. In the extreme southern field the dip is almost directly to the
west.”

* * * * ■» * *

“There is a western Carboniferous field which is entirely beyond the
Pecos river. It is found in the IGuaidaloupe mountains, not only on the
eastern side, as was said by a writer in the June number of the Bulletin,
but on all sides of them. I have seen the rocks and fossils of the Car-
boniferous period in all the mountains north of the Texas and Pacific

Pailroad, in El Paso county. The formation does not extend very far on

the south side of said road. The mountains just north of the city of

El Paso are, on their south end, composed entirely of iCarboniferous rocks,
and give an exposure of nearly eight hundred feet of the strata. The
strata of this western field are very much disturbed, and dip at various
angles and in various directions, owing to the proximity or remoteness of
the locality to the line of Uipheaval. On the highest mountains I have
seen nothing on top of the Carboniferous, but the foothills are composed
of the Cretaceous, and in some places show the same disturbance or incli-
nation of strata as the underlying Carboniferous, This western Carboni-
ferous formation is entirely barren of coal, and 'I am of the opinion that
it is useless to look for coal in the Carboniferous rock of the western
district.”

63. ( ^ )

(The Western Area of the Carboniferous in Texas.)

Note.

The Amer. Geologist, Vol, II, p. 138. Minneapolis', Oct.,
1888.

“According to W. F. Cummins, the western area of the Carboniferous in
Texas is entiTely barren of coal, and in the foothills the overlying Cre-
taceous is found to dip conformably with the Carboniferous.”

Eeport of Geologist for Northern Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. First Kept, of Prog., 1888, pp.

45-53. Austin, 1889.

An account of the work begun October I, 1888, which was mainly
devoted to the .Carboniferous formation. Observations cbmfined to that
part of the 'State north of the Texas and Pacific railway and east of
the Pecos river. 'The Carboniferous formation including the Permian.
Eeport devoted to Upper and Lower Coal OMeasures. Direction of the
Carboniferous-Cretaceous contact on the east; of the Carboniferous-Per-
mian on the west. Thickness of Carboniferous strata. Timber growth.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

55

Cummins^ W. F.

Dip of strata. iCoal. No connected scientific observations regarding the
number or thickness of the seams. iFallacious notions. Extent of Coal
Fields. Number and thickness of seams. Counties. Difficulty of distin-
guishing coal seams. 'Seams 2 and 1. Lake 'Mine. Carson and Lewis
mine. Fossils of the adjoining strata. ISection of strata. Gordon mine.
Thickness of seam. Coal of (poor quality. Large p. c. of sulphur. Sec-
tion of strata. Johnson mine. Upbending of strata. Thickness of seam.
Palo Pinto 'mine. 'This mine also on seam 1. iSeams 3, 4, 5, and 6. Mine
at Cisco on seam 7. Thickness. 'Not profitable. 'Seams 8 and 9. Deca-
tur mine. Thickness of seam. 'Stephens mine. Thickness of coal. Water
in stratum above seam. Economic minerals. Iron ore. Building stone.
Limestones and sandstones. Clays. Lime. Conglomerate. Gravel. Min-
eral waters. Natural gas. Soils classified. Water supply.

65.

Report of.

First Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. Ixxxii-lxxxiii.
Austin, 1890'.

Administrative report. Instructed to make a detailed section of the
Carboniferous formation of Central Texas. Tookv the field at Lampasas,
March 13, with C. C. McCulloch, Jr., as assistant: General route fol-
lowed. Further instructions to make a similar investigation of the Per-
mian area. The Carboniferous-Permian contact. Route. N. F. Drake,
topographer. Difference in altitude between the lowest and the highest
Permian beds.

Tile 'Southern Border of the Central Coal Field.

First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 143-
182. Austin, 1890.

Contents : Descriptive Geology. — ‘Introduction. 'Cretaceous system.
Carboniferous. Conglomerate. Petrified wood. Caves. Conclusions.
Economic Geology. — ^Coal. Gas. 'Oil. Iron. Aragonite. iStrontianite.
Building stone. Marble. Clays. Lithographic stone. 'Soils. Water. —
Mineral water, salt water and water power. Irrigation. Rainfall. Tem-
perature. Timber.

“The exploration upon which this report is based extended over parts of
Lampasas, tSan 'Saba, Coleman, McCulloch, Concho, and Tom Green coun-
ties. 'The object of the trip was to secure such general information regard-
ing the section as would indicate the special lines of work that could be
most advantageously pursued in the detailed survey of this region.

“During the present expedition strata belonging to the ISilurian, Car-
boniferous, 'Cretaceous, and Recent systems have been observed, some of
which will be more fully mentioned under separate headings, but their
'boundaries must be left for more detailed work.

“The different formations have been identified either by their fossils or
by their relative positions in regard to other known strata. There is
great uniformity of structure in the individual strata of the several for-

56

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins, W. F.

mations over the entire field; so much so that one 'becoming fapiiliar with
the characteristios of a stratum in one place need have little trouble in
recognizing it elsewhere when found.

‘‘The strata of the Paleozoic group as observed along the route have a
general and uniform dip to the north and northwest, with little or no dis-
turbance, except in one or two instances, which are noted. The Mesozoic
strata, on the contrary, have a general inclination to the southeast.

“Few evidences of faults or folds of the strata in any of the formations
were seen, exceipt when they are in contact with the eruptive rocks. The
alternations of limestone, sandstone, and shales in the various formations
show that the periods of their deposition were attended with alternating
conditions of subsidence and elevation.

“The rocks of the Cretaceous system are found in contact with strata
of both the Carboniferous and 'Silurian, . showing that the 'Silurian and
Carboniferous strata had been tilted to the northwest before the Creta-
ceous period; and as the Cretaceous is found 'on or in contact with every
stratum of the Carboniferous and Permian, from the highest to the lowest,
there is little doubt that the Cretaceous strata at one time extended con-
tinuously from the foot of the 'Staked Plains to the Cretaceous beds on the
east, and that the -present exposure of the underlying Paleozoic group
is due to their subsequent erosion.

“The Cretaceous formation of this part of the State belongs entirely to
the Lower or Comanche series. The beds have a thickness of about 200
feet wherever seen, except on the upper South Concho river, where the
thickness increases to about 400 feet.’” 'Pp. 145-146.

“The Carboniferous system extends over the largest part of the country
examined during 'this trip, and to it the mO'St of the time was devoted.

“'No attempt is here made to separate the iSubcarboniferous from the
Carboniferous, dn fact, I am not certain that the Subcarboniferous for-
mation occurs. The strata of the entire series, so far as I observed them,
are conformable, and the fossils found in the lower part of the formation
were not characteristic of the -Subcarboniferous, but are those which are
for the most part embraced in the fauna of the coal measures. I am cer-
tain, however, that there is a section at least 400 feet thick, lower than
the strata of the coal 'measures which are found in the northern part of
the 'State.

“The Permian formation was clearly distinguished overlying the coal
measures on the west.

“The general dip of the strata of this system is to the northwest at about
30 feet to the mile, except near Lampasas, where the dip is to the northeast,
which may be accounted for either by the existence of an anticlinal in the
western part of Lampasas county, or possibly by faulting,

“The strata of the Carboniferous are composed of limestones, sandstones,
clay beds, and shales with three or more beds of coal. On top of the
measures in many places is a bed of conglomerate similar to that found
overlying the coal measures in the northern part of the iState.

“The measures are about 1600 feet thick, so far as examined, although
their Uipper part was not reached, lln many places the strata are so
deeply covered up with drift that it was imipossible to get a continuous

Record of Geology of Texas, 1 887-1 896.

57

Cummins^ W. F.

section, and the thickness is, therefore, estimated by the known dip of
the strata, where a section could not be made by actual measurement.
'Many sections were made at different localities, with the hope of being
able to secure a continuous section, but there are gaps that can only be
filled by estimates of thickness, based on dip and the distance occupied
by the wanting section. Enough, however, has been done to give a very
correct idea of this formation, which can be worked out more in detail
in the future.” P. 147.

67. ^ ^

The Permian, of Texas and its overlying Beds.

First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Snrv. of 'Texas, 1889, pp. 183-
197. Ausfin, 1890.

Contents : Description. The Wichita beds. The Clear Fork beds.

The Double Mountain beds. Overlying formations. — ^Dockum beds. Blanco
Canyon beds. Economics. — 'Soils. Fertilizers. Water. Bainfall. Build-
ing material. Timber. 'Salt. Copper. Iron. Gypsum.

“It is only intended in this report to give a resume of the work done in
the Permian formation in Texas, as well as an outline of the leading char-
acteristics of the formation as I have observed them, and also to draw
some conclusion in regard to the economics of the district, leaving to a
future report the work of giving these facts a fuller and more extended
explanation.

“The Permian formation in Texas embraces all that territory situated
between the Coal Measures on the east and the base of the iStaked Plains
on the west, except a line of di'seonnected hills extending from Comanche
county to Big 'Springs, ranging along the south side and almost parallel
- with the line of the Texas and Pacific Dailroad. These hills, at least
in theii’ upper members, belong to the (Comia,n,che serie's of ‘the Cretia-
ceous. There are also a few isolated hills north of the line of the Texas
and Pacific Railroad, such as the Double Mountains in the western part
of 'Stonewall county, whose tops are capped with the Tocks of the Creta-
ceous.

“The extreme southern limit of the Permian formation in Texas is a few
miles south of iSan Angelo, in Tom Green county. In that locality it is
only a few miles wide. It is covered on both the east and west sides in
that vicinity by the Cretaceous. (The formation widens constantly to the
northward, until at its broadest part it is not less than 150 miles wide.

“The stratification is conformable with that of the underlying Carbon-
iferous, and has a general dip to the northwest.

“The area underlaid by these beds is, as one would naturally suppose
from the cha;i-acter of materials of which they are made up (mostly sands
and clays, with interbedded sandstone and limestone), a beautiful rolling
country, cut here and there by smaller or larger creeks or rivers, with little
timber save along the streams, with broad valleys in places, and at others
precipitous canyons. Only where the heavy bedded limestones of the middle
division occur, or in the massive gypsum deposits of the upper beds, do we
find any bluffs of considerable height.

“This formation was first reported as Permian, in 18'5'2, by Profes'sor

58

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins^ W. F.

Jules Marcou, ^v;llo was at that itime geologist with the Pacific E^ailroad
iSurvey, from Fort Smith to the Pacific Coast.”

-X- * -X- * * -X- *

“The estimated thickness of the strata of the Permian is atout 2800
feet. A detailed section has been made across the formation, but a general
section has not yet been made up so as to determine the exact thickness
of the strata.

“The dip of the strata is about 40 feet per mile, north 45 degrees west.
At one locality the dip was calculated by an actual instrumental measure-
ment of ten miles, at another place of five miles, and at a great number
of places of smaller distances, so that the dip of the strata is well deter-
mined. 'It is only at the western edge of the Double Mountain beds that
there is any increase in the dip, and in that locality the strata are so much
distorted and folded that it was difficult to get long lines of observation,
so that the general dip could be determined with anything like certainty.
There were no faults found nor any evidence of eruptive disturbances.

“For convenience the strata are here divided intp three beds, whese
correlation with the Permian formation in other localities will not be
attempted in this report.

“Beginning with the lowest or eastern, we have:

1. IThe Wichita Beds.

2. The Clear Fork Beds.

3. The Double Mountain Beds.

“These beds, from the nature of their constituents and of their forma-
tion, so grade into one another that the exact line of demarkation is very
obscure, even if it can be found at all. This is no less the case with the
line between the Permian and the underlying Coal Measures. A separation
of these series from the Coal Measures is, however, based, first, on litholo-
gical differences; second, on fossil contents.

“The strata of the Coal Measures are not persistent in character on the
line of contact between that formation and the overlying Permian; and
yet in each locality there seems to have been a continuous sedimentation.
On the line of contact between the Coal Measures and the Wichita Beds,
from Bed iRiver iSiOuth to the Brazos, there are only sandstones in both
strata; yet there was a oonsiderable lapse of time between their depo-
sition, as is shown by the fact that the limestones, which at other places
constitute the highest beds of the Coal Measures, and which at those places
overlie the sandstones, are entirely wanting along the line of this contact.
\Further south, on the line of oontaet between the Coal Measures and
the Clear Fork Beds there are only limestones, which are apparently con-
tinuous in sedimentation, yet we know that such is not the ease, for only
a few miles north of this line of observation we find that the Wichita Beds
of the Permian underlie these Permian limestones.

“iThe fact of the want of continuity of sedimentation between the Coal
Measures and the Clear Fork Beds is shown also by the fauna of the two
beds. The fauna of tbe iCoal Measures limestones, which lie directly below
the limestones of the Clear Fork Beds, is abundant and consists of such
characteristic forms as Productus semi-reticularis, Ghcetetes gracilis, Schi-
zodus wheeleri, Allorisma sub-cuneata, Hemipronites crassus, etc., but
they almost fade out before they reach the top of the series, and only a few

Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

59

Cummins^ W. F.

species pass up into the overlying limestones of the Permian, and other
species of newer type take their places. The same may toe said of the
fauna on the line of contact between the Coal Measures and the Wichita
Beds.

“The iDoutole Mountain Beds do not reach the Coal Measures at any
point, tout lie confo.rmatoly upon 'the Clear Fork Beds. The Clear Fork
Beds are the only ones that reach the southern extremity of the Permian
district. .

“The Permian Beds are overlaid on the west toy the Jura-Trias ( ?) and
Cretaceous- It is evident from the remaining touttes and ranges of Cre-
taceous hills that the entire Permian and Carboniferous strata were at
one time covered by the Cretaceous, at least along the southern portion of
the district. Erosion has again removed these strata and exposed the
older beds.” Pp. 185-187.

(38. ^ and Leech, Dr. Otto.

A Geological Survey of the Concho Country, State of Texas-.

A-mer. Geologist, Vol. V. pp. 321-335. 'Minneapolis, June,
1890'.

The country takes its name from the Concho river. iSituation: West
of the 100th meridian and between the 31st and 32d parallels of north
latitude. iSan Angelo, the chief town- Drainage and topography: 'North
Concho river; Main -Concho; Spring and Dove creeks; iSouth Concho and
Colorado rivers. 'Source and fall of the streams. [Relation of topography
to geology- (River valleys, plateaus, etc. (Geology. Alluvium. Drift.
Local beds of conglomerate. Lacustrine Deposits. The Cretacic. Posi-
tion. Dip. Topography. Character of deposits. The group here exposed
is called Comanche series by Hill. 'Section on 'South Concho, 20 miles
south of 'San Angelo. List of fossils. The Permian: Position and dip;
Commingling of Carbonic and newer forms of life; Color of deposits and
other Characters; Gypsum beds along the Colorado river. Estimated
thickness of the Permian. 'Section of the Permian; List of fossils. Eco-
nomic Geology. Climate. Movement of the air. Table. Table showing
the average temperature together with the highest and lowest points re-
corded during each month since April, 1868, at Fort Concho, (San Angelo.
North winds. Temperature. Rainfall. Table showing rainfall at San
Angelo since April, 1868. Water of the rivers. iSubterranean water.
Depth. , iSeoti'Ons of wells. Artesian wells. (Salt and other mineral wells.
'Soils. -Building material. Quicklime. Cement. Clay. Irrigation.
Grasses. Timber.

69.

Report of.

Second Ann. Rept. of Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xeviii-
ci. Austin, 1891.

Administrative Report on work do'ne between January I, and Decem-
ber 31, 1890, which began at Dookum, Dickens county, and ended at Lam-
pasas. Route followed. Area surveyed Permian and Carboniferous. Re-

60

Trat^^sactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Cummins^ W. F.

€onnaissanee of tlie Wichita 'Mountain country, Indian Territory. The
opinion is expressed that the Dockum Beds are the same as the S'hinarump
Beds of Hayden, a inemher of the Triassic formation in Arizona, and that
the beds constituting the upper part of the 'Staked Plains are Tertiary.
No reason to change opinion that all the strata from the Coal Measures
to the Dockum Beds belong to the Permian. Mr. N. P. Drake had charge
of the topographic work.

70.

• Eeport on tFe Geology O'f Northwestern Texas.

Second Ann. Eopt. of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 357-
552; 14 plates; map; 6 figures. 'Austin, 1891.

Contents:. Introduction. Part I. Stratigraphic Geology. — 'Silurian-
Devonian; Suh-Clarhoniiferous ; Cairhoniferous ; Permian; Triassic; Tertiary.
Part 'II. ''E'oonomic Geology — 'Coal; Natural Gas; Salt; Copper ore; Iron
ore; Gypsum; iBuilding stones; Building materials; Agriculture; Archaeol-
ogy. Part III. iDeseription of Counties. — ^Young county: Coal; Topogra-
phy and Drainage; Geology; Soils, Timber and Water; Building Material;
'Iron ore; Salt. Montague county: Topography and Drainage; Geology;
Soil; Timber, Water, and Building Material; Coal; Copper and Galena.
Jack county: Drainage and Topography; Geology; Soil, Timber and
Water; Building Material; 'Coal. Wise county: Topography and Drain-
age; Geology, and Soil; Timber, Water, and Building Material; Coal;
Other Minerals. Parker county : Coal. Palo Pinto county : Topography
and Drainage; Geology; Soil and Timber; Water and Building Material;
Natural Gas; CoaL Stephens county: Topography and Drainage; Geol-
ogy; Soil; Timber and Water; Coal. Brown county:' Topography and
Drainage; Geology; Soil; Timber, Water and Building Material; Oil;
Coal. Eastland county: Coal. Coleman county:* Topography and
drainage; Geology; Soil, Timber, and Water; Building Material; Oil and
Natural Gas; Coal. Appendix. Hadrophyllum aplatus.

“The following table will show the formations in this portion of Texas, as
I have observed them, as compared with the table taken from Dana’s Man-
uel of Geology, which will give a definite idea of what I intend to represent
by the various divisions and subdivisions:

Dana.
Eecent . . . .
Tertiary .
Cretaceous

Texas.
.... Eecent.
, . . Tertiary.
Cretaceous.

Juriassic

Triassic Triassic.

Permian Permian.

iOarboniferous Carboniferous.

Sub-Carboniferous ?

Devonian

Silurian .. . .' Silurian.

“The above table gives the geolegical formations of the northwestern part
of the State as I now understand it. I have confined my work largely to

t

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z.-ISQG. 61

Cummins, W. F.

the Peranian and Carboniferous formations, giving only such attention to
the other memhers of the section as was necessary to determine the relation
of the Permian and Carboniferous formations to the overlying and under-
lying series, and to enable me to determine with accuracy the extent of
these two formations in this part of the iState.

On Plate VI, I have given a columnar section of the strata (higher than
the Devonian) in northwestern Texas, with the provisional divisions which
I have made of them.'’ Pp. 359-360.

PLATE VI.

{Without the conventional signs indicating the character of the deposits.)

Thick-

ness.

DIVISIONS.

Tertiary.

200

Blanco Canyon.

Triassic.

125

Dockum.

S3

2075

Double Mountain.

a'

<D

1975

Clear Fork.

hLt

1800

Wichita.

1180

Albany.

<D

f.-

13

m

c3

840

(Coal Bed No. 7.)
Cisco.

930

Canyon.

(U

3000

Strawn.

o

o

lOOQ

(Coal Bed No. 1.)
Millsap.

140

Bend

220

‘‘The ^Silurian lies along the southwestern border of the iCarboniferous
[P. 360.

“The Devonian is entirely wanting along the lines of contact between
the Cairboniferous and the older rock, so far as d have been able to deter-
mine., I have not seen this formation anywhere in the 'State, yet it may
exist.” P. 360.

“r,rom all the evidence 'I have been ,able to secure in the course of my
work in this district I am forced to the iconelusiion that up to the present
no iSub-Carboniferous rocks have been discovered.” P. 367.

Report of (for 1891).

Second Report of Progress, Geological Survey of Texas,, 1891,
pp. 27-42. Austin, 189'2.

62

Traistsactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins, W. F.

Contents : 'Introduction. Boundary of the Staked Plains. To.pograiphie
Features. Grcology of the Staked Plains. Geological Features West of the
Staked Plains. (Water Supply; Bakes, Springs, Streams. Water north
and west of the Staked Plains. Wells. Artesian Water on the Staked
Plains. Section (145 feet). Artesian Water west of the Pecos Piver.
Minerals. The Trinity sands as a prohahle source of Artesian Water
supply. Agriculture. Painfall. Irrigation.

“The territory embraced in this resume includes those portions of the
State of iTexias and Territory of New Mexico known as itbe ‘Llano Estacado,
or Staked Plains.’

“It is intended only to show such results of my geological observationB,
as to the general character and economic resources and capacities of the
district, as are considered definitely settled at the close of the field work,
and it is intended to follow this brief statement with a more amplified and
specific report in the future.” P. >27. •

, The Texas Meteorites.

Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, No. 1,

pp. 14-18. Eead April 2, 1892.

“In the earlier part of this century several large fragments of metallic
iron were discovered in the area now known as Texas, which have been
given the collective name of The Texas Meteorites, and, both on account
of their size and composition, are as interesting as any that have been
found. Ais the history of the ifinding of these maisseis is not very well
known, I propose to give a brief detail of it in this paper.”

One of these fragments known as the Texas Meteorite, is in the Yale
Museum, another is in the geological and mineralogical collection of the
(University of Texas, and the third, at one time in the Texas State collec-
tion, has disappeared.

73.

Keyiew of K. T. HilFs Report oii Artesian! Wafer in Texas.

Pamphlet of 44 pages ; no date (1892?).

A criticism rather than a review.

74. and Bumble, E. T.

'See Bumlde and Cummins.

The Bonhle Mountain Section.

Amer. Geol., Vol. IX, pp. 347-351 ; 1 pi. Minneapolis, June,

1892.

75. —

Report of.

Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1891, pp, Iv-lvii.

Austin, 1892.

Administrative Report of the Geologist for Northern Texas, The Field •
work for 1891 “was to trace the Carboniferous formation to its farthest

REc6:feD OF Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

63

Cummins^ W. F.

outcrop in Central Texas, and to determine the northern extension of the
Cretaceous strata along the eastern escarpment of the iStaked Plains, as
well as to traced ahd determine the extent of the Dockum and Blanco Can-
yon beds and their relation to the underlying strata.” The question of
lArtesian water on the ‘Staked Plains. Personnel of the party. JST. P.
Drake, Topogriapher and LALSsistant Geologist; D. H. Cummins, Assistant
Geologist. Route followed.

76.

Report on the Geography, Topography, and Geology df the Llano
Estacado ot 'Staked Plains.

Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. 'Snrv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 127-
200'; 3 plates; 1 figure; map by W. F. Cummins and IST. F. Drake.
Austin, 1892.

Contents: Origin of the Name (Llano Estacado) . (Topography: Can-
yons; Sand Hills. Geology:: Previous Work (Mareou, 1853; George G.
Shumard, 1855; Blake, 1854; Cummins, 1889; Cummins, 1890) ; Work of
the Past Season: (iSections made at various points along the route) ;
Quaternary; Tertiary; Cretaceous; Triassic. (See also Stratigraphy of
the Triassic Pormation in Northwest Texas, by N. P. Drake) . Economic
Geology: Wate'r; Lakes and Pools; Springs; Artesian Water. Descrip-
tion of Counties:' Armstrong, Borden, Bailey, Briscoe, Cochran, Crosby,
Castro, DawsiOn, Deaf Smith, Floyd, Gaines, Garza, Howard, Hockley, Hale,
Lynn, Lamb, Ldibbock, Oldham, Parmer, Potter, Randall, Swisher, Terry,
Yoakum, Midland, Rector, Martin. Agriculture: Soils, Natural Growth,
Climate, Rainfall, Fruit Growing, Vineyards, Prunes. Fuel.

“The name Llano Estacado, or Staked Plains, is applied to the high
plateau in tlie northwestern part of Texas and eastern New Mexico. It
is situated between 100 and 103 degrees west longitude, and 30 and 35
degrees north latitude. The plateau terminates abruptly on three sides,
the east, north, and west, in 'bold, precipitous escarpments ranging in
height from one hundred and fifty to four hundred feet. On the south side
the descent is more gradual, and the boundary not so well defined. It is
but a remnant of a once very extensive area, reaching from its present term-
dnus on the' South far to the northward, and from the Guadaloupe Moun-
tains on the we'st to an unknown shore-line east of its present limit, as is
clearly indicated by the extensive plains now lying north beyond the
Canadian river, east between the headwaters of the Colorado, Brazos and
Red rivers, and west beyond the Pecos. At present the plateau extends
irregularly one hundred and sixty-five to two hundred miles from east to
west, and about two hundred miles from north to south.

“The following is la more definite statement of the boundary of the area,
taken from observations made during the past year’s field work: Begin-
ning at Big 'Springs, in Howard county, north to Gail, in the center of
Borden county ; thence north to Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos, near
where the west line of* Garza county crosses the river; thence northwest to
(Salt Fork of the Brazos, near the south line of Crosby county; thence
northeast ahd north, passing fifteen miles west of Matador, passing Con-

64

Teansactiois^s Texas Academy of Scieistce.

Cummins^ W. F.

nellee’s peak, and crossing Pease river to the Quitique ranch. 'At ten
miles further north the foot of the Plains turns almost ahmptly west,
caused by the erosion of the Palo Duro canyon. ;The high plateau can
he seen to the northwest at about twenty miles distance; thence almost
directly north, crossing the Port Worth and Denver '.City .Railroad at iG-ood-
night, and thence north to a few .miles south of the Canadian river: thence
turning westward parallel with the Canadian river and at a distance of
from ten to twenty miles from it, trending southward to the west line of
Texas, in Oldham county; thence a little south of west to a point south
of Tucumcari mountain, in New .Mexico; thence westward about twenty
miles to the northwest corner of the Plains ; thence a little east of south,
parallel with the Pecos river, and at a distance of twenty-five to thirty
miles east of it, to the Horsehead crossing, at the southeast corner of
Ward county.

“Within these limits is embraced the territory of the 'Staked Plains,
except that of the southern extension, which can hardly be determined,
from the fact that the surface of the country descends so gradually in
that direction.”

-JC- ^E-

“The IStaked Plains is one immense plateau with a gentle inclination
from northwest to southeast. It is so level apparently as to produce the
peculiar appearance of being up-, hill in every direction, and its inclination
is only determinable by instrumental measurements. The following alti-

tudes show the gradual slope:

Clarendon, east of the northeast corner of the Plains 2734 feet.

Amarillo, on the edge of the Plains in northeast 3630 feet.

Top of the Plains at Fossil Creek, extreme northwest 4520 feet.

Top of Tucumcari mountain, west of last point 4720 feet.

Midland, in southeast, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2780 feet.

Warfield, west of Midland, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2875 feet.

Odessa, west of Warfield, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2900 feet.

Duro, west of Odessa, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 3100 feet.

Monahan’s west of Duro, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2600 feet.

Crossing on Pecos river, on Texas and Pacific Railroad 2590 feet.

“Besides the canyons which traverse the Plains in several directions,
there are several pernifinent lakes containing both salt and fresh water,
and depressions in whioli rain water collects and stands for several months
at a time. The only other diversity breaking the wide monotonous level
are some drift sanddiills raised by the winds in the southwest.” Pp.
129-133.

FTotes on the Geology of the Oonntry west of the Plains.

Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Snrv. of 'Texas, 1891, pp. 201-
223. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Tucumcari, New Mexico. (Extracts from Marcou and Hill
bearing upon the Jurassic Age of the Tucumcari Beds. Discussion.) Val-
ley of the Pecos. Carboniferous; Permian; Triassic; Cretaceous; Ter-

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISOG.

65

Cummins, W. F.

tiary. Economic Geology.. Iirriga'tion in the Pecos Valley. Soils and
Waters of the Pecos Valley.

“In the prosecntion of my work as Geologist for ISTorthern Texas on the
'State Geological iSurvey, I found myself within a few miles of the locality
[Turn car i, N. M.], and as it was a matter of interest to .acienee in general,
and to Texas geology in particular, 1 went there and made examinations
of the strata oonsitituting the Tucumcari beds and their relation to the
surrounding strata. I made a large icollection of the invertebrate fossils,
as well as some of the fossil flora.” P. 203.

“The reason for referring the Tucumcari beds to the Washita division
of the 'Cretaceous is based upon the ipaleontology of the beds. .During my
explorations in that vicinity, il collected a .great number of fossils, which
are now in the museum at /Austin. While the lithological character and
stratigraphical posiition of beds .in 'certain cases may be very import-
ant factors in determining the age of the strata, yet it seems to me, where
paleontological evidence can be had, it is by far the most conclusive.

“In 1861, Marcou wrote and published ‘Notes on the Cretaceous and
Carboniferous 'Eocks of Texas,’ in the Proceedings of the (Boston Society
of Natural History, Vol. VIII, January, 1861. In that article, after
reviewing what Dr. Benjamin Shumard had written about Marcou’s identi-
fication of the fossils found by him at Tucumcari with European Jurassic
fossils, he says: can only express the wish that when Dr. iShumard

goes to Pyramid /Mount he may find more fossils than I did, and if any
of them are Cretaceous and below the Gryphwa tucumcari bed, I am ready
to yield to such proof.’

“I did not find the Cretaceous fossils below the Gryphwa beds, but I
found them in the beds, associated with the fossils found and described
by Marcou. I believe if Marcou had seen the fossils I have collected he
would not have hesitated to place the Tucumcari beds in the Cretaceous.

“The following is a list ef the fossils collected by me from the .Tucumcari
beds in the vicinity of Tucumcari and Pyramid mountains.

Gryphwa dilatata, A^ar. Tucumcard, Marcou.

Ostrea marshii, as determined by Marcou.

Gryphwa pitcheri, Morton.

Exogyra texana, Eoemer.

Ostrea quadriplicate, 'Shumard.

Trigoma emoryi, Con.

Cardium hillanum, iSow.

Cytherea leonensis, Con.

Turritella seriatim granulata, Eoem.

Pinna, sp.

Ammonites.

Pecten. ^

“These fossils at once .show the age of the strata from which they were
taken, leaving out of conisideration for the present the first two in the
list.

“The Exogyra texana, Eoem., is found only in the Cretaceous, extending
from the base of the Fredericksburg division into the Washita division.

66

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins, W. F.

Neither it nor its congener in Euroipe has ever heen reported from the
Jurassic.

^‘Ostrea quadri/plicata, >Shumard, is very numerous in the Washita divis-
ion of the 'Cretaceous, and has never been found elsewhere. The 0. crenu-
linaryo, Roemer, which is a very similar though specifically distinct form,
comes from a lower division.

‘‘Trigonia emoryi, Conrad, has been found in the Washita division of the
Cretaceous.

“Gardium hillanum, iSowerby. This fossil has been reported frotm the
Washita division.

“Cytherea leonensis, Conrad, is a Cretaceous fossil found only in the
Washita division.

“Turritella seriatim granulata, Roem., is a Cretaceous fossil described
from the .Fredericksburg division.

“Oryphcea intclieri, 'Morton, ranges from the middle of the Fredericks-
burg division to the top of the Washita division. This fossil is so different
from the G. d/ilatata, var. Tucumcmd, Mar,, that notwithstanding they are
found in the same bed, there was not the slightest difficulty in distin-
guishing one from the other.

“The only representative of the fossil flora we found was in the sandstone
above the bed of blue clay, bed ‘F’ of Marcou’s section. * *

“This single specimen, taken from ithese beds, even if there was no other,
is sufficient to establish the fact that the strata are no older than the Cre-
taceous, dt is true that, as a general thing, the whole of a flora or fauna
of strata ought to be examined before one can say definitely the age to
which the strata belong, yet there are eases when the sub-divisions may be
definitely determined by a single specimen. This matter is so clearly stated
by Lester F. Ward in a late paper that I quote the following extract:

“ ‘The great types of vegetation are characteristic of the great epochs in
geology. This principle is applicable in comparing deposits of widely dif-
ferent ages where the stratigraphy is indecisive. For example, in rocks
that are wholly unknown even a small fragment of a carboniferous plant
proves conclusively that they must be Paleozoic, or a single dicotyledonous
leaf that they must be as late as the Cretaceous,’

“While the Jurassic and Cretaceous are not widely separated, and both
are in the Mesozoic, yet some of the plants are so widely different that a
single specimen would be sufficient to determine that the age was no
earlier than the Cretaceous.” Pp. 208-209.

Coal Fields of Texas.^^

Manufacftnrers^ Eeeord, 'Baltimore^ Mare'll 10, 1893, pp. 112-
113.

This article is mainly a criticism of Professor Hill’s statement regard-
ing “The Coal Fields of Texas,” as published in the Mineral Resources
of the United States for 1891 (Washington, 1898), and reprinted in the
above journal for Jan. 13, 1893.

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

67

79. Cummins, W. 'F.

T'ueumcari Mountain.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. XI, pp. 375-383. Minneapolis, June,
1893.

Location of Tucumcari Mountain. iConfusion as which butte should bear
the name of 'Big .Tucumcari. The author endeavors to show that Prof.
Marcou was in error in his designation, and that his claim of priority in
the matter of names is invalid. A plate gives a fac-simile of Marcou’s map.

80. ^

See Dumble, E. T., and Cummins, W. F.

The Kent Section and Gryphaea Tucumcari, Marcou.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. XII, pp. 309-314. Minneapolis, Xov.,
1893.

81. —

Xotes on the Geology of Xorthwest Texas.

Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I,
* pp. 177-238; 5 plates of sections. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Introduction. General Geology: Seymour Beds; Wild

Horse Creek; Pecos Valley; Lake on Plains; Tule Ranch; Tule Canyon;
Forks of Groesbeck; Good Creek; Three miles East of Kiowa Peak;
'McDonald’s Creek; List of Pleistocene and Recent 'Shells; Tabular View
of Occurrence of Shells. Tertiary: Conditions of the Country at the
beginning of the Tertiary; Tule Division; Blanco Beds; Goodnight Divis-
ion; Loup Fork., Cretaceous: Localities of Fossils. Permian: Wichita
Division; Clear Fork Division; Double Mountain Division. Economic
iGeology : Copper.

^Tn submitting this report of the work done during the past year, I
have thought it advisable to give a brief itinerary of the trip, in order to
more definitely describe the localities visited and show their relation to
each other.

‘Tt had been demonstrated during my previous trip to the 'Staked Plains
that there were different epochs of the Tertiary represented in the strata,
and that a correct understanding of their relations could only be secured
by a systematic collection of the fossils and a complete stratigraphic sec-
tion. It was known that the Loup Fork beds, as well as their recognized
fossils, occurred in places along the Canadian river, in the northern part
of the Panhandle of Texas; that the Blanco beds, a terrane higher than
the Loup Fork, were at Blanco Canyon; and that a still newer formation
than the Blanco was situated to' the west; yet their exact location and
extent had not been definitely determined.

Ht was also desirable to have a more extensive collection from the
Triassic formation, of which the principal outcrop in Texas is at the base
of the eastern escarpment of the 'Staked Plains., I was also instructed
to make a more extensive collection of the fossils from the various hori-
zons of the Permian strata, giving special attention to the invertebrates
and to the flora.

68

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Cummins^ W. F.

“The route of travel was, therefore, selected s-o as to enable me to make
consecutive o'bservations of the stratigraphy of the Triassic, to visit the
beveral loealities where the Tertiary fossils were known to exist, as well as
other localities likely to furnish fossils of that formation, and at the same
time to collect fossils from the Triassic without making a special trip
for that purpose, and then be in a position to go into the Permian wiith
as little travel as possible.

“Prof. E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia, the eminent vertebrate paleontologist,
had volunteered to accompany me on the expedition and assist in making
collections. His offer was gladly accepted, and he was with me part of
the summer, and rendered invaluable .service.

■K- ■»■»*** *

“'We traveled northward along the eastern escarpment of the Staked
Plains as far as the town of Dickens, in Dickens county, a distance of
about 150 miles; thence up Planeo Canyon to Mount Blanco; thence east
across the higher plateau, and reached the eastern edge of the Staked
Plains at Dutchman creek; thence northward along the base of the Plains
to Clarendon; thence west to IGrOodnight and the mouth of Mulberry Can-
yon, and south to the mouth of Palo Duro Canyon; thence up the south
side of the canyon to its head, twelve miles south of Amarillo. Prom
Amarillo we went south to the head of Tule Canyon, in Swisher county,
a distance of about seventy-ffve miles; thence down the north side of that
canyon to its confluence with Palo Duro Canyon, and thence to. Clarendon.
This completed tJie exploration of the Tertiary and Triassic. Erom Clar-
endon we traveled southeast to Quanah, a distance of 100 miles; thence,
turning southwest, crossed Pease river at the mouth of Catfish creek;
thence south to the head of Oood creek, and down that creek to its junc-
tion with the north prong of the )Big Wichita river; thence, turning south-
eastward, down the divide between the Big Wichita and Beaver creek, went
as far as the northeast corner of Baylor county; thence south, near the
east line of Baylor county, to the Brazos river. Crossing the Brazos, we
turned southwestward up Miller’s creek to its source, and thence west
back to the Brazos, recrossing it a few miles east of Kiowa Peak, in the
northeast corner of Btonewall county, and thence to the iSalt Fork of the
Brazos, and up that stream to the mouth of Salt Croton creek, and up that
creek to the Falls,

“From this point we traveled north to the town of Guthrie, the county
seat of King county, situated on the south prong of the Big Wichita river;
thence turned eastward through the towns of Benjamin, (Seymour, Archer,
and Henrietta, to the eastern edge of the Upper Cross (Timbers; thence
turning southward, we passed through Bowie, Decatur, and Lewisville to
Arlington; in the eastern edge of ’Tarrant county, where I disbanded my
party and sent my camping outfit into iwinter quarters near Austin, having
been in the field six months.” Pp. 179-180.

82. ^

A Question of Priority.

Amer. Gi-eologist, Vol. XV, pp. 395-396. Manneapolis, June,
1895.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

69

Cummins^ W. F.

Mr. Cummins here offers a vigorous protest against the substitution of
‘Talo Duro” for his term “Goodnight,” which appears in a paper on “The
later 'Lacustrine Formations of the West,” read by Professor W. B. Scott,
an abstract of which appears in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of
America, Vol. V, p. 94 (1894), and in several places in the Fourth Edition
of Dana’s Manual of Geolo^gy. Mr. Cummins contends that inasmuch as
he both discovered and described the beds, which occur five miles south-
west of the town of Goodnight, in Armstrong county, Texas, and collected
the fossils described by Professor Cope, and inasmuch as the beds do not
occur in or near Pala Duro Canon, that his name of “Goodnight Beds”
should stand by right of priority, and that it would be a ihisnomer to
call them “Palo Duro.”

'See Scott, W. B., “A Question of Priority,” No. 348.

So. Curtice, Cooper.

Discussion of R. T. HilFs paper on Comanche Series of the
Texas- Arkansas Region.^’

Bulletin Geol. Soc. of America, Vol. II, pp. 527-528. 1891.

“To what has already been said in regard to the erosion of the escarp-
ment surrounding the central basin of Texas, I wish to contribute the fol-
lowing remarks:

“In going from Burnet, Texas, situated on the edge of the escarpment,
southward to Marble Falls, on the Colorado river, one successively crosses
the following strata: lower Cretaceous, Burnet Marble series (either Car-
boniferous or Silurian), Potsdam, Capitol granites, and Carboniferous.
The Burnet Matble appears to abut against the Potsdam sandstone. The
sandstones rest horizontally upon the granites, and their lower beds are
made of small masses of feldspar and quartz entirely like that of the
granitej The summits of the sandstone beds rise over a hundred feet higher
than the Carboniferous at iShinbone ridge, which they approach to within
a couple of miles.

“The semi-crystalline limestones of 'Shinbone ridge abut against the
granites, but dip away from them. Carboniferous fossils were found within
a very short distance from the contact in an abandoned prospect hole.
(These limestones were on a level with the granites, or about on a level
with the base of the Potsdam sandstone.

“On the road westward from Burnet to Bluff ton the following exposures
were observed: Near /Spring creek, a contact of the Burnet marble with
Potsdam (Lwpwiu-bearing) sandstones, with the Potsdam lying on gran-
ites ; between (Spring creek and Clear creek, apparently stratified granites ;
at Clear creek, upturned Paeksaddle schists, with inclosures of the gran-
ites. (The granites underlying the Potsdam and intrusive into the Pack-
saddle schists were apparently of the same, mass.

“Potato hill lies about a mile north of fhe Clear creek crossing and two
miles west of the escarpment. It is entirely composed of Potsdam sand-
stone, and its top is on a level with the crest of the adjacent escarpment.
Its .strata dip gently toward the northwest. • Conocephalites tripunctatus
(or roemeri) , a fossil peculiar to the middle of the Potsdam series, occurs
in its topmost bed. At the foot of the escarpment, a little north of east

70

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Curtice, Cooper.

of Potato hill, Potsdam shales lie in contact with Burnet marbles. To-
wards the top of the escarpment fossils said by Professor Hill to be from
the horizon of the Trinity sands, the base of the 4,000 feet of Cretaceous
strata, are quite plentiful. These are about on the level of the Potsdam
fossils not two miles away.

“The contact of the Carboniferous with granites, which are overlain by
horizontal sandstones, and of the Potsdam sandstones and shales with
Burnet marbles at three different localities, suggest the presence of a
system of faults — vertical displacements — which must be taken into
■account while considering the level of the central area when the Creta-
ceous was deposited.

“The , injection of granitic material into the Packsaddle schis'ts; the clean,
fault-like contact of the ‘'Shinbone’ Carboniferous with the granites; and
the apparent formation of the lower beds of the nearly horizontal strata of
the Potsdam from the decomposed constituents of the underlying granites,
all point out the post-Packsaddle and Pre-Potsdam age of the latter.”

83a. Dale, William Healey.

(Contributions to tb'e Tertiary Fauna of Florida with especial ref-
erence to the Miocene SileYnBeds of Tampa and the Pliocene Beds
of the Caloo^ahatchie Elver.

Transactions '6f the Wagner Free Institute of Science of Phila.,

Vol. 3. August, 1890.

This work contains several references 'to Texas localities, or in the case
of living forms to the coast of Texas; as on p. 17, Bulla striata, Brug.
“This well-known species is found living as far north as Charlotte Harbor
on the west and as Jupiter Inlet on the east coast of Florida; also on the
coast of Texas, etc.” On p. 2'5, Tereftm {Acus) protexta, lOonraid. “Eecent
on the coast of the United iStates from Cape Hatteras isouth to Florida
and , west to Texas, in two to fifty fathoms weedy bottom.” On p. 36,
Drillia leucocyma, /Dali. “Peoent, shores of the Oulf of QMexioo from Flor-
ida to Yucatan, in three to five fathoms.” On p. 71, Oenus Rostellites
Conrad, 1855. “Type R. texana Conrad, Eagle Pass, Texas.” On p. 84,
Volutilithes precursor DalL Description of species. Figured on PI. 6, fig.
1. “The specimens are of Eocene age, the locality half a mile east from
Wheelock, Texas.” On p. 102, E'asicolaria distans Lamask. “Becent on
the coast of the United iStates from 'Horth Carolina to Florida and Texas.”
On p. 149, Muricidae multangula Philippi, “living on the eastern coast
of North (America from Cape Fear to Yucatan, together with the Antilles.”
On p. 155, Cyynia Woodii Dali. “Miocene of New Jersey, in the Shiloh
marls; Texas. (Meek) and of Santo Domingo (Giabb).” On p. 158, Scala
Hayana Dali. “(Recent from Texas to Key West, and noTthward to Vir-
ginia.”

84. Dana, James D.

Manual of G-eology treating of tibe Principles' of the Science with
special Ebference fo American Geological History. Fourth Edition.

Hew York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company.

1895.

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

71

Dana^ James D.

Texas : Mean Height of, p. 23 ; Archaean in, pp. 444, 446, 447 ; Cam-
. brian, pp. 464, 466, 469, 477, 484; lUpper Silurian, p. 537; Devonian, pp.
575, 580; iSuib-iCarboniferous, p, 637; Carboniferous, pp. 648, 690, 693;
■Permian, pp. 660, 685, 687, 688; Triassic, pp. 660, 746; Cretaceous pp.
817, 824, 854; Disturbances in, p. 868; Tertiary, pp. 884, 885, 888; Quar-
ternary, p. 378.

85. (Day, David 'T.)

Art. Gold and Silver. Min. Eesources of ihe D. S. 1888.

(Silver Production in Texas, 1887, 1888), p. 37. Washing-
ton, 1890.

From a table showing the “’Approximate distribution in round numbers
of the estimated total products of precial metals in the United States
during the calendar years 1881 to 1888, inclusive,” the following statistics
are taken:

STATE. I 1887. 1888.

Texas $250,000. $300,000.

86. ( )

Art. Lithographic Stone. Min. Resourees of the D. S. 1889-
1890.

(Lithographic Stone in Texas), p. 519. Washington, 1892.

Property of the Texas ’Lithographic 'Stone Company in Blanco county.
Mr. John A. iRoper, of Marble Falls, resident superintendent, reports that
the company has placed machinery on the ground for quarrying, sawing
and dressing stone.

87. ( )

Art. Gold and Silver. Min. Resources of the TJ. S. for 1895,
Part III, Seventeenth Ann. Rept. D. S. Geological Survey.

(Silver in Texas), p. 72. Washington, 1896.

In a table here published, entitled “Approximate distribution, by produc-
ing 'States and Territories, of the product of gold and silver in the United
'States for the calendar year 1895, as estimated by the Director of the
Mint,” Texas is credited with the production of 450,000 fine ounces of
silver, having a coining value of $581,810.

88. Day, William G.,

Art. Structural Materials. iMin. ReS'Ouroes of the D. S. 1886.

('Building Materials in Texas), p. 530. 'Washington, 1887.

In Austin, stone in combination with brick is used in the finest build-
ings. The s'tone most used is a magnesian limestoine, locally quarried.
Granite from Burnet is used to some extent. Bricks yellow. In Galveston
one house was erected in 1886 from a close grained sandstone quarried in
Brown county. The trimmings were of granite from Burnet.

72

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

89. Day, William C.

Art. ^Structural Materials. Min. Kesouroes of the U. S. 1886.

(Kaolin in Texas), p. 573. Washington, 1887.

“At Leaky, Edwards county, Texas, a company was formed for the devel-
opment of Kaolin deposits in that region.”

90. '

Art. 'Structural Materials. Min. Resources of the D. S. 1887.

(Building Material in Texas), p. 51'1. Washington, 1888.

Brick used in 'San Antonio. Brick clay found 12 miles northwest of the
city. Cement manufactured near the city.

“An excellent quality of cement is manufactured near the city (iSan
Antonio) hy the Alamo Cement Company. It has been used in a number
of public buildings, including the iState Capitol at Austin.”

91.

Art. 'Structural Materials. Min. Resources of fhe D. S. 1887.

('Lime in Texas), p. 533. Washington, 1888.

State, Texas; Locality, Austin; Production, barrels of 200 pounds,
80,000. The production is said to be 25 per cent, above that of 1886.

92.

Art. 'Structural Materials. IMin. Resources of the D. S. 1888.

(Building Material in Texas), pp. 533-534. Washington,

1890.

In Austin magnesian limestone used for foundations. 'This and Burnet
granite used in superstructure. 'Common brick straw yellow. Cood lime
locally manufactured.

In Dallas no good rock for foundation purposes ; brick mostly used. Bed
sandstone from Colorado and granite from Burnet used in superstructures.

In Calveston foundations made of concrete; also of granite blocks.
Granite from Burnet, magnesian limestones from various places and
brown sandstone from Brown and Leon counties used for ornamental pur-
poses. Common bricks red and gray^ Clay thought to be of good quality,
but manufacture defective.

93.

Art. Structural Material. Min. Resources of the D. 'S. 1888.

(Condition of the Brick Industry in Texas in 1888), p. 563.

Washington, 1890.

From a table showing the “Condition of the brick industry in 1888,” the
following statistics are taken:

, Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

73

Day^ William C.

State.

Towns.

Number of bricks
made in 1888.

Remarks.

Texas.

Dallas.

30,000,000

Two new yards were established
during 1888, with an aggregate ca-
pacity of 2,000,000.

Laredo.

12,000,000

Paris.

4,000,000

San Antonio.

4,500,000

Texarkana.

2,500,000

Waco.

8,000,000

Art. Struetural Materials. IMiin. Eesonrces of tlie IT. S. 1888.

(Condition of the hre-hrick industry in Texas in 1888), p.
566. Washington, 1890.

State.

Towns.

Number of fire-brick
made in 1888.

Texas.

Athens.

200,000

San Antonio.

12,000,000

95. ^

The Granite Industry of the United 'States.

(Statistics of the Production and Consumption of Granite in
Texas in 1889.)

Engineering and Mining Journal, U. Y., Vol. LI, p. 496.
April 25, 1891.

. Number of Quarries 8; Product 20,400 eu. ft. valued at $22^550; Value
per cu. ft. $1.11; Total number, employed 64; Expenses: Wages $20,464;
Total $33,738; lOapital invested: In Land $184,000. Total $212,125.

Art. 'Stone. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1889-1890.

(Stone in Texas), pp. 431-432. Washington, 189'2.

Granite:' “Eight quarries in Burnet, Gillespie and Llano counties, all in
the central part of the State, produced granite valued at $22,550.” Used
mainly for building purposes. Granite unexhaustible near Marble Falls.
Color ranges from red or rose to light gray with intermediate shades. “It
has shown a resistance to a pressure of 11,891 pounds to the square inch
before crushing.” It is used in the construction of the large dam across
the Colorado river at Austin. Marble and sandstone are found in the
same region*

iSandstone: “The value of the sandstone produced in 1889 in Texas
was $14y65il. It was taken from seven quarries, contained in the following

74

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Day^ William €.

counties named in order of relative outputs : Washington, Parker, G-rimes,
'Llano, Brown, Collin and Wise. It was entirely used for huilding.”

Limestone; “Limestone, valued at $217,835, including the value of
lime made from a portion of it, was obtained from eighteen quarries, con-
tained in the following counties, named in the order of their im,portance:
Travis, $62,686; 'Hood, $50,000; Bell, $35,608; 'Grayson, $23,040; El Paso,
$19,138; and smaller amouAts from Washington, Lamar, Fannin, Lam-
pasas, Coryell and Dallas. The 'product to the value of $'135,901 was used
for building. The value of the lime produced was $6,700. The remainder
was used for flux, street and bridge work.’’

97.

Art. iStone. 'Min. Eesourees <yf tlie U. S. 1891.

(iSandistoTLe in Texas'), p. 463. Washington, 1893.

Texas: Value of sandstone product for 1891 was $6,000.

98.

Art. 'Stone. Man. Re&onroes of the U. 'S. 1891.

(Limesto'ne in Texas), p. 467. Washington, 1893.

Texas: Value of limestone output in 1891 was $175,000. Used for
building purposes.

99.

Art. Stone. Min. Eesonrces of the IT. S. 1892.

(Granite in Texas), p. 706, also p. 708. Washington, 1893.
Texas: Value of granite product in 1892, $50,000.

100.

Art. Stone. Min. Eesonrces of the TJ. S. 1893.

(Granite in Texas), pp. 544 and 547. Washington, 1894.
Texas: Production of granite in 1893 was valued at $38,991.

101.

Art. Stone. Min. Eesonrces of the TJ. S. 1893.

(Sandstone in Texas), p. 553. Washington, 1894.

Texas: Production of sandstone in 1893 was valued at $77,675.

102.

Art. Stone. Min. Eesonroes of the United States. 1893.

(Limestone in Texas), p. 556. Washington, 1894.

Texas: Product of limestone in 1893 was valued at $28,100.

103.

Art. Stone. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S. 1894.

ISTon-metallic Prodncts.

Sixteenth Ann. Eeport U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV.

(Sandstone Indnstry in Texas), p. 492. Washington,
1895.

Record of Geology of Texas, i 1887-1896. 75

Day, William C.

‘The value of the output [11894] was $62,350, which is quite 'an increase
over the product of a few years ago. The output comes from quarries in
Washington, Parker, Grimes, Llano, Brown, Collin, and Wise counties.”

104.

Art. iStone. IMin. ResO'urces of the TJ. S. 1894.

14011-111 etallic Products.

'Sixteenth Annual Rept. IT. S. Geologioal Survey, Part IV.

(Limestone in Texas), pp. 509-510. Washington, 1895.

“There appears to have heen quite a falling off in the limestone industry
in Texas. The total value of the output was only $41,526. OVIost of this
went for building and road making. The productive counties are Coryell,
El Paso, Bell, Williamson, Travis, Hood, Grayson, Hamilton, Lampasas, and
Mills.”

105.

Art. Stone. (Min. Resources of the TJ. S. 1895.

ISTon-metallic Products, except Coal.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the TJnited States Geological
Survey, Part III ('continued).

(’Sandstone in Tex'as), p. 780. Washington, 1896.

“Owing to increased operations of a few important concerns, the output
of sandstone in Texas increased 'from a valuation of $62,350 in 1894 to $97,-
336 in 1895. This is the highest figure yet reached for sandstone in the
State.”

106.

Art. iStone. Min. Resources of the U. S. 1895.
hton-metallic Products, ’except Coal.

iSeventeenth Annual Report IT. S. Geological Survey, Part
III (continued).

(Limestone in Texas), p. 795. Washington, 1896.'

“The value of the limestone product in 1895 was $62,526. The output
was greater than that of 1894.”

10'7. De Ryee, William.

Economic Geology of Wehb 'County.

Geological and 'Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 5. Houston,

Sept., 1888.

“Laredo, the county ©eat of Webb county, is geologically situated upon
the Eocene lOr lower deposits 'of the -Tertiary Epoch, which rest qp-on a
depression of the Oretaceous formatio-n.

“The lithological charaoteristicis of the marine, fluvio-marine and lacus-
trine depc'sits -of the Eocene formation are better (represented in Webb,
Encinial and adjoining counties than in either the London or Paris basin;

76

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

D'E Ryee^ William.

ithe strata lay nearly as they have been deposited, and their dip is generally
insignificant.”'

Oompact limestone; shell limestone; siliceons limestone; abundance of
raw materials adapted to the production .of cement, concrete and artificial
stone; Ornamental and building sands; Clays.

“The mines in 'Webb county, 25 miles from tLaredo, and connected with-
it by standard and narrow gauge railroad tracks, turn out monthly about
2000 tons lof goiod coal. The best coals of these mines are similar in
appearance and quality to cannel coal. They are superior to the lignites
land bituminous shales found heretofore in geological strata of the same
age.”

108. Diller, J. S.

AdmirListrative Report.

Mntli Ann. Rept. of the U. S. G-eological Surv. 1889.

(Chalk in Texas), p. 98.

An announcement of Professor HilTs recent description of Chalk for-
mations in Texas, Avhich a microscopic examination shows to be “made
up of the remains of foraminiferal organisms, and therefore true chalk.”

109. Drake, 'N. F.

Stratigra'phy of the Triasisie Formation of 'hTorthwest Texas.

Third Ann. Rept. of the G-eol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 225-
247. Austin, 1892.

Contents: ilntroductory. Topographical Features. Lithological Char-
acteristics : iSandstones ; Conglomerates ; Clays. Thickness and Uncon-
formability. Stratigraphy: The Lower Bed; the Central Beds; Upper
Beds; Dip of the Formation; 'Springs; Deposition; Local Development.

“The Triassic formation was examined in the vicinity of Dockum, Dick-
ens county, by Professor W. F. Cummins, in 1889, and by him described,
under the name of Dockum beds, in the First Annual Report of the Texas
iGreological Survey. Tn the Second Annual Report of the Survey, he gave
a more extended description of these beds, and stated the published con-
clusions of other geologists concerning the formation in Texas, drawn from
previous observations.

“I first saw this formation at Dockum, in company with Professor Cum-
mins, in 1889, being attached to his party as assistant; but nearly all of
the present report is the result of. observations made by myself in Texas
and New Mexico during the past field season.

“The Dockum beds underlie all, or nearly all, of the Staked Plains of
Texas and southeastern New Mexico, extend further back into New Mex-
ico northwest of the Plains, and have some extension under the Cretaceous
area south of them in Texas.

“The limit of the Plains on the east, north and west is marked by an
escarpment which is usually from one to two hundred, and sometimes three
or four hundred feet high. The basal portion,' sometimes nearly all of
this escarpment, is composed of the Triassic beds. These beds usually

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-lSOe.

77

Drake, F. F.

extend six or seven miles from the hase of the escarpment and nearly
, surround the plains hy a narrow band, as is shown on the map. * * *

‘Ws is there shown, this belt extends through latan, Mitchell county;
'Grail, Borden county; 'Boekum and lEspuela, Dickens county; Goodnight,
lArmstrong coimty; three miles north of Amarillo, Potter county; center
of Oldham county; Liberty, New Mexico, and, with some breaks, down
the east side of the Pecos river to Castle Mountains, 'Crane county. The
formation spreads out to a considerable width in the vicinity of Liberty,
'ISew Mexico, and west of the Pecos river opposite Fort 'Sumner.

“The nearly horizontal strata of sandstone, conglomerate and clay, vary-
ing in thickness and lesistance to erosion, have been carved into by
branches, ravines and creeks, leaving a rolling landscape. The regular
undulating nature of the beds is occasionally interrupted by more or less
precipitous outcrops of sandstone or conglomerate strata. These rocks,
resisting erosion longer than the others, often remain capping some point
or ridge, walling in the narrow valley of some creek, or forming the channel
wall of some ravine or branch. These sandstones or conglomerates are,
however, rather soft, and their outcrops are not usually conspicuous away
from the rapidly carving action of the streams, but give a rolling character
to the surface by slightly holding in check the wear of points here and
there, while the intervening softer rocks are worn deeper and deeper.

“The topography of the Triassic beds is undoubtedly affected to some
extent by irregularities in the erosion of the overlying Tertiary beds. This
erosion, first marking the places that are afterwards worn down into
drainage courses or left as dividing ridges.

“Going back from the foot of the Plains to where the Dockum beds
disappear, the rolling nature of the country grows somewhat less, and in
some places is quite level.

“Sandstones, conglomerates, and clays constitute nearly all the strata
of this formation.

“The materials composing the different strata vary somewhat in litholog-
ical characteristics at different localities, and even at the same locality,
but the general characteristics are quite uniform,, and are so different
from the underlying Permian and overlying Cretaceous or Tertiary, that
they are usually easily recognized. This is especially true of the sand-
stones and conglomerates.’^ Pp. i227-228.

110.

Report on the Colorado Coal Field of Texas.

Fourth Ann. Rept. o'f the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. 1,
pp. 355-446; 1 cut; 2 plates; 2 maps. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Introduction: Hydrography; Topography; iRelations and

Extent of tFormations ; Acknowledgments. General Geology: Cretaceous;
Trinity Conglomerate, Trinity ISands, Alternating, Paluxy, and Texana
Beds, Comanche Peak Limestone, Ca:prina Limestone. Carboniferous:
Origin of the Sediment of the 'Strawn and Overlying Divisions; Strawn
Division; Canyon Division; Cisco Division; lAlbany Division. Economic
Geology: Coal; Chaffin iSeam, Upper or Bull Creek 'Seam, The Chaffin
Coal, Bull Creek Coal iSeam. Oil and Gas; Origin of Oil and Condi-

78

Tran^s ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science.

drake^ isr. F.

tion's of Aceumulation. 'Iron Ore. Clays. Bulldinig Stone: Weather-
ing and 'Durahility of Building Stones j Building iSltones of the Oarhoni-
ferous Beds; Strawn Division; Canyon Division; Cisco Divison; Albany
Division; Cretaceous Building Stones. /Road-making fMaterial. Paving
Material. Grind Stones; Lime Manufacture.

“The region embraced in the following report lies between 31° 10' and
32° north latitude and 98° 30' and 100° west longitude. This area, about
4000 square miles, includes nearly all of Brown and Coleman counties,
Runnels county east of Norwood, the northeast part of Concho county or
the part lying east of- Paint Rock and north of Eden, McCulloch and San
Saba counties north of Brady creek and the town of San Saba, the north-
west corner of Lampasas county. Mills county west of the Gulf, Colorado
and S'anta Ee Railway, and a small area in Comanche county north and
northwest of Oomanche.

“Preliminary examinations of the Carboniferous beds of this area have
been made by Messrs. W. F. Cummins and R. S. Tarr, and like investiga-
tions of the Cretaceous areas have been made by Messrs. R. T. Hill and
J. A. Taff.

“These geologists have determined the stratigraphic relations of the
divisions and terranes of these formations, and their classifications have,
for the most part, been followed in this report. The work of the present
season has been of a more detailed character than that hitherto undertaken.
Each bed has been studied with reference to its extent, stratigraphic rela-
tions, lithologie characters, fossil forms, and economic features.

“The whole of this region, except that portion embraced in Comanche
county, is drained by the Colorado river and some of its tributaries. While
it is practically all in the same hydrographic basin, it has branching basins,
which are of considerable extent, and are more or less distinct within them-
selves. iSo we may consider this area under its main and two other prin-
cipal branching basins., These three basins are as follows : In the south
we have the lower part of the San Saba river basin drained by the lower
course of that river, with Brady creek and other smaller streams emptying
into it from the north; the central portion comprises a part of the Col-
orado river basin, drained by the Colorado river and its numerous small
tributaries from either side, together with a little of the lower course
of the Concho river; and the noirtheastern part is -drained by Pecan bayou,
with its tributary creeks. Wild Horse, Willis, and Jim Ned from the 'west,
and Eliott, Brown, Bull, Elm, Hog, Paint, and other creeks from the east
and north.

“The general slope of the country is to the southeast, but this slope is
modified to form the above named basins. The San Saba river and Brady
creek basin slopes to the east, the main Colorado river basin to the south-
east, and the Pecan bayou basin to the south. These three basins converge
towards a common point near the northeast corner of 'San Saba county.

“There are two principal or general phases of the topography, one char-
acteristic of the Cretaceous, and the other of the Carboniferous. The Cre-
taceous formation, lying nearly horizontal and composed of beds of increas-
ing hardness from the base upwards, with some horizons that slightly
alternate in hardness, presents bluff, bench, or terraced undulations along

Record of Geology op Texas, ISS^-lSOe.

79

Drake, N. F.

the edges of these outeropiping beds, and has flat tops of greater or less
'extent, according to the amount of the capping material of the harder
horizons. »

“The Carboniferous, composed of beds dipping to the west and north-
west, has a topography characterized by parallel ridge-like undulations
which extend northeast and southwest, or more exactly N. 20° to 30° E,,
and S. 20° to 30° W- These ridges slope so gently on the west side that
they may be more properly called escarpments or benehes. The bench
or the escarpment faces east, while the slope of the surface to the west and
northwest is slightly less than the dip of the underlying strata, and in
the same direction. The lowest level reached on the northwest side of
these ridges or benches does not quite extend down to that on the southeast
side, so that going northwest, each ridge or escarpment gone over places
one at a slightly higher elevation than the preceding one, thus making
the average slope of the country to the east and southeast, while most of
the surface slope is to the northwest. This character of topography exists
because of the dip of the beds N. 60° to 70° W., and because of the different
degrees of hardness of the beds. The softer beds rapidly erode and are
carried away, leaving the harder beds projecting at the top of the escarp-
ments, and forming the surface rock to the west and northwest, nearly to
the base of the next escarpment of overlying beds.

“The whole of this area was once covered by Cretaceous strata, which
rested unconformably on Carboniferous, the former dipping very slightly
to the southeast and the latter dipping 25 to 300 feet per mile to the
northwests Most of this Cretaceous cap has been carried away by erosion,
leaving the underlying Carboniferous beds exposed.

“Unequal erosion over this area has left the Cretaceous with an irregu-
lar border, and in isolated areas; or the Cretaceous areas in this fleld are
now as follows: In isolated buttes, such as Santa Anna Mountain, Bead
Mountain, iBobinson Peak, etc., in areas of considerable extent, as that
south of Brown wood and that north of Talpa; and others in ridges or
spurs, like the Brady mountains, running out from the main Cretaceous
area.

“The Carboniferous beds of. this fleld comprise the southern extension
of the central Carboniferous area, which extends from a little south of the
Colorado river in San Saba county northward nearly to the Bed river in
Montague county. This Colorado river coal field is almost cut off from
the main body of the Coal Measures to the north by the overlying neck-
like extension of the Lower Cretaceous beds stretching from the west
corner of Comanche county across the southwest corner of Eastland and
the southern part of Callahan, into (Runnels county.” Pp. 3i57-359.

111. Dumble, Edwin T.

The Nacogdoclies Oil Field.

Geol. and Scientific Bnll., Vol. I. 'Houston, July, 1888.

“The existence of oil in these eastern counties has been an acknowledged
fact for many years, and numerous attempts have been made to obtain
it in paying quantities, none of which proved at all successful until lately.
About two years ago several parties concluded that they would investigate

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

the matter thoroughly, and, going through the country, took mining
leases on such lands as they thought most promising. The best indications
were found about fourteen miles southeast of Nacogdoches, where they
occur at different places, and are abundant over a tract of land seven
miles square, lying adjacent to Oil City, the name of the new town.

“'The first boring was done in the spring of 1887, and. the first well was
a success, securing a good flow of oil at 70 feet. At once the country was
wild with excitement, mining leases were made on all available property,
and those taking them were compelled at length to insert an agreement
to begin work within sixty days. Companies were formed and machinery
was ordered, and then, like all flurries, the reaction set in. The second
well did not prove as good as the first, the next showed still less oil, and
some of the others none at alL Those Avho were doing the boring,

however, were used to the vicissitudes of oil prospecting, and were in no
wise discouraged by a few dry wells, especially as the oil found proved
to be of a very superior quality. Thirteen wells have been bored, some
of them giving a m'ere seepage of oil, others from one to forty barrels per
day.

* ■«• # * * «■ *

“'As stated above, the quality of the oil is very superior. Actual test
is the strongest proof, and a letter from the management of one of the
largest railroads in the Northwest states that during last February this
oil was exposed in the open air for twenty-four hours and then tested.
The temperature of the air was 19° below zero, and that of the oil .18°
below, and at that temperature it flowed freely, thus proving conclusively
its value as a lubricant for all portions of the country liable to extremely
low temperatures.

“The specifie gravity of this oil is about 28° Beaume, while the ordinary
oils of Pennsylvania are 43° to 48°, and the West Virginia lubricating oils
30° to 37°.

“The geological horizon of this oil is the Claiborne sands of the Lower
lEocene, the strata passed through being beds of sandy clay and a blue
clay with shells, which we have had examined with a view to determining
their exact geological age. The oil is found in a very porous rock imme-
diately underlying this shell, marl and clay.

■ji -;!•***■«•*

“Prof. Everhart,. of the State University at Austin, had a sample of the
oil sent him for analysis during last summer, and we await his report with
a great deal of interest. ['See 'Everhart, Edgar, Contributions from the
Chemical Laboratory, University of Texas, Bulletin No. 4.]

“The actual shipments of this oil amount to something over fourteen
hundred barrels to May 1st, 1888.’’

112.

N'otes on the Iron Ore Deposits of Eastern Texas. ,

G-eological and Scientific Bnlletin, VoL I, No. 5. Honston,
Sept., 1888.

“The iron ores of the Tertiary formation, which occur so abundantly in
Eastern Texas, have received more or less attention for many years. A

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

81

Dumble, Edwin T.

good description was first given of them by Dr. Shumard, while he was
(State Geologist, and it is a matter to be deeply regretted that the valuable
maps of the counties he examined in this region, and the description of
their geological formations, as he had determined them, have been lost to
the Statea At a later date. Dr. Buckley made a reconnaissance through
this section, and visited and described some of the better known localities,
where furnaces had been erected or where’ heavy deposits were supposed to
exist.

“The practical value of these ores as iron producers has been fully
demonstrated by the numerous furnaces which have been erected and
run on them. * *

* «■ * -IS- -IS- -is-

“The geological position of these deposits is immediately above the blue
and yellow marls of the Claiborne group of the Eocene Tertiary, froan
which they are separated by a stratum of red and peculiarly mottled clay,
which has a very wide development. I have observed it from Shelby
county, on the east, down the line of the H. E. & W. T. Railway into
iPolk county, and as far west as Goliad, and from Cherokee to Jasper
county. As a rule, the ore beds, which are nearly horizontal, occur only
at or near the tops of the knobs or hills, and have for covering nothing
more than a bed of gray or light colored sand, and frequently even this
is absent. These beds are therefore not continuous, but lie in detached
masses, and it often happens that the talus from the seam above so covers
the hillside as to make it appear a mountain of iron ore. The thickness
of these beds is variable, being from one inch to five feet, and even greater
in places. The capping is generally a silicious iron, which is often present
even when the ore is not. ITo the south and west, as in Jasper and Bastrop
counties, this seems to pass into an iron sandstone, sometimes of con-
siderable thickness.

“Tlie overlying sands are compacted in some places, as may be seen
along the line of the H. E. & W. T. Railway, at various localities between
'Lufkin and Timpson, and their peculiar formation shows the work of wind
and tide.

“The ores themselves consist of hematites, limonites and argillaceous
varieties, and occur massive, honey-combed and laminated, or of concre-
tionary structure, the former predominating in the eastern and the latter
in the western part of the district. Thus the ‘laminated’ and ‘brown
crumbly’ are the varieties used at the furnaces at Rusk and Kelleyville,
while in [Robertson county concretionary forms and argillaceous ores are
very abundant, and may be seen at the lignite bluff on the Brazos river.
Pot ore and pipe ore are also of frequent occurrence.

“In Sabine county specimens were brought me that were as rich in
appearance as some of our Llano ores, but my limited time prevented an
examination of the localities from which they were obtained.

“Analyses of these oires, made by Prof. Everhart and others, show that
they contain from thirty-five to sixty-one per cent, of metallic iron, and
are very low in phosphorus. The iron from these ores is unexcelled for
many grades 'of castings, such as car wheels, agricultural implements, etc.,
on account of its chilling properties, but for softer castings other ores must

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Trails ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble, Edwin T.

be selected to mix with them. It is possible that ores of the desired quality
may be found lamong these deposits, or it may be necessary to use some of
the Llano ores for this purpose.

“'Numerous detached islands of the Cretaceous formation, scattered
through this region, furnish limestone sufficient for smelting purposes,
while for fuel there are immense forests of pine, oak, etc., which cover
the eastern part of the fState, and the deposits of lignite which underlie
■ the entire territory, and which will undoubtedly be made use of as soon as
the erection of iron furnaces and the reduction of ores begin in earn-
est.

“From Sabine to Cass county on the east, and extending west to Bastrop
county, these deposits are found, scattered over thousands of square miles
of territory; and while they are not found in all the counties within these
boundaries, and sometimes when found are of too impure quality, or in too
small quantity, to be of economic value, yet it is a fact fully demonstrated
by the examinations already made that in these deposits we have an
almost limitless supply of ore for many years.”

-X- * -X -X- -x-

113.

Geological Survey of 'Texas, Circular No. 3. Nov. 1, 1888.
(Official.)

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 7. ‘Houston,
November, 1888.

This circular, accompanied by a map, was addressed to the more intelli-
gent citizens of the different counties of the '.State for the purpose ( 1 ) of
obtaining information concerning the economic minerals known or thought
to occur in Texas, (2) of correcting existing maps, and (3) of securing
personal observations on the local geology, soil, irrigation, quarries, etc.

The following list of economic minerals in Texas is appended: 1,
Asphaltum; 2, Arsenic; 3, Asbestos; 4, Barytes; 5, Bat Guano; 6, Copper;
7, Coal (including Lignite) ; 8, 'Strontian Sulphate; 9, Chalk; 10, Diato-
maceous .Earth (Tripoli) ; 11, Feldspar; 12, Flint; 13, Fluor 'Spar; 14,
Fire Clays; 15, Cold; 16, Millstone Crit; 17, Whetstone Material; 18,
Graphite; 19, Gypsum; 20, Glass Sand; 21, Marls; 22, Iron; 23, Kaolin;
24, Lead; 25, Manganese Ore; 26, Mineral Waters; 27, Building Stones
and Marble; 28, Cement IRioek; 29, Limestone and iShells for Lime; 30,
Lithographic 'Stone; 31, Ochres; 32, Mineral Paints; 33, Petroleum; 34,
Natural Gas; 35, Pyrites; 36, .Silver; 37, Salt; 38, Sulphur; 39, Soapstone;
40, Mica; 41, Alum Shales; 42, Saltpetre; 43, Brick Clays.

114.

Texas Aspfialtum.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11. Houston,
March, 1889.

Need of material in Texas suitable for pavements. lUse of Trinidad
asphalt mixed with calcareous matter in imitation of the Val-de-Travers
deposit., Quotation from Dr. Ure on bitumen and calcareous earth.

83

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSl-lSOG.

Bumble, Edwin T.

“Among the specimens colleeted by Ool. J. L. Tait, on his trip to iSouth- %
west Texas last November, was a small piece of dark-blue limestone thor-
oughly imipregnated with bitumen. The rains were so continuous, how-
ever, that no detailed examination could be made, but later advices inform
us that the quantity is equal to all demands, and a somewhat larger spec-
imen was obtained and subjected to analysis, with the result of proving
it almost identical in composition with that of Val-de^Travers, as will
be seen by the following:

“Val-de-'Travers : 'Bitumen, 20 per cent.; limestone, 80 per cent. Uvalde
county: Bitumen, 20.35 per cent.; limestone, 79.65 per cent.

“This, we think, will prove to be of great and lasting benefit to the
iState. .In addition to this, many deposits of bituminous sands or shales
occur, which yield ten per cent., and sometimes a larger amount, of bitu-
men.”

115.

PetTified' Wood.

Geol'Ogical and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 12. Houston,
April, 1889.

“Dr. Boemer, in ‘Kreidebildungen von Texas,’ ascribes the origin of the
silicified wood he observed in Texas to Tertiary time on two grounds.
First, because it was found in large quantities at Booneville, near the
iBrazos river, in a sandstone which was immediately underlaid by un-
doubted Tertiary strata ; and, second, because of its generic character, but
states that nowhere was the presence of wood in Tertiary strata determined
by direct observation.

“It was the good fortune of Dr. Penrose and myself, on our late trip
down the Colorado, to prove the corrfectness of this opinion, and supply the
missing evidence. Below Bastrop, in undoubted Eocene strata, we found
petrified wood in place. It was of the usual grayish color. Further down
the river, in the lignite beds, we had still stronger proof. Here we found
many large logs imbedded in the lignite, and on careful examination we
found that while the outer portion was in most instances converted into
lignite, the centre, although equally black in color, was silicified. The
interior portion corresponded exactly with specimens found some years ago
in the drift in the vicinity of La Grange, the source of which is now
readily apparent. As I have stated before in these columns, the specimens
of petrified wood in Eastern Texas, which seemed to be in place, were
usually in the red clay underlying the gravel.”

116. , State Geologist.

Texas Geological and Mineralogical Survey. First Report of
Progress, 1888, 78 pp. Austin;: State Printing Office, 1889.

Letter of Transmittal by L. L. Foster, Commissioner of Agriculture,
Insurance, Statistics and History. Letter of Transmittal by E. T. Dumble,
(State Geologist* (First Beport of Progress by E. T. Dumble. Report of
the Geologist for Western Texas by W. von Streeruwitz, iC. E., M. E.
(Table showing Rainfall at Fort Davis and Surrounding Circle of Coun-

84

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble, Edwin T.

try of 100 -miles Dia,meter. Average Annual Rainfall by Months. Normal
Average Temperature in West Texas.) iReport of 'Geologist for Northern
Texas by W. F. Cummins. Report of -Geologist for Eastern Texas by R.
A. F. Penrose, Jr. Reports of Geologists for 'Southern Texas: (1) by
Gustav Jermy, (2) by J. L. -Tait, (3) by J. lOwen. Economic Minerals
of San Saba County, by A. Gregg, M. D.

117.

First Eeport of Progress.

Texas Geological and Mineralogical Snrve^^ First Eeport of
Progress^ 1888, pp. 7-30; 9 cuts. 1889.

Appointments. Circulars 1 and 2 relating to the work of the Survey:
'Circular 3 requesting information and specimens. Office Work. Topo-
graphic Work. Meteorological Work. Chemical Work. Reports of Geol-
ogists. Mining Law. Irrigation. Responses to Circulars : Artesian
Wells, Asphaltum, Building Stones, Bat Caves, Clays, Coal, Gypsum, Pre-
cious Metals, Iron, Irrigation, Mineral Waters, Natural Gas, Petroleum,
iSalt, Soils. Coal: -The Central Coal Field — ^Bituminous, The Nueces Coal
Field — ^Semi-Bituminous, The Lignite Field. Artesian Waters: Condi-
tions of Artesian Wells, Essential Features of Artesian Wells, The Water-
Bearing Beds, The Confining Beds, The Inclination of the Beds, The
Reservoir or Fountain Head, The Collecting Area, Rainfall. Drouths.
Conclusion.

118. ^

Art. Coal. Min. Eesourocs o'f the IT. S. 1888.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 368-374. Washington, 1890.

‘‘There are in Texas three distinct coal fields, the Central -or Bituminous,
the Nueces or >Semi-Bituminous, and the Lignitic.

“The Central co-al. is a continuation of the Missourian or Western coal
-basin of the United States, of which it is the southern -extremity. Its
approximate ‘boundary is a line from -the eastern corner of Montague
county, running -southwest from Red river just west of Decatur and
Weatherford, through Palo Pinto county, to the eastern line of Brown
county, and from this point through Lampasas into Burnet county, where
it terminates. 'It appears again in Kimble and Mason counties, and the
line running north passes -through Menard, Concho, Runnels, Taylor,
Callahan, Shackelford, and Throckmorton counties, through the s-outheast-
er-n portions of Archer and Clay counties to the anoutli -of the Little
Wichita. This (field covers in whole or in part some twenty-five counties
and has an area of not less than 12,000 square miles. -Its eastern border
is -overlaid by the rocks of -the CretaceouiS formation, while the Permian
beds rest upo-n it on the west. The sectio-n made by Professor Cummins
■shoiws the thicknes-s of the formation to be not- less than 2,000 feet, with
nine -seams of coal, of which two at least, and probably three, are w-orka-
ble.’’ P. 368.

“The Nueces or Semi-Bituminous coal field includes parts of -Webb,
Dimmit, Zavala, and Maverick counties, and has an area of 3,700 square

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

85

Dumble, Edwin T.

miles. The northern boundary has not yet ibeen determined. It contains
two workable seams of coal, and locally, at least three. These differ
somewhat in cliaraoter; the lower is a .SeminBituminous coal, probably of
iCretaceo'US age, which, so far as it has been examined, gives promise of
being a very good fuel, fft is being worked north of Eagle Pass at the
Hertz mines. The other bed now being worked at San Tomas, is possibly
of the Laramie group. It is somewhat lignitic, although quite different
from the lignites of our Tertiary coal field. Another variety which is
also found in some quantity in this coal field is albertite. This seam is
northeast of the San Tomas exposure, and will prove valuable.

“The Lignite field is by far the largest, and the coal strata it contains
are of much greater thickness than those of either of the others. As nearly
as its boundaries oan now be marked, they are as follows : Beginning on
the iSabine river, in (Sabine county, the boundary line runs west and south-
west near Crockett, Navasota, Ledbetter, Weimar and on to Helena anot
the Rio Grande river; thence back by Pearsall, Elgin, iMarlin, RRliland,
(Salem, and Clarksville to (Red river. It includes fifty-four counties in
whole Oil’ in part, and while the ocourrence of lignite has not been noted
in every one of these, it .will in all probability be found in lall of them
sooner or later. Eour, possibly five, strata of lignite can be recognized in
this field, one of which attains in many places a thickness of from 15 to
20 feet. The amount of sulphur contained in these lignites is very varia-
ble, as is indeed the quality of the lignite itself. In some places there is a
good clean lignite, almost, if not entirely, free from sulphur, while at
other places masses of sulphuret of iron are mingled through a carbona-
ceous mass.” Pp. 368-369.

For outline of remainder of this report, see Ash'burner, Charles A.
(Coal in Texas), Min. Resources of U. 'S. for 1888.

119.

Appendix to Preliminary Report on the Soils and Waters of
the Upper Rio Grande and Pecos Valleys in Texas/'^ by H. H. Har-
rington.

, Geol. Surv. of Texas, Bulletin No. 2, pp. 24-26. 1890.

The effect of alkalies upon crops. The Experimental Farm above Pecos
City irrigated by the waters of the Pecos river. .Soils: Salt and other
determinations by L. E. Magnenat. IRock material from which the soil
is derived feldspathic. Apparent excess of alkalies not dangerous to agri-
culture.

“On ipage 10, Prof. Harrington makes this statement in regard to the
effect of alkalies on the growth of crops: ‘But s.o far as I oan ascertain,
the maximum quantity of alkali that any crop would tolerate and still
thrive and do well has not yet been determined. The character of the
soil would undoubtedly have great influence in this matter.’ Such being
the case, I have delayed thb publication of this Bulletin that additional
facts might be accumulated bearing upon this point, for it is one of the
greatest importance to a large area in the Pecos Valley.

“Both before and since the eommeneement of this examination there has
been au experimental farm in operation above Pecos City, using the waters

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

of the Pecos River for irrigiation. Upon it have been grown fruits, vegeta-
bles, grains and grasses, etc., and dhe yield has been of such a character,
both in quality and lamount, as to encourage the eonstruction of canals
and ditches and a considerable extension oif the irrigation facilities. The
claim made by the operators of the experimental farm is that the manner
of irrigation prevents the accumulation of the salt .to any hurtful extent.
The plats are flooded with water and the porous nature of the soil permits
rapid drainage. By this means, it is thought by them that the water,
as it is applied, washes out the soluble salt left by former applications,
and in turn leaves only labout the same quantity as before, as it is drained
laway or .evaporates.

^‘The facts, as I can learn them, are that up to the present, at least,
no deleterious elfects are noticeable from the lapplication of the water.
The crops continue to flourish, and there is no perceptible reason for
expecting them to do otherwise while the water continues available as it
is now.

“That there is, however, an increase in the amount of salt in the land
lafter irrigation is dully proved by the following analyses made of virgin
soil and exactly similar soil near it which had been inrigated for three
years. P. 24.

:\20.

First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of 'Texas> 1889.
8 VO., pp. xci, 410'. PL X, and map. (Austin, 1890.

Contents: Letter of Transmittal (L. L. Foster, Commissioner of Agri.,
Ins., iStatistics and History, to Hon. L. 'S. Ross, Governor). Table of Con-
tents. Table of Hlustrations. Letter of Transmittal, E. T. Humble, State
Geologist, to 'Hon. L. L. Poster, Commissioner, etc. (Report of the State
Geologist, E. T. Humble. Reports of the Geologists: W. von Streeruwitz,
W. F. Cummins, R. T. Hill, Theo. B. Comstock.

Accompanying Papers : Preliminary Report on the Geology of the Gulf
Tertiary of Texas, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. A Brief Hescription of the
Cretaceous Rocks of 'Texas and their Economic Uses, by Robt. T. Hill.
The Southern Border of the Central Coal Field, by W. P. Cummins. The
Permian of Texas and its Overlying (Beds, by 'W. F. Cummins. A Pre-
liminary Report on the Coal Fields of the Colorado River, by Ralph S.
Tarr. Geology of Trans-Pecos Texas — ^Preliminary Statement — by W. von
Streeruwitz. A Preliminary Report on the Central (Mineral Region of
Texas, by Theo. B. Comstock.

This volume is noticed in the Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXVI, Jan., 1892,
p. 47.

1^1. '

Report of State Geologist.

First Annual Repiort of the Geological Survey of Texas, pp.
xvii-lxxv. 1890.

Contents : Organiziation. Scope and Plan of the 'Survey. Plan of Op-
erations, Work of the First Year; Topography, Geology, Laboratory,

Record of Geology of Texas, 188 7- 1896.

87

Rumble^ Edwin T.

Museum, Library, Office. ‘.Results: Introduction, Topography, Oeology.
iGrulf 'Coast formations — lOoast Clays, iFayette Reds, Timber Belt beds;
Lignite, Laredo Coal. Rasal Clays; Iron Ores. Cretaceous; Upper,
Lower. The Central Basin Formations — 'Archaean, Eparchaean, Ores, Pale-
ozoic— Oambrian, Silurian, Devonian, Carhoniferous, Coal, Permian. Meso-
zoic— Jura-Trias. Artesian Water. Personnel. Acknowledgments.

122. — , and Hill, R. T.

See Hill, R. T., and Dnnible, E. T.

The Igneous Rocks of Central Texas.

Proc. Amer. Assoc, for Adv. of Science, Yol. XXXVIII, pp.

242-243. 1890.

123.

Report of Professor E. T. Hnmhle, State Geologist of Texas, on
the Existence of Artesian Waters West of -the Xinety-seventh Meri-
dian, etc. (Submitted with the Report of Richard J. Hinton, Spe-
cial Agejit in Charge of the ^Preliminary Investigation to determine
the proper location of Artesian Wells within the Area of the Xinety-
seventh Meridian and East of the Foot-hills of the Rocky Monn^
tains.^^)

51st 'Congress, 1st Session, Senate Execntive Docnment, Xo

222, pp. 99-102. Washington, 1890. (Accompanying this docu-
ment there is a map of West Texas showing the locatiorL of

Artesian wells.)

This paper is in reply to a request of the Special Agent ‘‘for a statement
as to the existing artesian water conditions 'of that portion of Texas west
of the ninety-seventh meridian and north of San Antonio,” and is pub-
lished under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture.

“The part of .the State covered by your request includes four topo-
graphic divisions. First, in its eastern part we find a small area of the
Oulf coast formation followed by the plateau of Grand Prairie. From the
northern and western scarp of this plateau the Central Basin region
'Stretches away west to the Guadaloupe Mountains, beyond which .we find
the mountain region of Trans-Pecos Texas.”

The small exposure of the Gulf Coast formation (Upper Cretaceous,
Lower and Middle Tertiary) are too limited in area to need description.

'Description of the Grand Prairie. “The western and northern edge of
the Grand Prairie is, generally speaking, topograp.hioally higher than the
eastern and the southern, land the dip of the beds is very gentle towards the
southeast. The rock formation of this plateau belongs to the Lower Cre-
taceous series, and consists of a great thickness of limestones and chalks,
magnesian, arenaceous and even argillaceous in places, which is under-
laid by a bed of sands. * *

“This bed, the Trinity or Upper Cross Timber Sands, is the base of the
Lower iCretaceous System, .and is the great water-bearing bed east and
south of the central basin, * *

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Tkansactions Texas Academy op Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

“In nearly every county between tbe ninety-seventb and ninety-eighth
meridians and east of this outcrop, artesian water is obtained in wells
varying from 200 to 2,000 feet. That it is equally favorable to a similar
supply in its southern portion is shown by the line of great springs or
natural artesian wells, which find their head in it and stretch from Wil-
liamson county southwest by Austin, San Marcos, and New Braunfels
towards the Pecos.”

The Central Basin Pegion: Its extent, tqpography and geology.

“The general dip of all the strata in the eastern portion of the basin
is to the northwest, but its elevation along its eastern border is less than
in almost any portion of it, consequently there can be little hope of finding
artesian water from any catchment area ou this side, although some of
the strata ( the lower sandstone and shales ) are well adapted for carrying
water, and, where suitable topographic conditions exist, do furnish arte-
sian water. An instance of this is found in the flowing well at Grordon,
but such cases are the exception and not the rule. The same series of
sandstone and shales are exposed on the southeastern border and the
flowing wells at and around Trickham and Waldrip find their supply in
them. The conditions are very favorable in the valley of the Colorado
and .some distance north, between the ninety-ninth and one-hundredth
meridians for similar wells. Similaa* rocks are exposed on the

western border of this basin, in the vicinity of Van Horn .and farther north,
in the Guadaloupe Mountains. They are reached by a well 832 feet deep,
at Toyah, some 70 miles east of Van Horn. This well has an abundant
flow. * *

“The quality of the water from every well thus far secured in this
basin, which has its origin in this series of rocks [Carboniferous] is highly
saline, and it is safe to assume from this and from the character of the
deposits that no fresh water can be obtained from this source. * *

“If there be any other hope for an lartesian water supply in this region,
the catchment area must be either in the Pre-Carboniferous rocks of the
Central Mineral Region and the Wichita Mountains, or in the Cuadaloupe
and connected ranges. That such a catchment area exists on the south
is fully proved by the powerful springs at Lami>asas and in San Saba
county, all of which have their origin below the rocks of Carboniferous
age.”

The Staked Plains: Its geology and water-bearing conditions. The
opinion is advanced “that the probabilities of artesian water on the plains
are rather unfavorable than otherwise.”

The Trans-Pecos Mountain District: Topography and geology. The
conditions of structure prevent any other than a general unfavorable re-
port, though in certain localities artesian water may be obtained.

124. , State Geologist.

Important Results of the Texas Survey.

Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist^ Vol. VII^ pp. 267-269. Minneapolis, Apr.,
1891.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

89

Dumble, Edwik T.

A summary of the work of the Texas Geological 'Survey for 1890. In
East Texas iron deposits and accompanying Tertiary and Quaternary
strata were mapped and studied. iMore than a thousand square miles of
iron deposits in that area. Investigation shows the lignite of East Texas
to he of better quality than that of Europe. Professor Cummins’ dis-
covery of Permian rocks. Tiyassic strata overlaid by conformable Ter-
tiary along the eastern edge of the Staked Plains north of the Brazos.
Dr. Comstock’s work in iCentral Texas. Occurrence of cassiterite. Dis-
covery of large amounts of minerals containing some of the rarer elements.
Professor iStreeruwitz'’s work in El Paso county, including Quitman, Sierra
Blanca and other mountains.. The Cretaceous of that region. The exist-
ence of free gold, gold and silver -bearing lead, copper and zinc ore re-
garded as fully demonstrated- The discovery of platinum in the Quit-
man mountains, El Paso county.

135 , state Geologist.

Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1890 ;
8 VO., pp. cix, 756; pi. xxviii. Austin: State Printing Office,
1891.

Letter of Transmittal (L. L. Foster, Conimissioiner of Agriculture, In-
surance, Statistics and History, to Hon. J. S. Hogg, Governor). Financial
iStatement.

Contents: Report of iState Geologist. Reports of Geologists: W. von
iStreeiuwitz, Theo. B. Comstock, W. F. Cummins, J. B. Walker, W. Ken-
nedy,, J. H. Herndon. Accompanying Papers. Reports on the Iron Ore
District of East Texas. Part I. General (Statement by E. T. Dumble.
Part. II. iPiiels and their Utilization. Chapter I. Charcoal Manufacture
in Texas, by John Birkinbine. Chapter II. Lignites and their Utilization,
with special reference to the Texas Brown Coals, by Dr. Otto Lereh. Part
III. Deseription of Counties. Chapter I. Cass County, by Wm. Ken-
nedy. Chapter II. Marion County, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter III.
Harrison iCounty, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter IV. Gregg County, by Wm.
Kennedy. Chapter V. Morris, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt, and Hender-
son Counties, by Wm. Kennedy. Chapter VI. iSmith County, by J. H.
Herndon. Chapter VII. Panola County, by J. B. Walker. Chapter VII'I.
Shelby County, by J. B. Walker. Chapter IX. Rusk County, by J. B.
Walker. lOhapter X. Xacogdoches iCounty, by J. iB. Walker. Chapter
XI. Cherokee County, by J. B. Walker. Chapter XII. A^nderson County,
by E. T. Dumble., Chapter XIIT. Houston County, by E. T. Dumble.
Carboniferous Cephalopods, by Alpheus Hyatt. Report on the Geology of
Northwestern Texas, by W. F. Cummins. Report on the Geology and
Mineral Resources of the Central Mineral Region of Texas, by Theo. B.
Comstock. Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Trans-Pecos
Texas, by W. H. von Streeruwltz.

For Review, see Amer. Naturalist, Vol. XXVI, p. 159, Feb., 1892.

• Noticed in Amer, Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLII, p. 430, Nov., 1891.

90

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

126. Dumble, Edwin T.

Eeport of 'State Geologist.

Second Ann. Eept. Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xvii-lxxxviii.
Austin, 1891.

Contents: Introduetory. IWork of the second year: Topography; Ge-
ology; Paleontology; Chemical Laboratory; Library; Museum; Office
work; Publications; Co-operation with the Public Schools. Mineral Pe-
sourees of Texas: Introduetory; Fuels and Oils; Fertilizers; Fictile
materials; Building material — ^Building stone; Clays for brick; Lime;
Cement material; Plaster Paris; Sand for mortar. Metals and Ores —
Iron; Copper; Lead and zinc; Gold and silver; Tin; Mercury; Manganese;
Bismuth. Abrasives. Ornamental stones and gems. Pefractory mate-
rials. Load materials. Materials for paints. Other economic materials.
The Artesian water 'conditions of Texas. Acknowledgments.

1 9.7

J./V i • .

Ecports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas, Part I. A Gen-
eral Description of the Iron Ore District of East Texas.

iSecond Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 7-31.

x^nstin, 1891.

Contents: Introduction. Historical. Topography. .Stratigraphy. The
Ores and their mode of occurrence.

‘That part of Texas of which the following pages treat is situated in
■the northeastern corner of the iState, being the territory lying east of the
96th degree of longitude and north of the 31st parallel of latitude. From
this area we exclude, as being non-iron bearing, the portion north of Sul-
phur Fork, and also the northwestern corner, in which the black waxy
prairies of the Cretaceous are the prevailing formation.

“In this district, so restricted, there are nineteen counties: Oass, Mor-
ris, Marion, Upshur, Wood, Harrison, Gregg, Panola, Smith, Van Zandt,
Rusk, iCherokee, Henderson, Anderson, Houston, Nacogdoches, Shelby,
iSabine and San Augustine, containing in the aggregate 14,430 square miles.
In each of these counties iron ore exists in greater or less quantities and
■of varying qualities.

“Ores of similar character are reported from other counties west and
southwest of this area, but our investigations have not extended further
than the limits stated.

“As will be seen by reference to the accompanying map, the iron ores
are very unevenly distributed through this region, and as we have mapped
them cover an area of about 1000 square miles.” P. 7.

128.

Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas, Part III. De-
scription of Counties. Ghapter XII. Anderson County.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Snrv. o’f Texas, 1890, pp. 303-
317. Austin, 1891.

Contents: Geography and Topography. iStratigraphy. The iron ores.
Greensand marls. iSalines.

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

91

Dumble^ Edwin T.

“Anderson county comprises the country lyin^ "between the Trinity and
Neches rivers, bounded by Henderson county on the north and Houston
county on the south, an area of one thousand and eighty-eight square
miles.” iP. 303.

“The rock forma/tions of Anderson county comprise representations of
at least three systems:' The Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary. The
details of the entire istratigraphy of each system have not yet been worked
out, but the follo'vving broader charaeters have been determined:

System. (Period.)

Division.

Beds.

Qna.tPirnMry

(The sands and sandstones cap-

Tertiary

Timber Belt Beds.

/ping the iron ore hills,
f The iron ores.

1 'pjjQ greensands and accom-
i panying beds of clays and
1 sands.

Upper Cretaceous...

(Saline Limestone.
jPonderosa Marls.

P. 304.

“The deposits of iron ore in Anderson county, like those of the entire
distriot, are found capping the highest hills, or in the ease of some of the
conglomerate ores,* along the water courses, either at their present level or
more often at that of some time prior to the erosion of its present ehan-
nel. As has already been stated, these deposits are found cresting a rude
semicircle of hills, having for its diameter the Heches river, and are in
fact the western extension of the deposits of Cherokee county.” P. 308.

129.

Reports on tlie Iron Ore District of East Texas, Part III. De-
scription of 'Oonnties. Ohapter XIII. Houston County.

'Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 318-
325. Austin, 1891.

Contents: Introduction. G-eneral Gleology. Iron Ores. Soils. Build-
ing Stone.

“Lying immediately south of Anderson county, and situated like it
between the Trinity river on the west and the Neches on the east, is Hous-
ton county. This county, which has a total area of eleven hundred and
seventy-six square miles, is bounded on the south by Trinity county, and
is the most southwestern county of the iron ore district, as far as we were
able to ascertain during the past field season.” P. 318.

“The only iron ore areas so far examined in this county are found in a
series of oval shaped hills which extend in a northeast and southwest direc-
tion across the county north of Crockett.” P. 319.

“In this county, so far as our investigations have shown, we have rep-
resentC'd only strata of the Tertiary and Quaternary age.

“The general section is :

92

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

Quaternary Orange Sands.

C Iron Ores.

Tertiary J Fayette Beds.

(_ Timber Belt Beds.

P. 319.

130. , State Geologist.

Geological Survey of Texas, Second Eeport of Progress, 1891,
'91 pp. Austin, 1892.

Letter of Transmittal ( Oommissioner John E. Hollingsworth to Gnovemor
James S. Hogg). Letter of Transmittal (State Geologist E. T. Humble
to Hon. Jho. E. Hollingsworth, Commissioner). Contents — ^Beport of the
iState Geologist. Beport of Mr. W. H. von 'Streeruwitz. iReport of Mr.
!W. F. Cummins. Report of Mr. Tlieo. B. Comstock. Report oif Mr. W.
'Kennedy. Report of Mr. J. A. Tail. Report of Mr. J. A. Singley.

131. , State Geologist.

Sources of tlie Texas Drift.

Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, No. 1,

pp. 11-13. Dead March 5, 1892.

“This paper is designed to indicate, only in the most general way, the
sources from which some of the drift materials have been derived, which
are found so widely scattered over Texas.

Four districts are recognized, viz. : Trans-Peoos Texas, the region be-
tween the Nueces and the Brazos, that between the Brazos and the Sabine,
and Northwest Texas. The author describes the drift material of each
area and discusses its oHgin.

132. , and Cummins, W. F.

The Double Mountain Section.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. IX, pp. 347-351; 1 plate. Minneapolis,

June, 1892.

Party left Abilene in October, 1889. 'Double Mountain (in reality three
mountains) is situated in Stonewiall county between Double Alountain
Fork and Clear Fork of the Brazos river. The expectation was to find
the contact between the Permian and any Triassic or Jurassic, and the
overlying Cretaceous. No Jurassic found. A section of these mountains
is of interest “since it is the most northern point in this northwestern por-
tion of the state at wliieli the beds of the Lower Cretaceous are exposed, and
the most easterly exiposure of the Trias which we have been able to recog-
nize.’’ General Section described. '.Cretaceous. ( 1 ) Caprina Limestone,
(2) Comanche Peak 'Series, (3) Trinity Beds. Triassic. (3a) Dockum.
Permian. (4) Shaly Clay, (5) Upper Gypsum Beds, (6) Middle Gypsum
Beds, (7) Lower Gypsum Beds.

Record op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

93

133. Bumble, Edwin T., State Geologist.

Third Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1891.
Austin: Henry Hutchings, State Printer. 8 vo., pp. xlix, 410, pi.
xvi. 1892.

Letter >of Transmittal to the Governor (Hon. Tames S. Hogg) by Jno.
E. Hollingsworth, Oommissioner of Agrieulture, Insurance, Statistics and
History. .Financial Statement. Letter of Transmittal to the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, etc., by E. T. Duinble, State Geologist.

Contents : 'Report of the State Geologist for 1891. Reports of Geolo-
gists : W. H. iStreeruwitz, Theodore B. Oomstock, W. F. Cummins, W.
Kennedy, J. A. Taff, L. E. iMagnenat (Chemist). Accompanying Papers:
Houston County, by \W. Kennedy; Section from Terrell to Siabine Pass, by
(W. Kennedy; Llano Estaeado or Staked Plains, by W. F. Cummins;, Notes
on the Geology of the Country West of the Plains, byW. F. Cummins;
IStratigraphy of the Triassic Formation of Northwest Texas, by N. F.
Drake; Report on Paleontology of the Vertebrata, by E. D. Cope; Shells
Colleeted in the Sand of a Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, New Mexico, by Dr.
V. Sterki; Reports on the Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado River.
I. The Bosque Division. II. The Lampasas-Williamson Section, by J.
A. Taff; Trans-Pecos Texas, by W. H. von Streeruwitz.

•Noticed in Ainer. Geol., Vol. X, pp. 31 1-31 G, 1892; Eng. and Min. Jour.,
N. Y., Vol. 54, p. G03, 1892; Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLIV, p.
427, Nov., 1892.

134. '

Report of the State Geologist.

Third Aun. Rept. of the Geol. Surv." of Texas, 1891, pp. xvii-
xlix. 1892.

Contents : ilntroductory. Work of the Third Year : Topography.

Geology — East Texas; Centiial and West Texas; Central Cretaceous area;
Trans-Pecos Texas; Galveston Artesian well. Lignite Investigation —
European Brown Coal; Uses of European Brown Coal; Comparison of
European and Texas Lignites; Utilization of Texas Brown Coal. Paleon-
tology. Chemical Laboratory, Library. Museum. Co-operation with
the public high schools. Office work. Publications. Acknowledgments.

135. , State Gelogist.

Report on the Brown Coal and Lignite of Texas. Character,
Formation, Occurrence and Fuel Uses. 8 vo., pp. 243, pi. xxv.
Austin, 1892,

Letter of Transmittal, Hon. Jno. E. Hollingsworth, Commissioner of
Agriculture, etc., to the Governor, Hon. Jas. S. Hogg. Letter of Transmit-
tal, E. T. Dumble, State Geologist, to Hon. Jno. E. Hollingsworth, Commis-
sioner of Agr., etc.

Contents: Chap. I. Introductory and Historical. 'Chap. II. Brown
Coal. — Its Origin, Formation, Physical and Chemical Character. Chap.
III. IBrown Coal as Fuel. — ^Direct firing with brown coal; gas firing
with brown coal. Chap. IV, Brown Coal as Fuel — ^continued. Chap. V.

94

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Bumble^ Edwin T. ,

Brown Coal as Tuel — continued. Chap. VI. Geology .of the Brown Coal
iDeposits of Texas. Chap. VII. Occurrence and lOomposiition of Ihe Brown
Goals of the Tertiary. Chap. VIII. Occurrence and Composition of the
Brown Coals of the Tertiary — continued. Texas Brown Coal compared
with European and with Bituminous Coal. Chap. X. Utilization of
Texas Brown Coals.

“The aggregate area [in Texas] which is underlaid by beds of fossil fuels
is very large. In the northern central portion of the State the coals of the
Carboniferous or Coal Measures occupy an area of several thousand square
miles. In this area there are nine distinct seams of coal, two of which
are of workable thickness and of good quality (^Second Ann. iRept. Geol.
'Surv. of Texas, p. 359 et seq.) . A second, but as yet unexplored, basin
of similar age occurs on the Rio Grande border in Presidio county. These
are, however, somewhat distant from many localities at which are found
ores and materials which would afford bases for great industrial devel-
opment with proper fuel supply.

“In the vicinity of Eagle Pass, on the Rio Grande, there is a third basin
containing a vein of good coal in beds w.hich belong to the upper part of
the Cretaceous formation (First Rept. of Progress, Geol. Surv. Texas;
(First Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Texas ; Notes on the Geology of the Valley
of the Middle Rio Grande, E. T. Bumble).

‘^By far the most extensive beds, however, are those occurring in the
Tertiary area, which stretches entirely across the State from Red River
to the Rio Grande (First Rept. of Progress, Geol. iSurv. Texas; First
Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Texas; Second Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. Texas;
Utilization of Lignites, E. T. Bumble), and in which the coal beds fre-
quently show a thickness of ten to fourteen feet in a single bank, with a
total thickness in certain localities of from eighteen to twenty-four feet.
These constitute, therefore, the greatest and most widespread fuel sqpply
which lis found in the State, and the desirability of utilizing these deposits
for manufacturing and domestic purposes has naturally suggested an
examination into the possibility of doing so.” Pp. 17-18.

This volume is noticed in the Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 27, p. 379.

136.

Volcanic Dust in Texas.

Transactions of the 'Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, Pt.
1, pp. 33-34. Bead June 14, 1892.

“Buring the field season of 1891, a number of ispecimens of a material
nearly white in color and of light specific gravity were collected by Messrs.
Kennedy land Walker from different localiities in the Tertiary area, over
which they were working. From their general appearance they were sup-
posed to be diatomaceous earth, and under the microscope several of the
specimens proved to be composed of diatoms. Other specimens, however,
did not show any such forms at all, but consisted of the flat transparent,
sharply angular particles with striated or pitted surfaces peculiar to vol-
oanic dust, and it was so deterimined by Prof. F. W. Cragin.

“These deposits were apparently, but not certainly, all interstratified

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

95

Bumble, Edwin T.

amiong ,the clayiS and stands wliicli we have designated the Fayette beds,
and which are 'probably ot 'Miocene age.” P. 83.

iFor description of the Fayette iBeds, see Penrose, ‘‘A Preliminary Beport
on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas from the Bed Biver to the
Pio Grande,” iFirst Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, pp.
47-58.

A section on O’Quinn creek, a branch of Buckner Creek, is given, show-
ing the position of the “volcanic dust” which, in this locality, is imme-
diately beneath a layer of Brown Coal, “somewhat lignitic in places, but
generally compact and massive,” and above “Brown Coal, somewhat varia-
ble, with small inclusions of members of the group of asphaltums.”

137.

N^ote on the Occurrence of Grahamite in Texas.

Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, Yol. XXI, pp. 601-605.
1892.

('Schuylkill Valley Meeting. Reading, Oct., 1892.)

“The first specimens of this material which came under my notice, as
found in the State of Texas, were sent to me by Mr. J. C. Melcher, of Fay-
ette county, soon after the organization of the State Geological Survey.

“Later specimens were collected by Dr. Penrose and myself on a trip
made by boat down the iRio Grande, from Eagle Pass to Hidalgo, in June,
1889. At the time of collection I marked the substance V4.1bertite,’ doubt-
fully, but, on examination, -it proved to be nearer Grahamite.

“The geological horizon of the two occurrences is Tertiary. The first
locality mentioned is in the upper part of the beds called by us the Payette
beds, and provisionally correlated with the Miocene, or Grand Gulf of
Hillgard’s Mississippi section, while the latter is in the lowest strata of
the Eocene which are exposed on the Rio Grandh river, and which may be
taken as equivalent to the basal Claiborne, if not lower.”

Detailed account of the Webb iCounty Grahamite. iSection at Webb
Bluff.

Detailed account of the Payette County Grahamite. 'Section at O’Quinn
'Creek.

Analyses of these Grahamites by L. E. Magnenat.

WEBB COUNTY GRAHAMITE.

PROXIMATE ANALYSIS.

Moisture O.BO

Volatile Matter 44.00

Fixed Carbon 52.80

Ash 2.90

100.00

Total Sulphur 5.42

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS.

Carbon 78.65

Hydrogen 7.50

Nitrogen 0.15

Oxygen 5.08

Sulphur .5.42

Ash 2.90

Water 0.30

100.00

96

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.
Dumble, Edwin T.

FAYETTE

COUNTY

GRAHAMITE.

PROXIMATE

ANALYSIS.

ULTIMATE ANALYSIS.

Moisture

Volatile Matter

Fixed Carbon

Ash

57.90

37.70

4.40

Sulphur.

None.

2.50

4.71

0.24

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Sulphur

Ash

.... 76.19
.... 6.61
.... 0.39
.... 5.15
.... 7.45
.... 4.21

Total Sulphur

100.00 .

....A. 7.45

100.00

138.

Tihe Eeading Meeting of the Institute of Mining Engineers.

Hote on tlie OccTirrence of Gratiamite in Texas.

Engineering and Mining Jonrnal, Vol. 54, p. 368. H. Y.,

October 15, 1892.

A brief notice of the preceding paper.

139.

Notes on the Valley of the Middle Eio G-rande.

Bulletin Greol. Soc. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp. 219-230. 1892.

'Bemarks' by W. J. MeG-ee. Ib., p. 483.

Contents.: 'Introduction. Topography. Geologic iStructure. Lower

CretaceoU'S, Upper Cretaceous — The Val Verde Flags, The Pinto Limestone,
The Eagle Pass Division: Ups'on Clays, San Miguel Beds. The Coal
iSeries, Escondido Beds. The Upper Cretaceous Section. iReynosa Beds.
Correlation of Rio Grande and Colorado River iSections.

This paper is based in part upon observations made during a trip by
row boat from Eagle Pass to Edenburg in May and June, 1889, and in
part upon field work in the region between Eagle Pass and Del Rio during
the isummer of 189'L

A portion of the area having been described 'by Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr.,
the author oonfines himself “to that part of the river between San Filipe
Creek, near Del Rio, and Webb Bluff, three miles below the southern line
of Maverick oounty.^^ The distance between these points in a straight line
is over 8il miles; by river probably 120 miles.

140.

Progress of Geological Surveys, Texas.

Engineering and Mining Journal, N. Y., Vol. 55, p. 55. Jan.

21, 1893.

An account of the work and personnel of the Geological Survey of Texas
for the fourth year. (1892.)'

141. , and Harris, G. D.

The G^alveston Deep Well.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XDVI, pp. 38-42. New

Haven, July, 1893.

The Section. — ^E. T. Dumble.

The Paleontology. — Gilbert D. Harris.

Record oe Geology oe Texas, ISS^-ISOG.

97

Dumble, Edwin T.

(A condensed section of the well for 3,070 feet, with notes, is given hy
iMr. Dumble, while the conclusions drawn from a^ study of the molluscan
remains are ’summarized by Mr. Harris,

See Harris’ “Preliminary Report on the Organic Remains Obtained from
the Deep Well at Gralveston, itogether with conclusions respecting the Age
of the various formations penetrated.”

Fourth Ann. Rcpt. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I, pp. 117-110. 1893

142. , State Geologist.

Fourtli Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, 1892,
8 VO., pp. XXXV, 474. Austin: Ren C. Jones & Co., State Printers.
1893.

Letter of 'Transmittal to the Governor (the Hon. J. iS. Hogg) by John
E. Hoi lings worth. Commissioner of Agriculture, Insurance, Statistics and
History. iFinancial Statement. Letter of Transmittal to the Gommis-
sioner of Agriculture, etc., by E. T. Dumble, State Geologist.

Table of Contents r Report of State Geologist. Accompanying Papers:
Part I — ^Geology. (Report on Grimes, Bi-azos, and Robertson Counties,
by W. Kennedy. Preliminary Report on the Artesian Wells of the ;Gulf
Coastal Slope, by J. A. Singley. Preliminary Report on the Organic Re-
niains obtained from the Deep Well at iGalveston, together with conclusions
respecting the Age of the Various Formations penetrated, by Gilbert D. Har-
ris. Report on the Rocks of Tran'S-Pecos Texas, by A. Osann. Trans-Pecos
Texas, by W. H. Streeruwitz. Kotes on the Geology of Korthwest Texas,
by W. F. Cummins. Report on the Cretaceous Area '.North of the Colorado
River, by J. A. Taff. Report on the Colorado Coal Field of Texas, by N.
iF. Drake. Report on the iSoils, W.ater Supply, and Irrigation of the Col-
'orado Coal Field, by R. A. Thompson. Part II — Paleontology and Natural
History. A Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate Paleontology of the
Llano Estaoado, by E. D. Cope. A Contribution to the Invertebrate Pa-
leontology of the Texas Cretaceous, by F. W. Oragin. Contributions to
the Natural History of Texas, by J. A. Singley., Part I. Texas Mollusca.
Part II. Texas Birds. Carboniferous Cephalopods. iSecond Paper, by
Alpheus Hyatt.

Noticed in Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVI'I, p. 319, April, 1894.

143.

Report of the State Geologist.

Eourtli Ann. Rept. of tEe Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, pp. xvii-

XXXV. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Introduction. Work of Fourth Year; Topography; Strati-
graphical Geology; Petrography; Chemical Laboratory; Paleontology;
Natural History; Museum; Library; Co-operation with Public iSchools;
Publications ; Office Work.

144. , State Geologist.

Introduction [to Cope’s Preliminary Report on tEe Vertebrate
Paleontology of tEe Llano Bst'acado.]

98

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble, Edwin T.

Foiirt'h Ann. Eept. Geol. Snrv. of Texas, Pt. II, pp. 3-9. Aus-
tin, 1893.

{A. review of the geology of the Llano Estaoado (Region with a brief
account of the work done previous to the establishment of the State Geo-
logical Survey, and that done since its establishment.

145. , and Cummins, W. F.

The Kent Section 'and! Gryphsea Tucumcarii, Marcon.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. XII, pp. 309-314. Minneapolis, Kov.,

1893.

'Kent is a station on the Texas and Pacifle Railroad 163 miles east of
El Paso (in El Paso county near the Jeff Davis county line). It is sit-
uated on the northeast slope of the Davis mo.untains. The railroad fol-
lows a valley eroded in the iCretaceous foothills., The section here described
is found in these hills north and south of the road within the radius of a
mile of the depot..

The Kent Section in detail, which includes beds belonging to the
Washita, Fredericksburg and Bosque Divisions of the Cretaceous, with an
enumeration of their fossil contents.. A table S'howing the recorded strati-
graphic i-ange 'of in Texas of the fossils found in the Washita division
of the Kent section. This section extends the range of Gerithium hos-
quense, Cyprimeria crassa, and Exogyra plexa, and gives the horizon of
Diplopodia streeruvitzii and Plicatula incongrua.

146. , Slate Geologist.

Xotes on the Texa.S' Tertiaries.

Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, Xo. 3,
pp. 23-27. Read June 19, 1894.

‘Tn my report on the geology of Southwest Texas, which is now await-
ing publication as a part of the Fifth Annual Report of the Geological
fSurvey of Texas [not published O'wing to the discontinuance of the Sur-
vey.— F. W. S.], I have proposed a division .of the Tertiary and later
deposits of the Coastal Plain somewhat different from that which has
been used in previous reports. This change was made necessary by the
new stratigraphic evidence secured in nraking the Nueces section and the
results of the studies of our collections of fosS'il shells from various locali-
ties in this area by Prof. Gilbert D. Harris.

“These divisions, with such correlation as seems to be .warranted by the
facts, now before us, are:

Pleistocene

Neocene

Eocene.

f Coast sands, stream deposits, etc.

<Ooast clays

fEquus beds,
f Reynosa-Orange Sand.

Lagarto.

i Lapara

L Oakville- Deep Well,

[Frio )

I Fayette [

J Yegua.... j

i Marine.. J

1 Lignitic

I Basal Clays

Port Hudson.

Bianco.

.Lower Claiborne.

...Lignitic.
.Midvs

Lway.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

99

Dumble, Edwin T.

Eollowing a brief general discussion of the Fayette and beds above it, a
detailed description is given of the Reynosa-Orange 'Sand, Lapara-
Lagarto (Beds. Oakville Beds and Frio iClays as they occur along the
line of the International and Great Northern Railroad from Houston to
Palestine. The paper concludes with a correlation of the beds of the
Pleistocene and Neocene, as above given, with those of the Galveston Deep
Well.

147.

'TJie Oenozoic Deposits o*f Texas.

Joumal of Geology, Vol. II, pp. 549-567. 'Sept. -Oct., 1894.

'Contents: Focene — 'Basal Clays ('Characteristic Fossils), (Lignitic Beds
(Fossils), 'Marine Beds (iCharacteristie Fossils) , Yegua Clays (Character-
istic Fossils), Fayette 'Sands (Characteristic Fossils), Frio Clays. (The
■Texas Eocene considered as a Whole. Fossils in common with similar beds
on the Pacific Coast according to G. D. Harris.) Neocene: Miocene; Plio-
cene; (The Vertebrate Fauna of the Blanco Beds). The Lapara Division,
The Lagarto Division, Reynosa Division. Pleistocene — ^Equus Beds, (Fos-
sils described from the Plains ; from the 'San Diego Beds ; Shells collected
from the upper part of the San Diego Beds determined by J. A. Singley. )
Coast Clays. (The Seymour Plateau.)' Conclusion.

“The purpose of this paper is to give a brief account of the Oenozoic
deposits of 'Texas as they are now understood, and to make such correlation
of the various horizons as may appear to be warranted by the stratigraph-
ical position and fossil contents.” P. 549.

148.

'Some Sources' of Water Supply for Western Texas.

Gondensed Report of the Proceedings of the State Irrigation
'Convention convened at San Antonio, Texas, December 4, 1894,
pp. 85-94. San Antonio, 1894.

An 9,ceount of a trip northward from Carrizo Springs through Dimmit
and Zavala counties. The contrast between the 'valleys of the Nueces and
the Leona due to irrigation in the latter. The region considered: “That
portion of (Southwest Texas west of the 98th meridian and south of paral-
lel 30; and the Tnans-Pecos region.

“The more eastern of these two regions may be most concisely described
as consisting of plains and valleys in plains. One of the greater of these
plains occupies the larger part of the area north of the Southern Pacific
Railway. On some of the older maps it is represented as stretching west-
ward to, and forming part of, the Guadaloupe mountains, and is called by
that name- it is a great plateau with a comparatively level surface,
which is deeply scored by canons towards its southern border. Along
this border, in many places, it rises abruptly 100 feet or more above the
valley at its base. Its elevation labove the sea level is somewhat over 2000
feet.

“The other principal plain of the area is that of the coastal slope. This
rises gradually from the gulf shore until in the western portion of the

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

tasrea it reaches an el evasion of over 800 feet. Like the Gaiadalupe plateau,
it also breaks ahruptly do'vvn into the valley at its foot, dts former extent
was much greater than the present, for it reached inward and covered all
the intervening oountry to the base of the Guadalupe plateau.” * * *

The Trans-Pecos region may be said to comprise plains and mountains
in plains.

Sources of -water supply: iSurface water, subterranean water. The
Piver Systems : lOolorado, Guadalupe, Nueces, Pio Grande. Their drain-
age. The Guadalupe Plateau — its Springs. The volume of water in the
Rio Grande greatest, but -the topography of the adjacent country does not
permit its extended use. The supply is ample for the immediate valley.
The real importance of the Guadalupe -system in agricultural development
not yet recognized.

The main river system of the region is the Nueces. Its origin. Inter-
mittent flow of its branches. The storage of water suggested by building
dams in the canyons. Site for a dam -on the Rio Grande.

'Artesian Conditions. The great springs found along the foot of the
plateau are artesian. “When the lowland or valley is reached, this -same
water-bearing bed can be found by boring wells to it, and in many places
it affords very strong flows. The water of the artesian wells of San Antonio
is supplied from some of these beds, although there is a little uncertainty
as to their exact horizon. iSimil-ar wells, can be had at -many places along
the line of -the -Southern Pacific railroad west to Uvalde, or between -that
line and the foot of the plateau.”

The Water- bearing Sands of the Tertiary. Dip towards the Gulf. “The
most northern of these, and the most important as- well, occupies a belt
of country from Calaveras, on the San Antonio river, by the way -of Ross-
ville, Devine, iBatesville, -and Ca-rrizo Springs to the Rio Grande.” Water
from the upper part of the beds usually somewhat mineralized.

“The next water-bearing sand i-s that belt -of -brown -sandstone which is
seen all along the International and Great Northern railroad from Cotulla
to Laredo.” iSmall flows.

“The third belt is the sandy portion of the Fayette beds. These beds con-
tain more clay than do the Oarrizo beds, and are not so free of deleterious
matter, consequently while they will furnish lartesian water -at many local-
ities, it may in many places be mineral water.” The Oakville beds might
be expected to furnish water in -the coastal region — in some cases salt
water.

The Reyno-sa iS-and.

Trans-Pecos Texas. No artesian water. Topography. iSuggested dam
sites. Storm wa;ter3 its only hope.

149.

Some Sources of Water Supply for Westem Texas.

See the preceding paper.

The San Antonio Daily Express, Wednesday, Dec. 5, 1894.

X

Record of Geology of Texas, 188V-1896. 101

150. Dumble^ Edwin T.

Volcanic Dust in Texas.

('Correspondence. )

Science, E". S., Vol. I, pp. 657-658. June 14, 1895.

Refierenoe is made to 'an article by Mr. Henry W. Turner bearing the same
title (Science, N. 'S., Vol. I, /pp. 453-455).

The first specimen of the niiaterial was received by the Texgus Gleological
Survey February, 1900. It was colleeted by Mr. W. F. Cummins from
Ms “Blanco Canyon beds.” 'In the macroscopic slides prepared by the
Survey diatoms were found in abundance.

“These diatoms were partially identified by Mr. C. H. Kain and pub-
lished by iProf. lOoipe in bis firsit notice of the probable Pliocene age of the
Blanco Canyon beds (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., 189'2, p. 123).

“The diatomaceous chia.racter of this material was further noted by
Messrs. Lewis Woolman and C. Henry Kain, and the list of species given
in the American Naturalist for 1892 [Vol. XXVI], p. 505, .under the title
‘Fresh-iWater iDiatomaceous 'Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas.’

“In 1892, an examination ot this material by the writer (Dumble)
showed the presence lof volcanic dust, but the diatoms constituted by far
the greater part of the mass examined, and it was therefore classed with
other materials of a similar kind from the coast region as diatomaceous
earth, and only those siliceous deposits of like character which failed to
reveal diatoms were classed as volcanic dust and briefly described in the
Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science (Vol. I, Pt. I, p. 33. 1892).

Further reference to these isiliceous deposits are also made by Kennedy in
the Fourth Annual Report Ceol. iSurv. Texas, pp. 20, etc.

“The stratigraphic position of the deposit referred to by Mr. Turner has
been accurately determined. * * * ” Reference .to the Reports of Prof.

Cummins. Fossils of the Blanco Canyon beds. Quotation from Co.pe.

151. -, State Geologist.

The 'Soils of Texas. A Preliminary Statement and /Classification.

Transactio'ns of the 'Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, ISTo. 4,
pp. 25-60; map. Read June 18, 1895.

Contents:' Introductiion. Soils and their Derivation. Geology. Phys-
ical Geography. Residual S/oils of the Oo'astal Slope : Soils of the

Coastal Prairies. Soils of the Tertiary Plain — ^The Reynosa or LaFayette;
Oakville or Grand Gulf ; Frio Clays ; Fayette iSands ; Yegiia Clays ; Marine
Belt; Lignitic Belt. Soils of the Black Prairie — ’Ponderosa Marls; Austin
Chalk; Eagle Ford Shale"; Lower Cross Timbers.. Soils of the Grand
Prairie — ^V.ola .and Arietina; Washita .Limestone; Fredericksburg; Bosque.
Residual Soils of the Central Basin: Soil of the Denuded Areas — ^Coal
Aleasures; Permian. Soils of the Plateaus — ^Cretaceous; Llano Estacado.
Residual iSoils of the Mountain Regions: Central Mineral Region; Trans-
Pecos Region. Soils of Transportation: Drift Soils — ^Coastal SRpe;
Central Basin. Alluvial Soils — ^Coast Prairie Streams; Streams of Rey-
nosa Plain; Rivers of the Grand Prairie; Rivers of the Basin Region.
Preliminary Classification of Texas /Soils. Conclusion.

This paper contains numerous soil analyses taken from “Cotton Pro-

102

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

duetiiion,” 10th Census, Bulletin N.o. 25 of the Texas Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, and the Publications and Records of the Geolofgical Survey
of Texas.

152.

- Cretaceous' of Western Texas and Ooahuila, Mexico.

Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer.^ Vol. VI, pp. 375-388. 1895.

Contents: Introduction. Localities of Occurrence, Character and Rela-
tions of the Rock. San Lorenzo iSection — Its Location and the Character
of the Country; Details of the iSection. Lower Cretaceous; Bosque Divis-
ion— Its Members ; Flat Mesa Sections ; Kent Sections ; Exposures in the
Arboles and Burras Mountains; Episodes of the Bosque Period. Fred-
ericksburg Division — ^M^est of the Pecos River ; In the 'San Lorenzo Section ;
Caprina crassifihra as a Criterion of Fredericksburg Age ; The Kent Local-
ity. Washita Division — in the Trans-Pecos Area; At the Kent Locality;
Devil’s River Section; in the San Lorenzo Section; The Finley-Fagle Moun-
tains iSection; Comparisons with other Localities. Upper 'Cretaceous:
Geologic Succession and Correlations; Dakota Division; Colorado Division;
Montana Division — ^Its Importance; Areas Investigated by the Author;
General 'Section; Fossils; Dikes; Folds; Faults, and Lava Flows.

“IVhile in its broader features the Crejtaeeous of Western Texas and of
the northern portion of tlie Mexican State of Coahuila corresponds closely
with that of the Colorado River section east of it, there are, nevertheless,
many important differences in the stratigraphy and faunal relations well
worth more detailed study than they have yet received. A few of these dif-
ferences, which have come under my personal observation during trips made
through various parts of the region, are presented as indicating the general
character of the formation.

‘‘Only a few remnants of areas are found north of the Texas and Pacific
railroad, and that line may well be taken as marking the. northern bound-
ary of the Cretaceous deposits of Western Texas, since, as a body, they
pass north of it only (if at all) under that portion of the road which
crosses the Llano Estacado.” P. 376.

The 'San Lorenzo .Section was made in northern Coahuila, Mexico.

153.

Texas. Brown Coal.

Eng. and Mining .Journa.'l, A^ol. LXII, p. 343. X. Y., Oct.
10, 1896.

Attention is called to the constantly increasing use of brown coal as a
fuel. .After being tried with success under stationary boilers its use has
extended to locomotives on raili’oads. The subject of “Brown Coal and
Lignite” is treated by Mr. Duinble in .a volume bearing that title pub-
lished by the State Geological 'Survey in 1892. The comparative value
of brown coal and bituminous coal is there given at 7 to 10. “In engine
performance it is found that 1.4 tons of brown coal yield the same results
as one ton Indian Territory coal. Taking the cost of the tW'O fuels into

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1 896.

IOC

Bumble, Edwiist T.

'cons'ideraition, this itieans a saving of fully one-third of the former fuel
bills by using brown coal, an item worth working for.

‘“While these results are eminently satisfactory and promise a rapid
advance in brown-coal mining in the State, I am still of the opinion that
before it can attain its best development plants musit be erected for con-
verting it into compressed fuel in order to decrease its present tendency
to slack and fall to pieces on exposure to the air.”

154.

The Iron Ores of Texas.

The Bnsiness Record, Yol. I, No. 3, p. 43. Houston, Octoher,
1896.

“The iron ores of the 'State of Texas may be classed among the most
valuable of her mineral deposits. While as yet their utilization has
attained only very- modest proportions, 'the cause of this is not found in
either the quantity tor quality of the ores themselves.

“By the 'work of the geological survey, the iron ore areas of East Texas
and of the Llano or central mineral regions have been clearly defined,
mapped, and described, and from this work and the developments which have
heen made by the furnaces in the different localities in East Texas, we are
justified in the statement, that there is in the deposits themselves, when
considered either as to quality or quantity, every cxpportunity for the
development of an iron industry equal to any in the Southern States.”

The ores of Llano Oounty: Magnetite, Hematite, and some Limonite.
There are four belts: Babyhead, the most easterly; that between Pack-
saddle and Riley mountains; Iron Mountain; that between Riley Mountain
and Enehanjted Rock.

“The supply of the very best Bessemer ore is sufficient to build up very
extensive industries, when it shall have been properly opened, and will
supply all possible needs for many years to come.”

The ores of East Texas. All hydrated — limonite known as Nodular and
Laminated ore.

“The character of these ores is fully revealed in their names, the nodular
occurring as nodules or boulders, and the laminated in more continuous
beds. While they occur together to more or less extent, the nodular ores
prevail in the northeastern part of the district, their jrrincipal areas being
in Cass and Marion counties, with smaller areas in Morris, Upshur, Har-
rison, etc. These nodular ores are found imbedded in sand, in separated
deposits, with considerable areas of barren country intervening. These
deposits vary in area from 10 t,o several hundred acres, and have a thick-
ness from one to five feet.

“The laminated ores, which prevail over by far the greater portion of
the one thousand square miles which is underlaid by workable ores in
this region, reaches its greatest development in Cherokee oounty.”

The nodular ore seems to average richer in metallic iron and lower in
Phosphorus than the laminated. Factors that have retarded the develop-
ment of the iron industry in Texas : Fuel, fluxing materials, transporta-
tion, and market. There is a want of fuel in the Llano region. The

104

Trai^sactions Texas Academy op Science.

Dumble^ Edwin T.

timber of East Texas affoTds a charcoal supply, but the making of char-
coal is too costly. This region is without limestone for flux, which must
be transported. The 'State experiment in making charcoal. The use of
brown coal or lignite is advocated. Coking coal from the Brazos Coal
Field.

155. Eakins, L. G.

(Analysis of Gadolinite from Llano County, Texas.) See Hid-
den, W. E., and Mackintosli, J. B. A Des'cription of Several
Yttria and Thoria Minerals from Llano (County, Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXX'YIII, pp. 474-486.

December, 1889.

This analysis was privaitely oommunicated to the authors of the above
paper by Professor F. W. Clarke, and published by them, together with
an s.nalys'i'S by Dr. F. A. Genth (see Genth, F. A., in this Record), for
comparison with their own results. P. 479.

GADOLINITE, LLANO COUNTY, TEXAS.

:Sp. gr.==4.239.^b

Oxygen Ratio.

‘Si Oo 23.79 79.30

Th O2 0.58 0.44

Mn O trace

Fe 0 12.42 17.25

GIO 11.33 45.18

Ca 0 0.74 1.32 \ 63.751

Mg O ) i r 121.13

Ks O ^traces

Xas O )

AI2 O3

Fes O3 0.96 1.80

Ces O3 2.62 2.43 V 56.94

(Di La)2 O3 5.22 4.77 f

(Y, Er)s O3 41.55 47.94 ' J

Hs 0 1.03

Pa O5 0.05

Insoluble

100.29”

At 17° C.

t Didymium spectrum very strong.
t Molecular weight==260.

§ Erbium spectrum weak.”

156. Emmons, S. F.

Orographic Movements in the Rocky Mountains.

Bulletin Geol. Soc. Amer., Yol. I, pp. 245-286. 1890.

Reference is made to Texas and Arkansias on pp. 275-276 based upon
Professor Hill’s paper in A^nerican Journal of Science, III, Vol. XXXVIXI,
1889, p. 468.

' Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

105

Emmons^ S. F.

“IRecent geological observations in Texas and Western Arkansas show,
according to 'Mr. K. T. Hill, that the marine Cretaceous beds of that
region have been deposited along the southern base of an uplift, as yet
imperfectly known, of Pal6025oie rocks, extending from Ai’kansas westward
through Indian Territory and Northern Texas, and southwestward into
New Mexico. It is not yet definitely known whether early Mesozoic beds
are involved in this uplift so that its formation could be eorrelated with
the Jurassic movement in the Rocky Mountain region, though certain
facts render this probable.’*

The question of the correlation of the Texas Cretaceous beds is also
briefly discussed.

157. Engineering and Mining Journal.

New Yttria and TForia Minerals.

Vol. XLIX, p. 338. Marcli 22, 1890.

“W. 'E. Hidden and J. B. Mackintosh have found three new minerals in
the locality near Bluff ton. Llano county, Texas, which has lately yielded
unusual quantities of ininerials of the rarer earths — ^yttrialite, a thorium-
yttrium silicate; Thorogummite, a hydrated uranium thoro-silicate ; and
nivenite, a hydrated thorium-ythrium-lead silica. Besides these new spe-
cies, the locality has produced considerable quantities of gadolinite, fer-
gusonite and other heretofore rare minerals. 'A full account is given in
the American Journal of Science, to which periodical Dr. Genth had con-
tributed a paper on the Texas gadolinite in iSeptember, 1889. The locality
is mineralogioally iremarkable, and furnishes a great variety of specimens.
The country rook is a red granite, traversed by numerous quartz veins,
in the pockets of which the yttria and thoria minerals occur.”

158.

Cinnabar in Texas.

Vol. 58, p. 203. X. Y., Sept. 1, 1894.

An announcement of the confirmation of the rumors concerning “the
occurence of cinnabar in the southern portion of Presidio county, Texas,
not far from Presidio del Norte, in the big bend of the Rio Grande.”

159.

General Mining Notes.

(Cnal in Texas.)

Vol. 58, p. 207. 1894.

Extract: “There is coal on the Texas side of the Rio Grande near
Eagle Pass — ^of the ‘Eox Hills Group.’ There is also coal at Santo Tomas,
near Laredo (lignite) ; also at Presidio del Norte (between Eagle Pass and
El Paso, -near Rio Grande) . At Thurber, on the Texas and Pacific, west of
'Fort Worth, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company is an extensive producer,
about 1000 tons a day.”

The Texas and other A'merican 'Snlphnr Deposits.
Vol. LXII, p. 26. July 11, 1896.

160.

106

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Engineering and Mining Journal.

Reference is here made to a report by Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State Geol-
ogist of Aliahama, 'on the iSuliphur Deposits of Texas, from which several
extracts are taken. The information given does not differ maiterially from
that contained in his paper entitled “Notes on Native Sulphur in Texas.”
((See iSmith, Eugene A., in this Record.)

“These deposits have also been examined by Mr. John E. Roithwell,
mining engirieer of Denver, Colo., also a careful .and competent expert.
He tested the property by boring .and shafts, and proved a still larger
quantity of sulphur ‘in sight’ than did Dr. iSmith, so that there can be little
doubit as to this being a valua.hle deposit. These beds have easy access to
tide water and the M.is'sissippi river, and consequently have low freights
to many of the most important markets for this material. Their exploita-
tion, therefore, offers the foundation of a prosperous industry.”

Reference is also made to the deposits of Utah, Lower California, Louis-
iana, and the West Indies.

161. Everhart, Edgar.

Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory, University of
Texas, Bulletin Uo. 4, pp. 18. n. d. (1888?).

'Contents:' .Petroleum of Texas; Kiaolin; Silver and Gold; Iron Ores;
Ochres; Coal; Mineral Waters — ^^Chalybeate Water, Alum Water, Alkaline
ISulphatic Waiter; Sulphur Water.

“For many years it has been known that there were various localities
in the State where an oily substance .exuded from the .ground. These
places were generally denominated ‘tar springs.’ Mention is frequently
made .of these springs in 'the various histories of Texas. .Ex-<Gov. Roberts,
in his ‘Description of Texas,’ states 'that on the Gulf coast ifbt far from
iSabine Pass so much of this tarry matter issues from the ground that
during storms the water of the Gulf is frequently calmed by the floating
oil.

“The tar spring near San Augustine has long been known, and utilized
to some extent for various purposes, principally as a lubricant.

“Near Burnelt there are several places where this tarry substance issues
Irorn the ground, forming at times considerable springs. One of these
places is situated near the top of a high hill overlooking the town, while
in the valley below, on the banks of a small creek, there are also several
springs.

“Near Palestine there are said to be strong indications of petroleum,
.but nothing .deflnite regarding them has been heard here.

“In the vicinity of Austin, near Walnut Creek, prospecting for oil is
going on, probably with some hopes of sueoess. About one and a half
miles north .of Austin .a gentleman, in sinking a well, at the depth of fifty
feet struck water which is strongly impregnated with petroleum. The
water is unfit for drinking purposes. A sample of the water was exam-
ined in the laboratory, and an oil was found in small quantities which
resembles ithe crude oil of Pennsylvania. These are probably only a small
fraction of the number of places in the State where petroleum may be x
found. * * *

Record of Geology op Texas, ISSY-IS^G.

107

■Everhart, Edgar.

‘‘In the early part oif last year [1887] a campany in Nacogdoches was
foamed to develop the petroleum deposits that were known to exist
near that place. 'The springs are situated about thirteen miles from the
town of iNacogdoohes. ' Efforts have been made to learn something of the
geological formations of the locality about the springs, but without suc-
cess. The only thing in that connection that could be aseertained was
with regard to the nature of the ground through which the wells were
sunk. In driving the wells sand was encountered almost entirely. At some
stages lof sinking them the borers were troubled with quicksand, but not to
a very great extent. In the deepest well, .which goes to a depth of 360
feet, very hard rock was met with. The character of the rock is unknown
to me. iProbaibly the petroleum exists in the Tertiary formation.

“Since beginning the work the company have sunk eight 'wells, which
vary in depth from ninety ito. one hundred and twenty feet, except in one
instance where a depth of 360 feet has been attained. (Owing to a want
of (facilities for handling and storing the oil, only two of the wells are at
present in operation, the rest being securely capped. The daily yield of
these two wells is, as I am informed, 250 barrels each.

“The wells that have been sunk will flow to siome extent, bujt in order
to increase the yield pumping has been resorted to. * *

-IE- ^ 7i- ^

“The Texas oil is not adapted to the production of illuminating oil — its
value eonsists in its use as a lubricant. There is probably no better
lubricating material manufactured than this crude oil as it is pumped from
the well.

“In, .order to investigate some of the properties of this oil a quantity
was obtained from Nacogdoches and submitted to various tests in the
University laboratory. (The work was assigned .to Mr. iP. H. Fitzhugh,
who conducted the tests under my direction.

“Tlie oil has a brownish red color. The odor is peculiar, but not so
offensive as the crude petroleum of Pennsylvania. At ordinary tempera-
ture the oil is mobile, but not so much so as ordinary petroleum. iSub-
mitted to an extreme cold the oil still retains its liquidity, but naturally
becomes less mobile.' The temperature of the oil was reduced to less than
zero (Eahrenheit) without its losing its flowing qualities. At no tempera-
ture attainable in the laboratory by artificial means could any solid para-
fine be iseparated.

“'The oil does not gum on exiposure to the air.

'“Mr. Fitzhugh isubjected about four pounds of the oil to distillation
over the naked flame, in a retort connected with proper condensers. The
temperature was .carried up to 680° (Fahrenheit. At intervals of 45°
Fahrenheit each distillate was removed and its weight determined. The
results of the distillation were as follows :

1. Below 300° Fa, hr., the distillate amounted to 0.04 per cent.

2. 300° — 345° Fahr., the dis|tillate amounted to 0.37 per cent.

3. 345° — 390° Fahr., the distillate amounted to 1.30 per cent.

4. ,390°— 435° Fahr., the distillate amounted to 2.09 per cent.

5. 435° — 480° Fahr., the distillate amounted to 3.14 per cent.

6. 480° — ^525° Fahr., fhe distillate amiounted 'to 6.25 per cent.

7,. 525° — ^615° Fahr., the dis;tillate amounted to 7.07 per cent.

8j 615° — ^680° 'Fahr., the distillate amounted to 5.63 per cent.

IRemaining in the retort 74.03 per cent.

108

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Everhart^ Edgar.

“A cOinsidariaftion of tbe above figures shows in fibe first pla.ce that 'tlie
■crude petroleum of ISraoogdoebes is praotioally free from naiptba. JSlaptba
distills off below 250° Fabr^ Four pounds of tbis oil oajrried to a tempera-
ture fifty degrees higher yielded only a few drops of a light oil, amount-
'ing to but 0.04 per cent, of the total amount takeu. In the Pennsylvania
orude petroleum the illuminating oil comes off between 250° and 500°
Fahr., and it on an average amounts to about 55 per cent. 'The Nacog-
doches petroleum, between the same 'degrees of temperature, yields only a
little over 7 per cent.

* # * *){■

“^Kaolin. — ^This valuable mineral is found in several different parts of
the iSitate. In some localities the quality is not sufficiently good for hhe
manuifacture of the finest grades of porcelain ware, but in at least ithree
or four places large beds of Kaolin are found which are not surpassed, if,
indeed, equaled, by any like deposits in the world. 'So far as can be
judged from samples brought to this laboratory for analysis, it would
appear ithat the central and eastern portions of the ;State yield Kaolins
“that are of medium quality only, while in the western porition the finest
grades are found.

■K- -:s- -:i- -:{■ *

“The following Kaolins were obtained from the central part of the State.
They are of medium quality. Their composition as determined by analysis

■is:

A. B. C.

Water i5.45 per cent. 3.20 per cent. 2.69 per cent.

Alumina 13.83 per cent. 13.46 per cent. 12. 71 per cent.

Oxide of iron 2.70 per cent. 2.01 per cent. 3.60 per cent.

Silica 68.25 per cent. 72.31 per cent. 72.56 per cent.

Lime 1.23 per cent. 0.82 per cent. 1.00 per cent.

'Magnesia 0.47 per cent. 0.30 per cent. 0.10 per cent.

Potash 3.52 per cent. 3.07 per cent. 3.44 per cent.

Soda 3.96 per cent. 4.07 per cent. 2.62 per cent.

Sulphuric acid •. 0.30 per cent. 0.35 per cent. 0.10 per cent.

Oxide of manganese. . . . d.OO per cent.

99.71 99.59 100.02 [99.82]

“The two Kaolins whose analyses are given below are very .fine. They
a.re pure white in color, somewhajt greasy to the touch, and are infusible in
the hottest blowpipe fianie. Being practically free from iron they are
adapted to the making of the best grades of china. They are free from
grit and every other objectionable impurity.

“One of the deposits at least is said to be of great extenk

“kaolin from NUECES CANYON.

Water 4.53 per cent.

Alumina 33.66 per cent.

Silica 46.60 per cent.

Lime 0.43 per cent.

Magnesia 0.96 |per cent.

Soda 1.65 per cent.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

109

Everhart, Edgar.

‘‘kaolin from EDWARDS COUNTY.

Waiter 6.05 per cenit.

Alnmina 43.17 per cent.

ISilica 48.4.1 per cent.

'Lime 0.38 per cent.

Magnesia 0.;10 per cent.

Alkalies 1.78 per cent.

Silver and Gold. — * * * * ‘‘That there are such valuable deposits in

the State, however, there can he nO' do'uht, and analyses of gold and silver
ores found in iTexas of even great value have been made in the laboratory
of the University. !So far as my experience goes, the ores of bo'th gold
and silver lare much more valuable in the western and northwestern por-
tions of the State than in the central. Of many ores examined from Llano
and the adjacent counties none of great value were found, although some
were fair low grade ores. * * * in some of the streams of Llano

county it is poissible to pan out gold in even paying quantities, and it is
to be hoped that the time is not far distant when competent geologists will
be able to locate the source of ithis metal in that portion of the State.

“Oine of the most rematrkable deposits of gold ever found is near Austin.
It is remarkable from the fact that the gold is found in a ki,nd of rock
which has hitherto been supposed to be free from gold. iThe metal seems
to be very unequally distributed through ordinary limestone, and does not
occur in any well defined veins at all. This will probably prevent its
succesisful working, for while one ton of the rock might yield $50 of gold,
still the next ten tons would be likely to yield not a cent.

“From the extreme northwestern part of the IState some very fine indi-
cations of gold have been found. A small nugget about as large as a
pigeon’s egg has been received at the laboratory. It is said to have been
found in Oldham county.

“A few examples of the ores assayed for gold and silver are given:

“Silver ore from Northwest Texas showed 150 oz. of silver to the ton of
2000 lbs.

“Gold ore found in limestone contained: (Silver, 6 oz. to the ton of
2000 lbs.; gold, $17 to the ton of 2000 lbs.

“argentiferous galena.

No. 1 contained 15 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs.

No. 2 contained 20 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs.

No. 3 contained 120 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs.

No. 4 contained 10 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs.

No. 5 contained 23 oz. silver to the ton of 2000 lbs.

“One of the richest silver ores it has ever been my lot to assay was found
in this ^State, and it contained, according to the analysis, over 5000 oz. of
silver to ithe ton.

“Iron Ores^ * * *

“The following partial analyses of iron ores from different parts of the
estate will give some idea of their value:

110

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Everhart^ Edoar.

“BURNET COUNTY.

No. 1. No. 2.

'Sulphur 0.002 per cent. 0.10 per cent.

LPhosphorus 0.001 per cent. 0.08 per cent.

Silica 4.65 per cent. 2.46 per cent.

Oxide of iron 86.40 per cent- 87.43 per cent.

eorrespondipg to

iMetallic iron 60.48 per cent. 01.00 per cent.

“GILLESPIE COUNTY.

'Sulphur O.OI per' cent.

Phosphorus 0.05 per cent.

iSilica 3.86 per cent.

Oxide of Iron 84.41 per cent.

corresponding to

Metallic iron 59.09 per cent.

“southeastern TEXAS.

Sulphur 0.002 per cent.

Phoisphorus 0.47 per cent.

Silica 8.62 per cent.

Oxide of iron 75.71 per cent.

corresponding to

Metallic iron 53.00 per cent.

“central TEXAS.

No. 1. No. 2.

Sulphur •. . . . 0.008 per cent. 0.09 per cent.

Phosphorus 0.12i per cent. 0.22 per cent.

Silica 27.68 per cent. 8.85 per cent.

Oxide of iron 75.47 per cent. 85.52 per cent.

corresponding to

Metallic iron 52.83 per cent. 59.67 per cent.

“northeast TEXAS.

No. 1. No. 2.

Sulphur 0.22 per cent. 0.23 per cent.

Phosphorus 0.04 per cent. 0.19 per cent.

Silica 1.87 per cent. 6.83 per cent.

Oxide of iron 87.69 per cent. 84.91 per cent.

corresponding to

Metallic iron 61.38 per cent. 57.44 per cent.

“ochres.

“There are quite aibundant deposits in the S'tate of a kind of iron ores
that are usually called ochres. They are characterized by being easily
pulverized, soft to the touch, and freedom from grit, and by their con-
taining considerable quantities of alumina. They find considerable use
in the preparation of the so-called mineral paints, and are quite valuable
for such and lOther purposes.”

Analyses are given of ochres from Northwest Texas and Central Texas.

Record of Geology of Texas, IBS'? -1896. Ill

Everhart^ Edgar.

The subject of Coal and 'Lignite is discussed. Two analyses of bitumin-
ous coal are given, ene a sample recorded as from Llano county, the other
from Palo Pinto county, near Grordon. Analyses of lignites from different
parts of the 'State are tabulated: 'Robertson county; Cherokee county;
iMilam county; Hopkins county; .Northwest Texas; North Texas (3) ;
Burnet county (2); [See No. 7, Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas).]
Of mineral waters, the following analyses are given:

‘‘chalybeate water FRANKLIN, TEXAS.

“One gallon of the water contains:

Sulphate of lime 20.965 grains.

Sulphate of iron 75.952 grains.

Sulphate of alumiina 2.228 grains.

Sulphate of magnesia 13.063 grains.

Sulphate of ,soda 7.109 grains.

Sulphate of potash 0.752 grains.

Sulphate of ammonia trace.

Chloride of siodiurn 9.715 grains.

Silica and insoluble matter 2.041 grains.

Total grains per gallon 131.825

The water has a slight acid reaction.”

A second and third analysis of chalybeate water at Franklin are given.

“alum WATER DENISON.

“One gallon of the water contains:

Sulphate of lime 30.652 grains.

Sulphate of alumina 26.850 grains.

Sulphate of iron 0.239 grains.

■Sulphate of magnesia ' 3.312 grains.

Sulphate lof potash 0.286 grains.

Chloride of sodium 4.222 grains.

Chloride of magnesium 0.140 grains.

Silica and insoluble matter 2.735 grains.

Total grains per gallon 68.436

“alum WATER FRANKLIN.

“One gallon of the water contains :

Chloride of sodium 3.942 grains.

Sulphate of soda 0.898 grains.

Sulphate ef potash 0.548 grains.

Sulphate of lime 6.217 grains.

Sulphate of magnesia 2.624 grains.

Sulphate of iron 5.651 grains.

Sulphate of alumina 30.005 grains.

Silica and insoluble matter 2.887 grains.

Total grains per gallon

52.772

112 Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Everhart, Edgar.

‘‘alkaline iSULPHATIC water — GEORGETOWN.

“One gallon of the water contains:

Chloride of sodium 58.720 gratos.

(Bicarboinate of soda 1.225 grains.

Oarhonate of lime 23.414 grains.

Oarhojuate of iTooi ; 0.811 grains.

iSulphate of alumina and potash 8.363 grains.

iSulphate of potash 5.931 grains.

iSulphate of soda 201.197 grains.

iSulphate of magnesia 62.925 grains.

Sulphate of lime , 17.548 grains.

ISiliea and insoluble matter 0.991 grains.

Total grains per gallou 381.125

“Free carbonic acid gas per gallon, 39.6 eu. in.”

“sulphur water — LAMPASAS — ‘HANNA SPRING.’*

“One gallon of the water contains:

Hyposulphite of soda 0.775 grains.

Hydrosulphate of sodium 0.111 grains.

Chloride of sodium 55'5.8i69 grains.

Chloride of potassium 10.287 grains.

Ohloride of magnesium 50.049 grains.

Chloride of calcium 48.905 grains.

■CaPbonate of lime ' 34.465 grains.

•Sulphate of lime 0.951 grains.

Bromide of magnesium trace.

Alumina '. 2.286 grains.

Silica and insoluble matter 1.673 grains.

Organic matter trace.

Total grains per gallon 705.371

Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 5.82 cu. in.

Free carbonic acid gas, per gallon 11.80 cu. in.

The waiter has a faint acid reaction.

The temperature of the water in the spring is 70° F., and its specific
gravity is ,1.0074.

“sulphur water — LAMPASAS — ‘COOPER SPRING.’

“One gallon of the water contains :

Hyposulphite of soda 0.227 grains.

Hydrosulphate of sodium 0.827 grains.

Chloride of sodium 346.974 grains.

Chloride of potassium 3.586 grains.

*For analysis by E. iWaller, Ph. H., see No. 66, Cummins’ “The South-
ern Border of the Central Coal Field,” First Ann. Eept. Geol. Surv. Texas,
p. 172.

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-lSGe.

113

Everhart^ Edgar.

Chloride of magnesium 21.857 grains.

Chloride of calcium 48.147 grains.

iSulpliaite of lime 4.461 grains.

Carbonate of lime 11.372 grains.

Bromide of magnesium • trace.

Alumina 3.540 grains.

iSiliea and insoluble matter 0.565 grains.

Organic matter trace.

Total grains per gallon 441.556

Free sulphuretted hydrogen gas, per gallon 2.07 cu. in.

Free earbonie acid gas, per gallon 45.11 cu. in.

“The water has a faint acid reaction. The temperature of the water in
the spring is 70° F., and has a ispeeific gravity of 1.007.’^

162.

(Facogdoohes Oil.)'

Geological and 'S'cientific Bulletin, Vol. I, Fo. 4. Houston,
August, 1888.

An extract from “Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory,” Uni-
versity of Texas, Bulletin No. 4. iSee preceding title.

163. Fontaine, William Morris.

Fotes on some Fossil Plants from the Trinity Division of the
Comanche Series of Texas.

Proceedings of the IJ. S. Fational Museum, Vol. XVI, 1893,
pp. 261-282, pis. xxxvi-xliii. Washington, 1894. '

“The fossil plants whose description form the subject of this paper were
collected by their discoverer, IMr. J. W. Harvey, of Glen Rose, Texas. They
occur in the bed of the Paluxy River, two miles above Glen Rose. The
material containing the fossils is a pretty firm limestone, quite free from
sand and clay, and light gray in oolor, which was evidently a deposit
formed at a considerable distance from the shore. This necessitated a
prolonged immersion of the plant remains in water and their transporta-
tion over long distances. This conclusion, drawn from the nature of the
sediment, is confirmed by the condition and character of the plant fossils.

*. -K- -X-

“Most of the fossils are in the formi of small fragments. Cones of conifers
land bits of twigs of the same much predominate. The twigs have usually
thick leathery leaves and a dense durable epidermis^ These facts indicate
that the plants and parts of plants that can withstand long drifting are
predominant, because more perishable forms were destroyed in transporta-
tion. 'Oonifers of certain types are most common, probably because, under
the existing conditions, they were best fitted for preservation, and not
because they were most common in the flora.” P. 261.

iSubdivisions of the Lower Cretaceous according to Prof. R. T. Hill.

114

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Fontaine, William Morris.

'Descrapitio-n of the 'Species. Equlsetaeeae. Equisetum texense, sp. nov.
Ferns. Sphenopteris valdensis, Heer? Cyeads. Dioonites Buohianus, var.
rarinervis, vaT. nov., D. Buchianus, 'Schimper. D. Buchianus, var. angus-
tifoUus, Font. D. Dunkerianus, (iGropp.) Miquel. Podozamites acutifo-
lius. Font.? Podozamites .species? Zamites tenuinervis, Font. Conifers.
Ahietites Linkii, (Foem.) Dunk. Laricopsis longifolia, Font. Sphenole-
pidium Sternbergianum, var. densifolium, Font. Pinus species? Brachy-
phyllum texense, sp. nov. Pagiophyllum dubium, sp,. nov. Frenelopis
varians, sp. nov. F. Hoheneggeri (Ett.) Sohenk. Sequoia pagiopliylloides,
sp. nov. Abietites species? Flants of Uncertain Affinities. Williamsonia
texana-, sp. nov. Garpolithus obovatus sp. nov. G. Harveyi sp. nov.
Gyoadeospermum I'otundatum, Font.

Age and Affinities of the Trinity Flora.

“The plants found at den Rose show, so far as can be judged from so
imperfect a colleotion, that the Tidnity flora finds its closest resemblance in
the older portion of the lower Potomac. There is, however, this important
difference iNo trace of angiosperihs, even the most archaic, has been
found in the Texas region. IWe have only the four elements of the typical
Jurassic flora. This then makes the Trinity flora somewhat older than that
of the oldest Potomac. 'The absence of the angiospernis and the presence
of the forms that hre found indicate decidedly that the Trinity flora is not
younger than the earliest stage of the Cretaceous. The number of plants
found to 'be identical with certain of those of the oldest Potomac sho^ws
that there is little difference in the age of the two formations. The plant-
bearing portion of the Trinity is somewhat older than the basal Potomac
strata., but the difference in age cannot be great.” Pp. 279-280.

164. G.

(Sketch of the Natural Gas Field near Brenham^ Texas.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Yol. I, No. 8. December,

1888.

“In the year 1879, Wm. 'Seidell, seeking water for farm purposes, had
a well bored to a depth of between one hundred and fifty and one hundred
and sixty feet, when a sand rock was reached, which produced a fine flow
of natural gas. At that time natural gas was not as pi-ominent as fuel,
and no attention was paid to the find further than to use it as a play-
thing and for domestic uses in a tenant house near by. The Hon. J. E.
Cray, of Brenham, Texas, a former representative of Washington county,
and a gentleman of fine intelligence, who lived not far from this well, in a
letter to J. iB. Grilmer & Co., says of -it :

“ ‘The well was bored in August, 1879, eleven inches in diameter, making
eight inches after being curbed with wood. When burning, the flame would
extend fully fifteen feet high. When the gas was confined, and allowed
to escape through a small hole in the well covering, and a snuff bottle
placed to it, the noise made by the stream of gas in the bottle resembled
that of a steam whistle, and was plainly heard a mile or more from the
well. The force or volume of the well did not perceptibly diminish until
old sacks, used in extinguishing the flame, dirt, chunks of wood, etc., were

Record op Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

115

driopped or fcliroiW.n in the well. The gas oontinued to flow, and was utilized
both for fuel and light in a small tenant house situated about thirty feet
from the well, for about three years, when, it was found that the well had
been stopped up the distanee of about twenty feet from the bottom.’ After
the flow of gais was thus cut off, no attentio-n was paid to the matter
until the winter of 1887-8, when J. B. Gilmer & Co., of Waco, leased the
tract on which the land was, and many other tracts in the neighborhood,
and commenced boring to see if the gas 'was still there. They attempted
to bore out the old well, but found it so effectually stopped that it was
cheaper to bore a new one. * * When the first well put down for

J. B. Gilmer & Co. reached the depth of the old well, the gas began to flow
as when the old well was in its glory. The workmen were found to be
incapable of properly casing a well, and out of a number dug in the spring
of 1888, none were saved, as the clay caved and cut off the gas. This
caused a suspension of work until October, 1888, when an experienced
driller was secured.

“iSince then three wells have been put down and secured. One is near
the original well, h54 feet deep; one about three or four hundred yards to
the southeast, 134 feet deep; the third about a half a mile to the north-
west, about 114 feet deep. Measured by an anemometer, these three wells
flow about a million and a half cubic feet of gas per day. Prof. J. P.
Lesley, State (Geologist of Pennsylvania, estimates that one pound of coal
has a fuel capacity of 7^ cubic feet of gas. On this basis the fuel value
of these wells amounts to 100 tons of coal per day. When the shallow
depths of these wells through clay is considered, and the cheapness with
which they can be made, their fuel value, compared with their cost, is
enormous. This field is 10^ miles from Brenham, a city oif seven thousand
people, or about one thousand families. It offers a market, on an estimate
by one of its most conservative citizens, of about $75,000 worth of gas per
annum. This is as the city now stands, without any calculation for in-
crease of wealth from growth of place. The wells are about 1^ miles from
the Austin branch of the 'H. & T. C. R. R.” * * *

165. Gannett, Henry.

iA Dictionary of Altitudes in the United States. (Second Edi-
tion.)

Bull, of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Ho. 76, 393 pp. Washington,
1891.

The altitudes of the principal railroad stations in Texas are given, as
well as of a number of other points. A valuable work of reference.

166. Genth, F. a.

iContrihutions to Minerology, Ho. 44.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXVITI, pp. 198-203.
Hew Haven, Sept., 1889.

“1. Gadolinite. — ^In the fall of the year 1888, Dr. A. E. Eoote sent me
for identification a shining black mineral which he brought from Burned
county, Texas. A preliminary examination, which I made, proved it to be
Gadolinite, which, excepting that from Colorado, described and analyzed by

116

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Genth^ F. a.

Mr. L. iG. Eakins, of the U. iS. Geol. iSurvey, had never been observed in
this country. (Since it ibeoaime known that the mineral brought from
Texas by Dr. Foote was gadolinite, large quantities have been obtained,
some in crystals, weighing from seven to eleven pounds. I am indebted
to Mr. W. Farl Hidden for some from Llano county, Texas, and give in
the following the results of my analyses of this as iwell as that received
from Dr. Foote.

“It has a black color ; in thin splinters it is translucent with a dark
bottle-green color; the fine powder is greenish-gray; fracture conehoidal to
splintery. iSp. gr.=^4.2(>l (Burnet county) to 4.254 (Llano county).

•» -» *

“The Texas gadolinite is altered into a brownish-red mineral of waxy
lustre, finally into a reddish or yellowish-brown earthy substance. Neither
could be obtained in a state of purity, but I will give below a partial analy-
sis of the former., Tengerite (?) or yttrium carbonate in thin, white
crystalline incrustations is tfound between the cracks of the gadolinite.
There was only enough obtainable to show their composition by qualitative
tests.

* * * ' * -:s- * ■Jt

“The following results were obtained ;

I. BURNET COUNTY. II. LLANO COUNTY.

a

h

a

b

Si O2

22.87*)

23.40*)

22.80

22.92

AI2 O3

0.28

0.33

0.31

0.29

Cea O3 t)

2.65

2.76

2.66

2.85

(Di, La)2 O3

5 22

5 17

5.01

5.33

(Y, Er), O3

44.35

44.65

44.45

44.30

Mn 0

0.22

not det.

0.18

not det.

Fe 0

13.69*)

13.58

12.93

13.03

Be 0

9.24

9.32

9.19

9.34

Mg 0

0.07

0.08

O.Tl

not det.

Ca 0

0.64

0.54

0.71

0.78.

Nag 0

0.20

not det.

0.23

not det.

Ka 0

0.15

a u

0.12

u u

Ignition

0.72

U il

0.79

u u

Insoluble in dil.

Ha SO4

u u

0.93

0.92

100.30

100.42

includes the Fe^Og and iSiO^, insoluble in dilute sulphuric acid
“t Mr. L. G. Faldns informed me that he had found Th O2 in the Texas
gadolinite. As I had not tested for it, I examined the ceric oxide, left
from the four analyses, and found it to contain 3.22 per cent, of Th O2.

“decomposed gadolinite from llano county.

Spec, gray

Ignition

Quartz

Si O,

(Ce, Di, La, Y, Er)2 O
I 60 Oo

Mn O
Ca O.

3.592'

9.30

1.03
22.11
39.20
14.53

6.03
0.22
5.58”

Record of Geolooy op Texas, 1887-1896. 117

1G7. Geologioal aistd Scientific Bulletin.

Artesian Well Kotes.

Yol. I, No. 7. I-Jouston, Nov., 1888.

“Bosque and ‘Somervell counties head the list of artesian wells, having
between one and two hundred already flowing from depths of 100 to
600 feet. One well in Bosque county is on a hill top, 250 feet above the
level of the surrounding creeks — 'is 800 feet deep, and yields a good flow
of water.

“Two fine wells have been bored on one of the highest points around
Waco, one of them about 1500 feet deeip, with fiowing water from both.

“The last well at Gralveston promises to be the best of all dug up to
the present in yield of water.

“The wells at Yorkto'wn are shallower even than those at Houston. The
water is found under a very impervious stratum of clay, which shows no
evidence of moisture, even within three or four inches of the water bed.”

168.

Geological Surve}^ of Texas.

A^ol. I, No. 7. Houston, Nov., 1888.

\An account of the field work of the Greo-logical 'Survey, with special
reference to the assignments and investigations of Messrs. Penrose, Owen,
(Tai't, Jermy, 'Streeruwitz and iCummins.

169.

Natural Gas.

Yol. I, No. 7. Houston, Novem'ber, 1888.

“In the Grreenview neighborhood, six miles from Burton, Messrs. G-ilmer
and Co., of Waco,, have succeeded in obtaining two fine flows of natural
gas from ,a depth of about 150 feet.”

170.

Geological Survey of Texas.

Yol. I, No. 8. Houston, December, 1888.

A brief summary of the various reports to be embraced in the forth-
coming “First Beport of Progress.”

171. ^

Geological Survey of Texas.

Yol. I, No. 11. Houston, March, 1889.

'Reference to the routine work of the State Geologist; to the field work
of Messrs. Penrose, Cummins, Streeruwitz, Jermy, Huppertz and Taff ;
and to the chemical analyses of Messrs. Herndon, Smith and Halley.

172.

Geological Survey of Texas.

Yol. I, No. Houston, April, 1889.

118

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin.

“Tlie iState Geologist, in company with Dr. Penrose, made a trip down
the 'Colorado river from lAiistin to La Grange to secure as complete a
section of the Tertiary formation as possible, and to determine the true
sequence-of the different beds already known to occur in it. The trip was
made in a row boat, and required nearly six days for its completion. The
results were highly satisfactory, and will go very far toward giving us a
correct idea of the Tertiary history of the State. Lignites were found
in abundance. 'Many fine beds , of fossils were observed, and as full col-
lections made as the time permitted. 'Near La Grange a fine deposit of
palm imipressions was found in a bed- of sandstone, accompanied by pieces
of the trunks and stems silicified. Among the fossils taken were those
of the characteristic iEocene species of shells with shark teeth and corals.”

iBrief mention is made of the work of Messrs. Penrose, Streeruwitz,
Cummins, Jermy, Taff, and Huppertz.

173. Gilbert, G. K.

Administrative Report.

'Eleventh Ann. Rept. JJ. S. Geol. Survey, Part I, Geology.
Washington, 1890.

(Work in Texas, pp. 58-59.)

“A study of the Cretaceous formations in Texas, begun some years ago
by Mr. Robert T. Hill and temporarily discontinued, was resumed last
summer as a joint woik of the iGeological Survey of Texas and the
U. iS. Geological Survey. The upper and lower boundaries of the system
were traced and mapped from the Colorado river northward to the Red
River, and the principal subdivisions also were outlined between the
Brazos and Red rivers. The larger share of the expense of the recent
work was borne by the State Survey, and it is arranged that the most
comprehensive publication of the scientific results shall appear in the
forthcoming first annual report of the !State Geologist.”

174. Goldsmith, E.

Gadolinite from Llano County, Texas.

Proc. Acad, of Eat. Sciences, Phila., Part II, pp. 164-165.
iMay-'Sept., 1889.

‘The specimen so called which came from the above locality is in the
r\Vm. M. Vaux collection of the Academy, and is of unusual size. It
appears as a rough orthorhomibic crystal. A piece broken off at one end
revealed the fact that the crystal was not homogenous throughout. Within,
a glassy material, surrounded by a rather thick layer of perfectly dull
appearance, indicated that it was made up of at least two different min-
erals. I procured from the minerial dealer fragments of these two sub-
stances for investigation. The inner or vitreous substance proved to be
Gadolinite. Iln mass the color is deep black and opaque, but wihen a thin
plate is prepared by grinding, it appears green. Beneath the microscope
apparently all is homogenous, only a few minute black spots are noticed.

“Fracture Qonchpidal and uneven. Hardne3s=6. tSp. gr.==4.276, It

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

119

Goldsmith, B.

affords no streak on unglazed porcelain, and it is brittle; the powder is
grayish green.

‘Toir analysis the " substance was selected with care, and was easily
decomposed by hydrochloric acid, the silica gelatinizing.

“Tlie result was as follows:

Silica 25.70 per cent. 0=13.7

Ittria 58.30 per cent. 0=12.

Iron monoxide 15.52 per cent. 0= 3.44

Glucina 2.10 per cent. 0= 1.32

•!:- ^5- * , * * ■» -St-

‘‘The material enveloping the Gadolinite seems to be amorphous; dull,
with an uneven 'fracture and brittle; its color is gnayish brown; streak
red, when powdered bright red.

“It was found necessary to float off the suspended part in water from
another portion which was not decomposable by hydroehlorie acid, and this
was repeated until a sample was wholly decomposable by that acid. The
silica did not gelatinize.

“IIardness=3. Gp. gr.=3.494.

“Not fusible before the blow-ipipe. The fluxes indicated iron; heated in
a tube it gave water. Heated with carb. soda upon charcoal it afforded a
'dark-brown slag.

“The analysis indicated great complexity of mixture:

iSiiOa 18.145 per cent. 0= 9.676

Ceg 'O4 20.662 per cent. 0=16.773

Fcs O3 26.026 per cent. 0= 7.807

Y O 21.854 per cent., 0= 4.500

Ca O 3. '642 per cent. 0= 1.040

Mg 0 0.214 per cent. 0= 0.085

H 0 9.761 per cent. .0= 8.676

■5:- 4:- * -:{• * *

“I am not aware that this material over the Gadolinite has been named.
I propose for it the name Metagadolinite.”

175. Gregg, A.

Economic Minerals of San Saba County.

Texas Geol. and Man. Surv., First Rept. of Progress, 1888, pp.
74-76. Austin, 1889.

Economic Minerals of San Saba County. 'Marbles: iColor and Varie-
ties; 'Specimens furnished the U. S. National 'Museum. Great Springs:
Artesian in -Character; Valuable for Power and Irrigation; Occurrence
along the Paleozoic Outcrop in the southern part of the County. (Sand-
stone for Building Purposes abundant; of a “rich warm yellow” color;

^ Colorado River cuts through an extensive deposit; some strata 12 feet
thick. Grindstone 'Grit 'near the mouth of the 'San Saba, and at several
points on the Colorado. Blue Limestone occurs near the town of San
Saba. “Fire-iproof” rock is abundant, underlying the Blue Limestone.
White Limestone occurs between the San Saba river and the Paleozoic Out-
crop. Paleozoic Rocks, Granjtp, Granite Sa^ndstone, Quartz Schist, etc.,

120

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

.Gregg, A.

occur in the southern part of the County, Pure white clean sand suitable
for glass is found in the western part of the county. Coal found at Mil-
burn (McCulloch County) and Vicinity.

‘‘The so-called mineral belt extends through the southern third of the
county, and in it have been found gold, silver, copper, lead, and manga-
nese, but none of these minerals have as yet been mined with success.”
P. 76.

176. Gulliver, F. P.

Cuspidate Forelands.

Bulletin Geol. Soc. Amer., A^ol. YII^ pp. 399-442. 1896.

Among the typical examples of “Overlap,” that at Corpus Christi Pass,
Texas, is mentioned.

177. Harrington, H. H.

Alkali 'Soils.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 12. Houston,
April, 1889.

“ ‘Alkali soil,’ as the term is commonly employed, lias reference usually
to the saline or alkaline matter present in the soil that exerts an injurious
effect on vegetation. These salts may or may not be really alkaline in
reaction. The term ‘alkali aoil’ is, therefore, to a certain extent, indefinite
and ambiguous, since the salts may consist of borates and carbonates of
potash and soda, giving an alkaline reaction to' test paper, viz. : Chlorides
and sulphates of potash, soda and magnesia, phosphates of soda and lime,
nitrates of soda and potash. It will be at once noticed that the latter
elaSiS of compounds contains the three great elements of plant food —
potash, phosphoric acid and nitrogen — ^those three elements which alone
the agriculturist can afford to buy in a fertilizer, and upon which every
eommeroial fertilizer depends for its value. 4 call special attention to
this fact, because, when the alkaline soils of (Western Texas are brought
under cultivation, the practically inexhaustible quantity of some of these
ingredients will be a matter of great economical importance, enabling the
farmer, by a judicious use or renewing of organic matter in the soil, to
possess a farm that Avill enrich both father and son.

“From a preliminary investigation of Pecos Valley soils, it seems that
their alkalinity is due chiefly to alkaline carbonates of potash and soda
and ehlor'ides of the same elements. The first two salts are by far more
injurious to plant gro'VAdh, particularly blighting the young blades as they
emerge from the ground, dn some respects, however, their presence is not
to be so much deprecated as is the presence of the chlorides, either alone
or mixed with sulphates, since the alkaline carbonates, unless present in
large quantity, may be decomposed by gypsum or sulphate of lime, con-
verting the lime sulphate into the beneficial carbonate and the alkaline
carbonates into the neutral sulphates. The chlorides, on the contrary, and
some of the sulphates, it is necessary to remove by irrigation and drain-
age, unless, indeed, the quantity of rain were sufficient to carry these salts
below the surface to an underground channel, or along the surface to

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

121

Harrington^ H. H.

is:trea.ms that would remove the ^alkali’ from the field — ^a condition of things
not likely to soon take place in Western Texas. /In case irrigation is
applied, particular attention must he given to the character of water used.
Obviously a stream carrying in solution a large quantity of saline matter
could not he used with advantage, except under modified conditions, since
the evaporaitipn of the irrigation water would itself add largely to the
already alkaline condition of the soil. When neither irrigation nor the
'use of gypsum is sufficient to reclaim an alkali soil, it is probable that
chemical antidotes may be found that will prove efficient.. 'For example, in
certain cases lime might be used, although this or the use of any other
ohemical substance would depend upon the eharaeter of the alkali, a matter
requiring special investigation and trial in each particular case.”

-:s- vt * if * * *

178.

A Preliminary Report on the Soils and Waters ef the Upper Rio
Grande and Pecos Valleys in Texas. (iVppendix by B. T. Dum'ble.)
Geol. Snrv. oh Texas, Bulletin Ho. 2, 26 pp. Austin, 1890.

Letter of Transmittal by E. T. Dumble, State Geologist. Introduction
by E. T. Dumble. Letter by the Author oontainiing aeknowledgments, etc.

"soils and waters of the upper RIO GRANDE VALLEY IN TEXAS.

Contents : 'Soils ; Adobe Soil, Chemical Analysis, Mechanical Analysis ;
Sandy Loam, Chemical Analyses, Mechanical Analysis; Chemical Analyses
of Soils from Foothills around iSierra Dlanca and iBordering the Fio Grande
Valley. Alkali iSpots: /Soil Incrustation, Black Alkali, White Alkali,
'Reclaiming A.lkali Spots. Sediments, River 'Sediments. Water .Supply:
Analysis of Mesa Well Water, Analysis of Rio Grande Water, Quantity of
River Water, Wiater Reservoirs or Storage Tanks, Nature of Alkali in the
Valley. Conclusions.

SOILS AND WATERS OF THE PECOS VALLEY.

‘T present, in addition to the above report, analytical work by Mr. P.
;S. Tilson upon 'the Pecos Valley .soils, and Analyses of Pecos river water.”
P. 19.

APPENDIX E. T. DUMBLE. (SEE DUMBLE, E. T., IN THIS RECORD.)

Extract from ‘'Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio Grande Valley,” etc.,
pp. 7-8:

“The investigation into the character of the soils of 'the upper Rffi
Grande Valley as planned consisted of a personal examination of that part
of El Paso county adjacent to the Rio Grande from 'El Paso to a line below
the site of Fort Quitman, for the purpose of ascertaining the character of
soils and of the water supply, with especial regard to their capacity and
suitability for irrigation.

“The scope of country investigated is some eighty miles in length and
from two to six m.iles in width, varying with the breadth of the valley,
upon the Texas side uf the Rio 'Grande, and having an average width of

122

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Harrington, H. H.

about tliree miles. For this entire length the valley is either traversed or
skirted by the iG. H. & iS. A. iR. R. and the T. & P. R. R., these railways
using the same track from El Paso to Sierra Blanco, ninety miles south-
east. For about thirty miles below El Paso the greater part of the valley
is now under cultivation. In many instanoes the orchard and vineyards
are brought up to the highest state of perfection, rivaling in beauty and
value those of the Pacific Slope.

* 4f- -IS- -li- -X-

“Soils. — iThe soils of the valley may in a general way be divided into
three elasses :

“First — ^The heavy ‘adobe’ soil of the river deposit.

“iSecond — The sandy loam, being an intimate mixture of the adobe soil
with the sand of the foothills adjacent to the valley.

“Third — ^^The sandy soil, oontaininig an excess of the sand from the foot-
hills.

“The adobe soil is most difficult to cultivate, is plastic, and is generally
supposed to contain a larger amount of alkalies than either of the other
soils. The sandy soil is regarded as the best adapted for vegetables and
alfalfa, while the sandy loam, which is the predominating soil, is used
for various crops.”

.178a.

Texas Soils: A Study of Oliemical Compositiou.

Bulletiu Ho. 25, Texas AgTicultural Experiment Station.
Bryan, 1892.

.Discussion of the praetioal benefit of soil analysis to the farmer. Direc-
tions for collecting samples. iClassifieations : .Soils of the State of six
different types. ’1st — The 'Coast Belt. 2nd — iThe East Texas Belt. 3rd —
The Black Prairie Belt. 4th — ^^The Ft. Worth Prairie Belt. 5th — 'The Pan*
handle .Soils. 6th — The Alluvial Soils.

The Coast Belt. Analyses of Soils: (No. I, from Rusk, Cherokee Co.;
'No. dl, from 'Colmesneil, Tyler Co.

ELEMENTS.

No. 1.

No. II.

Surface

Subsoil.

Surface

Subsoil.

Mnist",!! rf*

0.8

2.05

9(5.212

0.776

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

0.4

0.73

97.764

0 931
0.009
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace
Trace

0.37

1.18

97.584

j- 0.75

0.3

0.67

98.168

0.78

'Volatile and organic matter

Insoluble matter and sand

Iron oxide

AlnminH, oxide

Calcium oxide

Mn.gnesium oxide

0.079

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Sulphuric acid

Trace

Trace

Trace

Trace

Phosphoric acid

Potash

Soda

Ca.rhonic a.cid

Analyses: No. I, Creek Bottom Land, Tyler Co.; No. II, Valley Land,
Cherokee Co.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

123

Harrington^ H. H.

ELEMENTS.

No. I.

No. II.

Surface

Subsoil.

Surface

Subsoil.

Moisture

' 2.30

-3.22
89.49

•j 3.94

0.44

0.08

Trace

0.03

0.06

0.07

1.77

2.56

91.09

4.12 j-

0.36

0.15

Trace

0.03

0.12

0.16

1.32

4.60

83.22

5.82

2.12

0.555

0.126

1.02

3.31

85.91

6.44

1.70

0.255

0.197

Volatile and organic matter

Insoluble matter and sand

Trnn oxide

Alumina oxide

fia.leinm oxide

Magnesium oxide

SnlpVinrie a.eid

Phosphoric acid

0.243

0.48

0.40

0.44

0.141

0.44

0.49

0.187

Potash

Soda

Carbon Dioxide

“Both of these sia-mples represent the better types of soil in the East
Texas belt of soils, and while the analysis cannot compare with that of the
richer lands in the .State, it is very 'favorable, indeed.”

* ^ * 45- * * *

‘^The Black Prairie Belt. — There are four divisions of this with only
slight variations : The first on the east, next to the timber belt, is distin-
guished by the presence of sand in the soil — ^with occasional pure beds of
sand — illustrated by the analysis of soil samples from Terrell and Pecan
iG^ap. West of this strip comes the main black waxy area — characterized
by a sulbstructure of light blue or yellow calcareous clay, called by resi-
dents ‘soap s'tone’ and ‘joint clay,’ from its laminated structure. Small
depressions in the surface of the soil, called ‘hog- wallows,’ are quite
common. These are caused by the unequal drying and expansion of
the calcareous clays in poorly drained places. Greenville, Terrell, Kauf-
man and iCorsioana are situated near the dividing line between the above
two divisions. Below iwill be found analyses of samples from Terrell,
iPecan Gap, Forney, Belton and Manor — the three latter soils illustrating
the main black waxy belt.

124

Trais-sactions Texas Academy of Science

Harrington^ H. H.

LOCALITY.

j Water.

Volatile and or-

ganic matter.

Insoluble mat-

ter and sand.

Iron oxide.

Alumina oxide.

Calcium oxide.

Magnesium

oxide.

Sulphuric acid.

Phosphoric acid.

Potash.

Sodium.

Carbon dioxide.

Terrell.

Surface

2.09

6.84

85.96

1.08

1.68

0.55

0.28

0.24

0.28

0.23

0.17

0.13

.07

SnVisnil

2.09

3.81

87.95

1.45

2.71

0.37

0.32

0.11

.14

Pecan Gap.

Siirffir'.fi ....

fi 34

7.88

6.67

68.06

62.91

4.23

4.19

9.48

10.37

.814

3.05

32

'^4

.13

.18

.83

1.29

64

..344

2.32

Subsoil

7.57

.34

.12

.60

Forney.

Timber Land.

Surface

4.56

6.03

60.55

2.42

4.53

11.00

-.543

.127

.326

.316

1.28

8.49

Subsoil

4.36

7.42

60.96

2.27

5.59

10.05

.64

.16

2.66

.419

1.85

7.78

Prairie Soil.

Surface

7.57

11.06

56.5

2.82

7.04

6.62

.81

.151

.313

.837

.052

6.26

Subsoil

6.78

10.96

56.4

2.78

2.38

7.35

.615

.137

.294

.606

.109

6.06

Hammock.

Sn pf n,f*e

7.91

6.92

6.16

62.98

2.86

7.35

6.30

.46

.147

.25

.68

.09

4.91

Subsoil

7.70

62.84

2.74

8.18

6.74

.297

.216

.499

.39

.25

4.48

Manor, Travis County.

Surface

8.47

■7.26

50.69

3.73

16.35

5.81

.317

.082

.115

.576

.151

5.84

Subsoil

3.27

7.18

51.17

4.7414.33

6.96

.507

.147

.179

.604

.095

6.11

Belton, Bell County.

Black Waxy.

Surface

.2.42

7.34

44.23

(1.58)

.23.98

.94

.15

.12

.22

.25

18.00

Subsoil

1.94

2.65

48.17

(2.68)

23.6

1.13

.21

.13

.28

.30

18.35

Belton, Bell Couiity.
Hammock.

Snrfa.ce

6.52

77.05

2.66

4.91

1.03

.73

.02

.02

.18

1.45

.93

.81

Subsoil

4.91

2.51

78.09

3.98

7.74

0.83

.9

.17

1.07

.33

.65

‘‘The next division of the hlack prairie belt lies to the west of the ‘black
waxy’ proper. It is a narrow strip, only about two miles wide; and
reaehinig from iRed river to the iRio Gnande. Its surface is characterized
by an outcrop of ‘white rock/ or chalky country. -Some of the most pros-
perous towns of the iState are situated upon this narrow belt: Paris,
ISherman, iMcKinney, Dallas, Waxahachie, Waco, Austin, iNew Bnaunfels
and iSan Antonio.

* -)(■ * -K- vx-

“Analysis of samples from Waxahachie and New iBraunfels. No. I,
Waxahachie; No. II, New Braunfels :

ELEMENTS.

No. I.

No. 11.

Surface

Subsoil.

Surface

Subsoil.

Moisture ,

9.06

7.64

7.22

7.34

Volatile and Organic Matter

7.77

5.80

4.96

2.24

Insoluble Matter and Sand

59.9

53.17

61.99

51.07

Oxide of Iron .'.

5.44

5.18

4.03

4.15

Oxide of Alumina

6.81

6.32

5.62

5.76

Oxide of Calcium (Lime)

5.17

10.62

7.32

14.66

Oxide of Magnesia

.67

1.41

1.31

.96

Sulphuric Acid

.14

.29

.30

.17

Phosphoric Acid

.15

.65

.41

.57

Potash

.35

.41

.22

.47

Soda

.04

.24

.13

.12

Carbon Dioxide

3.98

8.11

5.8

11.52

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISOG.

125

Harrington^ H: H.

PANHANDLE AND ALLUVIAL SOILS.

LOCALITY.

Water.

Volatile and or-

ganic matter.

Insoluble mat-

ter and sand.

Iron oxide.

Alumina oxide.

Calcium oxide.

Magnesium

oxide.

Sulphuric acid.

Phosphoric acid.

Potash.

Sodium.

Carbon dioxide.

Panhandle— Abilene.

Black Loam.

Surface

4.52

3.05

73.78

1.78

6.51

4.04

1.4

.154

Trace

1.137

.957

2.25

Subsoil

4.80

2.69

64.3

2 23

5.05

9.32

1.09

4.22

.102

.588

.305

5.20

Wichita.

Chocolate Loam.

Surface

1.62

3.01

88.46

2.06

3.82

.074

Trace

.058

Trace

.426

.139

Subsoil.*

El Paso County Soils :

No I, Red sandy

8.33

78.63

7.44

2.22

.57

.38

.34

.52

.46

Tr’ce

No. II, Sandy loam

7.65

74.85

4.08

3.84

3.83

Trace

.73

.60

.43

.85

2.13

Alluvial— Fort Bend County.

Sandy Loam.t

Surface

1.17

1.54

84.31

2.36

3.87

2.74

.24

Trace

.166

.46

.37

2.24

Subsoil

2.26

2.91

79.5

2.91

5.87

2.01

.23

Trace

.26

1.24

1.25

1.58

Brazoria County.

Chocolate Loam.

Surface

3.04

3.09

78.59

2.80

6.05

1.66

.126

Trace

.136

1.09

.856

2.04

Subsoil

3.28

2.50

77.57

3.18

8.28

1.82

.18

Trace

.128

.841

.443

1.71

Brazoria County.

R.ivp.r Dp.poslt

3.26

2.69

70.92

3.62

5.58

5.66

1.85

.29

.34

.885

.224

4.00

Brazoria County.

Peach Ridge.

Surface

4.62

9.39

76.45

2.60

3.51

.609

.73

.079

Trace

.545

.32

.34

Subsoil

3.11

4.70

82.79

2.33

4.73

.424

.368

.134

'.154

.482

.262

.28

* Of same chg-racter as surface. + From State Sugar Farm.

Under the caption of ‘^‘IMiscellaneous 'Soils/’ the question of LA.l'kali Soils
is briefly discussed, u^nalyses are given of Black Alkali 'from Ysleta, and
of a sample from 'the Rio Grande Valley, ten miles south of Eort Hancock.
Analysis of “White Alkali.” Analysis of .Siample from Laredo. Reclaim-
ing 'Alkali iSpots. Analysis of Phosphate Rock ( ? ) from Corpus Christi.
.Analys'is O'f (Clay from the College ,Parm.

“Of the work here reported, samples from the State Farm, Brazos bot-
toim deposit from the river, iCollege Clay, (Forney, Kaufman county, ham-
mock soil from Bell county, upland soil from Colmesneil, Wichita and
Abilene soils, Manor soil, Pine Ridge and valley soils from Rusk, Pecan
Gap soil, and phosphate rock were analyzed iby Associate Prof. Duncan
Adriance. Assistant Prof. iP. S. 'Tilson analyzed samples of black waxy
from Bell county, Brazos river deposit, creek bottom soils from Tyler
county, Waxahachie soil, Terrell, New Braunfels, two soils from Cherokee
county, and ‘alkali’ soils reported.”

179. Harris, Gilbert D. (and Humble, E. T.)

See Humble and Harris.

The 'Galveston Heep Well.

Amer. Jour, of Science, HI, Vel. XLVJ, pp. 38-42. New
Haven, July, 1893.

126

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

180. Harris, Gilbert D. .

Correlation of Tejon Deposits with Eocene stages of the Gulf
Slope.

( Correspondence. )

^ Science, Vol. XXII, p. 97. X. Y., Aug. 18, 1893.

‘“VVihile looinparing the Texan Eocene fossiils with type specimens and
others in the collection of the U. S. National Mnsenm, and in the Phila-
delphia Academy of Natural ISeienees, I have been impres'sed with the
reman kable sameness in faunal characters throughout the vast extent of
the lower iClaiborne, or Lisbon/ horizon ; many of the species from 'South
Darolina are identical with those from the banks of the iEiio Grande, and
the rocks .from ,Ft. Tejon, Oalifornia, furnish a very similar fauna with
several identical and many more analagous species. iGabb’s Cardita hornii
is Venericardia planicosta Lam. as held by Conrad; the type specimen is
slightly malformed and imperfect, but others from the same locality are
quite typical planioosta. Gabb’s At'chitectonica cognata is Conrad’s Sola-
rium alveatum; Gabb’s Architecionica hornii, Conrad’s Solarium amoe-
num; Gabb’s Neverita secta, Conrad’s Natica cetites, and so on. Gabb’s
peculiar and characteristic little Whitneya ficus lis known from Alum Greek
iBluff, Colorado IRiver, .Bastrop county, Texas, and is in itself a strong
argument for the synchrony of the Texan and California beds from which
it is derived. iMoreover, in deposits of this horizon on both sides of the
Rockies, there are similar developments in the genera Crassatella, Cytherea,
Pyruda, Levifusus, Rimella and others.

‘“With the .above facts in mind, I cannot help suggesting that those who
have an opportunity to study the Eocene iseries of California (Tejon
deposits) would do well to look for the Midway stage whiclT ranks second
in persistency among the subdivisions of the Eocene along the Gulf slope.
In other words, search should be made along the Chico-Tejon contact for
such species as Enclimatoceras ulrichi, Gucullcea macrodonta, Ostrea pulas-
Icensis, together with varieties of Venericardia planicosta, Turritella rnor-
toni, T. humerosa, and other Midway forms.”

181.

Preliminary Report on the Organic Remains obtained from
Deep Well at Galveston, together with Conclusions respecting the
Age of the various Formations penetrated.

Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of 'Texas, 1892, Pt. I,
pp. 117-119. 'Sheet showing the Rath3^metric Distribution of
the Fossil Shells. Austin, 1893.

“In the following brief report no attempt is made to give a detailed
account of the organic remains derived from this well. Many of the forms
.are new and peculiar, and must be carefully .studied, described and fi.gured
before their introduction into paleontological literature. Many of the well
known forms present varietal characteTS worthy of minute study and
description. LAccordingly, the following pages are devoted to the results
of a study into the relationships existing between the fossils obtained from
the well and the recent faunte of the Atlantic and Pacific shores of

Record of Geology of Texas, 188V-1896.

127

Harris, Gilbert D.

America and the fossil faunae of the Atlantic slope, including also that of
the West Inidies.” P. 117.

iThe conclusions respecting the age of the formations penetrated are
hriefly as follows:

“Depth in feet. Geological Horizon.

4'6 to 458 Pleistocene.

458 to 1,510 Doubtful.

I,5d0 to 2,158 Upper Tertiary.

2,158 to 2,920 ^ Miocene (Upper).”

182.

The Tertiary Geology of Southern Arkansas.

Ann. Rept. of the Geological Survey of Ark. for 1892, Yol. II.
Merrillton, 1894.

(The Occurrence of the Midway Stage in Texas), pp. 33-34.

“Texas, iStation 2440, — ^The occurrence of the Midway stage in Texas is
confirmed by a few molluscan remains recently brought from Kaufman and
Travis counties by Mr. T. W. Stanton. Four miles northeast of Kemp,
in the former county, this horizon is represented by light gray and yellow-
ish calcareous sandstone icontaining Cuciillcea mucrodonta ( in great abund-
ance), Cytherea, Venericardia planicosta, Turritella mortoni, Natica ala-
bamiensis.

“Near Webberville, Travis county, on the Colorado river below Austin
(iStation 2439) , Mr. Stanton found a elayey limestone more or less streaked
with brown and yellowish ahades, but 'usually of a light yellowish -gray hue.
Chocolate colored siliceous pebbles, generally cuboidal in form, are often
found in the more elayey beds. The enclosed shells, nearly always crystal-
line, are Cucullcea macrodonta, Leda, Venericardia, Venericardia planicosta,
Crassatella (large) LUhodomus, Volutilithes? Coral, 'Shark’s teeth.

“iStation 583 (18 miles southeast of Eagle Pass, Texas, first night’s
oani'p, October 2i5, 1887. — ^C. A. White). The fossils collected here by Dr.
White are Gucullcea macrodonta, Pectunculus, Venericardia, Cardium.

“The shelly matter of these species is completely crystallized.

“The matrix was evidently a calcareous light sand or sandstone.

“'This place is far to the north of Laredo, where Claiborne fossils are
found. Much doubt is felt regarding the Tertiary affinities of some of the
fossils, although they were turned over to the writer from the Mesozoic
idivision of the U. 'S. Geological 'Survey as non-Cretaceous forms.”

See also p. 42 of this report.

183.

Hew and Otherwise Interesting Mollnsca from Texas.

PrO'C. Acad, of Hat. Sciences, Phila., Pt. I, pp. 45-88; pi. i-ix.
Jan.-M'ar., 1895.

“While employed as Tertiary Paleontologist to the iGeological 'Survey of
Texas during the years 1892 and 1893, the writer prepared a large mono-

128

Transactions Texas 'Academy op Science.

Harris^ Gilbert D.

grap'h on :tibe Tertiary mollnsca of the State, with the intention of publish-
ing it in the 5th Annual Report of that Survey. For want of funds
the printing of this report has been indefinitely postponed, and accord-
ingly the following facts and descriptions of new species, taken from the
monograph in question, have here found an appropriate place for publica-
tion.

“The points in 'stratigraphy brought out by the study of the various
Tertiary faunas of the State have been included with other matter in an
article published by the State Geologist in the Journal of Geology, 1894,
p. 549. (See Dumble, E. T.)

“Suffice it to say here that the Midway stage, so well developed in Georgia
and Alabama, and known also in Mississippi and Arkansas, exists also in
Texas, as is proved by the occurrence of such species as Enclimatoceras
ulrichi, Ostrea pulaskensis, Cucullwa macrodonta, Volutilithes limopsis and
others.

“The Lignitic stage, so far as has been observed, is destitute of molluscan
remains. IThe exposure on IBrazos river, known as ‘(Smiley’s Bluff,’ two
miles above the mouth of Pond creek, is evidently about synehronous with
the Matthews 'Landing beds of Alabama. These are now included in the
Midwiay stage.

“The Lower Claiborne beds are replete with fossils, many of which are
common to this horizon in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and South
Carolina. Besides these well-known forms there are many new ones, some
of which are described below.

“The true Claiborne, the Jackson, and the Vicksburg stages seem to
have no ^representatives in Texas. This fact cannot be too strongly em-
phasized since most writers on Texas geology have referred certain fossil
bearing outcrops to some 'of these upper Eocene stages.”

Of the Pelecypoda sixteen new species and one variety are described; of
the Gastropoda, fifty-four new species and eleven varieties, with locality
notes.

Listed, the fossils are as follows:

Pelecypoda. Genus Modiola: 31. houstonia n. sp., 31. teocana, Gabb.
(Genus Leda: L. hastropensis n. sp., L. milamensis n. sp., L. houstonia n.
sp. Subgenus Adrana: A. aldrichiana n. sp. Genus Venericardia : V.
trapaquara n. sp. Genus Astarte: A. smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Gras-
satella: G. teocalta n. sp., G. trapaquara n. sp., G. antestriata Gabb, G.
teooana Heilp. Genus Sphcerella: 8. (?) anteproducta n. sp. Genus

3Ieretrix: 31. texacola n. sp. Genus Tellina: T. tallicheti n. sp. Genus
Siliqua: 8. simondsi. Genus Geronia: G. singleyi n. sp. Genus Peri-
ploma: F. collardi. Genus Gorhula: G. aldrichi, Meyer, var. sniith-
villensis n. var. IGenus Martesia: 31. texana n. sp.

Gastropoda. Genus Ringicula: R. trapaquara n. sp. Genus Volvula:
V? smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Gylichnella: G. atysopsis n. sp- Genus
Terehra: T. texagyra n. sp., T. houstonia n. sp. Genus Gonus: G.

smithvillensis n. sp. Genus Fleurotoma: PI. enstricrina n. sp., PI. {Pleu-
rotomella) anacona n. sp., PI. {8ureula) gahhi Con., PI. {8urcula) moorei
Gabb, PI. headata n. sp., PI. vaughani n. sp., PI. huppertzi n. sp., PI. hup-
pertzi var. penrosei n. var., PI. leoncola n. sp., PI. {Drillia) dumhlei n. sp..

Record oe Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

129

Harris, Gilbert D.

PI. {Drillia) dipta n, sp., PL {Drillia) nodooarinata Gajbb, PI. {Drillia)
prosseri n, sp., PI. {Drillia) Kellogi Gl-abb, PI. {Drillia) texaoona noin.
mut., PI. {Drillia) texanopsis n. sp., Pleurotoma insignifica Heilp,, PI.
{Mangilia) infans Mr., PI. {Borsonia) plenta n. isp, (by Aid. and Har.),
PI. {Eucheilodon) reticulatoides n. sp., PI. {Taranis) finexa n. sp., PI.
{Clathurella?) fannce n. sp., PI. {Bela) rebecoae n. sp. Gemis Gancella-
ria: C. panones n. sp., G. panones Yar. smithvillensis n. var., G. panones
var. junipera n. var., G. penrosei n. sp., G. hastropensis n. sp., G. ulmula
n. sp,, G. ellapsd Oon. IGenns Volvaria: V. gabhiana n. sp. Genus Volu-
tilithes : V. dalli ii. sp. Genus Garicella: G. demissa Con., var. texami
Gabb, G. subangulata Conrad, var. cherokeensis n. var. Genus Turricula:
T. {Gonomitra) texana n. sp. Genus Levifusus :i L. trabeatoides n. sp.
Genus Latirus: L. singleyi n. sp. Genus Strepsidura: 8. ficus Gabb,
Genus Fusus : F. bastropensis n. sp., F. ostrarupis n. sp., F. mortoni, var.
mortoniopsis Gabb, F. mortoni Lea, var. carexus n. var. Genus Glavili-
thes: G. regexus n. sp., G. humerosus Conrad, var. texanus n. var., G.
kennedyanus n. sp,, G. {Papillina) dumosus Con., var., trapaquarus n. var..
Genus Ghrysodomus : G. parbrazana n. sp. Genus Astyris : A. bastrop-
ensis n. sp. Genus Murex: M. fusates n. sp. Subgenus Odontopolys :
M. {Odontopolys) eompsorhytis Gabb. Genus Pseudoliva: P. ostrarupis
n. sp., P. ostrarupis, var. pauper n. var. Genus Tenuiscala: T. trapa-
quara n. sp., T. trapaquara, var. engona n. var. Genus Pyramidella: P.
bastropensis n. sp. Genus Syrnola: S. trapaquara n. sp. Genus
Pyrula: P. {Fusoficula) texana n. sp. Genus Gyprwa: G. kennedyi
n, sp. Genus Rimella: R. texana n. sp., R. texana, var. plana n. var.
Genus Gerithium: G. Webbi n. sp., G. penrosei n. sp. Genus Mesalia:
M. claibornensis Con, (MS). Genus Turritella: T. nasuta Gabb, var.
houstonia n. var., T. dumblei n. sp., T. dutexata n. sp,, T. nerinexa n. sp.
Genus Solarium: 8. huppertzi n. sp., 8. bastropensis n. sp. Genus
Amauropsis: A. singleyi n. sp. Genus Dilhoynella. Df texana n. sp.
Genus Gaza: Of aldrichiana n. sp.

184.

'Tertiary Paleontology of 'Texas.

Received at Cornell 'University, Ithaca, N. Y., April 11, 1895.

The preceding paper was also distributed in covers bearing the title here
given.

185.

ISTeocene 'Mollnsca of Texas, or Fossils from the Deep Well at Gal-
veston.

Bulletins of American Paleontology, Yol. I, No. 3, 32 pp.; 4
pi. Ithaca, N. Y., Dec. 2, 1895.

‘Tn a recent article by the present writer, published in 'the Phila-
delphia Academy’s Proceedings, reference is made to a monograph on
the Tertiary Mollusca of Texas, which, owing 'to the lack of funds at
the disposal of the State Geological 8urvey, had remained for some time
unpublished.

130

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Harris, GtILbert D.

“That the reader may have a clear idea as to what part of that mono-
graph the Academy published, and what part we propose to bring out in
this 'Bulletin, a summary of its contents is here given just as it was when
completed, 'December 23, 1893.

“monograph of the 3'IARINE tertiary MOLLUSCA of TEXAS.

“By Dilbert Denison Harris.

‘^Preliminary Remarks, pp. 1-5 (all pages are type-written).

Part 1. Brief review of the literature of the Tertiary mollusea o-f
Texas, pp. 6-2il.

Part 2, (Eocene mollusea of Texas, pp. 22-352. — The name, author, syn-
onomy, original description, additional remarks, all knoiwn localities for
each species in Texas, important localities in other States, geological range,
and where the type specimen may now be found.

Addenda to Part 2. 'New or interesting Eocene mollusea from other
States, pp. 353-357.

Part 3. Neocene mollusea of Texas, or Fossils from the (Galveston deep
well, pp. 358-397. — ^^The name, etc., as in Part 2, and the range in depth
of eaich species.

Part 4. Definition and eorrelation of the marine Tertiary deposits of
Texas, pp. 398-409. — ^Section 1. Beview of the works and opinions of
earlier writers. — ^Sec. 2. 'Conclusions drawn from the present paleontolo-
gical study.

“The last mentioned part is followed by ( 1 ) a detail account of all the
localities or stations whence the Tertiary fossils were obtained, (2) a
table showing at a glance the geographical distribution of the Eocene

mollusican species in Texas and their geological 'range in this State and

others farther east, (3) a table showing the bathymetric distribution of

the Galveston well fossils, pp. 410-434, and (4) 36 large octavo plates

illustrating the species mentioned or described in Parts 2 and 3.

“The article published by the Academy contained the description of the
new species of Part 2 and the figures belonging thereto; the majority of
that part, and which alone is of present stratigraphic value, still remains
in manuscript.

“This Bulletin is practically a condensation of Part 3. It seems advisa-
ble that this unique material should no longer remain unpublished, for up
to this date no other marine Neocene fossils are known from the Gulf
slope west of Mississippi. The opinions expressed, regarding the age of
the deposits penetrated, in the American Journal of tScience. Vol. 46, p.
42, and in the 4th Annual 'Report of the Btate 'Survey, 1893. are still
maintained. * * .” (See Title No. 181.)

A list of species belonging to the Pelecypoda, .Scaphopoda and Gastro-
'poda, with characterization, and range in depth follows.

186.

The Mid'way'Stage.

Bulletm.9 Am. Pal'eo'ntology, Vol. I, Ho. 4, 156 pp; 15 pis.
Ithaca, H. Y., 1896.

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

131

Haiuus, Gilbert J).

Summary ol 'Contents iPreliminary Considerations. Divisions of the
Eocene. Aim and scoipe of this work., Collections of fossils^ held notes,
etc., on which this work is based: The Cornell Unjivarsity collection and
the .collectors’ notes; Dr. J. M. Safford’s collection of types; T. H. Ald-
rich’s fossils and figures; Collection of the U. S. National Museum; The
author’s publioations and notes on this stage in Arkansas and Texas.

(Part il. Creolo.gy. .Brief Historical (Sketch of the 'Study ,of the Midway
iStage. Period of 1834-1859: peatherstonhaugh, A. Winchell, Harper.
Period of 1860-11883: 'Grabib, iSafford, Hilgard, Loughridge, White. Period
of 1884-1896: Johnson, iSmitli, Penrose, Langdon, Spencer, Safford, Har-
ris, -Aldrich.

'.Stratigraphic Nomenclature. Synonymy. Usage of the term Midway:
Priority; Location, geographically and geologically; Differentiation from
the Lignitic; The Midway Stage, a stratigraphic , and paleontologic unit.
Geology of the Midway iStage in Different States — ^Texas:. Pio Grande
■section, iColorado river section, Brazos river section; Palls county. Lime-
stone county, Kaufman county. Arkansas: Hot Springs county, Pulaski
county, Lonoke county, Jackson and Independence counties. Tennessee:
Crainesville and vicinity, Middleton and vicinity. Mississippi: Walnut
and vicinity, Pipley and vicinity, Pontotoc and vicinity. Alabama : Black
..Bluff section, Naheola, Prairie Bluff and vicinity, Midway, Matthews’
Landing, iSnoiw Hill and vicinity, Allenton and Oak Hill and vicinity, Troy
and vicinity, Clayton and vicinity. Georgia: Ft. Gaines and vicinity.

Additional remarks and Deductions — NonconformaJbility :l Texas, Arkan-
sas, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Correlations made. Varia-
tion of faunas.

Part II. Paleontology. Description of the Molluscan Pemains of the
Midway (Stage. Pelecypoda, Scaphopoda, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Plates
and Explanations.

‘‘The author’s works and field notes on this stage in Arkansas and Texas.
— iTlie results of the author’s work on this terrane in Arkansas and Texas
ai-e embodied in Vol. II of the Ann’l Pept. .Geol. State Survey of 1892.
The Midway and other Tertiary mollnisoan remains of Texas were fully
described and figured in a large monograph prepared to accompany the
Fifth Annual Peport of the State Survey; but appropriations failed and
the work remains unpublished as a whole; the new species were brought
out in 1895 by the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences in the ‘Pro-
ceedings.’ A few field notes and many paleontological facts are published
for the first time in the present work.” P. 6.

187. Harrod^ B. M.

Archsean Rocks in Texas.*

New Orleans Acad. Sci. Papers, Vol. I, No. 2, pp. 131-133.

1888.

“Brief reference to outcrops and characteristics.” From Darton’s Pecord
of N. A. Geol. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 75, p. 83.

132

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

188. Hay, Eobert.

Final Greological Eeports of the Artesian and Underflow Investi-
gation beltween the fSTinety-seventh Meridian of Longitude and the
Foothills of the Eoeky Mountains to the Secretary of Agricnltnre.
Part III, of Senate Executive Document Uo. 41, of the 1st

‘Session of the 52d Congress. Washington, 1892.

Letter of Transmittal. Contents: General Report, Plan of Work.
Geology of the Plains: Water-holding Rocks; Reconnaisisanoes in Mon-
tana and Wyoming. Topography of the Plains: Increment of Elevation
Westward; Rivers separated into two Classes as to their Source, Mountain
Rivers and Plain Rivers; Western Escarpment of the Plains. Water
Supply of the Plains: Rivers of the Plains; Origin of their Waters; Spe-
cial Description of the Smoky-Republican Region^ Wells in the Interfluvial
Spaces ; Measured Flow of some of the Rivers of North Dakota : Classifi-
cation of Artesian Wells by Depth and Pressure; The Red River Region,
its Low Altitude and Smooth Contour; Character of the Water in the
Wells; Extension of Artesian Areas discussed; Geoloigy of the Glaciated
Area; The Turtle Mountains; Variation of Lake Levels. The Underflow:
iCommon use of the Ternrs in the West; The Facts of the Underflow;
Restriction of the Term to its proper Range. Artesian Wells; Increased
Numiber of Wells in the Principal Basins; Sources of 'Supply 'of the
Dakota Alain Basin; General 'Conditions of Artesian Flow; Other Causes
of Flow besides Hydrostatic Pressure.

Reference is made to Texas under ‘The Lnderflow” and “Artesian Wells.”

189.

The Artesian Underflow Investigation.
iCorrespondence.

Amer. Greolo'gisit, Vel. XI, pp. 278-279. Minneapolis, Apr.,
1893.

The reply to a criticism (Amer. Geol., Vol. XT, p. 113) of the “Final
Geological Report[s] of the Artesian and Underground [Underflow] inves-
tigation, between the iNinety-, seventh Meridian of Longitude and the Foot-
hills of the Rocky Alountains to the Secretary of Agriculture. Made by
Prof. Robt. Hay, F. G. (S. A., Part Third, Washington, 1892.”

190. Heilprin, Angelo.

The Eocene Mollnsea of the State of Texas.

FrO'Ceedings Acad. Xat. Sciences, Phila., Ft. Ill, pp. 393-406;

plate xi. Oct. -Dec., 1890.

“The following list embraces, so far as :I know, all the Eocene Mollusca
that have thus far been noted to occur in the Gulf deposits of the State
of Texas. For my data I have used the type series of Gabb and Conrad,
the major portion of which is in the possession of the Academy of Natural
'Sciences of Philadelphia, the extensive oollection of the 'State Geological
Survey,, and minor collections which have from time to time reached the
Academy and been reported upon in its publications. The collections of

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

133

Heilprin^ Angelo.

the State iGl-eologioal Survey (for the use of which I am indebted to the
'Director, Mr. E. T. Dumble, and to Dr. E,. A. F. Penrose, Jr., the geologist
of the Tertiary areas of the State) are by far the most extensive, and they
serve to definitely locate the formations whence the fossils were obtained
in their true positio'n in the geological scale. Of some 145 species here
enumerated (including a few doubtfully determined forms) about 61 (or
upwards of 40 per cent.) are also members of the Claiborne fauna of
Alabama; these I have indicated by prefixing an asterisk. A few others
occur in some of the older deposits of Alabama, while a very few are mem-
bers of the Mississippi (newer) fauna. The recurrence of a large number
of the species in various counties and localities indicates that the horizon
is a common one, namely: the Claibornian, or typical Middle Eocene of the
Gulf slope, the equivalent of the 'Calcaire Grossier of the Paris Dasin.

‘The principal localities whence the fossils were obtained are Cherokee
county, near Alto and McBee’s School; Palestine, in Anderson county;
lEobertson county, near Wheelock; Milam Bluff in Milam county; Burle-
son IShell Bluff in Burleson county; 'Smithville, Devil’s Eye, Bombshell
Bluff and ‘Camp Disaster,’ in Bastrop county; Caldwell county; Atascosa
county; Laredo, in Webb county, and , Stations 1-5 on the 'Bio Grande river,
included between Carrizo and “Cardita Bluff,’ in the northwestern corner
of Webb county.”

The list, without notes or descriptions of new species, is as follows:

Cephalopoda: Belosepia ungula, Gabb. Wheelock, 'Smithville; 'Nauti-
lus sp.? Milam Bluff, Brazos B. Gasteropoda: Conus sauridem,

Conr. Devil’s Eye; iSan Antonio F. ; Smithville; Caldwell; Pleurotoma
alveata, Conr.; P. oapaoo, Whitf. ; '"'P. denticula Basterot; {Moniliop-
sis) elahorata, Conr., Wheelock; P. platysoma, Heilpr., Atascosa 'Co.; P.
Tuo7neyi, Aldr., Devil’s Eye; Drillia Texana, Conr., Wheelock; ^Surcula
Desnoyersii, Lea, Smithville; S. G-ahbi, Conr., Smithville; San Antonio F. ;

Kelloggii, Gabb, Wheelock; *8'. Untea'Gonv.; 8^. iIJo or ei, iGabb, Smithville;
Wheelock; nodo-carinata, Gabb, Devil’s Eye; Wheelock; S. Texana,
Gabb; Turris Moorei, Gabb, iSmithville; Caldwell; Exilia per gracilis Conr.;
Gochlespira engonata Conr., Caldwell; C. hella Conr.; Gordiera Texana,
Conr., Smithville; Ala.; Eucheilodon reticulata, Gabb, Wheelock; Caldwell;
_^col)inella crassiplimta, Gabb, Wheelock; '^'Murex vanuxemi, Conr., Smith-
ville; fM. {Odontopolys) compsorhytis, Gabb, Wheelock; Pnstellaria
{Calyptrophorus) velata, Conr., near Alto; Persona {Distorsio) septem-
dentata, Gabb, Devil’s Eye; Caldwell; Wheelock, Lee; Clavella Penrosei,
Heilpr., 'Station 2; Clavella ? enterograw.ma, Gabb, Ala.; ^‘^Fusus salehro-
S'ns, Conr., Smithville; traheatus, Conr., Caldwell; San Antonio F. ;
F. (Strepsiduraf) Marnoclii, Heilpr., Atascosa Co.; Fusus pagodceformis,
'Heilpr., Smithville; F. Mortoniopsis, Gabb, Wheelock; Caldwell; "‘^fStrep-
sidura {Muricidea?) hella, Conr., Smithville; fBulbi fusus inauratus,

Conr., Alum Creek Bluff; Latirus {Gordiera) Moorei, Gabb, Wheelock;
Caldwell; ?L. {Gordiera) Texana Gonr.-, FusUnitra polita, GdMb, Ga\d\Ne\\-,
F. exilis, Gabb, Wheelock; Mitra sp.? Devil’s Eye; ^'Fusimitra lineata. Lea,
Wheelock; Lupparm Conr., Smithville; Caldwell; Wheelock; Mis-

sissippi; Caricella reticulata, Aldr., Smithville; Ala.; Volutilithes petrosa,
Conr., Devil’s Eye; Alum Creek B.; San Antonio F. ; Smithville; Lee

134

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Heilprin, Angelo..

Oo. ; Miss.; Sayana, Oomr., Well sut Palestine^ Anderson Co.; V.

precursor, Dali, Wheelock; *Marginella semen, Lea, IViheelock; Cald-
well; Cancellaria {Admete?) ellapsa, Conr. ; ^CancelloAna tortipUea,
Com*., Snii^hviille ; C. impressa, Conr.; Smith ville ; Alabama; *G. pU-
cata. Lea, Caldwell; *(7. gemmata, Conr., Caldwell; *Olwa bomhylis,
Conr., Caldwell; ^fO. gracilis, Lea; *Olivula staminea, Conr., iSmithville;
0. punctulifera, Gabb, W'heeloek; fO. Texana, Conr.; Monoptygma crassi-
plioa, Gabb, Wheelook; Ancillaria ancillops, Heilpr., Smithville; Alum
Creek B. ; Pseudoliva carinata, Gabb, San Antonio F. ; Caldwell ; Whee-
loek; P. fusiformis, Gabb, iSimith ville; Wheelock; *P. sulcata. Lea; *P.
venusta, Conr., iSbation 3, White IMarl B.; P. perspectiva, Gabb, 'Smith-
ville; iMississippi ; *Lacinia alveata Conr.; ^Euthria (Lcevihuccinum)
prorsum, Conr., Station 2; *Terehra venusta. Lea, 'Smithville; T. plicifera,
Heilpr.; *T. Conr.; *Terehrifusus amoenus, Conr., Smithville;

Buecitriton Texanum, Gabb, Sta. 3; Caldwell; Wheelock; 'St. Augustine;
B. scalatum, Heilpr., Smithville; *Pyrula nexilis, Lam., Smithville; Natica
(Neverita) arata, Gabb, 'Alum Creek; Caldwell; Wheelock; ?E. Moorei,
Gabb, Caldwell; A. Dumhlei, Heilpr., Station 2; *A. minor. Lea, Smith-
ville; ^Natica limula, Conr., Smithville; ^ Sigaretus canaliculatus, Sowerby,
Smithviille; Xenopliora confusa, Deshayes, Devil’S' Eye; Solarium Meek-
ayium, Gabb, Wheelock; Caldwell; S. Texanum, Gabb, Wheelock; S. ves-
pertinum, Gabb, Caldwell; *S. alveatum., 'Conr., Caldwell; *Tuha [Litto-
rina) antiquata, Conr., Smithville; Scalaria staminea, Conr., Smithville;
Turritella nasuta, Gabb, Smithville; Caldwell; Wheelock; *Turritella cari-
nata, Lea, Laredo; well at Palestine, Anderson Co.; *T. {Mesalia) Glai-
7;oniensis, Conr., San Antonio IF. ; *T. {Mesalia) ohr ut a, *T.- {Mesa,-

lia) venusta, Conr., Caldwell; Eulima exilis, Gabb, Caldwell; E. tenua,
Gabb; E. Texana, Gabb; ^Pyramimitra costata. Lea, Smithville; *Geri-
thium Whitfieldi, Heilpr., MdBee School ; Gerithium Texanum, Heilpr.,
Station 5; Grepidula sp.? Station 4; *Gylichna galba, Conr., Smithville;
Caldwell; Wheelock; Volvula minutissima, Gabb, Caldwell; Wheelock; V.
Gonradiana, Gabb, Caldwell; Wheelock; ^'^Helcion Leanus, Gabb, Caldwell;
DentaUum minutistriatum, Gabb, Smithville; Wheelock; Gadus subcoarc-
tatus, Gabb, Wheelock. Acephala: *Gorbula rugosa, Lam., Smithville;
St. Augustine Co.; G. Texana, 'Gabb, Smithville; Tellina Mooreana, Gabb,
Caldwell; *Donax limatula, 'Conr., Golorado B. ; Gytherea Yoakumii, Gabb;
Gytherea sp.? Station 5; *(7. [Dione] discoidalis, Conr., Station 3; Ala.;
*C. NuttaUii, Conr., Station 1; G. Nuttalliopsis, Heilpr., Devil’s Eye;
Ala.; *Grateloupia Mouliiisii, Lea; Protocardium Gambrinutn, Gabb;
*Lucina alveata, Co'nr., Station 1; *fMysia ungulina, Conr., Devil’s Eye;
*Astarte tellinoides, Conr., Smithville; Devil’s Eye; ""'^Gardita planicosta,
Lam., Laredo; Lee Co.; well at Palestine, Anderson Co.; G. Mooreana,
Conr., Lee Co.; *G. alticosta, 'Conr., Camp Disaster, 'Colorado , River; St.
Augustine Co. ; Gardita tetrica, Conr., Smithville; Devil’s Eye; Mississippi;
*(7. rotunda. Lea, 'Smithville; Grassatella antestriata, Gabb, Wheelock;
G. Texana, Heilpr., Smithville; AIoBee’s School; near Alto; St. Augustine
Co.; *Nucula m,agnifica, Conr., Caldwell; Devil’s Eye; *Leda bella, Conr.,
Smithville; L. compsa, Gabb, Caldwell; *fYoldia eborea, Conr., Smith-
ville ; Pectunculius intercostatus^ Gabb ; * fLimopsis corbuloides, Conr.,

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

135

Heilprin, Angelo.

Devil’s (Eye; Limopsis pulcher, Gabb, Wheelock; Caldwell; Area {Cihota)
Mississippiensis, Conr., iOaldwell; Wlieeloek; near Alta; Modiola Texana,
Ga.bb; Phma sp.? (Smitliville ; Pecten sp.? Station 4; *P. Deshay esii, Lea,
iBiirleson Shell B. ; St. Augustine Co.; *P. (Camptonectes) Claihornensis ,
Conr., St. Augiustine Co. ; Plioatula filamentosa, Conr., near Alto ; Spondy-
lus sp.?; *Ostrea Alahamensis , Lea, near Alto; Burleson Shell B.; St.
Augustine Co. ; Station 5; Station 1; below Carrizo; Smlthville ; *0. sellce-
formis, Conr., Smithville; Cherokee Co.; St. Augustine Co.; *0. divaricata,
Lea, St. Augustine Co.; Anomia ephippioides, Gabb, Statioin 2; MoBee’s;
near Jaeksonville; near Alto; Natica Dumblei, n. sp.. Station 2, ,Rio
Grande; Cerithium Texanum, n. sp.. Station 5, Rio Grande; Glavella
{Fusus?) Penrosei, n. sp.. Station 2, Bio Grande; Buccitriton scalatum,
n. sp., Smithville; Ancillaria ancillops, n. sp., Smithville; Grassatella
Texana, n. sp., Smithville; MdBee’s School; near Alto; St. Augustine Co.

191. Herndon, J. H.

Report of.

’ Scond! Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Snrv. of Texass, 1890-, p. ciii.
Austin, 1891.

Administrative report giving a brief account of a reconnaissance of
iSmith county with reference to its economic features. Aeknowledgments.

192.

Reports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III,
Description of Counties. Chapter VI. 'Smith County.

•Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. iSurv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 204-
224. Austin, 1891.

Contents: Preliminary statement. Geography and topography. Iron
ores. Lignites, etc.

‘‘The general surface of the country presents the usual characteristics
of the iron ore regions of the Gulf Tertiary of Texas. It consists of a
series of hills and plateaus, with narrow undulating valleys, the
whole surface being cut by numerous streams and deep ravines.
These divides are for the most part generally narrow, but occasionally
broaden into wide and extremely level plateaus, sometimes several miles
in breadth, and are capped by strata of iron ore of varying thickness, to the
presence of which the ridges owe their very existence.” Pp. 204-20'5.

“The iron ore ridges are covered by a dense forest growth of oak trees,
hickory, pine, walnut, sassafras, mulberry, cottonwood, etc., and have
generally an altitude of from three hundred and fifty to seven hundred
feet above the sea level, and are from one hundred to two hundred and
fifty feet higher than the main drainage grooves of the iSabine and
•Neches.” P. 20'5.

“There are six localities in the county where ore occurs in sufficient
quantities to irsnder it commercially valuable. * * - *

“The first of these is the Garden Valley bed.

136

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Herndon, J. H.

“The second iron field is the Steen Saline or Lindale bed.

'IS- * * -»• •!>- *

“The third bed is on Price’s survey, still further east o^f Lindale.

-Jr ^

“East of Winona and northwest ot Starrville is .another quite extensive
bed of ore.

•if -jf -K- -se* -x- -s'i-

“Eight miles northeast of Tyler is another smaller outcropping of good
ore.

* * * * * * *

“The last locality is that of the Grandy Mountain between Bullard and
Troupe.”

193. Hidden, William Earl, and Mackintosh, J. B.

A Description of S'everal Yttria and Thoria Minerals from Llano
'County, Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XXXYIII, pp. 474-486.
Xew Haven, Dec., 1889.

History of the Discovery of G-adolinite, July, 1886, by J. J. Barringer,
in Llano county, Texas. Description of the Locality. Occurrence of rare
iMinerals.. Description.s of Minerals: Quartz, Hyalite, Orthoclase, Albite,
Biotite ( ? ) , Muscovite, Magnetite, Martite, G-adolinite, Yttrialite, a new
Thorium-Yttrium Silicate:

“The mineral which we have named Yttrialite was diseovered associated
with, and often upon, the gadolinite, and but for its characteristic orange-
yellow surface alteration (that of gadolinite immediately alongside
of it being invardaibly of a dull brick red color) it might have con-
tinued to pass for ‘^green-gadolinite,’ which was the local name given to it.
Of these yellowish masses one weighed over ten pounds, and twenty kilos
were found in all. Upon being broken open they are of an olive-green color,
tending in places to a drab shade. Peculiar minute ragged lines permeate
.the mineral in all directions, causing an apparent muddiness or semi-
opacity. No crystals have as yet been observed, but a seemingly ortho-
rhombic symmetry was apparent in some of the masses. The mineral
breaks easily in two directions with a shell-like fracture, but .separates into
ismall flakes very readily.. (Gadolinite is broken only with difficulty.)
Nothing like a cleavage has been noticed. A thin white crust of a mineral
related to tengerite occupies the cracks in the mineral, and this is equally
true concerning the gadolinite of the locality, as Genth has already noted.
We have named the mineral yttrialite, in allusion to the proruinent .part
]3layed by the yttria earths in its composition.

“The specific gravity is 4..575; hardness=5 — '5.5. It is readily soluble in -
hydrochloric .acid. When heated over the Bunsen flame it decrepitates
violently, and falls to powder upon being ignited over a blast, becoming
snufi'-brown, infusible and insoluble. These characteristics serve to at
once distinguish it from gadolinite, whch has specific gravity from 4.2 to
4.3 (Texas varieties), and which, when heated, .glows vividly and swells
into ragged fragments. The analysis shows severa.l fractions of the

Record of Geology of Texas, \SS1-IS9Q.

137

Hidden, William Earl, and Mackintosh, J. B.

yttria eartihs (A, B, 0, iD), wMcli were separated by successive precipita-
tions with sodium sulphate. The atomic weight of each fraction was
determined, showing successive increase, with each separation. The frac-
tionation was discontinued after the fourth separation, as the amount of
material was getting very small, but the atomic weight shows that tire
lanthanum and didymium are still mixed with an earth of higher atomic
weight.

“The results obtained are as follows:

SiO,

29.17%

Pb O

0.854

0.383

TliOs

12.00

9.108

Mn O

0.77

1.084

Fe 0

2.89

4.014

Ca O

0.60

1.071

AI3 O3

0.55

1.6171

Ce, G3

1.86

1.722

Atomic weight.

(A) Ys O3

22.67=

110.3

25.320

(B) Y3 O3

5.30=

110.53

5.910'

(C) Y, O3

4.50—

114.9

4.860

(B) Y,03

14.03-

120.

14.616

(La Di)o O3 etc

2.94=

162.

2.370

UO3

0.83

0.843,

Ignition loss

0.79

99.754

Oxygen ratio.

97.234=4

72.918=3

Total yttria earths= 46.50% erbia spectrum distinct.'

Analyses of Gradolinite by Ctenth* and Eakins.f Thoro-,Gummite, a
Hydrated Uranium Thoro-silicate ;

“This mineral, of which we have been able to gather about one kilo,
occurs intimately associated with fergusonite and eyrtolite, and masses
up to three ounces have been found, though for the most part it is in very
small pieces, lit is of a dull yellowish-brown color, has hardness above
that of gummite, or 4 — '4.5, and occurs commonly massive, though several
well defined groups of zircon-shaped crystals have been discovered with
angles near to those of zircon. It has a characteristic color, after Ignition,
becoming of a dull greenish hue. (Thus it is distinguished from freyalite,
eucrasite and thorite, which species it otherwise resembles in some respects.
Its specific gravity varies from 4.43 to 4.54. It is easily soluble in nitric
acid. The analytical results are:

^Amer. Jour. iSci, II'I, Vol. XXXVTII, p. 200, Sept., 1889.
fSee Eakins, L. G. (Gadolinite, Llano Co., Texas). Title 155.

138

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hidden, William Earl, and’ Mackintosh, J. B.

Oxygen ratio.

Si O,

.. 13.085

43.62 = 2.000

UO3....

.. 22.43

23.37 = 1.071

Th O2

... 41.44

31 22'

Al, O3

... 0.965

2.83 i

Fes O3

... 0.845

1.59'

(Ge Y)2 O3, etc...,

... 6.69 Atomic weight =135.

6.30 i

) 43.64 = 2.001

Pb 0

... 2.16

0.97 1

Ca 0

... 0.41

0.73,

Hs 0

... 7.88

43.78 = 2.008

P3 O5

... 1.19

Moisture

... 1.23

98.325

*

* * *

* ■ *

*

*

“We name this mineral thoro-gummite because it is a gummite in which
the water has been replaced hy the thorite molecule.

“Nivenite, a hydrated Thorium-yttrium-lead Uranate:

“This mineral we found intimately associated with fergusonite and thoro-
gummit. It is as yet a rare mineral at the locality. Its specific gravity
is 8.01, II.=:5.5. It is velvet-black in color, and iwhen powdered becomes
brown-black. After ignition it turns blue-black. As yet only massive
pieces have been found, but some of these suggest that the species may be
isometric in crystallization. It is easily soluble in nitric and sulphuric
acid, and some slight effervescence was noticed upon dissolving the min-

eral. The analysis

gave the following results :

Oxygen Ratio.

UO3

... 46.75

48.69=12.

IT Os

... 19.89

14.62 >

i

Th Os

... 7.57

5.74

1

Ys O3 etc

... 11.22 Atomic weight 124.2

11.34

>- 37.33= 9.20

Fes O3

... 0.58

1.08 1

1

Pb 0

... 10.16

4.55 ^

1

(Ignition) loss Hs
Insoluble

0 2.54
... 1.22

99.93

14.11= 3.48

*******

Analyses of Cleveite and ,Brbggerite. Fergusonite:

“This heretofore rare mineral occurs in large quantity at this new local-
ity. 'Up to this date we have received over seventy kilos, some masses of
which weighed over a pound. Broken prisms, rough in form, rarely show-
ing terminal planes and masses of crystals interlacing each other is the
manner of occurrence. The immediately assoeiaited minerals are cyrtolite
and thoro-gummite, and also magnetite. The gadolinite also sometimes
encloses it. It also occurs alone in a matrix of orthoclase or of quartz.
'One large mass of this kind of gangue, upon being broken up, yielded over
thirty kilos of pure mineral in the form of fragments, most of which were
basal sections of crystals which had been originally four to eight inches
long and aibout one and a half c. m. thick.

“We have found two distinct varieties, of which we here append analyses
and description.

Recoed of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

139

Hidden, William Earl, and Mackintosh, J. B.

“Fergusonite, mono-hydrated. — ^^Specific gravit.y=:5.67. Hardness 6 — 6.5,
form tetragonal, wifcli acute octahedral terminations, a zirconoid plane
hemihedrally developed .and, rarely, the basal pinacoid. The crystals are
rough and dull gray exteriorly, but with a bronzy sub-metallic appearance
on the- surface of fracture, which is small conchoidal and brilliant. Thin
■splinters show a yellowish-brown translucence. Color, bronzy hair-brown.
Streak and powder dull brown. It is infusible, but on ignition the pow-
dered mineral changes to a pale olive-green color, and a momentary glow
■creeps over the mass at the point of redness. iFragments decrepitate vio-
lently when heated. With a microscope a peculiar light brown muddiness
is noticed, and the mineral is filled with minute streaks and spots of a
darker shade, all of which may indicate incipient alteration.

“Crystals often have a thin coating of; or are otherwise partly altered to,
the tri-hydrated variety next described. It is decomposed when in fine
powder by hydrochloric acid, with separation of columbic acid. The ana-
lytical results a;^ as follows:

Cbs O5

46.27%

86.30

U O3

1.54

1.59

Th O2

3.38

2.56 \

AI2 O3

0.09

0.27 J

Fes O3

0.98

Atomic weights,

1.83/

(A) Ys O3*

23.95

110.55

26.70[

(B) Ys O3*

18.38

113.3

20.07 ) 52.65

Pb 0

1.43

0.64/

Zn 0

0.24

0.30i

Ca 0

0.10

0.181

Mg 0

0.04

0.10/

IgnitiOQ Hs 0

1.98

11.00)

110° C. Hs 0

0.04

V 15.79

F

0.91

Atomic Ratio

, 4.79J

99.33

Less 0 — F

0.38

98.95

*Total Ya O3, etc., and Ce earths=42.33.”

“Fergusonite, tri-hydrated. — (Specific ,gravity=4.36 — 4.48, hardness about
5. Color deep brown, almost black, thin edges show a yellowish-brown
translucence. Form and exterior appearance same as the species pre-
viously described. Streak and powder pale greenish-gray. On ignition
turns light brown, but does not glow nor decrepitate like fergusonite. Is
decomposed by hydrochloric acid with separation of columbic acid.

140

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hidden, William Earl,

andi Mackintosh, J. B.

analysis.

Oxygen Ratio.

Cbs O5

42.79

79.95

U O3

3.12

3.24

u 0,

3.93

2.90 >

Th O2

0.83

0.62 j

A.lg O3

0.85

2.49(

Fe^ O3

3.75 Atomic weight,

7.03/

> 51.08

Yg O3 etc

31.36 = 121.77

32.281

Pb 0

1.94

0.87

Ca 0

2.74

4.89^

Ignition Hg O

7.57

42.05

t 44.69

110“ C. Hg 0

0.62

F

Less 0 — F

0.502 Atomic ratio, 2.64

100.002
0.206

99.796

j

Allanite. Molylbdenite. Molybdite. Cyrtolite. Fluorite. Gumniite.
Tengerite ( ?) ; Fetid Gas.

194. Hidden, William Eael.

On Mackintoshite, a new thorium and uranium mineral, with
analyses hy W. F. Hillebrand.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, A^ol. XLA^I, pp. 98-103. Hew
Haven, Aug., 1893.

‘‘History. — iTt is three years since on alteration product ot the new species
here described was announced, jointly, by the late James B. Mackintosh
and the writer, under the name of ‘thoro-gummite.’ In the interim a most
diligent search has been made at the locality in Llano county, Texas, to
discower the minei-al in quantity, and also, if possible, the parent mineral
from w’'hich it was derived. In an endeavor to find some fragments of the
unaltered mineral, I broke up nearly a kilogram of the thoro-gummite,
with the result of finding less than one gram of a- black mineral, iwhich,
from the position it occupied loithin the thoro-gummite, we concluded must
represent the original species. I note here that some irregular cores, of a
dark-brown translucent mineral, were also found, but they proved to be
very soluble and not essentially different from the enclosing thoro-gummite.
They had a density of 4:50-

“Some chemical tests, then made by the writer, proved the black mineral
to be practically unaffected by hydrochloric or sulphuric acids, and the
density as then determined was 5.361. Upon fusing a portion with sodium
bisulphate a solution (Was pbtained, and it was thus found to be a silicate
containing about 23 per cent, of uranium oxide ('calculated as UO2), about
46 per cent, of thoria and a small per cent, of the ‘rare earths.’

“No further data were then obtained from the scant material in hand,
but its relation to thoro-gummite- was made evident. It was among fresh
shipments of the various thoria and yttria minerals, made direct from the
locality (Llano county, Texas) , that this ..mineral was again found and
further analytical work made possible. The new material was unexpect-
edly found deeply embedded in massive cyrtolite and associated with fergu-

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

141

Hidden, William Eael.

sonite. None iwas found embedded in the new ery&tals and masses of
thoro-gummite. Some fifty kilognams of the broken cyrtolite were thoT-
oughly seariehed through, with the result of finding only about two grams
of pure material, and this name mainly from one mass, which bad a very
thin coating of thoro-gummite.” Pp. 98-99.

‘This paper contains a desoription of the mineral, an account of its chem-
ical composition by Mr. IW. F. Hillebrand, and a discussion of its com-
position. 'The author proposes “the name of mackintoshite for this new
species in honor of that able chemist, the late Mr. James Buckton Mack-
intosh, of New York City.”

195. , and Hillebrand, W. F.

Hes'cription of Rowlandite.

Amer. Jour, of 'Science, III, Vol. XLVI, pp. 208-212. Hew
Haven, Sept., 1893.

I. iHistorical and iDeseriptive Discussion, by W. E. Hidden.

“About one kilogram of the mineral described in this paper was found
Iby the writer in rather large lumps among huge masses of gadolinite
and yttrialite in a single shipment of the various yttria-bearing minerals
sent to him some five years ago from the noted locality in Llano county,
Texas.

“The alteration products attracted my attention at once by their dis-
similarity to those of gadolinite, yttrialite and allanite from the same
mine. iSeveral preliminary trials proved the mineral to eontain over sixty-
one per cent, of the ‘rare earths,’ having a joint atomic weight of 118.5.

-If -If -:f

“iProf. Rowland photographed the spectrum of this mineral, and also the
‘earths’ from its oxalates and found them to be not essentially different
from those of gadolihite and other minerals rich in yttria. He, however,
expressed the opinion that there were at least a dozen unknown elements
in the so-called yttria group not yet separated. The scale on which
he showed its spectrum represented a length of ten feet, and over ten
thousand lines were noticed.” Pp. 208-209.

“Desoription of the mineral.

11. Analysis and Discussion of Composition, by W. P. Hillebrand.

196. Hill, Egbert T.

Eeview of

“A Partial Report on the Geology of Western Texas,^’ consist-
ing of a General Geological Report and a Journal of Geological
Ohservations along the Routes traveled by the Expedition between
■ Indianola, Texas, and the Valley of Mimbres, Hew Mexico, dur-
ing the yeans 1855 and 1856; with an Appendix giwing a Detailed
Report on the Geology of Grayson Oounty, by Prof. Geo. G.
Shumard, Assistant State Geologist of 'Texas. Austin, 1886.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 73-75. Hew

Haven, Jan., 1887.

142

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Hill, Egbert T.

“The scarcity of knoiwledge concerning the details of geological structure
in the vast area embraced within the political bounds of the Sitate of
Texas' is proverbial, and so inextricably is the little knowledge that we
■possess involved in controversy that any light upon the subject, however
feeble, is always welcome at this time. The appearance at this late day
of a volume giving the detail of scientific exploration that took place over
twenty-five years ago in that regiou has a double value. In the first
place it indicates a revival of interest in geological investigation by a
(State government in which a once strong desire to make known its re-
isourees in a scientific manner was almost entirely killed by the wrangling
among themselves of the scientific men employed to icarry out its inten-
tions. The knowledge of large regions of hitherto unpublished territory
whidh it brings to us is specially welcome.”

An account of the brothers, Benjamin E. and George G. Shumard, fol-
lows, and their erroneous conception of the Texas 'Cretaceous is pointed
<xut.

197.

The Topography and. Greology of the ■Cro&S' Timbers and Sur-
rounding Eegions in North Texas, with a map, pi. vi.

lAmer. Jour, of 'Science, HI, Yol. XXXIII, pp. 291-303. New
Haven, Apr., 1887.

Contents: The Upper Cross Timbers. The Lower Cross Timbers.

Prevalent Theories as to the Cross Timbers. Topographic and Geologic
/Characteristics : The Coast Plain, the “Black Prairie Begion,” The Central
Denuded or Hilly Region, the Plateau or Panhandle Region, the Moun-
tainous or Trans-Pecos Region^ Geologic /Section of the Cretaceous Strata
of the IState of Texas, as seen along the line of the Texas Pacific Railroad,
from Elmo, Kaufman county, to Millsap, Parker county, and, with local
variations of thickness, as it occurs throughout the State. Based upon
personal observations.

“The Cross Timbers of Texas are two long and narrow strips of forest
region between the 96th and 99th meridians, extending parallel to each other
from the (Indian Territory southward to the central portion of the State,
forming a marked exception to the usual prairie features of that country.
They have been deliniated upon several maps, but most accurately upon
the one accompanying the ‘(Report on the Cotton Production of the State
of Texas, with a Discussion of the Agricultural -Features of the .State,’ by
R. ;H. Loughridge, Ph. D., Special Agent of the Tenth Census, which has
been adopted in .the map illustrating the areal distribution of the geologic
formations of the United /States, published in Vol. V, of the Annual
Reports of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

“The traveler, in crossing this region of Texas from east to west, along
the line of .the Texas and Pacific railroad, views the Cross Timbers merely
as a grateful relief to the monotony of the prairies, and sees little in
them worth remenibering. To the more careful observer, however, there
.are numerous points of interest bearing on their topographic and geologic
rel'ations, some of which are worthy of presentation.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

143

Hill, Robert T.

“The Upper 'Cross Timhers. — (From their greater altitude and their posi-
tion, relative to the flow of the rivers, the more western of the Cross ,Tim-
bei''s, although geologically lower in the series, is known as the Upper, in
distinction from the eastern, or Uower. lit extends southward from the
Indian Territory, through the counties of Montague, 'Wise, Jack, Parker,
Hood, Erath and Comanche, to near the Colorado river. Its eastern border
at every point is clearly defined, the adjoining prairie region being invaria-
bly much higher in altitude. The western border is not so sharply marked,
but it approximately coincides with the 98th meridian until near the 32d
degree of latitude, when it bends to the westward, losing its identity by
Thinning out/ so that the boundary between the .wooded and prairie
region is not always apparent. The surface soil usually consists of an
exceedingly fine-grained silieious sand, which is the detritus of the under-
lying strata. This sand is utterly untenacious, except when wet, and is
readily distributed by the high winds over the surface so as to effectually
conceal the underlying strata. A small amount of red clay from a neigh-
boring .stratum gives to the sand, when mixed with it, a dirt-yellow color.
*******

“The character of the soil, .as .aJbove described, is also constant along the
eastern edge, but is varied along the western half of the timbers by the
presence of a crumbling, fine-pebble eonglomerate.

“The Lower Cross Timbers. — (The Lower Cross Timbers are loicated a'bout
fifty miles east of the upper belt, and extend in a direction approximately
parallel to it. They are separated their entire length by a prairie region,
' utterly destitute of timber. The western margin of the Lower 'Cross Tim-
bers is clearly defined, as is the case with the eastern edge of the Upper
member; but, instead of being below the level of the prairie it is always
at a higher altitude. The soil of the Lower Cross Tim'bers, although also
arenaceous, differs from that of the upper in many respects. It is feru-
ginous and more fertile, averaging less than ninety per cent, of insoluble
silica, while that of the upper usually exceeds ninety-seven. The difference
in fertility of the soils produces a varietal .difference in the flora, the
trees attaining much larger proportions and the number of species being
slightly greater. The average width of the Lower Cross Timbers does not
exceed fifteen miles, and they lose their identity near the Brazos river, at
Waco’.

*******

“The two belts of the Cross Timbers are entirely within the third, or
Central Denuded iBegion, the eastern border of the lower timbers coinciding
almost exactly with the western border of the second topographical area.
The chief geologic agency in .modifying the surface of thi^ region, as before
stated, has been subaeifial erosion. The only elevation apparent is that
which is common to' the other areas, and which was due to the rising of
.the Hocky Mountain axes. The denudation resulting from the subaerial
erosion has been very great, the whole of the geologic series, from the
recent to far down into the Carboniferous, having been removed from its
center or ^place of greatest denudation, ^ * The Tertiary, if it ever
existed there, has already been removed from this vast area, and the Cre-
taceous is rapidly yielding — in places entirely gone. This fact being true,

144

Teansactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

it is evident that the Cross Timhers cannot represent any posit-Cretaceous
sediments,

* * * ^ * * *

“'G-eologically, the area occnpied by these timbers [the Lower Cross Tim-
bers] eonsisits of a series of coarse, friable, arenaceous sandstones, alternat-
ing with clays, whose position is beneath the shales, and limestones; and,
like them, its western projecting margin is constantly wearing .away. The
unique fauna, now being studied by iDr. C. A. White, and the presence
of lignites, indicate that the sediments are those of shallow waters; they
resemble basal groups of the cis-Mississippi region, and. Dr. White believes,
the Dakota sandstones of Kansas, )Elsewhere than in Texas this group
would be considered the base of the Cretaceous; but such is noit the ease
here, for it clearly rests upon four hundred feet of a second and lower
series of limestone strata, and one that was greatly eroded before these
sands were deposited.

* * -jf •)«■ * * *

“On descending the escarpment at the western edge of the Orand Prairie,
we reach the sandy soil of the Upper (Cross iTimbers. A geologic section
will show that the surface soil is detritus of the underlying strata, which
dip to the east, under the adjacent limestone prairie. This series of sandy
strata varies in structure as we descend them. The upper strata abound
in Dinosaurian bones and teeth, the lower in Lepidodendrons and Cala-
mites. They mark the contact of the basal iMesoaoic and the Carbonifer-
ous.

“The sands of the eastern half of the Upper Cross Timbers are purely
^ siliceous, fine-grained, and utterly free from any cementing matrix. They
are so friable that they quickly lose all appearance of original stratifica-
tion on exposure, and were it not for railroad-cuts and well-borings through
the overlying Cretaceous limestone, their true stratigraphic position would
still remain obscure. The pure white sands of this series can be traced
along the eastern border of the Cross Timbers for over a hundred miles.
These sands' constitute the receiving reservoir for the artesian wells of
Port Worth and Dallas, their strata dipping at such an angle under the
Grand Prairie that they are reached at a depth of 350 feet beneath the
first named place, and about 750 at the latter.”

198.

'The Texas Section of fhe American Cretaceons.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XXXIY, pp. 287-309. Xew
Haven, Oct., 1887.

Introduction: The Cretaceous Areas of the United ^States. Great simi-
larity of the molluscan faunae, with varying lithologic characters. Loose
use of the term “groups,” which “are really ‘horizons’ representing the
culmniation of species or sedimental variations.

****■«■**

“If the Lower Cross Timber sands be of the age of the Dakota sand-
stone, as has been ascertained by Shumard and others, and since when
present they rest directly on top of this division, then we have in Texas

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

145

Hill, Robert T.

not only the whole section of previous writers often visible in connected
exposure, hut a new and lower group of the marine Cretaceous beneath
the hitherto recognized groups..

‘‘In this journal of January, 1887, I first called attention to the fact
that the current ideas of the relations, of the Cretaceous strata of Texas
were errioneous. In a paper read before the Philosophical Society of Wash-
ington, January 29, 1887, I published a local section, typical of the whole
region, including the strata from the Tertiary to the Carboniferous, and a
condensed summary of the paleontology, stratigraphy and literature of the
Cretaceous strata of Texas. I demonstrated the transitional position these
strata occupied between the Atlantic States bordering upon the Gulf of
iMexico and those of the 'Rocky Alountain region, and showed the existence
there of a deep marine group of the Cretaceous, which is older than any hith-
erto reeo'gmized on this continent. In a paper read before the Philadelphia
Academy of Soience, February 5, 1887, Dr. C. A. White published a resume
of the section furnished him by me for that purpose, together with some
brief deductions thereon and some correlations of his own. In the present
paper, to which the former was but introductory, I propose to diagnose
more .clearly this lower .group, and to explain many new features of it which
throw much light upon the American Cretaceous section.” Pp. 289-290.

The Austin-New Braunfels Non-conformity. “This non-conformity is
clearly and unmistakably visible in and near Austin, San Marcos, Heliotes
and New 'iBraunfels ; and this relation of the strata, which .is the same
along the face of the escarpment from Austin to Rio Grande, is dia-
metrically opposite to that originally announced by Roemer (and accepted
by fShumard .and .other writers down to the present .day) [with the exception
of Professor E. D. Cope], who made the .Cretaceous of the plain at the
- foot of the highlands .older than that of the plateau, and to extend un.der
it, as s.hown in the following dia.gram. This error, which was the funda-
mental cause of the confusion of knowledge concerning the Texas Creta-
ceous formation, has existed since Roemer’s time.” Pp. 292-293.

The Upper Division of the Texas Cretaceous. Its char.acters and paleon-
tology. List of Fossils.

. Middle Division of the Texas Cretaceous. Lithologic characters. Source
of the confusion in Dr. B. F. Shumard’s composite section. Fossils in the
shales at Austin, Eagle Ford and New Braunfels. Contacts on the south
banks of the Colorado .at Austin, .and .in the east bank of Shoal Creek.
Faunal and stratigraphic break. The Lower Cross Timber Series wanting
south of Waco. Meek on the relative age of the Dakota Sandstone of the
Rocl^ Mountains .and the Cross Timber beds. Fauna of the Middle Divis-
ion of the Cretaceous.

The Lower Division of the Texas Cretaceous. “The harder limestones,
seen underneath the Lower Cros.s Timber beds at Fort Worth and Denison
and the shales at Austin, and forming the face and plateau of the esearp-
ment, are the undoubted top of the Oomanche series of my former paper.
This great formation, which eonstitutes the face of the escarpment and
the great plateau at its top, covers or once covered the whole of the central
region as far west as the Rocky Mountain region. This group of strata
embraces thousands of feet of deep marine sediments, and extends over

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Hill^ Egbert T.

an immense area in Texas. At San Marcos, New Braunfels, Austin, and
many other places throughout the central region, the strata are heautifully
shown. Four miles northwest of the latter city the banks of the Colorado
afford a vertical exposure of over 700 feet, and yet these are only the
topmoist sitrata of the series. The strata dip rapidly to the southeast-
ward.” Pp. 299-300. Lithologic Characters.

The Central Denuded Region. Its boundaries. Geology.

The Washita Division. Fauna of the Upper, or Washita Division.

The Fredericksburg Division, Lithology and Topography. Fauna of
the Lower or Fredericksburg Division. Basal Contacts. ‘‘Several years of
most careful study of the stratigraphy of the whole of the'iComanehe- Series
fully confirms its position to be lower than the strata of the Lower Cross
Timber beds, which 'Shumard, White and other authorities have asserted
to be identical with the Dakota iSandstone of Meek and Llayden, and hence
lower than any of the hitherto described marine groups of the American
Cretaceous.” Paleontologic (break between the Comanche and upper series.
Review of the Fossils of the Comanche Series. Conclusions.

199.

The Present Conidition of Knowledge ol the Geology of Texas.

Bnlletinj of the United States Geological Snrveyj Ko. 45, 95
pp. Washington, 1887.

Contents: Prefatory Note. I. iHistoric Statement of Geologic Inves-
tigation. Knowledge at the P)aginning of this Century. Anglo-American
Adventurers and Colonists: Philip Nolan; American Colonization Period.
European Investigators : Mhlliam Kennedy; G. A. (Scherpf; Pi'ince Carl
'Solms-Braunfels; Victor Bracht, Ferdinand iRoemer. United States Mili-
tary Reconnaissances and Explorations': Reconnaissances; Explorations:
Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana; United States and Mexican
Boundary Survey; Pacific Railroad /Surveys : Thirty-fifth Parallel Survey;
Thirty -second Parallel tSnrvey; Artesian Well Experiment, Geologic Sur-
veys conducted by the State: The Texas Land Olfiee; First Geological
(Survey (Shumard) : Organization and Equipment ; Field Labors; Methods
of 'Survey; Maps; lOpenations of 18G0; Official Results; Indirect Results;
Expense, Second Geological Survey (Glenn-Buekley) : Operations of
1874; Operations of 1875. Recent Miscellaneous Investigations: Individ-
ual Contributors; Work of the Lhrited States Geological Survey. .Succes-
sion of Scientific Exploi ations.

II. Summary of Re.iultS:: Topography: Classification of Topography
of Texas; Chart illustrating Progressive Class'ification of Topographic
Features- Historic Geology and Stratigraphy:- Ta-ble of Geologic Forma-
fions of Texas, with AuthiOrities; So-called Archaean and Earlier Paleozoic;
Carboniferous System: Central Carbonifei-ous .Area, Trans-Pecos Carbon-
iferous Area. General Conclusions respecting the Texas .Carboniferous.
So-called Permian or Permo-iCar'boniferous ; Trans-Pecos Re,gion of Shu-
mard; Permian of Cope and his Assistants. Jura-Trias or Gypsum Strata.
So-called Jurassic, Cretaceous. So-called Laramie. Tertiary. Quater-
nary and Other Post-Tertiary Strata. Geological Deductions. General

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-lSOe.

147

Hill, Robert T.

'Gonclusions.

‘'G-eologic in\e3itigatloii in Texas has been fragmentary and unsatisfac-
tory for many reasons : Hostile Indians till recently ravaged the western
half of the IState; the civil war suspended the work of a oomprehensive
geological survey inaugurated under the State legislation of 1858, and that
survey resuiscitated and a later organization both came to naught. The
U. S. Geological 'Survey has extended its operations into the iState too
recently to increase greatly the published knowledge of the geology of
Texas.

“To study intelligently the geology of this State it 'is important that
a digest of such material as has been already published should be made.'
The present bulletin comprises an historical statement of such scientific
work as has added to available knowledge of the topography and the
paleontology as .well as the geology of the IState, but it is not intended
to include unpublished knowledge gained by my residence and study in
'the state, except as that knowledge modifies comments on conclusions
. already in jirint. Other publications will embody such matter in due
time. The present work does not extend the record beyond January 1,
d88G.’'"P. 7..

200.

The Trinity Formation of Arkansas, Indian Territoiy, and Texas.
■Science, Vol. XI, p. 21. Jan. 13, 1888.

“In previous papers [American Naturalifit, Feb., 1887; American Jour-
nal of Science, April and October, 1887) , 1 have shown that the Mesozoic
strata of the Texas region, instead of belonging to the uppermost Creta-
ceous, as bad been previously supposed, really embraced a large series of
lower Cretaceous, and perhaps Jurassic beds. To the last-named period
I intimated tliat the strata in Parker county, iTexas, provisionally termed
in my section the ‘Dinosaur iSands,’ would probably be found to be related.
The studies of the past season in Arkansas have shown that these strata
exhibit a great uniformity of deposition along the paleozoic and mesozoie
parting from .south of the Prazos river in Texas to the Little Missouri
river near Antoine, Pike county. Ark., a distance of over tliree hundred
miles, and that they rest directly upon the hig'hly disturbed 'Carboniferous
rocks.' In Texas the areal extent of this formation coincides with the
eastern half of the Upper Uross Timbers ,and in Arkansas it extends from
the point above mentioned westward to beyond Ultima Thule. Its width,
except for a few miles on each side of lied river, never exceeds a few miles.
The formation consists of alternations of fine, closely packed white sands
and red and blue gyp.siferous m.irls, with ooeasional alternations of thin but
exteusive fissile, arenaceous, and crystalline limestones, highly fossiliferous,
often wave-maiked, and seldom .more than ten inches in thickness. Exten-
sive strata of pure saecharoidal gypsum also occur in places, and the
formation is the source of the salines and salt licks throughout its extent,
and probably also of the ‘bracki.shness’ of the rivers which intersect it,

-:c*

“West of Weatherford [Texas] , the basal iComanehe series may be seen
resting directly upon it, while at the point of its disappearance under the

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

newer strata in 'Arkansas, it is directly covered by the uppermost Creta-
ceous of Hilgard’s Mississippi section.”

The fauna is littoral. Its characteristic molhiscan species indicate
upper Jurassic and Wealden. To the continuous formation the name
“Trinity” is applied. It includes the “Dinosaur Sands” of the Texas sec-
tion.

201.

'The Neozoic Geology o'f Southwestern Arkansas.

Annual Eeport of the Geological Survey of Arkans'as for 1888,

Vol. II. Little Eock, 1888.

(The T3^pieal Section of the Texas Cretaceous.) Chapter

XI, pp. 110-115.

8ee “The Texas Section of the American Cretaceous,” by , Robert T. Hill.
Amer. Jour, of Sci. ante.

202.

Notes upon the Texas 'Section of the American Cretaceous.

(Abstract.)

Proceedings of the Amer. -Assoc. Adv. Science, Yol. XXXVI,

p. 216. '1888.

“Owing to its peculiar transiiitional geographic position and the favorable
eonditions of exposure of its strata, the State of iTexas presents the best
opportunity for the study of the American Cretaceous, which has there
the most oomprehensive vertical range.”

In this brjef paper are pointed out:- (1) That both the Gulf -series
or Mississippi section of Hilgard, with the exception of the Eutaw foirina-
tion, and the Rocky Mountain series or Nebraskian section of Meek and
Hayden, extend into the .State by direct stratigraphic continuity. (2)
That .Roeiner, Shumard and others had fallen into some stratigraphical
errors; and (3), that beneath the Dakota sandstone of the Hayden sec-
tion, as previously mentioned in a paper before the Philosophical Society
of Washington, January 29, 1887, there exists an older anarine group of
sediments with a fauna greatly resembling that of the iHeoeomian or Lower
Cretaceous of Europe.

203. —

The Geology of 'Texas.

Texas School Journal, Vol. VI, N. S. 143-145. Austin, June,

1888.

The true meaning of Geology, What is geologically known of Texas.
( 1 ) There is no good geo-graphie map of the 'State, except for a few
square degrees in the center recently surveyed by the U. S. Geological
Survey.- (2) The stratigraphy of the 'State has never been mapped and
published^ (3) There is little definite knowledge published concerning

Record of Geology op Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

149

Hill, Robert T.

its econiomie resources. Extract from tire recently printed Encyclopaedia
Brittanica upon the resources of Texas.

204. —

Hotes on the Geology of Western Texas.

Geological land Scientific Bnlletin, Vol. I, Ho. 6. Houston,
Oct., 1888.

The prairie and mountainous areas of western Texas, as along the Texas
and Pacific railway, furnish a rich ifield for scientific investigators. From
Millsap to lOisiCO the prevail ing rocks are Upper Oarlhoniferous. General west-
ward dip of the Carhoniferous strata. Topography near Cisco. The ‘Ted
Beds” west of Cisco. The Permian and the Jura-Trias. The continuation
of the great plains west of Sweetwater — Tertiary or Quaternary. The line
of Cretaceous buttes and mesas south of the railway. Extent. Mourn
tains west of the Pecos. Eruptive and sedimentary material. Quaternary
and Post-Quaternary lake basins. Evidence afforded by the State of
Quaternary and Post-Quaternary ■ phenomena. Distribution of the Post-
Glacial Mastodon from El Paso to Dallas, and from Wichita to the Rio
Grande. Pre-Cretaceous beds of lignite. Boundaries of the areas of posi-
tive knowledge brought by the Arkansas 'Survey of the Texas frontiH.

‘‘Since writing the foregoing I have made another trans-section of the
wonderful west Texas region. This time from Texarkana westward to
Henrietta, and from thence northwest, over the plains and up the valley
of the Canadian to Tucumcari mountain, in New Mexico, * * It is

sufficient to say, however, that this journey not only verifies the geologic
phenomena along the Texas Pacific, but elucidates them so clearly as to
render them conclusive. The surface of the Llano Estacado is an early
quaternary loam, and a direct continuation of the great plains of Kansas
and Nebraska, while the white-matrixed conglomerate above alluded to,
which appears so clearly as the surface of the valley dividing the north
and south plains, is a later quaternary deposit.” P. 4 of reprint.

A geological interpretation follows.

For review, see Amer. Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 51-52.

University of Texas. School of Geology.

'Circular Ho. 1, p. 1. Austin, 1888.

This circular was designed to accompany Bulletin No. 45 of the United
States Geological Survey, entitled .“The Present Condition of Knowledge
of the Geology of Texas.” Since the writing of this Bulletin, 1885, much
has been added to our knowledge of the State. The accompanying reprint
from the Texas Scientific Bulletin for November [Oct. ?], 1888, indicates
the character of some of these observations.

“Among other subjects of recent discovery of interest to stratigraphic
geologists may be mentioned the following:

“1. The occurrence of the undoubted Laramie of the Colorado region
along the Texas side of the Lower Rio Grande.

“2. The demonstration of the chalk origin of the Texas Cretaceous

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Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Hill, Egbert T.

(upper and lower), with its flints, sponiges, foraminife,rae, and many other
fossil remains, hitherto not believed to exist in America, together with
some new stratigraphic horizons.

^‘3. 'The demonstration of an extensive Mesozoic igneous area in Cen-
tral Texas now being studied by the State ‘Geologist and the writer.

“4. The reaffirmation of the age of the Tucumcari section along the
northwest corner of the Texas to be uppermost Jurassic, as originally
described by Marcou, and the probable development of an extensive marine
Jurassic formation in southwest Texas and northern Coahuila and Ohi-
huahua.

“5. Innumerable mineralog'ic data by Professor Edgar Everhart and
others.

Many questions of undoubted economic importance, such as the devel-
opment of the Tertiary petroleums of Eastern Texas, the wonderful magne-
tite iron beds of Llano county; the inexhaustible beds of flint suitable for
emery and glass making; chalk of 'Commercial value and purity equal to
that of Erance; kaolins, agricultural marls, Portland cement and other
valuable products.

‘7. The scientific classification of the soils of Texas is in progress by
the writer, and the stratigraphic conditions for determining artesian wells
are gradually being developed.”

206.

The Permian Eoel® of Texas.

'Science, Vol. XTIT, p. 92. Feb. 1, 1889.

Attention is here called to the fact that there is in Texas “a great series
of beds, beginning west of the 97th meridian, and succeeding the 'Carbon-
iferous; and beneath the undoubted IWealden beds of the Cretaceous a
great development of strata, the lower half of which cannot po'ssibly 'be
referred to any other age than the Permian, although the upper portion
is probably Triassic. Professor Cope has long since described the verte-
brates of these Permian beds, and the Mollusca, I am informed, are now
being examined. The stratigraphy, ho'wever, has .as yet only been recon-
noitered, and no section whatever determined. * * The stratigraphic

features agreed, as far as could be seen, in nearly every generality with
those of the Kanab Valley of Utah as described by Mr. C. D. Walcott a few
years ago in the America7i Journal of Science, and were the direct eastward
continuation of the same. Not only does this similarity agree with the Per-
mian beds, but with the upper beds, which he calls Triassic.; This con-
nects the Grand Canon end Texas-Permian-Triassic basin beyond all doubt:
and to iMr. Walcott belongs the credit of the first and only intelligible sec-
tion of the American Permian, a most marked and unmistakable terrane,
the discovery of which was made, as agreed, by Professor Jules Marcou.”

207.

(On the Occurrence of Macraster Texanns.)

Amer. Xatnralis't, Vel. XXIII, p. 168. Feb., 1889.

“In the ‘Neues Jah-rbuch fiir Mineralogie, Geologie, and Paleontologie,
Jahrgang, 1388, I Band, drittes Heft,’ Dr. Ferd. Roemer describes and

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

151

liiLL^ Robert T.

figures a new genus of Eoliinodermata from Texas, to which, he gives the
name of ‘Macraster,’ and calls the only species Macraster texanus. This
fossil has long been familiar to the writer in his stratigraphic investiga-
tions in Texas, and it makes a well defined horizon near the very top of
the immense thickness of lower marine Cretaceous in Texas, and does not
occur, as Dr. 'Roemer infers, from the specimens which accompanied it to
Ceionany, with the Exogyra texana fauna, a .statement which has been
verified by Mr. Geo. Stolley, the collector. This fact is important because
of the tendency upon the part of Euriopean paleontologists to underesti-
mate the value of the stratigraphic differentiation of the Texas Creta-
ceous.”

208.

(On the Validity nf .seme hTcw Species fmin tlie Cretaceous of
Texas.)

Anier. Naturalist, Voi. XXlll, p. 169. Feb., 1889.

“Herr Schluter, in two papers entitled ‘Ueber die regularen Echinoder-
mata der Ixreide ISTo-rd Americas,’ and ‘Ueber Tnoceramus uiid Cephalo-
poden der Texanischen Kreide,’ ( Niederrhein, 'Gesselschaft at Bonn, March,
1887), describes Suleiiia mexicana, from Chihuahua, Mexico, and Inocera-
mus subqitadratios, TurriUUes irrideiis, and T. varians from Austin, Texas.
The validity of the three species last mentioned is exceedingly doubtful,
as the descriptions give no data sufilcient to differentiate them from species
already described by Roemer and ‘Shiiinard. He also asserts that the
Austin Cretaceous is equivalent to that of Ems, Germany, a 'rather indefi-
nite statement, since within the corporate limits of Austin is found nearly
the whole range of the comprehensive Texas' .Gretaceous under conditions
which could hardly be duplicated.”'

209. ^

Events in North American Cretaceous History Tllnstrated in the
Arkans'as-'Texas Division of the 'Southwestern Region of the United
State's.

Amer. Jonr. of Science, III, XXXVII, pp. 282-290. New
Haven, April, 1889.

Contents: 'Continental Limitations at the Beginning of the iCretaceous.
The First Epoch of Subsidence. .The Second Epoch of Subsidence. Dis-
turbances and Differentiation at tlie Close of the ..American Cretaceou=i.
Post-Cretaceous Events which have .concealed 'Gretac-eous History. Table
sliowing Events, Epochs, Distinguishing Fossils, Prevailing Sediments, and
Thickness in W. Texas.

“During the last two years the writer has been periinitted, by the joint
effort of Dr. John C. Branner, State Geologist of Arkansas, and the Direc-
tor of the United States Geological Survey, to investigate the .stratigraphic
and paleontologic conditions of the northern and eastern termination of
the Texas Cretaceous, and to trace out its detailed relations to those of the
Gulf and western 'Stfites with their accompanying phenomena, The con-

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

dition of knowledge previous to .tliut time was fully set forth in this jour-
nal for October, 1887. Trom later investigations I am able to present the
following brief .sketch of the principal historical events 'recorded in their
formations, and also a preliminary section which approximately outlines
the Oretaeeous history of the United States east of the .Sierras.” Pp.
282-283.

210.

A Review of

^^Ueber eine diircli die Hiiiifigkeit Hippiiriteiiartiger Cliamiden
ausgezeichnete Fauna der obertiironen-Kreide von Texas, von
Ferdinand Eoemer in Breslan.^’ Faleontologiscbe Abbandlun-
gen, Vierter Band, Heft 4. Berlin, 1888.

Amer. Jenr. of Science, III, Vol. XXXYII, pp. 318-319.

'New Haven, Apr., 1889.

In Roomer’s paper an interesting fauna from 'Barton’s Creek, a locality
near Austin, is described, embracing twenty-one 'Species, of which eighteen
are considered new.

“As the reviewer has made a special study of the faunal and strati-
grajihic Irorizons of these fossils, he would here correct one or two mis-
takes in the o.therwise excellent puhlijcation. Instead of being from the
Austin Chalk of 'Shumard (Niobrara of M. and H.), as the author asserts,
all of these forms came from an entirely different and lower horizon, sepa-
rated by four distinct subfaunas, u complete stratigraphic and paleontologic
non-confoinmity, and four hundred feet of strata below that fiorizon, and
hence the deductions and correlations of Dr. Boemer are unfounded.”

The species described are considered as belonging to non-criterional
genera, and the conclusion advanced is that “Dr. Roemer’s assignment of
this fauna to the Upper Turonian horizon is not based upon sufficient evi-
dence either stratigraphical or paleontolo'gical. They belong to the Hip-
purites Limestone of 'Shumard, whose stratigraphical place as given in
my section is in the middle of the Lower American Cretaceous.”

A Portion of the Geologic Story of the Colorado River of Texas.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 287-299. Minneapolis, May,
1889.

Contents : Introduction. The Section. Unconformities and Disturbance.
The Devonian, Disturbances closing the Paleozoic. The 'Early Alesozoic
iITiatus. (The Cretaceous History. The Upper Cretaceous- Formation. The
Tertiary. iTlie Quaternary. Ancient River Terraces. ^ Disturbances in the
C r e t a ce ou s F o r m at iion s

This paper deals with the geological phenomena seen along the course
of the Colorado river from the vicinity of Sand Mountain, in Llano county,
to Austin, in Travis county. The formations exposed range from the
Llano Croup of Walcott to the Quaternary, and have an estimated thick-
ness of 9,520 feet,

Record oe Geology of Texas, 1887-1 896.

153

212. Hill, Robert T.

The For'aminiferal Origin of certain Cretaceons Limestones and
the Sequence of Sediments in ISTorth American Cretaceons.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. lY, pp. 174-177. Minneapolis, Sept.,
1889.

During tlie Oretaeeaus there were within the limits of the United States
two distinct and long continued epochs ot subsidence. The deposits range
from arenaceous littorals “through arenaceous clay shales, clay shales and
calcareous shales, into culminating chalk deposits of great thickness and
extent.”

In the uppermost Cretaceous rocks the chalky deposits of the Niobrara
horizon have been noted in Kansas and elsewhere, and its continuation
through Texas into southwestern Arkansas is apparent.'

In the Lower 'Oretaceous strata of “pure unchanged chalk” are occa-
sionally found, but most of the limestones are too hard to be called of a
chalky texture, though they are of chalky origin.

A microscopic examination of the limestones, in the geological labora-
tory of the lUniversity of Texas, brought out the following facts: “None
of the Lower Oretaceous limestones except a few feet of the basal (Trin-
ity) sands showed brecciate or layers in laminate structure, indicative of
littoral origin or were aceompanied by littoral faunas. All the other
Lower Cretaceous limestones are of a massive or pastry texture, unlami-
nated, and of varying hardness and purity, and when microscopically exam-
ined show an abundance of foraminiferal remains imbedded in a calcareous
(calcite) matrix.

“The foraminiferae always exceeded in number the few molluscan re-
mains, which were seldom found, thus clearly showing that these rocks are
of ohalky origin.”

For the rocks of one horizon, consisting almost wholly of Tinoporus
texana, the name of Tinoporus Chalk is proposed. Mention is also made
of the causes productive of the “excessive metaimorphism” which these
rocks have undergone in several localities, as at Pilot Knob southeast of
Austin.

“In addition to the two great chalk deposits of the Upper and Lower
Oretaceous, respectively, there are but three limestone horizons in the
entire sedimentation of the two Oretaceous formations of the southwest
of other than foraminiferal origin, and they compose but a small fraction
of the entire thickness.” Here follows u description of the “non-forami-
niferal” limestones.

Of the strata constituting the Lower Cretaceous, having a thickness of
over 2,000 feet, 1,500 feet are limestones, “all but a hundred feet of which
are of foraminiferal or semi-foraminiferal origin.”

The paper closes with a paragraph on the sequence of the Cretaceous
sediments.

213.

Pa'loontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas.

University of Texas, School of Geology, Ft. I, 10 pp. ; 3 plates.
Austin; 1889.

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

Contents: Introduotion. The Comanche Series or Lower Cretaceous

Formation — The Shoal Creek (Vola) Limestone Fauna: Tecten (Vola?)
iKoemeri^ sp. nov. ; Pterocera Shumardi, sp. nov. ; Crioceras? ( Ancyloceras)
Texanus, sp. nov. ^

214.

A Preliminary Annotated Check List of the Cretaceous Inverte-
brate Fossils of Texas, accompanied by a short description of the
Lithology and Stratigraphy of the System.

Geol. Surv. of Texas, Bulletin No. 4, pp. xxxi, 57. Austin,

1889.

Contents: Letter of Transrpittal hy E. T. Dumhle, State Geologist.

Introduction., Preliminary iNotes upon the Cretaceous System of the
Texas Legion: Present State of Knowledge of the Texas Cretaceous, Table
showing Theoretical Relation of the Cretaceous System of Texas to other
Cretaceous Locks of the United States, east of the Sierras — ^1890, Explana-
tion of the Nomenclature in this Paper.

A Brief Deserij^tion of the Stratigraphy and Locks of the Cretaceous
Series of Texas, based principally upon a Preliminary Section along the
Colorado Liver from near ISmithwick Mills to Webberville.

Progress iSection illustrating the Cretaceous System of Texas as inves-
tigated to January 1, 1890.

The Lower or Comanche Series (Colorado Section.) A. — ^The Trinity
'Division. B. — 'The 'Fredericksburg Division: The B.a3al Beds; Comanche
Leak Subdivision: The Caprina Chalk and Chalky Limestone Subdivision.
C. — ^^The iWashita Division: The Flagstones; The Upper Caprotina Lime-
stone, or Austin Marble; The Washita or Fort Worth Limestone; The
Exogyra Arietina Clays; The Shoal Creek Limestone; The Denison Beds.

The Stratigraphy of the Comanche Series in general.

The Upper or Black Prairie Series: The Lower Cross Timbers Sands;
The Eagle Ford Shales; The Austin-Dallas Chalk, or White Lock; The
'Exogyra Ponderosa Marls. General Conclusions on the Upper Cretaceous
Series.

Annotated Check List. Tabular View of the Stratigraphic Oocurrence
of the Invertebrate Fossils of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas. List
of Faunas. 'Leferenee Bibliography.

Noticed in Amer. Jour, of Sci., Ill, Vol. XXXIX, p. 521, June, 1890.

215. , and Pexrose, E. A. F., Jr.

Eelatioii of the Uppermost Cretaceous Beds of the Eastern and
Southern United States, by EobeVt T. Hill; and the Tertiary Cre-
taceous Parting of Arkansas and Texas, by Eobert T. Hill and E.
A. F. Penrose, Jr.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, 'Vol. XXXVIII, pp. 468-473.

New Haven, Dec., 1889.

The Cretaceous outcrop at Arkadelphia, Ark. — A Cretaceous island. To
the southwest the areal exposures become niore extensive until in Central

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-ISOG.

155

Hill^ Egbert T.

and Southwest Texas .they hecoime the prevalent surface fiormations. In-
crease in hhickneS'S. ^Between Arfeadelphia and the Pasezoic area of Cen-
tral Texas there are 5000 feet of Upper and Bower Cretaceous deposits.

A Summary of Cretaceous Poirmations:

The Upper, or Black Prairie Formation -.(Gulf Series). Made up of
five subdivisions. Thickness of each, and localities of oocurrenee.

The Lower, or Grand Prairie Formation (Comancho Series). Made up
of nine subdivisions- Thickness of each and loealities of occurrence.

‘‘The immediate ohjects of .this paper are to call attention to (1) the
beds of the uppermost or glauconitic division of the Upper Oretaceons, (2)
to the i,mportant light they throw upon the Cretaceous beds of the Gulf
and Atlantic States east of the Mississippi, and (3) to the complete non-
conformity by erosion and deposition that exists between them and the
basal beds of the Southern States Tertiary.”

The sequence of sediments during the Upper Cretaceous subsidence and
emergence. The Glauconite beds. The Texas exposure on the Trinity in
Anderson County. The Exogyra pondero'sa Marls.- The Glauconite beds
of New Jersey. Lamellibranchiate species common in America to Arkan-
sas, Texas, Mississippi and the Lower Marl bed of New Jersey. None of
the characteristic fossils of the New Jersey Cretaceous above the Lower
:Marl bed occur in the Arkansas-Texas Cretaceous. The conclusion on
paleontologic and lithologic grounds is “that .the upperimost beds of Arkan-
■ sas are the southwestern representative, perhajDS the direct continuation,
of the lower marl beds of the New Jersey region, an opinion which is
strengthened by the stratigraphic evidence, which shows a complete un-
conformity between the uppermost Cretaceous of Arkansas and Texas north
of the Rio Grande. Also, that .a large part of the glauconitic beds were
eroded, and their debris redeposited in the Eo-Lignitic or basal beds of the
Southern iStates Tertiary.. The iron ores of the Southern Tertiary are
primarily derived from this source- This fact has been determined by
-most careful observation on the part of Mr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., and
the writer, in Texas and in Arkansas. The contacts in the latter region are
described in full in my Arkansas Report, while those in Texas will soon
be published in Mr. Penrose’s report to the State Geologist, Mr. E. T.
Bumble.”'

Geography of the Texas Cretaceous. Suggestion as to the use of the
term “Glauconitic.”

See Amer. Naturalist, Vol. 24, p. 769.

216.

'Classification and Origin of the Chief .Geographic Features of
the Texas Eegion. I.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. Y, pp. 9-29. Minneapolis, Jan., 1890.

Contents: (Introduction.) The Plains of Texas. The Coast Prai-

ries. The Sandy Lignitie, or Forest Area. The Black Prairie Region.
The B.al cones. The Shumard -Knobs. The Grand Prairie. The Central
Denuded Region. Older iRock Regions.- The Red Beds. The Abilene
Country. The Gypsum country. The Llano Estacado or Staked Plains,

156

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill, Egbert T.

“In tMsi paper it is proposed to give a brief elassiflcation of the topo-
graphic and geologic features of the extensive area of Texas. Evidently so
brief a mention of this vast region will be neither exhaustive nor detailed ;
It is a preliminary statement of some of the great features which will be
more accurately delineated by those who, v/ith better facilities, will here-
after conduct accurate surveys of this region, which has as yet been only
partially reconnoitered.’’

217.

(Classification and Origin of the Chief G-eographic Featnres of the
Texas Eegion. II.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. Y., pp. 68-80. Minneapolis, Feh., 1890.

Contents: The Valleys of Erosion: The Older Valley of the Canadian:
The Older Valley of Red Riv®i% The River Terraces of the Black Prairie
and Eo-Lignitic Regions. The Lake Basins of the Trans-Pecos Mountain
Region. (Moiuntainous and Disturbed Regions: The Ouachita Mountains ;
The Mountains of the Trans-Pecos Country. Epitome of the Chief Topo-
graphic Areas of the Texas Region. (Tabulated.)

218.

Eeport of.

First Ann. Eept. Geol. Siirv. of Texas, 1889, pp. Ixxxiii-
Ixxxviii. Austin, 1890.

Administrative Report to the State Greologist. Geographic and Topo-
graphic Work. iStratigraphic Work. Reconnoissiance. Cross-lSection
Work. Economic Investigations. Illustration- Office Wiork. Work of
Assistants: Mr. J. A. Taff ; Mr. N. P. Drake; Mr. C. C. MoCullough; Mr.
J. S. stone.

“In accordance with your request upon organization of the Survey, I
undertook, in February, 1889, * * the study of the natural features

of those portions of the (State known as the Black and Grand Prairie
regions and the accompanying Upper and Lower Cross Timbers, all of
which are the surface features of the Cretaceous rocks, to which they owe
their topographic individuality, economic possibilities, and conditions for
human habitation.

-X- * -X X X

‘The extent and character of the region to be surveyed * * em-

braced an area of over 7i2,512 square miles, or over one-fourth (27.75 per
cent.) of the total area of the (State — .a region three times as large as the
combined area of Massachusetts and Connecticut, Rhode (Island, New Jer-
sey, and Delaware, or three times the size of West Virginia. Since it
would have been a physical impossibility for the whole force employed
upon your Survey to have covered this enormous area with even a recon-
noissance, it became a matter of necessity that the region should be
divided into wmi’king districts, and the work of my assistants limited to
soime certain portion.

“In accordance with the necessity, the total area was subdivided, there-

Reco-Rd of Geology of Texas, ISSY-ISOG.

157

Hill^ Robert T.

foTO, into the following artificial divisions for working convenience.

“1. Northern District, or portion north of the Colorado, including
24,000 square miles. * "■

“The Northern District was chosen as the best adapted for preliminary
operations, and the work has been confined to that field.”

A Brief Description of the Cretaceoiis Rocks of Texas and their
Econoanic [Value] Dses'. Based principally upon a Preliniinary
Section along the Colorado river from near Sinithwick Mills, Bur-
net county, to Webberville, Travis county.

First Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 10'3-141.

Austin, 1890.

Contents :( Synopsis, ilntroduction. Upper, or iBlaek Prairie series. —
'Geologic structure of the Black Prairie region ; Lower Cross Timber sands ;
Eagle Eord clay shales; White Rock or Austin-Dallas chalk; Exogyra pon-
derosa marls; Upper arenaceous, or glauconitic series. Lower, or Coman-
che series. — ^Trinity sands, or Upper Cross Timber division; The Freder-
icksburg division; Basal beds; Comanche Peak beds; iCaprina chalk; The
/Washita division. — The Flagstones; The Upper Caprotina limestone, or
Austin .‘Marble; The Washita or Fort Worth limestone; The Exogyra
Arietina iClays; The Shoal Creek limestone; The Denison beds. Strati-
graphy of the 'Oomanehe series in general. Progress section. Disturbances
of the strata. General economic features.

“The two series of rocks comprising the Cretaceous System occupy the
area of the State known as the Black Prairie, the Grand Prairie, and the
two Cross Timbers', and unstudied areas in the eastern and Trans-Pecos
regions of the State.

“To these strata the .State owes a large part of her agricultural and
general priosperity, for they are the foundation of the rich black waxy
and other calcareous soils of those regions.

“In addition to their agricultural features they are the most productive
source of building material, while adjacent to the parting between them,
extending the entire length of the iState and dependent upon their strati-
graphy, is a remarkable area of natural and artesian wells, as seen at
Fort Worth, 'Austin, Waco, Taylor, San Marcos and elsewhere.

“That these formations are of great economic value to the State is also
shown by the fact that they are the site of our principal inland cities,
and the rich agricultural soils which surround them.” Pp. 105-106.

220.

The Eagle Flats Formation and the Basin of the Trans-Pecos
Region of Texas. (Abstract.)'

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 242.

1890.

“The portion of Texas west of the Pecos river is described as a series
of complicated mountain disturbances, accompanied by much faulting and

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Eobert T.

eruptive material. (The largest portion of the area, however, oonsists of
extensive flats lying between the mountains, which are shown to be almost
vecent lake beds drained of their waters, except in rare instances, where
salt lakes still occupy limited portions of these basins.' The Quaternary or
later sediments of these former lakes are -described as the Eagle Flats for-
mation.”

221. , lanidJ Dumble, E. T.

The Igneous Eocks of Central Texas. (Abstract.)

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 242.

1890.

“Pilot Knob, Travis county, Texas, is described as the type of an inter-
mittent line of basaltic rocks often of columnar structure protruding
through the lOretaceous limestones of Central Southern Texas from east
of Austin to the 'Eio Grrande. The age is shown to be Post-Eocene, and
the name iShumard system is proposed for this hitherto unclassified erupt-
ive topographic feature.

“These eruptives ( ?) extend a little north of east from the Rio Grande
in the vicinity of Fort Clark to Austin, Texas. The isolated eruptive areas
of Rockwall county, Texas, and Pike county, Arkansas, are in line with
this system, and probably all are along a line of weakness in the earth’s
crust which has apparently existed in this region. The time of the erup-
tion is shown to have been Post-Eocene.”

222.

The Geology of the 'Staked Plains of Texas, with a Description
of the Staked Plains Formation. (Abstract.)

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 243.

1890.

“The Staked Plainis are shown to be an extensive mesa, which was an
interior base level in late Tertiary or early Quaternary time. Its surface
is covered by a fresh- water lacustral sediment, consisting of loam and
gravel, for which the name of the Staked Plains formation is proposed.”

223.

The Geology of the Valley of the Upper Canadian from Tascosa,
Texas, to Tucumcari Mountain, Xew Mexico, with Xotes on the
Age of the Same. (Abstract.)

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 243.

1890.

“This valley is shown to have been a more ancient piece (of) erosion
than that accomplished by the present river which flows through it. It is
from forty to sixty miles wide and eight hundred feet beneath the ancient
base level of the Staked Plains, and filled with a detrital deposit, for which
the local name of the Terra Blanca formation is proposed.”

Record of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

159

224. Hill, Robert T.

A Classification of the Topographic Features of Texas, with Re-
marks upon the Areal Distrihiition of the Geologic Formations.
(Abstract.)

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. of Science, Yol. XXXYIII, pp. 243-
244. 1890.

“The Texas region is cle&crihed and its topographic features defined as a
series nf ancient base levels, striking approximately north and south, and
limited by two orographic systems, the more ancient and northern one
being the Ouachita system of Branner, in 'Arkansas and Indian Territory,
and the southern the mountains of northern 'Mexico and the Trans^Pecos
region of Texas. Certain conspicuous valleys of erosion are explained, and
the progress of denudation described. The relation of this topographic
classification to the cultural possibilities of the region, and to the distri-
bution of the floras and faunas is also shown.”

225.

Occurrence of Goiiiolina in the Comanche Series of the Texas
Cretaceous.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XL, pp. 64-65. Xew Haven,
July, 1890.

“For several years I have been puzzled by a peculiar organism which
occurs abundantly in the basal and medial beds of the Comanche series of
the Texas Cretaceous. This organism is preserved in chalky beds, of ^wliose
lithologie chan’acter it partakes, and is about the size and sliape of ordi-
nary*playing marbles used by boys, except that it is slightly elongated, and
flattened at one end, where there is a circular depression resembling the
point of attachment between a fruit and its stem. Tlve surface is minutely
pitted and Teticulated.”

When submitted to eminent paleontologists, it was pronounced an unde-
termined species of the genus Goniolina, D'Orbigny, but whether animal
or vegetable was a matter of doubt. One wrote:

“The fosisil you send belongs to a group which has puzzled paleontolo-
gists for many years, and has been referred to almost every obscure group
of paleozoology and botanji". They were named Goniolina by D’Orbigny,
who put them among the Foraminifera. Di-. White has shown me a
French publication by Dumortier in which a Jurassic species is referred
to the (frinoidca; Zittel says that 'Saporta has decided tlrat they are the
fruit of Panclanus, or ‘screw-pine.’ My O'wn opinion is that they are fruit
of some kind, and .Saporta’s reference is the most likely to be correct.
Youi's should be Lower Ciretaceous.”

As it begins in the Colorado river section in the lowest fossiliferous
horizon in the Fredericksburg and ranges through 450 feet to the base
of the Comanohe Peak chalk; as the beds are all deep-sea deposits; as
there are no lignites oir other traces of land debris; and as the associated
mollusean forms are all of otl-shore species, the eonclusion is reached that
this cannot be the fruit of land vegetation.

160

Teaists ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Eobert T.

‘‘Zittel refers the genus to the family Cornuspiridae, of the Foraminiferse,
and says that it is a Jurassic genus.”

Its ooeurrenee in the Comanche series of Texas is the first noted in
America.

226.

Exploration of the Indian. Territory and the Medial Third of
Eed Eiver.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. YI, pp. 252-253. Minneapolis, Oct.,

1890.

A letter descriptive of a Reoonnoisisance in Northern Texas and Southern
Indian Territory. “The problems Situdied were ( 1 ) the westward deflec-
tion of the two Cretaceous embayments of the Arkansas-Texas region, and
(2) the geology of the interior region upon which the Cretaceous sedi-
ments were laid down, and from which they were derived.” Tlie follow-
ing statement is of more than ordinary interest: “It is also evident that
great dfeturbance has taken place even in Post-Cretaeic times, for the
Red river flows an a fault through Upper and Lower iCretaeic rocks north
of Denison with a northern downthrow of nearly a thousand feet.”

227.

The Texas Cretaceous.

Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist, Yol YI, pp. 253-'254. Minneapolis', Oct.,

1890.

The object of this letter was to correct a misleading sentence in a review
of the Author’s “Check list of the Cretaceous Fossils of Texas” (Amer.
iGeol., Vol. VI, p. 124), which reads :i “The list proves evidently that all
the Cretaceous strata in Texas are more recent than the English Gault.”
With reference to this, Professor Hill says: “Nowhere in the list do I
commit myself to an opinion as to European equivalency, for I become
more and more, each year, indisposed to correlate our Texan strata with
those of Europe alone. I do believe in trans-oceanic correlation, when
trans-oceanic faunas are the isame, but, it has been utterly impossible here-
tofore to even have a basis of comparison, without such a list as I have
endeavored to give.”

228.

Pilot Knot): A Marine Cretaceous Yolcano, with ISTotes on its
Petrography by J. E. Kemp. '('See Kemp, J. F.)

Amer. Geologist, Yol. YI, pp. 286-294. Minneapolis^, Kov.,

1890.

This paper, illustrated with maps and flgures, deals with “an interesting
occurrence of ancient volcanic phenomena in the vicinity of Austin, Texas.

-X-, -If «•*.-»*

“Among the varied topographic features about Austin are some low
rounded hills which, appearing above the horizon of the Black Prairie

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS^-ISQG.

161

Hill, Robert T.

seven miles sontlivvesit of the city, present a peculiar aspect. Upon closer
study these hills are found to consist of several cusps of igneous rock
rising from a circular depressed area of about 1,000 acres, and projecting
through and above the chalky strata of thp .'Black Prairie which surround
it on every side. * * 'The hills have an altitude of 750 feet above

sea level, and 50 above the surrounding prairie.

“They are eomposed of a hard black rock, the exact lithologic constitu-
tion of which, as shoiwn by Prof. Kemp in the accompanying article, is that
of limburgite or nepheline basalt.”

The region “between the basaltic hills and the chalky perimiter of the
igneous area” is described, and the effect of the igneous outburst upon
the chalky rock shown. The Structural Features throwing light upon the
Age of Pilot Knob are discussed, and the relation of this igneous outcrop
to others indicated. The conclusion .reached is that “Pilot Knob is the
neck of an ancient volcano which rose out of and deposited its debris in
the deep water of the Upper Cretaceous sea.”

229.

Roads and the Material for their Construction in the Black Prai-
rie Region of Texa®.

Bulletin of the University of Texas, pp. 17-39; map. Austin,
n. d. [1890?]

Synopsis: 1. The Black Prairie Pegion of Texas geographically
defined. Its 'Geological Structure and Origin of its 'Soil. Extent and
Agricultural Importance. Its fullest Development retarded by interrupted
Traiffe.

2. Poads and their Constiruotion. Wagon Ways the most essential
Highways. What constitutes a good '.Roadway. The Economic, 'Legisla-
tive, Engineering, and Geologic Aspect of Road .Making considered. The
special Problems of Road Making in tire Black Prairie Region.

3. The Material for the eonstruction of Roads in the Black Prairie
Region. Basalt. 'Gravels. — ^Plateau Gravel, River Gravel, 'Creek Gravel.
Limestones — Chalks, Chalky Limestone, and Marble. Marls — ^Oolites and
other Substances.. General Conclusions on the Relative Value of these
Materials.

230. ^

Contributions to the Geology of the Southwc'st.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. YII, pp. 119-122. Minneapolis, Feb.,
" 1891.

Contents: 'The Altitude of Mount Scott. A New Silurian Area of the
United States. The Age of the Comanche Series. Cretaceous Inliers. A
New Source of Artesian Water in Texas. “Llano Estacado,” or “Staked
Plains.” The Dakota Sandstone in Arkansas.

“A 'Neio Source of Artesian Water in Texas. In the American Journal
of .Science for April, 1887, the writer published the preliminary announce-
ment of the Fort Worth Waco artesian area, which is now known to

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Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Hill, Robert T.

extend from Denton 'to Del Rio, a distance of 500 miles, and to be -one of
the most prolific artesian areas in tbe world, several hundred wells and
numerous rivers 'which have their origin dn fault-springs like those at Del
Rio and San Antonio showing no appreciable diminution of the supply
which has its source in the Trinity sands at the base of the Comanche
series. During the past tW'O months, from the wells at Pottsboro and
Dallas, I have discovered that the Dakota sands are also the source of
another valuable artesian area, which, though not so extensive as the
Fort Worth-Waeo area, will prove of great economic value to Texas.” Pp.
120-121.

231.

JSTotes on tbe Geology of the Southwest.

Amer. Geologist, .Vol. VII, pp. 254-255. 'Minneapolis, Apr.,

1891.

Contents: Gold in the Indian Territory. The Mineral Resources of
Texas.

Attention is called to the “many valuable materials” in Texas worthy
of economic development : chalk, marl, greensands, gypsum, coal, huilding
stone, etc.

While (the 'State is rich in the rarer minerals they have proved of little
quanti:ty. This statement 'applies especially to Tin and Platinum.

232.

The Comanche Series of the Texas- Arkansas Region.

Bulletin Amer. Geol. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 503-528. May, 1891.

Contents: Introductory Statement. 'Definition of Terranes: Consti-

tution of the 'Comanche Series — The Trinity, O'r Rasal Division, Separa-
tion. The Trinity Sands, The Glen Rose Reds. — ^The Fredericksburg or
Comanche Peak Division, General Gomposition, The Paluxy 'Sands, The
Gryphaea Rock and Walnut Clays, The Comanche Peak Chalk, The
Caprina Limestone. The Goodland Limestone. — 'The 'Washita or Indian
Territory Division. General Aspect, The Kiamitia Clays 'or 'Sehloenbachia
Reds, The Duck Creek Chalk, The Fort Worth Limestone, The Denison
Reds. Variation in the Character of the Deposits. iSubsidenee recorded
in the Coinaneh.e ‘Series. 'Stratigraphieal Value of Terranes., To'pO'graphic
Expression of the Comanche Terranes. Age of the Comanche Series.

This paper was discussed by C. A. White, C. D. Walcott, and Cooper
Curtice.

For Review, see Amer. Geol., Vol. VIII, p. 259.

233.

Holes 'on the Geology of the Southwest.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. VII, pp. 366-370. Minneapoli'S, June,

1891.

Contents: Thickness of the Upper Cretaceous Marls. Foraminifera of
the Texas Region. Recent Tndian Work-lShops of Central Texas. The

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

163

Hill^ Robert T.

Tertiary Basin of the Lower 'Bio (Grande. The Age of the Strata at Marble
Falls and Shinbone Ridge. Aeolian Deposits of Eddy county, New Mexico.
Possible Uses of Lignite.

Part III of the Final Reports of the Artesian and IJnderflow

“It lis impossible, owing to (the softness and lack of good exposures, to
measure by surface sections the thickness of the Upper Gretaceous beds in
Central Texas. An artesian well at Thorndale, however, penetrated 2000
feet of the Glauconitic beds and Exogyra ponderosa marls.’^

The existence of Carboniferous rocks at (Shinbone ridge, as previously
announced, is verified by the determination of fossils such as Zaprentis,
Productus and other typical Carboniferous species.

234.

Preliminary Notes on the Topography and Geology of Northern
Mexico and Sonthwest Texas, and New Mexico.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. YIII, pp. 133-141; 2 cuts. Minneapo-
lis, Sept., 1891.

Contents : Geograiphic Extent of the Basin Region. The Mountains.
The Plain. The Lomas. The Conglomerate Terrace. Geologic Structure
of the Region. The Main Mass of Mountain or Sierra Grande. The Sierra
Chiquita or Hog Backs. The Lomitos or Foot Hills. The Formation of
the Plain. The Valley Conglomerate or Terraces. The Basaltic or Vol-
canic Mesas.

“The topographic and geologic features of northern Mexico, and the
Trans-Pecos region of Texas and New Mexico have been for several years
a subject of profound initeresit to the writer, who, notwithstanding much
study, involving thousands of miles of travel, still feels that he can con-
tribute only a few data concerning this vast region, and that the main
facts and details of its structure are still unraveled, especially those
relating to 'orographic and igneous geology, and he presents the aceompany-
ing description of a small but typical portion of the area, with the hope
that it may be of some assistance to those who are more conipetent to dis-
cuss as a whole the grander orographic features of our continent.” P.-
133.

235.

On the Occurrence of Artesian and other Underground Waters
in Texas, Eastern New Mexico, and Indian Territory, west of the
Ninety-seventh Meridian.

Investigations', pp. 41-166, with nnmerons maps and illustrations.

Senate Ex. Document 41, Pt. 3, 52d Cong., Ist Sess. Washing-
ton, May, 1892.

Contents. — Introduction : Letter to Chief Geologist. I. The Occur-
rence and availability of underground water: Influence of Topography
upoji 'distribLition of underground water; Water conditions most favor-
able in later (newer rock sheets). II. General Outline of the Texas-New

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

Mexican region : The eastward division of the coastward incline ; The Moun-
tain systems; iKeninantal plains of the Tlano Estacado type; The plateau
region; The basin plains of the Great Basin and Mexican Plateau region.
III. Artesian 'Conditions and strueture of the eastern division of the coast-
w-ard incline: The coastal prairie; The Washington or Fayette prairies;
The East Texas forest region; The plateau gravel; The river terraces; The
'Gretaceous prairies, including the cross-timber regions; The Main Black
Prairie region; The northern division; The Austin-Dallas chalk. The Eagle
Ford prairies, the Lower Gross Timbers, Geological substructure of the
Black Prairies. The Grand Prairie region, including the Upper Gross
Timbers— general outline and comparison with the Black Prairies: The
Indian Territory division ; The Gentral or Fort Worth division ; The South-
ern or Edwards Plateau division; The Stockton division; The altitudes of
the Grand Prairie. Geological Structure of the Gretaceous Grand Prai-
rie: 'Tile Trinity division; The Trinity or Upper Gross Timber sands;
The Glen Pose or Alternating beds ; The Paluxy sands. The Gomanche
Peak division or impervious beds; The Gryphaea ro'ck and Walnut clays;
The iGomanche Peak chalk; The Gap'rina limestone; The Washita division.
Topographic Expression of the Gomanche series : Water conditions of the
Black and Grand prairies; The rivers .of the Grand Prairie; The Mammoth
Springs of the San Antonio system, or natural .artesian 'wells; .The artesian
waters .of the Black and Grand prairies; Availability of the water sheets
of the Black and Grand Prairies; The water-bearing strata; The availabil-
ity of the water-bearing sheets; The DailasPottsboTO Group or wells of
the Lower Gross Timber flow; Extent and limitations of the area. Wells
of the d^'ort Worth- Waco system: The shallower wells of the Paluxy flow;
The deeper wells of the Trinity flow (Fort Worth-Waco) ; Bevelopment
at Fort W'Ortli and Waco; The wells of the Glen Pose Group; Five hun-
dred-foot wells of the Morgan Group; One thousand-foot wells of the Fort
Worth-MoG-regor Group; Deep wells of the Waeo-Dallas Group; Artesian
failures in Grand and Black Prairie regions; Gonelusions, etc., of artesian
conditions in Grand and Black Prairie Pegions; Artesian conditions . south
.of the .Golorado. IV. Water .conditions of the Pio Grande embayment.
V. The Wiater conditions .of the central denuded region. VI. The Ped
Beds or Goncho- Abilene country: Extent and conditions of the Ped Beds
country; The Texas-Oklahoma division; The Pecos-Ganadian division.
VIT. Water conditions of the Llano Estacado region: Extent and struct-
ure; The great water-bearing cap-sheet, or Llano Forniation; Artesia.n
possibilities of the Llano Estacado. VIII. Water conditions of the Trans-
Pecos Basin region. IX.. Water coiiditions of the mountain region: The
Baton-Las Vegas or plateau region; The Malpais .or volcanic regions of New
Mexico. X. Water conditions, .of Indian Territory, including Oklahoma:
Water conditions .of the hard limestone regions and other exceptional areas;
SjDrings .of the Washita and Arbuckle .hlountains.

“The region covered is so vast and embraces so. many diverse conditions
influencing the water supply that I .have been able only to treat it most
briefly. I feel, however, that in the .accompanying pages I have at least
outlined the underlying principles of the water supply and pointed out their
availability.

“The region assigned the writer for investigation comprised Indian Ter-

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

165

Hill^ Robert T.

ritory (including Oklahoma), Texas, and New Mexico west of the ninety-
seventh meridian and east of the 'Rocky Mountains, including over 300,000
square miles. This area is such a vast extent that it was impossible to
traverse it thoroughly, even in a rapid manner, in the time allotted to the
'Work. The writer, however, has fortunately spent many years in its pre-
vious study, but still feels that this report can only be considered, with
the exception of the Grand iPrairie region, as a preliminary outline of the
water conditions. —

“The area has been so little studied by geographers and geologists that
much time had to be devoted to tiaxoing out and classifying its elementary
geographic features as a fundamental step to the geological and economic
studies dependent thereon. Even the western limit of the investigation,
as defined in the organization of the wiork, is still problematical, for the
Rocky Mountains proper cease to be a clearly defined feature south of the
thirty-third degree of latitude, and are succeeded by an undefined system of
uneonneeted mountain blocks and plains which have not yet been satis-
factorily classified.

“The reader of these pages should remember that the regions discussed
are radically different in most natural aspects from the older inhabited por-
tion of the United jStates. It is far more different from New England than
is Japan, dt has more points in common with Europe than with the great
Mississippi Valley. The chalk lands and downs of Texas are more related
to France than to the rocks of the adjiacent Arkansas and Missouri States.
This region of Texas, embracing nearly a third of the whole area of the
artesian investigation, has more diverse geologie features than most of the
remainder, which necessitates a disproportionate amount of consideration.

“The writer has endeavored to give only the laws of the occurrence and
distribution of water, leaving to the engineers the discuss ion of its utiliza-
tion. Neither is it within the province of this investigation to enter into
an elaborate discussion of the minute geologic structure of this immense
area, bnt in order to comprehend its witter conditions it is necessary that
such features be briefly described.” Introduction, p. 47.

Noticed in the Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLIV, p. 333, Oct., 1892.

236.

'The Geologie Evolution of the Kon-Mountainous Topography of
the Texas Region. iAn Introduction to the Study of the Great
Plains.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. X, pp. 105-115. /Minneapolis, Aug.,
1892.

Synopsis: Texas, east of the Pecos, is a, vast series of plains, eharac-
terized by sub-horizontal structure, the most extensive terranes of which
are Neozoic. The “Staked Plains” may be viewed as a continuation of the
Great Plains, and are compoised of Mesozoic strata. The plains of the easit-
ern border of the State are a continuation of the Atlantic coastal plain.
Each is characterized by its o;wn fauna, flora, etc. A section from Las
Vegas, N. M., to Galveston will give the details of deposition and degreda-
tion of the region. The only fonuations immediately bearing upon the

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Tra^^sactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill, Eobert T.

origin of the plains are Neozoic, the product of alternate subsidence and
elevation- During these time-intervals the proeess of land degradation,
sedimentation, and climate so varied as to produce the present differences
in the- oomposition of formations, soils, drainage growth, and topography.
Review of our limited knowledge of the topographic features at the close
of Paleozoic time. Post-Paleozoic land in the form of an isthmus or a
peninsular extended through the heart of Texas, and on its western shore
the “Red Beds” were laid down. The Paleozoic rocks of Central Texas
are exposed in two areas, separated by Mesozoic rocks which form the
divide between the .(Brazos and Colorado rivers, dn the northern area the
rocks a;re Carboniferouis-lMrinian ; in the southern they are exposed suc-
cessively down to tlie Algonkian. The Archaean and Paleozoic formations
were completely covered by Mesozoic deposits and now occur in a valley
of erosion surrounded on every side by .horizontal scarps of the Cretaceous.
Tlie north and south Paleozoic rocks are an iinportant factor in the evolu-
tion of the topograpliy of the plains, as it partially outlined the existing
surface features. It was a land barrier after the close of the Carbonifer-
ous. Subsidence began with the J-^ower Ciretaeeous. During the invasion
of the sea the Comanehe .Series .were laid .down. Oceanic waters covered
all of Texas, West Indies, etc. At the close of the Comanche there was
an uplift. Again there was a lo.adin.g of the coastal plain and the Upper
Cretaceous was deposited.

During the subsidence the sea advanced interiorly, and the Texan and
Great Plains regions, including much of the. Rocky Mountain region, were
buried beneath 2,000 feet of sediment. At the close of the Cretaceous
another uplift took place, followed by the depoisition and subsidence of the
Eocene, ‘‘It is not knO'Wn whethei .at the close of the Eocene ithere was any
impoirtant event, such as the elevation or .subsidence of the coastal plain.
iWe have knowledge of . only the basement history of the marine Eocene.
Its upper contacts or gradation have never been studied or presented.”
The oondition of the coastal region .during the Mio-Pliocene is obscure.
An important question is raised concerning the Llano Estacado formation
whether it was laid down at marine or laeustral base-level- The author
has been unable to find oorroborative evidence of the laeustral theory.
The evidence points to tlie identity in origin of certain coast deposits with
those of the Great Plains.

During the Llano Estacado or Mio-Pliocene epoch the great fault line
extending from Austin to Del Rio was developed. Later, in the Appomattox
epoch, the shore line crossed from Texarkana, via Austin and San Antoiiio,
west of Eagle Pass to the Rio Grande.. Two river systems developed before
this epoch remained; the Canadian and the Pecos represent one, the Color-
ado, Brazos and the Red rivers the other. At the culmination of the
Appomattox a third system was developed, represented by the San (Gabriel,
Lampasas, Leon, Bosque, etc. The Columbian Epoch .of the Pleistocene.
The upward movement of the land at its close. Review of the present con-
dition of the river systems; their drainage and denudation. The part
j)layed by the ancient Paleozoic floor. The plains of Texas are the product
of .o.scillaiion, their topography of etching ‘‘by a series of consequent auto-
genetic drainage systcius.” Tlie relation of denudation to the consolida-

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-ISOG.

167

Hill, Robert T.

tion of the roebs. Faults and Joints- Wind erosion. The solution of
limestone and the foirmation of “tei)etate.”

237.

W. M. Harvey.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, 23p. 328-329. ’Minneapolis, Xov.,

1892.

■ An obituary notice of Mr. W. M. Harvey, of Glen Hose, Texas, who had
diseovered and collected much Axiliiable material bearing upon the determi-
nation of the great Lower 'Oretaceous system in this country. “Through
his patience as a collector, many importaht results were secured in the
vicinity of Glen Hose, including a locality where marine niollusca of the
Triniity foirmation * * were associated 'with the Potomac flora of

the north Atlantic 'States, and, above all, .with the first determinable foissil
vertebrates from those beds, including crocodile and ifish remains.’’

238.

'The Deep Artesian Boring at Galveston, 'Texas.

Amer. Joiir. of Science, HI, Vol. XLIV, pp. 406-409. Xew

Haven, Xov., 1892.

Location of Galvestmi. Nearly the entire depth of the well below the
sea-level. iSection by Mr. 'Byrnes, the contractor (Eng. News, Aug. 2,
1892), covering a depth of 2863 feet- Provisional interpretation r Forma-
tions represented — ^Coast Prairie Beds (Pleistocene) ; Fayette Sands of
Penrose (Pliocene-Miocene) ; Lignitic (Eocene). Last two hundred feet
probably Eocene, but may be Upper Cretaceous. A brief discussion of
these formations. “The total subsidence of the old Eocene shore line,
according to this boring, has amounted to nearly three thousand feet.”

239.

The Third Texas Report.

'Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist, A^ol. X, pp. 393-396. Minneapolis, Dee.,

1892.

This correspondence is for the purpose of correcting some statements
made in a Heview of the Third Annual iHeport of the Geological Survey
of Texas, published in the American Geologist for November, ' 1892 (Vol.
X, pp. 311-316) ; and also to protest agaihst the use of certain material in
the iHeport itself without proper acknowledgment.

240.

Xotes on the Texas-Xew Mexico Region.

Bulletin Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol, III, pp. 85-100. 1892.

Contents: Introductory- The Haton-Las Vegas Plateau. The Llano
Estacado. The Edwards Plateau, The Washington Prairies. The Hio
Grande Embayment. Basin Deposits of the Trans-Pecois Region: Char-

168

Transactions Texas Academy op Science.

Hill, Egbert T.

acter of the iBasins; The Hueco-'Or.gaii Basin; The Mesilla Basin; The
Jornado del iMuenbo Basin; The Eagle Elats Basin; Valley of the Salt
Lake Basin; Basin Mlmbres. Probable Basins of the Peeos Valley. .The
Volcanic Areas of eastern (New Mexico.

‘The present paper is intended to call attention to certain widely dis-
tributed features of the western Texas and eastern New Mexican region
not hitherto described. The region treated embraces the country west of
the longitude and south of the latitude of the Ouchiba mountains (approx-
imately corresponding with the thirty- fourth parallel). The features dis-
cussed are mostly non-mountainoujSj and of later age (Neocene) than the
latest mounibain uplifts.’’ P. 85.

2A1.

The Goal Fields of Texas.

Mineral Eesoiirces of the IT. S., 1891, pp. 326-328. Washing-
ton, 1893.

"^Eeprint, Manufacturers^ Eecord, Baltimore, Jan. 13, 1893.

1. The Carboniferous coals of the ’Central Texas region. Outcrops of
Coal Measures.. The northernmost area. Counties. The southernmost
area. Counties. The Texas area not .a portion of the Missourian coal
field. Extent of Texas coal field first made known by Dr. B. F. Shumard.
iStratigraphy and succession of beds in the Brazos coal field published by
Dr. C. A. Ashburner in tlie Trans, of the Amer. Inst, of Mining Engineers.

2. 'Cretaceous and Laramie coal field. Eagle Pass coal. Resemblance
to coals of the 'Rocky Mountain region,

3. The Lignite beds of Texas. The chief deposits coincident with the
Eocene Tertiary formation. Its general extent first outlined by Dr. B. F.
iS’humard. Dr. R. A. F. Penrose quoted on the “'San Toma(S coal mine”
and the “Uses of lignite.”

Art. (Olay Materials of the United States. Min. Eesoiirces of
the United States. 1891.

Flints from the 'Chalk Formations (of Texas), pp. 50'0-501.

Washington, 1893.

iSegregations of black flint nodules in the “iCaprina limestone” of Texas.
Limestone with flints occur extensively 'throughout Central Texas. Coun-
ties enumerated. Most accessible lO'Califey in the west part of 'Austin on the
Colorado, and in the numerous limestone quarries of this locality. Hun-
dreds of tons of flint from the waste product. Importation and use of
flint in clay grinding and porcelain manufacture.

243.

Art. Ulay Materials of the United States. Min. Eesoiirces of
the U. S. 4891.

(Clay Materials of Texas), pp. 518-5'22. Washington; 1893,

Recoed op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

169

Hill^ Robert T.

Condifcions foT occurrence of rock kaolin good. Decompo'sed outcrops of
granite in 'Burnet, Llano, Gillespie .and Ma.son counties. Kaolin in Edwards
county^ Tertiary and ■Cretaceous clays of Eastern Texas. Terrace alluvial
and littoral deposits. Brick at Houston, Texarkana, Dallas, Waco and
Austin. Clay at DallaSr' Clay beds of the Miocene. K.. A. F. Penrose quoted.
Geological horizon of beds. 'Their possible use. Clays of the Eocene for-
mation. Thickness of beds. Character of clay. Outcrops., Elgin brick.
Calcarous clays of the Cretaceous. Deposits in the Eagle Ford shales.
Exposures. Plastic clays at the base of the Lower Cretaceous (Trinity).
lExposures. Clays of the Carboniferous and Perm,ian. Clays of the Red
Beds. Negative character of the Great Plains Tertiary. Clays in the
Trans-Pecos mountainous region. The Benton claysj Texas Clays from
the report of the State Geologist.

244.

Tlie CretaceO'iis Formations of Mexico and their Relations to
North American Geographic Development.

Amer. Jonr. of 'Science, III, Vol. XLY, pp. 307-324. New

Haven, April, 1893.

(Age and Homotaxial Relations of the Comanche 'Series in
• Mexico and Texas, p. 313.)

The diverse opinions concerning the age of the Mexican Cretaceous. Felix
and Lenk maintain the Neocomian age of the Tehuacan beds. Most Mexi-
can geologists speak of the Hippurites. limestone as probably Upper Cre-
taceous. Prof. Heilprin maintains the Upper Cretaceous age of both the
Mexican and Texas Cretaceous. His mistake. Discusision.

“If those who doubt the Heooomiau position of the faunas of basal half
of the Comanche Series will compare niy unpublished collections in the
possession of the Texas Geological- 'Survey land at my residence in Wash-
ington with the beautiful Cretaceous faunas of Portugal as illustrated by
Choffat they will no longer doubt the homotaxial identity of the beds, but
will be astonished at the wonderful and striking generic identity.”

On p. 324 there is a tabulated statement of the- “Known Positio'ii of the
Cretaceous and related Formations in Mexico” in which their occurrences
in the United IStates (Texas) is shown.

245.

Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas — ^^The Inver-
tebrate Paleontology of the Trinity Division.

Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, Yol.

_YIII, pp. 9-40, pis. i-viii. June 3, 1893.

Contents : T. Stratigraphic Divisions and Nomenclature of the Coman-
che iSeries. Idj Position and Charaoteristies of the Trinity Division. The
Basement Beds or Trinity 'Sands proper. The Glen Rose Beds. Aggrega-
tions of Bpecies in Great Beds. Coquina Beds. The Oyster Agglomerate.
The Vicarya Beds. Orbitulites Chalk. The Requienia ( “Oaprotina” )
Limestone, The Nerinaea Flags. HI, Fossils of the Trinity Division

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hill, Egbert T.

(List Given). IV. Age and Significa-nce of the Trinity Division. V.
Description of Species. Foraminifera : Patellina teccana (Doemer).
Echinodermata : Epiaster (?) sp. indet. Vermes: Eerpula paluxiensis
sp. nov. iMolliiscoidea : Genus indeterminate. Mollusoa: Anomia texana
isp. nov.; Ostrea franldini Ooquand; Ostrea franldini var. ragsdalei var.
nov.; Pecten stantoni sp. nov.; Modiola hranneri sp. nov.; Leda (?) har-
veyi sp. nov.; Ciiciillcea gratiota Hill; Guculkea comanchensis sp. nov.;
Cuciillcea terminalis Conrad; Barhatiw parva-missouriensis Hill; Trigonia
stolleyi sp. nov.; Trigonia cremt?a/a- [Ro'emer ; Gliione (?) decepta sp. nov.;
Erlphyla pikensis Hill; Requienia texmia (?) (Toemer) ; Monopleura,
marcida and M. pinguiscula White; Gorhicida arkansaensis Hill; Gardium
(?) scrvierense Hill; Proctocardia sp. indet.; Pholadomya knoioltoni sp.
nov.; Pholadomya Icrchi sp. nov.; Pleuromya (?) lienselli sp. nov.; Isocar-
dia (?) medialis (Conrad); Natica (?) texana Conrad; Viviparus {Nat-
icaf) cossatotensis Hill ; Gylindrites (?) sp. indet. ; Biiccinopsis (?) parryi
Conrad; Tylostonia pedernalis (Roenier) ; Vicarya hranneri sp. nov.; Ncri-
ncea anstinensis Doemer; Nerithia sp. indet.; N&uinayrki loalcotti Hill;
Acanthoceras (?) justince sp. nov. Arthopoda: Gypridea texaiva sp. nov.
fPlantse: Undetermined species. ( “Goniolina ?” of author’s previous writ-
ings. ) VI plates.

“lit has heretofore been impossible to present faunal studies of the
paleontology of the various horizons of the Comanche Series owing to the
fact that itlie fundamental problems concerning the sequence and relative
importance of its subdivisions had not been presented until lately, although
the identity of the series, as a whole, was made known in 1886. Prior to
that time mosit of its fossils had been described by iShumard, Doemer and
others, but it was supposed that the species all came from beds which .were
in some manner equivalents of the upper Cretaceous or the well known
Aleek and Hayden section. Since the writer ascertained thatt the Comanche
Series was a distinct and lower Cretaceous formation he has spent several
years in studying the subdivisions and their extent, in ascertaining the
stratigraphic position of the fossils or faunas already described, and arriv-
ing at a rational system of nomenclature. These steps were necessary
before the homotoxy of the series could be discussed.” Pp. 9-10.

246.

Tii'cumcari.

(Correspondence.) i

Science, YoL xxii, pp. 23-25. July 14, 1893.

“The writer first visited this historic locality in 1887, before he had had
•opportunity to define the Denison beds at the top of his Lower Cretaceous
section in Northern Texas, and fell into the error, which others have not
escaped, of concluding, from the peculiar Jurassic-like Gryphaea dilatata,
Marcou, the only fossils found upon that visit, that the beds were Jurassic,
and so published his opinion.

“Later, hoiwever, after having had an opportunity to complete his study
and arrangement of the stratigraphy of th© Comanche series in Central
Texas, he discovered in the Denison beds (Denison beds as originally defined

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

171

Hill, Robert T.

and used by writer. Not the Denison beds of Taff, as used in an entirely
differeiiit meaning. Compare Bulletin of Geological (Society of America,
Vol. n, p. 591, and Third Annual Report of Texas State Geological Sur-
vey) of liiis Washita Division, certain features which led him to believe
that his eaa-ly diagnosis of the Tucumoaid beds was erroneous, and that
they were really closely allied in age to the Denison beds. lUnder this im-
pression, wbicli was connnunicated orally to all interested, he availed him-
self of the first opportuiuty to revisit Tucumcari, April 30, 1801. He then
discovered in asisoeiation with G. (lilatata tlie list of additional species here-
with given, and, at earliest opportunity, under date of May, 1892, pub-
lished, in a general discussion of the region, the following revision of his
previous conclusionsi, which was the first printed announoement of the
Cretaceous age of the G. dilatata beds: —

‘‘the trinity sands and red bed regions.

“Tlie writer has twice visited the Mesa Tueumoari and found it a most
interesting geological remnant of the former area of the Llano Estacado,
The table or summit described by Capt. Simpson is covered with the typical
Llano Estacado formation, identioal in oomp'osition and formerly contin-
uous with the sheet wiiich covers the Llano proper, some 20 miles distant.
Belo'W this is a vertical escarpment of 50 feet or more of typical
Dakota sandstone resting upon loose sands and clays, forming a slope iden-
tical in aspect and fossil remains with the Denison beds of the Washita
Division, which have been eroded away from the 400 miles intervening
between it and the main body of those beds at Denison, Texas. Beneath
this is a large deposit of the typical Trinity sands country of (Eor “country
of” read “cohsisbing of” — ^a typographical error.) .white pack sands, thin
clay seams, and flagstones, while the base is composed of the typical Ver-
million sandy clays of the Red Beds.”

Misquotation in the Third Annual Report of the (Texas) Geological
Survey, and in Science of May 26, 1893, p. 283. 'Outline of the region and
its broader problems in Bulletin of the Geological 'Society of America enti-
tled “Notes on the Texas-New Mexico iRegion.” iSeetion of Tucumcari
Mesa. List of Eossils. List of fossils published in the Texas Reports.

“Einally, the writer wishes to state that he is not prepared, nor does he
desire, to write a final treatise on 'the Tucumcari, which can never be
properly related until the atlas-sheets of the United .States Geological
Survey are completed for the region. Tucumcari is but a single sta-
tion in the vast group of phenomena belonging to the deposition and
degradation of the Las Vegas and Llano Estacado Plateaus and the Cana-
dian Valley, and to be properly understood it would be necessary to write
a treatise on the whole region. One thing is settled beyond all doubt in
my mind, however, and 'that is that the Cr. dilatata beds of the region do
not belong to the Jurassic, but are undoubtedly of Cretaceous age. On the
other hand, it may also be safely assumed that the Gryphsea dilatata, Sow.
of Marcou, is not the sa.me ns G. piteheri, Morton, as has been asserted by
many autlrors, nor does it occur in the Cretaceous beds of Central Texas,
so far as the winter is aware. But this is a question which cannot be
discussed intelligibly until la thorough revision of the Grypseas is made.

172

Transactions Texas Academy of. Science.

Hill^ Egbert T.

“In aonelusion, ipeirmit me to say that there is not one trace of the
Jurassic formation over the Texas vegion, as 'Mr. Marcoii so positively
affirms, and, furthermore, there is no evidence that it was ever there, the,
whole trend of the testimony being to show that that region was land
during the Jurassic period.”

'The Paleontology of the Cretaceons Formations of Texas. — The
Invertebrate Fossils of the Caprima Limestone Beds.

Proceedings of the Biological- Society of Washington, 'VoL

VIII, pp. 97-1 0'8, pis. xii-xiii. July 20, 1893.

iConitents ; I. '^Stratigraphic Position of the Oaprina Limestone Beds in
the 'Comanche Series. TI. Characteristic Poasils. (List of species from
the Rudistes horizon at Austin, etc.) Chamidae, Rudista?. III. Age of
the iCaprina Limestone Beds. IV. Description of Species: Ostrea mun-
soni sp. nov. ; RadioUtes davidsoni, sp. nov. Plates

“About midway in the column composing the Comanche series or Lower
Cretaceous of Texas, and oonstituting the uppermosit member of the Pred-
■ erieksburg division (Comanche Peak group of Shumard in part), there is
a peculiar group of strata known as the Oaprina limestone of Shumard.

“Dr. Shumard placed the bed in the Upper Cretaceous, at the very top
of the whole of the fifteen or more subdivisions of the two great formations
of Texas, instead of in the middle of the leaver series, where it belongs.”
Pp. 97-98.

The ’Caprina limestone is now known as .the Edwards limestone, a geo-
graphic name having been .substituted for Shumard’s term. (See Hill .and
Vaughan, “G-eology of the Edwards Plateau,” etc., 18th Ann. Rept. U. S.
Ueol. 'Survey, Pt. II, p. 227, note. 1898.

248.

The Coal Fields of Texas.

'Mineral Eesonrces ol the U. S., 1892, p'p. 507-509. Washing-
ton, 1893.

No literature since the last report. Texas Geological Survey discon-
tinued. Development of the Central Texas coal field has progress.ed in
Parker and Erath counties. Cretaceous coal field in the vicinity of Eagle
Pass has been further prospected. Interest in the utilization of Tertiary
and Cretaceous lignites. Conclusions quoted from Report on Brown
Coal and Lignite by E. T. Dumble, State Geologist (p. 230). Report does
not deal with cost of production and manipulation. It has not been shown
that lignites can enter seriously into competition with the true coals of the
region, 'Or that they can be profitably used except locally. One of the chief
obstacles to their utilization is the large amount of water they contain.

249.

Art. 'Olay Materials of the United States. 'Mineral Eesonrces
of'theU. S. 1892.

(Claj Materials of Texas), pp. 735-737, Washington, 1893,

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-ISOG.

173

Hill^ Robert T.

Mt. ]Sr. F. Dra/ke quoted on the ■Carboniferous. clays of the Color, ado Coal
Field ( Fourth Ann. Rept. of hhe G-eol. Surv. of Texas, Pt. I, p. 439).

Mr. W. Kennedy quoted on the brick clays in Grimes and Robertson coun-
ties (Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, Ft. I, pp. 30, 79) . Vit-
rified Brick. Paleozoic shales.

250. —

GeO'logy of Parts of 'Texas, Indian Territory and Arkansas adja-
cent to Red River.

Bulletin Geol. 'Soc. Amer., Yol. Y, pp. 297-338; pi. 12-13;
pi. 12. 1894.

Contents: Comprehensive Position of the Region geologically. .Physi-
ographic Features: Topography, Drainage; Forest Growith and its Rela-
tion to Geologic Structure. Geologic Formations and Suceesision. Typical
Geologic Sections : Preston Section^ — iTrinity Sands, Walnut Clays, Good-
land Limestone, Beds of the Washita Division, Lower Cross Timber (or
Dakota) Sands, Eagle Ford Shales, Austin Chalk, (Review of the Section
topographically. Paris Section — ^Ultima Thule Sectiori’ — Antoine Section
— Rockport Section. Extent and Topographic Expression of the Terranes.
Fault Systems and their Influence on Topography and Areal .Geology.
■Variation of Sedimentation away from Ouchita Shoreline. Washita Divis-
ion of the Comianche Series: Relation to other Divisiions, Extent of the
Washita. iComparison of Austin and Denison Sections. Austin Section:
Shoal Creek Limestone, Exogyra arietina Beds, Fort Worth Limestones.
Denison Section: Iviamitia Clays, Duck Creek Chalk, Fort Worth Lime-
■stohes, Denison Beds. General .Remarks on the Sections. Western Shore-
line of the Washita Division. 'Oscillations of Land and Sea recorded in the
Region. Conclusions as to the Cretaceous Section.

On pp. 337-338 of this article will be found a list of pa.pers to date, pub-
lished by Professor Hill on the Geology of the Texas Region.

251. Hillebrakd, W. F.

New Amlyses of Uraninife.

Amer. Jour, of Scieuce, III, Yol. XLII, pp. 390-393. Xew
Haven, Xov., 1891.

Since the publication of a former paper on the occurrence of nitrogen
in uraninite and on the composition of uraninite in general ,no .advance
has been made towards clearing up the mystery surrounding the composi-
tion of that mineral, although considerable work has been clone in certain
directions, some of which is of sufficient interest to be produced later in a
separ.ate publication. In addition, several analyses of uraninite have been
made, the material being, in part from localities hitherto unrepresented by
analytical data, and these form the subject of the present paper.

“A fi'rst glance sulficed to show that the ■specimens were not fresh, and
that therefore .analysis could throw no light on the ultimate composition of
the minera.l, but valuable data to be obtained as to the presence of or
absence of nitrogen and of the rare earths furnished ample excuse for the
work.’’

174

Teansactions Texas Academy of Science.

Hillebrand^ W. F.

UO2

Th O,

Zr O2

Ce O2

La group.
Y group..

Ca O

Pb O

Hs O

N

SiOs

Insol

Fog O3

I. LLANO COUNTY, TEXAS.

a h

HILLEBRAND. HIDDEN AND MACKENTOSH.

.... 44.17 46.75

.... 20.89 19.89

.... 6.69 7.57

.... 0.34

.... 0.34

.... '2.36

.... 9.46L.... 11.224 '

.... 0.32

.... 10.08 10.16

.... 1.48 2.54 (ign.)

.... 0.54

.... 0.46"

... 1.473 1.22

.... 0.14 0.58

Sp. G.

98.74 ‘99.93

8.29 8.01

1. At. weight, 111.4. 2. Prom thorogummite. 3. Mainly fergnsonite.
4. At. weJight, 124.2.

“No. la is a re-analysis of nivenite from Llano county, Texas, the mate-
rial for which was kindly given hy Mr. W. E. Hidden. It agrees in
the main with the original analysis of this variety by Hidden and Mack-
entosh, which is reproduced under 15, and it confirms the presence of
nitrogen, suspected but not proven hy them. A small remnant of their
original, powdered sample gave me 0.52 per cent, of nitrogen. In a
the earths appear in slightly greater total amount than in 5, and they
are more subdivided into groups and elements, Avhich accounts fully for
the difference between the atomic weights of the metals of the yttrium
group of the two analyses. It was rendered certain by a second test that
a group of earths whose sulphates are insoluble in potassium sulphate other
than those of Th, Zr, and iCe is present. A very satisfactory turmeric paper
reaction for zirconia was obtained in this analysis, as also in that next
following, which would go to ishow that the hypothetical Zr O2 of several
of my earlier analyses was probably in fact zirconia. The cause of the
consdderiable loss shown by the analysis is not known. It may be men-
tioned that nivenite is more soluble than any uraninite heretofore exam-
ined by me, not even excepting cleveite. One hour sufficed for complete
decomposition in very dilute sulphuric acid (1 Hg 'SO4 to 6 H2 0) at the
temperature of boiling water.”

Of the other specimens analysed. No. 11 is from Marietta, Greenville
county, iSouth iCarolina; No. Ill from Villeneuve mica mine, Ottowa county.
Province of Quebec, Canada, and No. IV from Johanngeorgenstadt, Saxony.

252.

See HiddieU; W. E. On Mackentosliite, ,a new tbo-rinm and nran-
inm mineral, with analyses by W. F. Hillebrand.

Amer. Jonr. of Science, III, Vol. XLVI, pp. 98-103. New
Haven, Aug., 1893.

Record op Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

175

253. Hillebrand^ W. F.

'See Hidden, W. B. and Hilledinand, W. F. Description of Row-
landite.

Amer. Join, of Science, III, Yol. XLYI, pp. 208-212. Hew

Haven, Sept., 1893.

254. Hintoet^ Richard J.

A Report on the Preliminary Investigation to determine the
Proper Location of Artesian Wells 'within the Area of the Mnety-
seventh Meridian and east of the FooLhills of the Ro'cky Mountains.
A Report of the Special Agent in 'Charge.

51st Congress, 1st Session, Senate Ex. Doc. Ho'. 222. Wash-
ington, 1890.

(A Yaluahle Report from Western Texas. P. 15.)

A brief isummary of tlie Report made by Field Agent F. E. Roesler. See
Title No. 344.

255. Hitchcock, Charles H.

Geological Map of the United States and Part of Canada.
Compiled to illustrate the Scheme of Coloring and Nomenclature
recommended by the International Geological Congress.

Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, Yol. XY, pp. 465-488.

1887.

All explanation of the Map is given on the pages indicated. The Map
itself is 17x27 inches, and printed in color. Texas is included \Vith the
other States.

256. Howell, Edwin E.

Notice of two new Iron Meteorites from Hamilton County,
Texas, and Puquios, Chili, S. A.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XL, pp. 223-226. New

Haven, Sept., 1890.

The first mentioned specimen was iseciired from Dr. Edgar Everhart, of
the University of Texas, who wrote that it was found in Erath county,
but, upon further investigation, it appears that it really was found in
the northern part of the adjoining county of Hamilton.

History of its discovery. Description of the Iron. Analysis by L. O.
Eakiiis :

‘‘Fe

Ni

Co

Cu

P .
S .

c .

86.54

12.77

0.63

0.02

0.16

0.03

0.11

Specific gravity, 7.95 at 27°.’’

100.26

176

Traksactions Texas Academy of Science.

257. Hyatt, Alpheus.

Carbaniferoiis Heplialopodfs.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 327-

356. '37 figures. Austin, 1891.

iContents : Nautiloidea. iGroniafcitinae.

The following outline will better show the scope of this paper :

iNautiloidea:' TemnocJieilus Concliiferous, n. s.; T. Forbesianus, MeC. ;
T. latus, M. andiW. ; T. depressus, n. s.; T. crassus, n. iS.; Metacoceras cav-
atiformis, n. s.; M. dubium, n. is. ; M. Walcotti, n. s.; M. Hayi, n. s.; M.
inconspicumn, n. s.; Tainoceras cavatum, n. .s. Domatocer,as, n. g. D. um-
biUcatum, n. -s. Asymtooeras. A. 'Newloni, n. s.; Phacoceras Dumbli, n. s.
'Ephippioeeras. E. divisum, W. and iSt. J. Endolobus. E. gibbosus, n. s.
Coniatitinae. Gastrioeeras. 0. compressum, n. s.

‘‘The following descriptions, accompanied by figures in outline, were
taken from a icollection forwarded by Mr. E. T. iDumble, State Geologist of
Texas, and other fossils which were in my possession as loans from the
National Museum and various persons referred to in the text. These forms
being extremely limited in their chronological distribution, and, therefore,
very helpful in distinguishing the age of the rocks in which they are found,
it was thought best to have them all published in one treatise. This pro-
ceeding also enabled the author to make more satisfactory comparisons,
and as these comprise a larger number of species than has yet been got
together in a single publication, it will be more satisfactory to working
geologists.” P. 329.

258.

'The Fauna of Tucumcari.
iCorr espondenoe .

Amer. Geologi&t. Vol. XI, p. 281. Miiineapolis, April,
1893.

“In an article in your March number, p. 213, ‘Pemarks on a part of the
review of the Third Texas Peport,’ by Prof. Jules Marcou, I have been
quoted as having said ‘the fauna (meaning that of the Tucumcari region)
is an upper Jurassic fauna.’ This quotation is correct, but as stated by
Professor Marcou, it was a verbal opinion given in 1889. I do not see
why this should be considered of any value, but since it has been twice
quoted * * it is only proper to state that I do not at present con-

sider myself qualified to give any opinion upon this question.”

259.

iCarh'oiiiferou& Cephalopods. Second Paper.

Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892. Pt. II,

pp. 377-474. 35 cuts; plates xlvi-xlvii, inclusive. Austin, 1893.

iContents : Introduction — Explanation of 'Diagrams : Table I. Lettering
of Diagrams to illustrate Descriptive Terms. Table II. Ontogenetic
Terms. Table III. iSummary of Terms. Tainoceratidae — Temnocheilus.
T. conchiferus ; T. coxanus. Eoordiceras — ^Group of Goliathum; Group of

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 188V-1896.

177

Hyatt^ Alpheus.

Transitorium. Metaeoceras. M. walcotti; M. cavdtiformis. Tainoceras.
T. canatum; T. duttoni; T. quadrangulum. TTigonoceratidae — Trigonoce-
ms. iCoelonautilus (pars)^ Foord, — ^Trematooeras ; Strobooeras ; Aphelece-
ras. iSubelymenia ; Diorugooeras. Triboloeeratidae — ^Tribolocerais. Vesti-
nautilus, Rycfebolt, — ^Goelonautilus, Foord, parsj Planetoeeras ; 'Stearoce-
ras. S. gibhosum. Hineeeriatidae — iRineceras; Lispoceras. L. trivolve; L.
rotundum. Tlirinicoeeras. T. depressum; T. Tcentuchiense. Dis'citoeeras ;
Leiiroeeras; Phaooeeras. 'Koninekiooeratidae^ — Koninddoceras ; Domatoce-
ras. D. Simplex; D. militarium. iStenopoeeras. Golocemtidae — 'Ooloeeras.
G. globulare. Solenoeheilidae — lAipoceras; Oncodoceras; Asymptooeras ;
Siolenooheilus. S. kentucMensis ; S. colleetus. Eudooeratidae— Endolobus ;
Lopbroeeras. Gromatitinae — Glyphioceras cumminsi; G. incisum. Gastri-
oceras entogonumf Paralegoceras. P. iofloense.

^‘The description of the fossils of tbe Geological Survey of Texas, in con-
sequence of the numerous forms collected, and their importance to the
geologic histoiry of the Garboniferous in this country, has led me to give
a fuller history of the series than in ithe first paper with the same title as
this, which was published in the Second Annual Report of the Survey.”
P. 379.

260. Jermy, Gustav.

[Report.]

Reports of Geologists for Southern Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. Pirsit Rept. of Progress,
1888, pp. 61-64. Austin, 1889.

Contents: Topography. Geology: Paleozoic, Jurassic, Cretaceous,

Tertiary, The Quaternary Formation, Eruptive Rocks. Economic Products.
Useful fRocks and Minerals: iron, Building stone. Lignite, Mineral Waters
and Artesian Wells, Petroleum..

The area of which this report treats embraces ten counties, viz : Gilles-
pie, Kerr, Kendall, Bexar, Blanco, Comal, Wilson, Guadalupe, Gonzales,
and Caldwell, situated between the Colorado and Nueces rivers.

26] . Johnson, Lawrence C. /

The Iron Regions of Northern Louisiana and Eastern Texas.

House Ex. Doe. No. 195, 50th Cong., 1st Session, pp. 54;
1 Map. Washington, 1888.

Contents : Letter of the Secretary of the Interior. Letter of the Direc-
tor of the Geological Survey. Introduction. Stratigraphy of Nontheast-
ern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Quaternary — The Oirange Sand,
The Grand Gulf iSeries. Tertiary — The White Limestone, The Mansfield
Series, The Claiborne Series, 'The Lignitic Series. The Cretaceous Islands.
The Iron Regions. Varieties of Iron Ore — Nodular, Lacustrine, Impreg-
nations. Occurrence of Iron Ore in Texas — 'Anderson county, Henderson
county, iSmith county, Cherokee county. Rusk county, Harrison county,
Marion county. Occurrences of ilron Ores in Louisiana — Bossier Parish,
Webster Parish, Claiboirne Parish, Union Parish, Ouachita Parish, Lincoln

178

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Johnson^ Lawrence C.

Piarish, Jackson Parish, Bienville Parish, Winn Parish, De Soba Parish,
Caddo Parish. Other minerals of the Iron Pegions — ^Gold and Silver, Lead,
Goal, Limestone, 'Clays, “Kaolin,” Quartzites. Acknowledgments — Louis-
iana, Texas,

262. Jones, John F.

Pro-ductioii of Coal West of the Mississippi River.

(Abstract of a Census Report.)

[Coal in Texas.]

Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. 51, p. 407. N.

Y., Apr. 4, 1891.

“The principal body of bituminous coal in Texas lies in the northern
central portion of the iState, extending southwest from the Red river in
!Montague county, bo the Colorado river. This basin is a continuation of
the great Fourth or Western field, of wihich it forms the southern extremity.
It is said to underlie the whole or portions of 25 counties, and embraces an
area of 12,000 square miles.”

Worked in 1889 by the Texas and Pacific Coial iCo. in Erath county.

“The field next in importance * * * lies along the Rio Grande,

underlying the Webb, Dimmit, Zavala, Uvalde, Medina and Maverick
counties, known as the Nueces ooal field, and embraces about 3700 square
miles.” The principal developments are at Santa Tomas and Eagle Pass.

“An extended area, bounded by lines drawn from iClarksburg [Clarks-
ville], in Red river county, southwesterly to the Rio Grande, and thence
northeast to the Sabine River, in Sabine county, is said to contain import-
ant deposits of lignite.” P. 407.

263. J. T. W.

Note on the Geology of Hardeman County.'*'

Geol. and Scientific Bulletin, Yol. 1. Houston, Jan., 1889.

“'References to lOretaceous and Quaternary formations.” From Barton’s
Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc.. Bull. U. S. Geol. 'Surv., No. 75, p. 98.

263a. Kain, C. Henry.

(Report on a nearly White [Diatomaceous] Earth, very light in
Weight, from Crosby County, Texas.)

See titles Hos. 6 and 440.

264. Kemp, J. F.

See Hill, R. T., Pilot Knob: A Marine Cretaceous Volcano,
with Kotes on its Petrography, by J. F. Kemp.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 286-294. Minneapolis, Kov.,

1890.

Kotes on a Kepheline Basalt, from Pilot Knob, Texas, by
J. F. Kemp, pp. 292-294.

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

179

265. Kennedy, W.

Report of.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. eiii-
iCY. Austin, 1891.

Administrative Keipiort. The work done was largely that assigned him in
the letter of instruotions from the State Geologist: “The work to which
you are assigned for the present is the continuation of the mapping of the
iron lore deposits of Eastern Texas. You will, therefore, proceed to iCass
county, which is now partially finished, and complete it. Then malce recon-
noissance of Bowie to determine amount of iron in that county.

“In addition to the mapping of these ores, you will make such observa-
tions in the clays and lignites as you are able to do, thus preparing your-
self to take up their study in detail as soon as the present work is com-
pleted.”

The proposed reoonnoissance into Bowie county was abandoned, as it
was soon ascertained “that the existence of iron ore in that eounty was
problematic.” The iron ores of Harrison eounty were also examined and
mapped, and the clay and lignite exposures visited, after which a few days
were spent in the vicinity of Jefferson, Marion county, investigating clay
and green sand marl deposits. General geologic and topographic notes
were taken in conneGtion with all the work.

266.

Reports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter I. 'Cass County.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geoi. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp.
65-95. Austin, 1891.

Contents: Preliminary notes. Topography. Stratigraphy.

Iron ores : I. Laminated Ores.: HI. Geode, or Nodular Concretionary,
Ores. HI. iConglomerate Ores. Table showing analyses. Discussion of
Analyses of Cass county Iron Ores. Ferruginous Sandstone. Clays: 1,
Pottery Clay; 2, Fire Clays; 3, Brick Clay. Building Stone. Mineral
Springs. Lignite. Greensand Marls. Timber. Water Supply.

“The iron ore region of Cass county extends in a general though somewhat
irregular course from the southwest end of the eounty to the northeast.
In the southwest it covers a roughly shaped parallelogram extending along
the lower half of the Morris county line southward to the Marion county
line, thence eastward along the northern boundary of Marion county for
several miles to near the oros,sing of the Texas and Pacific Bailway. From
the northeast corner of this parallelogram a long, narrow, irregularly
shaped tongue or ridge extends northeasterly to near the town ef Atlanta,
when it widens out into a rude sort of a triangle, having its northern side
somewhat parallel to the course of the Sulphur Fork of the Bed Biver.”
P. 65.

180

Trail's ACTioi^s Texas Academy of Scieijce.

267. Kennedy, W.

Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Comities. Chapter II. Marion County.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 96-

114. Austin, 1891.

Contents :> Introduotory. Oeograpliy and Topography. Economic mate-
rials: Iron Ores, Timber, Clays, (Analyses of Clays). Moulding Sands.
Greensand marls. Lignites.

“The iron ore deposits of Marion county belong to the great belt of ores
lying in a generally northeast and southwest direction through the various
counties composing hhe eastern division of the State.

“These ores are chiefly of the geode, or nodular concretionary variety of
linionite, although the other varieties, laminated and eonglomerate, are
present in considerable quantities.’^ 'P. 100.

268.

Eeports of the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter III. Harrison County.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp.

115-160. Austin, 1891.

Contents: The Iron Ore iRegion. Topography. iStratigraphy. Iron
Ores: 1, Laminated Ore; 2, Geode or Nodular Concretionary Ore; 3, Con-
glomerate Ore. Analyses of Iron Ores. Ferruginous Sandstones. Clays:
I, Brick Clays or Brick Earths; 2, Eire Clays; 3, Pottery Clays; 4, Mis-
cellaneous Clays. Building Stone. Greensand Marl. Lignite. Water
Supply. Mineral Springs. Timber.

“The ore region of Harrison county appears to form the remnant
of an extensive plateau, which extended from the northern part of the
State southward. This plateau-like region is cut off somewhat abruptly
towards the south and northeast portions of the county, and also shows
that a considerable amount of erosion has taken place in the northern
part of the county. All that now remains is the narrow flat-topped ridge
extending from the wesitern boundary of the county eastward to about seven
or eight miles north and east of the town of Marshall.” P. 117.

269.

Eeports on the Iron Ore District of Easit Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. 'Chapter IV. Gregg County.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol. SurV. of Texas,, 1890, pp.

161-172. Austin, 1891.

Contents : Preliminary Report on the Iron Ore Districts. Stratigraphy.
'Iron Ores: 1. Laminated Ore. 2. Geode or Nodular Concretionary Ore.
3. Conglomerate Ores. The Iron Ore Bearing Regions. Lignites. Build-
ing Stones. Clays. Soils. Timber.

“The few cursory notes taken exhibit a simiHrity of structure with the
other oounties lying to the east and northeast. The higher grounds of the
county are covered with a heterogeneous mixture of orange-red, yellow,

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

181

Kennedy, W.

and brown .sands, fragments of ferruginous sandstones of irregular sizes
and forms, and laminated iron ore with nodules of concretionary iron ore,
many of which are broken into small fragments, and occasional boulders of
conglomerate ore. The lower, or grounds lying intermediate between the
ridges and the river bottom sands, are covered by a yellowish or brownish
colored .sandy loam, containing occasional nodules of iron ore, and the
river bottom lands are chiefly made up of a silt or flne gray colored sand.”
P. 161.

“The iron ores of Gregg county belong to the same classes of ores. — the
laminated, nodular or concretionary, and the conglomerate ores — found
scattered throughout the other counties of Eastern Texas.” P. 164.

270.

Reports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Dhapter Y. Morris, Dpshur, Wood, Van
Zandt and Henderson Counties.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp.

173-203. Austin, 1891.

Contents: (ilntroduction. ) Morris County. Iron Ores. Analyses of
Iron Ores. Creensand Marls. Lignites. Clays. Upshur County. Analy-
ses of Iron Ores. Wood County. Analyses of Iron Ores. Van Zandt
County. Analyses of Iron Ores. Henderson County. Iron Ores. Analyses
of dron Ores. Building Stone. Clays: 1. Brick Clay. 2. Refactory
Clays. 3. Pottery Clays. 4. Miscellaneous Clays. Analyses. The Clay
(Industry. Class Sand. Lignites. Analyses. Timber.

“The counties of Morris, Upshur, Wood, Van Zandt and Henderson mark
ithe noirthwestern limit oif the iron region of East Texas.” P. 173.

The iron ore areas in these counties are as follows:

1.

Morris county

2.

Upshur county

3.

Wood county

25 square miles.

4.

Van Zandt county

5.

Henderson county

Total

271.

Report of (for 1891).

Geol. Surv. of Texas. Second Report of Progress, 1891, pp.
55-69. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Introduetion. Geology: Recent; Quaternary; Pliocene;
Miocene; Eocene; Lower Eocene. Economic Geology: (Salt; Lignite;
Iron Ores ; Greensand Marls ; Building Stones ; Infusorial Earth ; Clays.

“The work of the Survey in East Texas during the season of 1891 was
chiefly the determination of the different geological horizons found within
that area. Tlie examination of some of the lignite depiOisits of Wood county
and a complete detailed examination and survey of Houston county were
also made during the season.” P. 55.

182

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

272. Kennedy^ W.

Eeport of.

Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. Iviii-
lix. Austin, 1892.

Administrative Report. The work assigned hy the iState iGieologisit for
the season of 1891 was “The making of a detailed section across the Post-
Cretaceous deposits, from Terrell, in Kaufman , county, via Mineola, Tyler,
Lufkin, Corrigan, and Colmesneil, ito .the Gulf.’^ Persionnel of the Party.
Upon ithe oompletion of the section additional work was assigned in Hous-
ton, Leon, .and Robertson counties.

273.

Houston County.

Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 3-40.
1 map; 1 fig. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Introductory. iGeography and Topography: General Geol-
ogy. Recent. Quaternary. Prairies: East and Tyler Prairies. Nevill’s
Prairie. iSection of Tyler’s Prairie. iSection of Well on Kevill’s Prairie.
Mustang Prairie. Townsend Prairie. Drift. Miocene. lEocene. Murchison’s
Prairie. Economic Geolo,gy. Soils. (Analyses.) Light Gray or Yellowish
Sandy Soil. The Dark Ashy Gray and Black Sandy Soil of the Prairies.
The Dark, almost Black, and Brownish Black Soils of the Second Bottom
Lands. Black and Brownish Black Sandy Clay Detrital Soils of the Areas
isubject to Overflow. The Brown or Red 'Soils. Southeastern Pine Prairie
Soil. Crawfishy Soils. Greensand Marl. Iron Ores. iConglomerate Ores.
Analyses. Laminated lOres. Clay Iron Stone. Lignites. Analyses. Local-
ities. Building Stones. Clays. Timber. Water Supply.

“In the First Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas the only
reference made to Houston county is a .short notice of Cook’s mountain ( a
high hill about two and a half miles west of Crockett) , and an outcropping
of isthell-bearing sand about nine miles northeast of Crockett, on the old
San Antonio road. In the Second Annual Report a more extended refer-
ence to the economic geology of this county is made in a preliminary
report by Mr. E. T. Dumble, State 'Geologist, which is taken for the most
part from the notes of Dr. Penrose and the report of Dr. R. H. Lough-
ridge on Cotton Production of the Southern States, Tenth Census, Vol. 5.

“The present report is a description of the different features of the
geology of the county from the .stanidpoint of a much more .detailed exam-
ination than has hitherto been made, during which it was ascertained that,
in addition to the con.glomerate iron ores already described, there are in
the county also laminated and oarbonate ores, and that the soils can be
more properly presented under a difficult classification than that employed
previously.

“In order to give the details as completely as desired, it has been found
necessary to repeat and enlarge some of the work previously done.” P. 5.

Record of Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

183

274. Kennedy, W.

A Section from Terrell, Kaufman County, to Sabine Pasis on
the Gulf of Mexico.

Third Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 41-125,
3 figures. Ausitin, 1892.

Conlenis : TnifcroduGtory. Generial Description. — iCretaceoiis. Eocene.
1. Basal nr Wills Point Clays. 2. Lignitie Beds. 3, Marine Beds.
The Mount Selman Series. Cook’s Mountain Series. Section — Independence
to Dial. Seetion — ^Rusk Penitentiary Hill. New Birmingham Sec-
tion. Alto Region Section. Miocene. Lufkin or Angelina County
Deposits. Fiayette Sands. Fleming Beds. Pleistocene. Recent De-
posits. Flood Plains of Rivers. Coastal Prairies or Plains. Lacus-
trine Formations. Details of Section. — ^1. From Terrell to Mineola,
along the Texas and Pacifi^Railway. Grand Saline Region. From Grand
Saline East to Mineola. Section of Well at Mineola. 2. Seetion from
Mineola to Tyler along the Line of the 'International and Great Northern
Railway. 3. Seetion from Tyler Southward, along the Line of the Tyler
Southeastern Railway to Lufkin. Alto Section. From Alto southeast to
Lufkin. 4. Section from the Angelina River, in Angelina county, iSouth,
to C'orrigan Station, in Polk county, along the Line of the Houston East
and West Texas (Railway. 5. (Section from Corrigan eastward to Colmes-
neil along the Line of the Trinity and Sabine Railway. 6. Section along
the Southern Pacific Railway, from Rockland to Sabine Pass. Elevation
of Stations and other Points along the Line of the Foregoing Section.

“In the First Annual Report of this Survey, Dr. Penrose, Geologist for
East Texas, examined the rivers crossing the Tertiary deposits, and
described the beds forming the sections shown along the Brazos, Colorado
and Rio Grande. The uniform sequence of the various deposits, as exhib-
ited in these river sections, led to the general inference that these, or
deposits of a similar character, would be found extending clear across the
State, from the 'Louisiana line on the east ito the Rio Grande on the west.

“While these river sections are very valuable in many respects, they do
not give a conseeutive view of the whole of the beds constituting the
various divisions of the Tertiary and newer strata in Southern and Eastern
Texas. This is necessarily so, as the river banks have not, except at a
few places, sufi&eient height to disclose any eontinuous order of succession
of the beds. From the series of bluffs presented here and there, some-
times comparatively close together, but in many cases at long intervals
apart on the three rivers mentioned, Dr. Penrose constructed the sections
described by him in his preliminary report.

“With the twofold object of ascertaining the continuity of the deposits
through the region east of Dr. Penrose’s Brazos river section, and filling
in the breaks necessarily left by him, in order to have as complete a sec-
tion across the Tertiary areas of the 'State as could be obtained, I was
instructed to run a line southeasterly across these areas from the border
of the Cretaceous to the Gulf.” P. 43.,

“A very important considenation was the necessity of having some data
as to the relative elevations of the different portions of the country through
which the line extended. The levels of the lines of the various railways

184

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Kennedy, W.

running towards the coast in the moist direct course conformahle to the one
the sections were wanted, offered the best data obtainable, and conse-
quently the line of the section was begun on the border of the Cretaceous
area three and a half miles east of Terrell, in Kaufman county, and carried
along the following roads:

“1. Prom Terrell to Mineola, along the line of the Texas and Paci-
fic Rail way, in a general east by south course ..46 miles.

2. Prom Mineola to Tyler, along the International and Great

iN’orthern Railway, southerly 25 miles.

3. From Tyler, southwestward, through Smith, (Cherokee and!

'Angelina counties, to Lufkin, along the line of the Tyler

(Southeastern (Railway 90 miles.

4j Prom the Angelina river, south, along the 'Houston East and

(West Texas Railway, to Corrigan, in Polk county 28 miles.

5. Prom Corrigan, east and southeast, along the Trinity and

Sabine Railway, to Colmesneil, in Tyler county 29 miles.

6. Prom Rockland, on the Neches river, south, along the Southern

Pacific Railway, to Sabine Pass 73 miles.

“This gives a total line of sections of 291 miles, in a course more or legs

in acGordanee with the general dip of the Tertiary and newer deposits of
the Sitate. In addition to the region in the immediate vicinity of the
section, many other places were examined, and where possible have been
brought into the line.

“The results arrived at may be briefiy skown in the following table,
giving the thickness of the different series of deposits.

“I. Recent Material 50 feet.

II. Quaternary —

1. iSands and gravels 60 feet.

Clays including the Coast Clays 100 feet. 160 feet.

III.

IV.

Miocene (tentatively) Grand Gulf — ■

1. Blue limy clays and gray sands containing

fossil palm wo'od, seen at Pleming, in
Tyler county 260 feet.

2. Payette sands and sandstones. 490 feet.

3. Angelina county beds, laminated blue gyp-

seous clays 100 ? feet.

850 feet.

Eocene equivalent to Timber Belt beds — ■

1. Marine deposits, divided into —

la. Upper, or Cook’s Moun-
tain series 390 feet.

b. Lower, or Mount Selman

series 260 feet.

650 feet.

2. Lignitic deposits —

a. At Mineola 600 feet.

b. At Grand Saline 300 feet.

900 feet.

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISQG.

185

Kennedy^ W.

3. iBasal Clays, or Wills Poiiifc

Clay 260 feet.

1810 feet.

V. Gretaceous, found in wells at Grand

'Saline 357 feet.

Pp. 44-45.

375.

Report on Grimes, Brazos, and Robertson Gonnties.

Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texasi, 1892, Pt. I,
pp. 3-84. 3 maps'; 2 plates of sections. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Chapter I. Grimes 'County. Geography and Topography.
Prairies. General Geology — ^(1) Recent. (2) Quaternary. Navasota
Beds, (a) Upper Division, (b) Dower Division. Eocene. Piedmont
Springs Area. Economic Geology — ^Soils. Alluvial Soil. Residual Soils.
1. The Grayish B'rown and Dark iColored Calcareous Soils. 2. Gray
Upland Sandy Soils. 3. Black Calcareous Soils. Wallace Prairie.
Grimes Prairie. Navasiota Prairie. Fuqua Prairie. Roan Prairie. An-
derson Prairie. 4. Gray Sands of the Piedmont Springs Area. Building
Stones. 1. Hard Semi-Quartzitie and Close-Grained Sandsitones. 2. The
Soft Thinly Bedded Calcareous Sandstones. 3. Upper Havasota Sand-
stones. Clay. Abrasive Materials. Lignite and Brown Coal. Timber.
Water Supply. Artesian Water.’ Mineral Springs.

Chapter II. Brazos County. Geography and Topography. General
Geology — ^Recent. Quaternary. Havasota Beds. Eocene. 1. Gray Sand-
stones. 2. Thinly Bedded Gray and Dark Gray Sandy Clays, Laminated
and Thinly Bedded Sands and Clays, with Thin Beds of Lignite and Gyp-
seous Clays. 3. Brown Ferruginous GreensAnd Marls, Greensands, and
Greenish Blue Clays. Economic Geology — Soils. Alluvial. Residual Soils.
Building Stones. Clays. Brown Coal. Timber. Water Supply. Artesian
Wells. Navigable Streams. Mineral Springs.

Chapter III. Robertson Couiiity. Geography and Topography. General
'Geology — Recent. Quaternary. (1) Lower Deposits. (2) Upper Divis-
ion. Tertiary. Basal Beds. Lignitic Beds. Marine Beds. Economic
Geology — ^So'ils. Building Stones. Clays. Brown Coal. Timber. Water
Supply. Mineral Springs.

276.

Texas Clays and their Origin.

Science, Yol. xxii, pp. 297-300. Dec. 1, 1893.

Analyses of the clays of the Texas Tertiaries show that in most instances
the soda to exceed the potash in ratios of 2 to 5 of soda to 1 of potash.

“As this excess varies in the different divisions, the difference gen-
erally increasing as we ascend in the beds, 'While at the same time the
actual quantities' of both decrease in the same ratio until the highest or
coastal clays are reached, when the amounts of both are largely increased.

186

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Kennedy, W.

I hiave been led to the opinion that this peculiarity might be due to the
origin of the materials forming these deposits, or that some clue to their
source might be obtained by a study of this phenomenon.”

Per cent, of potash and soda in clays of New Jersey, Ohio and Ken-
tucky; in shales of Arkansas. Texas clays are sodic clays. Section of
the underlying deposits of the Orettaceous age. Per cent, of potash and
soda in these deposits.

“Clays naturally partake of the nature of the rocks from which they
may have been derived, and the proportionis of their constituents will in
the same manner be in a ratio more or less in accordance with those of the
parent rock, the variations being due to the solubility of the constituent
and the number of changes to which it may have been subjected during the
course of its transportatiion from the original locality to that in which we
may find it. These changes are, however, sometimes extremely great, as,
for instance, in the case of kaolin. Williams shows a kaolin in Arkansas,
evidently derived from a syenite containing 5.48 potash and 5.96 soda, to
have only 0.23 potash and 0.37 soda.

“'Since, then, the Texas Tertiary clays appear to be sodic, where are we
to look for their sources? Are they due to the destruction of the syenites
of Arkansas or the basaltie outbreaks of which Pilot Knob is a representa-
tive, or must they be traced to a still more remote source among the
eruptive and intrusive rocks of western or Central Texas through the
media of the Cretaceous, Carboniferous and other stages found in Texas?”

The Tertiary deposits bear strong evidence of marine origin. Had this
condition of deposition anything to do with the quantities of soda found in
the beds? Discussion.

Description of the five divisions of the Texas Tertiary recognized by the
State (Survey: First, the basal beds or Will’s Point clays; second, the lig-
nite beds; third, the marine beds; fourth, the Yegua beds; fifth, the Fay-
ette sands. The Fleming beds or Frio clays. The Coastal clays. “In
the Tertiary clays of TexaiS the proportions of soda exceed the potash as
3.19 of soda to 1.18 of potash.” The per cent, of potash and .soda in the
clays of the above formations.

“The question of the origin of these clays involves the existence of an
extensive land area of deposits in which the alkalies were strongly repre-
sented, and, assuming the solubility of the two to be approximately similar
(as a matter of fact the potash is slightly more soluble), one in which
the soda was considerably more abundant than the potash. Again, through-
out the deposits and interbedded with the clays we have heavy beds of
sand, many of them almost pure quartz, and the greater portion of the
clays^ themselves are highly siliceous., * * *

“It appears to me that the most probable immediate sources of the mate-
rials entering into the composition of these Tertiary deposits are the under-
lying iCretaceous beds for the lowermost or basal Tertiary, and a partial
reworking of the older Tertiary with the Cretaceous materials for the
upper or newer deposits.”

A comparison of analyses of Tertiary and Cretaceous marls, and clays.
The per cent, of lime in the Tertiary beds.

“It would thus appear that the structural conditions of the Basal beds

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

187

Kennedy, W.

and the Fayette deposits, apart from any chemical evidence whatever, hears
out the assumption of these two divisions being derived from the Creta-
ceous. If we accept Dr. Penrose’s theory that the iron ores and glauco-
nite of the marine beds are largely due to the destruotion of the upper
glauconitic division or the green-sand of the Cretaceous, and in this theory,
from a long period of work among these beds, I am inclined to believe for
several reasons — ^one of which being the close affinity chemically and other-
wise of these beds. Then that will in a great measure dispose of the origin
of the middle great division.”

The conditions attendant upon the deposition of the Yegua clays and the
Lignitic beds. Oomparison of oompo.sition of lignitie clays and greensand
marls.

‘Trom this, then, it would appear that while the greater portions of
these claysi and sands are derived from Cretaceous materials, these have
been mixed with a small quantity of ingredients belonging to some of the
older formations through which the larger rivers ran; but the proportions
of these older materials were so small as not to visibly affect the deposit
as whole.”

The opinion is advanced that neither the syenitic rocks of Arkansas nor
the basaltic outbreaks of the Texas Cretaceous forms the source of the
clays.*

277. •

Tbe Age of the Iron Ores of E'ast Texas.

Read before the Texas Academy of Science, Dec. 16, 1893.
Science, Yol. XXIII, pp. 22-25. Jan. 12, 1894.

The brown iron or limonite area of East Texas. Age of the deposits.
Pumpelly assigns them to the Quaternary (Vol. 15, 10th Census). Proba-
ble reasons for this assignment. The work of Lawrence C. Johnson (Iron
Ores of 'Northern Louisiana and Eastern Texas (House Ex. Doc. No. 195,
50th Cong., 1st Sess.) “This investigator appears to have been the first to
recognize the existence of two divisions among the ores. These he sepa-
rated, assigning the name of nodular ore to the one variety, and by the
term lacustrine designated the other. This latter class he again divided
into ‘laminated’ and ‘buff crumbly’ ores, according to their texture and
physical appearance.

“While dividing the ores into these two great divisions, he at the same
time placed them in different ages and under entirely different conditions.
The nodular ore Mr. Johnson considered as belonging to the lignitie Ter-
tiary, and we 'find him, after describing the ores of Marion county, saying:
‘All this portion of the iron field, including Upshur, ,Camp, Morris, Marion,
and Cass counties, is assigned to the great Lignitic of the Geological
column.’” (Loc. cit., p. 34.)

“The laminated ore, or, as he described it, the lacustrine ore, Mr. John-
son appears to place in the Quaternary, as, after describing the conditions
and modes of formation and deposition of such ores, he says; ‘iSuch
deposits were produced at various stages of the Quaternary history of the

188

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Kennedy, W.

regn-ons under eonsideraitiion, and some of 'them possibly during the Ter-
tiary, and now that the strata are exposed to erosion, the bard insoluble
limonites resist it more successfully than tbe unconsolidated sediments in
wbiob they occur ; tbe softer rocks are, tberefore, swept away, and tbe iron
deposits remain upon elevated plateaus or buttes.’ ”

Mr. Jobnson seems to bave recognized tbe existence of extensive ideposits
of conglomerate ore. They belong to every age from tbe Eocene Tertiary
to tbe recent.

“Dr. Penrose appears to agree with Jobnson as to tbe age of tbe nodular
ores being lignitic Tertiary, but tbe wbole of tbe laminated ores be places,
and rigbtly so, in tbe glaueonitic or Claiborne Tertiary.” Peference to
Penrose, Kept, on dron Ores, Geol. Surv. of Ark., Vol. I, for 1802, pp.
105-106.

“ISTumerous and careful examinations of these ore deposits throughout
a great portion of east Texas, and particularly in Cass, Marion, Morris,
Upshur and Harrison counties, the region in which the nodular ores are
most extensively developed, have convinced me that these nodular ores
do not belong to the lignitic -^tage of the Eocene, but rather that they are
of the same age as, or probably a little newer than, or derived from, tbe
laminated ores, which, according to Mr. G. D. Harris’s determination of
the fauna, are of lower Claiborne age.”

Descripbions of the Lignitic and Glauconitic divisions.

“The general assumption of the nodular ores belonging to the lignitic
by both Johnson and Penrose appears bo have arisen from the idea held
by both that the regions in which these ores occur in greatest abundance
are altogether occupied by the clays and sands of that series. While it
is true that the deposits of the lignitic stage are extensively developed in
Cass, Marion and Upshur, and in a more limited way in Morris and Har-
rison counties, the marine stage is also represented, and widely spread,
fragmentary deposits of altered greensand and glauconitic sandsbones occur
within the limits of these counties. These fragmentary deposits often cover
several miles of territory, and their presence is always marked by
the occurrenee of nodular ore and a greater or less extent of laminated
ore. This is usually in the form of very thin seams interstratified with
the sands or occurs in a fragmentary condition scattered on the surface and
mixed with the geodes of nodular ore.

“In Cass county the brownish-yellow altered greensands occur in asso-
ciation with both nodular and laminated ore at the Berry Crawford mine
about a mile north of Atlanta, Here the section shows the nodular ore
overlying the laminated ore and the underlying altered greensand resting
directly upon the uppermost deposits of the lignitic series.”

Other instances: In the neighborhood of Linden; at Cusseta. Occur-
rence of ores in the northwestern portion of Cass and eastern portion of
Morris counties ; in Marion and Harrison counties.

“It must, however, be admitted that as a general rule the heavier
deposits of nodular ore occupy positiions lying at relatively lower levels
'than the heavy deposits of laminated ores, and it also appears to be a
settled condition that while extensive deposits, of nodular ore overlie these
beds, by far the most extensive and valuable of these nodular deposits

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS^-lSOe.

189

Kennedy, W.

loccupy positions between the isolated ridges, or what may be said to form
the broken ends of the marine beds. This, however, is to be expeoted, if
we are ito assume that these geodes or njodules with their isurrounding sands
are the products, or the results of, erosion and consequent destruction of
the glauconitic beds.

•35- -S *

‘Tn saying that none of these ore deposits occurs beneath the thinly
stratified uppermost lignitie beds, I do not mean to affirm that no ore
occurs within the lignitie series, but simply that none of the great deposits
of nodular ore in East Texas which have hitherto been assigned to that
series belongs to the lignitie. Small deposits of a nodular variety of ore,
as well as clay iron-stone, do occur at several places within the lignitie
beds. These, however, lie at considerable depths, and are found amongst
the clays and sand of that series in well digging and other deep excava-
tions. These are not all clay iron-stones nor carbonates, as has been
asserted, and throughout the extensive areas of the eastern division of the
'State, in which the lignitie strata form the surface deposits, no ore of
any kind has yet been found. The absence of these ores from the great
lignitie areas of 'Limestone, Lobertson, 'Smith, iHarrison, Panola and other
counties certainly appears remarkable if the nodular ores of Cass, Marion
and others belong to these deposits.

‘‘^While the question of the age of the nodular ores may form a subject
for discussion, no such doubt or difficulty besets the age of the laminated
lores of the region. These are altogether from top to bottom of Tertiary
age and of the lower Claiborne or marine Eocene wherever found.”

Discussion of the origin and formation of the ores.

278.

The Iron Ores of East Texas.

Trans. Amer. Inst, of Mining Eng., Vol. XXIV, pp. 258-288
and 862-863.

(Virginia Beach Meeting, Eehrnary, 1894.)

Introductory: Mainly a history of the iron industry in Texas. Greology
of the Ore-iRegion. Age of the lOre-Deposits. Classification of the Ores.
Cihemical Analyses of the Ores : Table I. — Analyses of Nodular Iron Or^s.
Table II. — ^Analyses of Laminated Ores. Table III. — Analyses of Iron
Ores collected from East Texas, not included in Tables I and II. Table
iIV. — ^Analyses of Nodular Ores found in Cass, Marion, Upshur and Har-
rison counties. Table V. — Analyses oif Laminated Ores from Morris, Har-
rison, Henderson, Anderson, Cherokee, and ;Eusk counties. Table VI. —
Analyses of Pig-Iron made from East Texas Iron lOres. Tests of Tensile
and Transverse IStrengths of Cast-Iron made at the Lone Star Furnace.
Table VII. — ^Analyses of Limonites from Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky,
Greorgia, Sweden, Canada and Texas. Table VIII. — ^Comparative Partial
Analysis, showing Metallic Iron, Phospliorus, and Phosphorus Ratio of
Iron Ores from Southern Texas. Table IX. — 'Comparative Analyses of
Pig-Iron. Table X. — ■Furnace Returns, Showing Average Yield of Iron in
different Southern States. Methods and Cost of Mining and Production.
Cost of production in the South as calculated by Carroll D. Wright

190

Teansactioi^s Texas Academy op Sciextce.

Kennedy, W.

($10,755). Oosit of manufacture in Texas ($12.01). I'uel. Flux and
Markets.

iPosteript in wkioli the cost of iron is made $9.50 instead of $12.01, the
decrease being largely due to the introduction of beehive ovens, which has
cheapened the production of charcoal.

('See following title.)

Iron Ores of East Texas.

Abstract of paper read before American Institnte of Mining
Engineers.

Engineering and Mining Journal, Yol. 57, pp. 222-223,
JSr. Y., March 10, 1894.

An extensive series of iron ore deposits in northeasitern Texas occupy
portions of nineteen counties. Out of an area of 10,000 square miles about
1,000 are covered with iron ore. Topography of the region is “compared to
a great plain sloping gently to the southeast, cut into many flat topped,
steep sided ridges and small tablelands by the numerous water courses
which have their sources within the region, or And their way through it.”
A few hills reach an altitude of over 700 feet above the sea, “and their
existence is due solely to the presence of an iron capping found either
lying upon the surface or beneath a thin covering of yenowish-brown sand.
This 'Condition obtains mostly through the central and western portions.”
'In the northeast and along ithe eastern boundary of the area the hills have
been eroded and the country lies at a lower level.

“Only two of the great geological 'divisions are represented — the Qua-
iternary or Pleistocene and the Eocene stage of the Tertiary.”

The iron ores are classed as limonites. They are divided into three
classes : iNodiilar, laminated and conglomerate. Each class is described.

The Texas ores have “fair average metallic contenits, a medium admixture
of silica and low percentages of both sulphur and phosphorus.” Much of
the iron produced is within the Bessemer limit. The ores are easily mined.
The only fuel cheaply accessible is charcoal.

280.

Geology of J efferson County, Texas.

Amer. Geologist. Yol. XIII, pp. 268-275. Minneapolis,
April, 1894.

'Synopsis : Jefferson county lies in 'the extreme southeastern corner
of (the 'State. It is low and flat, a greater portion scarcely above tide.
(The altitude of Beaumont, the county seat, is 26 feet. The lower half
of the county is marshy — ^suitable for rice grO'Wing — yet is used as a cattle
range. In the northeastern 'part of the county the long-leaf pine, cypress, and
magnolia are found. The 'Climate is sub-tropical. iShell-mounds occur along
the Neches. As to the geology: The region belongs to the 'Coastal Clay
'Begions 'Of the Texas Greological Survey, and is classed by McGree as Colum-
bia— ^^an extension of the Port Hudson Clays of Louisiana. Discussion.
Section of a well at Beaumont 413 feet deep. A boring for oil and gas.

Recokd of Geology of Texas, 1S81-189Q.

191

Kennedy, W.

The locality .selected was a low mound five miles south of Beaumont.
“iSour wells” along the base of the western side. (Character of the waters.
iBeasons for locating the boring here. 'Depth 400 feet. Seotion. Hydro-
gen sulphide. Gas' phenomenon shown by a smaller boring, 60 feet deep,
near the larger. Emission of gas and mud. 300 feet west of the well, at
the base lof the mound, the )same liquid, sandy mud was found, in excavat-
ing a pond, at the depth of 18 feet. In the bottom of the pond there were
many lumps of brown oleaginous mud, and gas vents, with a thin coating
ef sulphur, as well as several small lumps of sulphur scattered through
clayey sand. Description and peculiarities of the mound.

281.

The Eocehie Tertiary of Texas east of the Brazos River.

Proceedings of the Acad, of Kat. Sciences, Philadelphia. Pt.

I, pp. 89-160. Jan. -Mar., 1895

iReferenoes to the woirk of iHilgard (Geology of Mississippi) and to that
of Smith and Johnson (Bull. .No. 43, U. S. Geol. Surv.) east of the Missis-
sippi, The work of Penrose, Harris and Kennedy in Texas. Comparison
of the Alabama and Texas sections. Harris’s general seotion of the Eocene
■Series of the ISouthern 'States.

Descriptions of the Erio Clays, Payette Sands, Yegua Clays, Marine
Beds, Lignitic Beds, and Basal Beds or Wills Point Clays, together with
numerous sections and lists of fossils. iPesumC of History.

282. Kent, William.

Art. Gold and Silver. Min. Resonrces of the U. S. 1889-1890.

(Prodnction of Gold and Silver in Texas, 1889-1890), p.

49. Washington, 1892.

From a table showing the ‘Troduotion of gold and silver in the United
States in 1889 and 1890,” the following statistics are taken:

State.

GOLD.

SILVER.

Eleventh

Census.

U. S. Mint.

Fine Ounces.

U. S. Coinage Value.

Texas

1889.

16,828

1890.

1889.

323,438

1890.

300,000

1889.

. 1418,173

1890.

$387,878

283. Knowlton, P. H.

Report on a small Oollection of Fossil Plants from Old Port
Caddo Landing, on Little Cypress Bayon, Harrison Connty, Texas,
made by T. Wayland Vanghan.

American Geol., Vol. XYI, pp. 308-309. Minneapolis, Kov,,
1895.

iSee No. 405, “Seotion. of the Eocene at Old Port Caddo Landing, Harri-
son County, Texas,” etc., by T. Wayland Vaughan,

I

192 Transactioisis Texas Academy of Science.

284. Kunz^ George Frederick.

Art. Precious Stones. Min. Kesonrces of the IT. S. 1888.

(Gadolinite in Texas), pp. 582-583. Washington, 1890.

“This :stione admits of ;a high polish, and is of a deep velvet-hlaek color.
During .the last' year large quantities of it were obtained near Bluflfton,
in Llano county, Texas, twenty-two miles from Burnet. The occurrence
of this gadolinite was somewihat similar to that of allanite in Amherst
county, Virginia. It has more than ordinary interest from the fact that
it contains from 40 to 50 per cent, of yttria. About 1000 pounds were
found in a single pocket, associated with xenotime, fergusonite, and eux-
enite. One crystal weighed 11 pounds, another 13 pounds, and a single
group weighing 40 pounds was obtained. The productions of this locality
exceeded in quality and size anything yet obtained.”

Mineralogical ffofes.

(Topaz from Texas.)

Trans. New York Academy of Scienoe, Vol.'XIII, pp. 144-
145. Fob. 19, 1894.

Topaz from near Palestine, Texas. Descriptions of five crystals. They
are believed to have been transported from Siome northeastern point. See
the title following.

286.

Topaz from Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XLVII, pp. 403-404. New

Haven, May, 1894.

Description and measurements of several topaz crystals, “all more or
less rolled, showing that they had been taken from the bed of some stream
or brook. No other information was given about them than that they
came from near Palestine, 'Texas, — evidently from the granite rocks.” P.
403.

287.

Art. Precious Stones. Min. Kesonrces of the IT. S., 1894.
Nonmetallic Products.

IGth Ann. Kept., IJ. S. Geological Survey. Part IV.

(Amber in Texas), p. 603. Washington, 1895.

A brief announcement of the discovery of “amber in small nodules” near
Pendennis, Lane county, Texas. ^

288. Leroh, Dr. Otto.

See Cummins, W. F., and Lerch, Otto.

A Geological Survey of the Concho Country, State of Texas.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. V, pp. 321-335. Minnneapolis, June,
1890.

Record oe Geology op Texas, 188'7-1896.

193

289. Leroee, Dr. Otto.

Eemarkp on the Geology of the Concho Country, State of Texas.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. YII, pp. 73-77; 2 cuts. Minneapolis,
Feh., 1891.

A desoription of the beds between the Lower Oretaeic, Trinity Sands of
Hill, and the Permian as exposed in the vicinity of San Angelo, Texas, for
which the nanie San Angelo Beds is proposed.

290.

Reports on the IronDre District of East Texas. Part II. Fuels
/and their Dtilization. ‘Chapter II. Lignites and their Dtiliza-
tion, with special references to the Texas Brown Coals.

Second Ann. Eept. of the Geol.-Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 38-63.
Austin, 1891.

' iContents : Introduction. Distillation of Lignites : Tar and its Deriva-
tives, Par aline, (Mineral Oil, Gas, Dyes. Lamp Blaclc; Tanning Material;
(Sugar ■, Refining ; Fertilizers. Fuel : Goke, Briquettes, Drying the Lig-
nites, Pressing the Briquettes; Lignites in Smelters; Raw Lignite in the
Manufacture of Steel. Occurrence of Texas Lignites. Oomparison of Lig-
nites;’ Analyses. Method of Analysis. Literature: Parafines, Mineral
Oils, and Tar; Lignites — (Heating Effects of; Blacking; Tanning; Illum-
inating Gas; Utilization of Lignites in Smelters; Manufacture of Bri-
quettes ; Manufacture of Coke from Lignite.

“The State of Texas possesses immense deposits of this mineral treasure
[lignites] covering a large part of her eastern territory, frequently asso-
ciated with deposits of valuable iron ores. The age of the coal, as deter-
mined by different State Geological Surveys, is Tertiary, and, acoording to
analyses made by different members of the present Survey, the coal is fre-
quently of the finest quality, far superior to that so extensively used in
European countries.

“These deposits have long been known by the people of Eastern Texas,
but have been generally considered valueless, and consequently but little,
indeed almost no mining of the material has been done in this region, with
the exception of a few places where the coal has been used for household
purposes. Dr. Buckley first gave a general outline of the formation in
which the lignite occurred, and in the First Report of Progress of the
present Survey it was more fully defined as Beginning on the 'Sabine
River- in iSabine county, the boundary line runs west and southwest near
•Crockett, Navasota, Ledbetter, Weimar, and on to Helena and the Rio
Grande; thence back by Pearsall, Elgin, Marlin, Richland, Salem and
Clarksville to Red river; including fifty-four counties in whole or in
part.’ 'The following year explorations were continued by the Survey, and
a large amount 'of valuable material has been collected. The geologic
features of the basin have been studied, the assoeiation of the lignites with
the iron ores worked out, a number of analyses have been made to 'deter-
mine the economic value of the coal, and it is now beyond question that
the lignitic basin of the east will be in the future an extensive iron and
coal producing district of the State. This report is intended to call the

194

Transaction's Texas Academy of Science.

Leech, De., Otto.

attention of the people to the wealth of this disftriot, to ishow in a prelim-
inary way how the brown coal has been utilized in Enropean countries,
especially in Germany, and to compare the material now used for various
manufacturing purposes with the brown coal of the ^ast Texas lignitic
basin.’’ P. 39.

291. Leveeett, S.

See Taff, J. A., and Leverett, S.

Eeport on the Cretaceous Area north on the Colorado Eiver.

Fourth Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, Pt. I, pp.

239-354. Austin, 1893.

292. Lougheidge, R. H.

Texas.

Mucfarlane^s American Geological Railway Guide. 2nd ed.,

pp. 409-413. N. Y., 1890.

List of iGeological Formationis found in Texas and Indian Territory.
Lists of Railroads in Texas ; Stations and Distances from terminal Points :
and Geological Eormatiions at each Station, together with Notes.

293. Maokentosh, J. B.

See Hidden, W. E., and Maokentosh, J. B.

A Description of several Yttria and Thoria Minerals, from

Llano County, Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXYIII, pp. 474-486.

Xew Haven, Dee., 1889.

294. Magnenat, L. E.

Report of.

Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, p. Ixi.

Austin, 1892.

A brief account of the work done in the Chemical Laboratory of the
State Geological Survey from 13th of December, 1890, to 1st of January,
1891. Duiring that time 555 analyses were made by Messrs. Magnenat,
J. H. Herndon and G. H. Wooten.

295. Maecou, Jules.

American Geological Glassification and Nomenclature. 75
pages.

Cambridge, May, 1888. [Printed for the author by the Salem

Press.]

Contents: I. Introduction. II. Primitive or Azoic Series. III.

Taconic System. Order of discoveries and original researches on the
Taconic system. IV. Cambrian or Champlain System. V. Silurian sys-
tem. VI. Devonian system. VII. Carboniferous, system. VIII. Dyassic
system. IX. Triassic system. X. Jurassic system. XI. Cretaceous

/

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887 -1896. 195

Marcou, Jules.

system. Xill. Lower Tertiary system. XIII. Upper Tertiary or Helvetian
system. XIV. Quaternary and 'Kecent, or Modern Series. Glacial Bpooh,
Living Glaciers. XY. Explanation of the tabular view of American elass-
ifioation and nomenclature. Synchronism and Homotaxis. The Geological
map of Europe. XVI. lOonclusion. Tabular view of American classifica-
tion and nomenclature.

This is one of Professor Marcou’s controversial papers. [References to
Texas geology are as follows:

The Triassic in Texas, p. 31; Triassic reptiles, p. 33; the Jurassic sys-
tem of Tucumcari regarded by the brothers iShumard as belonging to the
Upper Cretaceous system of Texas, pp. 38-39.

“'Sieldom has such an accumulation of errors, paleontologioal, ,stratigraph-
ical and lithological been committed in American geology. For the mis-
takes did not stop there, and Messrs. J. Hall and the brothers Shumard
[see “A Partial Report on the Geology of Western Tecoas, Austin, 1886],
followed by Dr. OR,. H. Loughridge and others, classified as Lower Cretaceous
or Dakota Group of Texas all the Triassic system besides the Jurassic; at
the same time they contrived to synchronize the Neooomian of .Port Wash-
ita, the Ealse Washita and Canadian rivers with the Marly Chalk or
TuronianP P. 39.

Tile Cretaceous system: Xeocomian in Texas and Indian Territory, p.
43; reference to the work of Air. Hill, p. 43; reference to a tabular view
of the Texas iCretaceous “sbowing three great divisions as in Europe
[1861] {Notes on the Cretaceous and Carboniferous Rocks of Texas, by J.
Maroou, in Proceed. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIII, p. 93, Boston).”
P. 45; references to Dr. C. A. White {Eleventh Ann. Rept. U. Oeol. and
Geogr. Survey for 1877, p. 264, Washington, 1879), and to Messrs. White
and Hill {On the Cretaceous Formation of Texas and their relation to
those of other portions of North America, oy C. A. White, in Proceed.
Acad. Nut. Sci., Philadelphia, February, 1887). Further reference to the
papers and wotk of Mr. R. T. Hill {The Topography and Geology of the
Gross Timbers and surrounding region in Northern Texas, in Amer. Jour.
Sci., Vol. XXXIII, p. 299, 1887 ; The Texas Section of the American Cre-
taceous, Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XXXIV, lOct., 1887, p. 287). Pp. 46-47,
Groups or Sub-iStages of Cretaceous (Texas, Hill, 1887), Tabular view, p.
73.

Professor Maroou claims priority in the recognition of the Neocomian in
Texas, giving the date as 1853, p. 45.. In writing of the Cretaceous, as
elsewhere in this publication, he criticises with extraordinary severity
those whose views differ from his own.

296.

'The OTiginal Locality of Gryphsea Pitcheri, Morton.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. Ill, pp. 188-193. Minneapolis, March,
1889.

Synopisis: Extract from Bulletin 45 of the U. S. Geol. iSurvey, by
‘Robert T. Hill,^in which Dr, iSamuel George Morton is credited with being
“the first to make allusion to the Cretaceous strata of Texas.” “He
describes,” oontinues Professor Hill, “from ‘the Calcareous platform of

196

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Marcou, Jules.

liRed river/ the fossil Gryphaea Pitcheri, now siceepted as the most charac-
teristic fossil of the typical Texas 'Cretaceous. This locality, we can only
surmise, was the same as that now called the Staked Plains (Llano Esta-
cado) region of Texas, The specimens were colleeted by army officers.”

Morton’s statement of the manner in which he received the fossil from
Dr. Pitcher, ‘Vho obtained it from the plain of Kiameshia, in Arkansas.”
Letter from Dr. Z. Pitcher, dated Detroit, October 12, 1859. Extract:
“The Kiamechia is a small stream which empties into the Red river a few
miles above Fort Towson. My little fossil which has acquired so much
consequence from the discussions into which it has been drawn by scientific
names, was picked up on the plains drained by this little rivulet, through
which our troops were marking out a road from Fort Smith to Fort Tow-
son, in 1833.

“In 1853,” the author (Marcou) “came upon that Gryphaea pitcheri, not
far west from its original area, at Fort Washita, and farther west up the
Washita rivei\ * * I saw it also, a few miles north on the banks

of the Canadian river, at the great bend of that river.” Dr. Newberry’s
mention of G. pitcheri in the Report of the Ives Expedition, 1861, and later
in the Report of the Macomb Expedition, 1876^ The author disputes New-
berry’s determination of the fossil and its associations. Quotation from
Circular No. 1, '-School of Geology, University of Texas: “The reaffirmation
of the age of the Tucumcari section along the northwest corner of Texas
to (be uppermost Jurassic as originally described by IMarcou,” ( written by
Professor Hill ) .

This is one of the controversial papers concerning the existence of Juras-
sic rocks in Texas and the part played by G. pitcheri.

297.

Jura, ^Teoeoiuian and Chalk of Arkans'as.

American Geologist, Yo'l. IV, pp. 357-367. Minnoapolis, Dec.,
1889.

A review of the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas,
Vol. II, 1888, entitled “The Neozoic Geology of Southwestern Arkansas,”
by Robert T. Hill, in which there are several references to Texas on account
of the typical occurrence of Cretaceous rocks in that State.

298.

The American ISTeocomian and Gryphaea Pitcheri.
Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. V, pp. 315-317. Minneapolis, May,
1890.

A criticism of Professor Hill’s “Preliminary Annotated Check List of the
Cretaceous Invertebrate Fossils of Texas.” Bulletin No. 4 of the Geologi-
cal 'Survey of Texas.

On the Classification of the Dyas, Trias and Jura in Northwest
Texas.

299.

Record op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

197

Marcou, Jules.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. X, pp. 369-377. Minneapolis, Dec.,

1892.

This paper is of a eointroversial character consisting mainly of a criti-
cism of the work of Mr. iW. F. Cummins, as published in the Second and
Third Annual iBeports of the iGeologieal Survey of Texas, with reference to
the classification, noraenc-rature, lithology, and paleontology of the strata
in Northwest Texas, in which the writer points out what he conceives to be
errors. ‘Both Professor Cope and iMr. Cummins are severely criticised for
not giving the localities and “minute stratigraphic position of the Texas
fossil vertebrates.’^ The author disagrees with (Mr. Cummins in his identi-
fication of Big Tucumcari Mountain (p. 372). The paper closes with a
table giving Mr. Cummins’ Classificataon iof 'Strata in Northwest Texas
and New Mexico, made in 1890-91, and Mr. Maroou’s, made in 1853, in
parallel columns.

300.

Remarks on a part of the Review of the Third 'Texas Report.

Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. XI, pp. 212-214. Minneapolis,

March, 1893.

Another paper of a controversial character concerning the age of the
Tucumcari Beds in New Mexico, chiefly a criticism of the correlations of
Professor 'Hill. Hill’s Series of 1892 and the author’s (Miaroou’s) of 1853,
are published in parallel columns (p. 213). The author maintains the
Jurassic age of the Tucumcari Beds.

301.

Growth of Knowledge concerning the Texas Cr'etaceou®.

Amer. Geologisit, Yol. XIY, pp. 98-105. Minneapolis, Aug.,

1894.

A criticism of Professor HiU’s paper entitled “Geology of parts of Texas,
Indian Territory and Arkansas adjacent to Bed Biver” (Bull. Geol. Soc.
Amer., Vol. V, pp. 297-338). The views of Professor Hill, the author
contends, need many corrections, and he proceeds to review briefly the work
of Boemer, G. G. Shumard, himself (Maroou) and Hill. The confusion
arising from the incorrect determination of certain species of Gryphaea
is pointed out. The paper closes with a “Table of Evolution of Knowledge
of the Texas Gretaceous,” as conceived by the author.

302.

The Jura of Texas.

Proceedings of the Boston Soc. of Xat. Hist., Yol. XXYII, pp.

149-158. 1896.

A historical sketch of the Jura in Texas with references to Oapt. John
Pope’s “Beport of Exploration of Boute for the Pacific Bailroad near the
Thirty-second Parallel,” 1854; Marcou’s “Geological Beport,” 1855; Mar-

198

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Marcou, Jules.

oou’s “Geology of NoTtli America” (Zurieh), 1858; tR. T. Hill’s “Texas
Section of the American 'Oretaceous/’ American Journal of Science, III,
Vol. XXXiIV, 'pp. 305-305, 1887 ; also his “Topography and Geology of the
Cross Timbers and Surrounding Regions in JsFo'rth Texas,” Amer. Jour,
of Sei., rid, p. 299, 1887 ; his ^‘Neozoic Geology of Southwest Arkanisas,”
Ann. Rept. Geol, 'Surv. Ark. for 1888, Vol. II, p. 121; “Events in North
American Oretaceous History illustrated in the Texas- Arkansas Division
of the iSouthwestern Region of the United States,” Amer. Jour, of Sci.,
Ill, Vol. XXXVII, p. 290, 1889; and his “Check List of Cretaceous Inverte-
brate Fossils, 1889; Marcou’s Review of the Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv.
of Ark. above mentioned, Amer. Geologist, Vol. IV, pp. 357-367, 1889;
Annual Reports of the Geol. Surv. of Texas; Hill’iS [Monograph on “The
Invertebrate Paleontology of the ■Trinity Division,” Proc. Biol. iSoc. of
Washington, Vol. VITI, pp. 9-40, 1893; Cragin’s “Invertebrate Paleontology
of the Texas Cretaceous,” Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas,
1893 ; Dumble and Gummins’ “Kent Section and Gryphsea Tucumcarii,
Marcou,” American Geologist, Vol. XII, pp. 309-314, 1893. Discussion of
the conclusion of Messrs. Dumble and iCummins, which is : “Since, there-
fore, in the Kent Section we have Prof. Marcou’s (7. dillatata var. Tucum-
oarii in the same bed with such typical Cretaceous forms as G. Pitcheri,
Ammonites leonensis, A. peruvianus, Terehratula Wacoensis, etc., it must
be considered a true Cretaceous form. Its discovery in this connection
simply 'adds one more to the list of fossils occurring in the Wiashita divis-
ion of the Cretaceous of Trans-Pecos Texas, whose close resemblance to
well-known Jurassic types would, under any less conclusive evidence of
its Cretaceous age, warrant its reference to the Jurasisic.” Marcou’s con-
clusion: “The conclusions of Messrs. Dumble and Cummins are based on
paleontological grounds only, without any regard to stratigraphy, and we
may add, against a well-balanced and correct stratigraphical classification,
for there is no reason whatever to suppose that the Jurassic deposits are
missing above the Trias in the Tucumcari area.”

Reference to Ammonites described by Jose G. Aguilera and Professor
Hyatt. Maroou’s final conclusion: “The eonclusion leached in 1853, when
I was at Pyramid Mount, Tucumcari, is confirmed by all I have seen since.
The horizon of Gryphaea Tucumcari is Jurassic. Moreover, it is the upper-
most subdivision of the American Jura. The strata below, and between it
'and the Trias, belong to the Jura also, and are synchronous with the
Bosque division, and very likely with the Fredericksburg division of
Texas.”

The Lower 'Cretaceous of Texas and Gryphaea Pitcheri. Paleontological
confusion. G. sinuata var. Americana. The Tucumcari area. The Lower
Cretaceous or Neooomian Fauna. The .Sedimentary Strata of Texas.

303. Meloher, J, C.

Notes on the E'conomic Minerals of Fayette Connty.

GeolO'gieal and Scientifio Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 8. Houston,
Deoemher, 1888.

“The thickest and best lignite beds visible in this county are on O’Quinn

Recoed op Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-lSOe.

199

Meloher, J. C.

and !lTonor,e creeks. These are visible eight feet thick, and bottom not in
sight. They burii well in the open hearth or fire, but smell somewhat of
sulphur. They are perfectly black, and show distinctly the woody struct-
ure. There are also several other strata of two or three feet in thickness
in the vicinity, of which the lowest seam is always best. I have also found
these thinner beds in digging wells.

“There is near iSwiss Alps a bed of solid clear gypsum, about two feet
thick, which is twenty-four to forty feet below the surface, and is found
in digging and drilling wells.

“Near Muldoon, at a washout on a hill, there crops out a bed of crumbly
gypsum, of various brilliant colors, in great quantity. I think this will
he a fine fertilizer.

“I think Fayette county has the best silicious limestone quarries in the
state. These are near Muldoon. The rock lies in strata of workable thick-
ness, and its jointed structure makes it easy to quarry.

“Fine kaolin, or potter’s clay, is found in the vicinity of Flatonia, and
at other places in the county.

“There is in O’Quinn creek a stratum eighteen inches to two feet thick,
and some two hundred yards long, of a pure white fine soft sandstone. It
is a fine polishing stone or sand, and very light in weight.”

304. Merrill, George P.

See WMtfield, J. E., and Merrill, G. P.

The Eayette County, Texas, Meteorite.

Amer. Jonr. of Science, III, Yol. XXXYI, pp. 113-119.
Xew Haven, Ang., 1888.

305.

The Collection of Bnilding and Ornamental Stones in the IT. S.
Xationa] Mnsenm : A Hand-Book and Oatalogne.

Report of the Smithsonian Institntion, 1885-’86, Pt. II, pp.
277-648, and PI. I-IX. Washington, 1889.

Texas: Granites in, p. 425; limestones and dolomites, in, p. 405; mar-
bles in, p. 385; sandstones in, p. 460; slates in, p. 470; soapstone in, p. 359.

The following specimens are catalogued from Texas:

'Limestone [iMafrble]., Light yellow; campact; fossaliferous, from near
Austin.

^ Cretaceous; drab; compact; coarsely fossiliferous, Austin.

Lower 'Silurian; light drab, with purple veins ; very fine and

compact.. Near Burnet.

Lower iSilurian; very light drab; fine and compact. Near

'San Saba.

Blue-gray crystalline. Burnet.

'Dolomite ['Marble] . Dull red, with net-work of lighter lines. Burnet.

Dolomite. Silurian ; buff ; fine 'and compact. Near San Saba.

Silurian; fine; light-colored. Near San Saba.

Silurian ; light buff ; fine and compact. Near San Saba.

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Merrill, George P.

Dolomite. Lower iSilurian; nearly white; coarsely crystalline. Near
San 'Saba.

1 Silurian; pink; fine and compact. Near San Saba.

Ferruginous Dolomite. Silurian; fine and compact; pinkish, near San
Saba.

Limestone. Light-colored; fine; porous. Near Austin (two specimens).

1 , Cretaceous; light-colored; fine; porous. Near Austin.

Light-colored; fine; porous. Round Rock.

Drab; compact. Near Burnet.

Magnesian Limestone. Cretaceous; light-colored; fine; porous. Near
Austin.

Cretaceous; light-colored; fossiliferous. Near

Austin.

Biotite dranite. Fine; pink. Fight miles from Burnet.

‘ Coarse; red. Eight miles from Burnet.

Diorite. Medium; light greenish gray. Near El Paso.

Sandstone. Lower Silurian; coarse; brown. Near Burnet.

Lower Silurian; coarse; dull red. Near Burnet.

' Carboniferous; fine; very light gray. Near Mormon Mills,

Burnet county.

306. Merrill, J. A.

Possil Sponges of the Flint Nodules in the Lower Cretaceous of
Texas.

Bull, of the Museum of Comp. Zoology, Yoh XXYIII, No. 1,
(Geol. Series, Yol. Ill,), p. 26, pi. 1. Cambridge, 1895.

Contents: (Introduction.) A Statement of the Questions involved.

Organisms found in the Flint. Condition of Preservation of the Sponge
ISpicules. Comparison with English Chert. Classification of the Spicules.
Monactinellidae, Zittel. Tetractinellidae, Marshall. Lithistidae, Oscar
Schmidt. Hexactinellidae, Oscar Schmidt. Formation of the Nodules.
Summary.

“'So far as I have been able to ascertain, the minute structure of the
Cretaceous flints of America has never been studied except in a general
way, and nothing whatever has been published on the microscopic organ-
isms composing them. The field is therefore a large as well as a fascinat-
ing one, and this effort is intended only as a beginning of what is hoped
will i>rove a fruitful line of inquiry. The flint nodules from which the
.specimens were taken for study were collected in a quarry near Austin,
Texas, land brought to Cambridge by Mr. Edward E. Cauthorne. They
vary greatly in shape and size; and, owing, perhaps, to s, mall ' areas of
calcite 'scattered through the mass, they vary somewhat in hardness. The
hardnesis is often greater than that of glass, and the flint will generally
scratch glass. In shape they are S'pherical, cylindrical, or flat; and in
size 'they vary from two inches to a foot ot more in diameter. The color
is dense ibla.ek. with white or gray spots mixed irregularly through it,
varying in size from microscopic to that of a pin-head.” P. 1.

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896,

201

307. Newberey, Spencer B.

Art. Portland Cement. Min. Resources of the IT. S., 1895.
IN'onmetallic Products except Coal.

SeYenteenth Annual Report of the IT. S. Geological Surrey,
Part III (continued).

(Portland Cement in Texas), p. 884. Washington, 1896.

From a table sihowing the ‘‘Product of Portland 'Cement in the United

States, 1894 and

1895.

State.

1894.

Number of works.

Product, Barrels.

Value not in-
cluding barrels.

Texas.

1

8,000

$24,000

1895.

n

1

10,000

$30,000

308. OSANN, A.

Report on the Rocks of Trans-Pecos Texas.

Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I,
pp. 123-138. Austin, 1893.

Contents ; [Introduction.] Igneous Pocks. Pocks from Quitman iMoun-
tains. Pocks from Sierra Blanca. Pocks of the Wiley Mountains. Pocks
from the Diablo Mountains. Pocks from the Davis Mountains. Pocks
from the Viejo Mountains. Pocks from the Eagle Mountains. Pocks of
the Van Horn Mountains. Pocks from the Chisois Mountains. Pocks
from the Carrizo Mountains.

[lA list of Pocks determined by Dr. Osann will be found in the Report
on Trans-Pecos Texas, by W. H. Streeruwitz, Fourth Ann. Pept. of the
Ceol. Survey of Texas, 1892, Pt. I, pp. 146-148. 1893.]

“The collections of the Greological Survey contain a series of rocks col-
lected in Trans-Pecos Texas by Prof, von iStreeruwitz on his travels for
exploration of the ore deposits during the last three years. It has not
been possible during my short stay in the Ceological iSurvey to work up
a detailed investigation of that miaterial, but only to give a brief pre-
liminary report, partly because the thin sections for mieroiscopieal exam-
ination of all specimens could not be gotten ready, partly because no chem-
ical tests or analyses have been made of the rocks or their constituents.
Besides, there are wanting special notes in regard to the occurrence of
these rocks in the field. Everybody familiar with the progress of Petrog-
raphy during the last years knows that besides the mieroscopical investi-
gation on the one hand, the chemical in the laboratory, and the geological

202

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Os ANN, A.

in the field, on the other, are aibsolutely necessary for the right understand-
ing of rocks. (If, notwithstanding, some unconnected and incomplete notes
on the subject are given, it is done in accordance with the order of the
director of the Greological Survey, with a view to giving an idea of the
great variety, especially of igneous rocks, in Western Texas, and for the
reason that no petrographical description of them has yet been given.

‘‘The geological material collected in Western Texas can be divided into
four groups: i, Igneous Rocks; 2, Orystalline Schists; 3, iSedimentary
Rocks ; Ore Specimens.

“Only 'the first group will be described in this report. Of crystalline
schists there are only a few specimens from ‘Mica Tanks’ in the Van Horn
Mountains. They consist of gneisses (muscovite gneiss and muscovite and
biotite-bearing gneiss ) , mica schists and amphibole gneisses in transition
to amphibolites. These rocks are not yet studied under the microscope.”
)P. 123.

309.

Melilite-Neplieliiie^Basalt and Nep'^ieline-Basaiiite, from South-
ern Texas.

Jour, of Geology, Yol. I, 'No. 4, pp. 341-346. Chicago, 1893.

“These basaltic rocks were collected by Professor Bumble and Mr. Taff
in Uvalde county. Southern Texas. On the Geological Map of the United
'States, compiled by O. H. Hitchcock, 1886, there are two of the localities
marked near the boundary of the Cretaceous and earlier Tertiary forma-
tion between 99° and 100° longitude, and on the 29th degree of latitude.
According to the statement of Professor Bumble, one part of the rocks
appears in dikes in the upper portion of the lower Cretaceous formation,
while the other forms hills and buttes. Upon microscopical examination
it is evident that the specimens collected belong to two different groups
of rocks. The mierosoope shows that those occurring in dikes consist of
typical melilite-bearing nepheline-basalt, while those making up hills and
buttes are nepheline-basanites tending toward phonolites in composition.”
P. 341.

A description of these rocks, which were subjected to a microscopic
examination, follows.

“A microscopical examination of the basaltic rock from Pilot Knob, near
Austin, Travis county, was made for the purpose of comparison with the
rocks from Southern Texas just described. The rock was found to be a
nepheline-basalt porphyritic With numerous phenocrysts of olivine. The
fine grained ground mass consists essentially of augite-crystals cemented
together by non-individualized nepheline in very small amount.” P. 346.

Noticed in Am. Naturalist, \ ol. 28, pp. 799-800, Sept., d894.

310. Owen, J.

Notes on tlie Geology of the Kio Grande Valley.

Geologieal and Scientific Bull., Yol. 1, No. 2. Houston, June,

1888.

“It does not appear to be generally knotwii that along 'the valley of the

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-ISQG.

203

Owen-, J.

iRio Griande there exists in the Cretaceous rocks extensive beds of coal.
The Geological horizon of these beds is equivalent to the Fox Hills group
of this system, and in the lower Rio Grande valley perhaps the equivalent
of the Raramie group. These coal beds extend from Laredo to near El
Raso, and into New Mexico. They are somewhat disconnected, owing,
perhaps, to seismic disturbances and subsequent erosion. They were evi-
dently continuously deposited, and rest comfortably upon the Lower
'Cretaceous rocks. These coal beds are to be found in Webb, Dimmit,
Zavala and Maverick counties, atid west and southwest of Maverick county,
in Mexico, extending westward into Pecos and Presidio counties. The
croppings of these beds can be seen in numerous localities, and in Maverick
county coal is being mined at the rate of one hundred tons per day. This
is a good commercial coal, and should not be confounded with the Tertiary
lignite beds ef the Gulf Coast region. The stratum now being worked in
Maverick county, near Eagle Pass, is hve feet thick. It is a semi-coking
coal, is easily ignited, and burns freely; the residue is a gray ash; it does
not make clinkers; is very well adapted for use in engines, and is used
upon the engines of the iSouthern Pacific railroad. Maverick county con-
tains 120 square miles of land in this coal field. * * * ”

*******

Attention is called to a ‘Mrift deposit” which ‘‘covers a large portion of
southwest Texas, in many places to a depth of twenty feet. It is com-
posed of rounded fragments from various geological periods. Boulders of
igneous rocks, some 'of them eighteen inches in diameter, are promiscuously
scattered over the tops of the highest hills. Upon the Mexican side of
the river, where the high limestone mountains presented a barrier to the
drift agencies, no igneous boulders are seen. The drift here is wholly com-
posed of fragments from these mountains. The igneous boulders from this
deposit can nowhere be found in place nearer than two hundred and fifty
miles to the northwest.”

The origin of this drift is ascribed to glacial action.

311.

[Report of.]

Reports of Geologists for Sontlierii Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Snrv. First Rept. of Progress, 1888,
pp. 69-74. Austin, 1889.

Scope of the Report. “On the 8th of November (1888), I commenced
active operations in the field, beginning my work at the mouths of Pecos
and of DeviTs rivers, and following the line of the Galveston, Harrisburg
and iSan Antonio Railroad as far as Uvalde; then I returned to Eagle Pass
and resumed work by going down the right bank of the Nueces river
as far as Encinal county; thence across the country to Laredo; thence
up the Rio Grande to San Lorenzo creek to a point northeast from Eagle
Pass, and from there to this place ( Eagle Pass ) .”

Coal southwest of Uvalde. iCoal at Eagle Pass. The Hartz Mine. Aver-
age thickness of coal seam over five feet. Agricultural resources not devel-
oped. Aridity. 'Source of water supply. The outcrop of a sand hed 200

204

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Owen, J.

feet thick. Val Verde 'County. Geology. Kinney County : Geology; Soil;
Building stone. Uvalde County: Geology; Coal; Asphaltum; Dikes and
Metamoriphic Effects; Igneous Hocks ten miles west of Uvalde; Syneline
:at Uvalde; Water. Zavala County; Two-thirds within the bounds of the
coal field; Aiitesian Water. Webb County: Western half within the
Nueces Coal Field; Coal seam 18-33 inches thick with a 2-meh parting;
Character of the Coal; Worked at San Tomas. Dimmit County: Carrizo
Sandstone; Water; Western Boundary of the Nueces Coal Field; Diversity
of Soils. 'Maverick County: Middle and Upper Cretaceous; Soils; Coal
fiye miles northwest of Eagle Pass. Length, of Exposure. Brick Material
at Eagle Pass.

312. Parker, Edward Wheeler.

Art. Coal. Min. Eesonrees of the U. S., 188P-1890.

(Coal in Texas), p. 271. Washington, 1892.

Coal product for 1889, 128,216 short tons; value, $340,617. Coal pro-
duct for 1890, 184,440 short tons; value, $465,900. Nine counties produced
coal, but only four commercially, viz. : Erath, Maverick, Medina and
Webb. Gradual increase in production. Table showing Coal Product in
Texas for 1889 and 1890.

313.

Art. Coal. Min. Eesonrees of the IT. S., 1891.

(Coal in Texas), p. 325. Washington, 1893.

Coal product for 1891, 172,100 short tons; value, $412,360. Loss in out-
put for the year estimated at 12,340 short tons. Table of Coal Product in
Texas for 1889, 1890, and 1891.

314.

Art. Gypsnm. Min. Eesonrees of the IT. S., 1891.

( Grypsnm in Texas ) , p . 5 8 2 . W ashing ton, 1893.

The Lone Star Plaster lOompany of Qiianah, Texas. Capital, $100,000,
Operations begun April, 1892. Mill capacity 75 tons per day. Promoters
of the enterprise are interested in the “Acme Cement Plaster Company.”
The product is known as ‘‘Climax” plaster.

315.

Coal. Min. Eesonrees of the IT. S., 1894.

Nonmetallic Prodnets.

16th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geol. Snrvey, Part lY.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 193-194. Washington, 1895.

The total product in 1894 was 420,848 short tons; spot value, $976,458.

Reference to 'the reports ef E. T, Dumble and Prof. R. T. Hill. See
titles Nos. 86, 88^

“Reliable statistics of coal production in Texas have 'only been obtained
since 1889, when the Eleventh United iStates Census, after a careful canvass

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887 -1896.

205

Parker^ Edward Wheeler.

of the State, reported an output of 128,216 short tons, valued at $340,620.
The output from 1883 to 1888, inclusive, has been estimated at from
75,000 to 135,000 short tons annually, and iwhile these figures were esti-
mates merely, the fact that the product in those years was from the same
mines as the output in 1889, and that the estimated product , was quite
close to that reported hy the Census Office, indicates that the estimates were
not very far from th^ actual output.

“With the exception of a slight decrease in 1891 from the output in 1890,
the produot of coal in Texas has shown a steady increase since 1889. While
the output in 1891 was less than that of 1890, it exceeded that of 1889 by
mor-e than 40,000 tons. The product in 1892, was 73,590 short tons, or
nearly 43 per cent, larger than- that of 1891. In 1893 the product increased
, 56,516 short tons, or 23 per cent, over 1892, and in 1894 the increase was

118,642 short tons, or more than 39 per cent. The product in 1894 was
more than three times that of 1889, while the value was within $25,000
of reaching $1,000,000. With the bringing in of the Presidio county, or
ISan Carlos, fields iii 1895, and the development of industrial enterprises
in the -State, the produetion of coal is likely to continue to dncrease.’’

Table showing “Coal Produot of Texas since 1889” (that is, from 1889-
1894, inclusive.)

316.

Art. As-phaltnin. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1894.
'htoumetallie Products.

16th Ann. Kept., IT. S.’ Geological Survey, Part IV.
(Asphaltum in Texas), p. 433. Washington, 1895.

“The commercial product in Texas in 1894 was from the lithocarbon prop-
erties in Uvalde county * * * .”

317.

Art. Salt. Min. Resources of the V. S., 1894.

ISTonmetalli'C Products. '

16th Ann. Rept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV.

(iSalt Product of Texas), p. 655. Washington, 1895,

“Texas produced 142,857 barrels [of salt] in 1894, valued at $101,000,
compared with 126,000 barrels, worth $110,267, in 1893.”

318.

Art. 'Coal. Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1895.

Metallic Products and Coal.

17th Ann. Rept., IJ. S. Geological Survey, Part III.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 521-522. Washington, 1896.

“The total product in 1895, 484,959 short tons; total value, $913,138.

“The principal features of the coal mining industry in Texas during
1895 were an increase in output of about 15 per cent, over that of 1894,
a deorease in value of 7 per cent, compared with the previous year, and

206

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Parker, Edward Wheeler.

the miarked developmen'ts of tlie lignite beds in tbe vicinity of Rockdale,
Milam county. Milam county i'S credited with an output very lititle ishort
of 100,000 tons, and this had much to do with the falling off in the total
value. *

w * * » * -Sf •»

“'Considerable attention was given in 1895 to the extensive lignite beds
in the vicinity of Calvert, Robertson county, and work of a development
nature was carried on by the Calvert Coal and Clay* Company, with prom-
ises of this also becoming an important producing region. * * * The

physical properties of the lignites will not permit transportation to a great
distance, nor will they .stand much increased cost in the way of freight.
Lignite coal is also mined in Medina county, the product from which, added
to that of Robertson and Milam counties, made the total output of lignite
in 1895 124,343 short tons.

“The bitumindhs mines of Erath, Parker, Maverick and Webb counties
contributed their usual quota to the product of 189b. Mines have also been
opened in Coleman, Montague, and Palo Pinto counties, and from the
last mentioned an output of 12,500 tons was obtained in the four months
the mines were operated.’’

Tables are given showing the “Coal product of Texas since 1889,” and
the “Coal product of Texas in 1895, by counties.”

319.

Art. Asiplialtum. Min. Eesources of the TJ. S., 1895.
htonmeta'llic Prodncts except Coal.

17th Ann. Kept., II. 'S. Greological Snrvey, Part III (con-
tinned) .

(Asphaltnm in Texas), p. 754. Washington, 1896>

“Asphaltum in one form or another occurs in iseveral localities in Texas.
Those which have been developed are in Uvalde county, about six miles
south of Cline iStation, on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The asphaltum
occurs here, impregnating a bed of fossiliferous limestone. The deposit is
large and easily mined, as very little overburden has to be removed before
the material can be stripped off the surface. Extensive works have been
erected for treating the asphalt, which is prepared and sold in two con-
ditions, as mastic and gum. ^ * ,The city of Houston, Texas, has

paved a number of streets with asphalt sheets made from the Cline mastic.

“The more valuable condition in which the material is sold is that of
refined or gum asphaltum. The owners have given this the name of ‘litho-
carbon.’ * * Pour hundred and fifty tons of litho-carbon were ship-
ped in 4895. '' *

“There are also extensive beds of bituminous sandstone in the same
county, near the town of Uvalde, but they have not been thoroughly pros-
pected, and the interested parties are at present unwilling to make public
their plans. iDeposits have also been prospected somewhat in Montague
county, but no output of commercial importance had been obtained at the
close of 1895.”

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-ISGC.

207

320. Parker, Edward Wheeler.

Art. Sulp'hnr .and Pyrites. Min. Resionrces of the TJ. S., 1895.
ISTonmetallic Products except Coal.

17th Ann. Eept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con-
tinued) .

The Texas Sulphur Deposits, pp. 966-967. Washing-
ton, 1896.

An absitraet of 'and quotation from Lhe eo'ntribution of Dr. Eugene A.
iSmitb .on “Native .Sulphur in [El Paso ooumty] Texas,” published in
Science, May d, 1896. 'See Title No. 357*

321.

Art. Gypsum. Min. Resources of the D. S., 1895.
htdnmetallic Products, except Coal.

17th Ann. Rept., TJ. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con-
tinued) .

(Product of Gypsum in Texas), pp. 979, 980, 981. Wash-
ington, 1896.

lErom a table showing “Product of gypsum in the United States in
1895, by IStates:

STATE.

Total product.

Calcined into Plaster of Paris.

Before calcining.

After calcining.

Value of
calcined plaster.

Texas.

Short tons.

10,750

Short tons.

10,750

Short tons.

7,166

$36,511

Erom a table .showing “Product of gypsum in the United States in
1894, by States :

STATE.

Total product.

Calcined into Plaster of Paris.

Before calcining.

After calcining.

Value of
calcined plaster.

Texas.

Short tons.

6,925

Short tons.

6,925

Short tons.

4,750

$27,300

322.

Art. Salt. Min. Resources of the TJ. S., 1895.

ISronmetallic Products, except Coal.

17th Ann. Rept., TJ. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con-
tinued) .

208

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Parker^ Edward Wheeler.

(Salt Production in Texas), pp. 985, 986, 987, 990, 991.

Washington, 1896.

From tables on the pages above indicated, the following statistics have
been compiled:

In 1892, Texas produced 121,250 barrels of salt, valued at $ 99,500.

In 1893, Texas produced 126,000 barrels of salt, valued at 110,267.

In 1894, Texas produced 142,857 barrels of salt, valued at 101,000.

In 189'5, Texas produced 12i5,000 barrels of salt, valued at 55,000. .

In 1894, Texas produced 4,379 barrels of table, and 138,478 barrels of
common fine salt; in 1895, 125,000 barrels of common fine salt.

323. Peale, a. C.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources of the TJ. S., 1887.
(Mineral Springs in Texasi), p. 686. Washington, 1888.

List of seven springs from which reports had been received, viz. ;

Crabtree’s Sour Wells, Sulphur 'Springs, Hopkins county; Dalby Springs,
Halby Springs, Bowie county; Hynson’s Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall,
Harrison county; Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto county; Sour
Lake, Sour Lake, Hardin county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell
county; Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells, Bobertson county.

324.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources of the IT. S., 1888.
(Mineral Springs in Texas) ^ pp. 628-629. Washington, 1890.

List of five springs from which reports had been received :

■Crabtree’s iSour Wells, Sour Springs, Hopkins county; Hynson’s Iron
Mountain Spring, Marshall; Palo Pinto Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells;
Texas iSour Springs, Luling; Wootan Wells, Robertson county.

325.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Eesources; of the U. S., 1889-1890.

(Mineral Springs an Texas), pp. 532-533. Washington,
1892.

Name and location of fourteen .springs reporting in 1889, and of thirteen
reporting in 1890:

iCapp’s Well, Longview, Grregg county; Dalby Springs, Texarkana, Bowie
county; Elkhart Mineral Well, near Elkhart, Anderson county; Hynson’s
Iro]i Mountain Springs, .Marshall, Harrison county; Mineral Wells Springs,
Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto county; Montvale Springs, Marshall, Harrison
county; Overall Mineral Well, Franklin, ■Robertson county; Page’s Well,
'Greorgetown, Williamson county; Richards’ Wells, .Rockdale, Milam county;
Rosborough Springs, Marshall, Harrison county; Slack’s Well, Fayette
county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling, Caldwell county; Tioga Mineral
Well, Tioga, Crayson county; Wootan Wells, Robertson county.

In 1890 thirteen isprings reported sales: iCapp’s Well, Longview; Dalby
Springs, Bowie county; Elkhart Mineral Well; Hynson’s Iron Mountain

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

209

Peale, a. C.

Spring; iMineral Well Springs; Montvale iSprings, Mar&hall; Overall Min-
eral Well, Franklin; Ricliards’ Wells, .Rockdale; Rosborough Springs, Mar-
s'hall; Slack’s Well, Fayette county; Texas Sour Springs, Luling; Tioga
Mineral Well, Tioga; Wooitan Wells,

326.

Art. 'Mineral Waters. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1891.

(Mineral Springs in Texas), p. 608. Washington, 1893.

iName and location of ten spriings, all of whieli have been included in
preceding list.

327.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1892.

(Mineral Springs in Texas), p. 831. Washington, 1893.

Springs reporting for 1892: Capp’s Well, Longview; Dalby Springs,
Dalby Springs; Elkbart Mineral Wells, Elkhart; 'Hyn&on’s Iron Mountain
iSpring, Marshal] ; Montvale Springs, Marshall ; Mineral Wells, Mineral
Wells; Overall Mineral Well, Franklin; Page’s Well, Georgetown; Slack’s
Well, Walder Depot; Texas Sour Springs, Luling; Tioga Mineral Wells,
Grayson county; Wootan Wells, Wootan Wells.

328. — ^

Art. Mineral Waiers. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1893.

(Mineral Springs in Texas), pp. 781-782. Washington, 1894.

“One new spring appears on the list credited to the State. Thirteen
report sales in 1893. They are: Oapp’s Well, Longview, Gregg county;
Dalby Springs, Dalby Springs, Bowie county; Elkhart Mineral Wells, Elk-
hart, Anderson county; Georgetown Mineral Water, Georgetown, William-
son county; Hynsoh’s Iron Mountain Spring, Marshall, Harrison county;
Mineral Wells, Mineral Wells, Palo Pinto county; Montvale Springs, Mar-
shall, Harrison county; lOverall Mineral Wells, Franklin, Robertson county;
Rockdale Mineral Wells, Rockdale, Milam county ; Slack’s Wells, Waelder,
Gonzales county (the spring is in Fayette county) ; Texas Sour Springs,
Luling, Caldwell county; Tioga Mineral Wells, Grayson county; Wootan
Wells, Wootan Wells, Robertson county.”

329.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1894.

Nonmetallic Products.

16t'h Ann. Rept., U. S. Geological Survey, Part IV.

(List of Coimmercial Springs in Texas), p. 718. Wash-
ton, 1895.

“There is no change from 1893 in the list of springs from Texas. Of
the thirteen credited to the State twelve report.”

210

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

330. Peale, a. C.

Art. Mineral Waters. Min. Kesonrces of the U. S., 1895.
N'onmetallic Products^ except Coal.

17th Ann. Kept.^ TJ. S. Geological Survey, Part III (con-
tinned) .

(Mineral Springs in Texas), p. 1038. Washington, 1896.

‘The list for Texas shows no change in 1895, remaining at thirteen.”

331. Penrose, R. A. F., Jr.

N'otes on certain Building Stones of East Texas.

Geol. and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11. Houston, March,

1899.

Science, Yoi. XITI, p. 295. x4pril 19, 1899.

Sandstones are the most important. Limestones are less widely dis-
tributed. The Penitentiary at Rusk “is built of a yellow sandstone com-
posed of grains of siliceous sand and altered greensand. It is of a yellow
color, easily cut, and occurs near the penitentiary in a bed about twelve
feet thick.” Claiborne age. Used for building ohimneys, foun'dations, etc.
“It is also found of a green color and compact clayey consistency.” A
white durable sandstone is found near Alto, Cherokee county. It is a
capping of the Claiborne marls. A variety five miles west of Jacksonville
is said to make good millstones. Brown ■sandstones are found in many
places in East Texas. They are indurated Quaternary and Eocene sands.
A good limestone occurs at iSeott’s quarry in Smith county.

332.

Report of the Geologist for Eastern Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. First Rept. of Prog., 1888, pp.

54-60. Austin, 1899.

Contents: The Iron Ores of Eastern Texas. 1. Lake or Bog Ores.
2. Impregnations. 3. lOonglomerate Ore. 4. Clay Ironstone. Marion
and Cass Counties. Smith and Cherokee Cormties. Lignites of Eastern
Texas.

“The determination of the exact geological position of the iron-bearing
beds of Eastern Texas, and especially of those north of the Sabine river, is
a matter of some difficulty, as many of the associated strata are not fossil-
iferous. Enough data have not yet been collected to make any definite
statements as to their exact geological horizon except in a few isolated
cases. It is probable, however, thdt they occur in 'several different hori-
zons between the lignitic clays of the Eocene and the Quaternary deposits
which cap this horizon in the iron-bearing regions that have been visited.”
P. 54.

333. and Hill, Robert T.

See Hill, Robert T., and Penrose, R. A. F., Jr.

Relation of the Uppermost Gretaceous Beds of the Eastern and

Southern United States, and the Tertiary-Cretaceous Parting of

Arkansas and Texas.

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-lS^e.

211

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XXXA^'III, pp. 468-473.
Dec., 1889.

334.

A Prejiminar}!^ Report on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary of
Texas from Red River to the Rio Grande.

First Ann. Rept. of the Geof. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 3-101.
Austin, 1890.

Contents: Introduction. iDeseriptive Geology — (Geography and Topo-
graphy. ISitrat'igraphy. Basal or Wills Point clays. The Timber belt
or Sabine Piver beds. The Fayette beds. Post Tertiary deposits. Eco-
nomic Geology — Iron Ores otf East Texas. 'Benches. Building stones.
Clays. Glass isands. Lime. Marls. Lignites ; ;San Tomas coal mine ; Uses
of lignite; Analyses of lignite. Mineral springs. Oils. Salt.

“The name East Texas is generally applied to that part of the State lying
east of the Brazos river. This area is bounded on the north by Indian
Territory and Arkansas, on the east by Louisiana, on the south by the
Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by the great prairie region of Central
Texas. A large part of this area is a heavily timbered region, and marks
the southwestern terminus of the great Atlantic timber belt, extending
from the Arctic regions continuously along the coast of the Atlantic ocean
and Gulf of Mexico, until it finally disappears in the mesquite and cactus
prairies between the Colorado river and the Rio Grande.

“The country consists largely of the iii-shore part of the bottom of the
old Tertiary Sea, which once covered the whole 'Gulf coast. This area has
been elevated into a- table-land one hundred to seven hundred feet above
the present sea level, sloping gradually to the southeast, and emptying its
waters in the same direction into the Gulf of Alexico. iSince its elevation
it has undergone great erosion, and is still being denuded at a tremendous
rate. The strata are all composed of sands and clays, and succumb very
'• readily to the erioding action of the atmospheric agencies. The result is,
that iall that is left of the once level surface of this table land are a few
flat-topped hills and ridges, such as are seen in the northeastern counties.
East -Texas, as thus defined, comprises a coast prairie region on the south,
a great timber region in the center, and an interior prairie country in the
north and northwest. The coast prairies reach inland along the Sabine
about fifty miles, but .as we go west they spread farther and farther towards
the .interior until, when we come to the Brazos, they reach up the river
for over a hundred miles. Near the Gulf shore they are flat and low,
rising twenty to thirty feet above • tide water, thickly covered with grass
and cut by steep-sided channels of many rivers and creeks. The monotony
of the scenery is broken only by the narrow strips of timber which follow
the meandering courses of the streams down towards the Gulf of Mexico.
As we go inland the country slowly rises, and though the prairies in their
easterly part maintain their flat character, to the west they become more
undulating and broken, and groves of mesquite, hackberry, cottonwood,
and other trees are seen in many places. Finally, we come to the beauti-

212

Transactions Texas A(^ademy of Science.

Penrose, E. A. F., Jr.

fill rolling country of Washington and Grimes counties, the southern
border of the timber region. Continujing west aoross the Brazos, the prai-
ries rapidly encroach more and more on the timber of the interior, until
they out it out altogether, and finally blend, beyond the Colorado, with
the great prairies of Southwest Texas.

*■!(■*** * *

“The highest points in the timber region, like Mount iSelman and Gent
Mountain, in Clierokee county, Hynson’s Mountain, in Harrison county, and
many others, have their summits capped by a honizontal, or almost hori-
zontal, bed of iron ore or sandstone, and to this covering they owe their
existence, it having protected them from the erosion which has worn down
the surrounding country. It has also given rise to a striking topography
very much like that of the western lava plains on a small scale. The hills,
locally called hnountains,’ sometimes occur as small, flat-topped hills —
the ‘butte’ and ‘mesa’ of the west — and at others spread out in broad pla-
teaus, sometimes covering an area of twenty or thirty square miles, deeply
cut by the steep sided canyons, and often showing an almost perpendicular
slope. 'Such regions afford a beautiful upland country, with a soil far
different from the surrounding lowlands, and a climate excellently adapted
to the cultivation of fruit. Jn fact, such lands are now among the greatest
fruit districts of Texas, and bid fair to become a worthy competitor of the
California fruit country.” Pp. 7-8.

“For the sake of convenience in description, the Tertiary strata under-
lying 'East Texas have been divided as follows:

SECTION OF THE GUT.F TERTIAllY OF TEXAS.

.Later Tertiary?

(Grand Gulf , Elilgard):

Fayette Beds.

Sands, Clays and
Lignites.

;i00 to 400 teet.

Timber Belt or
Sabine River Beds.

Sands, Clays, Lig-
nites and Glaucon-
ites. or Greensand
Marls.

800 to 1000 feet.

Eocene:

Basal or Wills
Point, Clays.

ino to :100 feet.

The iron ores of East Texas are classed as: 1, Brown Laminated Ores;
2, Nodular or Geode Ores; 3, Conglomerate Ores. Special attention is
directed to the origin of these ores. See pp. 72, 76 and 79. On pp. 83-84,
forty-one analyses of iron ores from East Texas, by Messrs. J. H. Herndon
and L. E. Magnenat, are given.

335.

The Manganese Deposits of Texas.

Chapter XVI of the Annual Report of the Geological Survey
of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, pp. 432-447. Little Rock, 1891.

Contents: Location of the Deposits. The Geologic Relations of

the Manganese Deposits. The Manganese Ores — mineralogical forms
of the ores; Oxides of Manganese; Silicates of Manganese — ^Analy-
sis of spessartite from Llano county, Texas; Analyses of andradite
from Mason county, Texas; Analysis of polyadelphite from Franklin, New

Record of Geology of Texas, 188 7-1896.

213

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr.

Jersey; Analysis of tephvoite from Mason county, Texas. [Relation of the
oxides and silicates of manganese. iPloat ore. Commercial value of the
ores — Analyses of manganese ores from Central Texas ; Analyses of manga-
nese ores from the Spiller msine, Texas. Mode of Occurrence of the Man-
ganese ores. iDescri'ption of Localities — The Spiller Mine; the Kothmann
tract; Analysis of manganese ore from the Kothmann tract, Texas; Horse
Alountain; Analysis of manganese ore from Horse Mountain, Texas.

‘‘The manganese ores of Texas occur in the central part of the State,
mostly in Mason, Llano, and San Saba counties. The different deposits
are from forty to sixty -miles from railway transportation, and no ore has
yet been shipped from any of them. Several places, however, have been
prospected, especially the Spiller mine and the Kothmann tract in Mason
county, and, to a lesser degree. Horse Mountain, in Llano county.

“The ores are associated with quartzites and gneisses, tho-ugh micaceous
and garnetiferous schists are frequently found in the neighborhood. The
rocks are much disiturbed and dip at various angles, sometimes standing
vertically. They are supposed to be of pa-e-Cambrian age.

“The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks border this region on all sides, and
areas of them frequently protrude far into, or cap hills of the crystalline
rocks.

“Mineralogical forms of the ores. — The manganese minerals of the Cen-
tral Texas region occur in the forms of oxides and silicates. The latter,
so far as yet determined, generally represent manganiferous varieties of
garnet,' though the protoxide silicate of manganese known as tephroite has
also been found.

“The oxides of i}ianganese. — The oxides of manganese occur in either
a massi\^ form or as a granular crystalline aggregate, the two being more
or less intimately associated. The massive variety has a black color, a
isjnooth coiichoidal fracture, and a hardness of 6 to 7. The orysballine
variety is black, and often very soft, in which condition it represents pyro-
lusite. The oxides aa-e generally associated with more or less silica, which
sometimes amounts to from 15 to 25 per cent, and makes the true mineral-
ogical nature of the ores doubtful. 'Dr. T. B. Comstock notes the existence
of psilomelane, pyrolusite, and wad in the Central Texas region.” Pp.
432-433.

336.

The Iron Deposits of Arkansas.^

Ann. Kept, ol the Geol. Snrv. of Arkansas for 1892, Vol. I.
Little Rock, 1892.

Texas, Analyses of Iron Ores, p. 15; Classification of Iron Oi'es in Ter-
tiary Strata, p. 106; Greologic Relations of the Iron Ores in Tertiary
Strata, pp. 105-106; Origin of Tertiary Ores, pp. 134-138.

“The laminated ores are especially well developed in Cherokee county in
Eastern Texas. They appear to have been derived largely from iron pyrites,
assisted possibly in some cases by carbonate of iron, and glauconite. As
talready stated, the ore directly overlies a large glauconite bed, and in this,
and immediately above it, iron pyrites is of common occurrence. In some

214

Teansactions Texas Academy of Science.

Penkose, E. a. F., t^lE,

few places, where natural conditions have protected the bed from atmos-
pheric influences, it is found that the pyrite is especially abundant at the
top of the glauconite bed and immediately below the overlying clayey sand.
Here it occupies the same position as the laminated ore elsewhere, and
is frequently associated with .sands and clays which often cont^n lignite.”
P. 135.

337.

The Tertiary Iron Ores of Arkansas and Texas.

Bulletin Greol. Soe. Amer., Yol. Ill, pp. 44-50. 1892.

Contents: 'Distribution of the Ores. Nature of the Ores: Nodular
Ores; Laminated Ores. Origin of the Ores. Conclusions.

The general conclusions reached by the author are:

“1. That the iron ores of Texas and Arkansas occur mostly in two
positions in the Eocene series of the Tertiary,

“2. That the ores were originally deposited in the form of oxide, oar-
boiiate and sulphide contemporaneously with the associated strata, and
that they were subsequently segregated mostly as carbonate and sul-
phide.

“3. That the ores as now found are the products of the oxidation of the
carbonate and sulphide, the nodular ores being derived from the carbonate
and the laminated ores from the sulphide of iron.”

337a.

Art. Manganese.

The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade,

1892. Vol. I.

(Manganese in Texas), p. 335. N. Y., 1893.

A brief notice of the deposits in the pre-Cambrian rocks of Alason, Llano
and I'San 'Saba counties.

338. Pond, Edward J.

A Cretaceous Eiyer Bed.

Science, Vol. 9, pp. 536-537. 1887.

An attempt is here made to explain the springs at San Marcos, Hays
county, Texpas, “where the San Marcos river rises full grown from the
earth, with a steadiness of flow in marked contrast with the majority of
Texas rivers.” The theory advanced, viz. : that the water supply is fur-
nished by the Blanco river through the medium of an ancient Cretaceous
river bed, is based upon an opinion ascribed to Professor R. T. Hill (Amer.
Jour, of Science, III, Vol, 33, p. 29)., that there exists between the earlier
Oretaceous strata of Texas and the superimposed rocks a plane of ‘non-
conformity by erosion’ indicating a period of emergence between the two
periods of the Cretaceous rock formation.

Record OF Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

215

339. Ragsdale, G. H.

Evidence of Drift 'at Gainesville.*

Geol. and Scientific Bull., Yol. 1, Ko. 7. Housfon, ISTov., 1888.

“'Statements in regard to relations and distribution of gravels of the
region.” iFrom Darton’s Fecord of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S.
Geol. 'Surv., No. 75, p. 13G.

340. Rauff, Hermann.

IJeber Porocystis pruniformis, Cragin, (=? Araucarites wardi,
Hill) aus der unteren Kreide in Texas.

ISTeues Jahrbucli fiir Min., Geolr, u. Pal., 1895, Bd. I, pp. 1-15.
1895.

“Diese merkwiirdigen Korper hat Robert T. Hill zuerst 1889 erwahiiR
(b4 Preliminaiy annotated check list of the Cretaceous Invertebrate Fossils
of Texas, accompanied by a sbort description of the Lithology and Stra-
tigraphy of the System. Geol. Survey of Texas ['Austin], Bull. No. 4,
pp. XIV, XVIII [durch einen Druckfehler steht hier Oadolina anstatt
Gondolina}) und zvvar als Goniolina. Er hat danii 1890 wieder die Auf-
merksamkeit darauf gelenkt,^ (\4mer. Jour, of Science and Arts., 3 ser.
Bd. 40, pp. 64-65) hat sie 1891 als Goniolina oder Parkeria aufgefuhrt^
(^The Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. Bull. Geol. Soc. of
America. Bd. 2, p. 508. Rochester.) und endlich 1893 als Zapfenfruchte
einer Conifere beschreiben, die wahrscheinlich eina Art von Araucarites
wilre.^ ('‘Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of Texas: The inver-
tebrate Palentology of the Trinity Division. Proceed, of the Biolog. Soc.
of WaS'hington. Bd. 8, pp. 39-40. Taf. I, Fig. la-d. Die Kurze Besehrei-
bung lauted: Spherical cone-like bodies, varying in size from three-quar-
ters to one and one-half inches in diameter; slightly elongate, oblate or
depressed at upper end, with well defined circular scar showing attachment
to receptacle; surface co-nsists of minuite imbricate scales elongate, ovate or
isub-diamond shaped, elongated toward upper end, and crowded around
receptacular ,scar; seed minute.) Er nennit sie nun Araucarites f Wardi.
Fast gleichzeitig sind sie von F. W. CragiiT (‘A contribution to the inver-
tebrate paleontology of the Texas Cretaceous. Fourth Ann. Report of the
■Geol. Survey of Texas, 1893, pp. 165-166. Taf. 24, Fig. 2-6) der sie zu den
Bryoz'oen stellt, porocystis pruniforrnis benannt worden.”

Beschreibung. 'Systematische -Stellung.

“Alter und Vorkommen. — 'Naeh Hill sehr haiifig in alien Horizonten der
Glen Rose-Schichten ( Trinity-iStufe) , von Glen Rose siid warts bis zum Col-
orado. In Travis, Burnet, 'Williamson, Lampasas und anderen counties.
Das 'Gestein ist ein kreidiger, in wenig tiefem Wiisser abgelagerter Kalk‘
(‘In den beiden zur Untersuchung der Radiale hergestellten Dunn-schliffen
sind nicht wenige Foraniiniferen vorhauden; sie waren aber nicht sicher
zu bestimmen). Das Fossil geht aber auch noch etwas hoher hinauf,
namlich bis in die unteren Horizonte der Comanche Peak-Gruppe (Fred-
■ericksburg-'Stufe) . Aus diesen fiihrt sie auch Taff von Hickory Cow Creek,
Travis County an. Das Altei- der Glen Rose Beds is wahrscheinlich
tiefstes Neocom. Ueber die Stratigraphie vergleiche:

216

Tkansactions Texas Academy of Science.

Rauff, Hermann.

Hill, R. T. The Oomaiielie Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. Bii. ..
iGeol. Soc. of America, Bd. 2, pp. 503-528. Rochesiter, 1891. Ref. in dies.
Jahrb., 1893, H, S. 163 — Paleontology of the Trinity Division. Proceed.
Biol. Soc. of Washington, Bd. 8, 1893, p. 1 ff. — Ref. in dies. Jahrh., 1894,
I, p. 370.

Taff, J. A., Reports on the 'Cretaceous Area North of (Die Colorado River.
Third Ann|. Rep. Oeol. Survey of Texas, 1891. Austin, 1892. — Ref. in dies.
Jahrb., 1894, I, p. 150.”

341. E. a.

Notes on the Geology of Gaines County.*

Geol. and Scientific Bull., Vol. I. Houston, 1899.

“Reference to occurrence of sandstone, clay, and chalk of economic value.”
From Darton's Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc.. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv.,
No. 75, p. 137.

342. Eoemer, Ferdinand.

Ueber eine Durch die Hgeufigkeit Hippuriten-Artiger Chamiden
Ausgezeichnete Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide Ton Texas.

Paleontologische Abhandlungen Herausgegeben von W. Dames

und E. Kayser, Vierter Band. s. 281-296, Taf. 31-33. Berlin,

1888.

“The fossils described by Prof. Roemer in this article and referred to
the Upper Turonian are from the upper part of the Comanche Series of
Texas.” From C. A. White, Bull. U. S. Geol. 'Surv., No. 82, p. 51.

342a.

Graptocarcenus Texanus, ein Brachyure aus der oberen Kreide
von Texas.

Neues Jahrbuch fiir Min., Geol., und Pal., 1887, Bd. I, pp.

173-176. Stuttgart, 1887.

“In mehreren grossen Sendungen texanischer Kreideversteinerungen,
welche mir in den letzten Jahren durch Herrn Georg iStolley zugegangen
sind, befanden sich auch die Exeinplare des nachstehend zu geschreibenden
Fossils. Die geringe Zahl der bisher aus den K-i^idebildungen bekaniiten
Kurzschwanzigen Kvebse begriindet ein gewisses Interesse ftir dieses neue
Art.”

Description of the specimen. Discussion of its generic position.

“Der Funidort laller voirliiegenden Exemiplare ist der Shoal creek bei Aus-
tin, der Haupisitiadt des S/taateis Texas. Das gestein, in welchem sie vor-
konimen, ist ein fast horizonital abgelagerter, weisser, mergeliger, Kalstein,
welcher durch zahlreiche andere Fossilien als der obersten Abtheilung des
Turon angehorig bestimmt wird und deni weissen Kalkstein am Guadalupe-
Flusse bei Neu \Braunfels, dessen fossile Fauna ich in meiner Schrift iiber
die Kreidebildungen von Texas besehreiben babe, iiu Alter wesentlich
gleichsteht.”

Record of Geology of Texas, ISBY-lSOe.

217

343. Roemeh, FerdijStaistd.

Macraster, eine neue Spatangoiden-Gattung aus der Kreide von
Texas.

iF’eues' Jahrbiicli flir Min., Geol., und PaJ., 1888, Bd. 1, pp.

191-195. Taf. VI.

The specimens upon which this genus is based were collected by Mr.
George Stolle3^

Discussion.

“Der Gattungscharakter der neuen Gattung worde in folgender Weise
festzrustellen sein.

“Macraster nov. gen.

“Die Schale gross, gewdlbt, im Umriss hertzformig. Der Mund auf der
flachen Unterseite nahe dem Vorderrande gelegen, quer oval, ohne voTste-
hende Unterlippe; der After supramarginal, auf einer hinteren Abstum-
pfungsfiache der Schale. Das 'Scheitelsehild kompakt, mit vier Genital-
Poren, die Ambulacren petaloid, unten otfen, in Furchen gelegen. Die
hinteren uAmbulacral-Furchen so lang wie die vorderen. Die Poren der
Ambulacren in schmalen quer verlaufenden iSpalten oder Schlitzen. Die
Oberflaehe der Schale mit zerstreut stehenden Kleinen Warzen bedeckt.
Keine Fasciolen.

“Die einzige bekanntte Art: M. Texanus .aus oberturonem Kreidemergel
von Georgetown, in Texas.”

See R. T. Hill “On the OccuiTence of Marcaster T exanus,” No. 207.

344. Roesler, F. E.

Report of F. E. Roesler, Division and Field Agent for Texas.
Submitted with the Report of Richard J. Hinton, Special Agent in
Charge of the Preliminary Investigation to determine the proper
Location of Artesian Wells within the Area of the Hinety-seventh
Meridian and East of the Foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains.)

51st Congress, 1st Session, Senate Ex. Doc., Ho. 222, pp. 243-

319. Washington, 1890.

Artesian Flowin,g Wells. “West of the ninety-seventh meridian there
are, in all, between 650 and 700 flowing wells, ranging in flow from one
gallon to 1,000 gallons per minute, and in depth from fifteen feet to 1,852
feet, and in cost from $25 to $7,200. The greatest number of flowing wells
are situate in the counties of Bosque, Somervell, Tarrant, and Hood, and
in these the average depth is from 200 to 500 feet, a few exceeding this
depth. The average flow is between 10 and 20 gallons per minute, a limited
number reaching 60 to 100 gallons, and a few exceeding this; some reaching
a flow of 300 gallons per minute. The largest wells in the State are those
at Waco, five of which jointly flow about 5,000,000 gallons per diem. All
of the flowing wells except thirty-one are situate east of the one-hundredth
meridian, and as a factor in irrigation at present count for little or noth-
ing. Good, palatable water is found at eomparatively shallow depth only
east of the ninety-ninth meridian, and north of a line drawn, say, from
the southwest corner of Bandera county to Aransas Pass. South of this

218

Tkansactiot^s Texas Academy of Science.

Toeslee, F. E.

line and west of the ninety-ninth meridian as far as .the one-hundredth
meridian, all the flowing water obtained from well is impregnated with
salt, coal oil, gas, and various compounds of soda, sulphur, gypsum, and
is generally unfit fo<r irrigation or any other purpose. The wells east of
the ninety-ninth meridian ar£! in material that a non-geologist would locate
as underlying the coal measures, while the mineral wells are in the coal
measures and partake of all the evil smells and flavors that these strata
afford. As a rule good water (flowing wells) can be obtained anywhere
east and north of the coal measures at a depth not exceeding 1,000 feet. A
flow of 10 to 100 gallons per minute can be obtained at from 200 to 500
feet, with an increase of flow as the depth is increased. 'South of the line
fTom Bandera county to Aransas Pass, and -west of the ninety- ninth meri-
dian, flowing water is found at a depth of 500 to 1,600 feet, but bad water
is encountered at 50 to 100 feet, and does nob appear to improve at greater
depth, though the well-borers and others claim to a man that there is
good water in the last deposit of water that was struck in nearly every
well that I examined. I confidently believe that there is much truth in
the assertion, knowing that until within the past two or three years there
was not an apparatus in the 'State that was adapted to deep borings, and
the most of the men were new in the well-boring business, and a majority
of failures were due to inexperience and the improper tools used.

“West of the one-hundredth meridian as far as the Pecos river, in what
might be called the 'Semi-arid region,’ there are a few flowing wells, none
of which are over 150 feet deep, and all of which were found accidentally.
There ave three in Hockley county, one in Dallam county, one in Lubbock,
and one in Midland county. The flow from any of them is insignificant,
except that in Midland county, and this well is more of a spring or under-
ground stream than a well, presenting a feature not common to the rest
of the county.

“In the arid region west of the Pecos river, in Reeves county, there are
twenty-six flowing wells. Twenty-four wells are at Pecos City, varying
in depth from 185 feet to 300 feet, and in flow from 20 gallons to 300
gallons per minute. Twenty-two miles west of there, at Toyah Station,
are two flowing wells, one of which is 832 feet deep. The flow from this
well is 300 gallons per minute. The water contains sulphur, but judging
from the appearance of a five-acre garden irrigated from it, the water is
beneficial rather than otherwise to plant life.” Pp. 243-244.

Irrigating Capacity of Flowing Artesian Wells. Remarks. Profit of
Artesian Well Investments. Recommendations.

Part II. The Texas Division. That part of the State lying west of the
ninety-seventh meridian. tSubhumid Region, /Dist. No. 1. That part of the
iState lying between meridiians 97 and 100. Altitude of numerous places.
■Section of the old well on -the Capitol Grounds at Austin. Constituents
of the water. Modern Flowing Wells. Artesian wells under construction
or contract. Artesian Well Failures. Negative Artesian Wells. Numor-
ous Well Sections. Chemical Analyses of Texas Well Water.- 'Railroad
Water Supply: Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio Railroad Com-
pany; Texas Pacific Railway Wells; Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway;
Fort Worth and Denver. Water Supply of Texas Cities and Towns.

Recoed of Gteology op Texas, 1887 -1896.

219

Eoesler, F. E.

Semi-arid Region, District No. 2. That part of Texans lying between the
one-hundredth and one-hundredth and third meridians north of the Pecos
and after its junction with the Rio Grande north of. that river to the one-
hundredth meridian. Lisit of Railway Stations and their Altitudes. Flow-
ing Artesian Wells. Negative Artesian Wells. Stratification of wells.

_ District No. 1, Subhumid Region. Flowing Artesian Wells, Common
Wells, Lakes, Storage Reservoirs, and other Waters used for irrigation.

District No. 3, Arid Region. That part of the State lying west of the one-
hundredth and third meridian and sorith of the Pecos from its junction with
this meridian to its mouth. Railway Stations and their Altitudes. Flow-
ing Artesian Wells at Pecos City. Flowing Wells at Toyah. Other Deep
Wells in District No. 3. Stratification of Wells in District No. 3. List
of Wells drilled by Lanoria Mesa Company, ten miles northeast of El
Paso.

Prices per foot paid for well borings in Texas.

Local Opinions as to the presence or absence of Artesian Waters.

District No. 2, Semi-arid Region.

Springs West of the Ninety-seventh Meridian, District No. 1. Springs
in District No. 2.

‘District No. 3, and Region.

345. Eolker, Charles M.

The Production of Tin in various Parts of the World.

16th Annual Eept. of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. Ill, pp. 458-
538. Washington, 1895.

(Tin in Texaa), pp. 528-5,29.

“In 1889, Professor Theo. R. Comstock announced that he had received
a small crystal of cassiterite from Llano county. Later, in the Second
Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Texas, Professor Comstock
announced the result of his geological examination of the territory in Cen-
tral Texas likely to prove stanniferous. In this report Dr. W. von Streeru-
■witz also recorded his discoveries in Western Texas, and to these accounts
the reader is referred for detailed information. Protfessor Comstock points
out the faet that the mineral keilhanite (littrotitanite) is likely to be mis-
taken for tin, except after close testing, but as it, like garnet, tourmaline,
etc., occurs in bands different from those in which cassiterite is found, a
knowledge of the structural geology of the district will make prospecting
easier.” Then follows an account of the belt by Professor Comstock, from
which this statement is taken:

“The most favorable points, judging from the knowledge thus far
acquired, are in the region about Barringer Hill and westward in Llano
county, and in the country about the head waters of Herman and Willow
creeks, in Mason county.” P. 529.

220

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

346. Schmitz, E. J.

Copper Ores in tihe Perniiian of Texas.

Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Eng., Yol. XXVI, pp. 97-108.
Pittsburg Meeting, Feb., 1896.

“The existence of copper ores in the Permian measures of Texas has
long been known, and these ores have been, from time to time, the object
of geological researches and mining developments. The most important
of these efforts was made about ten years ago by the Orant Belt Copper
■Company of Texas, but it ended, after several years of fruitless labor, with
an entire failure.

“The ore appears principallj'' in two zones of the Permian rocks, namely,
the iRed River zone in the counties of Archer, Wichita, Alontague, Harde-
man and Wilbarger, and the Brazos River zone in the counties of Haskell,
Baylor, Stonewall and Knox. The above mentioned company prospected
mainly through Hardeman, Haskell, Knox and Wilbarger counties.

“From information collected by me, it seems that the geological 'adviser
of the company assumed the copper ore (or at least the copper) to be of
plutonic origin, and was directing his efforts towards the depths for the
mother-lodes or deposits. The diamond drill was employed for this pur-
jjose, and at one point, in Knox county, a hole was sunk to the deptli of
1000 feet. How an engineer could conceive the idea that these copper ores
of the bedded Permian, which is bare of all plutonic lodes, dikes or inter-
sections, must 'be of eruptive origin, is rather hard to understand. I have
been told that indurated water-worn clay, mistaken for volcanic scoria,
suggested or supported the In^pothesis.

“The Permian copper ores appear in several horizons in each of the
above mentioned zones. In the Red River district, the lower horizon is
reported near Belcher, in (Montague county. It belongs to the lowest Per-
mian, and lies not much above the line of contact with the underlying
iCoal Measures. The upper horizon of the Red River district is repre-
sented in Archer and Wichita counties, etc.

“The lower copper horizon of the Brazos River zone appears in the
counties of Haskell and Baylor, and the upper horizon in Stonewall county,
etc.

“It should be remembered here that these horizons are not sharply
bound to one continuous stratum or to the same level, as will easily be
understood from the fact that the stratification of the Permian measures
is somewhat irregular and non-persistent, and that the beds change rather
abruptly.

“Of the above mentioned zones, that of Archer county, etc., is one of
the most developed, and has been considered as one of the most promising
territories; and having had occasion to investigate this district on a short
trip during last summer, I hereby lay the principal results before the
institute:

“The face of the country is very level, showing only small differences
between the flat land and low hills, and the low bluffs (never more than
100 feet high) of the ravines and beds of Wichita River and its branches,
the latter being piincipally the results of erosion during the wet season,
while otherwise mostly dry.

“The Permian measures consist of comparatively soft sandstones, clay-

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1890.

221

Schmitz, E. J.

sliaites, clays, comparatively soft conglomerates and marls. The occurrences
* of copper ore are scattered over a large area of Archer and i Wichita coun-
ties, and the ore of Archer county appears (principally in the marls and
clay-islates as pseudomorph after wood (cupritied branches of trees, to a
thickness of several inches in diameter), and as larger or smaller nodules
(up to four or five inches in diameter), most or all of which are of fos-
sil iferous origin.

“'Copper ore is found also in irregular amorphous masses, intermixing
with and impregnating the marl or clay-slate. In a third form it occurs
‘as numerous small pebbles in a hardened cupriferous marl-conglomerate.’
And (finally I found such nodules of copper ore seated in hardened clay-
slate and even in sandstone. The copper ore consists principally of green,
blue and dark silicates and carbonates of highly varying percentage. The
cuprified wood runs mostly high in copper, generally between 20 and GO
per cent., and the same is true of the* nodules. When impregnating or
intermixed with the clay and marl, the ore mostly co.ntains less than 20
per cent, of copper ; so does the conglomerate, etc.

“ISTo matter in what form the ore appears, it shows always its Neptunie
origin. The pseudomorphs of wood, as well as the nodule ores, occur in
entirely separate and distinct pieces of irregular form, and are scattered
irregularlj^ through the clay or marl matrix, forming nests or pockets of
uncertain extent and size. The ore oecurreiiees in the conglomerate marl
and the cupriferous clays all show decided pocket-form, and give indisputa-
ble evidence of the origin of the copper ores by precipitation during the
deposition of the copper-bearing stratum, or by replacement and meta-
morphosis shortly after the deposition of the strata.”

Description of (1) the Isbell Lead seven miles northwest of Archer
(City; (2) The Ball Mine; (3) The Winn Pocket or Deposit; (4) The
Elm iSpring District; (5) Other Localities near Isbell; (6) Copper Ore
Deposits on Judge Kerr’s Farm, two and one-half miles east southeast
from Archer City; (7) Spring Mountain, two miles southwest from
Arden.

'‘Resume. The territory examined around the so-called Isbell lead
extends about one and one-half miles east and three miles west of Isbell,
and about one and one-half miles north and one and one-hall miles south,
therefore east and west four and one-half miles and north and south about
three miles. Copper ore was observed in this district in at least ten
different localities in the forms of pseudomorphs of wood, of nuggets or
nodules, and as cupriferous marl or clay-slate and clay. The ore appears
always in irregular pockets of uncertain position in clay-slate and marl
O'f highly variable thickness; but this clay-slat*e, etc., and the whole series
of Permian measures inclosing the said clay-slate and marl and marl
matrix belong undoubtedly in the same geological horizon.

“In the localities two miles south of Archer City we have the copper
ore in the clay-slate and as cupriferous marl conglomerate, both appar-
ently of the same geological horizon with ithe deposits around Isbell.

“The ore in the Texas Permian has this in common with the ore of the
Kupferschicfer in the German Permian (iMansfield district) : that they
both occur principally in a bituminous clay-slate and marl; but while

222

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Schmitz, E. J.

the copper ores of the former occur prevailingly as separate pieces, nug-
gets and nodules, collected or grouped to irregular pockets or deposits, the
copper ore of the Kupferschiefer is concentrated in one continuous thin
layer of that formation. 'Moreover, the copper ores of the Texas Permian
.are principally carbonates and silicates or silicious carbonates; while
those of the German Permian are mostly sulphurets, deposited in very fine
particles.

“But somewhat similar conditions must have existed during the process
of deposition in both form'ations.”

347. Science.

Texas Asplialtum.

Yol. XIII, p. 295. Apr. 19, 1889.

See No. 114, Dumble, E. T., “Texas Asphaltum,” Geologic and Scientific
Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 11, March, 1889.

348. Scott, W. B.

A Question of Priority.

(Correspondence.)

Amer. Geologist, Vol. XVII, p. 58. Minneapolis, Jan.,
1896.

A statement from Professor iScott concerning the use of “Palo Dura” for
certain Tertiary deposits that (unknown to him at the time) had been pre-
viously designated by W. F. Cummins, oif the Geol. Surv. of Texas, as the
“Goodnight beds”; also an explanation of the use of Palo Duro in the
Fourth Edition of Dana’s Manual of Geology.

“iSo far as I am aware, the name ‘Goodnight beds’ has not yet been used
by others than Mr. Cummins; it is, therefore, quite within his power to
change it for one less objectionable, and it is much to be hoped that he
will do so. As the credit of the discovery is entirely his, whatever name
he decides to employ will stand.” P. 58.

See Title No. 82.

349. Shaler, X. B.

Evidences as to Change of Sea Level.

Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. VI, pp. 141-166. 1895.

Reference to Texas, p. 154.

“Beginning the consideration of this continent with the isthmus of
Darien and proceeding northward, we observe that the coast line shows
little evidence which can be interpreted as indicating flooded valleys, or,
in other words, a recent depression of the shore, until we reach the northern
limit of Mexico. Then along the eastern side of the continent to the north-
ward the signs indicating recent downw;ard movement appear to me evident
and to indicate a progressive subsidence of a uniform nature to near the
pole. Keentrant valleys begin to be indicated along the Texas shore.”

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

223

350. SiiuMARD, Dr. George G.

Artesian Water on the Llano Estaeado.

'Geological Survey of Texas, Bull. Eo. 1, pp. 9, with 2 sections.
Austin, 1892.

The Airticle “entitled ‘Artesiiain Water on the Llano Estaeado’ was
found among the papers of Dr. George G. Shum'ard, which were loaned to
the present survey by his family. I have been unable to find it in print
anywhere. Although a very brief statement, it contains facts which are
very important in their bearing on the artesian water supply of Western
Texas, and it is, therefore, put into this form in order that it may be
available.” E. T. Dumble in letter of Transmittal.

The Report is addressed to Capt. John Pope, Corps Topographical Engin-
eers, in charge of Pacific Railway Survey, and bears the date of May 1,
1856.

351. SiMORDs, Frederic W.

Floating Sand : An unusual Mode of River Transportation
(withTahle).

Amer. Geologist, A^ol. XVII, pp. 29-37. Alimneapolis, 1895.

Abstract. Sand, mainly quartzose, was seen floating on the surface of
the Llano river at Bessemer, Texas, Aug. 8, 1895. An investigation of the
phenomenon followed. Its occurrence elsewhere was ascertained, and
experiments undertaken to determine how sand may be floated, what sand
will float, and why sand will float. The experiments, which were carefully
performed, are minutely described, and the behavior of no less than four-
teen different . kinds of sand from widel}^ separated localities tabulated.
The conclusions reached are grouped under six heads, viz.:

“1. That sand grains will float in perfectly still water for an indefinite
time.

“2. That the grains which float are not' necessarily silicious. That
flakes of mica, fragments of marble, bituminous shale, etc., also float, and
that some of them, the marble and the bituminous shale, for example, are
unusually buoyant.

“3. That the property of floating is not confined to the sand of any par-
ticular locality, but depends to a considerable extent upon the angularity,
i. e,, shape of the grains.

“4. That whether sand will float or not depends, also, upon the mode
of launching, whether it be by ripple waves, as stated by Mr. Graham, or by
undermining, it must be gently done, for should the grains be plunged into
the water with sufiieient force to completely immerse them they will imme-
diately sink.

“5. That the natural conditions necessary to the floating of sand in
hivers are somewhat unusual, depending, in the case of the Llano, upon
a flood without local rains, and, in -that of the Connecticut, upon the
manner in which eertain waves strike a sand-bar. It is quite possible,
however, that floating sand is much more common than is ordinarily sup-
posed.

“6. That the physical explanation of the problem is complex rather

224

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

SiMONDS, Frederic W.

than simple, and at best unsatisfactory in several important particulars,
and that with the advance of molecular physics we may hope for a better
understanding of what we now, for convenience, term ‘superficial viscosity’
■and ‘capillary attraction.’ ”

The following conclusions, reached by Mr. James C. iG-raham in his
studies of the floating sand of the Connecticut river (Amer. Jour. Science,
III, Vol. XL, p. 476), were confirmed: “That coarse sand can be floated
away on a current of far less velocity than 0.4545 miles per hour ; and that
the phenomena may indicate a possible explanation of the coarse particles
of sand found in otherwise very fine deposits,”

352

Floating Sand: An unusual. Mode of River Transportation.

Scientific American Supplement, Yol. XLI, No. 1048, pp.
16745-16746. Feb. 1, 1896.

A reprint of the preceding (without the table).

353. Simpson, Charles Torry.

Description of Four New Triassic Unios from the Staked Plains
of Texas.

Proc. U. S. National Museum, Vol. XVIII, pp. 381-385 (with
cuts). Washington, 1896.

(This paper was prepared for the Geological iSurvey of Texas, but on
account of the failure of the State to provide for printing further reports
of the Survey it was published by the U. S. National Museum.)

“The material upon which this paper is based was sent to the writer
for examination by Prof. E. T. Dumble, State Geologist of Texas. It was
obtained from the Dockum beds, an extensive formation which underlies
all or nearly all of the Staked Plains of Texas and southeastern New Mex-
ico, reaching farther back into that Territory northwest of the Plains, and
having some extension under the Cretaceous area south of them in Texas.”

The limit of the plains on the east, north and west. The lithologic char-
acters of the beds. Vertebrates shallow fresh water animals as determined
by Cope. Unios of Gallinas Creek, New Mexico. Discussion of characters.
Description of Unio sub-planatus, new species. Locality — “Duck Creek,
Dicl^ens County, Texas.” Description of Unio dumhlei, new species.
Locality — “Five miles northeast of Dockum, head of Duck Creek, Dickens
County.’* Description of Unio graciliratus, new species. Locality — “South
of spur. Headquarters 21, Dickens County, Texas; head of Duck Creek,
Dickens County,’* “One right valve of what is probably this species was
sent from the Dockum beds, at the southeast corner of Crosby County,
Texas, with a number of U. dockumensis. Six rather imperfect specimens
from the Dockum beds, in the southeast corner of Garza County, Texas,
I am inclined to refer to this species, * * * .’* Description of Unio
dockumensis, new species. Locality — “Southeast corner of Garza County,
; Texas; windmill three miles north of Dockum; tank north of Double Moun-

|_ tain River ; head of Duck Creek, Dickens County, Texas.”

Record of Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-lSOe.

225

Simpson, Charles Torry.

“To isum up, then, itbese Triassie Unios are evidently not the earliest
•members of the genus, since they show . divergent characters, which are
dominant in widely distributed and prominent groups of this genus found
living at the present day. Thus Unio graciliratus, in its somewhat broken
and radiating lines, possesses characters now found in an assemblage of
peculiarl}^ sculptured species of eastern Asia, and the teeth of U. suh-
planatus have characters like nearly all the .species of the southern hemis-
phere. The radial beak sculpture is unknown at the present day outside of
South America and Australasia, while the forms of at least three of those
species, as well as their interiors, where exhibited, bring to mind most
strongly the species which now inhabit Europe and western Asia, and a
small group belonging to tlie Mississippi area.” P. 385.

354. SiNGLEY, J. A.

Report of (for 1891).

Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report of Progress, 1891,
pp. 78-82. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Artesia)! 'Well Work. Texas Birds. Texas Pishes. Texas
Mollusca. The Oyster Industry of Texas.

“I give you herewith a preliminary section of the well (at lOalveston)
to a depth of two thou.sand four hundred and twenty-five feet, the depth
attained to this date (Dec. 31, 1891). No determinations have yet been
made of the many species of the fossil shells, woods, etc., that have been
secured, this being deferred until the completion of the well.” P. 78.

355.

Preliminary Report on the Artesian Wells of the Gulf Coastal
Slope.

Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I,
pp. 85-113. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Chapter I. The Galveston Deep Well (3070 feet). Gal-
veston Deep Well Section. Chapter II. Artesian Wells of the Coastal
Prairie Region and Tertiary \Belt of Texas. Galveston City and
County: Brush Electric Light and Power Company’s Well. Galves-
ton City Railway Company’s Wells. Galveston Cotton and Woolen Mill’s
Wells. Texas Ice and Cold Storage Company’s Well. Gulf, Colorado
and Santa Fe Railroad Well. National Cotton Oil Company’s Well. Bag-
ging Factory Well. Rope and Twine Factory Well. South Galveston
Land Company’s Wells. Wells on the Main Land: North Galveston.
Pairwood Well. Gulf, Colorado and 'Santa Fe Railroad Company’s Well at
'Hitchcock. J. Tarquard’s Well near Hitchcock. Judge R. T. Wheeler's
Well near Hitchcock. Nichols’ Well, Dickinson. Ramie Farm Well, near
Dickinson. Nolan’s Well, three miles west of Dickinson. Anderson’s Well,
near Dickinson. C. 'C. Petit’s Well, near Dickinson. Brazoria County:
Alvin Wells. Velasco Well. Well at Surfside. Nueces County: Corpus
Christi. Harris County: Wells at Houston, La Porte, Humble, Zimbi.
Liberty County: Keno. Pplk County: Valda. Fort Bend County:

226

Transactiojns Texas Academy of Science.

SiNGLEY, J. A.

Areola. Lee 'County: Giddings, Bastrop County: Bastrop. Hidalgo
County. Robertson 'County .: Calvert, Water, Ice and Electric Light Com-
pany’s Well, Market House Well, Gibson’s Gin, Bremond, Mumford; wells
on the Garrett plantation ; on (the Field’s Plantation ; E. S. Peter’s Woll ;
Well on Burnet’s Plantation; on the Astin Plantation. Crinan’s Well, at
Hearne; Joseph Hearne’s Well, at Hearne; Compress Well, at Hearne;
Well at Franklin; Well on Westbrook’s Plantation; Well at Lewis’ Switch;
Well on Judge Terrell’s Plantation; on Brown’s Plantation. Grimes
County: Well at Lamb’s Spring. Ice Factory Well at Navasota. Brazos
County: Well at Steele’s Store; Well at Stone City ((Mosley’s Ferry) ;
Wells at Bryan. Burleson County: Well on William Koppe’s Plantation.
Harrison County : Well .at Marshall. Marion County : Well at Jefferson.
DeWitt County: Well at Yorktown. Frio County: T. A. He Vilbiss’
Well; T. A. and J. W. De Vilbiss’ Wells. Goliad County: Wells seven
miles northwest of Goliad. Refugio County: The OConnor Brothers’
Wells. La .Salle County: Well at Cotulla. Gonzales County: Wells at
Rancho. Victoria County: Wells at or near Victoria. Webb County:
Well at Cactus, Laredo. Atascosa County: Pleasanton.

In Chapter I, there is a quotation from the Engineering 'Ne\ics, Aug. 11,
1892, in which Mr. J. W. Byrnes, a member of the contracting company,
gives an account of the well and the method of sinking.

In Chapter II, .are given fourteen analyses of water from various places.

356.

'Contributions to the IStatura'l History of Texas.

Pt. I. Texas Mollusca.

Pt. il. Texas bindis.

Fourth Ann. Be'pt. of the Geo'l. Surv. of Texas-, 1892, Pt.
II, pp. 299-375. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Part I. A preliminary list of the land, fresh water and
marine mollusca of Texas. Terrestrial species. Fluviatile species. Marine
species.

Part II. List of birds observed in Lee county, Texas. .Notes on the
Birds of Galveston Island. List of birds observed at Corpus Christi and
on the lower Rio Grande.

357. Smith, Eugene A.

Holes on Hative Sulphur in Texas.

Science, H. S., Vol. Ill, Ho. 70. May 1, 1896.

Location of sulphur deposits. Topography of the region. Geology. The
sulphur deposits — their character. Reports of other deposits. Materials
filling the basins of the Trans-Pecos region. Sulphur deposits of Sicily.
Gypsum. lOommercial value of the Texas deposits.

“About forty miles northwest of Pecos City and twenty west of Guada-
loupe station, on the Pecos Valley Railroad, are some deposits of sul-
phur * ^

Recced of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896. 227

Smith^ Eugene E.

“These deposits occur in the Toyah Basin’ (or its extension), referred to
iby Prof. E. T. Hill in his report on the Artesian Waters of Texas. This
basin is one of a series of lacustrine formations occupying valleys eroded
in the plains or enclosed by mountain blocks, the underlying and enclos-
ing formations being the Eed Beds and the lower strata of the Comanche
series of the Texas geologists.

-;$■

“At the three places visited by me the sulphur was found below bare,
apparently wind-swept spots, its presence being usually indicated either
by clusters of gypsum crystals in the soil, -or by an outcrop of the sulphur
itself, sometimes tolerably ipure, sometimes cementing the surface pebbles
into a conglomerate. When further exposed by pits the sulphur is seen
to occur in nests and irregular veins filling small fissures or crevices in
the soil, the sides of these fissures being often lined with well-developed
sulphur crystals up to one-fourth of an inch in size. The whole of the
earth, to the depth of ten feet or more at the three localities visited,
appeared to be impregnated with sulphur, sometimes almost imperceptible
to the eye, but oftener in minute crystals concentrated along irregular
lines.”

358. Stanton, T. W.

^^The Columbian Exposition: Notes on Some Mesozoic and Ter-
tiary Exhibits.’^

Correspondence.

Amcr. Geologist, Vol. XIII, pp. 289-290. Minneapolis,
1894.

A reply to an editorial criticism by F. W. Cragin, published in the Am.
Heol., Vol. XIII, March 1894, pp. 185-189, relating to the determination
of certain species on exhibition by the U. S. Geol. Surv. at the Columbian
Exposition.

359. — , and Vaughn, T. Wayland.

Section of the Cretaceous at El Paso, Texas.

< Amer. Jour, of Sicience, IV, Vol. I, pp. 21-26. New Haven,

Jan., 1896.

“The section here described was made in Mexico and New Mexico near
the Initial Monument of the Mexican Boundary Survey, about three miles
west of the city. The lowest part of it is exposed in the cutting of the
Southern Pacific railroad on the west bank of the Eio Grande, where it
cuts the pass through the mountains. The sections extend from here to the
top of the hill across the arroyo southeast of the Initial Monument of the
Boundary Survey. Tlie rocks are greatly faulted, folded and disturbed by
igneous intrusions, so to obtain the sequence and thickness of the beds it
was necessary to establish horizons and measure between them where we
could find them.”

A detailed columnar section covering about 700 feet is given, together
with lists of species obtained from the various beds. The paper closes
with notes upon the fauna taken as a whole.

228

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

360. Sterki^ Dr. V.

Shells collected in the Sand of a Dry Salt Lake near Eddy, New
Mexico.

Third Ann. Kept, of the Geol. of Texas, 1891, pp. 263-265.

Austin, 1892.

A list of fourteen species of molluscs with notes.

361. Streeruwitz^ W. H. Von.

Coal in Texas.

■Geolo'giea!! and Scientific Bulletin', Vol. I, ^sTo. 2. Houston,

1898.

This article is, in the main, an attempt to combat “the prevailing incre-
dulity as to the value of Texas coal deposits.”

“Texas has about 25,000 square miles of Carboniferous formation, and
that the coal measures of this formation hold good coal is received with
the same incredulity as was formerly the assertion of the existence of
ores.

•» * ' * -IS- -IS- -JS- *

“Last year I was professionally occupied all summer in tracing the Car-
boniferous strata in the Chickasaw nation, along the Santa Fe railroad,
and I found that the coal formation of the Indian Territory is evidently
connected, at least in two places, with that of Texas, but the connecting
streaks are mostly covered by thick strata Of more recent periods.

“I also found that the Carboniferous strata of Texas show less upheavals
coves, and other disturbances than those of the western part of Indian
Territory, and that the conditions for the eventual working of the coal in
Texas present fewer difReulties on account of water and gas.”

362.

Brown Coal or Lignites.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 3. Houston,

July, 1888.

A description \of the properties of brown coal or lignite; how it varies
from true coal. iMethods of utilization -as fuel.

“Many of the brown coal deposits of Texas are located conveniently near
to railroads, in parts of the State where fire clay, potter’s clay and kaolin
abound. They are found in the cotton raising counties, and can furnish
a cheap and convenient fuel for cotton gins, cotton mills, ceramic factories,
etc.

“These deposits, which in places are twenty feet thick, and even more,
are in most cases only a few feet below the surface, and consequently the
mining is not exipensive, no costly shafts, hoisting, pumping and ventilat-
ing machinery being required.”

Prejudices against the use of lignite.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

229

363. S'Teeeruwitz^ W. H. Vof,

Irrigation and Drainage.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 4. Houston,
Aug., 1888.

(Continued in Vol. I, No. 5. Sept., 1888.)

'Attention is called to the necessity of irrigation in Texas and to the
methods to he employed. Artesian wells, reservoirs, and side canals or
ditches to streams are discussed.

364.

Mines worked in Western Texas.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Vol. I, No. 12". Houston,
April, 1889.

A description of mines in the Trans-Pecos region. The “Shatter mine
in the foothills of the south end of the Chanattee mountains.” “The mate-
rial is a strongly ferruginous quartz ore, and calcareous free milling ore
with an average assay value of from thirty to thirty- five ounces of silver.
The galenites which seem to heoome more frequent in the deeper strata of
the mines are held out and shipped to the smelters.”

Description of the mill and processes employed. “The daily output may
safely be estimated at from 1000 to 1400 ounces of silver.

•K- * •K- -X- * » , *

“The deeper strata of the tremendously large pocket which the com-
pany is developing will no doubt consist of sulphurets, and I think it safe
to predict that this deposit -will be found connected with the numerous
lead deposits on the riverside of the south end of the Chanattee moun-
tains.”

The Hazel mine “in the Carrizo mountains, at the foot of the Sierra
Diablo.”

“The gangue is a strongly siliceous limestone, running without a defined
wall in bright red sandstone. The gangue is over thirty feet wide at
present, with a pay streak vein of -about twelve feet. The ore is silver-
bearing eopper-glanz. Scarcity of water and fuel makes it impossible to
work the whole width of the gangue, which, outside of the pay streak,
carries about twelve to fifteen ounces of silver to the ton, too low a per
eentage to ship the material without having it concentrated by washing or
smelting to matte. Wire silver is frequently found with the ores in this
mine, and pockets of still richer gray copper are struck now and then.”

The Bonanza mine, in the Quitman mountains, ten miles from Sierra
Blanca station. Vein, two to ten inches of Galena, bearing on an average
thirty ounces of silver. The Alice Bay mine. Ores same as those of the
Bonanza, viz. : silver bearing galena. “The vein of both mines runs in
the contact between porphyry and granite.”

230

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

365. :S'TREERUwiTz^ W. H. Von.

Eeport of G-eologisit for Western Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Siirv., First Eept. of Prog., 1888, pp.
31-43. Austin, 1889.

This report, which is in the form of a diary, is the record of many val-
uable observations upon topography, economic geology, climate, hydrogra-
phy, etc., but so numerous and disconnected that a summary is well nigh
impossible. The party left , El Paso October 11, 1888, and its explorations
covered the remainder of that month and the whole of the following.

“As may be seen from this report, I followed the granitic, porphyritic,
and crystalline schistose portions of the mountain ranges from Pio Grande,
through the Franklin range, through the Quitman, -Sierra Blanca, Sierra
iCarriza, Eagle Spring, Van Horn and Chispa mountains to the Apache
range, and through part of this, touching the Sierra Diabolo and some
less important ranges. I selected such slopes as had mines or prospects
partly developed, and where I could hope to find information and water.”
P. 43.

Compiled Tables of Eainfall.

Eainfall from 1879 to 1887, at Fort Davis and Surrounding

Circle of Country of 100 miles Diameter.

Average Annual Eainfall by Months.

Vormal Average Temperature in West Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Surv., First Eept. of Prog., 1888.
,p, 44. Austin, 1889.

Compiled from the Records of the U. S. Signal Office.

367.

Eeport of.

First Ann. Eept. Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. Ixxix-lxxxi.

Austin, 1890.

Administrative Report. “The portion of the State to which my field
work was confined during the year 1889 is that extreme western part,
embraced between the Pecos river and Rio Grande, known as Trans-Pecos
, Texas, and the time I was in the field was devoted principally to prepara-
tory work and determinations which were positively essential to a cor-
rect understanding of its geology. For successful geological determina-
tions and investigations of this part of the country, the study of the topog-
raphy is absolutely required. Eruptive rock, of different periods and char-
..,acter, intrude into and penetrate the sedimentary strata, which are also
of different ages, and for the most part strongly metamorphosed.

“The mountain groups and ranges and the hills are separated from each
other by wide gaps and extensive flats, filled in with more recent deposits,
which add greatly to the complications of the geological work in this part
of the State,

Record of Geology op Texas, 188V-1896.

231

S'TREERUWITZ, W. H. VON.

“Ano'tlier source of complication arises from the greater erosion of the
older mountains hy the Cretaceous sea, as well as from later erosions and
intrusions, and the covering of these hy more recent materials after the
Cretaceous deposits' were formed.” P. Ixxix.

'Information derived from former reports meagre. Existing maps of
doubtful value. Difficulties of running and measuring straight lines.
Topographical map a necessity. This work undertaken. Start made at
Sierra Blanca. Preliminary base measured. Instructions received to
classify mineral lands. Camp at Sierra Blanca Junction. Topography of
the Cretaceous Hills. Vertical Distance of Curves 100 feet. Camp at foot
of Quitman Mountains. Camp at Eagle Flat. Camp six miles west of
Torbert. Base line measured and monuments erected.

368. '

Geology of Trans-Pecos Texas. Preliminary Statement.

- First Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 217-

235; 2 ills. Austin, 1890.

Contents: Character of country. Sierra Blanca Mountain. Quitman
Mountain. Carrizo Mountain. Sierra Diablo. Mineral resources. Agri-
culture and Irrigation. Development. Conclusions. Topographical notes.

“As has been mentioned, the mountains and hills of Trans-Pecos Texas
rise generally (seemingly, at least) in isolated ridges and groups from
broad flats, abruptly in most cases, and either without foothills or sur-
rounded only by those of limited extent and height. This is particularly
the case with the eruptive mountains.

“But even a superflcial examination shows that in spite of the great
variety in rock material there exists an essential connection between all of
the eruptive mountain ranges and groups, and that the flats and basins
between these ranges and groups, however extensive they may be, are in
fact deep valleys, having depths of even 1000 feet and more (as has been
proved by borings), and filled in with Ihe debris not only of eruptive mate-
rial, but also with that of Caibonic, Cretaceous, and possibly intermediate
strata. This is often covered in turn with Quaternary detritus, which is
in some cases more than- 100 feet thick.

“In the Quitman Mountains, or at least in their northern part, we have
to deal with eruptive rocks only; with granites of at least two ages, and
'with porphyries, the latter evidently younger than the granites.

“The Sierra Blanca group of mountains rises north of the first ridge
of the Quitmans, and is separated from them by a valley two miles in
width, which sloipes gently from the mountains on either side, and west
towards the river. The group consists of four isolated, moderately cone-
shaped mountains, the highest of which, the Sierra Blanca Peak, has a
height of nearly 7200 feet above the sea level, or 2000 feet above the sur-
rounding flat. lUp to the present time no granites similar to those of the
Quitman range have been detected in the Sierra Blanca group, and out-
crops of dioritic rocks exist 'which have not been observed in the Quitman
Mountains, so far as they hare been examined, Porphyritic rocks are

2C2

Transaction's Texas Academy of Science.

Streeruwitz, W. H. Von.

found, however, resembling those of the Quitman.s. The surface rock of the
Sierra iBlanca Mountains consists of a quartzitic umterial in sharp, angu-
lar fragments, varying in size from six inches to more than six feet, evi-
dently a metamorphic or .semifused sandstone, with occasionally a thin layer
of crysitals of hornblende. These quartzites, which are broken at nearly
right angles to the plane of the original stratification, are devoid of petre-
faetions or impressions of organic matter. They evidently cover the slopes
and summits to considerable depth, coinciding in their present inclination
with the mountain slopes. The isolation, character, and peculiar shape
of the Sierra Blanca Mountains seem to point to laccolitic intrusions as
their origin.

■“The four mountain cones of this group are decidedly newer than the
Lower Cretaceous rooks surrounding them. The dip of the Lower Creta-
ceous hills in the vicinity of the Sierra Blanca Mountains is the same as
that of the quartzite forming the slopes of these mountains, and the saddle
of Lower Cretaceous limestone, with excellently preserved specimens of
fossils, lying between two of the mountains, and stratified horizontaliy,
seems to indicate that the upheaval of all the mountains of this group
took place simultaneously and prcubably gradually after its deposition.

“From observations made up to this time no connection can be found
between the intrusive material of the Sierra Blanca cones and the eruptive
rocks of the nearest or northwestern ridge of the Quitman Mountains, and
it will require careful study and comparison with the Quitman Mountains,
and the distant ranges and groups to the northward, to justify final con-
clusions.

“The foothills east and south are Lower Cretaceous, with numerous and
extensive porphyritic intrusions. To the west there are more recent
( Quateniary ? ) beds, sloping gently towards the river and intersected by
numerous ravines and dry watercourses. The Sierra Blanca Mountains,
with their fragment-covered surface, and the foothills west of them, show
fewer distinct ore outcrops, and are lacking in the tempting indications
of ore deposits and veins found in the Quitmans and their foothills. I
regard this plainly visible presence of ore in the Quitman Mountains, and
the absence of such distinct indications in the Sierra Blanca group, as an
additional evidence that they belong to separate upheavals, independent
of each other, and also of the laccolitic character of the Bierra Blanca
group.” iPp. 219-220.

“In the Quitman Mountains, the Bonanza and Alice Ray mines have
shipped some good ores, containing 30 per cent, and over of lead, 25 to 30
per cent, of zinc, with from 20 to 30 ounces of silver, and traces of gold —
say an average value of $60 to $65 per ton; * * .” P. 223.

369.

Report of.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. xci-
xciv. Austin, 1891.

An administrative report. It deals witli the difficulties of carrying on
geological work in the Trans-Pecos region on account of the scarcity of

Record of Geolooy of Texas, 1887-1896.

233

Streeruwitz, W. H. Von.

water and food for horses. iWhile delayed the services of the party were
offered to Dr. K. S. Woodward, Astronomer of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey, who was engaged in taking observations for the final determination
of the 105th meridian. The locations of the various camps during the
season are given. The work of Mr. Taff, Assistant Geologist, outlined.
Air. Ralph Wyschetzki, Topographer, assisted by Mr. Leon Perl. Other
difficulties encountered, such as the want of reliable maps, metamorphism,
etc. The necessity of studying the older rocks in New Mexico and Arizona
before reaching final conclusions in West Texas set forth. Mineral
resources and building stones promise well. The climate, observed during
two summers and two winters, the general lay of the land and the quality
of the soil lead to the conclusion that ‘The conditions for a future use
of the soils for agricultural and horticultural purposes are anything but
hopeless.”

370. —

Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Trans-Pecos
Texas.

Chapters I-IV, inclusive. (For Chapter Y, see J. A. Taff.)

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp.
665-713. 3 plates, including one of sections; topographic

map. Austin, 1891.

Contents : Chap. I. Definition of area included in the region. Chap.
II. Descriptive Geology. Chap. III. Mineral Resources and Irrigation.
.Hunter district; Bonanza district; Big Gulch or Silver King, district;
Zimpleman’s Pass district; Sierra Blanca Junction; Eagle Mountains;
Hills between the Texas and Pacific Railway and Cliffs of the Sierra Dia-
bolo; Ornamental and Building stones; Irrigation; Development. Chap.
IV. Minerals of Trans-Pecos Texas.

“The present Report refers principally to the area mapped, topographi-
eally, between longitude 104° 55' and 105° 35', and latitude 30° 55' and
31° 10', .covering the east and west slopes of the Quitman Mountains
(formerly Sierra de los Dolores) to the El Paso stage road; the Malone
Hills; the southwestern part of the Sierra Blanca group, with Sierra
Blanca Peak; the southwestern spur of the Sierra Disibolo; the western
part of the Carrizo Alountains; and the northern foothills of the Eagle
Mountains (Sierra del iCola del Aguila) ; the hills of the Devil’s Ridge
(sometimes called the Devil’s Backbone) ; and the hill ranges between the
Sierra Diabolo, Carrizo, Eagle Mountains, and the Quitman Range, with
the intervening extensive flats. It refers also, as far as geography is con-
cerned, to a part of Trans-Pecos Texas, which up to this time has not been
worked up topographically and geologically, but which I have touched by
reoonnoitering, such as the Guadaloupe Mountains, extending southward
from New Mexico towards the foothills, and northern slope of the Davis
(Apache or Limpia) Mountains, between the San Martin Springs and Van
Horn.

“This southern extension of the Guadaloupe Mountains, connecting with

234

Transactioisis Texas Academy of Science.

S'TREERUWITZ, W. H. VON.

the Davis Mountains, extends through the Paisano and Mount Ord range
to the Sierra St. Jago (Sa. Contrario), which runs down to the Rio
Orande, forming the divide between the Pecos (Rio Puerco) and Rio
iGrande above the mouth of the Maravillas creek.” P. 669.

In Chapter IV, the following list of minerals [and rocks], from Trans-
Pecos Texas, is given, with notes upon the localities of their occurrence:
Quartz — Common; Milky; Granular; Mountain Crystal; Sagenitic
Quartz; Lldventurine ; Flinty Quartz; Smoky Quartz; Agates, banded,
- cloudy, and milky; Onyx.

Amphibolite —

Hornblende —

Granite — iPine and coarse-grained, red and gray, chloritic, syenitic and
ferruginous; granites with garnets and graphite; Talcose granite;
Pegmatite ; Granulite.

Porphyries — ^Argylophyre ; Melaphyre; Olygophyre; porphyritic trachytes,
etc.

Mica Schists — Also Talcose, chloritic, and hornblende schists.

Mica —

Feldspar —

JMarbles — 'Dark gray, coarse-grained; lighter gray, fine-grained; yellow
and peach-blossom shades, streaked, and mottled, very fine-grained
white and pink; white and purple, etc.

Calcites —

Volcanic Rocks — Lava, compact and ‘ cavernous basalt, basaltic wacke,
obsidian, retinite, and trachyte.

Serpentine — Brown, oil green, brick-red and mottled.

Iron — (Silicious magnitite and hematites; siderite; titanic iron; pyrites;
gossan.

Lead — ^Galena; carbonates of lead with silver; zinciferous lead oh’es with
silver.

Zinc Sulphides (Blende) — Pribramite (cadmiferous blende) ; marmatite;

christophite.

Antimony —

Nickel — •

Uranium — Torbernite; uranochre; uranpecherz, etc.

Copper — ^Copper glanz; tetrahedrite; fahlerz; copper indigo; malachite;
azurite; silicates; velvet copper ore; black oxide; red and blue carbo-
nates; brown (red) oxide; peacock ore and pyrites; chrysocolla;
atacamite; pseudo-malachite.

Manganese — 'Wad; psilomelane; lampadite; crednerite (manganese and
copper) ; pyrolusite.

Silver — Native.

Gold — ^Traces.

Tin — 'Traces.

Quicksilver Ore — ^Cinnabarite.

Record op Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

235

371. Streeruwitz, W. H. Vok.

Texas.

Engineering and Mining Jionrnal, N. Y., Vol. 53, pp. 59-60.

Yew YoTk, Jan. 2, 1892.

In this hrief article the author calls attention to the mining districts
of Texas, viz. : the Trans-Pecos region and the central district, which
includes Llano, Mason, Burnet and parts of Lampasas, iQillespie and other
counties. The possibilities of the Trans-Pecos country are especially
pointed out. Among the properties worthy of mention are the Shatter
mine (ten stamps; silver and galena), the Hazel mine (silver-bearing
copper ores — ^sulphides) ; the Bonanza and Alice Ray mines (argentiferous
lead and zinc sulphides) .

372.

On the Precious and other Valuable Metals of Texas.

Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I, Yo. 1,

pp. 19-24. Read Fdb. 6, 1892.

Precious metals defined; Oocurrence of -Gold, Platinum, Silver-; Ore
Deposits — ^occurrence and indications; Why Gold may be expected in West
Texas and the Central District; Indications of ore deposits in the moun-
tains of the Central District and in the Trans-Pecos portion of the State.
Comparison of the two regions: “In the Central District peculiarities of
the vegetation show plainly the strike of gangues and veins;” Float ore:
Silver-bearing lead and copper in Central District; Gold in Trans-^Pecos
Texas. The Shatter mine in the Chinatti Mountains — Product free mill-
ing silver ore and silver-ibearing galena. The Hazel mine in El Paso
county. Large body of ore in sight — silver-bearing copper. The- Bonanza
and Alice Ray mines. Small prospects; Analyses of specimens. Location of
prospect with reference to railroad. The want of knowledge concerning
Texas and its products; West Texas; Incorrect surveys; The Texas Min-
ing Law; Prospectors; Drawibacks in the mining region; The development
of the mineral resources of Trans-Pecos Texas predicted.

373.

Report of (for 1891).

Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report of Progress, 1891,

pp. 20-26. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Introduction. Geology. Economic Geology.

“I/r. E. T. Bumble, State Geologist.

“Dear Sir: In obedience to your instructions, I took the field in West
Texas May 15, 1891, to proceed with the topography of Trans-Pecos Texas,
and to study the geological, and particularly the economical features of
that part of the State.

■5S- * * * * -X- *

“Having met Mr. Goode, of the United (States Geological Survey, with
two topographical parties in the field to work up the country between the
31st and 32d degrees of latitude, and 105th and 106th degrees of longi-

236

Tkans ACTIONS Texas Academy of Science.

Stkeeruwitz, W. H. Von.

tilde, I took advantage of this, stopped the topographical parties inside
of these boundaries, and commenced work upon the mineral district of
tiie Carrizo Mountains and southern part of the Sierra Diabolo, with the
Hazel mine and numerous outcrops and indications and a few prospects
on silver-bearing copper ores. I mapped part of the country and took a
number of sections, which will materially assist in the determination of
the very extensive field of the crystalline schists and their relation to the
plutonic and volcanic eruptive rocks, as well as of the superimposed sedi-
mentary strata.” 'P. 20.

The party under Mr. von Streeruwitz afterwards ‘h’econnoitered the
Wiley Mountains, and later the northern portion of the Van Horn Moun-
tains.”

374.

Report of.

Third Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. liii-
liv. Austin, 1892.

Administrative report. Field work begun May 15th, 1891. A party was
organized with Messrs. Randolph Wyschetzki and Konrad G-irsewald as
assistants. Meeting Mr. Goode, of the U. S. Geological .Survey engaged
upon the topography of the country between the 31st and 32d degrees of
latitude and the 105th and 106th degrees of longitude, the party remained
within these limits to work up the mineral district of the Carrizo moun-
tains and the southern part of the Sierra Diabolo. Silver-copper prospects.
Part of the'^couiitry mapped, and sections made which will assist in the
determination of the very extensive field of crystalline schists and their
relations to other rocks. Unable to effect an extension of the sections
to the Guadaloupe range on account of the worn condition of the outfit
and the scarcity of food and water for the animals. Reconnoitered the
Wiley mountains, and later the northern end of the Van Horn mountains.
Left the field October 4th. Acknowledgments.

375.

Trans-Pecos Texas.

Third Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1891, pp. 381-
389. 1 plate. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Geology. Mining. Hazel Mine.

“The country west of the Pecos river, at least west of the divide run-
ning from the Guadaloupe mountains down to the Rio Grande and crossing
into Mexico, is sharply distinct from the country east of the Pecos river,
for although we find in the Central Region (Llano and surrounding coun-
ties) granites, crystalline schists, Silurian and Carboniferous rocks, meta-
morphic material and perhaps Devonian strata, alike or similar to those
of Trans-Pecos Texas, here we have to deal with geological problems of a
different and far more complicated character. Some, I dare say most, of
these proiblems can and will be understood fully only after the mountains
of Old and Hew Mexico have been studied more in detail, because the

Record op Geology of Texas, 188V-1896.

237

chronology and sequence even of local events can be ascertained and under-
stood only by comparing all or most of the features of these localities
with each other/' P. 383.

In his description of the Hazel mine, situated “about ten miles north
of Allamore station, on the Texas and Pacific [Railroad, ” the writer says:
“The gangue is nearly perpendicular. Its width to a depth of about 500
feet averages 34 feet, below this depth it widens to over forty feet. Its
longitudinal extension may be traced for several miles, and its nearly
uniform thickness is ascertained for 1800 feet by the present workings
* * The gangue is in a fissure between a fine-grained red sandstone

of probable Devonian age, which also forms the walls, and which, in the
vicinity of the gangue, is more or less metalliferous. The gangue has a
whitish grey colored calcareous silicate, more or less impregnated through
nearly its whole width with copper and silver sulphide and other metal
combinations, and numerous richer veinlets fill the space between the
two principal veins known as the north and south veins." Pp. 387-388.

376.

The Nonmetallic Mineral Resources of the State of Texas.

Transactions of the Texas Academy of Science, Vol. I. ISTo. 3,
pp. 97-103. Read December 31, 1893.

“The mineral resources of Texas are not confined to the deposits of ores
of base and precious metals, but there is in the State an abundance of
other minerals, not regarded ores, but nevertheless of great value. Some
of these are partly appreciated and utilized, but only to a very limited
degree. The existence of others, and that they might be of practical
value, is known, but up to the present time they are not utilized; of others
still, the existence is known, but their value is not even suspected by the
greater part of the people."

The subjects discussed are the Texas Brown Coal; experiments in cok-
ing; Brown Coal as fuel; fire clays; kaolin; cement rocks; salt deposits;
gypsum deposits; heavy spar; granites and marbles; semi-precious stones.

377. ^ ^

Trans-Pecos Texas.

Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1893, Pt. I,
pp. 139-175. 1 plate of sections. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Introduction. Rocks determined by Dr. Osann. Mineral

iResourees. Assays of some Trans-Pecos Ores. Artesian Wells, Reservoirs,
and Agriculture. Plants. Stratified Rocks.' Sections.

“The study of the geological features of Trans-Pecos Texas, from the
strictly scientific point of view, needs, more than the study of other moun-
tainous regions, the assistance of the microscope and of the chemical labo-
ratory, because in most cases the connections and continuity of the moun-
tain ranges and groups are covered and hidden by extensive fiats and
basins filled 1500 and more feet with the debris of older and newer for-
mations." P. 141.

Noticed in Amer. Nat., Vol. XXVIII, March, 1894, p. 263.

238

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

378. SwANK^ James M.

Art. Iron. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S., 1886.

(Iron Production in Texas), p. 33. Washington, 1887.

Table showing the production of Iron in the iSouthern States from 1880
to 1886.

The production of iron in Texas for 1880 was 2500 short tons. For the
remaining years up to and including 1886, see Title No. 380.

379.

Art. Iron. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S. for 1887.

(Iron Prodnction in Texas), p. 11. Washington, 1888.

In a table showing the production of articles of iron and steel in 1887,
Texas is credited with 4,383 short tons of pig iron.

380.

Art. Iron. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S., 1888.

(Iron Prodnctiiion in Texas), p. 23. Waishington, 1890.

From a table showing the comparative production of pig iron in various
sections, under the caption “Nine Southern States,” the following statis-
tics relative to the iron production of Texas are taken:

STATE.

Texas

Pig Iron— Short tons of 2,000 pounds.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

3,000

1,321

2,381

5,140

1,843

3,250

4,383

6,587

381.

Art. Iron and Steel. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S., 1889-1890.

'(Iron Prodnction in Texas), pp. 10, 11 land 17. Washington.
1892.

The production of pig iron in Texas for 1889 and 1890 is given in a
table on p. 10. The production of pig iron in Texas for six years, 1885-

1890, inclusive, is given in a table on p. 11. For 1889, 4,544 short tons;
for 1890, 10,865 short tons. For the remaining four years, see No. 334.
In a table on p. 17, showing the production of pig iron in 1888, 1889, 1890
and 1891, Texas is credited with the production of 20,902 short tons in

1891.

382.

Art. Twenty Years of Progress in the Manufacture of Iron and
Steel in the United States.

Min. Eesonrces of the U. S., 1891.

(Iron Production in Texas), pp. 54-5'5. Washington, 1893.

The production of iron in Texas, in short tons, is tabulated for the
years 1872il891, inclusive, excepting 1875 and 1878.

Record oe Geology of Texas, IBS'/-] 896.

239

383. Taff, J. a.

Report on the Geology and Mineral Resources of Trans-Pecos
Texas.

Chapter V. ‘The Cretaceons Deposits.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp.
714-738. 1 plate of sections. Anstin, 1891.

iContents: .Lower Cretaceous iseries — Trinity division; Frederick^urg
division; WasLita division. Upper Cretaceous series — Lower Cross Tim-
iber or Dakota division ; Eagle Ford or Benton iShale division. Concluding
remarks.

“The iCretaceous strata which were studied during the present year in
El Paso county are embraced within an area of one hundred and eighty
square miles, having a width of twelve miles north and south and a length
of fifteen miles east and west, with a point one and one-half miles east of
Sierra Blanoa Junction as the centre of the east side.

“The roekS' of this formation appear here principally in apparently
detached ranges of hills rising above the general level from three hundred
to seven hundred feet, usually having their eastern or northeastern faces
quite precipitous, a flat top or mesa of greater or less area, and a gradual
slope towards the west or southwest down into the surrounding plain. The
connection between these different exposures is generally obscured by the
drift of the great flats which stretch around them on every side, and adds
much to the difficulty of their study. A glance at the map accompanying
this Report will give relative position of the localities to be described.”
P. 714.

384.

Report of.

Geological Survey of Texas. Second Report of Progress, 1891,
pp. 70-77. Austin, 1892.

Contents: Introduction. Work in Southwest Texas. Artesian Water.
Building Stones. Soils. Irrigation. Work in Central Texas. Building
iMaterial. Road Material. Soils and Marls. Artesian Water. Irriga-
tion.

“The following is intended only as a brief resume of the principal
economic results obtained during the work of the field season of 1891, the
details and general geology being left for the Annual Report. The first
portion of the season was spent in a reconnaissance of Southwest Texas
under instructions to examine the artesian water conditions, more espe-
cially south of the Southern Pacific Railway, between Corpus Christi and
the Rio Grande. The remainder of the field season was employed in a
detailed study of the Cretaceous deposits of Lampasas, Burnet, and Wil-
liamson counties, with special reference to their economic values.” P. 70.

240

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

385. Taff, J. a.

Eeport of.

Third Arm. Eept. of the Geol. Snrv. of Texas, 1891, pp. lix-lx.
Austin, 1892.

■Administrative 'Keport. Outline of. Work for the field season of 1891.
Acknowledgments.

“It was necessary that further investigations he made upon the geology
of the Trinity, Olen Rose, and Paluxy beds, which compose the Bosque
division, in order to better determine their stratigraphic and taxonomic
relations to each other. Accordingly, I took the field April 15, 1891, and
made careful sections across these rocks along the valleys of the Bosque
river in lErath, Hamilton and Bosque counties, Brazos river in Parker
county. South Fork of Trinity river in Parker county, and the West Pork
of Trinity river in Wise county. The work was finished May 8th, 1891,
and the results are incorporated in my account of the geology of the
iBosque division. *

“According to your direction, i * * * began the study of artesian

water conditions of Southwest Texas, more especially that portion south
of the Southern Pacific Railway. Investigation was taken up along the
line of the Mexican National from Corpus Christ! to Laredo, beginning
May 27th, 1891; thence to Cotulla along the International and Great
Northern Railway, and thence up the Nueces and Leona river valleys to
Montell, Uvalde county. * * *

“The line of parting between the Upper and Lower Cretaceous was
traced from the Nueces river valley to Austin; also a study was made
of the Baloones fault, and its line located almost continuously from the
Nueces to the Colorado river valleys. Much valuable data were gleaned
from the basaltic outbreaks which occur associated with the Balcones fault
in the Nueces, Leona, Frio, Hondo, and Medina river valleys. * * *

“After completing the work, I began the study of the Cretaceous system
north of the Colorado river in a typical area across Lampasas, Burnet
and Williamson counties.”

386.

Eeport on the Cretaceous Area north of the Colorado Elver.
I. The Bosque Diyision. II. The Lampasas Williamson Sec-
tion.

Third Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Survey of Texas, 1891, pp. 269-
379. 6 plates; 2 figs.; map by J. A. Taff and S. Leverett. Aus-

tin, 1892.

Contents: Preface — General Geologic and Petrographic Features.
Upper Cretaceous’. Lower Cretaceous. Brief Outline of the System North
of the Colorado — Lower Cretaceous (Comanche) Series. Upper Creta-
ceous Series. Part I. The Bosque Division — Introduotion. Trinity Sand.
Glen Rose (Alternating) Bed. Paluxy Sand Bed. Detailed Section of
the Bosque Division. The Colorado Section. Bosque Section. Hood

County Section. Correlation with other Sections. The Columnar Sec-

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

241

Taff

387.

388.

, J. A.

tions. Bosque and Associated Rocks at St. Joe, Montague County. Tke
Bosque Division and Associated Rocks west of the Main Cretaceous Bor-
der. Correlation of the Trinity, Glen Rose and Paluxy Beds.

Part II. The Lampasas^Williamson Section — Introduction. Strati-
graphical Geology. Carboniferous Basin at Lampasas. Topography of the
Paleozoic Floor West of Lampasas. Hydrography. Bosque Division:
Trinity Sand. Glen Rose (Alternating) Beds. Paluxy Sand. Fredericks-
burg Division : Texana Limestone. Comanche Peak Limestone. Caprina
Limestone. Flag Limestone. Austin Marble. Kiamitia Clay. Washita
Division: Fort Worth Limestone. Arietina Clay. Vola Limestone.
Upper Cretaceous Series: Red River (Lower Cross Timbers) Division.
Eagle Ford Shales. Austin Limestone. Blue (Ponderosa) Alarl. Colum-
nar Sections. Post-iCretaceous Deposits — Drift of the High Land. Second
Bottoms. Economic Geology — Artesian Water. Soils.

Mr. Taffs Reply to Prof. Hill.

Correspondence.

Amer. Geologist, Yol. XI, pp. 128-130. Minneapolis, Feb.,
1893.

Mr. Taff here makes a brief reply to that part of Professor Hill’s criti-
cism of the Third Texas Report relating to his work (Amer. Geol., X,
394) in which he explains why he employs the term ^‘Bosque” instead of
“Trinity,” accounts for the similarity between his classification of the
“Comanche Series” and that of Professor Hill, and points out the fact
that there is a line of demarkation between the Denison and Arietina beds,
“as shown by fauna as well as by the strata themselves.”

, and Leverett, S., Assistant.

Report on the Cretaceous Area north of the Colorado River.
Fourth Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Pt. I,

pp. 239-354. 1 cut; 4 plates; 2 maps. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Introduction. Chapter I. Fredericksburg Division; Texana
Limestone; Cleburne Section, Fort Worth Section. Comanche Peak and
Caprina Limestone. Kiamitia Clay; Fauna of the Kiamitia Clay.

Chapter II. Washita Division: Fort Worth Limestone and Denison
Marls; Exogyra Arietina and Vola Subdivision, Vola (Shoal Creek)
Limestone.

Chapter III. Upper Cretaceous Series: Dakota (Lower Cross Tim-
bers) Formation; Area of Outcrop; Timber Creek Beds; Dakota Forma-
tion North of the Denton Section.

Chapter IV. Eagle Ford Formation: Waco Section.

Chapter V. Austin Limestone Formation: Waco Section; Fort Worth
Section; Cleburne Section.

Chapter VI. Artesian Water: Catchment Area and Water-bearing
Strata. Outline of the Area which will produce Flowing Wells. Lines
showing Well Depth. Structure and Position of the Different Rock Sheets

242

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Taff, J. a.

Croverning the Artesian Water Conditions: Trinity Sand, Glen Rose
(Alternating) Beds, Palnxy Sand, Fredericksburg and Washita Divisions,
Dakota Sands, Eagle Ford Clays, The Austin Limestone. Artesian Basins:
The Trinity Artesian Basin. Area of Shallow Wells in the Trinity Basin.
The Paliixy Artesian Basin. Area of Artesian Flow on Red River.
Dakota Artesian Basin: Dakota Flow in the Brazos River Valley, Arte-
sian Flow in Chambers Creek Valley, Artesian Water in Mountain Creek
Valley, Dakota Artesian W^ater in the Trinity Sands. Springs. Relative
Value of Flowing and Non-flowing Wells.

Chapter VIX. Soils: Residual Soils of the Comanche Series; Soils of
ithe Texana, Comanche Peak and Caprina Limestones; Soils of the Kiam-
itia Clay; Soils of the Fort Worth Limestones and Denison Marls; Soils
of the Exogyra Arietina and Vola Limestone and Marl; Soils of
the Upper Cretaceous: DakoXa Sands, I^ower Cross Timbers Area; Soils
of the Black Land Prairie; Soils of the High Land Drift. Transported
Soils: Soils of the Brazos Valley; Soils of the Trinity River Valley;
Soils of the Red River Valley; Analyses.

Chapter VI'II. Topographic Features and Drainage. Topography of
Grand Prairie. Topography of the Black Land Prairie. High Land
Drifts. Basal Gravel Drift of the Stream Valleys.

“This report is a continuation of the work begun in the Third Annual
Report for 1891 on the geology of the Cretaceous north of the Colorado
river. In the report for 1891, the geology of the Bosque division, which
is the lowest of the system, was treated of as it occurs through its whole
extent north of the Colorado river and the geolo-gy of a section of the
Cretaceous sj’-stem between the Colorado and Brazos rivers was also given.
The present report takes up the geology in the natural ascending order
of the rocks north of the Brazos river, beginning at the base of the Fred-
ericksburg division, where it was left off in the previous work. In their
order of succession the Fredericksburg and Washita divisions of the
Comanche series were studied, after which the Dakota (Lower Cross Tim-
bers), the Eagle Ford, and basal portions of the Austin limestone forma-
tions were taken up and worked in as close detail as was possible in the
time alloted.” P. 2.41.

“The work on artesian water is an advance on the knowledge of this
subject, in the Texas region, especially in the methods of its presentation.
The source of the artesian water and the conditions governing its flow have
been studied and discussed, independently, by Air. Robert T. Hill and the
writer; therefore, whatever may be added on this division of the subject
is simply an enlargement of former work. In brief, the report on arte-
sian water discusses the subterranean artesian basins with special regard
to their sub-areal extent, variations in thickness and water transmitting
power, and the deliniations of the areas of flowing and non-flowing wells
for each of the three artesian basins, viz. : the Trinity, the Paluxy, and
the Lower Cross Timbers, instead of the local disconnected divisions here-
tofore considered. All of these features are graphically outlined upon
the artesian map, or portrayed in the sections, with lines showing approx-
imate depths required for wells to penetrate each artesian basin.” P. 242.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1890.

243

389. Tait, J. L.

Gas Well at San Antonio.

Geol. and Scientific Bull., Yol. 1. Houston, Feb., 1888.

"‘Record of material ipassed through in a 373-foot well.’’

From Darton’s Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S. Geol.
iSurv., No. 75, p. 150.

390. ^

Reports of Geologists for Southern Texas.

Texas Geol. and Min. Surv. Firsf Rept. of Progress, 1888,
pp. 64-69. Austin, 1889.

This paper was prepared in accordance wdth instructions from the State
Geologist, directing the author to examine and report on the minerals
existing in lEdwards, Bandera, Medina, Frio, Atascosa, La Salle, and
McMullen counties. This he did with the exception of McMullen county.

'Contents : Edwards County : Topography ; Formation ( Cretaceous ) ;
The Soil; Kaolin; Sulphur; Gypsum; Brown Hematite; Lignite.

Bandera County: Lignite; Brown Hematite; Gypsum; Chalk; Soap-
stone; Erick Clays; Building Stone; Dyke.

'Aledina County: Lignites; Flagstone; Fire Clay.

Atascosa County: (Lignite) ; Petroleum.

Bexar County: Brick Clays; Hydraulic Cement; Artesian Wells;
(Analysis of Water at Russ Well).

Frio County: Lignite; Pipe Clay; Soapstone; Brine Well; Mineral
Waters.

La Salle County: (Steatite) ; .Brine Well; Artesian Well; (Analysis of
Water ) .

391. Tarr, Ralph S.

A Preliminary Report on the Coal Fields of the Colorado River.

First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1889, pp. 199-
216. Austin, 1890.

Contents : Introduction. Sub-Canboniferous. Carboniferous — iRichland
sandstone. Milburn division. Brownwood division. Waldrip division.
Coleman division. Economics — Coal. Iron. Manganese. Oil, Gas and
Salt Water.

“The section covered in this report includes the northwestern portion
of Lampasas county, along the Colorado river; about two-thirds of San
Saba county, principally north of the San Saba river; MdCuLloch county
north of Brady Creek; the eastern part of Coleman county, from the
Colorado as far as Jim Ned Creek; Brown county, east of Pecan Bayou;
and the southeastern corner of Mills county. The greater part of this
area is underlaid by rocks of the Carboniferous system, and the chief
object of the work was to determine the amount of coal, its position in
the series, and the relation which it and surrounding rocks bear to each
other. The oibject of this report is to state, in general terms, and as
■briefly as possible, the most important results of the work, as a prelimin-
ary report, to be followed later by a more comprehensive and detailed
statement.” P. 201.

244

Transactions Texas Academy op Science.

392. Taer, Ealph S.

Origin of Some Topographic Features of Central Texas.

• Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 306-311. Xew
Haven, April, 1890.

“The Central Paleozoic area of Texas is a region of older rooks exposed
hy 'the removal of the overlying uiiconformable Cretaceous. The southern
portion of this area has, since the very earliest times, been the seat of
extensive denudation as long as any land area remained above the sea.
The Potsdam sandstone perhaps derived its sediment from the still older
metamorphic rocks. :A conglomerate layer in the Lower Carboniferous
series contains pebbles from the Silurian rocks. The same is true of the
conglomerate in the Upper Canboniferous ; and the Trinity beds, the lowest
of the Cretaceous system, when oonglomeritic, contain, in this region,
chiefly Silurian (pebbles. The Quaternary drift has the same peculiarity.”

The geological history of the region is now given with special reference
to the Colorado river drainage.

“The combination of geologic structure and peculiarity of erosion has
given - rise to three types of topographic outline. First, the rugged hilly
topography of the plicated and metamorphosed Silurian rocks, an outline
in part descended from an existing Pre-Cretaceous topography. Second,
a low hilly Oarboniferous area with many broad-topped hills, especially
where the Cretaceous has just been removed. 'On account of the destructi-
bility, this area is being rapidly degraded and the canon eharaoter of the
Colorado is therefore rapidly disappearing, and thus destroying the evi-
dence of the recent rejuvenation. Third, the sharp angular outline of the
butte and meza type in the Cretaceous area which' is rendered possible
by the nearly horizontal nature of the beds and the alternation of hard and
soft strata, but which has proibably been aided also by the rapid erosion
which followed the early Quaternary uplift.”

393^

On the Lower Carboniferous' Limestone Series in Central Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, Vol. XXXIX, p. 404. Xew Haven,
May, 1890.

“Mr. Tarr, in a recent communication to the editors, gives an account of
his study of a Paleozoic region in Central Texas which was reported upon
by Dr. F. Roemer in 1848 as affording fossils like those of the Carbonifer-
ous limestones of the Mississippi Valley. The fossils described were from
San 'Saba county. Mr. Tarr reports that the Paleozoic area covers part of
iLlano, Mason, Southern San Saba and MoCulloch counties. The older
rocks in it are much upturned and flexed; and the Silurian liniestones are
chiefly manble, and have lost their fossils by metamorphism. Carbonifer-
ous limestones and shales overlie these beds unconformably, and the Upper
Carboniferous consisting of sandstones, shales, clays and limestone, ‘attain
a thickness in one section of 8^000 feet.’ ”

Record of Geology of Texas, 188 7- 18 96.

245

94. Tarr, Ralph S.

The Carboniferous Area of Central Texas.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. VI, pp. 145-153. Minneapolis, Sept.,
1890.

Contents: I. General Statement. 1. Position of the formation. 2.
(Erosion of the Cretaceous. 3. Boundary of the Carboniferous, a. Prob-
able extent, b. The Silurian area. c. The Lower Carboniferous series.
II. Description of the Upper Carboniferous series. I. Thickness of the
series. 2. General stratigraphic relations. 3. Dip of the beds. 4. Divis-
ion of the series, a. Richland Sandstone, b. Milburn shales, c. Brown-
wood limestone, d. Waldrip Coal Division, e. Coleman Division. III.
Summary.

“The Cretaceous beds in Central Texas have been removed from a por-
tion of the valley of the Colorado and Brazos rivers so as to reveal the
underlying Paleozoic nocks. This region, which has been called by Prof.
R. T. Hill the Central Denuded Area, consists in its southern portion of
a very much disturbed region of older Silurian and Cambrian rocks with
granite bosses and possibly Archcean Schists. Uneonformably upon this is
a belt of lower Carboniferous partly revealed by the erosion of the over-
lying unconformable upper Carboniferous. Above the latter is Permian.

“Whether the Cretaceous covered all this central area is a mooted ques-
tion. There seems to be no evidence to the contrary, and Prof. Hill has
announced the probability of such former extension. In several places the
Cretaceous is found resting on the Silurian ; in one place, southwest of
the Brady, in McCulloch county, at an elevation of 2,000 feet. As the
Cretaceous at this point is of the lowest division (Trinity of Hill), and
as Prof. Hill has given evidence that the Cretaceous is in part a deep
water formation, there seems to be no question that it once covered all
this region, particularly since the entire area is surrounded by a receding
Cretaceous bluff. /That the Carboniferous has been uncovered from
beneath a uniform mantle of Cretaceous strata is evident at first sight.
Not only is it surrounded by a receding bluff of Cretaceous, but tongues
of Cretaceous strata extend over, and isolated buttes and very much
degraded patches remain upon the Carboniferous. The so-called Santa
Anna mountains of Coleman county consist of two isolated buttes of
'Cretaceous I’ock, in the center of the Carboniferous, separated from the
main mass of the Cretaceous on either side by more than fifteen miles.”
Pp. 145-146.

“The histoii-y of the Carboniferous system, as briefly outlined in the
preceding pages, commences with the deposition of a considerable thickness
of lower Carboniferous limestone on an old shore of Silurian land. An
interval accompanied by an elevation, a small amount of disturbance, and
probably some erosion, is followed by the opening of the upper Carbonifer-
ous. Forty-five hundred feet of sandstone, shales and conglomerate
included in the Richland division probably represent the Texas equivalent
of the Millstone grit. Following this quite uniform shallow water deposit,
was a time of quiet water deposition, during which the Milburn shales
were laid down with a total thickness of about 160 feet. A submergence,
at least in the southwest, marks the beginniing of the Brownwood division.

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la period of limestone deposit in the southwest, but of more sandy beds
to the northwest, which iseems to point to the presence of afi old dand
area near there, which is now hidden from view beneath the Cretaceous.
'The last beds of the Brownwood division indicate a return to shallow
water conditions, and this is followed by the coal bearing shale beds of
the Waldrip division, following this is the depositiion of alternating
clays and limestones, containing much clay and a consequent change in
fauna. The conditions of this deposit seem to indicate that the then shore
line was in the Carboniferous, and that the Carboniferous beds previously
deposited and unconsolidated were in part furnishing sediment for the
forming strata. The Permian conditions are probably being approached,
and possibly even at this time the basin of deposit has become a par-
tially enclosed sea. A gap of unknown extent ensues after the close of
the Permian until the beginning of the Lower Cretaceous which buried
the PaleozJoie rocks, now by erosion partially uncovered for study.” Pp.
152-153.

395.

Superimposition of the Drainage in Central Texas.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XL, pp. 359-362. Xew
Haven, Xov. 1890.

“A superimposed river, having selected its course with reference to a
structure now no longer present, naturallj^ finds itself flowing without
reference to the nature of the newly discovered beds. Thus it is that the
Colorado in Central Texas is now busy witli a barrier of hard Silurian
rock, and thus it is that this river flows with a general course at right
angles to the strike of the Carboniferous rocks in an opposite direction
to the dip.

“Not only the Colorado itself, but all its tributaries, flow without spe-
cial reference to structural weakness; but the smaller branches take
advantage of the structural peculiarities, showing, in many cases, that
they are more recent in origin than the time of removal of the Creta-
ceous. ‘Moreover, some of the medium-sized streams, which in their upper
and middle course flow, perhaps on Cretaceous, quite regardless of iCarbon-
iferous structure, have nearer their mouth partly adjusted themselves to
the new conditions. The number of strike valleys in the lower course
of such streams is quite astonishing, since it shows to how great an extent
drainage is dependent upon structure, and how readily, even under great
disadvantag'es, streams will make use of such weaknesses. 'In the Carbon-
iferous this is particularly noticeable in valleys carved in soft clays and
shale.

“Everywhere may be seen signs oi attempts at rejuvenation, but it was
not until lately that 1 was able to see that the Colorado itself shares
this peculiarity. This river flows with a very serpentine course through
the iCarboniferous, having a length along the boundary of San Saba
county of fifty miles, while at the end it is only thirty miles from the
first point. In oue place it makes a bend six miles long where a cut-off
would reduce the distance to tvvo miles. Several possible reasons suggest

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247

Tarr, Ralph S.

tbeniselves in explanation of this phenomenon, wliich is quite remarkable
in a river with a fall of from two to three feet per mile. Since the Col-
orado is a superimposed river, flowing in its present course chiefly by
accident, dt is possible that before the Quaternary uplift the river may
have been sufficiently old, in this part of its valley, to have the serpentine
course common to sucli rivers. Thus, the present form of the valley may
be inherited from that time. Another possible cause is that the slow
removal of the Silurian by retarding the down-cutting in this part of the
river-channel has induced a temporary old age condition.'’

Attempt of the Colorado to readjust itself to new conditions. The evi-
dence. Another unexplained phenomenon is that the divide between the
Colorado and the Brazos is close to the latter and far from the former.

‘Tt is probable that both the Brazos and the Colorado originated under
ipractieally the same conditions ; that is, upon the new Cretaceous land
elevated above the sea during the great Tertiary mountain uplift. Their
course was plainly chosen with reference to conditions appearing on the
surface then existing without regard to what lay below. lAfter cutting
through the soft, nearly horizontal Cretaceous rooks, the Colorado came
upon the buried Paleozoic and encountered not only the iCarboniferous
for a considerable distance, but also the much harder Silurian with which
it has long been struggling. Tlie Brazos, on the other hand, by the acci-
dental choice of a more easterly course, avoided these difficulties. ”■

The coinsequence of this difference between the two rivers is that while the
Colorado in Mills county flows at an elevation of 1,200 feet above the
sea level, the Brazos, in the same latitude, has cut down to within COO
feet of the sea level in its soft bed.

“This fact has given the Brazos a great advantage over its competitor,
the Colorado, for drainage territory; and this, in the battle for conquest
of headwater drainage area, has enabled the Brazos to push the divide
close up to the Colorado in territory, which, under more favorable cir-
cumstance, should belong to the latter stream.”

396.

The Permian of Texas.

Amer. Jour. Science, III, Vol. XLIII, pp. 9-12. Xew Haven,
Jan., 1892.

The existence of Permian in Texas reported by various observers. Con-
clusive evidence furnished by Professor C. A. White (Am. Nat., Vol.
XXIII, p. 109). Pacts furnished by Mr. W. F. Cummins (1st and 2nd
Repts. Oeol. Surv. of Texas), who estimates that Permian strata have a
thickness of full}^ 5,000 feet. “The Permian of Texas occupies a broad,
gentle syncline in the Carboniferous, the western arm being a part of the
’Rocky Mountain uplift. Its present boundaries, and consequently its
former extension, have not been ascertained. Many hundred square miles
are covered by these strata in the sub-humid and ai-id belt of Central Texas,
the Pecos river forming approximately the western boundary, while on
the east the strata do not extend much farther than Abilene,” P. 9.

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Taer, Ralph S.

Lithological character of the strata: beds of clay, sandstone, and con-
glomerate, of red color, pale gray lime&tone, gypsum, and salt. “Most of
the beds are unfossiliferous, hut 'Dr. White has described thirty-two species
of invertebrate fossils from the Texas Permian, and Prof. Cope >fifty-seven
species of vertebrates. It is upon this basis that the beds have been
referred to the Permian.’’ P. 9.

The object of this paper is “to indicate the sequence of events which
iiave led to deposition of the Permian beds in this district.” Pp. 9-10.

397. —

Reconnoissance of the Guadalotipe Mountains.

Geoh Surv. of Texas. Rullietin Fo. 3, pp. 42. Austin, 1892.

Contents : Letter of Transmittal. Preface. Introductory : General
.Statement; Previous work in the Guadaloupe Mountains.

Part I. iReconnoissance Section across the Permian of Central Texas:
iCretaceous Areas; Cretaceous near Marienfield; Carboniferous; Transi-
tion from Carboniferous to Permian; Typical 'Permian; Doubtful Beds
near Westbrooke; Erosion at south border of Llano Estacado; Probable
Permian near Pecos City.

Part II. Geology of the Guadaloupe 'Mountains: General Statement.
Topographic Features of the Guadaloupe Region: Dark Canyon; Black
River; McKitterick Canyon; Pine Canyon; Drainage on west .side of the
Guadaloupe Mountains ; Dog Canyon; Crow Flat Valley; Springs supplied
from the Mountains. Stratigraphy of the Guadaloupe Mountains : Possi-
ble CoTrelation; Age of fthe Strata; Monoclinal Structure; Probable
Fault; Disturbance; Pre-Cretaceous Ero.sion; Quaternary Rocks.

Part III. Economics of the Guadaloupe Mountains: Artesian Water;
Building Stones; Minerals; Coal. Index.

“The object of this work was to determine the age of the Guadaloupe
.mountains, their geological structure and relation to the strata east of the
mountains 'with particular reference to the artesian water supply of the
Plains, and the prospects of the district for coal and other minerals. Cir-
cums'tances prevented the completion of these plans and consequently the
work was done in much less detail than was at first intended. Instead of
four .months, as was first planned, .only two months were spent in the
(field and less than one month in the mountains. Furthermore, there being
no topographic map of the region, and it being impossible to make detailed
observations in consequence, the work has necessarily been general rather
than of a detailed nature. For these reasons this report is no more than
a reconnoissance. Still, it has been possible to add something to the
knowledge of this region, both of the geology and the economic resources
as revealed by the geology.” P. 9.

398.

The Cretuceous. Coverings of the Texas Paleozoic.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. IX, pp. 1G9-178. Minneapolis, March,
1892.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

249

Tarr, Ralph S.

The cha.raeter and scqpe of this paper are shown in its opening and
closing paragraphs :

“The question as to whether the central Paleozoic and Pre-Paleozoic
^ region of Texas was completely covered by the Cretaceous, is still a mooted
question. Prof. ,K. T. Hill has, at various times, stated that this was the
case, giving numerous reasons for the statement; but Dr. T. B. Comstock,
who, by his detailed study of the central mineral region of Texas, is well
qualified to speak upon the subject from other points of view, has come
to the opposite conclusion. In the second annual report of the Texas
geological survey he has again stated this conclusion, giving therefor
numerous reasons of considerable value.

“A study of the region immediately north of this area has convinced me
of the accuracy of Prof. HilPs conclusion, and it is my purpose at this
time to place the reasons for this conclusion on record.” P. 169.

“In summary it may be said that it has been the attempt of this paper
to prove that the central Paleozoic and Pre-Paleozoic core of Texas has
been from before the beginning of Carboniferous to Cretaceous times,
almost, if not quite uninterruiptedly, a land area subjected to denudation;
that, at the beginning of Carboniferous times, the land was already
eroded beyond the stages of youth nearly to topographic maturity; that;
when the Crebaceous period began, it found the Carboniferous area a low-
lying, base-leveled area, a peneplain skirting a moderately low and not
strikingly diversified highland of older and harder rocks; and that the
Cretaceous ocean completely covered this region, depositing thereon a
considerable thickness of Cretaceous rocks. The encroachment of the Cre-
taceous sea was rapid, as is indicated by the peculiar Trinity conglome-
rate, which is apparently hurriedly worked over land debris. The final
chapter in the history was the Post-Cretaceous elevation, which first raised
this region above the sea, because its former elevation was in part indi-
cated in the topography of the Cretaceous ocean even through the blanket
of Cretaceous strata which covered it. Being the first to be raised above
the sea, it was the first to be eroded, and consequently now, over large
areas, shows no signs of the former covering, either in remnants, Quater-
nary debris, or in unadjusted stream courses.” P. 178.

S99.

A Hint with respect to the Origin of Terraces in .Glacrated
Regions.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XLIV, pp. 59-61. Hew
Haven, July, 1892.

Doubt as to the exact method of formation of terraces in rivers flooded
by the melting of the ice sheet, as, for instance, the Connecticut. Some
suppose that terraces mark recent erosion in a drift- filled valley; others,
that they mark the high stages of floods. The object of this paper is “to
record some observations in an entirely different region where the terraces
of glaciated regions are being imitated, and where the general conditions
are quite similar to those attending the formation of the terraces in

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Tare, Ealph S.

glacial regions, as I understand those conditions. I refer to the valley
of the Colorado in Central Texas.

“The river is here superimposed upon a hard Silurian barrier which is
effectually retarding its downcutting, although the river is still well above
ibase level. One of the effects of this retardation of development on the
region upstream from the barrier is that a temporary base level is pro-
duced, and the Colorado itself and the side streams are, for a certain
distance, actually building up their beds. The effect of the barrier is thus
felt for forty or fifty miles; but above this, the flow is rapid and the river
is degrading its channel. Along the entire course the side streams are
rapidly at work, and from these two sources much sediment is being fur-
nished. Owing to the many soft beds of Cretaceous. Permian and Carbon-
iferous through which these streams are flowing, the amount of sediment
supply is very great.

“Another point of importance in this connection is the peculiarity of
rainfall. The immediate region is sub-humid, the extreme headwaters are
in a truly arid region. Consequently, the water supply, during fhe greater
part of the year, is small in amount; but heavy rains, which are of annual
occurrence, and often of greater frequency, bring to the river vast floods
of water, which the ordinary channel is totally unable to hold. Almost
the entire rainfall has to be carried off, for the barren soil holds but little,
and the violence of the rain speedily forms it into rills and rivulets even
where no drainage lines previously existed. While this is written chiefly
with reference to the arid headwaters it applies almost equally to all the
streams, even those of the sub-humid belt. These tributaries, during the
greater part of the year, consist of a few pools, often isolated, sometimes
connected by a slowly trickling stream. These pools are enclosed com-
monly in bars or delta bars in the stream channel, formed during flood
times, and the violence of these floods is attested by the presence of drift
wood lodged in the pecan trees many feet above the low water stage of
the stream- In the Colorado these are sometimes at an elevation of fifty
feet above the low water surface.”

A parallel is now drawn between the conditions here recorded and those
existing at the time of the formation of the terrace deposits at the close
of the Glacial period.

400.

ISTotes on the Physical Geography of Texas.

Proceedings of the Acad, of hfat. Sciences, Pt. II, pp. 31e3-347.
Phila., Apr.-Sept., 1893.

Contents: Preface. Parti. General Description. 1. General Geogra-
phy. (a) Topography, (b) Drainage. 2. General Cliniatic Conditions.
3. General (Geologic and Geographic Development, (a) Pre-Oarbonifer-
ous Land. (b) Carboniferous modiflcation of the older Paleozoic
Land, (c) Jura-Trias Period of Denudation. (d) Cretaceous Subsi-
dence. (e) Post-Cretaceous Changes. (f) Post-Cretaceous Drainage.
Part II. Physiographic Description. 1. General. 2. The Quaternary
(bastal Prairies, (a) Geographic Description, (b) Young, Oonsequent,

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

251

Take, Ralph S.

and Extended Drainage, (c) Estuarine iConditions. (d) Young, Grow-
ing Coast Line. 3. The Rolling, Forested Tertiary Area. (a) Topo-
graphic Description. (ih) iMature, Consequent and Extended Drainage,
(c) Origin of the Flood 'Plains. (d) Origin of Forests. (e) Rio
Grande Em'bayment. 4. The Cretaceous Grand Prairie. (a) Topo-
graphic Description, (b) The Cross Timbers, (c) Rejuvenated Pene-
plain. 5. Central Paleozoic Denuded Area, (a) Topographic Descrip-
tion. (b) Peculiarities of Creek Erosion, (c) Effect of the ;Superimpo-
sition of the Colorado on the Silurian, (i) Temporary Base Level, (ii)
Loss of Drainage Territory, (d) Adjusted 'Stream 'Courses, (e) Sum-
mary of the History of the Colorado. G. The Arid Plateau, (a) Topo-
graphic Description. (b) River Valleys Abandoned Through Dessieation.
(c) Aeolian Deposits in the Pecos Valley. 7. The Trans-iPeeos Region,
(a) Topographic Description, (b) Erosion in the Guadaloupe Moun-
tains. (c) Quaternary Conglomerate, (d) Dessicated Quaternary Lakes,
(e) The Rio Grande and Rio Pecos. 8. Absence of large La'kes in Texas.
9. Summary. 10. Bibliography.

‘This paper is based in part upon personal observation, in part upon
the published results of others. Free use has been made of the results
of the several geologists who have studied the Texas region, and in most
oases direct reference has been made to the sourees 'Of information. I
am piarticularly indebted to the 'publications of Prof. R. T. Hill for many
geological facts and interpretations, chiefly in the Cretaceous regions where
this author has done so much valuable work. iWith few exceptions, how-
ever, the work done by others has been geological rather than physio-
graphic, 'a,nd consequently I h'ave been in many cases forced to rely upon
my own observiations alone. iSince these were made in sections only, it has
not been possible in 'all cases to make the results as definite as could be
desired. (My lobservations were made in 1889 and 1890, the time occupied
in field work being almost eight months, the larger part of which was
spent in the Central Denuded Area. Aside from this and short excur-
sions and railroad journeys, I also made a wagon journey across the State
of Texas from /north of Austin to the Guadaloupe Mountains in the
Trans-Pecos region, and spent several weeks in and about these moun-
tains.

“The results embodied liereiu must therefore be understood to be the
results of reconnoissiance, — preliminary exploration of a great and inter-
esting field. iWere it possible tliat in the future I should again have the
opportunity of studying the region I would delay the publication still
longer; but this seems to be entirely out of the question, and I believe
that I am justified in placing the results of my study on record to serve
as a possible basis foir future work.’’ P. 313.

Noticed in Amer. Nat., Vol. XXVIII, p. 50, Jan., 1894.

401. T. F. L.

Artesian Wells and tlie Possibility of Irrigating from them.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Yol. I, Ho. 8. Houston,
December, 1888,

252

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Extract.

“I am .satisfied, liowever, that by combining tanks and artesian wells,
that part ef Texas west of the 97th meridian can be irrigated successfully
.at about one-half the expense of either the 'California or Colorado systems.

-SS- -Sf- * * -Sf *

“Our streams generally cannot be depended upon. The ravines running
down from our small mountain formations are usually underlaid by joint
clay or solid rock, and are well adapted for tanks and small lakes. In
nearly all of our valleys artesian wells are obtained at depths ranging
from 100 to 600 feet. Indeed, some few wells have been obtained on
mountain elevations. One just finished, about five miles from this place
[Morgan, Ba'^que county] , yields from thirty to thirty-five gallons per
minute, and must be nearly 250 feet above bhe level of the adjacent creeks.
This well is nearly 800 feet deep. There are between one hundred and
two hundred wells in this und Somervell counties, yielding all the way
fi'om five to one hundred gallons per luiniite. Two or three such wells
would supply the loss from evaporation and seepage, and keep a tank
covering from ten to fifty acres full during fhe dryest years. Such a
tank would easily supply sufficient water for several hundred acres.”

402. Thompson, E. A.

Eeport on the Soils, Water Supply, and Irrigation of the Colo-
rado Coal Field.

Fourth Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1892, Ft. I,
pp. 447-481. Austin, 1893.

Contents: Soils: Eesidual Soils; Transported Soils; Alluvial iSoils;
Analyses of Soils. Timber. Water and Water Supply: Rivers; Creeks
and Branches ; Springs ; Wells ; Tanks and Artificial Reservoirs ; Artesian
Wells; Mineral Water. Irrigation: Irrigable Lands; Methods of obtain-
iug water for irrigating; Dams .and Impounding Reservoir Embankments;
Rainfall, Tables of Annual Precipitation; Alethods of Irrigating; Measure-
ments and Duty of Water.

“The area herein discussed is illustrated on the map, and includes the
major portions of .Comanche, Brown, Coleman, Runnels, Concho, MoCul-
loeh, San Saba, and Alills counties. '*■ *

“The province of this report will be to discuss in detail the character,
distribution, adaptability to certain crops, timber, etc., of the various soils
of our district, the extent, nature, etc., of its water and general water
supply, and the feasibility of establishing systems of irrigation whereby
its ‘dry lands’ may be reclaimed and those already under cultivation be
made more productive, with designs of dams, estimates of the amount of
the annual rainfall available for irrigating, etc., and is subsidiary to the
general report on the same area by Air. Drake, to whom I am indebted
for general data, materials for analysis, etc., and otherwise assisting me
with this report.’’ P. 449.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

253

403. Turner, Henry W.

Volcanic Dust in Texas.*

Science, H. S., Yol. I, pp. 453-455. April 26, 1895.

“Gives a description by R. T. Hill of the locality [in the Llano Estacado
region] where the material was found, and refers 'to similar volcanic mate-
rial from Nebraska, Montana, Idaho, and California.’’ iFrom Week’s Bib-
liog. and Index of N, A. Geol., Pal., etc.. Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No.
146, p. 75.

404. Van Hise, Cfiarles Richard.

Principles of ISTorth American Precambrian Geology.

IGth Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Pt. I, pp. 571-

843. Washington, 1895.

(Precambrian Rocks of Texas, pp. 814-815.)

“In Texas is a series of sedimentary rocks, named Llano by Walcott,
which consists of alternating beds of shales, slates, sandstones, quartzites,
limestones, ferruginous rocks, carbonaceous or graphitic schists, mica-
schists, and chlorite-schists. There also occurs in this area granites and
gneisses, a part of which are placed as a separate system by Comstock,
but are regarded by Walcott as intrusive in the sedimentary rocks.
Whether all of the granites and gneisses are intrusive or not, it is agreed
by both that -the clastic series are cut by numerous eruptives, both basic
and acidic, of which granite is the most prominent. Comstock also divides
the sedimentary rocks into two series, between which he believes there is
an unconformity. Resting upon the deeply eroded pre-Cambrian are the
Potsdam Cambrian rocks.

“It is clear that in Texas there is one, and possibly two, series of Algon-
kian rocks, but whether the Archean is also represented is as yet unde-
termined. The sedimentary rocks of the Texas area have been correlated
by Walcott and Comstock with the Algonkian of the Grand Canyon
region.”

405 Vaughan, T. Wayland.

SeetiDu of the Eocene at Old Port Caddo Landing, Harrison
County, Texas, with Holes on a Collection of Plants from that
Locality, by F. H. Knowlton.

Amer. Geologist, Vol. XVI, pp. 304-309. Xov., 1895.

In this paper two sections at Port Caddo are described. The first extends
“from the corner of MoCathern’s field west to the landing on the south
side of the road.” The second is “a few yards to the north of the road
leading from the corner of McCa them’s field to the landing, in a ravine
near Bonner’s spring.”

“The interesting part of the above section, aside from the plants, is the
interpretation of the phenomena seen in 3 of the firslt section and 2
of the second. There has certainly been some erosion. Is it only a local
unconformity, or do the sands, with the boulders, etc., at the base repre-
sent what Mr. McGee has called the Columbian stage? After studying all

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Transactions Texas Academy op Science.

Vaughan^ T. Wayiand.

that he could find at Port Caddo, the writer was not able to reach a posi-
tive conclusion, but from the sands apparently passing below other strat-
ified clays, of Eocene type, he is inclined to believe that we have an
instance of local unconformity in the Eocene.” P. 305.

‘‘The reason for considering the Port Caddo section of Lignitic age is
because Mr. Harris, in his report on the geology of southern Arkansas,
has indicated the Lignitic-Claiborne as running to the headwaters of the
lakes developed along the Hed river. His work was based upon both care-
ful paleontologic work and field study.” P. 306.

A tabulated list of plants occurring at Port Caddo Landing, Texas;
Campbell’s Quarry, Cross Lake, La., and two miles north of Mansfield, La.,
from Lesquereux and .Knowlton, are given.

Mr. Knowlton’s contribution consists of the list of plants above men-
tioned in Mr. Vaughan’s paper, together with a few brief n'otes.

406. Walcott, C. D.

Administrative Eeport.

(Rooks in Burnet, San Saba and Llano Counties', Texas.)
Sixth Ann. Kept., U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 76. 1885.

An announeement of the age of the Paleozoic rocks of Burnet, San Saba,
and Llano counties, Texas.

“These were found to be composed of Carboniferous, Lower Silurian,
Upper Cambrian, and a series of strata called the Llano group, corre-
sponding to the iG-rand Canon and Chuar groups of Northern Arizona. A
good series of fossils was collected from the Upper Cambrian or Texas-
Potsdam group.” P. 76.

407.

Correlation Papefs. Cambrian.

(The Cambrian in Texas.)

Bulletin U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 81. Washington, 1891.

The Cambrian Rocks of Texas, pp. 216-219. Roemer on the Cambrian,
pp. 216-217. Dr. B. E. Shumard on the same, p. 217. W. P. Jenney and
Prof. J. S. Newberry, p. 218. .S. B. Buckley, p. 218. C. D. Walcott, p.

218. Prof. T. B. Comstock, pp. 218-219. Paleontology of the Texas Cam-
brian, pp. 234-235. Sections of Texas Cambrian, and comparison with
Arizona, pp. 354-355. Comstock’s Classification, p. 355. Problems for
investigation, p. 385.

“The information in relation to the Cambrian area of Central Texas, in
Llano county, is sufficient for most Geologic purposes, although more
detailed information as to the horizontal distribution of the fauna and the
.presence or absence of the Middle Cambrian fauna is desirable. The prin-
cipal question, however, is the investigation of the supposed Cambrian in
the vicinity of Ei Paso and the southwestern portion of the State.” P.
385.

Record oe Geology of Texas, 18SV-189G.

255

408. Walcott, C. D., and otihers'.

Discussion of HilFs paper on ^‘The Comanche Series of the
Texas- Arkansias Eegion

Bulletin GeoL Soc. of America, Vol. II, pp. 526-527. 1891.

Mr. C. D. Walcott: ‘Trofessor Hill has brought up the question debated
by many geologists, whether the Cretaceous and later formations ever
extended over the central Paleozoic area of Texas. lA few years since I
examined the latter rocks of this area and saw the escarpments of the
iCretaceons strata facing the central Paleozoic area. As the last report of
the Texas State Survey takes the ground that this Paleozoic area was an
island in the Cretaceous sea, it is interesting to see how far the facts
accord with this theory. .From the statements communicated by Professor
Hill, and from analogy, it seems that he must be correct, and that the
iCretaceous overlapped this central area; otherwise it would now be reduced
to base-level by erosion. T should like to hear what the geologists of
the Texas State Survey, who are present, have to say about this theory.”

Mr. Fj. T. Dumble: “ 1 am not personally acquainted with the geology of
the central area save in a general way. Dr. Comstock, who is in charge
of the district, has given in his report some of the reasons why he con-
siders this area to never have been covered with the Cretaceous rocks,
among o«ther reasons urging that many points of this area are higher than
any points of the surrounding Cretaceous area.”

Professor Hill: ‘‘Generally, one can look over the Paleozoic area from
the Cretaceous 'escarpment, dt may be true that the Paleozoic does, in
some places, rise to the level of the Cretaceous escarpment; but it is neces-
sary to have at least 4,000 feet of Cretaceous strata removed to bring the
two horizons on a level, and consequently the Paleozoic would require to be
at least that much higher than the present escarpment to have been
uncovered by the Cretaceous sea.”

For the remarks of Dr. Cooper Curtice, see Title Ho. 83.

409. Walker, Joseph B.

Notes on the Geology of Burnet County.'^

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Yol. I. Hdiis'ton, Feb.,

1889.

“Statements in regard to characteristics, relations, and distribution of
the Cretaceous and Carboniferous.” iFrom Darton’s 'Record of N. A, Geol.
for 1887, etc.. Bull. U. iS. Geol. Surv., No. 75, p. 161.

410.

Report of.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, p. cii.

Austin, 1891.

Administrative report^ During the field season of 1890, Mr. Walker
was assigned to Panola, Shelby, Nacogdoches, and Rusk counties for the
purpose of examining “the quality of >the iron ore deposits” and defining
“the boundaries of such ores as would probably be of immediate economic
value, with ‘such observations on the character of the surrounding geologic
formations as the time will permit/

256

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Walker^ Joseph B.

“The want of reliable geographic maps, and the fact that no contour
maps of this section exist, together with a paucity of local names for many
of the ‘mountains,’ as they are locally called, and the difficulty of finding
persons acquainted with the boundaries of the headright surveys, has ren-
dered exact outlining of the ore beds within the allotted time an impossi-
bility, but sufficient data have been obtained to show the location and
approximate extent of the beds of iron ore most suitable for manufacturing
purposes, while other observed facts will tend to assist in determining the
character and relations of the strata to each ’other, and the period of the
formations as a whole.” !P. eii.

411.

Reports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter VII. Panola County.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Gteol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 226-
243. Austin, 1891.

Contents: Introduction; Drainage; 'Surface; Soils. Timber G-rowth.
Iron Ores; Analyses of Iron Ores. Clays; Analyses of Clays. Lignite;
iMineral Taint: LAsphaltum Brown, Yellow Ochre, Red Ochre, iRed Hematite,
White Clays. lOreen Band. Silicified Wood. Oil. Fresh Water Siliceous
Limestone. Sandstone; Class Sand; Magnetic Sand. Notes on the (Strat-
igraphy of Panola County. Relation of Strata. Twoomy Creek Metamor-
phie Disturibance. Grand Bluff Disturbance.

“The district composed of Panola, Shelby, Nacogdoches, and Rusk coun-
ties, lying between north latitude Sl'^ and 32° 30' and west longitude 93°
40' and 95° (examined during the summer of 1890) is mainly between the
Sabinie river on the northeast and the Angelina River on the southwest.
The whole three thousand, four hundred and ninety square miles is included
in what is known as the ‘Timber Belt’ of East Texas.

“The most characteristic feature of the topography of this district is the
enormous erosion, which has ploughed out extensive valleys, and left the
high hills (buttes) and ridges, locally called ‘mountains,’ as imposing wit-
nesses of that potent agency. These hills and ridges, covered with forest
trees, when viewed from an elevation, do, indeed, present the appearance
of mountain ranges.

“For a general description of the geography and topography of East
Texas, with notes on the literature of the Tertiary formation, the reader
is referred to the preliminary report by Dr. R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., in the
First Annual Report of the Geological .Survey of Texas, 1889, and to the
introductory chapter of this Report on the Iron Ore Districts of East
Texas [E. T. Dumble].”

“Panola county has an area of seven hundred and ninety-nine square
miles, lying between north latitude 32° and 32° 30' and west longitude 94°
and 94° 40'. Jt was created by division from Shelby and Harrison coun-
ties in 1846.” P. 225.

“The county is drained by the Sabine river, which runs through the
middle portion, from the northwest corner to the southwest corner.” P.
226.

Record op Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

257

Walker, Joseph B.

*******

“The general surface of this country is hilly and undulating. The high-
est plains, or remnants of the original Tertiary deposition, are in the
northwest and southwest portions, where the buttes and ridges, having a
trend from la little north lof east to' a little south of west, hiave been formed
by erosion from the original Tertiariy plains. The estimated %eight of
these is from six hundred to se\'en hundred feet above the present sea
level.” P. 226.

* * *****

“The top soil of the buttes and ridges is very sandy, probably from the
leaching action of rain water. The soil on the sides of these elevations
partakes of the nature of the top, mingled with the under stratum of red
ferruginated and mottled red and gray clay. The soil on the low lands
and alluvial bottoms is composed of a mixture * * of the finer

particles of the other two.” P. 226.

* * * * * -jt *

“In the northwestern part of the county, on the summits of the highest
ridges and hills, there are remnants of the original iron ore deposits.” P.
228.

412. ■ "

Reports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description ol Cnunties. Ghapter VIII. Shelby County.

Second Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 244-
254. Austin, 1891.

Contents: (Location.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays. Fresh

Water Silicious Limestone. Lignite. Timber Growth. Iron Ores. Analy-
ses~of Iron Ores. Sandstone. Glass Sand. Silicious Iron Pebbles and Iron
Gravel. ‘Manganese Nodules (Wad.). Drown Springs. Notes on the
Stratigraphy of Shelby county; Disturbance; Relation of Strata.

“This county, lying between north latitude 31° 35' and 32°, and west
longitude 93° 50' and 94° 30', has an area of eight hundred and two square
miles.

***** * *

“This county is watered and drained on the east by the Sabine river,
which forms its eastern boundary, and also the boundary between the

State of Texas and the State of Louisiana.

*******

“The western and southwestern portions of the county are watered and
drained by the Attoyac Bayou, which forms the western boundary of the
county.

****** *

“The high ridges, originally a part of the elevated Tertiary plains,
extend, as remnants, from the northwest corner to the central southern
boundary, forming the watershed between the tributaries of the Sabine
■River on the east and the tributaries of the Attoyac Fork of Angelina
River on the west.”

258

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

413. Walker, Joseph B.

Eeports on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter IX. Busk County.

Second Ann. Eept. of the G-eol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 255-
267. Austin, 1891.

Contents: (Location.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays; Analyses of
Clays. Siliceous Limestone. Lignite. 'Mineral Water. Oil. G-reensand
Marl; Analyses of Greensand Marl. Timiber. Iron Ores; Analyses of Iron
Ores. Glass Sand. Orange Sand. Stratigraphy; Relation of Strata.

“The area of this county is 917 square miles, lying between north lati-
tude 31° 51'-32° 25' and west longitude 94° 25'-94° 58'. It was formed from
Nacogdoches county, and organized in 1843, being named in honor of
Thomas J. Rusk.

-sf -sf 4:- *

“This county is watered and drained in the northern and northeastern
portion by the Sabine river and its triJbutaries. * * * The middle and

southwestern portions by the tributaries of the Angelina river. * * *

“The highest elevations are the iron-capped ridges, more particularly in
the northern, northeastern, and somthern portions of the county. The
remainder is hilly and rolling, except the valleys which form the margins
of the streams.”

414.

EepoTts on the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter X. Xacogdoches County.

Second! Ann. Eept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, 1890, pp. 268-
286; plate and map. Austin, 1891.

Contents: (Location, Acreage, etc.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays.
■Silicious Limestone. Lignite. Mineral Water. Mineral Oil. Greensand
Marls. Analyses of Greensand Marls. Timber. Iron Ores. Analyses of
Iron Ores. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Nacogdoches County. Relation
of Strata.

“The area of this county is 974 square miles, lying between north lati-
tude 31° 15'-31° 50' and west longitude 94° 20'-94° 55'.

“It was one of the original municipalities, and became a county under

the same name in 1837.

*****->:-•»

“This county is watered and drained by the Attoyae Bayou (forming
the eastern boundary) and its tributaries on the western side.

* -X- * ^5- * * *

“The highest elevations are in the northwestern and eastern portions of
the county, and were originally part of the elevated Tertiary plain, but
now eroded into ridges. The remaining portion of the county is mainly
broken and rolling upland, except the valleys along the streams.

* * 45- * * -X *

“This county has extensive deposits of clay suitable for making bricks
and tiles.”

Recoe;d op Geology oe Texas, 1887-1896’.

259

Walker^ Joseph B.

•3{. -JS- * * * * *

“Mineral Oil. — 'The oilnbearing sulphur water spring * * is

located on one of the two tracts of land owned and operated by the
Petroleum Prospecting 'Company. The water, with traces of oil, flows into -
the little stream adjacent known as Oil Spring Branch, a tributary of
Bayou Visitador. In the valley of the stream .are the present oil-bearing
wells, some thirty in number.”

At the time this report was written the company was “only bailing out”
the wells semi-weekly and storing the oil.

The same plan was pursued by the Lubricating Oil Company at its wells
in, the valley of Bayou Visitador, about three or four miles northeast of
the oil spring property above mentioned.

415.

Reports O'li the Iron Ore District of East Texas. Part III.
Description of Counties. Chapter XI. Cherokee County.

Second Ann. Kept, of the Geol. Surv. ol Texas, 1890, pp. 287-
302. Austin, 1891.

Contents: (Location, 'Acreage, etc.) Drainage. Surface. Soils. Clays.
Mineral Paint. Lignite. Analyses of Lignites. Mineral Water; Chaly-
beate (Springs, Sulphur Springs. Mineral Oil. Greensand. Timber. Iron
' Ore. Analyses of Iron Ores. The Iron Industry at Rusk and Vicinity.
Grades of Pig Iron. Average Daily Product in Tons. Analysis of Pig
Iron. Analyses of Limestone. Analyses of Durnace Slag. Cost of Mate-
rials. The Tassie Belle Furnace. The Star and Crescent Furnace. General
iSuggestions. The Recent Earthquake. Concluding Remarks.

“The area of this county is 1008 square miles, lying between north lati-
tude 31° 25'-32° 7' and west longitude 94° 52'-95° 25'.

* . -:c- * * * * 1 *

“This county is watered and drained in the north central portion by the
west fork U'f the Angelina river and its tributaries; on the southeast by
the Angelina river and its western tributaries. * * * The Neehes river

forms the western and southern boundary.”

For general features and distribution of ores, see Penrose, R. A. F., Jr.,
First Ann. Rept. Geol. Survey of Texas, pp. 31, 67, etc.

416. Weeks, Joseph D.

Art. Petroleum. Min. Resources of the U. S., 1889-1890.
(Petroleum] in Texas), pp. 359-361. Washington, 1892.

Conditions similar to those found in Kansas, New Mexico and southern
California. Tar springs. Wells in Kansas and Missouri little east of
95th meridian. Texas springs little east of the 94th, some on 93rd and
east of it. Petroleum produced in 1889 in Bexar county near San Antonio,
between the 98th and 99th meridians. Product of the springs called maltha
by the California geologists.

Texas oil a natural lubricator. Gravity. Source and depth of wells.
“Sour springs” at Sulphur Springs, Hopkins county. 'Oil wells at Nacog-
doohes. Statistics of production in Texas, 1889-1890.

260

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

417. Weeks^ Joseph D.

Art. Petrolenm. Min. Eesonrces of the U. S., 1894.
Nonmetallic Products.

Sixteenth Ann. Eept., P. S. Geological Survey, Part lY.
(Petrolenm in Texas), pp. 378-379. Washington, 1895.

“Conditions similar to those found in Kansas, Missouri, and the south-
ern part of California exist in Texas. Springs, known locally as Tar
springs,’ are found scattered over various portions of the State, especially
in the northeast, southeast and central portions. The oil wells of Kansas
and Missouri are found a little east of the 95th meridian of longitude west
of iG-reenwich. The Texas springs are a little to the east of the 94th
meridian, and some are also found on the 93rd and east of it. The petro-
leum produced in Texas is from Bexar county, near San Antonio, about
midway between the 98th and 99th meridians. The product of these springs
is known locally as petroleum, and is, in this report, so classified, though
some geologists, especially those who have been connected with the geologi-
cal survey of California, insist on calling it maltha. At present, however,
they aeknowledge that this so-called maltha and petroleum are similar
substances. Chemically, they may be; practically, they are not.

“The Texas oil is a natural lubricator of from 28° to 30° gravity, and
is said to be found in a conglomerate. The wells are shallow, the oil
being struck in various parts of the State at from 125 to 350 feet. The
Bexar county wells, which produced the petroleum reported from this State,
are about 300 feet deep. As there is but a limited demand for the oil, there
is no 'effort to produce it in large quantities. The produeing wells, which
are on the ranch of Mr. George Dulnig, were wells that had been drilled
originally for water. They were found to yield small quantities of oil
and gas. The production of these two wells in 1889 was about four barrels
a month. The annual production is from fifty to seventy-five barrels.

“Outside of the oil produced in Bexar county none seems to have been
produced in the State on a commercial seale, thoug'h reports as to the
discovery of oil at various points in Texas are frequent. At Sulphur
Springs, in Hopkins county, there are certain so-called Tour wells,’ which
produced a few gallons of oil. In 1887 and 1888 considerable excitement
was occasioned by the reported striking of oil in Nacogdoches county. The
locality was eighty miles southwest of Shreveport, The wells were driven
wells, and some oil was obtained at the depth of eighty-five feet; in other
cases at a depth of 300 feet. Quite a number of wells were driven in 1887
and 1888, but no petroleum was produced in 1889. The oil produced in
Bexar county was used for lubrication.

“The production of petroleum in this State since 1889 has been as fol-
lows :

“production of petroleum in TEXAS, 1889 TO 1894.

YEARS.

BRLS.

1889 48.

1890 54.

1891 54.

18-92 45.

1893 50.

1894 60.

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSV-ISQG.

261

418. Weeks, Joseph D.

Art. Petroleum. Min. Resonrees of the U. S., 1895.
Nonmetallic Products, except Goal.

Seventeenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geological Survey,
Part III (continued).

(Petroleum in Texas), p. 701. Washington, 1896.

‘Traotically all of the oil produced in the State in 1895 was from the
wells of Mr. George Dullnlg, near San Antonio, in Bexar county.

'^During the year 189'5 a well was completed at Sour Lake, Texas, which
gave a small supply of 16° lubricating oil. In drilling a well in Corsicana,
at a depth of 1,035 feet, an oil sand some twenty feet in thiekness was
ifound, and some two and three-fourths barrels of oil per day has heen
produced. This, however, has been since the 1st of January, 1896, and
this production is not, therefore, included in this report.”

Production of petroleum in Texas for 1895, fifty barrels.

419. Weitzel, R. S.

The Coul Field of Texas.

(Absfr.aot of a paper read before the Ohio Institute of Mining
Engineers.)

Eng. and Mining Jour., Vol. L, pp. 214-216. 1890.

Outline: The Geological and Mineralogical Survey of Texas, organized
in 1888. Knowledge of Texas coal fields obtained from this source and
from work done for private parties. Mining done so far quite limited.
.Extract from the first Report of Progress [p. 19], concerning the number
and extent of the coal fields. Reference to W. F. 'Cummins \Iog. cit.'].
Professor Ashburner quoted \Iog. gU.']. The old Gordon mine in Palo Pinto
county; the Texas and Pacific Coal Company’s mines about four miles
southwest fa-om Gordon, on the edge of Enath eoiunty. “This compiany owns
about 24,000 acres of land, has two mines, both shafts, one 61 feet deep
and the other 74 feet deep, each very well equipped with hoisting machinery,
and the balance of their plant is very good. They lare now producing about
600 tons of coal per day, all of which is taken by the Rio Grande Division
of the Texas and Pacific Railroad for locomoitive purposes.” The Palo
Pinto Coal Compainy’s mine. Shaft 45 to 50 feet deep. Output 100 tons
per day. “The seam, the No. 1, at the above mentioned mines, ranges from
18 to 30 inches thick, and has one persistent band of slate from ^ to 1
inch thick; the roof is either slate or soapstone, and the floor generally
fireclay, though in places it is sandstone. The State report does not give
any analysis of the coal, and the only published analysis of it I have seen
shows it heavy in ash and sulphur, and corresponding very closely to the
coal of 'Leavenworth, Kan.”

Mine ten miles west of Decatur. Coal used locally. Mine four miles
west of Bowie. Seam 30 inches thick, “with a clay parting 3 inches thick.”
Reference to Prof. Cummins regarding seam No. 7, and various places*
about Cisco.

“The Nueces or Semi-bituminous field lies in the southwestern part of the
State bordering on Mexico.” Area not less than 3,700 miles. Northern

262

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Weitzel, E. S.

boundary not determined. Two or three workable seams. “The upper
seam (or middle one, as I understand, where three seams exist), is from
18 to 58 inches thick, with a 2-inch slate parting in the center, and is
being worked at San Tomas.” Opinion of J. Owen concerning the coal.
“The lower seam in this field outcrops 4^ feet at Eagle Pass, several miles
norithwest lof San Tom'as .and up the Rio Grande river, 'showing along
both sides of the river for a distance of ten miles. The abrupt inclination
of the stratum at this place carries it below the surface, and its eastern
boundary could not be determined. The stratigraphical position of this
seam is 600 to 700 feet below the ISTueces or San Tomas seam.” Reference
to Mr. Owen’s measurements at the Hartz mines.

The Lignitic Field. Reference to State Geologist Dumble. See First
Rept. of Progress, Geol. and Min. Surv. of Texas, p. 20.

420. W. H.

The Dykes of Bandera County.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin, Yol. I, No. 8. Houston,
Dec., 1888.

iDescription of a pyrite-bearing dyke near Bandera.

Extract: “This vein or dyke is known to run in a straight line about
twenty-five or thirty miles, aud there are beside it six or seven more
running parallel with it, and a line ten miles long north and south would
cut all of them.”

421. White^ Charles A.

On the Age of the Coal found in the Eegion traversed by the Eio
Grande.

lAiner. Jour, of Science, III, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 18-20. New
Haven, Jan., 1887.

“During the past few years many discoveries of coal have been made
'within the region which is traversed by the lower portion of the Rio
iGrande, besides those which were made by the members of the United
•States and Mexican Boundary Commission and other early government
expeditions. In Texas, coal has been found in 'Webb, Maverick, Presidio
and El Paso counties; and in Mexico, in the States of Nuevo Leon and
Coahuila. ,By certain local geologists and mining experts, whose reports
have fallen under my observation, a part of these coals have been referred
to Carboniferous age, and others to Triassic age. From personal examina-
tion in the field, extending over a large part of the region in question, and
an examination of fossils which have been collected by different persons
from strata associated with the coals, I am satisfied, however, that none
of them are earlier than late Cretaceous age.

“In some cases the .coal of this region is worthless for practical use, but
in others it is of good quality; all of it having the general characteristics
of the coals which are obtained from the Laramie and Fox Hills forma-
tions in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. From the data and observations
just mentioned I do not hesitate to refer all the known coal of the region
under consideration to one ©r the other, or both, of those formations.”

Record oe Geology of Texas, ISS'Z-ISUO.

263

White, Charles A.

Intimate association of these two formations in the region of the Lower
Rio Grrande. No evidence at present of the Laramie in Webb and Maver-
ick counties. The coal found there belongs to the equivalent of the Fox
'Hills group. The mines at San Tomas, forty miles above Laredo, and those
seven miles above Eagle 'Pass are the principal 'ones on the Texas side,
iln Mexico the equivalent of the latter coal is found a few miles from]
Piedras Negras. From data furnished by Mr. James T. Gardiner, it was
ascertained that the Laramie and Fox Hills formations exist in the State
of Nuevo Leon and the eastern part of the State of lOoahuila. Both of
these formations were found by the writer (White) in the region of
■Coahuila drained by the Rio Sabinas.

Little is known of the character of the coal deposits in the southern part
of Presidio and El Paso counties, Texas.

422.

On Generic Forms of Cretaceons Mollnsca and t'heir Rela-
tion to Other Forms.

Proc. Acad, of hlat. Sci., Phila., Pt. I, pp. 32-37; pi. II.
Jan. -Apr., 1887

“The type species of the three generic forms which are described in this
article belong to the collections of Cretaceous fossils from Texas, which I
am now preparing for publication in one of the memoirs of the U. S.
Geological 'Survey. In their generic characteristics all three of them
appear to be respectively identical with certain forms wbich have long
been known, but which have been referred to other genera by different
authors. The features which I now present as having generic value seem
to have been overlooked by those authors, or, so far as they were observed,
they were treated as specific characters. Two of these forms belong to
the section Melininae of the family Avioulidae. The other is referred to
the Crassatellidae, but it departs considerably from the typical section of
that family.”

Crassatellidae. Genus Stearnsia (gen. nov.). Stearnsia Robinsi (sp.
nov.). Aviculidae. Genus Dalliconeha (gen. nov.). Genius Aguileria (gen.
nov.). A. Cumminsi (sp. nov.).

423. ^ —

On the Cretaceous Formations of Texas, and their Relation to
those of other Portions of North America.

Pro'ceedings Acad, of Nat. Sci., Phil., Pt. I, pp. 39-47. Jan.-
Apr., 1887.

“The true relations of the different Cretaceous formations which have
long been known to exist within the iState of Texas to each other, and to
those which have been recognized in other portions of North America, have
not hitherto been satisfactorily known. 'Several eminent geologists have
written upon the subject, and considerable diversity of opinion has pre-
vailed among them. The former impracticability of obtaining informa-
tion by personal observation over any considerable portion of that region;

264

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

White^ Charles A.

the destruction hj the 'Civil War of the work so well begun by Dr. Shu-
mard, and the limited knowledge then possessed by any one of the general
geology of North America^ were doubtless the -causes which prevented
a satisfactory solution of this question.”

The author’s investigation of the Texas Cretaceous. Field work in
charge of Mr. 'Eobert T. iHill, chief assistant. The general section of the
Cretaceous strata of the eastern half of Texas which resulted from these
labors: Comanche Series — il, Dinosaur Sands; 2, Fredericksburg Division;
3, Washita Division. Gulf Series — 4, Tim'ber Creek ,Beds; 5, Eagle Ford
'Shales; 6^ Austin Limestone; 7, Navarro Beds.

Table showing the equivalency of these formations: Mississippi Section;
Texas Section; Western Section; Upper Missouri Eiver Section. The
Mississippi isection is that of Prof. E. W. Hilgard; the Western is a mod-
ification, 'first proposed by King, of the Upper Mis-siouri riwer section of
Meek and Hayden. White’s modification. The New Mexico section by
Prof. Newberry. The Fox Hills group. The separate identity of the
Dakota group. Facts seem to indicate “that while the greater part of the
Dakota group, as it is now known, is a non-marine deposit, we ought to
expect to find it to merge into a marine deposit to the southward.

“Now, in making comparisons of the Texas Cretaceous rocks with those
which have been observed in other parts of the continent, we find that the
whole lOomanche series represents older strata than are included in any
other published sections of North American Cretaceous except that perhap-s
of California. The strata of the Comanche series are known to extend
northward from Texas into the Indian Territory, and some of its charac-
teristic fossils have been found in southeastern Kansas. Fossils belonging
to this series have also been found at various points in Western^ Texas and
• the adjacent southeastern part of New Mexico. They have also been
found at various points in Mexico, one locality being upon the western
side of the Sierra Madre in the Mexican State of Sonora.

“Judging from ull the informatiion that I have been able to obtain, I infer
that none of the strata of the Comanche series extend beyond the eastern
boundaries of Texas, nor further northward than southern Kansas. It
seems probable, also, that while this series is well developed, both faunally
and stratigraphically, in Texas, it has, or originally had, its greatest devel-
opment within the region which is now the Eepublic of Mexico.” P. 43.

Discussion of the equivalency of formation. The Timber Creek beds
equivalent, at least in part, with the Dakota of the Western and Upper
Missouri sections; the Eagle Ford shales equivalent with the bluish shales
or lower part of the Colorado group and stratigraphically with the Tom-
bigbee sands; the Austin limestone equivalent with the Eotten limestone
of the Mississippi section; the Navarro beds equivalent with the Eipley;
and the Fox Hills group of the Western section is recognized in the valley
of the Eio Grande in West Texas. “Of the present, or former, direct
stratigraphical continuity of the western Fox Hills strata with their pre-
sumed equivalents in Eastern Texas, and in the Gulf and Atlantic coast
regions, present evidence is not so clear.”

Relation of Fox Hills strata and the Navarro Beds to overlying forma-

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

265

White, Charles A.

tions. Lignite Tertiary Beds of Eastern Texas rest upon the JSTavarro Beds,
hut actual contact in Last Texas seems not to have been seen by a com-
petent observer. Strata of the Fox Hills group in the region of the Kio
iGrande are overlaid by those of the Laramie without a sharply defined
plane of demarkation. “No equivalent of the Jurassic strata * * *

'have been recognized in connection with the Texas Cretaceous section as
given in this article; and they seem to have entirely thinned out before
reaching the region of Central Texas. In that region, the strata next
underlying the iComanche series are clearly either those of the Carbonifer-
ous or of the 'Red Beds. The latter are not known to exist to the east-
ward of ^bhe Carboniferous area of Northern Gentral Texas, but they reach
considerable thickness upon the western side of that area, where they arc
usually known as the Gypsum formation.

“It appears from the investigations upon wliich this article is based that
certain of the members of the Texas Cretaceous section have not heretofore
been recognized, and that the true order of superposition of the formations
has been misunderstood, the theoretical section of Marcou being more
nearly correct than any heretofore published.” Correlation of the Upper
Series with the Western and Upper Missouri sections; and, in part, with
the Cretaceous formations of the Gulf and (Atlantic coast.. Work of Shu-
mard and Roemer.

424.

On the Relation of the Laramie Group to Earlier and Later Form-
ations.

Amer. Jonr. of Seience, III, Vol. XXXV, pp. 432-438. Xeiw
Haven, June, 1888.

The relation of the Laramie group to the Tertiary and to the Cretaceous.
The conflicting evidence,

“During the twelve years preceding the autumn of 1887, in which I had
made extensive studies and observations concerning the Laramie group, I
was never able to obtain any personal -krowledge of the actual strati-
graphical relation of that group to any of the marine Tertiary groups
which border various portions of North America.

*******

“In 1884, Professor E. D. Cope announced that he had found ‘the Clai-
borne beds resting immediately upon the Laramie at Laredo,’ Texas; but
he then mentioned no correlated facts in support of this important
announcement, and, so far as I am aware, none have since been pub-
lished. The known southeastward trend of the Laramie, and the circling,
and therefore converging, trend of the Gulf series of formations made it
evident that the district traversed by the lower Rio Grande would be
found to be the most promising field in which to search for the strati-
graphical relation between the Laramie and the Eocene Tertiary.^ With
this object in view, I, last autumn, visited that region, and had the satis-
faction of confirming the observation previously made by Professor Cope.”

The journey from Eagle Pass to Laredo. The coal beds above Laredo

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Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Wpiite^ Charles A.

referred to tlie Laramie. iStratlgrapLical geology on the Mexican side of
the Kio Grande. Uncertainty of the precise position in the geological
series of the lEooene beds resting upon the Laramie near Laredo. Posi-
tion of the lignitic beds in Mississippi and Eastern Texas. The “Belly
River Series” of Dawson, and its relation to the Laramie. The presumpt-
ive evidence of the ‘Cretaceous age of the Laramie.

425.

(On the Fauna of the Permian of Baylor, Archer and Wichita
Counties, Texas. )

Amer. Ratnralist, Yol. XXII, p. 926. 1888.

“Statement of his opinion in regard to the Permian age of the forma-
tion.’^ Erom Barton’s Record of N. A. Geol. for 1887, etc., Bull. U. S.
Geol. S'urv. No. 75, p. 164.

426.

On the Permian Formation of Texas.

Amer. Naturalist, Yol. XXIII, pp. 109-128; pi. 1. Feb.,
1889.

Cope, from time to time during the past ten years, has published descrip-
tions of vertebrate remains from Texas which he has referred to the Per-
mian; other authors have generally referred the formation to the Triassic.
A collection of invertebrates made by W. F. Cummins proved so interesting
that the author in company with Mr. Cummins visited the region and made
collections and observations personally. He says: “Thirty-two species of
invertebrates were collected, about one-half of which were readily recog-
nized as well-known Coial-measure species, but a few of them were new,
among which were two belonging to mesozoic types. It is this paleonto-
logical feature in connection with important correlated facts, that especi-
ally excited my interest in the formation from which the fossils were
obtained.

* ?t- * * -s- *

“In Texas this formation oocupies an area many hundred square miles in
extent, which constitutes the western part of the southern extreniity of the
great central paleozoic region of the continent. The southern boundary of
this area is not now definitely known, but it lies at least as far south as the
Concho river. Its eastern boundary may 'be approximately designated as
extending from Red river to the Golorado through Clay, Young, Shackle-
ford, Callahan and Runnels counties; and its wesitern border as extending
from the Canadian river to the Concho through Hemphill, Wheeler, Don-
ley, Briseoe, Motley, Dickens, Garza, Borden and Howard counties. The
formation is known to extend northward far within the Indiian Territory,
but. in this article special reference is made only to that portion of it
which is found in Texas; and the description which is herein given is
drawn nrainly from observations made in Baylor, Archer and other con-
tiguous counties.

“This formation rests directly and conformably upon another series of

Record of Geology of Texas, ISSY-ISOG.

267

White, iCtiarles A.

isfcrata in which la eharaeteristic Ooal-mieas'nre fauna preYails, but which
is not known to contain any fossils of the mesozoic types, if we except the
Ammonites parkeri of Heilprin, which he states was obtained from Carbon-
iferous strata in Wise county. Notwithstanding the mesozoic character
of a part of the molluscan fauna of the upper formation, the preponderance
of evidence makes it necessary to regard it as belonging to the great
Oarboiniferous system, and as constituting an upper member of it. For
these and other reasons yet to be stated I have little or no hesitancy in
designating this Texan formiation ,as Permian, as Prof. Cope has done, but
I shall briefly discusis in following paragraphs the propriety of the use
of that name for all of the North American strata to which it has been
applied.’^ Pp. 109-110.

Permian strata blend with those of the Coal-measures. Description of
the Texas Permian strata. Topography. Thickness of Permian strata.
Vertebrate fossils. Thickness of Texas Coal-measures. Their characteris-
tic invertebrate fossils. The ‘‘gypsum-bearing” beds — Triassic or Permian?
The great conformable series of North Texas. Thicknes.s. Stratigraphic
relations of the Texas Permian. Description of Texas Permian. List of
invertebrate species. Summary. Brief' descriptions of three new Cephalo-
pod ispeoies (Plate I). Commingling of Mesozoic and Paleozoic types.

“The special interest which these Texan collections possess lies, flrst,
in the presence of the two Cephalopods of the (Mesozoic type as members
of an invertebrate fauna composed otherwise of paleozoic types ; and sec-
ond, in the association of this invertebrate fauna with a vertebrate fauna
composed mainly of Permian types, as determined by Professor Cope, and
in the known superposition of the formation containing these faunas upon
characteristic Coal-measure strata.” Pp. 119-120.

The biological interdelimitation of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic ages.
Attempts to explain the commingling of earlier and later types in one and
the same stratum. Unphilosophical views concerning ehronological restric-
tion. Discussion of North American and lEuropean Permian.

“The recognition of the Permian, of Texas as a separate upper group of
a strata belonging to the Carboniferous system is based upon both strati-

graphical and Paleontological evidence, and this evidence is fuller than that
which has been adduced in favor of any other reputed Permian strata of
North America.” P. 126.

427.

Admimis'tratiYe Report, Division of Mesozoic Paleontology.

Eiglitih Aninmal Repoiit of tlie D. S. Geol. Snrv,, Part I, pp.
178-181. Waislbington, 1889.

(Field Work in Texas), pp. 179-180.

Instructions to Mr. Hill. “His work for the season was confined mainly
to Grayson, Denton, Tarrant, Dallas, Comanche and Travis counties, but
various other counties were visited.

(Early in October I joined Mr. Hill at Austin and proceeded to review
with him his field of work of the two preceding months and to make
additional observations with reference to the objects of that work. In

268

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

White^ Charles A.

futherance of these objects I traversed the western portion of the State
along several extended lines and gathered important data there, especially
concerning the relation of the Cretacegus formations, which are continuous
with those of the .Rocky Mountain region to the northward, to those in
eastern Texas, which are continuous with the Cretaceous formations of the
other Grulf States to the eastward. During this reconnaissance various
points along the valley of the Rio Crande were visited, and the formations
which were especially under investigation were in some instances traced
into the Republic of Mexico for the purpose of making the observations
more complete. From these observations, in connection with others pre-
viously made, general conclusions have been reached, of which the following
is a brief statement.

The Cretaceous series of Eastern Texas is separable into two principal divi-
sions, an upper and a lower, each having distinct and well-marked Paleon-
tological characteristics. A study of their fossil faunas respeotively has
shown that while the formations of the upper division may be correlated,
at least in a general way, with the Cretaceous formations of the great
interior region, and also with those of the G-ulf States, the lower division
cannot be so correlated; that is, the lower division belongs to a lower
horizon than that of any other Cretaceous strata of North America at
present known, except the older Cretaceous strata of the Pacific coast and
perhaps those of the yet comparatively little known Rotoimac group of the
Atlantic coast. Strata of the lower division of tbe Texas Cretaceous have
not been recognized to the eastward of that State, nor farther northward
tbain southeastern Kansas, but they extend to western Texas and over into
Mexico, where they are overlaid by the representatives, of the Dakota,
'Colorado, Fox Hills and Laramie groups, as they are overlaid by the for-
mations of the upper division in eastern Texas.” Pp. 179-180.

Correlation of the. upper division of the Texas series. Plan of work in
Texas. Collections of fossils.

428. '

'The Lower Cretaceous of the Southwest and its Eelation to the
Underlykug and' 'Overlying Fobinatiions:.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XXXYIII, pp. 440-445.
Xew Haven, Dec., 1889.

The Cretaceous strata of Texas referable to two divisions : Upper and
Lower. Not necessarily equivalent to European section of the same name.
The upper Missouri river section of Meek and Hayden, including the
Dakota group, represents the Upper Division; the Comanche series the
Lower. :Strata of the Lower Division not discovered east of the 65th
meridian. 'With the probable exception of a locality in Central Kansas
none have been found north of the southern part of Indian Territory and
the southwest part of Arkansas. They exist in the extreme southern
part of New Mexico. Fossils from near Arivechi, Sonora, indicate Lower
Cretaceous. This is the most westerly locality. The Lower Cretaceous of
California contains a different fauna, and is not referred to here. Other
exposures in Mexico. Createst development of Lower Cretaceous strata in

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

269

White, 'Charles A.

northern Mexico. More ahoindant collections of fossils have been obtained
in Texas than elsewhere. (Contrast between the Lower Cretaceous of the
Southwest and the Upper Cretaceous. The Paleontological contrast. Want
of faunal relationship between the Upper and Lower Divisions. The chro-
nological hiatus. The Comanche of Lower Silurian strata of Texas east
of the Pecos River ; Character and Thickness. The same west of the Pecos
and in Mexico. Displacements involving other strata. Stratigraphic
sitructure of the Sierra Sian Carlos in Chihuahua. Structure of the Chinate
Mountains of Texas. No satisfactory proof that the Jura and Trias are
represented by any North American strata south of the 34th parallel of
‘ latitude.

429.

Remarks on the Cretaceous of ISroTthern Mexico.

Proe. Amer.' Assoc. Adv. of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 252.
1890.

“In these remarks the speaker referred to observations made during his
late visit to the State of Chihuahua, Mexico, and to the adjacent parts of
Texas and New Mexico. A small range of mountains in Chihuahua, sev-
enty-five miles sioutheaisitward from Presidio del Nor-te, knovvn as the Sierira
San Carlos, was found to be composed almost wholly of much disturbed,
compact, bluish limestone strata having the usual aspect of the Carbon-
iferous limestones of the great interior region. They were found, however,
to contain Cretaceous fossils from top to bottom, the recognized species
being such as characterize the Comanche Cretaceous of Texas. '''■ *

“The isolated mountain near Presidio del Norte was also found to be
composed of the Comanche limestone; and lying upturned against its
southern base and extending far to the southward, is a great thickness of
shaly strata, succeeded by sandstones, the former bearing fossils of the
Colorado Croup, and the latter those of the Pierre-Pox Hill Group.
^

“In the Chinate mountains in Texas, about twenty-five miles north of
Presidio, the bluish Comanche limestone rests ooinformably upon Carbon-
iferous limestone, the color and character of both being so similar that
they are distinguishable only by their .respective fossils. Here of course
both the Jura and the Trias are absent. In both the Chinate and the San
Carlos mountains, the Comanche limestone is silver-bearing at its base.'”

430. ^

Administrativ’e Report, Division of Mesozoic Invertebrates.

Xinth Annnal Report of the D. S. Genlogical Snrv., pp. 120-
123. Waishdington, 1890.

Field investigations in Texas, p. 120-121.

“From the city of Dallas as a center, I extended these field observations
into the neighboring counties of. Tarrant, Denton, Kaufman and Navarro.
This work consisted of an investigation of the stratigraphic relations of
the formations occurring in that region with one another and with those of

270

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

White, Charles A.

other regionjs; and it also embraced a study of their paleontological char-
lacteristies.

“The special ohjeet of this work was to ascertain as clearly as possible
the relation between the Oretaceous fiorniatioins which loccur in Texiais with
those which are found to the eastward, westward and northward of that
region respectively. The result has been in a high degree satisfactory, but
much yet remains to be done in that connection. 'I was able, on paleonto-
logical grounds, to correlate the upper formations of the Cretaceous series
in that part of Texas with the Rotten Limestone and Ripley formations
of Mississippi and Alabama with an unexpected degree of clearness.
Besides this, a part of the series beneath these upper formations are now
regarded with nearly equal confidence as equivalent ' with certain of the
(formations of western Texas and of the great interior region which stretches
to the northward. * *

“From Dallas I proceeded ito Eagle Pass, for the purpose of ascertaining,
if possible, the relation of the southern continuation of the great Laramie
group with the marine Tertiary formation of the Glulf coast region. * *

The strata exposed in the hills about Eagle Pass, which . consist mainly
of sandstones, but which bear one or more beds of coal there, I had previ-
ously correlated with the Fox Hills group of the Cretaceous series which
so extensively prevails to the northward. These strata were found to dip
gradually in the direction o/f the course of the river and to receive upon
them those of the Laramie group. The strata of the Laramie group were
found well exposed along the banks of the Rio Grande, from twenty-five
to thirty miles above LaredO', where, like the underlying formation, they
contain one or more workable beds of coal. They also occur on the Mexican
side of the Rio Grande, where characteristic Laramie fossils have been
found.

“These Laramie strata on both sides of the Rio Grande were found to
dip gently to the southeastward, as the underlying formation had been seen
to do, and to receive upon them, in the neighborhood of Laredo, sandy
strata, which bear an abundance of characteristic marine Eocene fossils.”

431.

Administraitive Report, Mesozoic Division of Invertebrate Pale-
ontology.

Tenth x4nn. Report of the D. S. Gleological Survey, Part I, pp.
162-165. Washington, 1890.

Description of the work of this division for the year ending June 30,
1889. An examination of strata in Baylor, Archer and Wichita counties
in Texas “which had been reported as bearing a commingling of Paleozoic
and Mesozoic types of fossils.

“These strata were found to constitute an important formation, occu-
pying an area of many thousajid square miles in extent, in western Texas
and in the Indian Territory. It is the same formation that some geologists
have referred to the Permian and some to the Termo-Carboniferous,’ and
upon some geological maps it is represented as of Triasisic age.

Recoed of Geology of Texas, 188'7-1896.

271

White, Charles A.

The results of those exafrningitio-iis may he briefly stated as follows :
“Ear the larger part of the fossils obtained from that formation, many of
which are vertebrate remains, are of Paleozoic types, and many of the
invertebrates are of well-known 'Goal-measure species. A few of the inver-
of one and the same fauna. The commingling of Mesozoic and Paleozoic
forms in such a manner as to leave no doubt that they are all members
of one and the same fauna. The commingling of Paleozoic and Mesozoic
types in these Texan strata is similar in character to that of the well-
known fauna of the Productus limestone of the Salt Range in India.

“This series of Texan strata is lithologically distinguishable from, but
blends with and is entirely conformable upon, the underlying Coal-measute
series. *

“After summing up the results of these investigations, together with
those of other observers, I reached the conclusion that for taxonomic pur-
poses the strata in question are properly referable to the Permian.”

The intimate relations between the North American Permian and Carbon-
iferous.

Investigation of Cretaceous areas in Southwest Texas.

“These examinations were carried through Comal, Bexar, Medina and
Uvalde counties, and the result, together with that of the examinations
made last year in the valley of the Rio iG-rande, was to confirm my previous
belief as to the intimate relation of the Cretaceous formations of the Gulf
coast with those of the interior region. So many species of fossils have
now been identified in both these regions and in the intervening Texan
area that there seems no longer room for doubt that the (Ripley group of
the Gulf States was not only identical with the eastern Texan formation
to which the same name has been applied, but that it was originally, if
not even now, a deposit continuous with the Eagle Pass formation in the
Rio Gnande Vialley. It is also just las evident that the latter was a
deposit continuous with the Fox Hills— ^Forlt Pierre 'Group of the interior
region. Again, it is quite as evident that the ‘rotten limestone’ formation
of the Gulf States is represented in Texas by the Austin limestone and the
Eagle Ford shales together; and that the latter together represent the
Colorado group of the interior region.

“The field examinations of the past season in Texas also confirm my
previous opinion that the marine formation “ in the northern part of the
State, which I have called the Timber Creek beds, represents the Dakota
group of the interior region, and that the whole group, which to the north-
ward is a non-marine deposit, becomes wholly marine to the south, where
it loses much of its identity as a separate formation.”

Mr. Boyle’s bibliographic work upon Orataceous formations and Mesozoic
invertebrates.

Publications.

272

Transactioj^^s Texas Academy of Science.

432. White, Charles. A.

Administrative Beport, Mesozoic Division of Invertebrate Bale-
ontology.

Eleventh Annnal Beport of the Dnited States G-eologieal Sur-
vey, Part I. Greology, p. 107. Washington, 1890. ,

Under the oaption ‘Tield Work” mention is made ef the oontinuation of
field observations in the southwest, which, in Texas, embraced the region
about Presidio on the Eio Grande. Mr. Stanton aceompanied Dr. White.

433.

The Texan Permian laind its Mesioizoic Types O'f Fossils.

'Bnlletin D. S. Geol. Snrv., Ho. 77, pp. 51; 4 plates. Wash-
ington, 1891.

Contents: Letter of Transmittal. Synopsis of Eesults. Introduction.
Description of species. General Discussion. Index.

‘‘Synopsis of results. In this bulletin is presented a summary of the
various kinds of evidence that properly may be accepted as indicating the
Permian age of a certain series of strata in Western Texas, which have
been by some geologists referred to the Trias, and by others to the Permian.

“'It also contains an announoement of the discovery in those strata of
certain types of invertebrate fossils which usually are regarded as indica-
tive of their Mesozoic age, commingled with a considerable number of
Carboniferous types. lA. large proportion of the latter forms are well-
known Coal-measure species.

“All these species are illustrated on accompanying plates, and some of
them are described as new. This discovery is the first of the kind that
has been published concerning North American strata, but it is similar
in character to those made by Waagen in India, Gemmellario in iSicily, and
Karpinsky in Eussia.

“The paleontological balance which is indicated by this commingling of
earlier and later types in the Texan strata is treated as an item of evidence
in favor of their Permian age.”

The closing portion of the bulletin is^ devoted to a general discussion of
the subject of the existence of the Permian in North America.

434.

The Texan Begion.

Oorrelation Papers. Cretaceous.

Buliletihi D. S. Geol. Surv., Ho'. 82, pp. 114-130. Washing-
ton, 1891.

Boundaries of the Texan Eegion arbitrary: shown on map opposite p. 72.
Area embraces portions of Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, a part of
Indian Territory, and much the greater part of Texas. The relations of
the Cretaceous deposits of the eastern and central parts of the continent
may be observed here. Important deposits found not known in eastern
and northern parts of the continent. The region is nearly divided by the
southern prolongation of the great interior Paleozoic area. Surface of the

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

273

White, Charles A.

western portion of Texas more diversified than the eastern, containing few
mountainous elevations, hills of cireumdenudation and valleys. Rocks of
the Texan region are Cretaceous, Tertiary and Post-Tertiary. Cretaceous
strata are limestones and sandstones more or less compact. Uncon-
formity between Upper and Lower Cretaceous strongly marked in some
localities. Dip of Cretaceous, east of the Paleozoic area is towards the
Culf lO'r the Tertiary embayment; west of that !area there is a generally
westerly dip. Structural geology. List of Cretaceous formations in Texas.
The Laramie recognized only in western Texas, in the valleys of the Rio
Crande and the 'Nueces. Eagle Pass beds upon which the Laramie rests
1‘egarded as equivalent to the Ripley formation and Fox Hill strata. A
section — ^Description of the members composing it. The Trinity formation,
originially desiignaited asi Dinosaur iSiands. Placed pnovisiioinally with the
Cretaceous and assigned to the horizon of the Potomac and Tuscaloosa
Formations. The Comanche 'Series stands alone. Separated by a time-
hiatus from the formation above and below. 'Its greatest thickness is in
the North Mexican region. The Timber Creek Formation. Lowest strata
of the Upper Cretaceous. Its molluscan fossils are all marine and different
from those of the Comanche series. The Timber Creek Formation, probably
the equivalent of Tombigbee 'Sands and possibly of the Raritan and Amboy
Clays. The Eagle Ford Formation. Approximately equivalent to Fort
Benton Shales and as probably equivalent to the lower part of the Rotten
Limestone of the Uulf States and to the Clay Marl of New Jersey. The
Austin Formiation or Austin-Diallas Chalk. Its upper layers merge gmad-
ually into clayey or marly layers which in eastern Texas pass into strata
that bear an abundance of characteristic fossils of the Ripley Formation.
The “*Ripley” strata of Texas. The time-hiatus between the Cretaceous
and the Tertiary. A comparison of the Cretaceous Formations of east and
west Texas. Diagram showing the interrelations of the Texas Formations.
A comparison of the Cretaceous Formations of the Atlantic and G-ulf border
regions and the Texas Cretaceous. Diagram.

DisicussiO'D 'O'f Mr. HilFs' piap'er oin Com'aiiichie S'eries 'O'f tile
Texas-Arkansias Region.^’

Buaietm Geol. Soc. of America, Vol. II, p. 525. 1891.

Dr. C. A. White: “The Trinity Beds, to which Air. Hill refers as lying
at the base of the Comanche series, I have, in a work now in press, provi-
sionally referred to the base of the North American Lower Cretaceous.
They contain, besides some undetermined dinosaurian remains, a few species
of non-marine mollusca; but I am at present unable to say whether these
forms are more suggestive of Cretaceous than of Jurassic age.

“The fossils which Mr. Hill has exhibited as coming from strata beneath
the Comanche I am .at present unable to specifically identify. If they
really came from the horizon indicated, I think they represent a hitherto
unlcnown molluscan fauna, and that they are of very great interest.

“I quite agree with Mr. Hill in the opinion that the different subdivisions
of the Texan Cretaceous cannot be definitely correlated with subdivisions

274

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

White, Charles A.

of the European Cretaceous. I also think that the assumption of such
correlations as have been published, by various authors both in Europe and
America, is much to be deplored, because it retards rather than advances
true scientific knowledge. Eor example, the venerable and distinguished
Professor Roemer, of Breslau, who has published so much upon the fossils
of the Texan Cretaceous, and who knows the paleontology of the European
Cretaceous as well as any person living, has referred a eollection of
Comanche species to the Upper Turonian. He does not merely say that the
forms which he published are analogous to those of that subdivision of the
European Cretaceous', but he refers them definitely to the same, as if it
were as clearly recognizable here as in Europe. On the other hand, the
Dakota group, after the early claims that its flora indicate Tertiary age
subsided, has by common consent among a large number of geologists
been regarded- as of Cenomanian age.

“Comparatively late investigations have shown that strata equivalent to
the Dakota group in Texas not only overlie the Comanche series, but that
there is a wide time-hiatus land unconformity between them; that is, the
assumed correlations referred to above place one assemblage of strata far
beneath another when in reality its true place is far above.”

Diagramatic illustrations.

436. White, I. C.

'Fossil Plants of the Wichita or Permian Beds of Texas.

Bulletin of the Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. Ill, pp. 217-218. 1892.

PemarkiS by E. T. Dninble.

Ib., p. 459.

The plants were collected by Mr. W. E. Cummins from the Wichita Beds
along with an invertebrate fauna assigned by Dr. C. A. White to the
Permian and vertebrate remains assigned by Cope to the same age. They
were .sent the author for examination by Mr. E. T. Dumble, 'State Geologist.
A cursory inspection showed them to be identical with or very near rela-
tives of plants found in West Virginia above the Waynesburg Coal —
Permian of White and Eontaine. By Professor White the plants were sent
to Professor Wm. M. Eontaine who wrote; “I am decidedly of the opin-
ion that this Texas flora is essentially the same as the flora described by
us in report PP of the Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania [The
Permian or Upper Carboniferous flora of West Virginia and Southwest
Pennsylvania]. Tpe Walchia is the only important determinable plant
not present in the flora of West Virginia and Pennsylvania.”

437. Whitfield, J. E., and Merrill, G. P.

The Fayette County, Texas, MeteoTite.

Amer. Jour, of Science, III, Yol. XXXYI, pp. 113-119.
Xew Haven, August, 1888.

An account of the finding of this meteorite at Bluff, a settlement on the
Colorado river, three miles southwest of iLaGriange, Eayette county, Texas.

Description and analyses of the stone which belongs to the class of
“chondrites.”

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

275

438. Williams/ Albert, Jr,, Editor.

Art. IJseful Minerals of the United States. Min, Resources of
the U. S., 1887.

(Minerals imined in Texias), pp. 792-793. Washington, 1888.

(Minieral not mined in Texas), pp. 793-794.

A tabulated list of minerals, alphabetically arranged, giving mineral-
ogieal name, common name and remarks on each species. Under the latter
are included localities and, in some instances, extent of deposits, use, etc.

The following minerals are “mined” in Texas : Clay, Coal, var. bitumin-
ou'S; Coal, var. lignite; Halite (salt) ; Kaolinite; Uimestone; Sandstone;
Silver. The fiollowing minerals are “not mined” in Texas: Agate; Ame-
thyst; Asbestos; Bismuth oi-e; Chalcedony; Chalcocite; Feldspar; Gialen-
ite; Carnet; Granite; Gypsum; Ilmenite; Jasper; Limonite; Magnetite;
Marble; “Molybdenum ore”; Hitre; Obsidian; Ochre; Opal; Petroleum;
Pyrite; Pyrolusite; Slate; Talc; Tourmaline,

439. Williams, J. FRAitois.

Igneous Rocks of Texas.

Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Snrv. of Arbansas for 1890, Vol. II,

pp. 5-6. Tittle Rock, 1891.

A brief notice of the work of Messrs. Hill and Kemp (See Pilot Knob:
A Marine Cretaceous Volcano, by Robert T. Hill, with notes on its Petro-
graphy by J. F, Kemp. Amer. Geol., vol. VI, p. 286). Allusion is also
made to the Pre-Cambrian rocks of the Central Mineral Region as described
by Comstock. ( See First Ann. Rept. of the Geol. Surv. of Texas, p. 239.)

' 440. WooLMAK, Lewis and Kain, C. Henry.

(List of Species, found tin a. ^^Fresh Water Diatomaoeous Deposit
.. from the Staked Plaiins^t)

Amer. Haturalist, Vol. XXVI, pp. 505-506. June, 1892.

“The following number of species, twenty-seven in number, though not
exhaustive, is nearly so: c

Amphora ovalis 'Ehr. ; Amphora uncinatum Ehr. ; Achnanthes ventricosa
Ehr. ; Campylodiscus clypeus Ehr.; Cymhella cistula Hempr. ; Gymhella
lanceolatum Ehr.; Denticula valida Pediceno; Epithemia gihha (Ehr.)
Kutz; Epithemia gihha var. parallela Grim.; Epithemia zeht'a Ehr.,
Kutz; Epithemia gihherula (Ehr.), Kutz var. producta Grim.; Epithemia
oonstricta Breb; Encyonema ventricosum 'Kutz; Q-omphonema clavatum
Ehr.; Fragillaria virescens, Ralfs, ; Eavicula major Kutz; Navicula viridis
Kutz,* Navicula rostrata Ehr, forma minor; Navicula hohemioa Ehr.;
Navicula elliptica var. minutissum Grim.; Navicula decurrens; Navicula
varians Greg.; Navicula hrehisonii Kutz; Navicula forma Kutz; Nitzchia
hrehissonia Wsm. ; Nitzschia spectahilis (Ehr.), Ralfs.; Surrirella geroltii
var.”

See Title No. 6.

276

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

ADDITIONAL CITATIONS.

141. Birkenbine^ John.

Art. Iron Ores.

Eeport on Mineral Industries in the U. S. at the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Produot and Yalne of Iron Ore in Texas, 1889), p. 4.
Washington, 1892.

Extract from a table showing the ‘‘Product and Value of Iron Ore in
1889, by States and Territories”:

(Long Tons.)

STATUS.

Number
of Mines
reporting.

Number
of Mines
producing.

Amount

produced.

Stock on
hand Jan.

1, 1889.

Stock on

hand .Jan.

1. 1890.

Total

value of

production.

Value

j per ton.

Texas

B

2

13,000

200

1,300

$ 19,750

$ 1 52

442. (Day, David T.)

Art. Tin.

Eeport on Mirueral Inldnstries in thie U. S., ait the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Tin in Texas), p. 251. ^Washington 1892.

An announcement of the discovery of eassiterite in Llano and Mason
counties by Professor Theodore B. Comstock.

443. Day, William C.

Art. Stone.

Eeport on Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Production of G-ranite in Texas), p. 603. Washington,
1892.

'Extract from a table showing the “Production of Granite in the United
States for the Calendar year 1889, by States and Territories”:

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Number of
firms pro-
ducing in
1889.

Number of

Product.

quarries.

Cubic feet.

Total value.

Texas

8

8

20,400

$ 22,550

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

277

444.

Art. Stone.

Report on Mineral Industries in the U. S., at. the Eleventh
Census, 1890. , '

(Production of Limestone in Texas, 1889), p. 632. Wash-
ington, 1892.

Extract from a table showing the “Production of Limestone in 1889, by
States and Territories”:

STATES AND
TERRITORIES.

Number

of

quarries

Total

Value.

Building Purposes.

Lime.

Cubic

feet.

Value.

Value per
cubic foot.

Barrels
(200 lbs)

Value.

Value
per bbl.

Tp.va.s :

18

$217,83.5

666,160

$135,901

$ 0 20

12,000

$ 6,700

$ 0 56

445.

Art. Stone.

Report on the Mineral Industries in the IT. S., at the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Production of Sandstone in Texas, 1889), p. 647. Wash-
ington, 1892.

Extract from a table showing the “Production of Sandstone in the United
States in 1889”:

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Number of
quarries.

Production.

Cubic feet.

Value.

Texas

7

180,591

$ 14,651

446. Fleming, H. S.

Art. Coal.

The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade,

1893. Vol. II.

(Coal in Texas), pp. 214, 216, 217. H. Y., 1894.

In a table on page 214 showing “Bituminous Goal Fields” Texas is cred-
ited with an area of 4,500 square miles.

On page 216 the following statements are made concerning Texas: “Tlie
coal fields of Texas are extremely important from an economic standpoint,
but, while the field covers a considerable area, variously estimated between
4,000 and 15,000 square miles, the coal thus far found has been generally
high in sulphur.

“The lignite fields are far more extensive that the coal area. Four
distinct seams have been recognized, varying from three to fifteen and even
twenty feet in thickness, though the latter figures are exceptional. A coal

278

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Fleming^ H. S.

basin but recently opened in Texas is in. the Cretaceous formation on the
Kio Grande, near Eagle Pass. This is a continuation of the coal field in
Mexico in which the Hondo mines are operating, and so far has shown
encouraging results.

The following statistics are taken from a table on page 217 :

STATE.

3892.

1893.

Net tons.

Value
per ton.

Total

value.

Net tons.

Value
per ton.

Total

value.

Texas

800,000

$ 2 25

$ 675,000

822,745

$ 2 00 ^

$ 645,490

* Bituminous Coal, |3.25; Lignite, $1.75.

447. Hobart, Frederick.

Art. Coal.

The Mineral Industry, Its Staitistics, Technology and Trade,
1894, Vol. III.

(Production of Coial in Texas), p. 130. H. Y. , 1895.

The following statistics are from a table entitled “Total Production of
Coal and Cioke in the United iStates” :

(Tn tons of 2000 pounds.)

STATES.

Coal.

1893.

1894.

Tons.

Value.

Value
per ton.

Tons.

Value.

Value
per ton.

Texas

322,745

$ 645.490

$ 2 00

469,409

1 1,000,895

$ 2 13

See Title 315 for comparison of estimates.

448.

Art. Gold and Silver.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Yol. IV.

(The Production of Silver in Texas), p. 288. H. Y., 1896.

In a table showing the production of gold and silver in the United States
by States, Texas is credited with 429,314 fine ounces of silver valued at
$270,468 for 1894, and 529,974 fine ounces of silver valued at $346,073 for
1895.

449. Jones, John H.

Art. Coal.

Eeport on Mineral Industries in the IT. S., at the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Statistios of Coal Mining in Texas), p. 347. Washington,
1892.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1 887-1 896.

279

Jones, Joein H.

Extriaet from a table entitled “Gleneral 'Statistics of Coal Mining in the
United States at the Eleventh Ciensus” :

STATE.

Mines.

Total pro-

duction of
coal in 1889

(Short tons).

Total

amount

received

for coal.

Average
price
per ton.

Regu-

lar.

Local.

Texas

4

6

128,316

$ 840,620

1 2 66

450. Peale, Albert C.

Art. Mineral Waders.

Report on the Mineral Indnstries in the IT. S., at the Eleventh
Censns, 1890.

(Production ot Mineral Waters in Texas, 1889), p. 779.
Washington, 1892.

Extract from a table showing the “Production of Mineral Waters for
1889, by States and Territories”:

STATES AND
TEUBITORIES.

Numbtr of
springs
reporting.

Product

(gallons).

Value of
product.

Capital

invested.

Texas

14

218,700

$ 10,354

S 66,440

451. Ries, Heinrich.

Art. Clay.

The Mineral Industry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade,
Vol. II, 1893.

(Clays in Texas), pp. 203-204. N. Y., 1894.

Reference to brick produced at Austin, cream to yellow; the mottled
f brick of East Texas and the Carboniferous area; the high grade brick at

: / (Rusk and New iBirmingham. “During 1889 'the production of the State

'' was 95,000,000 bricks.” The Tertiary clays suitable for drain, tile and

terra cotta. The fine clay of Fayette, Henderson and Limestone counties.
The Athens fire brick. The blue sandy clay near Marshall and pottery
clays near Jefferson. Reference to W. Kennedy (See Title No. 275, Report
on iGrrimes, Brazos and Robertson counties. Fourth Ann. Rept. Geol.
Surv. of Texas, 1892, pt. 1, pp. 3-84, 1893) and N. F. Drake (See Title
No. 110, Rept. on ithe Colorado 'Coal Field of Texas, Fourth Ann. Rept.
iG-eol. Surv. of Texas, pt. I, p. 423 ) .

452. Rothwell, Richard P.

Art. Gold and Silver.

Report on Mineral Industries in the U. S., at the Eleventh
Census, 1890,

280

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Kothwell^ Riqhard P.

(Grold land Silver Statistics — Texas), p. 93. Washington,
1893.

TEXAS.

COUNTIES.

Total amount of
ore produced.
(Short tons.)

Total amount of
ore sold. (Short
tons.)

Total amount of
ore treated.
(Short tons.)

Assay value
of ore sold.

Total bullion value.

Estimated
coining
value pro-
duced from
ore sold.

Cold.

Silver

Grand

total

bullion.

Gold.

Silver.

Gold.

Silver.

Total

13,996

1.355

10,441

$7,188

$86,968

$435,001

$6,838

$418,173

$6,838

$83,630

El Paso

3,355

10,641

1,355

$7,188

$86,968

$ 89,448

335,553

$6,838

$ 83,630

335,553

$6,838

$83,630

Presidio

10,411

See also table on page 59.

453. , Editor.

Art. Asphaltnm.

The Mineral Indnstry, Its Statistics, Technology and Trade,

1892, Vol. I.

(Asphaltnm in Texas), pp. 35 and 36. ¥. Y., 1893.

“A deposit of bituminous limestone, said to be extensive, has been dis-
covered in Western Texas, near tbe line of the 'Southern Pacific Railway,
and a corporation, the Litho-'Carbon Company, has been organized to work
it. This material on refining gives a very good grade of asphaltnm suitable
for the manufacture of varnishes. Deposits of bituminous rock occur in
the northern part of the State.” P. 36.

454. , Editor.

Art. Gold and Silver.

The Mineral Indnstry, etc., 1892, Vol. I.

(Gold and Silver in Texas), p. 189. Y. Y., 1893.

From tables on page 189 the following statistics relating to the produc-
tion of gold and silver are taken:

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.=^

1890.

1891.

STATE.

2

©

2

®

1>

>

>

>

>

>

O

w

§

o

S

ail

Texas

$ 300,000

$ 350,000

$ 300,000

$ 6,838

$ 418,173

$ 387,878

$ 484,848

^Statistics from the Eleventh Census.

Record of Geology of Texas, 1887-1896.

281

455. Eothwell, EiotrARb P., Editor.

Art. Gold and Silver.

The Mineral Indnatry, etc., 1893, Vol. II.

(Silver in Texas), p. 313. hT. Y., 1894.

Trom a table on page 313 showing the production of gold and silver in
the United States by States, the following statistics are taken:

(From the Mint ^Reports.)

1890.

1891.

1892.*

1893.t

STATE.

Gold

vals.

Silver

ozs.

Gold

vals.

Silver

ozs.

Gold

vals.

Silver

ozs.

Gold

vals.

Silver

ozs.

Texas

300,006

375,008

350,000

349,400

*The figures of the Director of the Mint for the production of silver in the Uni-
ted States for 1892 have been discredited, and consequently are not reproduced
here. +The statistics of gold and silver production in 1893 was collected for this
work, but we are indebted to the Director of the Mint for the approximate distri-
bution by States, etc.

456. , Editor.

Art. Asphaltnm.

The Mineral Indnstry, etc., 1894, Vol. III.

(Asphaltnm in Texas), p. 79. IST. Y., 1895.

“The output from California was somewhat less than in 1893, but that
from Utah increased slightly, and a very considerable increase came from
the Texas deposits, though the Kentucky production was somewhat less.
The asphaltic rock from Texas has increased in quantity, and has also a
much higher average value than that of previous years.”

The following statistics are taken from a table showing the “Production
of Asphalt and Bituminous Rock in the United States” :

(In Tons of 2,000 pounds.)

STATE.

1893.

1894.

Asphalt,

Bituminous Rock.

Asphalt.

Bituminous Rock.

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value,

Quantity.

Value.

Quantity.

Value.

Total.

Per

ton.

Total.

Per

ton.

Total.

Per

ton.

Total.

Per

ton.

Texas..

1,000

$1,000

$1 00

7,200

$36,000

$57)0

457. , Editor.

Art. Cement.

The Mineral Indnstry, etc., 1894, Vol. III.

(Prodnction of Portland Cement in Texas), p. 92. N. Y.,
1895.

282

Transactions Texas Academy oe Science.

Rothwell^ Eiceiard P.

From a table showing the production of Portland cement in the United
States the following statistics are taken:

(In Barrels of 300 pounds.)

STATES.

1893 (a)

1894.

Barrels.

Value at works.

Barrels.

Value at works.

Total.

Per Bbl.

Total.

Per Bbl.

Texas

20,000

$ 40,000

S 2 00

25,000

% 50,000

S 2 00

(a) Revised.

458. . Editor.

Art. Gold and Silver.

Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Yol. III.

(Production of Silver in Texas), p. 278. N. Y., 1895.

In a table showing the production of gold and silver in the United States
by State, Texas is credited with 429,314 fine ounces of silver foT 1894.

459. , Editor.

Art. Gypsum.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III.

(Production of Gypsum in Texas), p. 355. N. Y. 1895.

From a table showing the production of gypsum in the United States
the following statistics are taken:

(In Tons of 2,000 pounds.)

STATE.

1892.

1893.

1894.

Tons.

Value.

Tons.

Value.

Tons.

Value.

Texas

1,420

$ 8.520

1,815

$ 10,750

3,550

$ 21,300

460. , Editor.

Art. Salt.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1894, Vol. III.

(Production of Salt in Texas), p. 488. Y. Y., 1895.

The following statistics are taken from a table showing the salt produc-
tion in the United States :

Record op Geology op Texas, 1887-1896.

283

Roth WELL, Richard P.

(In Barrels of 280 pounds.)

STATE.

1893.

1894.

Evaporated.

Rock

Salt.

Total

bbls.

Value.

Evaporated.

Rock

Salt.

Total

bbls.

V alue.

Total.

Per

bbl.

Total.

Per

Bbl.

Texas

144,435

144,435

$115,548

$0.80

276,857

276,857

$230,000

$0.83

Compare witli estimates given under Title No. 317.

461. , Editor.

Art. Cement.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Yol. IV.

(Production of Portland Cement in Texas), p. 56. N. Y.,
1896.

The following statistics are taken from a table showing the “Production
of Portland Cement in the United States”:

(In Barrels of 400 pounds.)

STATE.

1894.

1895.

Barrels.

Value at works.

Barrels.

Value at works.

Total.

Per Bbl.

Total.

Per Bbl.

Texas

18,750

$ 50,000

$ 2 67

15,000

$ 40 000

$ 2 67

462. , Editor. ,

Art. Coal.

Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV.

(Pro'duetioni of Goal in Texas), pp. 125 anid 126. N. Y.,
1896.

The following statistics are from a table showing the “Total Production
of Coal and Coke in the United States” :

284

Transactions Texas Academy of Science.

Bothwell^ Kichard P.

, (In Tons of 2^000 pounds.)

Coal.

STATE.

1894.

1895.

Tons.

Value»

Tons.

Value.

Total.

Per ton.

Total.

Per ton.

Texas

469,904

$ 1,000,895

1 2.13

499,668

$ 1,064,293

1 2.13

The following is from a table showing the “United States Production of

Goal, 1891-1895.

YEAR.

TEXAS.

1891

172,100 Short tons.

300,000

322,745

469,904 “ '

499,668

1892

1893

1894

1895

463. , Editor.

Art. Gypsum.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV.

(Production of Gypsum in Texas), p. 377. N. Y., 1896.

The following statistics are taken from a table showing the “Production
of Gypsum in the United States”:

(In Tons of 2,000 pounds.)

STATE.

1894.

1895.

Tons.

Value.

Tons.

Value.

Total.

Per ton.

Total.

Per ton.

Texas

3,605

% 21,725

1 6.03

5,670

1 32,045

$ 5.56

464. , Editor.

Art. Salt.

The Mineral Industry, etc., 1895, Vol. IV.

(Production oi Salt in Texas), p. 550. Y. Y., 1896.

The following statistics are taken from a table showing the “Salt Pro-
duction in the United States;

Record of Geology of Texas, 1SS1-IS9Q.

285

lioTHWELL, Richard P.

(In Barrels of 280 pounds.)

STATE.

1895.

Texas r

Evaporated.

Value.

255,000

Total.

Per barrel.

S 211,560

1 0.83

465. Weeks^ Joseph D.

Art. Petroleum.

Report ou thei Mineral Industries in the TJ. S., at the Eleventh
Census, 1890.

(Petroleum in Texas), p. 499. AVashington, 1892.

The text and statistics tfor 1889 are the same as given in Mineral
Eesources of the United States for 1889-1890. See Title No. 416.

466.

Art. Natural Gas.

Report on the Mineral Industries in the IT. S., at the Bleventh
Census, 1890.

(Natural Gas in Texas), p. 524. Washington^ 1892.

lExtract from table entitled “Capital Tnvesited in the Natural Cas Indus-
try in the United States in 1889”:

STATES AND TERRITORIES.

Total

capital.

Number of acres of natural gas land.

Total

acreage.

Owned.

Leased.

Value.

Texas

$ 80,000

725

725

$ 72,500

INDEX

A

Aldrich, T. H. A New Eocene Fossil from
Texas. No. 1.

Aldrich, T. H. New or Little Known Ter-
tiary Mollusca. No. 2.

Alkali Soils. No. 177.

Alkaline Sulphatic Water at Georgetown,
Analyses of. No. 161.

Altitudes. No. 165.

Alum Water at Denison, Analyses of. No.
161.

Alum Water at Franklin, Analyses of. No.
161.

Amber. No. 287.

American Naturalist. Fresh Water Diatoma-
ceous Deposit from Staked Plains, Texas.
No. 6.

American Naturalist. Iron Ore District of
East Texas. No. 5.

American Naturalist. Occurrence of Texas
Lignite. No. 4.

American Naturalist. Tertiary Formations
of Western Texas. No. 3.

Analyses of Gadolinite. Nos. 155, 166, 174.
Analyses of Grahamite. No. 137.

Analyses of Hematite. No. 10.

Analyses of Iron Ores. No. 161.

Analyses of Kaolin. No. 161.

Analyses of Lignites. No. 7.

Analyses of Limonite. No. 10.

Analyses of Soils. No. 178a:

Analyses of Uraninite. No. 251.

Analyses of Water. No. 161.

Analyses of Yttria and Thoria Minerals from
Llano County. No. 193.

Analysis of Meteorite. No. 256.

Anderson County, Report on. No. 128.
Appendix to Harrington’s Report on the
Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio Grande
and Pecos Valleys. No. 119.

Archaean Rocks. No. 187.

Artesian and Underflow Investigation. Nos.
188, 189.

Artesian Boring at Galveston. No. 238.
Artesian Water. Nos.' 123, 230, 235. ^

Artesian Waters on Llano Estacado. No.
350.

Artesian Well Notes. No. 167.

Artesian Wells. Nos. 254, 401.

Artesian Wells of Gulf ‘Coastal Slope. No.
.355.

Artesian Wells, Report on. No. 344.
Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas.)

1886. No. 7.

Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas.)

1887. No. 8.

Ashburner, Charles A. (Coal in Texas.)

1888. No. 9.

Asphaltum. Nos. 114, 316, 319, 347, 453, 456.

B

Bandera County. No. 33.

Bandera County, Dykes of. No. 420.

Basalt, Melilite-Nepheline. No. 309.

Basanite, Nepheline. No. 309.

Birds. No. 356.

Birkinbine, J. Fuels and their Utilization.
No. 11.

Birkinbine, J.
1890. No.

Iron

12.

Ore

Product,

1880,

1889,

Birkinbine,

441.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1889.

No.

Birkinbine,

13.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1891.

No.

Birkinbine,

14.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1892.

No.

Birkinbine,

15.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1893.

No.

Birkinbine,

16.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1894.

No.

Birkinbine,

17.

J.

Iron

Ore

Product,

1895.

No.

Birkinbine,

J.

Iron

Ores. No. 10.

Black Prairie Region, Construction of Roads
in. No. 229.

Blake, Wm. P. Quicksilver in Texas. Nos.
18-19.

Blanco Beds, Fauna of. No. 42.

Brazos County. No. 275.

Broadhead, G. C. Mitchell County. No. 20.
Brown Coal. No. 153.

Brown Coal and Lignite, Report on. No. 135.
Brown Coal or Lignite. No. 362.

Brick, Fire. No. 94.

Brick Industry in 1888, Table. No. 93.

Burnet County, Geology of. No. 409.

Burnet County. Rocks. No. 406.

Building Materials. No. 88, 90, 92.

Building Stones. No. 305.

Building Stones of East Texas. No. 331.

0

Call, R. E. Silicified Wood in the Texas Ter-
tiary. No. 21.

Cambrian. No. 407.

Caprina Limestone Beds, Invertebrate Fossils
of. No. 247.

Cass County. No. 266.

Carboniferous Area of Central Texas. No.
394.

Carboniferous Formation. No. 62.
Carboniferous Limestone Series, Lower, in
Central Texas. No. 393.

Carboniferous, Western Area of. No. 63.
Cement. Nos. 457, 461.

Cement, Portland, Statistics. No. 307.
Cement, Rock. No. 59.

Central Mineral Region, Area of. No. 26.
Central Mineral Region, Preliminary Report
on the Geology of. No. 26.

Central Mineral Region, Report on the Geol-
ogy and Mineral Resources of. No. 32.
Central Coal Field, The Southern Border of.
No. 66.

Central Texas, Igneous Rocks of. Nos. 122,
221.

Cenozoic Deposits. No. 147.

Cephalopods, Carboniferous. Nos. 257, 259.
Chalk. No. 108.

Chalybeate Water at Franklin, Analyses of.
No. 161.

Charcoal, Manufacture of. No. 11.

Check List of Cretaceous Invertebrates. No.
214.

Cherokee County. No. 415.

Cheyenne Sandstone. No. 54.

Cinnabar. Nos. 19, 158.

288

Index.

Circular No. 1, School of Geology, University
of Texas. No. 205.

Circular No. 3, Geological Survey of Texas.
No. 113.

Clark, W. B. Mesozoic Echinodermata. No.
23.

Clark, W. B. Revision of the Cretaceous
Echinoidea. No. 22.

Clays. No. 451.

Clay Materials. Nos. 243, 249.

Clays of Texas and their Origin. No. 276.
Clear Fork Beds. No. 67.

Coal. Nos. 7-9, 159, 262, 312, 313, 315, 318,
361, 446.

Coal, at Eagle Pass. No. 8.

Coal, Brown. No. 153.

Coal Field. No. 419.

Coal Field, Southern Border of the Central.
No. 66.

Coal Field, Report on the Colorado. No. 110.
Coal Fields of the Colorado River. No. 391.
Coal Fields of Texas. Nos. 9, 78, 118, 241,
248, 419.

Coal, Hartz Mines. No. 8.

Coal in Region of the Rio Grande. No. 421.
Coal Mining, Statistics of, 1890. No. 449.
Coal, Production, 1891-1895, inclusive. No.
462.

Coal Production and Value in 1886. No. 7.
Coal Production and Value in 1887. No. 8.
Coal Production and Value in 1888. No. 9.
Coal Production and Value, 1893, 1894. No.
447.

Coal Production and Value, 1894, 1895. No.
462.

Comanche Series. No. 37.

Comanche Series, Age and Homotaxial Rela-
tions of, in Mexico and Texas. No. 244.
Comanche Series, Discussion of. No. 408.
Comanche Series, Invertebrate Fossils from.
No. 57.

Comanche Series of Texas-Arkansas. No.
232.

Comanche Series of the Texas-Arkansas Re-
gion, Discussion of. Nos. 83, 435.
Comstock, T. B. Geological Survey of Texas.
No. 24.

Comstock, T. B. Industrial Growth of Texas.
No. 27.

Comstock, T. B. Occurrence of Tin in Cen-
tral Texas. No. 30.

Comstock, T. B. Preliminary Report on the
Geology of the Central Mineral Region.
No. 26.

Comstock, T. B. Preliminary Report on
Parts of Menard, Concho, Tom Green,
Sutton, Schleicher, Crockett, Val Verde,
Kinney, Maverick, Uvalde, Edwards,
Bandera, Kerr and Gillespie Counties.
No. 33.

Comstock, T. B. Report on the Geology and
Mineral Resources of the Central Mineral
Region. No. 32.

Comstock, T. B., Reports of. Nos. 25, 31, 33,
34.

Comstock, T. B. Tin in Central Texas. No.
29.

Comstock, T. B. Tin in Texas. Nos. 28, 35,
345.

Colorado Coal Field, Soils, Water Supply and
Irrigation of. No. 402.

Colorado River, A Portion of the Geologic
Story of the. No. 211.

Concho County. No. 33.

Concho Country. No. 289.

Concho Country. Geological Survey of. No.

68.

Cope, E. D. Cenozoic Beds of the Staked
Plains. No. 48.

Cope, E. D. Comanche Series. No. 37.
Cope, E. D. Contribution to a Knowledge of
the Fauna of the Blanco Beds. No. 42.
Cope, E. D. Description of the Lower Jaw
of Tetrabelodon Shepardii. No. 61.

Cope, E. D. Geology of the Staked Plains,
No. 44.

Cope, E. D. Hyena and other Carnivora. No.

45.

Cope, E. D. In the Texas Panhandle. No.
43.

Cope, E. D. Mr. Hill on the Cretaceous of
Texas. No. 38.

Cope; E. D. Observations on the Geology of
Oklahoma and Northwest Texas. No. 52.
Cope, E. D. On New Ichthyodorulites. No.

46.

Cope, E. D. On the Genus Tomlopsis. No.

• 50.

Cope, E. D. On the Skull of Equus Excelsus.
No. 41.

Cope, E. D. Preliminary Report on the
Paleontology of Llano Estacado. No. 49.
Cope, E. D. Proboscidia. No. 40.

Cope, E. D. Report on the Paleontology of
the Vertebrata. No. 47.

Cope, E. D. Reptilian Order of Cotylosauria.
No. 53.

[Cope, E. D.] Review of Hill’s Paper on
“The Cross Timbers of Texas.” No. 36.
[Cope, E. D.] Vertebrate Fauna of the
Equus Beds. No. 39.

Copper Ores, Permian. No. 346.
Cotylosauria, Reptilian Order of. No. 53.
Counties of Menard, Concho, Tom Green,
Sutton, Schleicher, Crockett, etc., A Pre-
liminary Report on. No. 33.

Country West of fthe Plains, Notes on the
Geology of. No. 77.

Cragin, F. W. Choctaw and Grayson Ter-
ranes of the \rietina. No. 56.

Cragin, F. W. Descriptions of Invertebrate
B'ossils from the Comanche Series. No.
57.

Cragin, F. W. Further Notes on the Chey-
enne Sandstone and Neocomian Shales.
No. 54.

Cragin, F. W. Invertebrate Paleontology of
the Texas Cretaceous. No. 56.

Cragin, F. W. Notes on Mesozoic and Ter-
tiary Exhibits. No. 58.

Cretaceous Area North of the Colorado River.
Nos. 386, 388.

Cretaceous Beds, Relation of the Uppermost,
of the Eastern and Southern States. No.
215.

Cretaceous Coverings of Paleozoic. No. 398.
Cretaceous Deposits, Trans-Pecos Texas. No.
383.

Cretaceous Formations. No. 423.

Cretaceous, Growth of Knowledge Concerning
the Texas. No. 301.

Cretaceous History Illustrated in Arkansas-
Texas. No. 209.

Cretaceous, Lower, of the Southwest. No.
428.

Cretaceous Mollusca, New Generic Forms.
No. 422.

Cretaceous of Northern Mexico. No. 429.
Cretaceous of Texas. No. 38.

Cretaceous of the Texan Region. No. 434.
Cretaceous of Western Texas. No. 152.
Cretaceous River Bed. No. 338.

Cretaceous Rocks of Texas, Description of.
No. 219.

Cretaceous Section at El Paso. No. 359.
Cretaceous, Texas Section. No. 202.
Cretaceous, Texas Section of the American.
No. 198.

Cretaceous, The Texas. No. 227.

Cretaceous, Typical Section of Texas. No.

201.

Crockett County. No. 33.

Cross Timbers, Geology and Topography of.
No. 197.

Cross Timbers of Texas, Review of Hill’s
Paper on. No. 36.

Cummings, Uriah. Rock Cement. No. 59.
Cummins, D. H. Texas Gypsum Formation.
No. 60.

Index.

289

Cummins, W. F. Carboniferous Formation.
Nos. 62, 63.

Cummins, W. F. Coal Fields of Texas. No.

78.

Cummins and Bumble. Double Mountain
Section. Nos. 74, 132.

Cummins and Lercb. Geological Survey of
the Concho Country. No. 68.

Cummins, W. F. Geology of Northwestern
Texas. No. 70.

Cummins and Dumble. Kent Section and
Gryphaea Tucumcai. Nos. 80, 145.
Cummins, W. F. Mining Districts in El Paso
County. No. 61.

Cummins, W. F. Notes on the Geology of the
Country West of the Plains. No. 77.
Cummins, W. F. Notes on the Geology of
Northwest Texas. No. 81.

Cummins, W. F. Permian and its Overlying
Rocks. No. 67.

Cummins, W. F. Question of Priority. No.
82.

Cummins, W. F., Reports of. Nos. 64, 65, 69,
70, 71, 75.

Cummins, W. F. Report on the Geography,
Geology and Topography of the Llano Es-
tacado or Staked Plains. No. 76.
Cummins, W. F. Report of Geologist for
Northern Texas. No. 64.

Cummins, W. F. Review of Hill’s Report
on Artesian Water. No. 73.

Cummins, W. F. Southern Border of the
Central Coal Field. No. 66.

Cummins. Texas Meteorites. No. 72.
Cummins, W. F. Tucumcari Mountain. No.

79.

[Cummins, W. F.] Western Area of the
Carboniferous in Texas. No. 63.

Curtice, Cooper. Discussion of the Comanche
Series of the Texas-Arkansas Region. No.
83.

D

Dali, W. H. Tertiary Fauna of Florida, etc.
No. 83a.

Dana, J. D., Manual of Geology. No. 84.
[Day, David T.] Gold and Silver. Nos. 85,
87.

[Day, David T.] Lithographic Stone. No.

86.

[Day, David T.] Tin. No. 442.

Day, Wm. C. Building Materials. Nos. 88,
90, 92.

Day, Wm. C. Brick Industry. 1888. No. 93.
Day, Wm. C. Fire Brick Industry. 1888.
No. 94.

Day, Wm. C. Kaolin. No. 89.

Day, Wm. C. Lime. No. 91.

Day, Wm. C. Stone (Granite, Limestone,
Sandstone). Nos. 95-106, 443-445.

Deep Well, The Galveston. No. 179.
Description, General, of the Iron Ore Dis-
trict of Bast Texas. No. 127.

De Ryee, Wm. Economic Geology of Webb
County.' No. 107.

Diatomaceous Deposit from Staked Plains.
No. 6.

Diller, J. S. Chalk in Texas. No. 108.
Distillation of Nacogdoches Oil. No. 161.
Double Mountain Beds. No. 67.,

Drainage in Central Texas, Superimposition
of. No. 395.

Drake, N. F. Report on the Colorado Coal
Field. No. 110.

Drake, N. F. Stratigraphy of the Triassic
Formation of Northwest Texas. No. 109.
Drift at Gainesville. No. 339.

Drift, Sources of Texas. No. 131.

Dumble, E. T. Appendix to Harrington’s Re-
port on the Soils and Waters of the Upper
Rio Grande, etc. No. 119.

Dumble, E. T. Artesian Water. No. 123.
Dumble, E. T. Asphaltum. No. 114.

Dumble, E. T. Cenozoic Deposits. No. 147.
Dumble, E. T. Coal. No. 118.

Dumble, E. T. Circular No. 3 of the Geo-
logical Survey of Texas. No. 113.

Dumble, E. T. Cretaceous of Western Texas,
etc. No. 152.

Dumble, E. T. Discussion of Comanche Se-
ries. No. 408.

Dumble and Cummins. Double Mountain Sec-
tion. No. 132.

Dumble, E. T. First Report of Progress
No. 117.

Dumble and Harris. Galveston Deep Well.
No. 111.

Dumble, E. T. See Hill and Dumble. Ig-
neous Rocks of Central Texas. No. 221
Dumble, E. T. Important Results of the
Texas Survey. No. 124.

Dumble, E. T. Introduction to Cope’s Re-
port. No. 144.

Dumble, E. T. Iron Ores of Texas. No. 154.
Dumble and Cummins. Kent Section. No.
145.

Dumble, E. T. Nacogdoches Oil Field. No.

111.

Dumble, E. T. Notes on the Iron Ore De-
posits of Eastern Texas. No. 112.
Dumble, E. T. Notes on the Texas Tertia-
ries. No. 146.

Dumble, E. T. Notes on the Valley of the
Middle Rio Grande. No. 139.

Dumble, E. T. Occurrence of Grahamite.
Nos. 137, 138.

Dumble, E. T. Petrified Wood. No. 115'.
Dumble, E. T. Progress of Geological Sur-
veys of Texas. No. 140.

Dumble, E. T. Reports of State Geologist.

Nos. 116, 117, 121, 123, 126, 130, 134, 143.
Dumble, B. T. Report on Anderson County.
No. 128.

Dumble, E. T. Report on Brown Coal and
Lignite. No. 135.

Dumble, E. T. Report on Houston County.
No. 129.

Dumble, E. T. Report on the Iron Ore Dis-
trict of East Texas. No. 127.

Dumble, E. T. Soils. No. 151.

Dumble, E. T. Some Sources of Water Sup-
ply for Western Texas. Nos. 148, 149.
Dumble, E. T. Sources of Texas Drift. No.
131.

Dumble, E. T. Texas Brown Coal. No. 153.
Dumble, E. T. Volcanic Dust. Nos. 136, 150.
Dust, Volcanic. Nos. 136, 150, 403.

Dyas in Northwest Texas. No. 299.

Dykes of Bandera County. No. 420.

E

Eagle Plats Formation. No. 220.

Eagle Pass, Coal Mine. No. 8.

Eakins, L. G. Analysis of Gadolinite. No

155.

Eakins, E. A. Analysis of Meteorite from
Hamilton County. No. 256.

Earth, Diatomaceous. Nos. 6, 263a, 440.
Eastern Texas, Iron Ore Deposits of. No,
112.

Echinodermata, Mesozoic. No. 23.
Echinoidea, Cretaceous, A Revision of. No
22.

Economic Uses of the Cretaceous Rocks of
Texas. No. 219.

Edwards County. No. 33.

El Paso County, Mining Districts in. No. 61.
El Paso, Section of the Cretaceous at. No.
359.

Emmons, S. P. Orographic Movements. No.

156.

Engineering and Mining Journal. Cinnabar
in Texas. No. 158.

Engineering and Mining Journal. Coal. No.
159.

290

Index.

Engineering and Mining Journal. New
Yttria and Thoria Minerals. No. 157.
Engineering and Mining. Journal. Sulphur
Deposits. No. 160.

Eocene at Old Port Caddo Landing. No. 405.
Eocene Stages of the Gulf Slope, Correlation
of the Tejon Deposits With. No. 180.
Eocene Tertiary East of the Brazos. No. 281.
Equus Beds, The Vertebrate Fauna of. No.
39.

Equus Excelsus. No. 41.

Everhart, Edgar. Analyses o'f Lignites from
Different Points in Texas. No. 7.
Everhart, Edgar. Contributions from the
Chemical Laboratory, University of
Texas. Nos. 161, 162.

Exploration of the Indian Territory, etc. No.
226.

F

Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide von Texas.
No. 342.

Fauna of the Blanco Beds. No. 42.

Fayette County, Economic Minerals of. No.
303.

Fergusonite. No. 193.

Field Work, U. S. Geological Survey. No.
427.

Fire Brick Industry. No. 94.

Fisher. Analyses of Hematite. Llano County.
No. 10.

Fleming, H. S. Coal. No. 446.

Flints from Chalk. No. 242.

Floating Sand. Nos. 351, 352.

Fontaine, W. M. Notes on Some Fossil
Plants, Trinity Division, Cretaceous. No.
163.

Foraminiferal Origin of Certain Cretaceous
Limestones. No. 212.

Forelands, Cusi>idate. No. 176.

Fossil, New Eocene from Texas. No. 1.
Fossil Plants. No. 163.

Fossil Plants from Old Port Caddo Landing.
Nos. 283, 405.

Fossils at Eagle Pass. No. 182.

Fossils at Webberville. No. 182.

Fossils from Galveston Deep Well. No. 185.
Fossils, Invertebrate, from the Comanche
Series in Texas, Kansas and Indian Ter-
ritory. No. 57.

Ft. Davis, Rainfall. No. 366.

G

G. Gas Field Near Brenham. No. 164.
Gadolinite. No. 284.

Gadolinite, Analysis of. Nos. 155, 166, 174.
Gadolinite from Llano County. No. 174.
Gaines County, Geology of. No. 341.

Galena, Argentiferous. No. 161.

Galveston, Deep Artesian Boring at. No. 238.
Galveston Deep Well. No. 141.

Gannett, Henry. Altitudes. No. 165.

Gas Fields near Brenham. No. 164.

Gas Well at San Antonio. No. 389.

Genth, F. A. Analyses of Gadolinite, etc.
No. 166.

Geography, Physical. No. 400.

Geological and Mineralogical Survey of
Texas, First Report of Progress. No. 116.
Geological and Scientific Bulletin. Artesian
Well Notes. No. 167.

Geological and Scientific Bulletin. Geological
Survey of Texas. Nos. 168, 170, 171, 172.
Geological and Scientific Bulletin. Natural
Gas. No. 169.

Geological Classification and Nomenclature.
No. 295.

Geological Railway Guide. No. 292.

Geological Survey of Texas. Nos. 168, 170,
171, 172.

Geological Survey of Texas, Circular No. 3.
No. 113.

Geological Survey of Texas, First Annual
Report. No. 120.

Geological Survey of Texas, Second Annual
Report. No. 125.

Geological Survey of Texas, Second Report
of Progress. No. 130.

Geological Survey of Texas, Third Annual
Report. No. 133.

Geological Survey of Texas, Fourth Annual
Report. No. 142.

Geological Survey of U. S. Field Work in
Texas. Nos. 427, 430, 431, 432.

Geological Surveys of Texas, Progress of.
No. 140.

Geological Work in Texas. No. 173.
Geology, Circular of the School of. No. 205.
Geology, Dana’s Manual of. No. 84.

Geology of Northern Mexico. No. 234.
Geology of Parts of Texas, etc.. Adjacent to
Red River. No. 250.

Geology of Southwest Texas. No. 234.

Geology of the Concho Country. No. 289.
Geology of the Gulf Tertiary. No. 334.
Geology of the Southwest. Nos. 230, 231, 233.
Geology of Western Texas. No. 204.

Geology of Western Texas by G. G. Shurnard,
Review of. No. 196.

Gilbert, G. K. Geological Work in Texas.
No. 173.

Gillespie County. No. 33.

Gold and Silver. No. 85.

Gold and Silver, SJ;atistics 1886-1891. No. 454.
Gold and Silver, Statistics 1890. No. 452.
Gold Production, 1889. No. 282.

Goldsmith, E. Gadolinite from Llano Countv.
No. 174.

Goniolina, Occurrence of. No. 225.
Grahamite. Nos. 137, 138.

Granite. Nos. 96, 99, 100.

Granite, Production 1890. No. 443.

Granite, Statistics for 1898. No. 95.
Graptocarcenus Texanus. No. 342a.

Gregg, A. Economic Minerals of San Saba
Coiinty. No. 175.

Gregg County. No. 269.

Grimes County. No. 275.

Gryphaea Pitcheri, American Neocomian and.
No. 298.

Gryphaea Pitcheri, Original Locality of. No.
296.

Gryphaea Tucumcari and the Kent Section.
Nos. 80, 145.

Guadaloupe Mountains. No. 397.

Gulliver, F. P. Cuspidate Forelands. No.
176.

Gypsum. No. 321.

Gypsum Formation. No. 60.

Gypsum, Production 1892-1894. No. 459.
Gypsum, Production 1894, 1895. No. 463.

H

Hardeman County, Geology of. No. 263.
Harrington, H. H. Alkali Soils. No. 177.
Harrington, H. H. Soils and Waters of the
Upner Rio Grande and Pecos Valleys.
No. 178.

Harrington, H. H. Texas Soils; A Study of
Chemical Composition. No. 178a.

Harris, G. D. Correlation of the Tejon De-
posits with the Eocene Stages of the Gulf
Slope. No. 180.

Harris, G. D. Midway Stage. Nos. 182, 186.
Harris, G. D. Neocene Mollusca. No. 185.
Harris, G. D. New and Otherwise Interesting
Mollusca. No. 183.

Harris, G. D. Organic Remains from the
Deep Well at Galveston. Nos. 179, 181.
Harris, G. D. Tertiary Paleontology. No.

184.

Harrison County. No. 268.

Harrod, B. M. Archaean Rocks. No. 187.

Index.

291

Harvey, W. M., Collector. No. 237.

Hartz Mines. No. 8.

Hay, Robert. Artesian and Underflow Inves-
tigation. Nos. 188, 189.

Heilprin, A. Eocene Mollusca. No. 190.

Hematite, Analyses of, from Llano County.
No. 10.

Hematite, Brown, Production of in Texas,
1880, 1889, 1890. No. 12.

Hematite, Brown, Produced in Texas, 1891.
No. 13.

Plematite, Brown, Produced in Texas, 1892.
No. 14.

Hematite, Brown, Production of in Texas,

1893. No. 15.

Henderson County. No. 270.

Herndon, J. H., Report of. No. 191.

Herndon, J. H. Smith County, Iron Ore of.
No. 192.

Hidden, W. E., On Mackintoshite. No. 194.

Hidden and Hillebrand. Description of Row-
landite. No. 195.

Hidden and Mackintosh. Yttria and Thoria
Minerals from Llano County. No. 193..

Hillebrand, W. F. Analyses of Mackintosh-
ite. No. 194.

Hill, R. T. Age and Homotaxial Relations
of the Comanche Series in Mexico and
Texas. No. 244.

Hill, R. T. Check List of Cretaceous Inver-
tebrates. No. 214.

Hill, R. T. Circular of the School of Geol-
ogy, University of Texas. No. 205.

Hill, R. T. Classification and Origin of Chief
Geographic Features. Nos. 216-217.

Hill, R. T. Classification of the Topographic
Features of Texas. No. 224.

Hill, R. T. Clay Materials of Texas. Nos.
243, 249.

Hill, R. T. Coal Fields of Texas. Nos. 241,
248.

I-Iill, R. T. Comanche Series of the Texas-
Arkansas Region. No. 232.

Hill, R. T. Contributions to the Geology of
the Southwest. No. 230.

Hill, R. T. Deep Artesian Boring at Galves-
ton. No. 238.

Hill, R. T. Description of the Cretaceous
Rocks of Texas and their Economic Uses.
No. 219.

Plill, R. T. Discussion of Comanche Series.
No. 408.

Hill, R. T. Eagle Flats Formation and Basin
of the Trans-Pecos Region. No. 220.

Hili, R. T. Events in Cretaceous History
Illustrated in Arkansas-Texas. No. 209.

Hill, R. T. Exploration of the Indian Ter-
ritory and the Medial Third of Red River.
No. 226.

Hill, R. T. Foraminiferal Origin of Certain
Cretaceous Limestones. No. 212.

Hill, R. T. Geologic Evolution of the Non-
mountainous Topography of the Texas Re-
gion. No. 236.

Hill, R. T. Geology and Topography of the
Cross Timbers. No. 197.

Hill, R. T. Geology of Parts of Texas, etc..
Adjacent to Red River. No. 250.

Hill, R. T. Geology of Texas. No. 203.

Hill, R. T. Geology of the Staked Plains.
No. 222.

Hill, R. T. Geology of the Valley of the
Upper Canadian. No. 223.

Hill, R. T. Geology of Western Texas. No.
204.

Plill and Dumble. Igneous Rocks of Central
Texas. No. 221.

Hill, R. T. Notes on the Geology of the
Southwest. Nos. 231, 233.

Hill, R. T. Notes on the Texas-New Mexico
Region. No. 240.

Hill, R. T. Notes upon Texas Section of
American Cretaceous. No. 202.

Hill, R. T. Occurrence of Artesian Waters
in Texas, Eastern New Mexico and In-

dian Territory West of the 97th Meri-
dian. No. 235.

Hill, R. T. .Occurrence of Goniolina in the
Comanche Series. No. 225.

Hill, R. T. Occurrence of Macraster Tex-
anus. No. 207.

Hill, R. T. Paleontology of the Cretaceous
Formations of Texas. Nos. 213, 245, 247.
Hill, R. T. Permian Rocks of Texas. No.
206.

Plill, R. T. Pilot Knob. No. 228.

Hill, R. T. Portion of the Geologic Story of
the Colorado River. No. 211.

Hill, R. T. Presenet Knowledge of the Geol-
ogy of Texas. No. 199.

Hill and Penrose. Relation of the Upper-
most Cretaceous Beds of the Eastern and
Southern States. No. 215.

Hill, R. T., Report of. No. 218.

Hill, R. T. Reviev/ of Shumard’s Geology of
Western Texas. No. 196.

Hill, R. T. Roads in Black Prairie Region.
No. 229.

Hill, R. T. Texas Cretaceous. No. 227.

Hill, R. T. Texas Section of American Cre-
taceous. No. 198.

Hill, R. T. Third Texas Report. No. 239.
Plill, R. T. Topography and Geology of
Northern Mexico and Southwest Texas.
No. 234.

Hill, R. T. Trinity Formation of Arkansas,
Indian Territory and Texas. No. 200.
Hill, R. T. Tucuracari. No. 246.

Hill, R. T. Typical Section of Texas Cre-
taceous. No. 201.

Hill, R. T. Validity of Some New Species
from the Cretaceous. No. 208.

Hill, R. T. W. M. Harvey. No. 237.
Hillebrand, W. F. New Analyses of Uranin-
ite. No. 251.

Hillebrand, W. F. See Hidden, W. E., On
Mackintoshite. No. 194.

Hillebrand, W. F. See Hidden and Hille-
brand. Description of Rowlandite. No
195.

Hinton, Richard J. Report on the Proper
Location of Artesian Wells. No. 254.
Hitchcock, Chas. H. Geologic Map. No. 255.
Hobart, F. Coal Product in Texas, 1893 and

1894. No. 447.

Hobart, F. Silver Product in Texas, 1894 and

1895. No. 448.

Houston County, Report on. Nos. 129, 273.
Howell, Edwin E. Meteorite from Hamilton
County. No. 256.

Hyatt, Alpheus. Carboniferous Cephalopods.
Nos.. 257, 259.

Hyatt, Alpheus. Fauna of Tucumcari. No.
258.

Hyena and Other Carnivora from Texas. No.
45.

I

Ichthyodorulites, On Nev\r. No. 46.

Igneous Rocks. No. 439.

Igneous Rocks of Ceneral Texas. No. 221.
Introduction to Cope’s Report on the Verte-
brate Paleontology of the Llano Estacado.
No. 144.

Invertebrate Fossils of the Caprina Lime-
stone Beds. No. 247.

Invertebrate Paleontology of the Trinity Di;
vision. No. 245.

Iron Ore Deposits of Eastern Texas. No. 112.
Iron Ore District of East Texas. Nos. 5, 266-
270, 411-415.

Iron Ore District of East Texas, General
Description. No. 127.

Iron Ore Mining in 1887. No. 10.

Iron Ore of Smith County. No. 192.

Iron Production, 1872-1891. No. 382.

Iron Production, 1881-1888. No. 380.

Iron Production, 1880-1886. No. 378.

Iron Production, 1887. No. 379.

292

Index.

Iron Production, 1881-1888. No. 380.

Iron Production, 1889, 1890, 1891. No. 381.
Iron Ore, Product and Value, 1889. No. 441.
Iron Ore, Production of in 1880, 1889, 1890.
No. 12.

Iron Ore, Production of in 1891. No. 13.

Iron Ore, Production of in 1892. No. 14.

Iron Ore, Production of in 1893. No. 15.

Iron Ore, Production of in 1894. No. 16.

Iron Ore, Production in 1895. No. 17.

Iron Ores. Nos. 154, 336.

Iron Ores, Analyses. Nos. 10, 161.

Iron Ores of East Texas. Nos. 278, 279.

Iron Ores of East Texas, Age of. No. 277.
Iron Ores, Tertiary, of Arkansas and Texas.
No. 337.

Iron Region of East Texas. No. 261.
Irrigation and Drainage. No. 363.

Irrigation of Colorado Coal Field. No. 402,

J

Jefferson County, Geology of. No. 280.
Jermy, Gustav, Report of. No. 260.

Johnson, L. C. Iron Region of East Texas.
No. 261.

Jones, John H. Coal in Texas. Nos. 263, 449.
J. T. W. Geology of Hardeman County. No.
263.

Jura of Texas. No. 302.

Jura in Northwest Texas. No. 299.

Jura, Neocomian and Chalk. No. 297.

K

Kain, C. Henry. Diatoms from Staked
Plains. Nos. 6, 263a, 440.

Kaolin.. Nos. 89, 161.

Kemp, J. F. Petrography of Pilot Knob.
Nos. 228, 264.

Kennedy, W. Age of the Iron Ores of East
Texas. No. 277.

Kennedy, W. Eocene Tertiary East of the
Brazos River. No. 281.

Kennedy, W. Geology of Jefferson County.
No. 280.

Kennedy, W. Houston County. No. ^73.
Kennedy, W. Iron Ores of East Texas. Nos.
278, 279.

Kennedy, W. Report for 1891. No. 271.
Kennedy, W., Report of. No. 265.

Kennedy, W., Report of (Third Annual Re-
port Geological Survey). No. 272.
Kennedy, W. Report on Cass County. No.
266.

Kennedy, W. Report on Gregg County. No.
269.

Kennedy, W. Report on Grimes, Brazos and
Robertson Counties. No. 275.

Kennedy, W. Report on Harrison County.
No. 268.

Kennedy, W. Report on Marion County. No.
267.

Kennedy, W. Report on Morris, Upshur,
Wood, Van Zandt and Henderson Coun-
ties. No. 270.

Kennedy, W. Section from Terrell to Sabine
Pass. No. 274.

Kennedy, W. Texas Clays and their Origin.
No. 276.

Kent Section. Nos. 80, 145.

Kent Section and Gryphaea Tucumcarii. No.
145.

Kerr County. No. 33.

Kinney County. No. 33.

Knowledge, Present, of the Geology of Texas.
No. 199.

Knowlton, F. H. Report on a Small Collec-
tion of Fossil Plants from Old Port Caddo
Landing. Nos. 283, 405.

Kunz, G. T. Amber in Texas. No. 287.
Kunz, G. F. Gadolinite in Texas. No. 284.
Kunz, G. F. Topaz from Texas. Nos. 285,
286.

L

Laramie Group, On the Relation of, to Ear-
lier and Later Formations. No. 424.
Lerch, O. See Cummins and Lerch. Geologi-
cal Survey of the Coneho_ Country. No.
68.

Lerch, O. Geology of the Concho Country.
No. 289.

Lerch, O. Utilization of Lignites. No. 290.
Leverett, Storer. See Taff and Leverett. Re-
port on the Cretaceous Area North of the
Colorado River. No. 388.

Lignite. Nos. 135, 290.

Lignite, Occurrence of. No. 4.

Lignites, Analyses of. No. 7.

Lime. No. 91.

Limestone.* Nos. 96, 98, 102, 104, 106.
Limestone, Production 1889. No. 444.
Limonite, Composition of, near Rusk. No. 10.
Ijithographic Stone. No. 86.

Loughridge, R. H. Geological Formations.
No. 292.

Llano Estacado, Artesian Water on. No. 350.
Llano Estacado or Staked Plains, Geography,
Geology and Topography of. No. 76.
Llano Estacado, Paleontology of. No. 49.
Llano County. Yttria and Thoria Minerals
from. No. 193.

Llano County, Rocks. No. 406.

M

Mackintosh and Hidden. Yttria and Thoria
Minerals from Llano County. No. 193.
Mackintoshite. Nos. 194, 252.

Macraster. No. 343.

Macraster Texanus, Occurrance of. No. 207.
Magnenat, L. S. Analyses of Grahamite.
. 137.

Magnenat, L. E., Report of. No. 294.
Magnetite, Production of in Texas, 1892. No.

14.

Magnetite, Production of in Texas 1893. No.

15.

Manganese. No. 337a.

Manganese Deposits. No. 335.

Map of Texas, Geologic. No. 255.

Marcou, Jules. American Neocomian and
Gryphaea Pitcheri. No. 298.

Marcou, Jules. Classification of the Dyas,
Trias and Jura in Northwest Texas. No.

299.

Marcou, Jules. Geological Classification and
Nomenclature. No. 295.

Marcou, Jules. Growth of Knowledge Con-
cerning the Texas Cretaceous. No. 301.
Marcou, Jules. Jura of Texas. No. 302.
Marcou, Jules. Jura, Neocomian and Chelk
of Arkansas. No. 297.

Marcou, Jules. Original Locality of Gryphfoa
Pitcheri. No. 296.

Marcou, Jules. Remarks on a Part of the
Review of the Third Texas Report. No.

300.

Marion County. No. 267.

Maverick County. No. 33.

Melcher, J. C. Economic Minerals of Fayette
County. No. 303.

Menard County. No. 33.

Merrill, George P. Building Stones. No. 305.
Merrill, George P. See Whitfield and Mer-
rill. The Fayette County Meteorite. No.
437.

Merrill, J. A. Fossil Sponges of Flint No-
dules. No. 306.

Mesozoic and Tertiary Exhibits, Nos. 58, 358.
Metagadolinite. No. 174.

Metals, Precious and other Valuable. No.
372.

Meteorite from Hamilton County, Analysis
of. No. 256.

Meteorites, The Texas. No. 72.

Index.

293

Midway Stage. Nos. 182, 186.

Mineral Resources, Non-Metallic. No. 376.
Mineral Springs, Analyses of Water. No. 161.
Mineral Waters. Nos. 323-330, 450.

Minerals, Economic, of San Saba County.
No. 175.

Minerals Mined in Texas. No. 438.

Minerals not Mined in Texas. No. 438.

Mines (Coal), Location in Carboniferous and
Cretaceous. Nos. 9, 419.

Mines in Western Texas. No. 364.

Mining Districts in El Paso County. No. 61.
Mitchell County, Description. No. 20.
Mollusca. No. 356.

Mollusca, Cretaceous. No. 422.

Mollusca. New. No. 183.

Mollusca, Tertiary. No. 2.

Morris County. No. 270.

Mountains, Guadaloupe. No. 397.

N

Nacogdoches County. No. 414.

Nacogdoches Oil Field. Nos. Ill, 161.

Natural Gas. Nos. 169, 466.

Natural Gas Fields. No. 164.

Neocene Mollusca. No. 185.

, Neocomian Shales. No. 54.

Newberry, S. B. Portland Cement. ■ No. 307.
New Species from the Cretaceous, Validity of.
No. 208.

Non-Mountainous Topography of Texas,
Geologic Evolution of. No. 236.

Northwest Texas, Notes on the Geology of.
No. 81.

Northwestern Texas, Report on the Geology
of. No. 70.

o

Ochres. No. 161.

Oil. No. 161.

Oil at Corsicana. No. 418.

Oil Field, The Nacogdoches. Nos. Ill, 161,
162, 414.

Oil, Nacogdoches. Nos. 161, 162.

Oklahoma and Northwest Texas, Geology of.
No. 52.

-Omalaxis Singleyi. No. 1.

Organic Remains from the Galveston Deep
Well. No. 181.

Orographic Movements. No. 156.

Osann, A. Melilite-Nepheline-Basalt and
Nepheline-Basanite. No. 309.

Osann, A. Rocks of Trans-Pecos Texas. No.
308.

Owen, J. Report of. No. 311.

Owen, J. Geology of the Rio Grande Valley.
No. 310.

P

Paleontology of the Cretaceous Formations of
Texas. Nos. 213, 245, 247.

Paleontology, Invertebrate Cretaceous. No.
55.

Paleontology, Tertiary. Nos. 183, 184.
Panhandle, In the Texas. No. 43.

Panola County. No. 411.

Parker, E. W. Asphaltum. No. 316, 319.
Parker, E. W. Coal in Texas. Nos. 312, 313,
315, 318.

Parker E. W. Gypsum. Nos. 314, 321.

Parker, E. W. Salt. 317, 322.

Parker, E. W. Sulphur. No. 320.

Peale, A. C. Mineral Waters. Nos. 323-330,
450.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Building Stones of
East Texas. No. 331.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Iron Ores. No. 336.
Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Lignites of East
Texas. No. 9.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Manganese Deposits.
No. 335, 337a.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Notes on the Geology
of the Southwest. No. 233.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Preliminary Report
on the Geology of the Gulf Tertiary. No.
334.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. See Hill and Penrose,
Relation of the Uppermost Cretaceous
Beds, etc. No. 215.

Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., Report of. No. 332.
Penrose, R. A. F., Jr. Tertiary Iron Ores of
Arkansas and Texas. No. 337.

Permian. No. 396.

Permian and Its Overlying Beds. No. 67.
Permian, Copper Ores in. No. 346.

Permian Fauna of Baylor, Archer and Wich-
ita Counties. No. 425.

Permian Formation. No. 426.

Permian of Texas and Its Mesozoic Fossils.
No. 433.

Permian or Wichita Beds, Fossil Plants of.
No. 436.

Permian Rocks, No. 206.

Petroleum. Nos. Ill, 161, 162, 414, 416-418, 465.
Petroleum at Corsicana. No. 418.

Physical Geography. No. 400.

Pond, E. J. A Cretaceous River Bed. No.
338.

Porocystis pruniformis. No. 340.

Portland Cement, Production 1894, 1895. No.
461.

Pre-Cambrian Rocks. No. 404.

Pilot Knob. No. 228.

Pilot Knob, Petrography of. No. 228.
Priority, A Question of. Nos. 82, 348.
Proboscidia, The. No. 40.

Q

Quicksilver in Texas. Nos. 18-19.

R

Ragsdale, G. H. Drift at Gainesville. No.
339.

Rainfall at Ft. Davis. No. 366.

Rauff, H. Ueber Porocystis Pruniformis.
No. 340.

Red River, Exploration of the Medial Third.
No. 226.

Reports of W. F. Cummins. Nos. 65, 69, 71,
75.

Report of Geologist for Eastern Texas. No.
:!:!2

Report of Geologist for Northern Texas. No.
64.

Report of Geologist for Western Texas. No.
365.

Report of J. H. Herndon. No. 191.

Report of Gustav Jermy. No. 260.

Report of W. Kennedy for 1891. No. 271.
Report of L. E. Magnenat. No. 294.

Report of J. Owen. No. 311.

Report of J. A. Singley. No. 354.

Report of State Geologist, First Annual. No.

121.

Report of State Geologist, Second Annual.
No. 126.

Report of State Geologist, Third Annual. No.
134.

Report of State Geologist, Fourth Annual.
No. 143.

Report, First Annual, of W. H. von Streeru-
witz. No. 367.

Report, Second Annual, of W. H. von
Streeruwitz. No. 369.

Report of W. H. von Streeruwitz for 1891.
No. 373.

Report, Third Annual, of W. H. von Streeru-
witz. No. 374.

Reports of J. A. Taff. Nos. 384, 385.

Report of J. L. Tait. No. 390.

Review of R. T. Hill’s Report on Artesian
Water. No. 73.

294

Index.

Review of Roemer’s “Ueber eine die Haufig-
keit Hippuritenartiger Chamiden Ausge-
zeicbnete Fauna der oberturonen-Kreide
von Texas.” No. 210.

R. G. Notes on the Geology of Gaines
County. No. 341.

Ries, H. Clays in Texas. No. 451.

Rio Grande, Notes on the Valley of the Mid-
dle. No. 139.

Rio Grande Valley, Geology of. No. 310.

River Bed, A Cretaceous. No. 338.

Roads and Material for Construction in the
Black Prairie Region. No. 229.

Robertson County. No. 275.

Rock Cement; No. 59.

Rocks, Igneous. No. 439.

Rocks, Igneous, of Central Texas. Nos. 122,
221.

Rocks in Burnet, San Saba and Llano Coun-
ties. No. 406.

Rocks of Trans-Pecos Texas. No. 308.

Rocks, Pre-Cambrian. No. 404.

Roemer, P. Fauna der Oberturonen Kreide
von Texas. No. 342.

Roemer, F. Graptocarcenus Texanus. No.
342a.

Roemer, F. Macraster. No. 343.

Roesler, F. E. Artesian Wells Report. No.
344.

Rolker, C. M. Tin in Texas. No. 345.

Rothwell, R. P. Asphaltum. No. 453, 456.

Rothwell, R. P. Cement. Nos. 457, 461.

Rothwell, R. P. Coal. No. 462.

Rothwell, R. P. Gold and Silver, Statistics
1890. Nos. 452, 454, 455, 458.

Rothwell, R. P. Gypsum. Nos. 459, 463.

Rothwell, R. P. Salt. Nos. 460, 464.

Rowlandite, Description of. Nos. 195, 253.

Rusk County. No. 413.

s

Salt, Production, 1892-1895. No. 322.

Salt, Production, 1893, 1894. Nos. 317, 460.
Salt, Production, 1895. No. 464.

San Antonio, Gas Well. No. 389.

Sand, Floating. No. 351, 352.

Sandstone. Nos. 96, 97, 101, 105.

Sandstone Industry. No. 103.

Sandstone, Production, 1889. No. 445.
Sandstone, Value, 1889. Nos. 96, 445.

Sandstone, Value, 1891. No. 97.

Sandstone, Value, 1893. No. 101.

Sandstone, Value, 1894. No. 103.

Sandstone, Value, 1895. No. 105.

San Saba County, Rocks. No. 406.

Schleicher County. No. 33.

Schmitz, E. J. Copper Ores in the Permian
No. 346.

Science. Texas Asphaltum. No. 347. See

No. 114.

Scott, W. B. Question of Priority. No. 348.
Sea Level, Change of. No. 349.

Section of the Cretaceous at El Paso. No.
359.

Section from Terrell to Sabine Pass. No. 274.
Shaler, Evidences of Change of Sea Level.
No. 349.

Shelby County. No. 412.

Shells Collected Near Eddy, N. M. No. 360.
Shumard, G. G. Artesian Water on the Llano
Estacado. No. 350.

Silicified Wood in Tertiary. No. 21.

Silver Production, 1887, 1888. No. 85.

Silver, Production 1889, 1890. No. 282.

Silver, Production for 1894, 1895. No. 448.
Silver, Statistics 1886-1891. No.' 454.

Silver, Statistics 1890. No. 452.

Silver, Statistics 1890-1893. No. 455.

Silver, Statistics 1894. No. 458.

Silver, Statistics 1895. No. 87.

Simonds, F. W. Floating Sand. Nos. 351,
352.

Simpson, C. T. Description of Four New

Triassic Unios from the Staked Plains.
No. 353.

Singley, J. A. Artesian Wells of the Gulf
Coastal Slope. No. 355.

Singley, J. A., Report of. No. 354.

Singley J. A. Texas Mollusca; Texas Birds.
No. 356.

Smith County. No. 192.

Smith, E. A. Native Sulphur in Texas. No.
357.

Soils. No. 151.

Soils, Alkali. No. 177.

Soils and Waters of the Upper Rio Grande
and Pecos Valleys. No. 178.

Soils of Colorado Coal Field. No. 402.
Southwest Texas, Topography. No. 234.
Sponges, Fossil, in Flint. No. 306.

‘Staked Plains, Cenozoic Beds of the. No. 48.
Staked Plains, Geography, Geology and
Topography of. No. 76.

Staked Plains, Geology of. Nos. 44, 222.
Stanton, T. W. Notes on Some Mesozoic and
Tertiary Exhibits. No. 358.

Stanton and Vaughan. Section of the Cre-
taceous at El Paso. No. 359.

. State Geologist, First Annual Report. No.
121.

State Geologist, Second Annual Report of.
No. 126.

State Geologist, Third Annual Report of. No.
134.

State Geologist, Fourth Annual Report of.
No. 142.

State Geologist, First Report of Progress.
No. 116.

State Geologist, Second Report of Progress.
No. 130.

Sterki, V. Shells Collected Near Eddy, N.
M. No. 360.

Stone, Building. Nos. 96-106, 443-445.

Stone, Lithographic. No. 86.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Brown Coal or Lig-
nites. No. 362.

Streeruv/itz, W. H. von. Coal. No. 361.
Streeruwitz, W. H. von. First Annual Re-
port. No. 367.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Geology and Min-
eral Resources of Trans-Pecos Texas.
No. 370.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Geology of Trans-
Pecos Texas. No. 368.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Irrigation and
Drainage. No. 363.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Mines Worked in
Western Texas. No. 364.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Non-Metallic Min-
eral Resources. No. 376.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Precious and Other
Valuable Metals of Texas. No. 372.
Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Report of Geologist
for Western Texas. No. 365.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Report for 1891.
No. 373.

Streeruv.utz, W. H. von. Second Annual Re-
port. No. 369.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Tables of Rainfall
at Fort Davis. No. 366.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Texas. No. 371.
Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Third Annual Re-
port. No. 374.

Streeruwitz, W. H. von. Trans-Pecos Texas.

Nos. 375, 377.

Sulphur. Nos. 320, 357.

Sulphur Deposits. No. 160.

Sulphur Water at Lampasas, Analysis of.
No. 161.

Survey of Texas, Geological. No. 24.

Survey of Texas, Geological and Mineralogi-
cal, First Annual Report of Progress.
No. 116.

Survey of Texas, First Annual Report of the
Geological. No. 120.

Survey of Texas, Second Annual Report of
the Geological. No. 125.

Index.

295

Survey of Texas, Second Report- of Progress.
No. 130.

Survey of Texas, Third Annual Report of the
Geological. No. 133.

Survey of Texas, Fourth Annual of the Geo-
logical. No-. 142.

Superimposition of Drainage in Central
Texas. No. 395.

Sutton County. No. 33.

Swank, J. TW. Iron Production. Nos. 378-382.

T

Taff, J. A. Cretaceous Area North of the
Colorado River. Nos. 386, 388.

Taff and Leverett. Cretaceous Area North
of the Colorado River. No. 388.

Taff, J. A. Cretaceous Deposits of Trans-
Pecos Texas. No. 383.

Taff, .T. A. Reply to Prof. Hill. No. 387.

Taff, J. A., Reports of. Nos. 384, 385.

Tait, J. L. Gas Well at San Antonio. No.
389.

Tait. Lignites in Edwards and Other Coun-
ties. No. 9.

Tait, J. L., Report of. No. 390.

Tar Springs. No. 161.

Tarr, R. S. Carboniferous Area of Central
Texas. No. 394.

Tarr, R. S. Cretaceous Coverings of Paleo-
zoic. No. 398.

Tarr, R. S. Guadaloupe Mountains. No. 397.

Tarr, R. S. Lower Carboniferous Limestone
Series in Central Texas. No. 393.

Tarr, R. S. Origin of Terraces. No. 399.

'I'arr, R. S. Origin of Some Topographic
Features of Central Texas. No. 392.

Tarr, R. S. Permian of Texas. No. 396.

Tarr, R. S. Physical Geography. No. 400.

Tarr, Ralph S. Report on the Coal Fields
of the Colorado River. No. 391.

Tarr, R. S. Superimposition of Drainage.

No. 395.

Tengerite. No. 166.

Terraces. No. 399.

Terranes, The Choctaw and Grayson, of the
Arietina. No. 56.

Tertiaries, Notes on. No. 146.

Tertiary and Mesozoic Exhibits, The Colum-
bian Exposition. No. 58.

Tertiary Fauna of Florida, etc. No. 83a. ■

Tertiary Formations of Western Texas. No.
3.

Teritary Mollusca, Monograph of. No. 185.

Teritary Paleontoiogy. No. 184.

Tetrabelodon Shepardii, Description of the
Eower Jaw of. No. 51.

Texas. No. 371.

Texas, Geology of. No. 203.

Texas, Industrial Growth of. No. 27.

Texas-New Mexico Region, Notes on the. No.
240.

Texas Region, Classification and Origin of
Chief Geographic Features. Nos. 216-217.

Texas Survey, Important Results of. 124.

T. F. L. Artesian Wells. No. 401.

Third Texas Report, Remarks on a Part of
the Review of. No. 300.

Thompson, R. A. Soils, Water Supply and
Irrigation of Colorado Coal Field. No.
402.

Thoria Minerals. No. 157.

Thoro-gummite. No. 193.

Tin. Nos. 28-29, 345, 442.

Tin, Occurrence of. No. 30.

Tom Green County. No. 33.

Tomiopsis, On the Genus. No. 50.

Topaz. Nos. 285, 286.

Topographic Features of Central Texas. No.
392.

Topographic Features of Texas, Classification
of. No. 224.

Topography and Geology of Northern Mexico
and Southwest Texas. No. 234.

Topography, Non-Mbuntainous of Texas,
Geologic Evolution of. No. 236.

Trans-Pecos Texas. Nos. 375, 377.

Trans-Pecos Texas, Cretaceous Deposits. No.
383.

Trans-Pecos Texas, Geology of. No. 368.

Trans-Pecos Texas, Geology and Mineral Re-
sources. No. 370.

Trias in Northwest Texas. No. 299.

Triassic Formation of Northwest Texas,
Stratigraphy of. No. 109.

Triassic Unios. No. 353.

Trinity Division, Invertebrate Paleontology
of. No. 245.

Trinity Division, Notes on Some Fossil
Plants. No. 163.

Trinity Formation. No. 200.

Tucumcari. No. 246.

Tucumcari, Fauna of. No. 258.

Tucumcari Mountain. No. 79.

Tucumcari, New Mexico. No. 77.

Turner, H. W. Volcanic Dust. No. 403.

IT

Upper Canadian, Geology of the Valley. No.
223.

Upshur County. No. 270.

Unios, Description of Four New Triassic. No.
353.

Uraninite, New Analyses of. No. 251.

Uvalde County. No. 33.

V

Val Verde County. No. 33.

Van Hise, C. R. Pre-Cambrian Rocks. No.
404.

Van Zandt County. No. 270.

Vaughan, T. W. Eocene at Old Port Caddo
Landing. No. 405.

Vertebrata, Report on the Paleontology of.
No. 47.

Volcanic Dust. Nos. 136, 150, 403.

w

Walcott, C. D. Cambrian in Texas. No. 407.
Walcott, C. D. Discussion of Comanche Se-
ries. No. 408.

Walcott C. D. Rocks in Burnet, San Saba
and Llano Counties. No. 406.

Walker, J. B. Cherokee County. No. 415.
Walker, J. B. Geology of Burnet County.
No. 409.

V/alker, J. B. Nacogdoches County. No. 414.
Walker, J. B. Panola County. No. 411.
Walker, J. B. Report of. No. 410.

Walker, J. B. Rusk County. No. 413.
Walker, J. B. Shelby County. No. 412.
Waters of the Upper Rio Grande and Pecos
Valleys. No. 178.

Water Supply of Colorado Coal Field. No.
402.

Water Supply for Western Texas. Nos. 148,
149.

Webb County, Economic Geology of. No. 107.
Weeks, J. D. Natural Gas. No. 466.

Weeks, J. D. Petroleum in Texas. Nos. 416-
418, 465.

Weitzel, R. S. Coal Field. No. 419.

Western Texas and Coahuila, Mexico, Creta-
ceous of. No. 152.

Western Texas, Notes on Geology of. No.
204.

Western Texas, Tertiary Formations of. No.
3.

W. H. Dykes of Bandera County. No. 420.
White, C. A. Age of Coal in Region of the
Rio Grande. No. 421.

296

Index,

White, C. A. Cretaceous Formations of
Texas and Their Relations to Those of
Other Portions of North America. No.
423.

White, C. A. Cretaceous of Northern Mex-
ico. No. 429.

White, C. A. Cretaceous of the Texan Re-
gion. No. 434.

White, C. A. Discussion of Comanche Series.
No. 435.

White, C. A. Field Work in Texas. Nos.
427, 430, 431, 432.

White, C. A. Lower Cretaceous of the South-
west. No. 428.

White, C. A. New Generic Forms of Creta-
ceous Mollusca. No. 422.

White, C. A., On the Fauna of the Permian
of Baylor, Archer and Wichita Counties.
No. 425.

White, C. A., on the Permian Formation.
No. 426.

White, C. A., on the Relation of the Laramie
Group to Earlier and Later Formations.
No. 424.

White, C. A. Texas Permian and Its Meso-

zoic Types of Fossils. No. 433.

White, I. C. Fossil Plants of the Wichita
or Permian Beds. No. 436.

Whitfield, J. E., and Merrill, G. P. The Pay-
ette County Meteorite. No. 437.

Wichita Beds. No. 67.

Wichita or Permian Beds, Fossil Plants of.
No. 436.

Williams, Albert, Jr. Minerals Mined and
Minerals Not Mined in Texas. No. 438.

Williams, J. P. Igneous Rocks of Texas.
No. 439.

Wood County. No. 270.

Wood, Petrified. No. 115.

Wood, Silicified in Tertiary. No. 21.

Woolman, Lewis and Kain, C. Henry; List
of Species in Diatomaceous Earth from
the Staked Plains. No. 440.

Y

Yttrialite. No. 193.

Xttria and Thoria Minerals. Nos. 157, 193.

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

FOR 1899.

THE TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

OFFIC'EES FOR 1898-1899.

Peesident, Thomas U. Taylor^ M. C. E.
Vice Presideistt^ H. H. Harrington, M. S.
Treasurer, Frederic W. Simonds, Ph. D.
Secretary, William L. Bray, Ph. D.
Librarian, W. W. Horman, Ph. D.

Other Members of the Council.

H. L. Hilgartner, M. D.

Henry Winston Harper, 'M. D., F. C. S.
George Bruce Halsted, Ph. J).

OFFICERS FOR 1899-1900.

President, Frederic W. Simonds, Ph. D.
Vice President, R. S. Hyee, A. M.
Secretary, James R. Bailey, Ph. D.
Treasurer, R. A. Thompson, M. A.
Librarian, William L. Bray, Ph. D.

Other Members of the Council.

H. L. Hilgartner, M. D.

Henry Winston Harper, M. D.^ F. C. S.
J. C. Hagle, M. C. E.

PAPEES PEESENTED AT EEGULAE MEETINGS.

Februajiy 3^ 1899.

Trainiiig in' Eiducation/^ Jam'es E. Peiarce, M. A., Brincipial of
tEo Au;sitm High S'ohool.

May 5, 1899.

“TEe Justice of the Court as Ideal Juistioe/’ Dt. S. E. Mezes, Univer-
sity oif Texa,s.

Case of Spontaneious: Oomdusitio'nj/^ PriofessoT T. U. 'Taylor, Univer-
sity of Texas.

^^Metho'dis of River Flow and a Plan for a. Hydrographic Survey of
Texas, Profesisor T. U. Taylor, University of Texas.

June 12, 1899 — Annual Meeting.

‘^^Some Theorems in Ueometry,^’ W. H. Bruce, Ph. D., Athenis, Ttexas.

^^Southwestern Texa,s’^ (by title), Williaon Kennedy, Austin.

‘"^'The Ecology and Bmbryolotgy of the ^Rain Lilies,^ Felix E. Smith,
Austin.

‘‘^An Annotated Record lof the Geology of Texas for the Deicade Ending
December 31, 1896,’^ Frederic W. Simonds, Ph. D., University of Texas.

^'^A Case of Fistula in the Keck of an Adult MaK^ (by title), W..W.
Kormian, Ph. D., University of Texas.

^^Tlhe Behavior of Certain Caterpillars,’^ W. W. Korinan, Ph. D., Uni-
versity of 'Texas.

^^Life Zones and Crop Zones in Texas” (by title). Dr. William L. Bray,
University of Texas.

October 6, 1899.

^^From the Standpoint of a Man of Science,” the Annual Addres.& of the
President, Dr. Frederic W. Simionds, University of Tiexas.

Kovember 10, 1899.

^^The Bachelor of Arts Degree,” Professor W. S. Sutton, University of
Texas.

December 15, 1899.

^^The Cretaoeous of Obispo Canon,” E. T. Dumble, Houston.

^U'CCurrenee of Oyster Shells in Volcanic Depiosits in Sonora, Mexico,”
E. T. Dumble, Houstion.

^‘‘The Modern Trend of Botanical Studies,” William L. Bray, Ph. D.,
University of Texas.

‘''^Some Recent Advances in Chemistry,” Henry Winston Harper, M. D.,
University of Texas.

WESLEY WALKEK NOEMAN, PH, H,

. Born, February 10, 1863.

, Died, July 1, 1899.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED OCTOBER 6, 1899.

Whereas, In the diealh of Dr. Wesley W. 'Horman the Texas Academy
ol Science has lost one ef itis moist di'stingmiishedj miemibiers and officers ; there-
fore, be it

Resolved by the Executive Conncil of the Academy, That, as a faint
expression of onr esteem and reverence for him as' a man, and onr high
estimation of him as a scientific worker, this testimonial and memorial of
his worth be spread upon onr records, presented to his bereaved family,
and dnly published.

The value lof Dr. Norman’s services to the Academy can not be meas-
ured by his contributions to its transactions, numerous and important as
they may have beien. As an organization the Academy should remember
most gratefully his services, his wisdom' in counsel, and his self-sacrific-
ing labors as; Secretary and Librarian.

In tlie Academy of Science, as in every other sphere of his influence,
D'r. Norman’s persional stimulus to bis asisiociates was of the highest older
and efficacy ; and his rare and noble personal force will be missed among

us las that of few men could be.

(Signed)

H. L. Hilgartner,

T. D. Taylor,
Frederic W. Simonds.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. VOL. III.

WESLEY WALKER NORMAN.

B. S. UNIVERSITY OF INDIANA, 1885; A. M. DE PAUW UNIVERSITY, 1894;

PH. D. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. 1899.

ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, 1894 - 1896;
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY, 1896-1899.

BORN, FEBRUARY 10, 1863;

DIED, JULY 1, 1899.

COURTESY OF THE GULF FAUNA AND FLORA BULLETIN.

LIST OF PATRONS, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS.

PATHOXS.

B'Packenridige, Geoirge W,, iSajn 'Amtoiido, Texas.

Halsted, Ma’s. GeoAge Bruce, Ausitiu, Texas.

Patvoius, 2.

FELLOWS.

ITadley, Dr. ijiamies R., 'Acljuinict Professioir oif 'Ohemiiisitry, •UindveiriSiitiV' of Texa,s,
Auisitin, Texias.

Bray, Dr. 'Wm. D., Adjunct Profesisor -of Botany, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Oerua, Dr. David, Sa.n Buena ven tuna, Uoahuila, Mexico.

Oliarltou, Profesi&OA 0. C., Baylor U'ni\^ersity, Waco, Texas.

Cline, Dr. I. C., Diireotor of Weaither Serviice, Galveston, Texas.

Glo'ptom, Dr. A. G., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine,, Galveston, Texas.
Cornier, CUarl-es-, Assoc. Insit. C. U., Uni-tiali, iMas-lionalanid, iSouth Africa.

Curtis, George 'W., Weatherford, Texas.

Dickson, Dr. L. E., University of Chicago, Cliicago, 111.

Dumhle, E. T., Geologist, 1708 Prairie Ave., Houston, T^^as.

Dutton, C. E., Major, Ordnance Corps, U. S. A., Wiashinigtoin, D. C.

Itllis, Dr. A. Caswell, Adjunct Professor -of Pedagogy, Universibj^ of Texas, Austin,
Texas. '

Halley, R. B., Professor in 8am Houston JSFornml Insititute, Huntsville, Texas.
Halsted, Dr. George Bruce, Professor of M-atheniiatics, Universit}^ of Texas,
Austin, Texas.

Harper, Di\ Plenry W-insiton, Professor -of Ch-emistry, University ot Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Harrington, H. H., Professor of Chemistry, A. -and M. College, College Station,
Texas.

Herff, Dr. Ferdinand, fean Anton-io, Texas.

Hilgartner, Dr. H. U., Austin, Texas.

Hill, Robert T., Geologisit, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

Howard, Wm. R., Professor in Fo-rt Worth University, Fort Worth, Texas.

Hyer, R. S., Chiaincelloi' Southwesteirn Uiniwersity, Geoirget-o-wn, Texas.

K-eiler, Dr. Wm., University of Texas, Dept, of -Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Uefev-re, Arithiur, Prin-cipial High School, Victoria,, Texas.

Mac fiar lane. Dr. Al-exanrler, jClhiath.aim-, Ontaiio, Canada.

McDaniel, Dr. A. C., 119 Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, Texas.

MoRa-e, Dr. A. L., Oriel -Bldg., S,t. Louis, AI-o.

Mezes, Dr. S. E., Professor of Philo.sophy, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
M-ontgom-eiry, Dr. Edmund," Hempstead, Texas.

Mather, Dr, Win. T., Professor of Physics, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
N-agle, J. C., i*rofessor of Civil Engineering in A. and M. College, College Sta-
tion, Texas.

302

Proceedings Texas Academy of Science.

Nortbrup, Dr. E. T., 938 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

Paine, Dr. J. F. Y., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Ualveston, Texas.
Pearoe, James E., Principal of Austin High School, Austin, Texas.

Pointer, Dr. M. B., Yale University, New Haven, Comn.

Punyear, Chairles, Professor in A. and M. College, College Station, Texas.
Reichman, Fritz, Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Univensity of Chicago, Chioago, 111.
Schoeh, E. P., Instructor in Chemistry, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Simonds, Dr. Frederic W., Professor of Geology, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Smith, Dr. Allen J., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Smith, Dr. M. M., Austin, Texas.

'Sponce, D. W., Pnoifesisor in A. laind M. Ciollege, College S'taition, Texas.

Sutton, W. S., Professor of Pedagogy, University ot Texas, Austin, Texas.

Taylor, T. U., Professor of Applied Mathematics, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Thompson, Dr. James E., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Thompson, R. A., Engineer to Railroad Commission, Austin, Texas.

Townsend, C. H. TVler, Professor A. and M. College, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
Wooten, Dr. Joe S., Austin, Texas.

Fellows, 47.

MEMBERS.

Ais'kew, H. G., Auditor, Hailroad Coanmissiion, Austin., Texas.

Banks, A. L., Professor in A. and M. College, College Station, Texas.

Battle, Wm. J., Professor of Gireek, University of Texas, Ausfin, Texas.

Beall, Khleber H., Fort Worth, Texas.

Birooks, 'Sidney J., Attoirney lat Law, San Antonio', Texais.

Brown, Dr. B. S., Leona, Texas.

Brown, R. L., Attorney at Law, Austin, Texas.

Bruce, Dr. W. H., Athens, Texas.

Burgoon, C. E., Professor in A. and M. College, College Station, Texas.

B.attle, W. W., Inistiructo'r in Bayilor Univensiity, WacO', TexaiS.

Buck, Prof. L. L., Brownville, Texas.

Callaway, Dr. Alorgan, Professor of English, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Capps, Dr. E. D., Fort Worth, Texas.

Carroll, J. J., Waco, Texas.

Carter, Dr. W. S., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Chase, I. C., Profesi'sor in Fort Worth LTniversity, Fort Worth, Texas.

Cline, Dr. J. L., Galveston, Texas.

Cline, Dr. H. H. D., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Connell, J. H., Professor in A. and M. College, College (Station, Texas.

Cooke, Dr. H, P., University of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galvieston, Texas.
Corner, Wm., San Antonio, Texas.

Grow, Dr. J. J., Waco, Texas.

Davidson, Dr. W. T., Surgeon U. S. A., Cuba.

Dohmen, Franz J., Soloman Strasse, 25a j)t., Leipzig, Germany.

Duggan, Dr. Malone, Quariantine Inspeotor, Eagle Pass, Texas,
l^unoan, A. Butler, P. 0. Box 2891, New York City.

Endress, Geo. A., ^Southern Pacific Ry., Algiers, La.

FitzMugh, Professor Thomas, Fredericksburg, Va.

List of Patrons, Fellows Members.

30,3

Flavin, Di'. ThioiiTi.a,s, Univeinsity of Texas, Dept, of Medicine, Galveston, Texas.
Foster, D. L., President A. and M. Golleige, Gollege Citation, Texas.

Freshney, Alfred, Teacher of Sciience, Aiisitdn High School, Anstin, Texas.
Qiarri-son, Dr. George P., Professor of Histo.ry, University of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Garber, J. iS., Horistom High Sehiool, Houston, Texas.

Geisecke, F. E., Professor in A. and M. Gollege, Gollege S'tation, Texas.

Harper, Dr. W. A., Austin, Texas.

Head, A. B., Grandview, Texas.

Hill, H. E., Galveston, Texas.

Hogg, Alexander, Fort Worth, Texas.

Holmes, W. E., Austin, Texas.

Holzman, Glarence, Houston High School, Houston, Texas.

Houston, David F., Profiessor of Political Science, Universiitiy of Texas, Austin,
Texas.

Huberich, Ghas. H., Austin, Texas.

Hundson, N. A., iTeacher, Ausitin High iSchool, Austin, Texas.

Hunnicutt, W. P. H., 'Land Office, Austin, Texas.

Hill, Dr. H. H., Austin, Texas.

Hopkins, Dr. J. W., Galveston, Texas.

Johnson, J. B., Proifessor in Ba.ylor University, Waco, Texas.

Jones, W. G., Temple, Texas.

Kerr, E. W., Professor in A. and 'AI. College, Gollege Station, Texas.

Leitnaker, A. N., Vice-P resident Austin and Nor th western Railroad, Austin,
Texas.

Liddell, M. H., Eaist Orange, N. J.

Lomax, J. A., University of Texas, Anstiii, Texas.

Lewis, E. C.

AIcLaughlin, Dr. J. W., University of Texas, Dept, of Aledicine, Galveston, Texas.
Mackensen, B., Teacher of Science, San Antonio High School, San Antonio, Texas.
Alagers, S. D., University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.

Alagnenat, Dr. L. E., Univeirsity of Texas, Dept, of Aledicine, Galveston, Texas.
AHtchell, J. D., Victoria, Texas.

Aloore, Dr. J. T., University ot Texas, Dept, of Aledicine, Galveston, Texas.
Malley, F. W., Professor in A. and 'M. Gollege, Gollege Station, Texas.

Nesis, H., Professor in A. and AI. Gollege, College Station, Tex.a,s.

O’Connor, James L., Austin, Texas.

Phillips, John 0., Austin, Texas.

Pittuck, B. C., A. a,nd AI. College, College Station, Texas.

Pessels, Dr. Constance, Teacher in 'Sain Antonio High School, San Antonio, Texas,
Poiston, W, C,, Professor in Weiatherford College, Weatherford, Texas.

Primer, Dr. Sylvester, Professor of Romance Languages, University of Texas,
Austin, Texas.

Putnam, T. M., Instructor in Alathematics, University ot Texas, Austin, Texas.
Prather, Win. L., President of the LTniversity of Texas, Austin, Texais.

Rebel-, Gapt. ISaniuel, Signal Coirpsi, pi. S. A., Governor’s Island, New York City.
Rice, C, D., Galveston, Texais.

Raiineis, C. W., Librai'ian, Dept, Insiuirance, iStatistiiOSi, ainid Hi;story, Austii;n, Texais.
Sanimondis, J. W., Pal eisti'nc', 'TexaiS'.

Schmidt, E. F., 508 Travis Street, Houston, Texas.

304

Proceedings Texas Academy of Science.

S'Oboch, Wim., Erofeasioir iof Matbeiniaitios, Ghioago Normal College, Cliicago, 111.
Seltzer, ,H. K., 658-659 Cibralbar 'Building, Kanisas City, Mo.

Smith, Dir; H. S., Auisitin, Texas.

Smith, Dr. Q. C., Anstiin, Texas.

Smith, Noyes'" D., Ausitin, Texas.

Stanfield, S. iW., ProfeS'Sor in Coromal Institute, Sian Maroois, Texas.

Stevenson, J. D., Attorney at Law, San Antondio, Texas.

Sublette, C. W., 2616 First Avenue, Minneapolis, Minn.

Swearingen, P. H., Attorney at Law, San Amtoiniio, Texas.

Tilson, P. S., Pnofesisoir in A. and iM. College, College 'Station, Texas.

Underwood, P. H., Teacher, Ball Uigh iSchool, 'Calveston, Texas.

Warfield, Dr. Clarence, Gralveston, Texas.

Williams, IL. S., Pirofesisor 'Of Chemiisiti'y, Armour Instituite, Chicago, 111.

Wilson, Dr. B. (L., U. 'S. Marine Hospitalj San Franciseo-, Cal.

Wyche, Benjiamin, Librarian, University of Texa.s, Austin, Texas,

Worisham, Dr. B. W., Insane Asylum, Austin, Texas.

Wheeler, Dr. W. M., Professior of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Zerr, G. B. M., Staunton, Va.

Members, 92.
Total Membership, 141.

I

LIST OF INSTITUTIONS WITH WHICH THE TEXAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
EXCHANGES PUBLICATIONS.

AUSTRALIA.

BrisbRii'e. — Tlie Eoyal Society of Queenislaiii'd.

Melbourne. — Tbe Boyal Soeiety of Victoria.

AUSTRIA.

Wien. — Kaisicrlicb'e Aicaidemie dier Wis&enchaften.

Eeiobs Geologische Ansbatt.

BELGIUM.

Bruxelles. — ^L^Aeadenrie Royale desi Scienices, dtes Lettersi et des Beaux
Arts de Belgique..

Liege. — La Societe Royale des Seienees de Liege.

BOHEMIA.

Prag. — -Die Koenigl-bO'emisicbe 'Gesellisiohaft der Wissenscbaften.

BRAZIL.

Rio de Janeiro. — MuS'eu ISTaeional de Rio de Janeiro.

CANADA.

Halifax. — ^Tlbe Ho'va Sicotia Institute of Seienoe.

Mo'ntreal. — ^^Tbe Hiatural History Soeiety.

St. Johns. — ^^Tbie Hiatural History Soeiety of Hew Brunswiek.

Toronto. — The Canadian Insititute.

Hniwersity of Toronto.

ENGLAND.

Cambridge. — ^Cambridge Pbilosopbical Soeiety.

London — The Royal Ceographieal Soeiety.

The Royal Soeiety.

Soutli London Entomolbgieal and Hatural History Soeiety.
Manebester. — ^^Tbe Manebester Literary and Pbilosopbioal Soeiety.

FRANCE.

Marseille. — La Paiculte des Seienees de Marseille.

Paris. — Museum d^ His’toire Haturelle.

N

306 Proceedings Texas Academy of Science.

To'ulou'se. — ^L’AcaTemie dos Soieaicieis, Inisicrip'tio'iis et Bielles-lettrie’S de
Tdiilous'e.

GERMANY.

Berliii. — Die Berliner Desellschaift 'fiir Anflirropologie^ Eithnologie, und
Urgeiseliiclitie.

Giessen. — Oberheisaisiebe Gesiellsehaft fiir Natur-nnd Heilknnide.

Gust'row. — ^Verein d^er Preunde der N.atnrgescbiolite in MeckTeniburg.
Halle. — Haiturfiorsebende Gesellisicbaft zn Halle.

Kiel. — Der Kait'nrwiissenseiliafilielie: Verein fiir Sehles'wig-H'olsfein.
Leipsig. — Die N’latnrforsehende Gesesehaft zn Leipzig.

Bosiock. — Der Verein der Freiinde der Kaiturgesehiclite.

HOLLAND.

Harlem. — La Seeiete Hollandaise des Scienoes a Harlem.

HUNGARY.

Budapest. — Magyiar Tudoimanyo'S' Akademia.

L’Akademie Hongroise des S'ciences.

Die Akademie der W'is'sen,sicliaften.

IRELAND.

Bel'fasit. — Katnral Histiory and Plillosiophicial Sioeiet^u
Dublin. — Tike Ej03^al Dublin, Societ3L

ITALY.

Livorno. — ■L’Asi&O'ciazionie ^Aiatliesis.’^

PaliermO'. — Ciroolo M,atienmticO'.

Pisa. — So'oiefca Toscana di Seienze Kiaturali.

Torino. — ^Revue de MathematiiqueiS'.

Academia Reiale delle &nlenze.

JAPAN.

Tok3m. — Miatihematical-Phyisical Soiciety, Imperial Hniversity of Tokyo.
Zoological Soiciety of Tokyo.

MEXICO.

Mexico. — La Sociedaid Mexioana de Geografia y Estadistic i.

Insititutio Geologico de Mexi,oo.

Observa,torio Astronomico Nacional de T'acubaya.

Soiciedad Cientifica ‘^‘^Antonio Alzate.’^

PORTUGAL.

Li'sboa. — Real Observatiorio de Lisboa.

List of Exchanges.

807

RUSSIA.

HelsingfiOT®. — ^Eirusika V eteuskapsi- Socieit'eten.

Kazan. — Societe Pihysioo'-Matiheiniatiqne de Kazan.

St. Pieitersiburg.— KAoademiie Imperiale de ; Sciences,

SCOTLAND.

Edinburgh. — The Royal Society of Edinburgh.

Glasigow. — The Philosophical Siociety oi Glasgow.

SOUTH AFRICA.

Gape Town. — The PhilO'Siophical SiOciety O'f South Africa.

SWEDEN.

Gotihenbourg. — ^Goteborgs Koenigl-Vetenkaps och Vitterhets'-Samhales.
Stockholm . — Koengi- V etenskaps Aba demienis .

Upsala. — ^^The Geological Instittutiion of the ITniversity of Upsala.

SWITZERLAND.

Berne. — Die K aturforschende Gesellschafit.

Zurich. — Die Katurforacihende Gesellscbaft.

UNITED STATES.

Austin. — The Texas State Historical Association.

Baltamore. — 'Johns Hopkins University.

Johns Hopldns University Hospital.

Berkeley. — ^The University oJ Califoirnia.

Boston. — The Amierican Academy of Arts' and Sciences.

The Boston Society of Katural Hisitory.

Buffalo. — Buffalo Society of Katural Sciences.

Chicago. — ^The Field Columbian Museum.

, The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

The John Crerar Libr'ary.,

Chiarloittsville. — ^^The Univeirsdty of Virginia.

Cincinnati. — The Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia
Medica.

Colorado Springs. — ^^The Color adO' College Scientific Society.

Dawenport. — The Davenport Academy of Sicienoe.

Denver. — The Colorado Scieinibific Society.

D'03 Moines. — The Iowa Academy of Science.

Denison Scientific Association, Granville, Ohio.

InidianapoMs. — The Indiana Academy of Scienice.

Department of Geology and Katnral Resiources.

808

Proceedings Texas Academy of Science.

Jeffcrsion City. — The MiLssioiiTi Stiate Ceoiogical Survey.

Enoxvil'le. — The University of Teninessiee.

Lawrenioe. — The Kansias University.

Lincoln. — The Nebraska. Academy of Sciences.

Miadison. — ^The University of Wisconisin.

The Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Le timers .
Minneaipoliis. — ^The Geiotogical and Uatnral History Survey of Minnesota.

T'he Minnesota Academy of Uatural Sciences.

'New York. — American Musieum of Yatural History.

New York Academy of Science.

New York Entomological Society.

Oberlin. — Oberlin University.

The Wilson Ornithological Chaipter of the Agassiz Association.
Philadelphia. — The American Philo'sophical Society.

The Franldin, Institute.

The University of Pennsylvania.

Portland. — The Portland Society of Hatural History.

Rochester. — The Joiirnal of Applied Microscopy.

The Ro'chester Aoaidemy of Science.

San Francisco. — The Califormia Academy of Science.

St. Louis. — The St. Louis Academy of Science.

The Misisouri Bot'anioal G-arden.

Topeka. — The Kansas Academy of Science.

Urbana. — Illinois State Laboratory.

Washington. — The U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Biological Society of Washington.

'The U. S. Bureau of Education.

The U. S. Geological Survey.

The Smithsonian Institution.

The Southern Histiory Asisiociation.

The U. S. Weather Bureau.

The Geological Society of AYashinigton.

URUGUAY.

Montevideo. — Museo- Kacional de Miontevideo.

■'