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TKANSACTIONS

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WORCESTER COUNTY

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

A. I). 1896-97.

PART I.

PRESS OF CHARLES HAMILTON,

311 MAIN STREET.

1897.

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CONTENTS

PAGE

Report of the Secretary, A. D. 189G 5

Report of the Librarian 25

Report of the Treasurer 29

" In Memoriam " 31

WORCESTEH COUNTT

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

A. D. 1896.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

To the Members
of the

Worcester County Horticultural Society :

With the passing of William T. Merrifield, on the 27th of last
December, at the extreme age of eighty-eight (88) years, the
existence of the generation by which this Society was founded,
and so long maintained in perennial vigor, may be considered
to have virtually closed. It is true there are some whose years
are not so far removed from his, and still more who treasure
among their vivid horticultural memories a clear recollection of
his life-long association with our early corporate action and
aims. But yet he must be accounted rather as one of those
choice spirits who united with William Lincoln, John Green,
Anthony Chase, Frederic William Paine and the Senior Salis-
bury ; who were not selfishly satisfied to gather from their own
orchards, or to consider the lilies in enclosed field or open
meadow ; but elected to lay broad and deep the foundations of
a Society whereby to advance the science and encourage and
promote the practice of horticulture in and throughout the
County of Worcester. From the very first, the contributions
of Mr. Merrifield, whether of Fruit or Flower, and usually of
both, were never lacking. Latterly, as his store of Plants, —

6 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

either distinctively Ornamental, or of Special Rare Foliage, —
was augmented by natural increase or judicious purchase, our
local field became too contracted for his ambition, which could
not content itself within the restricted compass of a "pent up
Utica." For years his collection was represented in the Exhibi-
tions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and the occa-
sions were few indeed when first awards did not fall to his lot.
It was the good fortune of Mr. Merrifield to be aided by the
service of Mr. James Comley who, in that early employment,
first gave evidence of the professional skill and individual good
taste which has since become so conspicuously manifest in
Green-House and Garden at Lexington. It must not be sup-
posed that his honors came to Mr. Merrifield without a struggle ;
for in President Salisbury he found an antagonist who was not
to be regarded lightly. But it was an honorable contest for
preeminence; — a rivalry always dubious upon its merits, yet
ever conducted amicably and whereof the decision was accepted
without murmur or repining. Mr. Merrifield kept up his interest
in that special culture until the difficulty of obtaining suitable
professional skill, combined with the burden of years, induced
him to relinquish what had been a mingled pleasure and responsi-
bility. When, because of advancing years, the proper oversight
of his choice collection of Plants exacted more attention and
time than he could well bestow, he offered the whole to the
Commission of Public Grounds of Worcester, in free and unre-
stricted gift. That it was declined, with cordial gratitude for
the generous proffer, was due to no lack of appreciation, but to
the fact that the Commission at the time possessed no facilities
for the custody and care of specimens so tenacious in their
requirements of steady temperature and continuous supervision.
Since he parted with his pets his name has not appeared upon
the role of our exhibitors. But his interest in the management
of our afl^jiirs never failed to be displayed; and he was always
ready to co-operate by word or deed at any apparent crisis in
our business. He was of essential assistance when our Hall
was originally planned and constructed, his practical experience
being of unusual value at a time when the reputation of our

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 7

Builders had not become co-extensive witli tiie Repablic. At
the termination of services so long and freely rendered it would
argue ill for the credit of this Society were it to withhold the
tribute to his memory so nobly earned by his disinterested
labors in our behalf.

In this our Hall we shall see him no more in the body. But
there ought to be, and indeed is, no valid reason why the space
among his fellows, as yet vacant upon our walls, should not be
tilled by his portrait, to remind us continually that there is no
break in the endless chain that connects Horticulture upon
Earth with the Celestial Eden.

Months, nay years, have passed into the endless chain of Time,
since, in response to somewhat querulous criticism of its con-
duct, your Committee on Library and Publication announced
that it had made arrangements for a Card Catalogue of all publi-
cations in possession of the Society. It is to be hoped that it
will be of use, when completed. So far, experience would
hardly justify faith in a crying need to be supplied in such form
and manner. The first application has j^et to be made com-
pelling recourse to the various decks cut, shuitied, and indicated.
In the dogma of the final perseverance of the Saints, however,
we are enabled to descry a ray of hope howsoever faint. So
that it is possible for us to trust that the proposed Catalogue
may be finished in the life-time of the youngest among you, Deo
volenie; and, more emphaticalljs its fjmcied benefits, Fmmind
placente, may be experienced by some now living. In the care
and management of a small, select, and somewhat technical col-
lection of Books, your Committee on Library and Publication
decline to keep pace with literary scorcher, electing rather the
sure, if more deliberate, guidance of Mnemosyne.

So much by way of prelude ! to pattern after the pulpiteers.

Upon this occasion my Text may be found in the fifteenth
verse, twenty-fourth chapter of Joshua :

" Aud yet, if it seem evil to you to serve the Lord, choose you this
day whom ye will serve ! "

Shall this Society advance in the ways that have been approved
for a half-century ; ways whose signal success has commended

8 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

them to our deliberate judgment, and wherefrom occasional
departure, upon the spur of a iieeting impulse, has been fraught
with decadence and loss? For more years than memory can
easily recall, it was a settled practice to confine our efforts to
the promotion of Horticulture within the County of Worcester,
rightly deeming that field ample for all that we might do or
consider. /So, — we have prospered beyond ordinary measure ;
and (fnis, in all likelihood, we might continue to win praise and
accumulate substance, if only contentment, that pearl of modest
deserving, were esteemed an adequate reward for individual
effort. We are ever striving and hoping for a bountiful harvest
whereof the superfluity but contributes to nourish our discontent.

But we are not satisfied with "a little field well tilled," heark-
ening to the siren song that we should challenge the competition
of Florists throughout the Republic in one particular department
of professional rivalry. Without similar challenge, the Fruit
of Worcester County speaks for itself everywhere, acknowledg-
ing no superior. Why should it be deemed worth our while to
enlist in the foolish strife of modern professionalism ; to array
ourselves as floral gladiators whereby, if at the close of an
embittered struggle, we achieve cup or purse, it must follow
upon the sacrifice of all those incentives to which we owe our
past uninterrupted prosperity !

Nothing struck the Senior Salisbury so forcibly, in a trip
through England almost a half-century since, when he visited
an Exhibition of the Royal Horticultural Society, as the fact
everywhere too plainly manifest, that the preference of a limited
class appeared to l)e regarded rather than the tastes of the multi-
tude. He warned us to beware of that pitfall. Is there not
cause ; is it not time to repeat that warning of our whilom Presi-
dent and always benefactor? Shall we exalt the flowers of
restricted culture, howsoever gorgeous in color, over those
superb species which every one admires and that any one may
cultivate to perfection ! Shall the Chrysanthemum command
the devotion of Three Days, — the Rose of an hour and half?
What are its shortcoming-s that we are no lono;er to consider the
Lily I What is there in that built-up idol of caprice, conceit,

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 9

and fashion that the simple lovers of flowers in the home-garden
should suffer themselves to be carried ofl" their feet in the mad
rush to swell the throng which wastes energy and life in the
inanities of Vanity Fair?

Such species arc not, and cannot be, grown by the great
majority of our members. Nor is it too much to assert that
they are without the range of cultivation by any but the very
few who get their livelihood by the growth of flowers that are
beyond the means and skill of the average horticulturist. And
after they have been thus rarely developed, they are at once
placed on exhibition in every Florist's window, subject to cull
and purchase by every one that passes. Are they withheld
from public view that they may be displayed first in our Hall?
The intense verdancy in such a question might well represent
two blades of grass where was but one before. Do you care to
see them, after hours and days of prolonged exposure to com-
mon inspection, when what chance to be left are brought in
here, old and stale, if haply they may coax a languid gaze.

This Society is one of two or three in the world, — the Worlds
mind you ! that can pay its debts and thereafter stand upon its
feet, solvent and reputable. What it now is, it has become
through strict attention to its legitimate business ; burning
incense upon the altars of Flora and Pomona, but never sacrific-
ing fatlings to brainless and formless idols. To its constant
influence is it due that our homes are brighter and therefore
happier ; and to its substantial encouragement may we attribute
the marked expansion of a taste for floral beauty once awakened.
Our awards are generous, if not lavish, and sufiice to many who
might otherwise have to deny themselves, enabling them to
procure plants and seeds, the nucleus of future displays upon
our tables. We cannot, if we would ; we ought never to wish
to tag on behind the beneficiaries of Fraud and Trust — the pam-
pered children of manifold monopoly to whom it is all one
whether they provoke a languid curiosity by otfering premiums
of One Hundred Cents or a like number of Dollars. If you are
wise in your day and generation, valuing the continued exist-
ence of your Society in sound and wholesome vitality, you will

10 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

abandon all forms of Floral Debauch to the devotees of Fashion
and Folly, who have long lost every sensibility to genuine emo-
tion : whose sole appreciation of a Floral Display is based upon
their desire to show fine clothes in crowd, glare and crush ; and
of whom it is enough to say in this connection, when we are
pointed for an example to the sums that they half-contemptu-
ousl}' toss into the professional ring, that they never cared to,
and never did, maintain a Horticultural Society. We are told
that the Chrysanthemum is exhibited in the commercial metrop-
olis in pomp and splendor, amid the array of fashion and fri-
volity ; but we are not reminded by those who would have us
fool away our substance in like manner, that the patrons of such ,
labored displays are of the class who vie with each other in the
profusion of their prodigal expenditure, and to whom, in turn,
it is one and the same whether the Exhibition consists of Flower,
Horse, or Dog ! With them — butterflies of society, — the abuse
of Floral Beauty verges upon prostitution. They form a frame-
work whereon to illustrate the art of their dressmaker ; and a
dress-pattern in their judgment far outshines the rainbow tints
of the most brilliant Japanese floriage. Shall we strive in hope-
less rivalry with that get of the Golden Calf? We might stim-
ulate the hot-house to its utmost product. Cui bono? Can a
ship be run forever on forced draught? Do we care to foster
the cultivation of Banana, or Pineapple despite every disadvant-
age of climate I It has been done in Worcester by our late
honored associate, William T. Merrifield, to satisfy his own
curiosity if it were any way practicable. Do we propose that
this Society shall encourage growth of the Victoria Regia^
because some millionaire of Cordage or Standard Oil fancies it
for a green-house pet ! Let us be satisfied with the knowledge
that Fifty Years ago D. Waldo Lincoln grew and flowered that
superb exotic here in Worcester. And all the while bear con-
stantly in mind the significant fact that, while this, our thriving
Rural City possesses and might, if it chose, pride itself upon the
existence of a vigorous Horticultural Society, the huge, ever-
growing meti'opolis was never able to keep such a Society alive
for a twelvemonth. Of the reckless charge at Balaclava the

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 11

grizzled veteran of France might well exclaim, "It is superb,
but not War." So we, — reminiscent of countless experiment,
all based upon the splurge and tommy-rot of — see what a figure
I cut ! Who recall the dreary days of yore when Mechanics
and Washburn Halls, were crammed to repletion with the
choice and pick of Decorative and Ornamental Plants, of the
plenteous and select Fruits from the prolific Orchards of Worces-
ter County in which Peach and Plum, Pear and Apple con-
tended for supremacy of excellence ; but whereto the People
did not come, the officers of the Society being alike and solely
hosts and guests ; we, I repeat, who were there — hewers of
wood and drawers of water in the old times, — Consul e Planco, —
ask bluntly what more or better can we expect when our table
is spread with a single course, — and that the showy, barbaric,
scentless Chr^'^santhemum ! Our Society was founded to grow,
not to show. Our fathers and founders thought it expedient to
meet occasionally that they might observe and compare notes
upon the quantity and quality of the harvest, profiting by mutual
experience and positive test. They threw their doors wide
open, allowing the whole community to derive such benefit as
they might from unrestricted observation and study. Yet the
Exhibition was a mere incident, upon which the existence of
the Society never depended and toward the extravagant promo-
tion of which it was only recently perverted. The closer our
approximation to the Circus or Theatre, the wider our departure
from the true aim and spirit of Horticulture. Centuries since,
strife for the Laurel Crown, or Wreath of Parsley, awoke the
most strenuous competition of Grecian athletes. Now, — when
Plutus has become our God, — the intrinsic value of a watch
measures the degree of athletic devotion. Shall Horticulture
sink to a level exclusively mercenary? Shall we advance and
promote Floriculture and Pomology, because we love Flowers
and Fruit, as we pledged ourselves when we accepted our
Charter? Or shall we consult the whims, and dance attendance
upon this or that fine lady, who denies nature, avoids otTspring,
but condescends a blase stare at some professional monstrosity
or natural freak, and tomorrow molly-coddles with equal and

12 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

indiscriminate rapture stallion, pug-dog, or tom-cat, whichso-
ever may, at the moment, monopolize metropolitan fancy !

From the very earliest day that this Society could make
awards of substantial value the prevalent, if somewhat selfish,
doctrine of protection of home industry has guided and governed
its bounty. The requirement was ever strict that all specimens
ofiered for premium should have been grown, by the competi-
tors, on their own premises, within the County of Worcester,
for months previous to the date of Exhibition. And yet, with-
out leave first obtained from the Society itself, an exception is
now made in favor of the Chrysanthemum. True, premiums
payable from the corporate treasury are not proposed to be
given to outsiders. But the dole, obtained after supplication
by unauthorized agency, is ofiicially held out for lure, under the
auspices of this Society and as a part of its formal function.
That which we would never consent to do, as a Society, is done
indirectly by our trusted servants. If j^ou will tolerate the
pun, our action may not be sub rosa, since "mum" is the word.
Has this Society sunk so low that, for an object deemed worthy
of encouragement it must sue, in formd pauperis, for individual
alms? Has this Society so far foresworn itself that it must go
back upon its assurance and pledge to the General Court, levy-
ing an admission fee when it secured partial exemption from
taxation upon the plea that the benefits of its Exhibitions, with
their resultant instruction, were dispensed to all without money
or price !

Your Secretary would put his faith in the Common rather
than the High School, where both cannot be had. He would
educate the mass, at public expense, instead of a class. He
would "advance the Science and improve the Practice of Horti-
culture," so that each family, in possession of its own home-
stead, should learn how best to cultivate its area, howsoever
contracted. He would have the local Society taught to foster
the development of novelty, but none the less to retain all which
has approved itself of merit for generations past. He would
spread far and wide the knowledge of every discovery, that
Horticulturists might profit, the Country through, though the

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 13

individual should be obliored to forego his anticipated monopoly.
Our usual Aveekly displays clearly indicate the line that we
should draw between the Exhibition that instructs and the mere
show that misleads and perverts. For a dozen weeks, in
unbroken sequence, the fiiirest flowers of Summer are displayed
upon our tables by our Members, who enjoy and desire no
especial advantages in their culture, asking but a fair field and
no tavor in the struggle for floral preeminence. Pansy, Iris
Germanica, Rose or Paeonia ; Dianthus or Lilium, in their mani-
fold forms; Iris Ktempferi, Petunia, or Hollyhock; Clematis,
Antirrhinum, Gladiolus, or Sweet Pea ; Aster, Nasturtium,
Dahlia, and Perennial Phlox ! can we not find adequate scope
for our energy and skill, adorning home and farmstead and
bringing those charming, rugged species to their extreme excel-
lence, without wasting substance and time in forlorn competi-
tion with the Florist whose greenhouse is his point of insupera-
ble vantage, and who either grows the plants for his livelihood
or hires a gardener to do it for his private gratification ! All
such are welcome to persevere, if they like, but as for us. Horti-
culturists, let us temper zeal with discretion, nor voluntarily
fool away our time in a hopeless struggle with the vicissitudes
of climate and the infinite fecundity of Insects. What have we
lost by omitting hot-house grapes from our Schedule? Do not
Brighton, Delaware, and Worden, the Rogers' Hybrids in their
almost countless variety, more than supply the place of those
costly rare exotics? Let us abandon a field wherein we can
never be at home, leaving it to the wealthy amateurs of Boston
and New York with an assurance of our best wishes, and in full
conviction that so can we best serve our own interests and
advance the cause of genuine Horticulture. The copious harvest
from an ample Orchard is far better than a few choice specimens
culled, after extreme labor and pains, from the Gardens of the
Hesperides. The first supplies the market and ministers to the
hearty, wholesome appetite of the community at large. The
latter feebly tempt the languid cravings of the wealthy, whose
surfeited life allows but a morbid hunger ; and in whom natural
taste and relish are destroyed by their customary methods of
pampered nutrition.

14 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr. [1896.

A Society may hold a show of its especial products, for its
own satisfaction ; and to determine the comparativ^e excellence
of specimens of flower or fruit, displayed upon its tables, with-
out derogation from its dignity or depreciating its legitimate
aims. But when it descends to charge a fee for admission,
where formerly its doors were thrown wide open ; or becomes a
suppliant for the bounty of cup or purse ; it can no longer pre-
tend to be studious of science from pure love of its aims and
ends, nor claim in face of the General Court, as it could afore-
time, to be guided solely by a desire to promote the Practice of
Horticulture when the attainment of Premiums is so clearly its
object ! Gate-money yields but inadequate nourishment for the
sustenance of a corporation like this, wherefor only honorable
emulation should suffice. But Gate-money is not forth-coming ;
and what then becomes of this latter-day competition, and the
stimulus that has grown to be so indispensable ! Shall our
officers go out into the market-place, saying, "We have piped
unto you and ye have not danced ! " May not the multitude
properly respond, Your tune grates upon our ears ! Your meas-
ures do not harmonize with our tastes ! Nor do its results vindi-
cate your policy !

The Pomologist of this latter day, as he wipes the sweat from
his brow, wondering beneath the torrid rays of our August sun
wherein he profited to have his home in the temperate zone,
takes compulsory note that now, again, after the lapse of an
entire generation, Cherry, Peach, Grape, and Pear, succumb to
excessive frost following hard upon prolonged drought and the
Apple parches, falling from the tree. A. D. 1861, your Trus-
tees voted: "that in consequence of the extreme lightness of
the crop of Fruit, of every species, it is deemed advisable to
discontinue the Annual Autumnal Exhibition already announced."
That necessity enforced itself because of a cataclysm alike ele-
mental and political. The mercury had fallen in early January
to minus 30°, which rigorous temperature, abetted and aided by
a searching wind, blasted bud, and split tree-trunk wide open.
The country was in the first throes of Civil War ; and, from one
end to the other, our own Commonwealth shivered in the fierce

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 15

convulsion. And now once more the mercury fulls to minus
15°, and the keen, piercing winds of mid-winter check circula-
tion, threatening life to tlie very quick. Our Exhibitions do
not cease, because they are wisely held in such frequency as to
meet the maturity of fruits in due succession. So that it must
be a wholesale blight which shall preclude a display at least
tolerable. Yet although duly held, we cannot but notice, and
noticing deplore, the complete failure to respond to the invita-
tion in our schedules of those delicious fruits of Summer and
early Autumn, even if an ample Apple harvest in some measure
modifies our regret.

One of our best Orchardists, who does not let his brain lie
fallow, and to whom the name of Artemas Ward appeals with a
local pride, if not humorous significance, as he cries to Horti-
culturists everywhere, — " Why are these things thus?" would
account for the falling a still-born creation or harvest, whichso-
ever you elect to term it, by a theory of positive exhaustion !
He declares that the trees are worn out. That they have been
required to bear barrels rather than bushels, neither care nor
labor being expended to reduce tlie surplus ; nor pains taken
to see that Hen or Hog eliminate Insects from future calcula-
tion as they, — the scavengers of Pomology, — might so well and
effectually do if fairly encouraged. Just at the opening of this
September he is worried because the Gravenstein, — that noblest
of Autumnal Apples, — is rapidly dropping from the tree. And
therein is a problem not for him alone, but for all of us who, a
year ago, could find no apples worth a second thought obtaina-
ble for love or money ; but who have cherished fond anticipa-
tions of a bounteous harvest in this, the legitimate bearing year,
of ample barrels of fruit, copious casks of cider, honest vinegar
for our beans, and that value of a thousand Gileads, — the Yankee
Pie which responded to the exactions of Philosophy and satis-
fied Emerson in his more material yearnings. Indeed, and in
truth, is not the problem one worthy of solution, nay, demand-
ing it more than most that are a source of perplexity? But
does that theory of Exhaustion suffice? If so, the harvest
should decrease with each recurring year. Yet, A. D. 1896,

16 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

is there not abundant evidence that the yield of Fall and Winter
Apples is likely to be excessive, as is usual in what we call the
bearing, and know to be an alternate year. Moreover their
quality is superior, being remarkably free from external blemish
or anv serious ravage of insect. Your Secretary is inclinins: to
a belief, in some modification of climate, in so far as the gigantic
forces of Nature can be affected by the comparatively puny
efforts of man. Thermometer and hygrometer may contradict;
but there do seem to be more marked divisions of the seasons
into wet and dry than were the rule in times that some of us
can distinctly recall. A. D. 1895, there was a protracted,
severe drought, for weeks unbroken until its close in an almost
torrential rain on the 12th and 13th of October. Is there a
worse foe to fecundity, aye, to vitality even than Drought?
Is there anything more essential, indispensable even to an
ample harvest from Orchard and Vineyard than a copious supply
of that element whereof their fruits are so largely constituted?
Supplement such deficiency by a sequence of days like those
which broke the record for intense heat in mid-August last, and
how much vitality is left to challenge the icy blasts of Winter I
Summing them up, — excessive crops, burning suns, continued
lack of water, deficient supply of manurial nutriment ! should
there be wonder that

"The eartli uo longer brought forth grass, or that the herb ceased
to yield seed after his kind, or that the tree aud viae stopped yielding
fruit, whose seed was in itself after his kind ! "

The peculiarity of the present season, regarded poniologically,
is the general local failure of Grape and Pear to yield an abun-
dant harvest. Perhaps we are not warranted in counting, with
absolute certainty, upon the Grape ; although during the exist-
inj; jreneralion the seasons have been few wherein generous
clusters of all the choicer varieties have not rewarded our hope
and patience. But how shall we explain the almost entire defi-
ciency of Pears, — of varieties that for the lifetime of a majority
in this audience, were to be counted upon with quite as much
assurance as the precession of the equinoxes, — or the alterna-
tions of heat and cold. The trunks of Cherry and Peach, of the
Maple even, may split wide open under exposure to extreme

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 17

cold ; but the wood of Pear-tree is as near iron-clad as aught
that vegetates, in gelid contentment laughing to scorn the wild-
est caprices of the mercury. Yet now, for the tirst time in
more than Thirty Years have these trusty standards, Louise
Bonne, St. Ghislain and Washington, failed to yield specimens
enough for Exhibition, while honest old Bosc and Winter Nelis
are in like significant default. There is no manifest ditierence,
in this respect, between the varieties peculiar to Autumn or
Winter, You may tell me to possess my soul in patience, for
that all will come out aright by another year. That answer
might suffice for the individual ; but, as Secretary of a Society
reputable and expert as this, I am bound to put you upon
inquiry into the cause for this almost entire failure of a fruit,
hitherto so uniformly fecund and of unfailing reliance. We
assume, from long experience, that in what are styled "odd
years," numerically, the Baldwin, in especial among Apples,
will withhold its product. But the Pear was never known to
sulk, in that way ; its prevailing characteristic being its certainty
of bearing, and its worst fault that it is apt to yield in profusion
each and every year. May we not well ask those who are to
succeed us, as Horticulturists, who will possess manifold aids
from special science and training that were unknown or denied
to their forebears, to search out this all-important problem to the
end that Worcester County may count upon its crop of fruit
with as perfect assurance from fiiilure as upon its annual harvest
of ice !

"A little field well tilled!" The tillage may enure to the
benefit of the individual owner, as why should it not ! or, so
rewarding his industry and thrift, possess him of facts where-
from to build up an improved Horticultural Science. It cannot
be charged against your Secretary that, in the long series of
Reports which he has been privileged to deliver, from this place,
he has ever avowed faith in the worship of Mammon as the
whole, or even chief, duty of the Horticultural man. Yet there
is no sin in a profit somewhat short of skin for skin, if you have
a superfluous harvest to barter; since even priestcraft, whose
trade it is to lull uneasy souls, encourages gambling in the
chances of attaining futures of bliss. Now I have been shown

18 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

a tabulated account of the Income derived from a sale of fruit
from a single tree, for a series of years, alike encouraging to the
grower and creditable to his personal industry and pomological
skill. Bear in mind that the receipts were from a tree of the
Beurre Diel, which to many of us has been forbidden fruit since
it cracked so hopelessly, yet which, in this particular instance,
appears never to have given cause for discouragement.

YEAR.

INCOME.

YEAR.

INCOME,

A. D. 1887,

$17.65

1892,

S14.00

1888,

10.23

1893,

14.50

1889,

17.45

1894,

12.68

1890,

15.00

1895,

12.00

1891,

18.75

Amounting in Nine (9) years to $132.26, and showing an
average of $14.69. I anticipate the incredulity that vvill attend
upon this statement, and can only meet it with an avowal of my
faith in its entire honesty, re-inforced by a doubt of any gain to
be derived from a deliberate lie in the premises. The more
common tendency is to underrate, rather than to magnify, the
receipts from one's especial calhng. A mention of Beurre Diel
can never be made without recalling to mind an old friend,
Edwin Draper, who served this Society so long and devotedly
as Chairman of its Committee of Arrangements while life lasted ;
and who always made an especial pet of that variety of Pear.
If not of the very highest quality, it makes no false pretenses
and, when at its very best, acknowledges few superiors.

Somewhat of an innovation in practice, but an approved fact
of Horticultural science, has for years commended itself to your
Secretary as a step in advance that should be taken by this
Society. Almost from its earliest inception, certainly since it
elected to live under By-Laws, its Trustees have been authorized
to make suitable distribution of Seeds, Scions, &c., tliat might
be presented to the Society. But therein is the same old
trouble, — the worm at the bud that saps vitality from its very
origin, if inertia may be credited with action or motion. It is
the business of nobody in especial and therefore nobody concerns
himself to attempt it. In the first place, the custom of present-
ing scion or seed has fallen into disuse. Now and then a mem-

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 19

ber may introduce a new Apple or Pear ; but his associates,
who observe that it has been awarded a gratuity, are more apt
to covet and apply for scions from his slender stock of wood
than to send to EUwanger & Barry who first put it in the
market and whose affair it is also to maintain it in stock. Now,
how much better for the Society to procure, for distribution, a
hundred or more scions of each and every variety of fruit that
has other merits than novelty ; to provide that they shall be
fairly apportioned among members who will agree to engraft
them upon suitable stocks and thereafter, as development pro-
gresses, to exhibit the mature specimens when they become ripe
enough for inspection and test of quality.

It would be safe enough to repose implicit faith in the judg-
ment and bona fides of Mr. William C. Barry, and to get him
to supply a stated number of scions of varieties of Apple or
Pear, upon whose identity and especial characteristics he would
be willing to slake his reputation. It is his business now, as it
has been for a lifetime ; and the fame which he has thereby
acquired serves him in good stead in each of his forward steps
to assume the place of his honored father. So much for the
matter in its commercial aspect.

But in another, and a local point of view, does such a project
appeal to us most forcibly. How many of the newer, promis-
ing varieties of fruit, that have been shown in our Hall within
the last fifteen (15) years, are so widely disseminated as to be
safe from extinction? Are there a half-dozen of our Members,
who can felicitate themselves upon possession of Earle's Berga-
mot in full vigor ! Its very parentage, to which its real excel-
lence is due, menaces its permanent existence, Belle Lucrative
being notorious for excessive fecundity, and therefore containing
within itself the germ of disease and the ultimate assurance of
sudden death. If we would be more careful in the selection of
a stock whereon to engraft that excellent Pear, — very likely not
the best variety with which we are acquainted, but most assuredly
the best that was ever originated in Worcester ; and which not
only for its peculiar merits, but also because it owes its origin
to John Milton Earle, we might hope confidently to spare our-
selves a grievous loss.

20 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

In looking around for a most suitable stock, one ever healthy
in itself and therefore best promising to transmit its own vigor
to its fosterling, your Secretary can think of no variety which
he would choose with such implicit trust as Howell. It is native
to our soil, was never known to blight, and, although bearing
as freely as the female parent of Earle's Bergamot, never fails
to develop all its offspring in sound maturity. Your Secretary
would try the experiment himself, instead of urging it upon
others, had he an idle yard square of land and were he younger.
So much at least is certain, that it will be a lasting reproach to
this Society to suffer the only variety of Pear originated by one
of our members, after infinite patience, a variety of great
promise whether you look to fecundity or quality, to perish,
leaving no trace.

Apples have been originated, not accidentally, but of set pur-
pose, in close proximity to the City of Worcester, whose merits
should ensure their wide distribution ; yet which can scarcely
be found at all save upon the trees that first bore them. Here
or there might be discovered a Worcester Spy, after persistent
search. But who has undertaken to propagate the Dawson,
which arrested the attention of Charles Downing in the latter
years of his life, and became his study before its untimely close !

Superb Peaches have been placed upon our tables, from time
to time, grown a-nigh Elm Street in this city, which no one
apparently cares to perpetuate by budding; an indifference or
neglect that, in former years, governing the action of Horti-
culturists, might have cost and lost us Cooledge or the Craw-
fords. Now the question suggests itself if it would not be well
worth our while for the Society to purchase all the scions of
local varieties of fruit holding out at least fair promise, which
the owner might be induced to spare, apportioning them among
our Meml)ers who would agree to engraft and care for them,
and to exhibit their produce in this Hall ! Would not such a
distribution tend more directly to

"Advance the Scieuce and encourage and promote the Practice of
Horticulture "

than the award of an equivalent in premiums, in dreary monoto-
ny, upon the same kinds, year after year, although indeed they

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 21

would likely be largely increased by such distribution, in tiie
long run, under the guaranty of the Society. In that way also
would varieties be more widely diffused, the community becom-
ing gainers since the market would be more freely and fully
stocked. I have heard the statement, by men who ought to
know, that keen scrutiny would detect new and noteworthy
Apples in almost every Town of Worcester County. Perhaps
the geese might not all be swans ! But neither was the Baldwin
so highly accounted when first discovered and scarcely appre-
ciated in its original cow-pasture. In this respect, our farmers
are too modest by half and stand in their own rustic light
because of their lack of urban cheek ! The fingers of both hands
will scarcely keep tally of the noteworthy, if not first-class
Apples whose origin is traced directly to Worcester County.
Would it not repay our efiorts to hunt them up ; to take care
that their scions are generally secured and engrafted ; and to
determine practically if there shall be no future genesis of new
and palatable varieties in other towns than Hubbardston, Sterl-
ing, or Sutton ; leaving out of consideration Worcester, — in
which Architecture is running a close race with those occupa-
tions that fructify rather than cumber the ground !

But even then of what use will it be to grow nice and abun-
dant specimens, of anysoever variety, if they are to be stored
away, — not to be had when wanted. While this is written, not
a barrel of Gravenstein could be discovered along Main Street,
by one who would have gladly purchased, in a stretch of a mile.
It has been problematical, for long, whether it does not cost
dearly to live in Worcester, much more than it ought when you
make a just apportionment between civic consumption and rural
production. People must know that things exist, and can be
had, before they can take a fancy to them ; and should find them
profiered in plain sight, along public thoroughfares, that they
may be tempted to purchase. We hear more than enough glib
talk, about Election-time, of the Home-Market! and of how
essential it is to manufacturers that they should be fostered upon
the pap of Protection ! But what kind of a home-market is that
where a man is compelled to peddle his fruit from house to
house, consuming or wasting more time in petty traffic than was

22 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

required for the gathering of his harvest ! We have a grand
location for a Marlcet-House in this our Worcester ; but it can-
not be applied to its proper use because of idle dreams of its
lofty conversion to the barter of tape and needles ! The land
appears to have become an object of adoration, a sort of Fetich,
where from everything useful is scrupulously tabooed. Let some
measure be advocated, of couimon interest and general benefit,
behold this plot of ground, unimproved and unprofitable, is
thrust in the way, an obstacle alike inevitable and insuperable.
Without a iNIarket-Place we can have no Home-Market, although
the smoke from factories should besmirch the entire face of
Nature. If we would dispose of our Apples, like everything
else, we must let it be known that we have them to sell. But
if they are all shipped to England, will it not be too expensive
for those of us who wish an occasional barrel to cross over to
Covent Garden in their train and quest?

Have Cattle-Shows, which show pretty much everything that
was not perpetuated in the Ark ; have Florticultural Exhibitions,
which minister to an eclectic taste in Flowers or Fruit, lost their
attraction ? The one exacts the last cent for admission from all
upon whom it can lay hands, because it must in its neck-and-
neck race with insolvency. The other throws its doors wide
open, but sees the same faces each successive week and realizes
that its instruction is largely wasted in that dreary monotony of
attendance. Newspaper columns are crammed to repletion with
advertisements in behalf of the Mammon of Agriculture, respon-
sive to which temptation editorial pens are glibly subservient.
Horticulture offers no pecuniary lure and gets perfunctory com-
ment or criticism in the limited space reserved for a bare state-
ment of awards. In point of fact. Floriculture and Pomology
command less notice than they did in the infancy of this Society,
when the sole method of addressing the public was to be found
in the weekly issues of the ^gis and 8py. If we will be satis-
fied with the display of our Garden or Orchard produce, nor
mind although no one comes to see it but ourselves, it may be
that our mission will be as well fulfilled even if it be not so
conspicuous. We invite the community to behold, that they
may profit by our example. It is not our ftiult if the option is

1896.] TRANSACTIONS. 23

neglected, because a foot-race, or a slugging match at foot-ball
may be arranged for the same day. If we would but be con-
tent, not wearying in well-doing, nor waste energy and sub-
stance that we may strike an attitude and pose prominently
before the public ! We can scarcely avoid holding Exhibitions,
since only at such is it possible to note steps in Horticultural
progress, assuming always that those steps are in advance and
not retrograde. But the presence of a crowd is practically, and
ought theoretically, to be matter of entire indifference to us
with whom gate-money is matter of supreme unconcern. Our
avowed object is to advance the Science and promote the Prac-
tice of Horticulture. If a blind generation elect to ride on a
political band-wagon, avoiding our apple-cart, we may pity the
error of judgment that induces them to lose so much. Yet
therein, — because none are so blind as those who unll not see, —
is no reason why we should be diverted from our legitimate
purpose, whereof the intent is clear as the light of day, and
whose way, if narrow, leads only to the noblest results. An
ideal life is depicted as spent under a man's own vine and fig-
tree. It is not selfishness that shrinks from the constant, obtru-
sive itch for publicity which may aid the sale of newspapers but
will never construct Eden anew, nor restore the least of its lost
flowers or fruits ! Our City has been thronged, of late, with
parades which are well enough in their way, so long as that way
is not the be-all and end-all of their promoters. Yet possibly
as useful in the long run is that steady devotion to duty, for its
own sake, which seeks rather attainment than the fuss and
feathers that are too often made to denote it ; and whereof
Horticulture contributes as much as any other pursuit to the
sum of human happiness.

All which is Respectfully Submitted

[by]

EDWARD WINSLOW LINCOLN,

Secretary.

Horticultural Hall,

Worcester, Worcester County,
Massachusetts, November 4, 1896.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

Horticultural Hall, Worcester,
October 31, 1896.

To THE Members of the

Worcester County Horticultural Society.

Your Librarian respectfully submits the following report :

The Library has been open every day, Sunday excepted, this
year, the same as in the past three years, pioving each year by
a more general use that it is of o^reat value to those interested
in Mycology and Native Flowers and Ferns. Attention is
called to the books added the past two years on these subjects.
Your Committee on Library and Publication have been for-
tunate in securing the services of Miss Rice, who has been at
work on a Card Catalogue, which will be ready for use February
1, 1897.

The following Books, Periodicals and Papers have been added
during the past year : —

Reports of the Commissioner of Education. Vols. 1 and 2, 1892
and 1893. Vols. 1 and 2, 1893 and 1894.

United States Department of Agriculture :

Circular No. 15. General work against insects which defoliate
Shade Trees in Cities and Towns.

Field Columbian Museum Publications: Publication No. 6.
Report Scries. Vol. 1, No. 1.

Annual Report of the Director to the Trustees. 1894 and 1895.

West Virginia Experimental Station. Bulletin Nos. 40, 44.

Connecticut State Board of Agriculture and Experimental Station.
Report for 1895. T. S. Gold, secretary.

Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Part 2.
1894.

26 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

United States Department of Agriculture. Accessions to the
Library from July 1, 1895, to July 1, 1896.

INIassaebusetts Crop Reports. Bulletins Nos. 1 to 6, inclusive.

Cornell Agricultural Experimental Station. Bulletins Nos. 101 to
121, inclusive.

Hatch Experimental Station. Bulletins Nos. 33 to 41, inclusive.

Hatch Experimental Station. Eighth Annual Report. Jan. 1,
189().

Meteorological Reports. Bulletins Nos. 82 to 93, inclusive.

Michigan Agricultural Experimental Station. Bulletins Nos. 127
to 133, inclusive.

Michigan State Board of Agriculture. 34th Annual Report. July
1, 1894, to June 30, 1895.

Consular Reports. Nos. 182, 183, 184.

The Natural History of Plants. Vol. 2. Parts 1 and 2. Kerner &
Oliver.

Window and Parlor Gardening, N. Jonsson Rose.

The Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. 1895.
D. H. Campbell.

Fern Growing. English. 1895. E. J. Lowe, F. R. S.

Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the
British Possessions. Vol. 1. 1896. Nath. Lord Britton and Hon.
Addison Brown.

Spraying of Plants. Prof. E. G. Lodeman, with Preface by B. T.
Galloway.

Elementary Text Book of Agricultural Botany. English. 1893.
M. C. Potter.

Horticultural Hand Book and Exhibitors' Guide. English. 1895.
William Williamson. Revised by Malcolm Dunn.

Pamphlet. Fertilizer Farming.

Pamphlet. The Brighter Side of Farming.

Directory of the Agricultural and Similar Organizations in Massa-
chusetts. 1896.

Gypsy Moth. 1896. Profs. Forbush and Fernald.

Curtis Botanical Magazine. Vol. 51. 1895. English.

The Journal of Horticulture. English. Vols. 30 and 31. 1895.

British Fungi. Vols. 1 and 2. M. C. Cooke, M. A.

Illustration of British Mycology. 1849. T. J. Hussey.

Comparative Morphology and Biology of the Fungi Mycetozoa and
Bacteria. De Barry.

Introduction to the Study of Fungi. M. C. Cooke, M. A. 1895.

1896.] REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN. 27

Bntisli Fungus Flora. 4 vols. 1892 to 1895. George Masser.

Outlines of British Fungology. Rev. M. J. Berkeley.

The Journal of Mycology. Vol. V. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. 1889. Vol.
VI. Nos. 1,2, 3, 4. 1890 and 1891. Vol. VII. No. 1. 1891.
No. 2. 1892. No. 3. 1893. No. 4. 1894.

Worcester Society of Antiquity : F. P. Rice. Town Records,
1828 to 1832. Marriage Records, 1747 to 1848.

Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts passed by Legislature, Session
1895.

Report of Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture and Experi-
mental Station. 1895. W. R. Sessions, Secretary. Twenty copies
for distribution.

Report of Town Officers of Leicester. Feb. 1, 1896.

Report of the Worcester Parks Commission. Nov. 30, 1895.
Edward Winslow Lincoln, Chairman.

Transactions of the Worcester Agricultural Society and the
President's Address.

Transactions of the 23d Annual Session of the Massachusetts State
Grange.

The Index, published by the Junior Class, Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College. Vol. 27. Dec, 1895. From Charles A. Peters.

Valedictory Message. Jan. 3, 1896. Hon. Henry A. Marsh.

Inaugural Address. Jan. 3, 1896. Hon. A. B. R. Sprague,
Mayor.

Books received from Miss S. H. Powers: Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Reports, 10 copies.

Modern Horse Book. Dr. Dadd.

Edward Winslow Lincoln : Harvard Graduates' Magazine. Vol. 4.
Nos. 15 and IG. Vol. 5. No. 17.

George E. Francis, M. D. : Minnesota Botanical Studies. Bulle-
tin No. 9. Parts 3, 4, 5.

United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pathology.
Bulletins Nos. 2, 3, 6, 7.

Supplement to the General Index of the Agricultural Reports. 1877
to 1885, inclusive.

Bulletin of Bussey Institute. Part 5. 1876.

Bulletin of the Iowa Agricultural College. Nov., 1886.

Ottawa Naturalist. Vol. 2.

Amateur Gardening. Springfield, Mass.

American Florist.

American Gardening.

28 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

Country Gentleman.
Florist Exchange.
Farm and Garden.
Gardening.
Garden and Forest.
New England Homestead.
Massachusetts Ploughman.
Meehan's Monthly.
Rural New Yorker.
Worcester Daily Spy.
English :

Agricultural Gazette.

Garden.

Gardener's Chronicle.

Gardening Illustrated.
Bulletin. State Board of Health. 1896. Nashville, Tenn.
Atlas of the City of Worcester. L. J. Richards & Co. 1896.

All which is respectfully submitted.

ADIN A. HIXON, Librarian.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

The Treasurer of the Worcester County Horticultural Society
herewith presents his annual report for the year ending Nov. 4,
1896. The report shows a satisf\ictory condition of the Society's
finances, the receipts during the year having been enough to
allow of the reduction of the permanent loan $2,000. The
income from the rent of the Hall shows an increase of about
$400 over that of last year.

The receipts and disbursements have been as follows :

Dr.

1895.

Nov. 5. Balance as per last report, $1,292.96

1896.

Nov. 3. Receipts to date :

From rent of stores, $5,750.00

From rent of Hall, 4,801.33

Membership fees, 88.00

Chrysanthemum exhibition, 78.20

For tickets to annual banquet, 135.00

From the Dewey Fund, for books, 17.64

Interest on bank deposits, 61.44

Mrs. James A. Norcross (prize for

Chrysanthemums), 24.00
Mrs. James H. Wall (prize for Chrysan-
themums), 10.00

Total, $12,258.57

30 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

Ck.

1896.

Nov. 3.

Payments to date :

City taxes and water rates,

$ 796.35

Premiums paid,

1,722.68

Paid the Judges,

150.00

Paid for coal,

225.42

Paid for gas.

948.02

A. A. Hixon (expenses at hall),

584.93

For salaries,

2,008.31

Interest on mortgage loan.

608.82

Paid on mortgage note,

2,000.00

Paid on account of banquet,

231.85

Printing and stationery.

291.48

Books and periodicals,

196.13

Repairs, etc.,
Total,

163.73

$9,927.72

Nov. 4.

Balance of cash.

2,330.85

12,258.57

THE F. H. DEWEY FUND.

Balance as per last report, $1,017.64

Interest on savings bank deposit, 40.20

$1,057.84
Paid for books and periodicals, 17.64

1896. Nov. 4. Balance of fund, $1,040.20

Respectfully submitted.

NATHL. PAINE,

Treasurer.

Nov. 4, 1896.

The undersigned. Auditors of the Worcester County Horticultural
Society, hereby certify that they have examined the accounts of the
Treasurer and find the same to be correct and properly vouched, and
that the cash balance is accounted for.

HENRY L. PARKER,
F. H. CHAMBERLAIN,

Auditors.

IFn flDcmoriam*

Horticultural Library,
Worcester, December 16, 1896.

Special meeting of the Trustees to take such action as might be
deemed appropriate upon the death of the late Edward Winslow
Lincoln, Secretary of the Society.

President O. B. Hadwen in the chair. Meeting called to order at
2.30 o'clock P. M.

President Hadwen said —

Gentlemen of the Trustees : —

We notice with profound regret and painful solicitude the absence
for the first time for thirty-five years of the stalwart form and see the
vacant chair of our late Secretary. It seems hardly possible that one
so large hearted, so useful, so much esteemed and respected should
have thus been summoned acx'oss the dark river, nearly the last of his
generation, but the first of our Society. One who has been always
present upon the recurrence of the annual meetings of the Society
and Trustees.

The science, the practice, and the literature of horticulture has been
vastly augmented by the benefactions emanating from his annual
reports to this Society. Horticulture has gained in solid development
and its interests widely extended by his untiring work. His accom-
plished pen has marvellously well chronicled the past, — who shall
answer for the future?

We meet to-day to express our deepest sorrow at our loss, and our
sincere condolence in this sad bereavement to his family ; and all citi-
zens of Worcester saddened by a sense of personal bereavement
extend their heartfelt sympathy.

George E. Francis, M.D., offered the following resolutions:

As Trustees of the Worcester County Horticultural Society we desire to
place on record our deep sense of the great loss sustained by ourselves, the

32 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1896.

Society and the community in the death of our late Secretary, Edward
Winslow Lincoln.

For thirty-six years he served this Society in his official capacity in the
most faithful, untiring and absolutely unselfish manner, giving without stint
all that was asked of his time, his learning, his excellent judgment and the
vast experience stored in his remarkable memory.

It is useless to attempt to recall all that he has done for us; it is enough
simply to state the plain fact that in every advance which our Society has
made during the memory of most of us, in every worthy eflbrt to enlarge our
work, our resources, and our influence, he was always in the van, in his own
personality combining the qualities of guide, pioneer and leader. Positive
and clear in his ideas, which he was ready to express in pure, racy and
vigorous English; his mind furnished with an accurate knowledge of what
others had done for horticulture in the past and are doing for it to-day;
always ready to welcome a suggestion for an improvement; always eager to
give credit for good work, but always hating a sham; always faithful to his
official duties, — we may not expect again to see his equal.

We desire also to offer our tribute of admiration and gratitude for his unex-
ampled and magnificent work in developing our system of Public Parks.

To him more than to any other man is due whatever beauty the public
places of Worcester can show.

The resolutions were adopted by a rising vote and the Secretary
pro tern, instructed to send a copy to the family of our late Secretary.
Also, to each of the daily papers.

Further remarks were made by Hon. Stephen Salisbury, Hon.
Henry L. Parker, James Draper and Arthur J. Marble.

Voted, and the Secretary pro tern. Instructed, to decorate with an ivy wreath
the portrait of our late Secretary kindly loaned for the purpose by the Artist,
Henry E. Kinney.

ADIN A. HIXON, Secretary pro tern.

TRANSACTIONS

WOKCESTER COUNTY

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

A. D. 1896-97.*

PART 11.

PRESS OF CHARLES HAMILTON,

3 11 JI A I N Street.

1897.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Address by Fre.sident O. B. Hadwen 5

Essay by William H. SaAvyer 7

Essay by Henry II. Cliaraberlin 10

Essay by Elijah W. Wood 21

Essay by J. Lewis Ellsworth 30

Essay by Henry K. Bailey 32

Essay by Mary E. Cutler 34

Essay by A. G. Sharp • . . .• 46

Annual Reunion and Social Gathering 55

WORCESTER COUNTY

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

14th January, A. D. 1897.
ADDRESS

BY

O. B. HADWEN, President.

Subject: — The Best Disj^osition of Fruit in Heavy- Bearing

Years.

The bearing of 1896 was perhaps unprecedented for the produc-
tion of apples, amounting to between 50,000,000 and 00,000,000
barrels. What to do with this tremendous product has puzzled
the whole apple-producing world. The home market has proved
utterly inadequate for the supply, and prices have been ruinously
low. The foreign market has been glutted, and those who have
sent the fruit abroad have in most cases been disappointed.
Apples today are as low in London as they are in Boston. Our
exporters have sustained severe losses, and on the whole those
who have sent apples to England this year have lost money.

But now, what is the best way of disposing of our immense
crop? Perhaps it would be better for the grower to select the
very 1)est for the market and use the rest to feed to horses and
cattle. It is well known that apples are a nutritious food when
properly fed. A peck of apples over which has been scattered
two quarts of meal, is a good, nutritious feed, and as good
for cattle as apple pie or apple sauce is for man. I have fed
thousands of bushels to ray cattle, and I have always felt that
they were worth at least tifteen cents a bushel to me. If horses,
for instance, are fed two quarts of apples a day or even more,

f) WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

they will be better oft' in every way. It is well known that
during the prevalence of the epizootic among horses a number
of years ago, apples were recommended as the antidote, and
that the horses fed large quantities of apples were the ones that
generally pulled through.

That apples are cheap does not seem to increase the consump-
tion. Indeed, dealers tell me that they do not sell so many
apples when they are so ruinously cheap as when they are higher.
We have never seen a season before when there was not some
outlet for the big apple crop. But this year the enormous bear-
ing of the trees has been universal throughout the apple-bearing
belt. It is only by a rise of price that the market will have a
tendency to be stimulated.

The market demands quality rather than quantity and to
supply this many of our apple growers have enlightened them-
selves regarding the best methods of ijrowth, with a resulting
increase in results. There are many conditions which contribute
to the best growth of the fruit. Judicious pruning will tend to
increase the quality and decrease the quantity. Then the picking,
handling and storing of apples require good judgment. They
should be picked by hand, carried in boxes or barrels into the
cellar immediately and kept at a nearly uniform temperature.
It should be remembered that apples that are grown under a
higher state of cultivation require the most care in successful
keeping.

There is no vegetable or fruit produced any more readily or
cheaply than the apple, a fact which accounts for the market being
glutted with it at times. A well-trained, properly cultivated
apple tree is capable of producing ten barrels, and there is noth-
ing else that will yield the same quantity if grown on the same
patch of land.

2ist January, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

WILLIAM H. SAWYER, Worcester.
Theme: — Incidents of Travel in JEurope.

Chester is the only walled city now in England, and many of its
buildings are at least 1000 years old. The Duke of Westminster,
living only a few miles out of Chester, has the most beautiful resi-
dence in all England, and is the most wealthy duke in the land. It
is worth a trip to Europe to see the Duke of Westminster's gardens.
I have seen pinks and roses there that were as large as saucers, and
much larger than any I have ever seen in this country. He has the
finest herd of horses in all England; his stables are like palaces, and
fit for any millionaire to live in. The drive from Chester to his estate
is about five miles, and one of the most charming in England. A great
deal of the ground houses for his own homestead, and the rest he rents
to outside parties for farms. He has a lot of deer in charge of wardens,
and raises his own pheasants and grouse. These are hatched under
hens, and after being brought up are turned loose in his domains ; thus
his own private hunting-ground is always well stocked with game. We
were fortunate enough to be accorded permission, not only to go
through the grounds and gardens, but the palace as well.

Victoria Park is kept well mown by a flock of Southdown sheep
that are perfectly tame and never are molested by either children or
dogs. We have no such grass as you see in England. The grass is
always green and looks well. The trees in P^ugland are scattered
promiscuously over the fields. They grow as large at the butts as
ours, but they do not reach so high. The grass is just as green under
the trees as anywhere else.

Coventry is the only city in all England that has electric cars. It

8 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

was in Coventry where the famous colored cathedral glass was made
years ago, the manufacture of which has now become a lost art.

There are many reasons why the roads of England are in better
condition than our own. It was on the drive to Coventry that we
came across our first macadam road. The stones are all cracked by
hand, as labor is cheap there. They arc kept iu good condition by
constant repair, and in our drive to Coventry we came across three
steam rollers in a distance of five miles. The conditions in England
are very different from what they are in this country. They do not
have the severe frosts we have here, nor do they have the heavy
teaming. *

To my mind some of the streets iu London beat any in the world,
not excepting Paris. They dig deep and make a firm foundation of
cement, upon which they place hard wooden blocks, and the combina-
tion makes the nicest streets. There is no digging up of streets con-
stantly for sewers, and so they can keep in good condition. The cabs
in London are all rubber-tired, and the horses do not have calks in
their shoes. Outside of the busiest part of London we saw sorne
streets that were block-paved, but they were in better shape than any
we see here.

Warwick is the finest castle remaining today in England. Another
fine castle is Windsor castle, which has beautiful parks, and although
they are owned by the crown they are open to the public. Indeed, no
country seems to have so much ground for pleasure as England. All
the people owning large estates are very liberal, and always allow the
general public to enjoy their parks and groves. There aie no signs
"Keep off the grass," such as are so often seen here.

The series of parks iu London is immense. One of the best known
is St. James Park, although it is not so large as some of the others,
and contains only about fifty-nine acres. In the very centre of it is a
moat similar to that at Elm park. The park is used mostly for prome-
nading and for crossing from one section of the city to another.

One of the largest parks in London is Hyde Park, having an ex-
panse of 300 acres. This resort is used largely for driving. A road
encircles the park, and on almost every afternoon most of the nobility
may be seen there. One day I saw at least five hundred children,
some with their nurses, playing on the grass in the park. That is the
way, I think, our parks should be used, and it is my belief that we are
inclined to guard ours too closely. London is well supplied with parks
and they are kept for pleasure, not to look at. Those who think that
London children cannot get much fresh air, are greatly mistaken.

1897.] ESSAYS. 9

Another thing that attracted my attention was the condition of the
English horses. I did not see a poorly-fed horse while in England,
neither did I see a horse with a full tail. Cab drivers seldom wliip
their horses, but on the other hand give tliem the best care and atten-
tion, and the liorses show it. Exactly the contrary is true in Paris
and the whole of France, where little feeling is manifested for the
horse by those who use him daily for the more menial duties.

Ciossing over the English channel ^ve arrived in France, and as soon
as you strike French soil you notice a radical change from England.
The land is not so thorouglily cultivated, nor are the people so thrifty.
But instead of the Loudon fog it is almost always sunshine in Paris ;
the people partake of the climate and are light, gay and happy.

Id Belgium the thing that most impressed me while there was the
way in which the women had to work. It is a shame to see the
drudgeries that are put upon the women. The peasant women go to
public market each morning with their dog-carts loaded with vegeta-
bles. There they pitch their tents and sell their wares, after which
they trudge back home. The women have dark and coarse features.
The peasant class knows no more about good living than we do about
economy. They live largely on bread and beer, a loaf of bread and
a can of beer furnishing their only sustenance for the day.

In Holland the women also do a great deal of the work. All
througli Holland farming districts the house and barn are connected,
the front part being for the people and the rear part for the cattle.
In one house that I was in, the family and the cow lived in the same
room, but this is of course an exception. The Dutch are a thrifty,
hearty, kind-hearted people, and look a great deal like English, and
many of them speak that language as well as they do their native
tongue.

4th February, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

HENRY H. CHAMBERLIN, Worcester, Mass.
Theme: — Irrigation as a Means of Fertilization.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Society. — I pro-
pose to read to you a paper ou Irrigation and High Culture. I
have chosen this theme, partly because of its great interest and
importance ; and partly because I had already given some attention
to it, and had once read a paper on the subject to a local society,
whose members, if any are present, will pardon me for again bringing
it to their attention.

I may say that if I had been aware of the contract I had under-
taken, I would not have tried to boil down to a single paper the vast
amount of information on these subjects that has come under my
notice. I am amazed to find what large books it takes to hold what
I don't know.

In order to show the vast importance of irrigation to the farmers
and gardeners, I have made an abstract of a table sent me from the
Bureau of Agriculture at Washington, giving the percentage of
water in many of the ordinary products of the farm and garden ; and
this will serve to introduce the subject with which I propose to
attempt your entertainment and possible instruction.

And when it is known that " more than half the human race subsist
upon the products of Irrigated Lands," the subject is seen to be a
matter of paramount importance.

As showing its appreciation by the practical western farmer, it is
related that a clergyman travelling through western Kansas, arrived
in midday, at a farm showing evidence of abundant prosperity ; after
partaking of a hospitable meal, he piously remarked to the host, " I
notice that you have very abundant crops ; you should be very grateful

1897.]

ESSAYS.

11

to Divine Providence;" to which the farmer replied: "Stranger, we
don't care nothin' for Divine Providence here ; we're under the Com-
pany's Ditch."

The following is the table referred to showing percentage of water
in plants, and some other things.

Apples, gooseber

ries, currants,

Oats in flower.

81.

plums, strawbe

rries, etc.,

Oats in seed,

4.68 to 20.80.

77 to 83.

Melons,

90.38 to 94.

Potatoes,

71.86 to 74.

Peas in flower.

81.50.

Beet Root,

82 to 88.

Pumpkins,

90.32 to 95.40.

Beet leaves,

90.50.

Rye in flower,

72.90.

Carrots,

85 to 89.

Rye in seed.

6.85 to 18.18.

Carrot leaves,

82.20.

Sweet potatoes,

71.86 to 74.

Cabbage,

80.G7 to 92.51.

Turnips,

89.46 to 92.

Cucumber,

95.20.

Wheat in seed,

5.33 to 14.14.

Asparagus,

93.75.

Barley in seed,

4.53 to 19.33.

Lettuce,

94.14.

Onions,

85.90.

Bananas,

74.

Squash,

97.

Maize in flower,

82.20.

Maize in seed,

4.68 to 22.20.

Fluids.
Lager beer, 99.50.
California wine, 75.
Auimals, including man, 71 per cent.
Total abstinence people a little more.

Milk — not determined —depending upon various considerations,
water.)

FOREIGN IRRIGATION. INDIA.

(City

Before inquiring what has been done in our own country, it may be
well to recur to the history of irrigation in other lands.

Irrigation has been practised in India for thousands of years ; and
it is not too much to say, that without its use, India would long since
have become unhabitable and unhabited.

Several years ago Professor Herbert M. Wilson visited India, with
a view to compare the systems of irrigation practised there with
those in use in this country, and adopt any improved methods he
could And. His i-eport, covering 200 pages of the " Report of the
Geological Survey" of Major Powell, for 1891, shows that the
Government of India has been alive to the importance of the work

12 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

and gives promise that the periodical famines of that eouutry will
soon belong to the history of the past.

Without attempting to give any adequate idea of the great works
achieved, and in progress there, it may be stated that at the end of
the year 1SS8 there liad been completed in India 5,520 miles of main
canals, and 17,150 miles of tributaries, irrigating over 10,000,000
acres, besides minor works watering 2,000,000 acres more.

IRRIGATION IN EGYPT.

The lauds of Lower Egypt, as is well known, are annually enriched
by the overflow of the Nile, which every year leaves a deposit of silt
that keeps the soil constantly fertilized : but if this deposit becomes
dry and baked it is no longer useful, and the crops fail ; so that for
many centuries the inhabitants have resorted to various remedies.
At the present time the Government is largely engaged in this work.
In 1885 the ''Pasha" made an agreement with the Irrigation Society
of Behcra, by which it undertook to pay $210,000 a year for thirty
years for a supply up to a certain level; with a maximum of about
2,004 cubic feet per second at low Nile, lifted by two powerful steam-
pumps into the canal of Behera ; besides which, "In 1864 the number
of wooden water-wheels used in Central and Lower Egypt was about
50,000, turned by 200,000 oxen, and managed by 100,000 persons,
who watered 4,500,000 acres.

IRRIGATION IN WESTERN AFRICA.

Perhaps the most wonderful feat of irrigation is that of a portion of
the desert of Sahara. This desert occupies a large portion of Western
and Northwestern Africa, lying just south of the provinces of Mo-
rocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, and covers an area of fifteen degrees
north latitude by twenty-five degrees of longitude, including many
millions of acres of barren saud with an occasional oasis ; it has been
for thousands of years looked upon as the barrier to commerce and
the terror of travellers, who have sometimes been overtaken by its
blasting, shifting sands and buried beneath them. All New England
school-boys remember the old conundrum : "Why do the Arabs that
traverse the desert of Sahara never go hungry? Because they always
live on the sand-w(h)ich-i8 under their feet." It was simply a sandy
desert, traversed only by occasional merchant caravans, on the con-
stant watch for freebooting Arabs.

But lo ! the magic change ! All the southern half of Algiers, com-
prising 330,000 square miles (211,200,000 acres), is beginning to be

1897.] ESSAYS. 13

put under successful cultivation, by means of Artesian well irrigation.
There are now over 13,000 wells in full operation, ranging in
depth from 75 to 400 feet ; the water flowing from them is collected
in reservoirs, from which it is conducted by mains and laterals over
the land. It is estimated that 12,000,000 acres have already been
reclaimed, and this area is under cultivation. As a result, Algiers
has become a great wine-producing country, about 120,000 acres of
the old desert being ijiauted to the vine ; growing immense crops of
grapes by means of irrigation, thus literally turning water into wine,
without a miracle.

IRRIGATION IN AMERICA IN EARLY TIMES.

Irrigation was practised on this continent as long ago as when Cor-
tez made his raid on Mexico, where he found the Pueblo Indians and
other tribes raising immense crops of Indian corn by means of their
crude methods of irrigation. In California the early Franciscan monks
carried on the practice exteusively, from the first establishment of
their missions. These early methods were crude, imperfect and waste-
ful ; enterprise and science are applying new methods in such a man-
ner as to utilize to the utmost the abundant means of fertilization
which nature has made available. And it is in our own country that
the full benefit of irrigation, as the handmaid of Agriculture and Hor-
ticulture, is to be demonstrated.

The Geological Surveys, conducted by Major Powell, report the
"Arid region of the United States to contain 1,340,000 square miles,
equivalent to 857,600,000 acres ; but that does not include all the area
where irrigation is or should be used, and where it must be practised
in the near future."

This vast area includes a region where, except little places on the
mountains, agriculture is practically impossible, year by year, without
an artificial supply of water. If we include all the area where agri-
culture is dependent in whole or in part on irrigation, one-half the
land in the United States, exclusive of Alaska, would be embraced
thereiu. Of the above area it is estimated that about 500,000,000
acres can be reclaimed by irrigation.

Mr. Bronson, testifying before a committee of Congress, makes the
statement that in Texas alone 1,500,000 acres can be reclaimed by the
judicious use of water. The Geological Report for 1890-91 states that
there were designated for reservoir sites up to date of the report, some
one hundred and fifty locations ; of these, 32 were in California, 4G
in Colorado, 28 in Montana, 37 in New Mexico, and 2 in Nevada.

14 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

What have been added since cannot be readily ascertained. The
canals and irrigating sluices already dug and in process of construc-
tion cannot be ascertained, but may be reckoned by the hundred, and
the immense products obtained from them are immeasurable.

In the State of Washington, the Northern Pacific railroad is building
a canal sixty miles long, to be fed by water from the Yakima River,
at a point below that at which the water issues- from the mountains.
This canal, or ditch as they call it, will moisten thousands of acres
that were once selling at $1.50 per acre, but are now held at $45 per
acre. With the sale of these lands, stock in the irrigation company is
offered, so that when the laud is all sold, the stock will be owned by
the farmers. A second canal, 250 feet higher, is contemplated, and
added supply of water is expected from the large lakes on the eastern
slope of the Cascade Mountains.

It was stated before the Congressional committee that 1,000,000
acres could readily be irrigated by the Rio Grande alone, and that the
area might be indefinitely increased by proper storage and careful use.

In Calusa County, California, there are two classes of lands that
require irrigation : First, land which will yield crops without irrigation,
but which would double their crops under the influence of a regular
supply of water ; Second, desert lauds which will yield nothing at all
without an artificial application of water, either from irrigation works
or artesian wells, but will yield heavy crops under irrigation, wheat
producing 40 to 42 bushels to the acre. In Las Cruces, New Mexico,
their crops are corn, oats, barley, wheat and sweet potatoes; with
irrigation they cut 6 tons of alfalfa to the acre; grapes and all fine
fruits grow abundantly; some of the vineyards produce 16,000 to
24,000 lbs. of the finest grapes to the acre. The same ground not
irrigated produces nothing. In New Mexico it is estimated that ten
acres of irrigated land are more productive than forty acres without
irrigation.

ARTESIAN WELLS.

Another source of water supply already utilized to a considerable
extent, and rapidly increasing, is found in the Artesian wells; these
have been driven at various points, and in the great valleys afford a
copious supply of water, but on mountain slopes they are useless.
Wells of this kind have been procured in great number in California,
in Riverside and in the San Joaquin Valley ; others have been found
in the desert of Utah. They are also found at various points in
Mexico. But the greatest number of these wells, with the most abun-

1897.] ESSAYS. 15

dant supply of water, is foimd in "the famous San Luis Park of Colo-
rado." Owing to the large area of mountains surrounding it, this has
an unusual number of "lost rivers," supplying the subterraneous water
in abundance. Already over 3700 flowing wells have been sunk.

IRRIGATION IN NEW JERSEY.

In the New Jersey Station irrigation was not begun until demanded
by drought in the fall, and was continued from September 17th until
the crops were harvested, varying with different plants from October
4th to 28th. The water was distributed in channels between the rows
from the city water-works by means of inch faucets and hose.

In the case of egg-plants and tomatoes no substantial results were
noticed. The result of irrigating bush-beans was very satisfactory,
the yield being largely increased and the quality superior. The period
of fruitage with peppers was prolonged and the yield nearly doubled.
The soil of the celery plat was not the most favorable, but the yield
of the irrigated plat was more than doubled.

The market value of the irrigated plat was eight times that produced
without the aid of artificial watering. The loss from superfluous leaves
and roots in preparing the plants for market was 28 per cent, in the
irrigated plats against 40 per cent, in the non-irrigated.

When it was known at my house that I was to read a paper on irri-
gation, I was instructed to talk especially on the necessity of planting
trees as a means of saving the streams ; but as I have no reliable data
on the subject, I omitted to discuss it ; but it is perhaps the most im-
portant matter at present demanding our attention. Perhaps no more
patriotic enterprise, or one eventually more profitable to the farmers
than a few acres of the roughest portion set to growing trees ; it would
conduce more to the public health and happiness than any large con-
tribution in money. In the meantime, and while the trees are growing,
I think the farmers would be justified in any seeming profanity if they
should "dam" every drop of water that rolls down their hillsides.

"May I be allowed to add a few words to Mr. Chamberlin's state-
ments about irrigation, because it seems to me he does not go to the
root of the matter. In order to be able to irrigate land, the first
requisite is to possess the water to irrigate with ; and in order to possess
the water, it is of the utmost importance that some measures should be
taken to ensure a never failing supply. In other words, the State of
Massachusetts should appoint a competent Forestry Commission, who
will do for the State what the United States Government is doing for the
national reservations. Mr. Fernald says, ' without forest management
no rational water management is possible.' Two centuries ago the

16 WOKCESTEll COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

interior of the State was almost an unbroken expanse of woodland ;
now how rapidly the forests are disappearing under the injudicious
use of the axe. It is probable that the removal of so much standing
wood has had a bad inlluence on the climate and surface of the earth.
It is estimated that forests, in order to keep up tlie right conditions of
soil and climate, should occupy one quarter of the land. To quote
from a friend who made a study of the subject, ' they affect the tem-
perature, the movement of air-currents, the character and succession
of the seasons, the amount of rain and the manner of its fall, as well
as its action for good or harm upon the soil.' "

The intlueuce of forests in protecting the water-supply is well illus-
trated in the case of Greece. In ancient days she possessed 7,500,000
acres of forest. To-day she has hardly 2,000,000 acres, and the
scarcity of water and the injurious climatic effects are traceable to the
destruction of the trees. In France when the forests had been felled
or destroyed by fire the government expended more than a million
dollars annually for their restoration. Palestine, two thousand
years ago, was a well wooded country, now it is mostly sterile and
desolate. Its forests are hewn down, its soil washed by the torrents
of a thousand winters, its river courses dried. In the centre of the
great desert of Sahara, ChampoUion, the French explorer, found traces
of old rivers and tree-stumps buried six feet deep in burning sands.
"And so," he says, "this desert may once have been a region of
groves and fountains, and the abode of happy millions. The hand of
man has produced this desert, and I verily believe every other desert
on the face of the earth."

I should like to quote many other instances of the disastrous eff"ects
of forest destruction nearer home, some of which are mentioned in Mr.
Wilson Flagg's little book published some years ago, called the "By-
Ways of New England" ; but I will not take your time, which may be
more jn'olitably occupied. I will only add that I think the preserva-
tion of the forests is a subject deserving the consideration of every
person who has the well-being of future generations at heart, or who
wishes to retain the beauty and comfort of the State we are so proud
of. To accomplish this end, a State Forestry Commission is of the
utmost importance. G. R. C.

Some statistics are given in these reports comparing the crops on
these irrigated lands, in the arid regions, with those of the most pro-
ductive regions in the rain belt, showing a higher average in the
former; in the cultivation of fruits especially, the irrigated lands give
a most favorable comparison. On one fruit farm in the arid region,
the income for 1890 was from $211 to $600 per acre. Much attention
is now paid to irrigation in parts of Europe, but I will mention only a
single instance: Below the city of Milan, in Lombardy, 22,000 acres
of grass land irrigated by the waters of the river, a tributary to the
Po, which carries the sewage of the city, yield from 8 to 10 tons of
hay to the acre, while some separate meadows produce a crop of 18

1897.] ESSAYS. 17

tons to the acre. In the face of such statements it would seem that
our friend Mr. Pond must "pale his uneffectual fires."

The fact last mentioned, the use of sewage, suggests the subject of
high farming, or as it has been called intensive farming, as contrasted
with extensive farming ; and here it may be mentioned as pertinent to
our subject, that 100 years ago, or a little more, the number of landed
proprietors in France was 150,000; at the present time there are over
4,000,000. In view of the change in the condition of the great majority
of the French peoi)le, it is not strange that the enthusiastic philanthro-
pist, Wendell Phillips, astounded and shocked the dilletanti of Boston
and Cambridge when, in his Phi Beta oration, he declared that the French
Revolution was "the greatest, the most unmixed, the most unstained
and wholly perfect blessing Europe has had in modern times, unless we
may possibly except the Reformation and the invention of printing."

And so far have they carried the intensive method that, near the
city of Paris, the rent of some market-gardeners is $126 per acre.
Even at this rate the French market-gardeners pay an "octroi" on all
their products that go to Paris, exporting largely their crops to Lon-
don. And it is also true that while in England, Germany and Russia
the farmers say that wheat raising is unprofitable ; while even in New
England and New York we have given up wheat raising as a lost art,
— yet in France on their small farms they have doubled the acreage
and quadrupled the yield of wheat within the last 50 or 60 years.

I will mention one more instance of successful high farming, that of
the district of Lafalle in East Flanders. The population consists of
30,000 farmers, who, besides raising their own food, export agricul-
tural products which enable them to pay rents to the amount of $15
to $25 per acre. Their regulation crops are from four to five times as
large as those of the fertile lands of Texas, Georgia and Illinois. On
their little territory of 37,000 acres, two-thirds of which area is under
cereals, flax and potatoes, they keep 10,720 neat cattle, 3,800 sheep,
1,815 horses and 6,550 hogs. The district contains a population
denser than that of England : yet, notwithstanding the ever-increasing
rents, all the inhabitants are well fed and well-to-do ; and this is sim-
ply owing to high cultivation.

CULTURE UNDER GLASS.

I have left but little time and space for this branch of the subject,
and will allude to it very briefly. We are apt to think of those Chan-
nel islands, Jersey and Guernsey, as only the habitat of the cows that

are raised there, and otherwise of no importance ; whereas their fields
2

18 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

and gardens show results as much ahead of ordinary farming as Had-
win's Guernseys or Kendall's Jerseys go ahead of a Texas stump-
tailed heifer that gives a pint of blue milk a day when in full flow.

In the Island of Jersey, which is still a land of open field culture,
its farmers obtain from tlieir land twice as much as the best farmers
in England. This island, like the suburbs of Paris, is a land of mar-
ket-gardening, and it has lately developed largely into greenhouse
culture ; there are greenhouses all over the island, they rise amid the
fields and from behind the trees, and they are piled upon one
another on the steep slopes of the hills.

The island cultivates 28,717 acres in roots, and nourishes its popu-
lation of about two persons to the acre ; the chief crop consists of
potatoes, of which they grow about 70,000 tons each year, equal to
2,613,000 bushels, which would represent a money value, to-day, of
2,000,000 dollars; they export, mostly toP^nglaud and America, 1,500
cows each year. So that, altogether, they obtain agricultural products
to the amount of S250 per acre, for each acre of the surface of the
island. And yet Jersey hardly knows what intensive culture means;
to learn this, one must go to the sister island of Guernsey, which
nourishes 1300 persons on each square mile. Guernsey, like the sub-
urbs of Paris, is a land of market-gardening, which has of late largely
developed into greenhouse culture. All over the island, especially in
the north, wherever you look you see greenhouses ; they rise amid the
fields and from behind the trees ; they are piled upon one another, on
the steep slopes of the hills facing the harbor.

At present Guernsey exports every year 500 tons (say 1,120,000
lbs.) of grapes, representing a money value of 8200,000. A INIr. Bash-
ford has vines (under glass) covering 13 acres, in regard to which, a
well-known English writer says "the money return of these 13 acnjs far
exceeds those of an English farm of 1,300 acres." The last year's crop
was 50,000 lbs. of grapes, 80 tons (179,000 lbs.) of tomatoes, 60,000
lbs. of peas and beans, besides other crops. Guernsey cultivates 28,000
acres in roots, raisiugof potatoes alone 2,600,000 bushels, with a money
value of over $2,000,000; they export 1,500 cows each year; and
altogether they produce $250 for each acre of the island.

When one walks through these glass-roofed gardens which never
know faikire, and which yield successive crops throughout the year,
one is reminded of the gardens of Alcinous, wherein "the fruit they
bear falls not, nor ever fails in wintertime nor summer, but is yielded
through the year. The ever blowing west wind causes some to swell
and some to ripen ; pear succeeds to pear ; to apple, apple ; grape to

1897.] ESSAYS. 19

grape ; fig ripens after fig. At these gardens' farthest bounds were
beds of many plants that blossom all the year."

ELECTRICITY.

After preparing this paper I found a paper on P^lectricity as applied
to Horticulture, which threatened to nullify all I have said on the
subject iu hand, and I have thought it might be interesting to give a
short synopsis of it. Passing over the account of the use of electricity
as a dynamic power in horticulture and agriculture, I will quote the
statement of some of its direct effects on vegetation. One experiment
of applying an electric current to the seeds and afterwards to the soil,
resulted in raising radishes 17 inches long and 5| inches in diameter.
Some five years ago the faculty of Cornell University began some ex-
periments, with most gratifying results ; early vegetables, such as spin-
ach, radishes, lettuce, etc., were brought to maturity iu about half the
time usually required.

Four years ago, Mr. Rawson, a market-gardener in Arlington,
noticed that the flowers in his garden which were subject to the elec-
tric lights, grew rapidly and vigorously, outstripping all others in the
garden ; so he set up in his large hothouse a similar light. The result
was that the early vegetables grew in a much shorter time than in the
ordinary way, while the quality was much superior, and the profits of
his business were increased from 25 to 40 per cent.

The French have put in practice a process of gathering electricity
from the atmosphere, which is done by laying a network of wires in
the garden, and connecting them with a copper wire that runs to the
top of a pole 40 feet high, surmounted by a collector, insulated by a
glass knob. The height of the pole enables the collector to gather the
electricity in the atmosphere from a large area, and when transmitted
to the garden through the wires it produces better results than the
electricity generated from a dynamo. By applying the arc-light
directly to the plants, their growth was so accelerated that many ran
to seed before edible leaves were formed. I have never learned of
but one parallel to prematurity like this : it was that of a child named
Heinecken, who knew the incidents of the Pentateuch at the age of
one year ; had mastered all of the Sacred History at two years ; and
was intimately acquainted with modern and profane history and geog-
raphy, and spoke French and Latin, besides his native tongue, at the
age of three years, — at the age of four, he died of old age.

20 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

Ladies and Oentlemen : Thanking you for your kind attention I
will close by reading a letter from one who has experimented with
water in this State : —

Fitchburg, Mass., Feb. 2, 1897.

Mr. Chamberlin,

Dear Sir : —

Yours at hand and would say my tests the past
year in irrigation were limited, as I did not get into line till a little
late, but what 1 did was very satisfactory.

My supply is city water, price 10 cents per 1000 gallons. I con-
nected with the city main by 3-inch steam pipe, above ground ; from
this a 2-inch pipe runs the length of my fields on the upper side,
"across," so as to irrigate each and every alley. Rows are five feet
apart and I allow each row to mat three feet wide so you see I get a
two-foot allej', and in this alley make a gutter three inches deep in
which to irrigate "down hill." Now this two-inch distributing pipe
is drilled ami tapped every five feet and a common sink faucet screwed
in, through which I adjust the size of stream wanted to run to the end
of the rows continuously, and when once adjusted I do not change the
faucets, only shut off water or let it on at the connection with the 3-
inch supply by a valve. So you see it is only a minute's work to
start the plant to work ; then it takes care of itself.

I have one field of five acres on which can be put 15,000 gallons
per hour as long as you want it aud with liardly any attention. Have
run these streams in tliis gutter over .500 feet, but do not like to do
it; rather have siiorter distances, which I easily arrange for if rows
are too long. On my five-acre field my 2-inch distributing pipe is 900
feet long, with a faucet every five feet, so you see it takes a lot of
water to supply it, but at my farm I get 250 feet head. In 1895 my
crop was 40 per cent. No. 1 and 60 per cent. No. 2, loithoiU irrigation ;
in 1896, 70 per cent. No. 1 and 30 per cent. No. 2, luith irrigation.
Am well satisfied with it so far. I noticed the irrigation kept the
fruit growing and did not allow it to ripen off early and small.

Very truly,

A. A. Marshall.

nth February, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

ELIJAH W. WOOD, West Newton.
Theme : — Neio Fruits, and New Methods in Fruit Culture.

The fruit crop the past season has been exceptional and unusually
irregular. There was no material injury to fruit-bearing plants or
trees during the winter 1895-96, except to the peach trees, on which
the fruit buds were almost entirely killed throughout New England.
Later in the season the strawberry, through some unfavorable influ-
ence, while the vines were apparently healthy and vigorous, did not in
many localities produce the usual quantity of fruit.

The apple crop was exceptionably abundant. The over-supply for
the home market has caused the shipment of an amount far in excess
of any previous year to foreign countries ; with the result that the
large quantity sent, with the limited and imperfect facilities for
transportation delivering the fruit in a more or less damaged condi-
tion, the returns have as a rule been unsatisfactory and have not com-
pared favorably with prices realized in the home market, where the
prices as a whole have been lower than for several years, though A
No. 1 fruit has sold readily and brought fair prices. We have the
report from one grower in the western part of the State, who gives
his orchard special care by spraying and thinning the fruit, that he
has disposed of his whole crop of thirteen hundred barrels at an
average of one dollar and seventy cents per barrel.

The lesson taught the apple-grower by the past season's experience
would seem to be — 1st, the necessity of better care of the orchard by
spraying to reduce the injury by insect pests and prevent the apple
scab ; 2d, thinning the fruit, thus securing a larger and more uniform
size and causing the trees to produce a partial crop on tlie alternate or
off-bearing year; 3d, allowing the trees to have the benefit of all the

22 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

ground tliey occupy after having attained their natural size ; 4tli, fur-
nish sutlicient fertilizer to keep the trees in a healthy condition.

It has become the established habit of the apple orchards in the
New England States to produce by far the larger crops on the even
calendar year. The bearing year may be changed by picking the
blossoms from the trees on the even year, and if done when the trees
first commence producing fruit may be done with comparatively little
labor, and until there is a more equal production in successive years
would prove profitable for the growers. This method of equalizing
the production of the apple crop is not the result of recent practice.
Downing, in his standard work on " Fruit and Fruit Trees of Amer-
ica," says : " The bearing year of an apple tree or a whole orchard
may be changed by picking off the fruit when the trees first show
good crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which
we wish to make the bearing year."

^Vhile the varieties of the apple that have been tested or brought
to public notice may be numbered by the thousand, the number
selected from the best sufficient to furnish fruit the entire year is com-
paratively few, and for the most profitable commercial purposes still
more limited. The progress of a new apple, whatever its merits to
general favor, is slow. The dealers prefer to handle the well-known
varieties, and consumers know by name the apple better than any
other fruit and prefer to purchase such as they have tried and have
proved satisfactory.

Worcester County has produced several valuable varieties of the
apple ; of those having received favorable notice in the printed lists
are the Hubbardston, Mother, Leicester Sweet, Magnolia, Priest's
Sweet, Sutton, Washington Eoyal or Palmer, Fall Orange, Hill's
Favorite, Lane's Sweet, Washington Sweet and Knapp's Harvey.

There have been no new varieties shown within the past few years
deserving special notice, though some varieties long known are receiv-
ing more attention and coming into more general cultivation. The
Mackintosh, under cultivation almost a hundred years, has not
appeared in our exhibitions until recently ; it is medium size, perfect
form, a bright red or crimson color, excellent quality and a superior
dessert apple. The Wealthy, a western apple, has recently made its
appearance npon our exhibition tables from several growers ; it is a
handsome fruit and of excellent quality, and those having had experi-
ence with it speak favorably of its growth and productiveness. The
Palmer and Sutton if more generally grown would become valuable
market varieties, especially for a home market. The Fletcher Rus-

1897.] ESSAYS. 23

set, origin Actou, Mass., is the most attractive of any of the russet
varieties. Jacob's Sweet, origin Medford, Mass., a verj' large,
handsome Sweet, recommended by the National Pomological Society.

Very little that is new can be said, either of the varieties or the
cultivation of the Pear. More efficient work for the benefit of the
growers of this fruit has been in weeding out undesirable and unprofit-
able varieties. The public are largely indebted to Marshall P. Wilder
and C. M. Hovey for their long continued effort in testing the differ-
ent varieties of the pear. Col. Wilder showed at one exhibition in
Boston four hundred and seventeen varieties, and Mr. Hovey at the
same exhibition more than three hundred ; the former being asked
how many of his varieties he would recommend his friends to grow,
replied "not more than ten."

To those intending to set out young trees of this fruit and desiring
information as to varieties, I would recommend that they attend the
exhibitions in Boston or of this Society, also consult the prize
schedules of the two societies. Those schedules are believed to con-
tain the names of all the varieties at present desirable for general
cultivation ; and it will be found that the prizes are graded, the higher
and larger number being offered for those varieties considered the
most desirable.

It may be desirable to grow a limited number of the early varieties
for home use ; the Summer Doyenne, Giffard, and Clapp's Favorite will
supply this want. The earliest variety of any considerable market
value is the Bartlett. This well-known pear is more largely used than
any other, both for the table and preserving ; it is seen in glass jars
on the shelves and in the windows of all grocers, where it proves a
tempting advertisement ; it comes into bearing early and almost inva-
riably produces an annual crop. The Seckel, Sheldon, Louise Bon
of Jersey, Marie Louise and Hardy are October pears deserving a
place in the amateur's collection. The Bosc, Dana's Hovey and
Comice are all excellent varieties ; and ripening in November, when the
market is not over-supplied with table fruit, makes them the most valu-
able of all the varieties. The Dana's Hovey should be allowed to
remain on the tree until they begin to fall of their own accord, then
gathered and kept in a cool place until the middle of November, when
if brought into a warmer temperature the color will change from a
dull green to a yellow shade and their quality will fully merit the
name which Downing gives them, the Winter Seckel. With a suitable
storeroom for winter, the Anjou, Vicar, Josephine of Malines, Duchess
of Bourdeaux and Winter Nelis are the most desirable varieties.

24 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

Onr seasons are hardly long enough for the Winter Nelis to fully
mature ; though by severely thinning the fruit and allowing it to remain
on the trees as long as possible without freezing, and when gathered
placing it immediately in cold storage, it may be kept from witheiing ;
it is of superior quality and the only first-class pear I have ever seen
brought from California, where it ripens perfectly.

Theie should be added to the above for market purposes the
Angouleme and Clairgeau, both to be grown in a strong, rich soil on
quince stocks.

Nowhere is the pear more easily grown or better fruit produced
than in our own State ; but being more reliable for an annual crop than
the apple, requires more care in cultivation and more fertilizers to
secure the best results. Most varieties of the pear set more fruit than
the trees can mature and produce good specimens, and require thinning.

This is especially true of such varieties as bear in clusters, notably
the Seckel and Dana's Hovey.

While the standard tree or pear on its own roots will grow and pro-
duce fair fruit wherever the apple can be successfully grown, failure
frequently occurs in setting dwarf trees in soil not adapted to their
growth. Tlie roots of the quince are compact, spreading over a
limited space and require a deep, rich, moist soil ; and the pear on
these stocks will invariably fail in a light, dry soil, yet the dwarf is
indispensable to the best success in growing this fruit. Downing in
his time doubted whether the dwarf trees would ever be used to any
considerable extent in orchard growing, yet some of the largest grow-
ers in the town of Revere set almost entirely dwarf trees; but under
their high cultivation they get the benefit of their early bearing, and in
the meantime the trees are throwing out roots from the pear stock
and becoming to all intents and purposes standard trees. In selecting
dwarf trees choose only those that are budded close to the crown of
the roots and plant the trees so that three or four inches of the pear
stock will be below the surface of the soil.

The Peach is the most uncertain, as it is the most desirable for the
table, of all our tree fruits, and formerly was grown with the least care.
Some of us can remember when peaches were so plenty as to be of
little or no commercial value. Few gardens however limited in area
failed to contain one or more peach trees. There were no special
varieties. The trees were seedlings and bore the natural fruit.
There were two distinct classes, called Rareripe and Frost peaches :
the former varied in size, color and quality ; the latter were a pale
green color and remained hard, upon the trees until early frosts, and

1897.] ESSAYS. 25

were chiefly used for preserves. Between 1830 and 1840 budded
trees of several varieties were introduced into tliis vicinity from New
Jersey, wliere the disease known as the Peach Yellows had existed for
many years ; some orchards being entirely destroyed, and all more or
less infected. With the introduction of these trees the disease was
introduced into New England, where it has remained to the present
time, exerting its baleful influence, not only upon the trees, but by pro-
ducing infected pits and buds by which young stock became diseased.

The long continued reproduction of the same varieties from an
enfeebled stock has aided in the decay of the strength and vigor of
the peach.

The florist who cultivates the succulent plants knows he must make
frequent return to the seed to keep up the strength and vigor of his
plants. The Verbena and Petunia under ordinary cultivation cannot
be reproduced from cuttings more than five or six years without
becoming so enfeebled as to be worthless for stock. The same rule
holds true of the hardier and longer lived plants and trees. Dr. Van
Mons, whose experience in raising seedling fruit trees was more exten-
sive than that of any other man, declares it as his opinion that the
more frequently a tree is reproduced continuously from seed the more
feeble and short lived is the seedling produced. Downing, in 1845,
after describing this disease and its effect upon the trees and fruit,
expresses his opinion upon this branch of the subject as follows :
" Is it not evident from these premises that the constant sowing of
the seeds of an enfeebled stock of peaches would naturally produce
a sickly and diseased race of trees? The seedlings will at first
appear healthy when the parent had been partially diseased ; but the
malady will sooner or later show itself, and especially when the tree
is allowed to produce an overcrop."

It is almost the unanimous opinion of the more experienced growers
of peaches that this disease is contagious and spreads from tree to
tree. Twelve States have passed laws requiring all diseased trees
to be destroyed and appointed officers to see that the law is executed.
Michigan, where the growing of peaches is an important industry, was
among the first to take legal action, and they claimed to have stamped
out the disease throughout the State. The principal opposition to
this legislation comes from those who have diseased trees in their
orchards and desire to sell the fruit from them as long as they con-
tinue to bear. This seems a short sighted policy, as they thus expose
their orchards to contagion and place on the market an insipid and
worthless fruit.

26 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

It will be remembered that some years ago there was alarm among
the farmers, feariug the}" would be obliged to give up the cultivation
of the potato, so many rotted in the field or soon after they were
gathered. A small farmer in Vermont brought to notice a new seed-
liug variety called the Early Rose. From that have come many new
varieties, mostly with slight variation from the original. The old
varieties were cast aside and the disease among potatoes reduced to
a minimum. Would that some one would give to us a seedling
Early Rose peach that should restore to this most delicious of all our
tree fruits its original strength and vigor !

The cultivation of the Plum has been, and is at present, limited in
this State on account of two enemies of this fruit. The Black Knot
destroys the tree and the Curculio destroys the fruit. The practice
in dealing with the Knot has been to cut them out and paint the
wound with shellac ; but by this treatment the remedy often proves
as bad as the disease, as the constant cutting destroys the form and
eventually the life of the tree. When the Knots first make their
appearance they may be seen by the discoloration and swelling of the
bark on the limbs of the trees. Recent experiments have shown that
if they are painted over with kerosene mixed with some pigment
(ordinary whiting answers the purpose) to the consistency of thick
paint, to prevent it from running down the limbs, it kills the wart
and does not disfigure or apparently injure the tree ; it is also claimed
that spraying the trees with the copper solutions recommended for
fuugus growths will prevent their appearance. The usual method of
combatting the Curculio has been where there were but few trees to
spread a sheet upon the ground under the tree, and with a sharp rap
upon the limbs of the trees with a padded mallet, the insects would
fall upon the sheet when they could easily be gathered and destroyed;
but if any considerable number of trees are grown, the most economi-
cal and efficient method is to enclose the space allotted to the trees
and keep fowls in the enclosure, and by an occasional jarring of the
trees the fowls will do the rest.

The Plum makes a quick growth and comes early into bearing.
It adapts itself readily to different locations, though it succeeds best
in a heavy clay soil. Among the varieties of plums the Green Gage
has always held the same relation that the Seckel holds among pears.
The Washington, Jefferson and McLaughlin approach it closely, and
many think the latter fully its equal in quality. The Hradshaw and
Lombard are more largely grown for market than any others, and
where the two enemies are kept at bay, prove a very profitable fruit.

1897.] ESSAYS. 27

There have been introduced within the past few years several Japanese
varieties of the plum. It is yet loo early to estimate the value of
this addition to our old varieties. Some of the fruit has been shown
at our exhibitions of excellent quality. Whether the trees will prove
as hardy as our old varieties has not been shown.

I would suggest a word of caution to those who propose to pur-
chase this class of trees. Two or three nurseries in New" Jersey have
been largely interested in disseminating these trees, not only supply-
ing growers, but furnishing other nurserymen, and the trees have been
found to be badly infested with the San Jose scale. Some parties
having ascertained the condition of the trees after having set them in
the ground have dug them up and burned them to prevent the scale
from spreading to other fruit trees.

The prices at which Grapes have sold the past few years have not
been encouraging to the extension of their cultivation as a market
product. The large quantities sent into our markets from the Middle
and Western States create so close competition that there is little
profit for the grower. A disadvantage under which our growers
labor is the liability of the loss of the crop by either a spring or
early fall frost. Some of the largest growers have adopted the prac-
tice of girdling their vines, by which they secure their crop about two
weeks earlier, and the berries and the bunches are larger and more
attractive in appearance.

It was formerly thought that girdling the vines affected unfavorably
the quality of the fruit. Analyses by Prof. Goessmann at different
times in the season showed that fruit from the same trellis of girdled
and uugirdled vines the former contained more sugar and less water
than the latter. The practice of girdling is worthy the attention of
the amateur growers, as by spraying to prevent mildew, and girdling
to hasten maturity, some of the crosses with foreign varieties of
better quality might be successfully grown. Vines bearing close-
growing bunches like the Delaware and Moore's Early cannot be
successfully girdled, as the increase in the size of the berries in such
compact form causes them to burst and decay. The Worden and
Concord are much improved in appearance. The Grape delights in
a warm dry soil, and the chances of failure may be reduced by the
selection of an elevated situation declining toward the south or
southeast.

The methods adopted by the Strawberry growers are so uniform
there is little can be said upon that subject. It is almost the univer-
sal practice among market growers to set the plants in the spring

28 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

in rows from three to five feet apart and from eighteen inches to two
feet apart in the rows, dependiug upon the habit and free growth of
the variety, and allowing the plants to cover the ground except nar-
row paths between the beds. For the garden or exhibition, planting
in single rows or in hills may prove more satisfactory.

It requires two years to grow a strawberry crop, therefore the
ground should be thoroughly prepared and enriched sufficient to
mature the fruit the second year. If this is done and the ground
kept clear of weeds the first season it will require no care the second
year. It is impossible to recommend varieties that will prove equally
satisfactory under different conditions. There is no fruit that varies
so much in different, though nearby locations.

The leading varieties as seen in the Boston market are Belmont,
Bubach, Haviland, Leader, and Marshall. The Marshall has no
peer as an exhibition berry. Last year was the first that it had been
fruited as a field crop, and there was some complaint that it did not
prove sufficiently productive to make it desirable for that purpose ;
but its size, quality, and beauty, must make it a favorite for the
garden and exhibition.

In the strawberry we have an illustration of deterioration from
continued reproduction by offsets or runners. None of the popular
varieties of twenty-five years ago are in cultivation at the present
time ; not that the new comers are superior in any marked degree,
but the old varieties were worn out and failed to produce crops.
The Triomph de Gand, Jucunda, Laconstante, and even Hovey's
Seedling, which antedates them all, would lose little in comparison
with the popular varieties of to-day, either in beauty or quality.

The present standard of our fruits can only be sustained by con-
tinued renewal. The fruit growers have not kept pace with the
florists in improvement made upon scientific principles, as note the
improvement in the Carnation Rose and Chrysanthemum made within
the past few years ; and this advance has been made by hybridiza-
tion, by working for a definite purpose, by crossing parents, each of
which had some distinct points of excellence in size, form, color,
or vigor in growth. The stock raiser breeds for a definite purpose,
crossing parents that possess a combination of the qualities he seeks
to secure. To the fruit grower this field of investigation and expe-
riment should prove a fascinating one, though requiring study, care,
and perseverance. It is receiving more attention among horticul-
turists than formerly.

In the horticultural department at the Agricultural College at

1897.] ESSAYS. 29

Amherst there is an effort being made to grow all the known named
varieties of the small fruits under as nearly as possible like conditions.
They had under cultivation the past year one hundred sixty-four
named varieties of grapes and four hundred seedlings — seventeen
varieties of currants — twenty-one varieties of blackberries — twenty-
four varieties of raspberries — twenty-six varieties of blackcaps —
twenty-three varieties of gooseberries — two hundred and six varieties
of strawberries and four hundred seedlings. This affords students
and visitors an excellent opportunity for comparison of the different
varieties in the habit of growth and quality of fruit.

While fruit supplies one of the most enjoyable luxuries of the
table and one of the most substantial articles of food ; while we have
a soil and climate unequalled for the production of some of the best
known and extensively used fruits that the earth produces ; witli a
home market constantly increasing and a foreign market yet in its
infancy and confined to a limited number of foreign ports, but
capable of much wider expansion, — the fruit growers have encourage-
ment to persevere in their calling, with reasonable assurance that
their returns shall compare favorably with those engaged in any
of the agricultural pursuits.

i8th February, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

J. LEWIS P:LLSW0RTH, Worcester.
Theme: — The Family Vegetable Garden.

The vegetal)le garden is of great iniportaucc on every farm, large or
small. Considering the wbolesomeuess of vegetables, the importance
of the garden cannot be overestimated. The direct benefit to the
owner cannot be computed from a money point of view.

The gardener should first have a definite plan of the crops he in-
tends to raise, and the size and character of his garden. The trouble
with many who start a garden is that they do not begin to think what
they want until after the ground is ploughed. Then they have to make
up their minds quickly, rush to the seed store and buy the first thing
that comes handy. The t^vo most important factors of a successful
garden are the cultivation of the soil and the seed.

Thorough ploughing and a fine seed-bed are needed. The land
should be ploughed twice, first deeply ; then it should be thoroughly
manured, and then ploughed again, not so deeply as before, as it is
not good to cover the manure too much. Then the garden should be
aiven a light harrowing and should be smoothed off with a drag to
break the lumps and make a fine seed-bed.

Great attention should be given to the after-cultivation. I begin
cultivation even before seeds start, and in that way destroy the early
weed seed even before it sprouts. Go through the beds with a wheel
hoe, and as soon as the seeds show, continue the use of the hoe and
harrow all summer until the maturity of the crop.

To make a success of gardening good seeds are necessary. With-
out them, all the labor, the use of the land and the implements are in
vain. Seeds should be fully ripe when planted, and the large, full
seed contains more nourishment for the young plant than does the

1897.] ESSAYS. 31

seed that is not so ripe. The seed must give the first nourishmeut to
the plant. The seed business has entirely changed in the last quarter
of a century, and has now become a business of great magnitude.
There are now employed in the business, improved system, better
knowledge and facilities. Formerly, farmers raised their own seeds,
perhaps finding it necessary on account of the difficulty in buying good
seeds. But now, with the testing system, we have no difficulty in
getting good seeds. There are thoroughly reliable seed farmers in all
parts of the United States, Canada and Europe. Canada produces
most of the pea seed ; California, lettuce ; Ohio, tomato ; and Con-
necticut, sweet corn and onion.

The same principles apply to a garden whether large or small. It
is well to start out in the spring with radishes. I advise planting the
following crops : Vick's Scarlet Globe radish ; Tennis Ball lettuce ;
Round Leaved spinach ; Alaska, for early peas, to be followed by the
Advancer, Telephone and Stratagem ; for beets, Crosby's Egyptian
for early, and Edmunds' for late ; beans, Wax for string, Dwarf Hor-
ticulture for early shell and Worcester Pole for late shell ; sweet corn,
Corey for early, Stowell's Evergreen for late; cucumbers. White
Spine ; tomatoes, Atlantic Prize for earliest. Dwarf Champion and
Acme for later ; squash, in order. Summer Crookneck, Boston Mar-
row, Bay State, Essex Hybrid, Hubbard ; cabbages, Jersey Wakefield
and Warren's Stone Mason.

27th February, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

HENRY K. BAILEY, North Scituate.
Theme: — Plant Beauty.

Plant beaut}' is of two sorts, beauty of color and beauty of forui.
In some plants, like the calla, beauty of form predominates; in
others, like the peony, beauty of color ; in still others, like the gladi-
olus, the lines of stalk, flower and bud are as noticeably lovely as
their colors. Plants consi)icuously beautiful for their form should
not be gathered together in tight bouquets ; each should be enjoyed
by itself, or with two or three companions so grouped in a vase or
other receptacle that the beautiful lines of each are enhanced by those
of the others. Plants of lovely color, on the other hand, are more
effective when massed. One snowball is insignificant; a bushel bas-
ket full of branches crowded with the balls of creamy white, glowing
against the rich green of their foliage, is highly effective. In the
arrangement of flowers of beautiful form, we have much to learn from
the Japanese.

The Studio for October and December, 1896, has suggestive articles,
with more suggestive illustrations, of the fine art of flower arrangement
as practised by the floral artists of the Sunrise Kingdom. Mr. Con-
der's book on the subject, to be found in the library of the Horticul-
tural Society, will repay thoughtful study. Even the Japanese prints,
now so easily obtainable, are not to be despised by the wide-awake
florist.

Form beauty is dependent largely upon contrast, proportion and
curvature [this was illustrated by numerous charts and blackboard
sketches] ; and the grouping of plants or sprays is to be governed by
the laws of balance. [Illustrated.] Beautiful color has such qualities

1897.] ESSAYS. 33

as purity, gradation, depth ; and when colored flowers are massed,
harmonious relations of the diffeieut hues should be secured.

There are five typical color-groups or harmonies. The first may be
called a contrasted harmony. All green leaved plants with white
flowers are in this group. The second is dominant harmony, produced
by combining tints and shades of one color; as, for example, a head
of hyacinths or a bunch of double violet asters with no green foliage
in sight. This combination of tints and shades, so common in the
decorative arts and in dress goods, is rarely found in nature, and is
least satisfactory as a harmony. The third is analogous harmony,
composed of related hues of color. All green leaved plants with yel-
low flowers are in this group. A bunch of gladioli tinted with violet-
red, crimson, rose, scarlet and salmon forms an analogous harmony
of exquisite beauty. The fourth is complementary harmony — a har-
mony brought about by the juxtaposition of complementary colors.
A violet-red camellia seen against its glossy green leaves is a comple-
mentary harmony ; so also is a bunch of violets, with their rich yellow-
green leaves. The fifth is perfected harmony : a color group composed
of analogous hues combined with a color complementary to the general
effect of all the group. For example, the gladioli forming an analo-
gous harmonj'. if placed against a background of old ampelopsis
leaves of rich bluish-green color, would be greatly enhanced in color
effect, and the whole would form a perfected harmony. A bowl full of
pansies is in perfected harmony. The analogous group runs through
varying hues, from pure yellow in the flower centres to the yellowish-
green of the foliage. The complementary to the effect of this group
is to be seen in the rich purple of the petals. [Charts, diagrams and
bouquets of flowers were used to make this clear. The complementary
and analogous colors were illustrated by means of the Bradley color-
wheel.]

The American people are becoming more sensitive to beauty every
year. The florists who furnish flowers to decorate their homes and
halls can do much to elevate public taste. A really beautiful thing is
always attractive. What was true for Emerson is true for us all.
Speaking of beauty, he said :

"When first my ej'es saw thee
I found lue thy thrall."

It costs no more to make a beautiful bouquet than to make an ugly
one, and ultimately he who produces beauty gives the greater pleasure
and receives the larger reward.

4th March, A. D. 1897.

ESSAY

BY

MARY E. CUTLER, Holliston.
Theme : — Gardening for Women.

Ten years ago such a subject would have been presumptuous. One
field only was believed to be opened to woman. If she could not
find sufficient occupntlon for herself in the house she was deemed
either a poor housewife, or, if her housekeeping was beyond reproach,
unduly ambitious. Many women acted as school teachers. But this
was scarcely an exception to the rule, as the teacher simply intensifies
and extends the activity of the mother. Under pressure of hard
necessity women and girls worked in shops and factories, but they
were regarded as unfortunates by the greater part of the community.
On the one hand, their employers did not feel compelled to give them
wages equal to those earned by men. On the other, many of their
early companions considered themselves justified in cutting the
acquaintance. A woman farmer ! Preposterous ! The only idea
conveyed by the words was that of the German peasant woman, clad
in gaudy clothing, wearing heavy wooden shoes, and submissively
following her lord and master through the ploughed field — in extreme
cases assisting the donkey to drag the plough.

What at the end of ten years? The most potent fact is that woman
has entered almost every field of industry. If you demand the rea-
son I must answer that there are several. Chiefly the fact, that in
America, there is always a tendency to utilize waste energy. Among
secondary causes may be enumerated these : The ever felt need of
delicacy and tact in religious and medical work has produced the
deaconess in the one department, and the woman nurse and physician
in the other. Tlie need of manual training teachers has drawn
women to study wood and metal working with pedagogic ends in

1897.] ESSAYS. 35

view. But the knowledge of a trade is in itself a temptation to
practice it. Accordingly we find woman carpenters, smiths, etc. In
the large cities the Woman's Exchanges have made it possible for
women to dispose of art products to profitable advantage. The most
prolific cause of all, however, is the introduction of stenography.
The stenographer inevitably tends to become the private secretary,
and, in many cases, the confidential adviser. For men it early
proved a stepping-stone to all forms of business advancement. Why
should not the same be true in regard to women? No satisfactory
negative reason can be found, and so women have entered all depart-
ments of industry. Ten years ago my task would have been a
revolutionary one. Today the revolution has been accomplished.
Instead of pleading for a new principle I am simply to indicate how
one more application can be made of a principle already established.
I am here today to extend to Horticulture and Floriculture the
methods already employed in many other fields of industry. I have
classified this subject, and first is, Possibilities for all Women.

What many have done and all can do. It is not my aim nor pur-
pose to discourage or cause any of the thousands of women in this
country who are engaged in other vocations to be dissatisfied with
their lot, but it is to show those who are endeavoring to solve the
question of self-support, that the occupation of gardening is a profita-
ble one, provided it be carried on with steady, personal application,
without which there is success in nothing. I wish also to show that
there are possibilities and success beyond a life spent in government
buildings, behind the store counters in our vast cities, in school-
houses, in factories and workshops. The farm and garden feeds you
all. No wonder you sigh for the green fields, the fresh fruits, vege-
tables and flowers, horses and carriages to ride over the country with,
a home of contentment and rest. Look at the vast army of women
that find employment in our cities, who toil from morn to night,
tired and dragged from day in to day out ; they will tell you they like
it, there is excitement in it, better pay, more privileges, etc. On the
other hand it costs more to live in cities, air is often poor, if more is
earned less is saved, and what have you to show for yolir earnings
when you are along in years and care to work no more.

On the other side, the woman gardener, with a small beginning,
has been making a pleasant and valuable home, it has gained in value
year by year, her money gained is invested in something that she
owns and will for a lifetime. One essential to success in gardening
is a love for it; but given this, and intelligence to first plan carefully

36 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

and afterward carry out plans with perseverance, and gardening will
be found a successful, pleasant and congenial occupation for women.
Women are beginning to think about these things. Many of them
could do much better at agriculture than to work for the very low
wages paid for woman's work in the cities. Don't think I would
have you do any field work. It is not so much labor and muscle nowa-
days as brains and machinery. Don't do your work first and think-
ing afterwards, but think and plan first and then work. Here is an
illustration of what has been done : Miss Sarah Hewitt, daughter of
Abram S. Hewitt, ex-mayor of New York City, is an expert in many
of the practical details of caring for a horse, such as shoeing, of
which most women know scarcely anything. Her trim figure, as she
sits on her horse with ease and full control of the animal, is familiar
to every one in the neighborhood of her father's great farm at Ring-
wood, N. J. It is not only in riding that Miss Hewitt proves herself
to be an advanced woman in the best sense, that of being able to
make herself really useful. She superintends all the workmen, about
2d, on her father's estate. The farm covers 2,000 acres and is all in
a high state of cultivation, save that reserved for park-like grounds.
Miss Hewitt believes in farming in a business-like way, and she
knows exactly what she has a right to expect from each employ^ on
the place. She is a strict disciplinarian, but there is not a man who
would not go through fire and water for her. She understands horses
from their noses to their heels. It is no figure of speech that she
knows their heels, for she can shoe a horse as w^ell as any farrier in
the State. It is a sight that has been enjoyed by her friends more
than once, that of this dainty young woman hammering a refractory
shoe into shape on an anvil and afterward measuring it to the foot of
her favorite mare. She is too fond of horses to place a hot shoe
against a hoof and she insists that the shoe shall always be cooled
thoroughly before it is applied. Slie is quick in her movements, and
there are blacksmiths in tiie neighl)orhood who freely admit that slie
can shoe a horse in less time than they can do it well. She docs that
as she does everything, on scientific princi[)les. It is a well known
fact that horses have as many different traits of temper and disposi-
tion as human beings. Miss Hewitt seems to understand a horse
intuitively, and it is said that she never failed to conquer any horse
that she ever took iu hand, and that, too, without any means save
those of kindness.

The question is often asked me : What can woman do (or what can
I do) to gain a living by flowers, fruits or vegetables ? Did you ever

189?.] ESSAYS. 37

visit the Agricultural Department at Washington in the spring of the
year and look upon the several hundred women employed by the
Government putting up and labelling the seeds that are distributed
by the Congressmen? Note the advance in women's employment.
Prior to the war no women were employed in any of these depart-
ments, nothing but male clerks. United States Treasurer Spinner,
who signed the greenbacks first issued, was the first government officer
to ever hire women in any of the departments. Now many thousands
are employed in every department, and they make (of course) most
efficient clerks.

" What many have done, and all can do." In many of the towns
in this State, and I presume other States, in the summer months dur-
ing the flower season, a flower committee is formed, meeting every
F'riday afternoon (generally at the depots) , there they receive flowers
donated by loyal women. They are packed, forwarded free by the
railroad companies, and distributed among the sick in various hospi-
tals of Boston and other cities. They are placed on small tables by
their bedsides and, better yet, the patients love to hold them in their
hands and doubtless do so as long as their fragrance lasts. Many
say, my lot in life is an humble one, I can do but little. Two ladies
visited the Cathedral of Cologne, they were admiring its beautiful
architecture when they overheard two men in the humble garb of
workmen say one to the other, "Didn't we do a splendid piece of
work?" One of the ladies said, "Pray what did you do?" "What
did I do?" said the workman, "I mixed mortar for two years over
across the street." Now if your lot is an humble one, if you cannot
do anything else, mix mortar, carry or send flowers to the sick and
helpless. Stand in your lot and by and by you will hear the great
Captain say, " Well done."

An industry which is on the increase for the employment of women
is classified as small fruits. Home consumption has increased to
such an extent that many acres are raised to satisfy the demand, and
in the -season many women are employed in picking strawberries,
currants, raspberries and blackberries, they also are competent to
pack and ship, and in many cases supply the local trade. In the fall
of the year the canning factories give employment to many women.
There are many near my home and it is interesting to watch the pro-
cess of preserving the various kinds of fruits and vegetables; first
comes asparagus, string beans, Bartlett pears, sweet corn, tomatoes,
squash, apples, etc. This gives work to the old and young. The
packing of fruit is another source of income to women. At the South

38 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

the oranges and lemons are papered and wrapped by women ; they
are wanted in the grape regions, particularly in New York State and
California, to pick in the vineyards and pack the fruit in boxes which
are sent nearly all over the world. Who can do this so well or
better than women? The march of improvement is onward and
every day brings something new.

Second. Possibilities for many women. What some have done
and many can do. One must have a love for gardening to make it a
success, it must be born in them. In my neighborhood I know of a
woman who gets a good living for herself and family by the cultiva-
tion of gladiolus, she has a large garden of the choicest varieties and
colors, sending them to Boston for sale in their season. She also
sells the bulbs. Miss Black of Harrisburg, Penu., a young lady of
taste and refinement, and an amateur florist, had the finest display of
gladiolus last year ever seen (it is said), numbering some 140 varie-
ties. Another woman in a near by town who has two large greenhouses
full of English violets, picks every other day for the Boston market.
This glass farming is getting to be quite fashionable, and it is some-
thing women can engage in easily. As an instance of what women
have successfully accomplished in horticulture iu another part of
the country, is Somerset Park, a woman's health and pleasure resort
in the Rocky Mountains, of which many of you doubtless know.
This most beautiful of the Rocky Mountain Parks, lying between
Denver and Colorado Springs, and named after that noble English
woman. Lady Henry Somerset, is owned and managed by women ;
and the president of the resort and association, Mrs. Olive Wright,
is by her shrewd management fast making it a famous resort for
health and pleasure seekers. The climate is delightful, wild flowers
are in great profusion and have become famous the world over for
their beauty and variety. Near by are cultivated peach orchards,
vineyards, strawberry fields and all kinds of small fruits, which find
a ready market in Denver. All these are managed by women. I
wish I could half express my earnestness iu trying to persuade the
thousands of women in these United States, a country rich in nature,
soil adapted to everything in its different locations, free country,
fresh air, which insures good health and long life, to more engage
in this noble work of tilling the soil, thereby causing two blades of
grass to grow where only one grew before.

Last August I spent a few days in Newport, R. I. I never saw
flowers in such profusion there as the past year, the grounds were
full of plants and shrubs in full bloom. I naturally looked in the

1897.] ESSAYS. 39

flower stores aud found in one a woman sole proprietor and manager;
said she had more than her share of the trade ; she owned her green-
houses just outside the city limits. A large seed store in Springfield,
Ohio, is owned and managed by a Mrs. Haynes, who is doing a suc-
cessful business. Many women the past few years have engaged in
glass farming; greenhouses and hot-beds have many attractions.
The improved waj's of heating, ventilating and watering have reduced
labor as well as lightened it.

The paying crops, just now, I think to raise are carnations, lettuce
and cucumbers. I love to see things grow and help them grow. I
love to work and never believed that work was a curse to any person.
The great curse is laziness and shiftlcssness. There is no better
place to see the work of women gardening than at our Agricultural
Fairs and Grange Harvest Festivals. It is often the case that the
women take more interest than the men, and largely the exhibits are
productions of the women. This was shown at the Middlesex South
Agricultural Fair last fall, when the Patrons of Framingham and
Sherborn Granges competed for the prizes, each table extending
across the hall. The women arranged the exhibits and I know they
had a hand in producing them ; fruit and vegetables as well as fancy
work. It was a good idea conceived by the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society of Boston in offering prizes to the scholars for school
gardens, school herbariums and children's herbariums. The cultiva-
tion and observation of plants in school grounds aud instruction upon
them being of high educational value. Native wild plants, such as
ferns, grasses, asters, golden-rods, violets, native shrubs; and eco-
nomic plants, such as grains, vegetable roots and leguminous plants ;
must be the stock of the gardens. Why is it that so many women of
taste, who love to adorn their persons with flowers and to decorate
their rooms with floral designs or collections of flowering plants, have
so little desire to enhance by the same means the beauty of the
external view which those rooms command and to add similar attrac-
tions to the outside of their dwellings ! It must be from the preva-
lent, yet mistaken idea, that gardening is too hard work for them.
For those who can claim brothers, husbands or fathers, who possess-
ing the taste and having the leisure for horticulture exemplify it, or
those who can afford to pay for the making and care of a garden, are
always quick to perceive its advantages and to enjoy them to the
utmost. But there are many household occupations which women
are expected to perform, and which they do perform without injury
or complaint, that are much more wearisome aud more difficult to

40 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

accomplish than gardening. Gardening is earnest work, it will not
do to poke here and push there, and putter around anyhow and any-
where, there must be thorough and well directed effort.

The legend of the Cherokee Rose is as pretty as the flower itself.
An Indian chief of the Seminole tribe, taken prisoner of w-ar by his
enemies, the Cherokees, and doomed to torture, fell so seriously ill
that it became necessary to wait for his restoration to health before
committing him to the fire ; and as he lay prostrated by disease iu the
cabin of the Cherokee warrior, the daughter of the latter, a young
dark-faced maid, was his nurse. She fell in love with the young
chieftain and, wishing him to save his life, urged him to escape ; but
he would not do so unless she would flee with him. She consented.
Yet before she had gone far, impelled by soft regret at leaving her
home, she asked leave of her lover to return for the purpose of bear-
ing away some memento of it. So, retracing her footsteps, she broke
a sprig of the white rose which was climbing up the poles of her
father's tent, and preserving it during her flight through the wi'der-
ness, planted it by the door of her new home among the Semiuoles.
And from that day this beautiful flower has always been known,
between the capes of Florida, and throughout the Southern States,
by the name of the Cherokee Rose.

It is of rapid growth, and soon forms a hedge as dense as it is
beautiful. It runs along the roadsides, likewise, converting roads
and fences into thick banks of leaves and flowers. It climbs to the
tops of high trees, hanging its festoons among the branches, or letting
them droop gracefully to the ground. In fact, this showy wild-flower,
with its five white petals and centre of gold, imbedded as it is in so
many brightly shining leaves of green, gives almost a bridal aspect
to the spring landscape, and well-nigh makes all the citizens' cottages
look like homes of the poets. Napoleon, when at St. Helena, formed
himself a garden ; it was square, and of about an acre in extent.
" Here," writes one who saw him in this inclosure, " in a flowered dress-
ing-gown, gx'een slippers, and his head bound round with a crimson
silk-handkerchief, may be found the once mighty emperor, wielding a
watering-pot, and working in the soil." It was a very kitchen garden,
in the most homely sense of the word ; and the genius that produced
such transcendent effects upon the plains of Austerlitz and Marengo,
seems to have served him but little in his encounters with earth and
stone.

Better would it be if every cottage in the land had its garden plot,
and its " square" of good vegetables and good fruit. It is the same

1897.] ESSAYS. 41

with good gardening as with a good sermon, it will bring out a thous-
and good things from the same old text.

Third. Possibilities for certain Avomen. What a few have done,
and more could do. If I had not been entirely successful for the
past twelve years, in both the floral and vegetable departments of
horticulture, I could not have accepted this invitation to speak on
this broad subject, which has been occupying the minds of many
thoughtful men and women, all over the land, during the past few
years. This is somewhat due to the recent depression of business in
mercantile and professional life, which has caused much uneasiness
and dissatisfaction, and turned many minds toward the subject of
tilling the soil.

You may wonder why I, a woman, should be engaged in this occu-
pation. For my own part I was forced into the business by circum-
stances ; but I have never regretted for a -raoment having entered it.

A time came twelve years ago when it was a matter of selling my
pleasant home, or leaving the school I was teaching and taking care
of it myself. I could not bear the idea of seeing the place go into
other hands; and so in spite of discouragement of friends, I deter-
mined to try and manage it.

My farm of sixty-eight acres is located in Holliston, Mass., on the
Boston «&; Albany Railroad, half way between Boston and Worcester,
well situated for market gardening.

The land slopes gently to the southeast and northwest, so that I
can get two crops of early vegetables on the southeast slope, and
peach orchards, and later crops on the northwest. On first assuming
direction, I decided to go carefully the first year. The spring proved
late, the summer dry, a full crop of peaches, and a late fall, all of
which was in my favor, considering my soil and location. We soon
found that we did not raise vegetables enough to half supply our
demand, and the following year we raised more than ever, and have
steadily increased the size of the various crops ever since. At this
time my carnation house is receiving my attention, the forcing house
is well under way, and will supply some eight thousand feet of hot-
bed sash with tomatoes, cabbage, lettuce, peppers, radishes and pan-
sies. I am much in favor of the cultivation of peaches. I believe
there is money in them. Large peach orchards can be seen on the
northwest slope of my farm, and among the younger trees small fruits
can be seen growing. I believe the first crop pays one for the outlay,
cost of trees, and labor in setting, and the second crop and all after
is clear gain. The kinds I have been most successful in growing

42 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

(and I have tried nearly all), are the Mt. Rose, Stump the World,
early and late Crawford, Oldmixou and Crosby. Many kinds have
been "called" but "few chosen," for this soil and climate. The
peach is one of our finest fruits, when well cared for ; but of late it
is uncertain, and does not seem so hardy. It is a native of Asia and
China, where the climate is much less severe than ours. The favorite
soil is a light sandy loam. To insure a peach crop in New England
every year, some method must be devised to protect the fruit- buds
from winter-killing. Generally they are destroyed if the temperature
falls lower than 15 degrees below zero and remains a considerable
time at that point. In the fall of 1885 many of the buds were
destroyed when the temperature had not fallen below 18 degrees
above zero. In 1886 many buds were destroyed before Dec. 1. A
disease known as the Yellows is a serious hindrance to peach culture.
I believe there is no permanent cure for it, at least the cure is not
worth the pay ; the best doctor is the axe. I believe it is contagious,
spreading to other trees. The first indication of the Yellows we
notice is, that the fruit is small, and ripens prematurely, and instead
of the color being shaded very evenly, we find it in spots, too high
colored. The leaves turn yellow very early in the season. Another
pest is the borer. Hale Brothers' famous remedy for the peach
borer is thus prepared: In 100 gallons of water dissolve 25
pounds of common potash, add 1 gallon of crude carbolic acid,
and lime enough to mix to the consistency of thick whitewash. To
be applied in April and May. I know that the peach culture is not
all smooth sailing ; but the reason why I am interested in the subject,
is because I raise the fruit, and sell it at a profit. You will excuse
me if under this head, " Possibilities for Certain Women, What a
few have done and more could do," I am somewhat personal.

We hear and read a great deal about over-production, and under-
consumption. There is no such thing today as over-production in
Massachusetts. A first-class No. 1 article always sells. I thought a
few years ago when I first launched out in the market gardening busi-
ness, that tiiere might be such a thing; but I doubled my business,
and did all the better. There Avas a time when we thought we could
not raise lettuce for less than a dollar per dozen ; now I should be
very glad to get fifty cents. There was a time when we could not
grow it (or thought we could not) in hot-houses, but were obliged
to grow it in hot-beds outside.

This has all been done away with.

One swallow does not make a summer, nor one collapse in apple or

1897.] ESSAYS. 43

grape prices render profitless our orchards and vineyards. I do not
think the extreme low price of either Apples or Grapes can be wholly
chargeable either to over-production or poor quality. The truth is,
we shall have low prices till we have more money.

Study your business, understand the laud that you cultivate, get all
the information you can in relation to the business tliat you arc carry-
ing on, and make a specialty of some few articles, because any one of
the articles that you might produce will give you a living.

I am carrying on at this present time five distinct branches, and
any one of them will give me a good living at any time. We of today
have a better chance than they did ten or twenty years ago, even in
farming. We have opportunities today for acquiring knowledge at
the Agricultural Colleges and Experimental Stations ; we have the
land which is at our disposal ; we have the markets, which you all
know are the best in the world. There is no such market in this
country, or in any other country, as the Boston market ; and there are
no such vegetables or produce of any kind in such good shape as shown
in the Boston markets. When I am in a large city 1 make it a practice,
some pleasant mornings, to go down to the markets and learu what i
can about the handling and sale of farm produce.

I was in New York in the midst of the Asparagus season. There
was a great quantity of it coming into market; most of it came in
boxes of white pine, but they were old, they had come and gone, back
and forth, time and time again. It was very nice, fine Asparagus, tied
up in the usual way, but it sold at that time for six cents a pound.
There was another lot came in on the same boat, in wliite, clean boxes
made of very thin wood, cheaper boxes than the others, and the As-
paragus was of the same quality, to all appearances, but it was tied
up with nice, pink tape, which does not cost five cents a mile. It
looked very attractive, and it sold for ten cents a pound.

I have seen Kalamazoo Celery sold in the market (and they grow
very nice Celery out there), tied up with blue tape, a third of an inch
wide, tied at the bottom and also about half-way up to the top. This
blue tape on the white Celery made the bunches look very attractive,
and everybody wanted it. It sold for a good deal less money than
my friend Mr. W. W. Rawson gets for his Celery, but when
Kalamazoo Celery was selling for 18, 20 and 25 cents per dozen,
done up in the ordinary style, this gentleman's Celery, tied with
blue tape, was bringing 35 cents a dozen, an increase of 40 per cent.
I think it is a good plan occasionally to visit the markets, study
prices, compare varieties, and learn how to better your crops and

44 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

pack for market ; you are really working as hard as if you were in
the field.

Not long since, an electric car on the West End road in Boston
came to a sudden stop. The motorman looked at the conductor, and
the conductor looked back at the motorman ; they looked up at the
trolley wire and found that all right; they took up the trap and found
the fuse right ; very soon an operator came along and found the trouble.
"Why, Billy," said he, "there is a dead rail, and all the dynamos on
the West End road would not start this car, nor any car we own."
Now we have all got to get over that dead rail, wake up, do something,
and do it well.

There is a great deal said and written about Abandoned Farms ;
the farms are not to blame, it is the people who run them. I have
travelled through the Eastern and Middle States thoroughly, and have
yet to find the land that would not produce something. I believe that
all land can and should be made productive, and have no faith in the
necessity of Abandoned Farms, when there is a willingness to work.
Where my gardens are today once was rocky land covered with
huckleberry bushes. Now a mowing machine can run over any part
of it, and bicycles through the driveways ; and the result has been ac-
complished by nothing more than energy and perseverance. It is
perseverance that has rewarded every woman in this Commonwealth
with what measure of success she has attained. It was perseverance
that carried the hero of Appomattox to victory. It is perseverance
that carries ten per cent, of those who are successful in business life
in triumph over the ninety per cent, who go down. Many and many
a person has failed on the very threshold of success for the lack of it.

I am not here today to speak for organization ; but I should be false
to every consideration, false to my obligations, if I failed to call atten-
tion to the grand work which the Patrons of Husbandry are doing in
this State and every one of the United States, and to the assistance it
has been to farmers in helping solve this great problem. Wherever
the grange has established its home and lifted its halls, as it has all
over the State, it has not only offered the opportunity, but, by the
faithful labors of the Patrons, it is securing substantial results. You
have your Horticultural Societies, your Market Gardeners' Association,
Farmers' Clubs and other organizations ; but I tell you, farmers of
Worcester, that to-day more can be gained in the search for success in
Horticulture or Agriculture through the door of the earnest, working
Grange, backed as it is by the boards of Agriculture, than by any other
organization in existence.

1897.] ESSAYS. 45

What wonderful progress has been made in these' latter years in
Agriculture, in Horticulture, iu Floriculture, in Literature, in Science,
in Art, especially in Medical Science (which goes to prolong human
life) ! What comforts and luxuries are enjoyed today by the hum-
blest people, that were uulvuown to the wealthy a few decades ago !
Ui)on a recent visit to Washington, in going from my hotel to the
capitol, I passed by the statue of Benjamin P'ranklin, on Pennsylvania
Avenue. I looked up in the face of what seemed to be a kindly,
benevolent old man, and said to myself : Could the stone heart beat,
could the marble lips move, could the tongue speak, what would he say
to his countrymen now? What would he say to this capital city of
the nation ? What would he say to the electric light, the telephone ?
What would he say to the electric cars, the phonograph, the Atlantic
cable, the flying colonial express which runs from Washington to Bos-
ton in twelve hours? (It took two weeks for the news of the Decla-
ration of Independence to reach Boston from Philadelphia by the
swiftest transportation then known.) What would he say to the army
of employes in the United States Post-Offlce Department? (He was
George Washington's Postmaster-General and a member of his Cabi-
net, and he kept all the accounts of the Department himself, and did
not have a clerk.) What would he say if he could see plants growing
by electricity iu the night? What would he say to the improvement
in printing, which was his profession ; to the sun pictures or photo-
graphs, now [)rinted by the million iu the cheapest papers? Think of
the cheapness of literature, of the public libraries, and the educational
facilities that are within reach of the poorest and humblest of our
people. But these privileges bring with them added responsibilities
for the way in which we use these blessings.

If I can get a good living, and something more, iu sterile New Enor-
land, and the soil of my farm is no better than that of thousands of
others in Massachusetts, is it not an inducement and encouragement
for those who live in the more fertile soil from the Potomac to the Rio
Grande and from the Golden Gate to the Hudson, to engage iu this
same honorable occupation.

On the morning of a memorable battle Napoleon Bonaparte pointed
his gleaming sword toward the morning sun, and said to the officers
that stood about him, "Behold! Behold! the sun of victory!" May
the same sun of victory shine on all connected with the Worcester
County Horticultural Society, and upon all engaged in Horticulture
and Agriculture, and may they be characterized far and wide for their
harmony, contentment and prosperity !

nth March, A. D. 1897.

The follow ill;; essay was read before tlie Society in connection with llie M;issacliusetts Fruit
Growers Association, at their Auunal >reelinn:

ESSAY

BY

A. G. SHARP, Richmond, Mass.

Theme: — Small Fruit Culture.

I WAS a little surprised to be called here by your President to give
yon a talk, or read a paper, on small fruit culture, as I doubt not
there are men here, who have had more experience than I in this line,
though not probably under the same conditions of soil, etc. I can
always learn something from any man wlio has been a cultivator of
any small fruit. My soil is a heavy clay loam that heaves badly with
the frost, fall and spring, so much so tliat I have seen clover roots of
more than a foot in length thrown entirely out of the ground.
Therefore I have to pursue a different system from one on a santly
soil. I am not going to give you any theories, but what I have
learned or observed in actual practice during my seventeen years'
work among the berries. If we were all growing fruits under the
same condition of soil and markets, less would be gained in attending
these meetings. It is of our varied experience that it becomes so
profitable to meet and compare notes, in fact this is now a necessity;
and the question is n(;t can we afford to attend them, but can we
afford to miss them? The days of guess-work have gone by for the
successful farmer or fruit grower. The best dairymen have their
scientific tests, by which they weed out their unprofitable cows, study
the food analyses and learn which are the most economical and most
profitable feeds to use for both milk and butter, also mamivial value
of different grains used, hold their winter meetings and discuss
their problems, striving to get nearer the consumer or lessen the ex-
pense along the line and at the other end, knowing that one cent, per

1897.] ESSAYS. 47

quart saved sometimes means the difference between a profit and a
loss in the business. Prices of the small fruits have been on the
decline for years, many thousand quarts have been sold the past
year for less than the cost of picking and marketing ; and there is no
certain prospect of a return to much higher prices in the near future.
Fruits may not have fallen more than other farm produce, but nine-
tenths of the drop in prices falls on the grower ; for labor, picking,
express or freight rates, etc., have not fallen in proportion,
and the commission merchant still lives under the old dispensation,
taking his one-tenth per cent, as rightful share. Therefore it be-
hooves us to make a desperate effort to reduce cost of production and
marketing. Anyone who now begins the culture of small fruits with-
out a careful study of these problems will be pretty sure to graduate
in the primary department, and two or three courses will convince him
that something beside muscle and fertilizer is required for success. I
cannot tell you just how to clear $1,000 per acre on strawberries, or any
other big stories ; it is not necessary, for there are plenty now in print.
When I began I saw several that I remembered, for small stories or
failures reach the printers. But I do not condemn all the catalogues,
as some contain a good deal of good instruction ; if they do strongly
recommend potash, it is not all lye they contain. Fruit growers are
the most unselfish men you can find as a rule, the most willing to give
instruction and the least afraid of honest competition. Perhaps the
best I can do is to state how I raised my last crop of strawberries.
Three years ago I purchased three acres of land ; having been ten
years in grass it was well run out, except spots that had well run into
quack grass ; it had received the manure from one cow, applied in lit-
tle garden spots each year till quack grass got so thick another piece
was used, etc. I bought ten cords of manure delivered on the lot
(for $40.00) ; this was evenly spread over three acres and the piece
planted to corn, potatoes and roots, mostly potatoes, where strawber-
ries were to be, using potato fertilizer in the drills. One-fourth acre
was so matted with quack roots that I did not plant it, but cultivated
once a week till August first and sowed to flat turnips. I dug three
hundred bushels of potatoes from one-fourth acre ; the crop no doubt
doubled by the quack grass, as I had to cultivate and hoe them twice
before the potatoes showed above groirnd, and cultivate once a week
until they were a foot high. I dug them the middle of August and
sowed the piece to bailey, and gave the quack grass a little more pun-
ishment after death, and kept the soil covered during the winter, and
the barley roots decaying kept it in good mechanical condition to

48 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

receive the strawberi'}' plants in the spring. I never allowed ground
to lay bare during the winter, but shall use rj'e instead of barley in the
future, sow thick, and plough under at eighteen inches grow^th (as I
have since found it better, to hold the moisture). I ploughed the
early ground, as it would crumble nicely ; harrowed it fine, and sat one
and eleven-sixteenths acres, May 10 to 17, using mj' own plants,
grown near by. Placing boxes on a stoue-boat 1 dug the plants in
clumps, leaving the dirt on, drew the piece and set them withont using
any water. Ninety-nine plants out of every hundred grew and
scarcely a plant wilted the second daj'. The rows were three and
one-half feet, plants about fifteen inches apart, a hundred and five
rows of twelve rods length, nine varieties, but principally Lovitt,
Bubach and Parker Earle.

oO Lovitt. 10 Greenville. 4 Timbrell.

21 Bubach. 8 Haviland 3 P^ureka.

20 Parker Earle. 5 Mammoth IJoauty.

Not any farm manure used, set by line and raked in twenty-five pounds
Stockbridge fruit manure ou each row as set. May 22 and 25, raked
the entire piece with common garden rake and again ten days later;
then cultivated with horse every ten days after until September, nar-
rowing cultivator, growing wide matted rows. June 8, sowed 800 lbs.
cotton-seed meal on the rows; June 26. sowed 2,000 lbs. fine bone on
the rows; November 1, sowed 100 bushels ashes on the rows. Ashes
were 20 to 25 per cent, lime mixed in, and mauy soft-wood ashes on
the rows. Nov. 5, spread six to seven tons bog hay evenly over the
entire surface ; and during winter spread a few loads coarse manure ou
the rows, enough to hold the hay down during March winds. April
22, uncovered the rows, leaving hay in paths; May 2. sowed 100
l)ushels ashes (20 per cent, lime) on the rows. Picked first crate
fruit June 19, and last quart July 30; yield 320 bushels. I sprayed
the plants soon as leaves started to grow and again as soon as the first
blossoms opened, using eight pounds sulphate copper, eight pounds
of lime, and a quarter pound of Paris green to fifty gallons of water.
Mulch when ground freezes enough to bear a load of hay and thick
enough to hide every leaf. Later put ou heavier. No amount of
mulcii will smother or weaken the plants, if taken as soon as frost
conies out. Use hay or coarse manure, put on any time during the
winter. I am not afraid of too mucli foliage, if there is enough
potash and phosphoric acid in the soil to balance, or back up the
fruit started with uitrogen. I never had a good crop of potatoes
without a good show of tops. And in the winter is the only time it

1897.] ESSAYS. 49

pays to buy stable manure, if at all. I would not take any as a gift
if I had to draw it three miles after spring opens, or pay over two or
three dollars per cord for the best in winter ; and there is as much
difference as there is in fruit in value. If a bed is to be kept over
I mow tops and rake them into the paths, then using six-tine forks,
turn the mulching tops, etc., bottom up, narrowing the rows to a foot
wide, clear out the weeds in rows, sow on some first-class commercial
fertilizer and cultivate paths fine. Many new plants will fill in or
widen the rows and some varieties give just as good crop the second
year. For red raspberries, plow deep and fine, and fertilize as for
good crop of corn or potatoes. I prefer to set the plants the last of
October, in hills, at least five by five feet, and strong growers five by
six feet, two plants in each hill, and put an extra large shovelful
manure on the top after treading soil firmly about plants, and best to
use scoop shovel. Corn and potatoes may be grown one way between
the rows the first year, or a row of root or cabbage. If no winter
protection is to be given to them, put back new growth when two feet
high, to grow stocky canes, leave four to five in a hill ; but if to be
laid down, let them grow high and slender and allow eight to ten to
remain in a hill. Lay them down soon after Nov. 1st and cover with
earth from being broken by snowdrifts and drying winds, and the
canes will come out in the spring, fresh and plump, not fated and
shrivelled, as when exposed to the winds and changes of temperature.
Using the soil between the rows for covering, forms a trench to carry
surplus water away from the hills, also leaves ground in shape to be
worked much earlier in spring. Cultivate ground early as possible,
making surface mellow and fine, to check evaporation and preserve
the moisture stored in the soil. A good dust blanket is pretty good
irrigation. Cultivate as often as necessary to keep dust on the sur-
face, cut stakes six feet long and tie canes evenly about them, not all
on one side. If chestnut stakes are used, by resharpening, they will
last as long as raspberries are profitable. Take up canes as early as
frost will permit, and cut them back to about five feet high. A dress-
ing of fine ground bone and wood ashes or muriate of potash, once
in two years is sufficient. Just how much to use the growth of plant
and color of foliage will best tell you ; this will give you the best
quality of fruit in firmness, color, size, and flavor. If more nitrogen
is needed, apply 200 to 300 pounds nitrate soda per acre when
foliage is perfectly dry, and be careful not to hit leaves. If you
can get cheap mulching, spread enough between the rows to shade
ground. About|'middle of June, yofl may save enough clean fruit

50 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

from lower branches to pay for the mulch ; it is broken up by pickers
tramping, and worked into soil in fall when covering the canes,
supplying vegetable matter to take place of farm manure, if any
is needed in the soil. When a piece has nearly run out, apply good
dressing of best fertilizer you can buy, early in spring as possible,
and treat all new growth as weeds that season. In this way I have
grown a good farewell crop. The Black Raspberries will not winter
with me without protection, so I have given them up. I tried Doo-
little, Gregg, Ada, Carman, Ohio, Earhart, etc. Have had of Red
Turner, Shaffer, Marlboro, Hamsell, and others, but found none equal
to Cuthbert, both red and yellow ; berries are large, fine, and good
flavor. I have picked them Saturday morning, kept them over to
Monday and shipped them 160 miles, and they arrived in condition
to sell for sixteen cents per quart, wholesale, past season. But this
could not be done, raised in hedge-rows and on farm manure, or
with irrigation. Yellow or white fruit can be sold in small quantities
only, and requires great care in picking and handling — about one to
five or six of the reds. There is no fruit that will pay better for
neat and honest packing than strawberries and raspberries, and it is
for our interest that every grower ship his fruit to market in best
possible shape. When market is full of soft dirty fruit, the very
best sells slow, at low prices. The business man is asked why he did
not send home some berries for tea ; he replies : " Berries were poor
and soft to-day." " But were there no nice ones?" and he replies:
"Well, yes ; but I saw so much trash it took away my appetite for the
best," etc. Fruit should run uniform, through the basket, and through
the season. A gentleman from a neighboring city while purchasing
some strawberries from a dealer in Pittsfield, said to the dealer, those
are fine berries, I can occasionally get as nice at home, but am not
always sure of them ; the dealer replied that he had not received a
crate of soft or dirty fruit from that grower for ten years, and he
could guarantee just such the season through ; thereupon the gentle-
man ordered six boxes sent him by express three times a week for a
whole season (eighteen quart-boxes a week) . Passing through Bos-
ton markets I noticed some neatly put up fruit, at one of the best
stands in New Faneuil Hall market ; I said to the dealer : "There must
be money in that fruit for you ; " he smiled, and replied : " Well it is
fine fruit and nicely put up. I always give it the preference, for I
can depend on it ; if grower telegraphs a shipment made, I sometimes
sell it all before it reaches me. There is not so very much money in
it for me, but I like to see it in front of my store. I consider it an

1897.] ESSAYS. 51

honor to any man in Boston to handle those goods." Another grower,
seven miles out of Boston, having to drive four miles over the pave-
ments, a Mr. Worth of Melrose, fitted a spring bed in bottom of his
wagon, delivered his strawberries to another dealer, fresh daily,
boxes full, and received eighteen cents per quart for his entire crop,
a few thousand quarts. Many berries leaving field in good condition
are nearly ruined in transportation, by being thrown into car door at
an angle of forty-five degrees, and get a drop of a foot or less, every
time the crate is moved. Always cool fruit well before shipping,
keep soft berries at home to sell nearby, or make them into jam, or
syrups for the soda fountains, or fruit vinegars.

Blackberries will thrive on light soil, and with much less fertilizer
than the raspberries require. And yet to do their best they require
just as good cultivation, and more moisture to carry out the crop.
Some seasons they have been the most profitable for me of any small
fruit ; while at other times they have come into competition with
southern peaches and the wild berries from the mountains, cutting
the price. We cannot compete with New Jersey to get good prices
early ; but many Jersey growers lost money the past season. One of
them told me that he sold from a half acre just 1200 quarts nice
Wilson, receiving from dealer after freight and commission was paid
S18.60, which was only sixty cents more than the cost of picking them.
Some growers there, having forty and fifty acres each, several car-
loads are shipped dail}'^ from some railroad stations ; same grower
received only five cents a quart for raspberries. He gave up the
business, and has hired as foreman for a corn grower. I set them in
the fall, or soon as frost is out in the spring, and give them same
room as strong-growing raspberries, at least six by five feet and cul-
tivate both ways, tie canes to stakes in fall, after cutting out the old
wood that bore fruit. I do all work possible in fall, when there is
more time to do it. Allow five or six canes in the hill ; when tied
close about a stake the fruit is all on outside of the hills, and no
reaching in among the thorns for it, nor scratching your hide off when
cultivating. I have tested Kittatinny, Snyder, Erie, Stone's Hardy,
Wachusett, Agawam, etc., and have torn out all but the Agawam.
It is as hardy as any, good size, jet black and excellent fiavor, pro-
ductive, and a good shipper ; and with me has sold for three cents
per quart more than any other variety I have found. And while
customers would tire of other varieties in a couple of weeks, they
call for Agawam as long as I can supply them. I have tried mulch-
ing, and think it pays to practice it, though thorough surface cultiva-

52 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

tion, if begun early as possible, is usually suflicient to carry the crop
through on my soil. Thus we save much of the moisture stored
during the winter, which is needed to work on the fertilizers used,
and make the soup for the plants to take up iu their growth ; working
the soil creates it, and raises the temperature ; this also aids decora-
position or hastens it, making plant and food available. Nearby or
home markets are usually best, as our Saturday fruit, and that some-
times picked too damp to carry well, can be disposed of to better
advantage; this helps the average, and we are able to do better than
those on cheap lands with the cheap Italian labor in Jersey and Dela-
ware. We are told there are 1000 known fruit insects ; some of these
attack the blackberry, also come rust, leaf-blight, and nutgall on the
roots, etc. Agawam is not as subject to cane rust as Snyder and
some others. JMay 1st I sprayed the canes with Bordeaux, made same
as for strawberries, and again as they began to blossom. I think it
was a benefit, as I saw no cane rust this season, and the foliage was
much better than years previous. We must have good foliage on
blackberries to obtain juicy and good flavored fruit of largest size.

There is a growing demand for gooseberries, but the fruit is mostly
sold green. It grows very slowly. I treat them same as currants
and get about same price per quart, wholesale. I prefer Red Jacket
to any variety I have tried, as it is large showy fruit and productive,
a more stocky grower than Smith's Improved, or Downing, here, and
does not mildew.

Some of us can look back over the years and see the row of old
currant bushes, as they grew beside the garden wall, and remember
the well-browned turnovers, or larger pies, made by our grandmothers
from their half-grown fruit, sometimes mixing them with the home
dried apples that had been strung and dried around the kitchen the
previous winter. Also how, later in the season, as we came from the
hayfield with scythe on our shoulder, dry and hot, we would reach
over the wall or through the fence and rake off some of the well-ripened
fruit to quench our thirst and sharpen the appetite for dinner.

Those bushes always bore a good crop of small rich fruit of good
flavor. They received no trimming, and scarcely any fertilizer or
cultivation, except that given them by the chickens that gathered
under their shade to scratch and wallow during the heat of the day.

This was before the chipper of the currant worm was so destructive.
Few currants were then sold in the smaller cities and towns compared
to the present. An old fruit-grower laughed at me for setting one-half
acre fifteen years ago, and said I would be sour enough trying to sell

1897.] ESSAYS. 53

so many. But I think their use will continue to increase as people
learn more ways of putting them up and mixing them with other
fruits, sometimes using them in place of cranberries when price is
lower. A quart of currants makes a fine sauce, and not expensive at
recent prices ; and the best is made without heating, quite a considera-
tion in hot weather ; heating acid fruits changes greatly the flavor, as
seen in the strawberry.

I have a sample to show, for testing it ; if you are not afraid of
germs, just try it.

Currants thrive best in a heavy, deep, moist soil ; and in bearing
will stand it and pay for it to be well fertilized. But it will not do to
give deep cultivation ; disturbing the roots in spring causes many of
the berries to drop from the stems, thus early shedding perhaps one-
half the fruit.

Early in spring as possible plough directly in centre between the
rows, throwing dirt each side toward the plants ; then with hoes or
very shallow cultivating, work it back to centre gradually, so as to
give as level cultivation as possible.

Either purchase or grow strong two-year plants, and set them late in
October ; tread earth solid about the roots, and throw a large shovelful
of manure on the top — use the scoop-shovel. This could be done after
ground is frozen or during winter ; it prevents heaving, and early
spring rains wash enough into the soil to give them a good start and
keep ground cool and moist. Cut back one-third to one-half each
year's growth from the start, and cut out most of the sucker growth
around the roots ; in this way trimming is simple, you keep your bush
compact and it grows stocky, with plenty of foliage to protect the fruit
from late spring frosts and sun-scald, thus giving you a longer season
to market the fruit in good order, bright and plump.

Currants grown this way will make good jell later in August, and
we have picked them for table use in October "from Victoria. Set
them not less than 5-5 ft. Strong growers require nearer 6-6 if to be
cultivated both ways, where the soil is suited to them, should have a
good dressing of bone and potash in some form once in two years at
least. The largest fruit always sells best, and can be picked at one-
half the price of the small varieties. If possible, mulch the entire
surface of the ground when berries are half grown, or before fruit
weighs the bushes down into the dirt ; this keeps fruit clean and
increases size.

Spray with hellebore when first worms are found. Hellebore kills
by contact as well as by eating it ; use a large spoonful to three gallons

54 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

of water or, what is better, mix dry with four times the weight of some
cheap tlour, and thoroughly dust the bushes with it when they are
damp with dew, or a recent shower; when put on this way it forms a
paste that will last through the season and is safer to use than paris
green. The currant-twig girdler appears about June 1st, depositing
its eggs about an inch below where girdled; after hatching they work
down the stem a few inches and come out. Remedy is to clip the stems
two or three inches below where girdled. I tried this a year ago last
June, and last season could find scarcely any affected on that piece.
This insect is distinct from the stalk-borer, so says W. E. Britton,
which works entire leugth of currant ; the only thing to do is to cut
out all the affected stalks and burn them at once. Fay's Prolific is
most profitable for me, is large and productive, but Victoria is best
for my family use. We have considered the requirements of some of
the plants, soil, etc. Now, what is required in the grower? The first
qualification is a love for the work ; he must be one who takes pleasure
in watching plant life, must have good patience and a great amount of
perseverance and "stick." He must not only be able to give the
best, but know how to sell it, when grown ; he must be able to get the
most out of hired help and have tact to get along Avith his dealers,
not showing a disposition to waut the big spoon every time, as there
should always be a friendly feeling between grower and dealer, or
perfect confidence ; he must be honest and industrious the year
around. Now, he who has these qualifications will succeed in most
any business, and make money easier and faster than in raising small
fruits, if that is his only object. But to one who enjoys the business
and is well located, not having too large a farm, who is near markets
or near a good shipping-point, there is much pleasure, and some
seasons good profits. One can feel more independent and get more
enjoyment out of life than when working for a salary or shut up in-
city away from nature and country life. Plenty of fruit and fresh air
are worth something. Dollars and cents are not all there is in life
that we should bend all our euero;ics in that direction.

1897.] ANNUAL REUNION. 55

ANNUAL REUNION AND SOCIAL GATHERING.

MARCH 10, 1897.

The members and invited guests held an informal reception in the
library and ladies' parlor from six until seven P. M. The company
then marched to the banquet hall, Bicknell's orchestra playing a march.
After prayer by Rev. M. H. Harris, an excellent menu was served by
Curtis S. Yeaw.

At the head table were Col. H. W. Wilson, of Boston, member of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Hon. Aaron Lowe, of Hingham,
E. W. Wood, of Newtou, Member State Board of Agriculture, Edwin
Hoyt, of New Canaan, Conn., Vice-President Conn. Pomological
Society, Hon. C. W. Smith of Providence, R. I., Secretary R. I.
Horticultural Society, Mayor and Mrs. A. B. R. Sprague, Hon.
Stephen Salisbury, Hon. Henry A. Marsh, Mr. and Mrs. W. H.
Sawyer, Mr. and Mrs. E. I. Comins, Rev. M. H. Harris, Lieut.
Samuel Hathaway and H. H. Chamberlin, original members of 1842,
Mr. and Mrs. James Draper, President O. B. Hadwen and Hon.
Henry L. Parker, Toast-master. After spending an hour enjoying
the good things. President Hadwen called the company to order.

ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT HADWEN.

Members of the Wb^'cester County Horticultural Society ; Ladies and
Gentlemen : —
Again we extend to you, in behalf of the Horticultural Society, a
most cordial welcome to this the 55th anniversary, as we come together
in social intercourse. We may congratulate ourselves on the harmony
of the previous years. I wish to extend our friendship to the mem-
bers of the auxiliary Society, which we most heartily welcome. Our
honored Secretary, who was with us one year ago at this time, and
who sat at my left, who so faithfully served us for so many years, has
gone to his reward. " Well done, good and faithful servant." We
may feel to congratulate each other on our progress, compared with
other Horticultural Societies in the country. The opportunity of see-
ing at our weekly and monthly exhibitions of fruit and vegetables,
the increase in horticultural products has been made interesting. Our
exhibitions teach our contributors to make careful selection of fruit,
both in color, form and size. It has taught the proper cultivation of

56 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

soil, aud how to ensure the best results. Flowers and trees are
planted in the parks and private courts, each contributing its share to
the art of Horticulture. Each season we renew these flowers, and
this is a special part of the work of the Association. I well remem-
ber when only a few gardens ornamentt'd the lands and an exhibition
was unknown. Horticulture has always had its charms for both the
rich aud the poor. Our forefathers of this Society have passed to
their reward ; we have a duty to perform that we may honor our pre-
decessors. The introduction of flowers and trees by this Society has
helped to beautify the landscape; Newton Hill before the Parks-Com-
mission system, for an illustration ; a few years ago it was a common
pasture, now it is crowned by trees and presents a beautiful landscape.
But to turn to the feature of the evening. We are favored with the
presence of many distinguished guests.

The occasion will be made very interesting by the speeches which
are to follow, aud we are favored to-night with the presence of toast-
master Heury L. Parker, who will have charge of the business.

ADDKESS OF HENEY L. PARKER.

Ladies and Gentlemen : —

I hope that none of you will think it is of my own free will and
accord that I turn up every year as your toastmaster. I suppose that
some of you have heard the story of the gentleman who was riding
along with the farmer behind the old gray mare, which he called
" Mary." The gentleman's curiosity was aroused. " What makes
you call your horse ' Mary '? " " Named her after my mother-in-law,
because she interferes." I said when your President asked me to
take this position that I thought he had better pass it along ; but he
was inflexible, so I bow to his authority. We have gathered here
to-night in response to our leader in this our own hall, paid for pretty
much, for it is oue of the richest societies. We have here representa-
tives from Rhode Island, Connecticut, and the Massachusetts Society.
The Mayor is here not simply to perform his duly, but because he
likes to come. He wants a little recreation ; he wants a little let-up
from the course of municipal state ; and I presume that he is now deal-
ing with three-cent fares, big fires, etc. He has come here for a little
recreation, but I am going to ask him to make a few remarks. It gives
me great pleasure to introduce Mayor A. B. R. Sprague as the first
speaker of the evening.

Mayor A. B. R. Spuague. Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentle-
men : — Your last intimation of the toastmaster was to be brief, and no ;

1897.] ANNUAL REUNION. 57

nudging in that particular will be necessary. I am very glad to meet
you, ladies and gentlemen ; I am very proud to be a member of this
Society. I am proud to be a member of the second wealthiest Horti-
cultural Society in the world ; think of it, you should be very proud
of your standing. Now this Society was incorporated and organized
when I came to Worcester to live as a boy. A few years ago I did
take a few dollars in premiums. For two years 1 have come here
without being able to pay for my banquet ticket ; but it is of no use,
the President, as the toastmaster says, is authority here and must be
obeyed without question. If I read right the first horticultural
society was formed in Eden. It bad but one member to begin with,
and he was president, secretary and treasurer. This one member was
Adam, and finally it was decided to admit ladies to membership.
There was some trouble about fruit, and I think it was mean in Adam
to say what he did concerning Eve. I was going to ask my friend
Dr. Harris to inform me on this question as it is a proper study. I
do not think that he had any right to say that to clear himself. I
think that it is a mighty mean thing in a man to remark about a
woman as he did, and he ought to be ashamed of himself. As
they went out to engage in horticulture, going down into the land of
Israel, Moses, whom they had engaged as their leader, selected twelve
stalwart men to select the land. But they went into the land of
Canaan and found there by the brook of Eschol some grapes, and I say
that this Society never produced such clusters of grapes as were raised
there by the side of that brook. This is a true story, Mr. President;
this is no Jonah story. I never have seen one on exhibition that
could compete with this. I don't know what would be said of that
bunch of grapes which the prophet Amos gathered at the sycamore
tree, so that in those olden times we may acknowledge that the grower
made more progress in raising grapes. We ought to be quite inter-,
ested in the development made by the fruit growers. As you drive
through the country and see beautiful flowers by the gate you will
know that there are lovely people living within. I beg your pardon
for taking so much of your time.

Mr. Parker. — The Pomological Society of Connecticut is also
represented here by Mr. Edwin Hoyt, of New Canaan, Conn.

Mr. Edwin Hoyt. Mr. President and Friends: — I have met with
two surprises, — one when I received the invitation from your hon-
ored President to attend the banquet, and the second when your
toastmaster called upon me to speak. While I am a horticulturist I
am not a speaker. I was not brought up that way, but at the same

58 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

time I cannot help but express my gratification for the surprises that
I have had in being-here this evening. I have always liked an organ-
ization which brought the ladies in. I never belonged to any society
which was composed of gentlemen alone and I never want to. When
I meet with ladies I always feel that I am in safe company. I am glad
to be in the company where there are so many ladies who are inter-
ested in horticulture. There are ladies I know who are in sympathy
with our work. I feel proud that I am a horticulturist. While I live
over the line in the land of Canaan I can come here from home ; and
while I never visited Worcester, I see many faces that we have done
business with for years ; and I am proud to say that much of the fruit
in this country first came from the New Canaan nursery. We have
sent trees all over this State and you are receiving the benefit of our
labor ; it certainly is a promising business, it stands to the front. If
we could go back fifty years and see what our grandfathers had and
compare it with our business now, we would see a great contrast
between the fruit of the present time and that of the olden time, also
a difference iu the way in which our grandfathers and grandmothers
lived. When I look back and see my mother, who is now living and
is 93 years old and a mother of ten children, and see the old spinning-
wheel, she used to make our frocks and knit our stockings and then
make comfortables, I don't see how a woman in those days could
stand it; it is wonderful to me how they did it. Two years ago they
started a creamery in New Canaan and in a short time Mrs. Hoyt said,
" Let the cream go," and was glad to get it out of the house, and we
won't get it back. You ladies here in the city don't realize what we
farmers have to do. It was my good fortune two years ago to visit
California. It was pleasant to see the plants growing in mid-winter,
to see the fuchsia, calla and heliotrope iu that country ; but I tell you
when I got home I was glad I lived iu old Connecticut. There is no
place like New England ; there is no place where you can find such
advanced cultivation as in old New P^ngland. I am glad that I was
reared in New England. There are but few years that the President
and myself have to work iu this Society; fifty-five years now this
Society has lived, and fifty-five years from this time we may see as
much improvement in the horticultural line as we have seen in the
fifty years of our life. The brother has spoken of the land of
Canaan. Yes; " the land of Canaan" is a beautiful spot, especially
new Canaan. I am better acquainted with new Canaan than I am
with old. It is the land which flows with milk and honey. When I
made up my circulars I put on them for my trade-mark a tree with

1897.] ANNUAL REUNION. 59

two men carrying a large bunch of grapes on their shoulders. I
stamped it upon my letter-heads. A party out in Illinois sent for a
circular of the "Green Mt. Grape." I got a letter back from him
and he said, " What a lie ! no one ever grew such a bunch of grapes
as that in the world." I am taking up too much of your time. I am
glad to be with you, and I hope I may have the opportunity to be with
you again.

Mk. Parker. — Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, I
believe, are the three oldest societies in this country ; the Rhode Island
Society is represented here to-night by its Secretary, Mr. C. VV.
Smith.

Mr. Smitu. Ladies and Gentlemen: — I wish simply to express my
acknowledgment of our Society to you. This, I think, is the fourth
time that I have had the pleasure of meeting with you ; each seems
to be a greater pleasure, and when the invitation came to me for to-
night I did not feel able to resist it. I had three other invitations for
banquets, but I chose this one, and for this reason I am with you
to-night, it must be because you gave so good a lunch. I remember
reading the humorous works of " Josiah Allen's Wife." One of the
quaint sayings which she made I was so pleased with that I put it on
paper (reads), "I will have good victuals as long as I am Josiah
Allen's wife." I regret the absence of the Secretary, who has gone
to his reward. It is especially a feeling of sorrow to me, although
not as well acquainted with him as some of you ; it leaves me second
oldest Secretary of the Horticultural Societies of New England. I
thank you, Mr. President, for your kind invitation to be with you
to-night.

Mr. Parker. — There are two or three representatives of the Massa-
chusetts Society here to-night. I am going to call on H. W. Wilson
as orator of the evening.

H. W. Wilson. Mr. President : — I think it is an unexpected honor.
I have been enjoying the good time, and I feel a little embarrassed, for
I don't hardly know where to begin. I might allude to one or two
topics ; take the grape, the grapes of Eschol and Syria are the largest
grapes raised. Some bunches weigh from five to six pounds. There was
a bunch raised in England which weighed nine and one-half pounds.
At Boston a bunch was exhibited which was raised in this State and
weighed eight pounds and twelve ounces. The Syrian grape is raised
today, and bunches raised under glass have been known to weigh
twenty pounds. I do not know but what I have lost the thread of

60 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

what I was goiug to say. But I do like to talk to people who are
interested iu the soil. You make a difference between Horticulture
and Agriculture ; where Agriculture leaves off Horticulture commences.
In Agriculture a man has to grunt for a living, in Horticulture he culti-
vates the soil for fuu. Four classes are interested in the cultivation of
the soil : First, the one who depends upon his acres for subsistence,
he feels that his success iu life depends upon the earth ; Second, the
gentleman of leisure and wealth ; Third, one who has the taste but
no time; Fourth, the one who does it simply to make a display, just
as some people are always buying books to keep up libraries in their
houses, and try to pose as literary people, even if they never read the
books. The first one of these four classes is the only one with whom
I like to deal ; and I find them men of truth, I find them men whom
you can depend upon, men who are cordial and who meet you with
sincerity. I have found these people my friends for the last twenty-
five years. I find that these are certain characteristics that only the
department of human labor can achieve. You go with me down ou the
Cape and you will fiud the little town of Mashpee, and you will find
there a people as bright as any in New P^ngland. I went there as a
disciple of Isaac Walton. These people are descendants of the
Indians and they take a great deal of pride in their ancestry. A son
of one of them came and took me to Falmouth ; he had a nice democrat
Avagon and nice black horse and good harness and robe. Mr. Presi-
dent, I should like to talk longer, but there are others whom we want
to hear from.

Mr. Parker. — The Fruit Growers Association is now holding its
annual session iu Worcester. That society, as you all know, was
organized a few years since iu our hall, and we might call it from our
society. Its first president was a member of our Society and also the
present president. He obtained his training as judge of fruit largely
in our weekly exhibitions, and I now introduce James Draper, Presi-
dent of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association.

Mr. Draper. Mr. President^ Ladies and Gentlemen: — Having
been chosen to preside over the Fruit Growers Association, an organi-
zation composed of practical growers and fruit farmers all over the
State, I will state that it is but an outgrowth of this good old Horti-
cultural Society, and I tuke great pride in having been associated in
years gone by with those who gave so much to build up this Society.
I recall with pleasure listening to Jaques, Earle and Colton, those
early pioneers, who had so much to do with the early horticultural life
of Worcester, and the lamented Secretary, Edward Winslow Lincoln,

1897.] ANNUAL REUNION. 61

for the past twenty-five years. Who could be associated with such a
noble character without gaining inspiration for one's life's work ! and I
realize what a great responsibility is coming upon the j'ounger men of
this Society. Let us take up our work fully realizing the responsi-
bility that is laid upon our shoulders; let us take it up earnestly,
ycung men and women, and see that it does not suffer at our hands.

Mr. Parker. — There is another gentleman here to-night represent- .
ing the Massachusetts Society to whom tiiis Association is indebted
for papers at our weekly meetings, for he is one of the most accom-
plished entomologists in the State. I take pleasure in presenting to
you Mr. E. W. Wood, of West Newton.

Mr. Wood. Mr. Toastmaster, Ladies and Gentlemen : — It was my
privilege to be present at your first banquet, five years ago. It
struck me as one of the most pleasant and memorable occasions I had
ever attended. I made the statement that the crowd you gathered
that year was for the novelty of the thing, but I am glad to see that
my predictions were not fulfilled and that your numbers seem to be
limited only by the capacity of the hall. As you lose your active
members from year to year, you will have no difficulty in replacing
them by the other members as they come along. The work of the
Massachusetts and Worcester Horticultural Societies has been sub-
stantially in the same line. We copied our mode of exhibiting fruit
from the Worcester Society. Our exhibitions were made in classes of
20, 15, 12, 6, 3. Our committee first saw this method of exhibiting
fruit in classes at Worcester, and then it was adopted by the Boston
Society at the next meeting. Concerning the new crops or orchards,
there is no place you can gain as much as in the exhibitions, there is
no place where such a good idea of success or failure can be gained ;
those of you who have not been in the habit of doing this your fruit
will shrink most terribly when you come to exhibit it. A gentleman
in Eoxbury told me one day, "I never was so disappointed in ray
life as I am to-day. I have been growing Scckel pears for an exhibi-
tion which I thought was next week. I have pears that are a third
larger than any that are exhibited here." "Well," said I, "if you have
pears like what you say you have go right home and get back as soon
as you can." He took the cars and went home as soon as he could,
and the committee was told what he had done. "I will be back at
12.30, so keep an eye out for me." He came with a little basket
under his arm, walked up to the table where the pears were, lifted
the cover of his basket, and how the perspiration started when he saw
that those pears were more than half as large again as his ! I said to

62 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

him, yon saw the fruit at home on tlie trees and those Seekels looked
as hirge as Bartletts. So you see this is the best thing that could
happen to a man except the highest success ; because had he not
brought his fruit there, he would have always thought his fruit supe-
rior. When he went in and saw them, if lie had been a true Yankee
he would have asked how they were grown. I have never seen a horti-
culturist yet who was not willing to tell how he did it. Gentlemen,
•you must use your tongue as well as your eyes at an exhibition.
If you watch when you are at an exhibition you will see men who
are going to set out pear trees take out their memorandum books aud
put down what pears have the best color, w^hich are the best for mar-
ket use, which for cafe and hotel.

Mr. Pauker. — Another member of the Massachusetts Society to
whom we are indebted. He informs me that he has been talking all
day at some institution. I will now introduce Hon. Aaron Lowe.

Hon. Aaron Lowe. Mr. President: — When I received your invi-
tation some three weeks ago I was not aware that it was such a
magnificent affair. 1 came here to-day, as I supposed, for the meetiug
of the Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association, and I certainly
received great help. Take a backward look for perhaps forty or fifty
years aud call to mind the great improvement in flower and fruit. In
looking back that time I see that the old Crab-apple is the only apple.
Certainly in following along you can see that two societies have done
a (Treat work, — your Society aud the Massachusetts. Frequeutly I have
come across the names Hartwell, Hadwen, Rice and Kinney in our
Boston exhibitions. I am glad to see so many ladies here to-night.
A gentleman asked me what he could do to increase the membership of
the Grange, simply get the young ladies to join and the young gentle-
men will come. I certainly have been very much pleased to listen to the
remarks made here to-night. We can look back and see that we have
made great advances. Our friend Mr. Wood said we should start in
raising fruit and vegetables. I had the honor of introducing certain
kinds of vegetables that are to-day known as Lowe's.

In the fruit collection on the tables of the Massachusetts Society
exhibitions there are every year new varieties coming forward. Mr.
Hoyt spoke about the grape. We can remember when we were boys
that there was no grape to be found except the old Isabella and the
wild grape. Mr. President, I thank you very cordially for your kind
invitation.

Mr. Parker.— I will now call upon a gentleman representing our

1897.] ANNUAL REUNION. 63

owu Society, aud by the time he has fiuished it will be time to pro-
nounce the benediction. I will now call upon Mr. E. I. Comius.

Mr. Comins. It was my privilege about a year ago to take a trip
to California, accompanied by ray wife. While stopping with friends
at Petaluma, Sonoma County, we chanced to hear of a Worcester
County boy, Luther Burbank, located in Santa Rosa, sixteen miles
from Petaluma. As he was born in Lancaster, Mass., where my wife
was born, and as we learned somewhat of his wonderful success with
fruits and flowers, we felt quite anxious to make his acquaintance and
see something of what he has accomplished. Learning from a San
Francisco paper, that he was a very busy man and much annoyed by
curious visitors, I took the precaution to write him a line stating
where we were from, that we proposed driving to Santa Rosa soon
and that, if agreeable, we would call aud give him a hearty New Eng-
land handshake. Return mail brought a most cordial invitation to
call at his home. We did so and no pleasanter hours were spent in
California. The papers on the Pacific Coast speak of him as the
" wizard of horticulture," the " Edison of plant life," etc., etc., and
the vrork he has done in propagating new varieties of fruits and
flowers is simply marvellous, and his wonderful success is another
demonstration of what New England pluck aud enterprise can
accomplish.

His early education consisted of what could be acquired on the farm
and what the schools of his native town could give. While still a boy
he came to Worcester and worked in the shops of the Ames Plow Co.
Owing to some trouble with his eyes, I think, he was obliged to seek
out-door employment, and having a decided taste for rural life he
went to the town of Lunenburg and engaged for a few years in market
gardening. While here he put upon the market the '"Burbank"
seedling potato, now known throughout the country. This was
before he was 21 years of age.

Later he went to California and engaged in the nursery business at
Santa Rosa. After a few years of success in this business he sold it
out and since then has devoted his attention exclusively to developiug
and putting upon the market new varieties of fruits and flowers, and
with such success that his name is extensively known both at home
and abroad. For this purpose he secured a tract of land some miles
from his home, with soil exactly adapted to his purpose, sloping to
the east for the morning sun, and near enough to the Pacific Ocean
to receive the benefit of its beneficent breezes. We very much
regretted we were not able, for want of time, to visit this garden,

64 WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [1897.

where he said he had ten tliousand ealla lilies then in bloom. But at
his home garden he showed us many plants of great interest. Among
them was a red poppy with its petals silver lined, and a ealla lily the
blossom of which was a beautiful yellow. Other eallas not then in
bloom were of different colors. These, I think, came from Africa
and the bulbs are valued at $100, and even more each. He continues
to have much interest in our society, spoke of the members wlio have
long been identified with it and inquired particularly about our
honored President.

Mk. Paukku. — The time for pronouncing the benediction has come
and I will call on one of the original charter members, Lieut. Samuel
Hathaway.

Lieut. Samuel Hathaway. — I stand here as a representative
of the original members of the Society, and somewhere in this
audience there is another gentleman, H. H. Chamberlin. In the hall
below, hanging near the chandelier, are the portraits of Gov, Levi
Lincoln and Daniel W. Lincoln, and soon there will hang another
whom we all know, our honored Secretary and the great Park-Com-
missioner of this city, Edward Winslow Lincoln. But he has gone to
join that throng of illustrious names. Men toil and strive and give
the strength of youth and manhood to make a name. His memory is
very great in the hearts of the community. There are hardly a half-
score of the original members of 1842, and soon they will turn their
toes up to the daisies.

Men die, but God's truths survive ;

FloAvers fade, and fruits decay;
But nature on them thrive

Fresh blossoming day by day.

Golden grain, fruits and flowers,

Of life's richest treasures are;
They bask in Eden's bowers,

They were all God planted there.

Oh let us then, plant and sow

Virtue's grains, beauty's flowers,
And may they to the harvest grow

In these grateful hearts of ours.

The formal exercises were brought to a close at half-past nine
o'clock. The festivity of music and dancing was continued by the
younger members of the Society and their friends until a much later
hour.

ROLL OF MEMBERS

WOIICESTER COUNTY

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

JULY 1, 1897

PRESS OF CHARLES HAMILTON,
311 MAIN STREET.

1897.

ROLL OF MEMBERS

WORCESTER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

By the term " Date," it is meant to comprise all the accessions of members
from the original foundation of the Society. Where no numerals appear in
that column, it is to be understood that the members, opposite whose names
there are no figures, were entered upon the Roll of the Society previous to
and coeval with the " List of Members," which was published in the
"Transactions of The Worcester County Horticultural Society for tlie years
1852 and 1853."

Those members whose names are marked with a star (*) are dead.

1855
1855
185(5
1859
1866
1866
1867
1867
1867
1870
1870
1871
1872

A.

Residence.

Barre.

Worcester.

Name.

Adams, R. W.
Aldrich, Paine*
Alien, W. E.*
Allen, Rev. George*
Allen, Hon. Charles*
Allen, Samuel*
Allen, James Frank*
Armsby, J. M. C*
Angier, Roswell P.* Toledo, 0.
Allen, Silas* Shrewsbury.

Allen, Lucius S.* Worcester.
Allen, Jonas W. Shrewsbury.
Allen, Asa H.* "

Allen, Rev. Joseph* Northboro.
Adams, Otiss* Grafton.

Armsby, Lewis* Northbridge.
Allen, Kev. T. P.* Sterling.
Allen, Alvau* Worcester.

Allen, Mrs. Mary Ann* "
Allen, Benj. D.
Aldrich, P. Emory* "

Adams, George A.* "

Allen, Mrs. Charles L.* "
Adams, John C. "

Armsby, Miss Ella A. "

Armsby, George F. "

Abbott, Ebenezer E.* "

Andrews, S. C* "

Allen, Miss Lizzie G. "

Ames, Edwin "

Date.
1876
1879
1880
1886
1891

1893
1894

1897

Date.

A.

Residence.

Worcester.

Name.
Adams, John*
Arnold, Samuel A. "

Abbott, Rogers A. "

Abbott, Justin A. "

Allen, William I.
Allen, Hugh J.
Alexander, Francis P. "
Andrews, George B., M. D.*

Fitcliburg.
Allen, Elizabeth J. Worcester.
Alherton, Mary E. "

Andrews, Albert Willard "
Allen, Joseph Albert Auburn.
Adams, Eraslus No. Grafton.

B.

Name.
Bancroft, Tim. W
Boland, Tobias*
Bickford, William M.*
Bigelow, Lewis*
Bradley, Osgood*

Residence.

Worcester.

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

B.

Residence,

Worcester.

D.*

Harvard.

Date, Name.

Bo-\ven, George-

Buruside, Saml. M.*

Bancroft, Charles P.

Bullock, Alexander II.*

Brown, Albert*

Barton, Hon. Ira M.*

Brown, William*

Barbour, William C*

Blood, Oliver H.,M.D.

Barnard, Ebenezer L.*

Boyden, Joseph*

Bovven, Ebenezer H.*

Bigelow, Walter*

Ball, Richard*

Bartlelt, Stephen*

Barrows, William

Burbanlv, John G.*

Bates, George A., M

Bowen, Charles*

Bigelow, Walter, Jr.*

Breck, Moses T.*

Buflum, Benjamin*

Berry, Zebina E.*

Bates, H. G.

Barton, William S.

Barnard, John*

Baylies, A.*

Brooks, A. J.

Burbank, James L.* Worcester

Barker, William* "

Bond, Joseph* "

Bond, Jeremiah E. "

Banister, Emory* "

Blake, James B.* "

Bancroft, Mary C. "

Banning, E. M.* "

Butman, Benjamin* "

Butman, Sarah L. "

Bigelow, Walter K.*

Beach, Lucius "

Briggs, Joseph* "

Blood, Mrs. O. li.*

Bigelow, Charles*

Brigham, E. L.

Barnes, Arieraas*

Bisco, Dwight*

Bottomly, Thomas*

Bottomly, Booth*

Brummett, Luke*

Burr, Heman M.*

Brooks, John*

Banks, Thomas S.

Boynton, John*

Bowman, Charles D.* Oxford.

Boyd, John* Shrewsbury.

Burt, Ellis* Douglas.

Batcheller, Elhanan* Sutton.

Bowman, Jos.* New Braiutree.

Grafton.

Worcester.

Berlin.

Leicester.

Princeton

Brookline

Templeton.

B.

Date, Name. Residence.

Ball, D.* Spencer.

Biscoe, Thos. C. Grafton.

Brigham, Charles "

Bates, Joseph N.* Worcester.

Babbitt, Pliny H.* Barre.

Buckley, Wm. T.* Worcester.

Bond, Thomas No. Brookheld.

Burrage, Leonard Leominster.

Banister, Mrs. Emory*

Worcester.
18.i3 Burbank, George G.*
1853 Barnard, George A. "

1853 Bangs, Mrs. Mary G.* "
1853 Bemls, Merrick "

1855 Billing, Aaron* "

1855 Brooks, J. H.
1855 Boyden, John*
1855 Bentley, Geo. W. "

1855 Bryant, Mrs. E.

1856 Bigelow, George C* "
Butman, George F.* "

1858 Bull, Trumbull* Grafton.

1859 Brown, Alzirus Worcester.

1859 Ball, Phinehas*

18(50 Barnard, Mrs. E. L. "

1860 Batchelder, Ezra D.*

North Brookfield.

1862 Barton, George S.* Worcester.
18G3 Burgess, Daniel S.*

1863 Brown, Mrs. Jonas,*

Wilkinsonville.

1863 Bertody, Miss M. F. Leicester.

1864 Barber, Miss R. E. Worcester.
1864 Brown, Jonas* Wilkinsonville.
1864 Brooks, Mrs. C. E. Worcester.
18G4 Banister, Miss Emma "
1864 Burbank, Asa L. "

1864 Barber, George* "

1865 Barber, Mrs. George* "
1865 Baker, Zephaniah* Worcester.
1865 Bigelow, Luther II.* "
1865 Be'lit, Charles M. "
1865 Brown, George A. "
1865 Burbank, Mrs. Geo. G.

1865 Burbank, Miss Carrie A. "

1865 Burgess, Mrs. Danl. S. "

1865 Bancroft, Mrs. Mary M. "

1865 Bacon, Mrs. John E.*

1865 Barnard, Miss Caroline* "

1865 Boyden, Elbridge

1866 Boswell, Mrs. Annie E. "
1866 Bennett, Mrs. Sarah F. "
1866 Brimhall, Silas J.* "
1866 Baker, Jacob, Dudley.
186(; Baker, Mrs. Jacob

1866 Barrows, A. llerb't Worcester.
1866 Bennett, James Leominster.
1866 Bachelor, C. O. Northbridge,

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

B.

Date. Name. Residence.

1866 Bacliclor, Mrs. Chas. 0.

Northbridije.

1866 Belcher, Charles* Worcester.

1866 Brown, Miss Josie E.

Wilkinsonvillc.

1867 Ballard, John S.* Worcester.
1867 Bradley, Mrs. Osgood

1867 Barton, Mrs. Margaretta L. K.

Worcester.

1867 Bacon, John E.*

1867 Baker, Mrs. Z.*

1867 Bigelow, Mrs. Luther H.* "

1868 Bowker, Sewall H.*
1870 Baldwin, John S.

1870 Barber, Miss Isabella G. "

1870 Bullock, Mrs. Alex. IL* "

1870 Bartlott, Mrs. Theo. H.* "

1873 Barbour, Miss M.Jennie "
1870 Bullock, Ausustus G.

1870 Bullock, Miss Isabel H. "

1870 Bullock, Miss Fanny "

1871 Bush, William*

1871 Bush, Mrs. Isaac "

1871 Brown, Thomas "

1871 Blake, Fred. A. Rochdale.

1872 Buck, Mrs. II. B. Worcester.
1872 Bigelow, James W.

1872 Ballard, Harry

1874 Ballard, Edcar

1874 Brimhall, Mrs. Silas J.

1874 Bassett, D. H.

1874 Bruso, Elizabeth F. "

1874 Bennett, A. H. Holden.

1876 Bowker, Mrs. S.H. Worcester.

1876 Ballou, A. A. Grafton.

1871 Bemis, Daniel W. Worcester.

1879 Brooks, Charles E.*

1880 Ball, Rev. George S. Upton.

1881 Blood, Jefferson L.* Worcester.

1882 Brooks, Walter F.
1882 Baldwin, Charles C.

1882 Babbitt, William E.

1883 Brlerly, Joseph* "

1883 Brastow, James B.* "

1884 Blake, Mrs. C. L. Rochdale.
1884 Bennett, Miss C. E. Worcester.
1884 Brooks, Rev. Arthur A. "

1884 Bartlett, E. A. Shrewsbury.

1885 Bancroft. Isaac A.* Worcester.

1886 Brierly, James L.*

1887 Bishop, Mrs. John W.

1889 Barnard, William C.

1890 Burnside, Elizabeth D.
Barr, George L. "
Bennett, Ephraim L. Millbury.

1891 Brierly, Moses F. Worcester.

1892 Bowker, John B.

1893 Bryant, Charles H.

B.

Date. Name. Residence.

1894 Barton, Samuel R.

North O-^ford.
Ballou, Chas. Allen, Worcester.

1895 Bryant, Mrs. Christopher "
Brown, A. Swan "

1896 Brackett, Mrs. Frank D. "
Boyden, Frederick J.

Leominster.
Bruce, Edgar M. "

Bowen, Mrs. William E.

Worcester.
Brown, Albert H. Westboro.
Book, Hugo, Worcester.

Boardman, James E. Rochdale.

c.

Name. Residence.

Clark, John F.* Worcester.

Chandler, George* "

Child, Benjamin N.* "

Colton, Samuel H.* "

Chase, Anthony* "

Chapin, Lewis* "
Chamberlain, Thomas* "

Chickering, C C. "

Chamberlin, Henry H. "

Coe, William* "

Conant, Edwin* "

Chapin, Charles P.* "

Chenery, Horace* "

Goes, Loring "

Comins, D. B.* ««

Chaffln, T. M. "

Curtis, Tyler P.* "

Chapin, Henry* "

Colton, Mrs. S. H. "

Chase. Mrs. Anthony* "
Canfiekl, Mrs. P. S.

Cross, William* "
Clark, William C*
Culver, J. S.*

Goes, Aury G.* "

Curtis, Albert "

Conklin, Henry W.* "
Champney, Samuel P.*Grafton.

WORCESTER CO. HORTlCULTtTRAL SOCIETY.

C.

Date. Name. Residence.

Coleman, Charles C*

Worcester.
Cook, David W.*
Clark, Heury 0.*
Cbanibcrlaiu, George A.* "
Cutting, Jonathan* Terapleton.
Clapp, John* Leicester.

Craig, Leonard* "

Cheney, Leonard Southbridge.
Capron, William C* Uxbridge.

1854 Canfleld, Miss P. W. S.

Worcester.

1855 Carter, Rufus "
1855 Conant, Mrs. Elizabeth* "

1855 Conant, Miss Elizabeth* "

1866 Cliampney, Preston A.* Sutton.

1856 Champney, Samuel G.* "

1856 Champney, Susan A. "

1857 Chase, William M. Worcester.

1858 Chapman, Isham S.* "

1862 Clark, John S.*

1863 Crompton, George* "
1863 Comley, James "
1863 Chase, Nehemiah B.

Wilkinsonville.
1863 Cross, Courtland H.

West Warren.
1863 Crane Hosea* Millbury.

1863 Clapp, Silas* Worcester.

1864 Cushing, Rev. S. A. Shrewsb'y.
1864 Cook, Sumner* Worcester.
1864 Currier, Augustus N.* "
1864 Chandler, Miss Fanny "
1864 Chamberlin, Susan E.*

1864 Cook, Nathaniel H.

Bristol, Conn.

1865 Cutter, Calvin, M. D.* Warren.
1865 Cook, William W. Worcester.
1865 Curtis, Mrs. Joseph* "
1865 Clapp, Mrs. Simeon "
1865 Coes, Frank Loring R.* "
1865 Chase, Charles A.

1865 Chase, Mrs. Charles A.* "

1865 Clapp. Frederick A. "

1867 Chamberlain, Mrs. Geo. A. "
1867 Chase, Joseph* "
1867 Claflin, John*

1867 Clarke, Josiah H.

1868 Coe, George F. Grafton.

1869 Chase, Albert N.

1870 Cruickshanks, Geo. Fitchburg.

1870 Chapin, Miss Annie T.

Worcester.

1871 Chapin, Mrs. Louisa* "

1872 Carpenter, L. S. "
1872 Chamberlin, Mrs. H. H. "

1872 Colton, Mary R. "

1873 Chatlin, Oscar "

c.

Date. Name. Residence.

1873 Church, Moses* Worcester.

1875 Coulson, John "

1875 Chester, Miss Katie D.

1875 Cruickshanks, Mrs. Mary E.

Fitchburg.

1876 Coes, Mrs. F. L. R. Worcester.
1876 Clark, George H.*

1878 Colton, Samuel H. Auburn.

1878 Coes, Chester E. B. Worcester.

1879 Currier, Elizabeth Dickinson*

Worcester.
1881 Copeland, Amasa A. "

1883 Curtis, Mrs. James P. "

1884 Cook, Herbert A. Shrewsbury.

1884 Couiins, Edward I. Worcester.

1885 Chase, Mrs. H. M. '<

1886 Cowan, Thomas B. "
1886 Chamberlain, Frank IL*

Hanover, N. H.
Corey, T. F. Northboro.

1890 Chadbourne, Alonzo H.

Worcester.

1891 Cochrane, Mrs. Alberlina G.

Worcester.
Cheney, Gustavus A. "

1892 Chamberlain Frederick H. "

1894 Clarke, Joseph T.

South Lancaster.
Curtis, Edwin P. Worcester.
Carleton, Elbridge S.
Crane, EUery Bicknell "
Cooper, Charles, Rochdale.

1895 Coes, Frederick L. Worcester.
Cowan, William H. "
Coggswell, Mrs. Jennie A. "

1896 Conant, Mrs. Abbie S.

Cherry Valleyi
Condon, Mrs. Albert O.

Worcester.
Clark, Mrs. Willis H.

D.

Name. Residence.

Davis, Hon. John* Worcester.
Draper, William A.* "

Dorr, Enos* "

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

1854
1854
1854
1855

1858

1859

1864
1864
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1866
1867
1867
1867
1869
1869
1869
1870

1870
1871

D.

Name, Residence.

Darling, Loron Worcester.

Dickinson, William*

Davis, Hon. Isaac*

Dewey, Francis H.*

Davis, John C. B.

Darling, H. G.

Draper, Edwin*

Day, Jonathan*

Davis, Samuel*

Daniels, F. H.*

Dresser, George A.

Dyer, Calvin*

Dunbar, Rufus D.*

DeWitt, Hon. Alexander*

Oxford.
DeWitt, Horace S.*
Dowley, Levi A.* "

Davis, George C* Northboro.
Daniels, Nathan* Leicester.
Denny, Henry A. "

Denny, Joseph A.* "

Denny, Nathaniel P.

Norwich, Conn.
Denny, George* Westboro.
Dodge, Harvey*

Wilkinsonville.
Drake, Simeon A. Sturbridge.
Denny, Reuben S.* Leicester.
Davis, Henry G. Millbury.

Denny, Charles A.* Leicester.
Dwinnell, Leonard* Millbury.
Dana, John A. Worcester.

Daniels, George F.* Oxford.
Dudley, P. Whitin*

Whitinsville.
Dodge, Pickering* Worcester.
Dixie, Edmund F.*
Desper, William E.
Dadmuu, Appleton*
Dewey, Mrs. Sarah B.
Dewey, Carrie Clinton*
Dew>ey, Rosebud*
Davis, Edward L.
Dodge, Thomas H.
Dyer, Mrs. Calvin
Dyer, Miss Hattie L.
Dodge, Mrs. Benjamin J.
Driscoil, Dennis*
Draper, James
Draper, Mrs. James
Draper, Mrs. Edwin*
Davis, Alfred
Dudley, George J. Sutton.

Dutcher, Frank J. Ilopedale.
Dawson, Thomas A.*

Worcester.
Drury, Arthur H. "

Davis, Joseph E. "

Date.
1873

1875
1881
1883
1890
1891
1894

1896

1855
1858
1859
1862
1864
1864
1865

1865
1865
1866
1866
1867
1867
1867
1867
1868
1868
1871

D.

Name. Residence.

Dawson, Mrs. Thomas A.

Worcester.
Dana, Mrs. John A. "

DeLand, Mrs. E. H.* "

Darling, William "

Dewey, George T. "

Day, Charles B. "

Daniels, Mrs. M. M. "

Dalachie, Mathow Y>. "

Dodge, Benjamin J. "

Darling, Mrs. James F. "

E.

Name. Residence.

Earle, Edward* Worcester.
Estabrook, James* "

Earle, John Milton* "

Earle, Mrs. Sarah H.* "
Earle, Mrs. P^dward "

Earle, Timothy K.* "

Earle, Oliver K.* "

Earle, Thomas* "

Estey, James L. "

Earle, Anna B. "

Estabrook, Joseph* Royalston.
Edwards, John F. Boston.

Estabrook, James P]. Worcester.
Eldred, Frederick A.* "
Estabrook, G. W. Grafton.

Eames, William* Worcester.
Fames, Miss Mary R. "

Ellsworth, Emory A. Barre.
Estabrook, George H.

Worcester.
Estabrook, Daniel F. "

Earle, Miss Sarah F. "

Earle, Stephen C. "

Eastman, Miss Emma "
Estabrook, Mrs. Geo. H.* "
Emerson, Mrs. Jason* Millbury.
Eaton, Thomas B. Worcester.
Eaton, Mrs. Charlotte M.
Ellsworth, Samuel*
Eaton, Charles B.
Earle, William H.
Estabrook, Arthur E.

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

E.

Date.

Name. Residence.

Date.

1873

EUswortb, J. L.

1863

1874

Earle, Mrs. VVm. H.* "

1872

Eastman, William H. "

18(53

1881

Eames, Luther R. "

1865

1892

Ehvell, Edwin A.

1894

Evans, Mrs. Eliza W. "

1865
1865
1865
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1867
1867

F.

1869
1870

Dale.

Name. Residence.

1871

Foster, Alfred D.* Worcester.

1872

Fisher, Maturin L.* "

1874

Fox, Lemuel J.* "

1874

Flagg, David*

Foster, Samuel B.* "

1877

Fox, William B.*

1881

Flagg, Joel* "

1881

French, Hiram* "

1886

Flagg, Benjamin* "

1892

Fuller, Elisha*

1896

1854
1855
1856

1857

1858
1859
1863
1863
1863

Fox, William B. Jr.*
Freeland, Charles W.* "
Flagg, Samuel, M. D.
Flagg, Marshall* "

Field, John*
Filch, Ezra*

Foster, Hon. Dwight* "
Fox, Miss N. Jane "

Flagg, Montraville* Boylston.
Flagg, Nahum "

Forbush, Calvin W.* Grafton.
Forbush, Curtis California.
Fitch, Dana H.* Leicester.

Flagg, Abijah* Boylston

Flag-.', Stephen*
Flagg, Benjamin* Shrewsbury.
Fairbanks, Orrin* Westboro.
Felton, Oliver C. Brookfield.
Fay, Peter* Southboro.

Forbush, Jonathan* Bolton.
Farnum, Joseph S.* Worcester.
Falconer, James D. "

Foster, Stephen S.* "

Ferguson, Samuel B.*

Westboro.
Ferguson, George A. "

Ferguson, Henry C. "

Firth, Abram* Boston.

Foster, Adams* Holden.

Flint, Mrs. E. H.* Leicester.

F.

Name. Residence.

Fayerweather, John A.

Westboro.
Fiske, Edward R.* Worcester.
Fiske, Mrs. Edward R.*

Worcester.
Farnum, Miss Ann Eliza *'
Farnum, Miss Mary J. "
Fox, Miss Annie R. S.* "
Fuller, Mrs. James A. "
Francis, George E., M. D. "
Fisk, Miss Lydia C. "

Foster, Miss Alia W. "

Fox, Miss Maria ^ "

Field, Samuel T.*
Flagg, Mrs. Ebenezer "
Fisher, Simon E. "

Fisher, Mrs. Jennie M. "
Flagg, Mrs. Marshall "

Foster, Charles T. Holden.

Fitts, Mrs. D. Oxford.

Francis, Mrs. Elizabeth K.

Worcester.
Fish, Henry C.
Fish, Jonathan* "

Fiske, David L. Grafton.

Fairbanks, Alfred N. Webster.
Fuller, Homer T. Worcester.
Fobes, Mrs. William A. "

G.

Name. Residence.

Green, John, M.D.* Worcester.

Gould, Hiram* "
Greenleaf, Frederick W.* "

Goodnow, E. D.* "

Goulding, Henry* "

Gates, Simon S.* "

Gould, Erasmus* "

Greenleaf, William* "
Gale, Frederick W.*

Gilbert, Joseph A.* "

Gates, John* "

Goddard, Isaac* "
Goddard, S. B. I.*

Green, James* "
Green, William N.*

Green, Meltiah B.* "

Gilbert, Peregrine B. "

Green, Samuel F.* "

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

G.

Date. Xante. Residence.

Gorhara, Chester* Barre.

Gray, John, Jr.* Worcester.
Goodrich, Jesse W.* "

Gay, Wilkes

Gregory, Joseph E.* "

Goss, William* "

Grout, Jonathan* "

Garside, James M.'' "

Gill, George W.*
Griggs, Joseph* "

Greenleaf, Sarah L. "

Green, Mrs. M. B.* "

Greenleaf, Mrs. Maria J.* "

1854 Goddard, Benjamin* "

1854 Goddard, John D.*

Shrewsbury.

185G Greenleaf, Dolly A.

Worcester.

1856 Goddard, Silas

1859 Grout, J. Willie*

1860 Gleason, Charles W. Holdeu.
1864 Green, Timothy Ruggles*

Worcester.

1864 Goodnow, Edward A. "

1865 Goodell, Arthur A.*

1865 Goddard, Dorrance S. "

1865 Gray, William L.*

1865 Gordon, Miss Elizabeth G. "

1865 Gunderson, Christopher* "

1865 Gilbert, Mrs. Chas. W.* "

1865 Grout, Miss Lizzie "

1865 Glazier, Henry* "

1865 Garfield, Moses D. Millbury.

1866 Gorham, Miss Mary E.

Worcester.
1866 Geer, George* "

1866 Geer, Mrs. George "

1866 Gates, Otis A.

1867 Gleason, Jonathan R. "
1867 Goddard, Mrs. D. S.

1867 Green, Miss Julia E.

1867 Gleason, Joseph H. Ilolden.

1867 Gordon, Albert A. Worcester.

1867 Gordon, Mrs. Albert A. "
Gerould, Mrs. James H. '•

1871 Green, Samuel S.

1872 Gilbert. Charles W.
1874 Gibbs, Mrs. Mary E.

1874 Goodwin, Charles, "

1879 Greenwood, Charles "

1883 Gould, AbramK.

1883 Goddard, Mrs. Mary S.

1884 Gates, Harvelin T.

1893 Griffin, Thomas, lit. Rev. "

1894 Gates, Mrs. Frederick L. "

1895 Green, J. Elton Spencer.
Green, Charles H. "
Gates, William H. Worcester.

G.

Date. Name. Residence.

Garst, Julius, M. D.

Worcester.

H.

Name. Residence.

Harris, Clarendon* Worcester.

Heard, Nathan* "

Hooper, William R.* "

Heywood, Daniel* "

Heywood, Benjamin F.* "

Haven, Samuel F.* "

Howland, S. A.* "

Harrington, Samuel* "

Howland, Henry J.* "

Hovey, William* "

Hill, Rev. Alouzo* "

Hamilton, Charles A.* "

Had wen, Charles* "

Howe, Henry P.* "

Hammond, John* "

Harrington, F., Jr. "

Hawes, Russell L.* "
Hill, C. H.

Harding, Samuel D.* "
Hall, Enoch

Hadwen, 0. B. «'

Hemenway, Edward H.* "
Hale, Rev. Edward E.

Harlow, A. R.* "

Hathaway, Samuel "

Hardon, Benjamin L.* "

Holmes, Pitt* "
Hill, J. Henry*

Hartshorn, George F. "
Hall, Franklin

Harris, O. F. "

Hoar, George F., Hon. "

Hartshorn, Jonas* "

Hartshorn, Calvin L. "

Hadwen, Mrs. Mary R.* "

Henderson, James G.* "
Harlow, Abner* Shrewsbury.
Heard, Samuel Leicester.

Henshaw, H. G. "

Hatch, Cheney* "

Holman, Parley* "
Haven, Luther* Boston.
Hill, Augustus G.* Harvard.

10

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nale.

1854
1854
1855
1856

1858
1860
1862
1862
1862
1862
1863
1863
1863
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1864
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1867
1867
1867

H.

Name. Residence.

Ilapgood, Lemuel B.*

Shrewsbury.
Hunt, S. W.

Holbrook, Cynis Sterling.

Harrington, Stephen* Millhnry.
Harrington, D. B. "

Hall, Charles
Male, Moses
Hale, William*
Heywood, Augustus
Hastings, C C. P.*
Hill, Washington*
Hartwell, Geo. W.*
Holraan, Amorv*
Hubbard, K. B.*
Hastings, Solon S.

Harvard.
Sutton.

Grafton.

Mendon.

Spencer.

Oxford.
Bolton.
Sunderland.
" Princeton.
Hacker, W. Alfred* Worcester.
Harrington, Adam L.* "
Harris, Mrs. Clarendon* "
Hartshorn, Mrs. Isabella F.

Worcester.
Hunt, Francis W. E. Douglas.
Hartshorn, J. W. Worcester.
Heywood, Samuel K. "

Hall, Salmon I).* Grafton.

Harris, Gideon* Worcester.
Harrington, Chauncey G. "
Heywood, William H.* "
Hamilton. C. Willard
Hammond, Parley* "

Huntington, Rev. Wm. R. "
Heywood, Miss Abby S. "
Hadwen, William E. "

Hadweu, Charles, Jr. "

Healey, Michael "

Howe, Mrs. E. M. Sterling.
Howe, William* Millbury.

Hubbard, Cyrus K. Worcester.
Heywood, Miss Emma H. *'
Hadwen, Miss Amie B. "
Hascall, Jefferson* Shrewsb'y.
Hill, Mrs. J. Henry Worcester.
Heald, Jonas* Worcester.

Howe, Church Holden.

Hunt, Addison A.* Shrewsb'y.
Hemenway, D. M.* Millbury.
Houghton, Alba, Jr. Worcester.
Harrington, Halloway* "
Hamilton, Mrs. C. Willard "
Haven, Edwin* "

Hoyle, Miss Mary A. Millbury.
Holbrook, Wm. 1).* Worcester.
Holmau, Mrs. Henrietta A. "
Holbrook, Mrs. Wm. 1). "
Holman, Mrs. William Y.* "
Hancock, P'rederick "

HartvvcU, Isaac B.* Oxford.
Haskins, I). W.* Worcester.

Date.
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1868
1869

1870
1870
1870
1870
1871
1871
1871
1871
1872
1874
1874
1874
1875
1880
1880
1880
1881
1882
1884
1886

1887
1891

1893
1894

1895
1897

H.

Xante. Residence.

Hatch, O. L.* Worcester.

Hatch, Mrs. 0. L.
Hutchinson, Gerry* "

Hutchinson, Mrs. Gerry "
Hapgood, L. R.
Hillaid, Mrs. John "

Harrington, Mrs. Stephen "
Harris, Mrs. Gideon "

Harrington, Frank W. "
Holman, William Y.* "

Hancock, Miss Etta "

Hammond, Mrs. Henry K.*"
Hicks, Samuel P.* "

Hapgood, Joab* Shrewsbury.
Harlow, Wm. T. Worcester.
Harris, John A. Rutland.

Hamilton, Edw'd B. Worcester.
Hammond, Henry K.* "
Hamilton, Miss Fanny M.* "
Harris, Warren Millbury.

Hastings, J. E.* Worcester.
Hartshorn, Mrs. C. L. "
Hovey, C. H.* Cambridgeport.
Hadwen, Mrs. 0. B. Worcester.
Hackett, William H.*
Hixon, Adin A. "

Hixon, Mrs. A. A. "

Hall, Mrs. C. S.
Houghton, C. C.
Henderson, Mrs. A. E. "
Hoyt, Mrs. Henry A.* "
Howland, J. A.* Worcester.
Hall, Edward

Head, Patrick* "

Howes, Isaac* "

Hough, John "

Hixon, Mrs. Francois W. "
Henry, John Edw'd Westboro.
Hall, Mrs. Edward Worcester.
Hammond, Frederick H. " .
Hartshorn, Arthur E. "

Ilendei'sou, Anna May "
Henderson, Ida Josephine "
Henderson, Eleanor G. "
Hixon, AUyne W. "

Hartshorn, Annie M. "

Hodsdon, William M. "

Hodge, Clifton F., M. D. "
Houghton, Mrs. Abble F. "
Holland, Frank H.

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

11

I.

Date. Name. Residence.

189G Inches, Geor2;e B. N. Grafton.

Inches, Mrs. G. B. "

1854
1854
1855
1855
1855
185G
1856
1865
1867
1867
1867
1867
1870
1870
1874
1875
1880
1886

1891

1896

J.

Residence,

Worcester.

Name.
Jaques, George*
Johnson, Asa T. "

Johnson, Henry F., M. D. "
Johnson, Eli "

Jackson, William* "

James, Rev. Horace* "

Johnson, William* "

Johnson, Charles* Northbnro.
Johnson, Joshua J.* "

Johnson, Oliver* Sterling.

Jaques, John C* Worcester.
Jewett, Darwin E
Jone^, Willard*
Johnson, John F.
Jones, Kev. J. D. E.*\Vorcester
Johnson, Ida W.
Johnson, Wra. H.
Jillson, Clark*
Jenkins, Curtis
Jewett, Ebenezer
Jaques, Benjamin C.
Jones, Herbert A.
James, Benjamin
Johnson, William H.
Jackson, Joseph
Jones, Mrs. Pliuietta M
Jewett, Warren C.

Westboro.
Worcester.
Northboro.

Northboro
Worcester.

K.

Name. Residence.

Kettell, John P.* Worcester.
Kinnicutt, Thomas* "

Knox, Samuel A.* "

Knapp, Joel* Sutton.

K.

Date. Name. Residence.

Kilburu, Eli* Sterling.

Kinnicutt, Francis II.*

Worcester.

Kendall, Hon. Joseph G.* "

Knights, Jonathan H.* "

Keith, Timothy* "

1854 Kinnicutt, Eliza M. "

1854 Kinnicutt, Rebecca N. "

1857 Kent, S. W.*

1858 Keyes, W.W. West Boylston.
1865 Kimball, Mrs. Sarah A.

Worcester.

1865 Kelley, Dr. Francis II.* "

1866 Keyes, Charles A. "

1866 Keitli, Henry R.*

1867 Kraft, Michael* Leicester.
1867 Kinney, Mrs. W. P. Worcester.

1867 Kinney, Frank J. "

1868 Knowles Lucius J.* "

1868 Knox, S. Harrison "

1869 Kinney, Wm. P.

1870 Kendall, Edward

1870 Kinnicutt, Leonard P. "
1873 Kinnicutt, Mrs. Francis H.*

WT /-J |» rt A (J <- zj I*

1875 Kendall, Mrs. George H. "
1880 Kinnev, Mrs. Ann M. F.* "

1891 Kinney, Herbert H. "
Kinney, Mrs. Fannie E. Dodd

Worcester.

1892 Kendall, Louis J.

King, Simeon E. West Millljury.

1893 King, Mrs. Homer R.Worcester.
Kimniens, Gilbert A. "

1896 King, Mrs. Simeon E.

West Millbury.

L.

Name. Residence.

Lincoln, William* Worcester.
Lincoln, John W.*
Lincoln, Gov. Levi*
Lakin, Ansel*
Lovell, Joseph*
Leonard, Samuel S.*
Lincoln, D. Waldo*
Lincoln, Edward W.*
Lazell, Warren*
Liucoln, William S.*

12

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

L.

Dale. Name. Residence.

Larason, William C*

Worcester.
Loncrgan, Patriclc "

Lincoln, Mrs. D. Waldo* "
Lincoln, Miss G. De V.* "
Lincoln, Miss Mary W. "
Lovell, A. Beaman* "

Lincoln, Miss Frances M. "
Lami), Josiah Q.* Leicester.
Lorinjr, John* "

Lamson, H. O.* W. Brooklield.
Leacli, James* Westboro.

Leland, Joshua W.* Grafton.
Longley, James Boston.

Lovell, Mrs. Mary E.Worcester.
1854 Lee, David* Barre

1854 Lee, Henry A.* Worcester.

1854 Lincoln, William* "

1855 Lamb, Edward* "
1855 Lovell, Joseph C*

West Boylston.

1855 Lee, George H. Barre.
185G- Lovering, Samuel F.*

Worcester.

1856 Lincoln, Levi, 2d. "
1859 Leland, Horace* Sutton.
18C0 Lincoln, Waldo Worcester.
1861 Lovill, Albert A.

1863 Lovell, Addison* W. Boylston.

1864 Lincoln, John Waldo

Worcester.
1864 Lincoln, Annie Marston "
1864 Lincoln, Marian Vinal "

1864 Lee, Mrs. Dorcas B. "

1865 Lincoln, Mrs. Kate Von Weber

Worcester.

1865 Lincoln, Marston '•

1865 Lewis, Benjamin* "

1865 Lamb, Thomas M.*

1865 Lewisson, Louis "

1866 Lovell, John D.

1867 Lynam, Mrs. John "

1867 Lamb, Mrs. T. M.

1868 Lincoln, Adeline Sever "
1868 Lovell, Cyrus A.

1870 Lamb, Alice B.

1870 Lovell, Miss Abby M.

West Boylston.

1870 Lincoln, Helen Worcester.

1871 Loomis, H. F.*

1871 Langc, Hermann F. A. "

1872 Lincoln, Pelham Winslow "
1874 Lovell, Mrs. C. Augusta* "
1874 Lincoln, Mrs. William S. "
1874 Lincoln, Mrs. Levi "

1874 Lovell, Mrs. Jane M.*

West Boylston.

1875 Lincoln, Winslow S. Worcester.

L.

Dale.

Name,

Residence.

1875

Lincoln, Miss Kate Von W.*

Worcester

1881

Lovell, Mrs. S. L. C

1884
1886

Lovell, Henry
Lovell, George A.*

1887

Lange, Albert H.

1893

Littlefield, Henry F.

1896

Lincoln, William E.

Warren

M.

Date. Name. Residence.

Merrifleld,Alpheus* Worcester.
Merrick, Francis T.* "

Miller, Henry W.* "

Messenger, David S.* "
Merrifleld, F. N.*
Merritield, Ann B.* "

Merrifleld, William T.* "
Merrifleld, Catharine A.* "
Mason, L. L.* "

Maynard, William G.* "
Morse, James C* "

Merrifleld, A. M.* "

Mason, Joseph "

Miles, Charles M.* "

Miller, S. P., M. D.*
Marsh, Alexander* "

Mason, John C* "

Merrick, Sarah R.* "

Merrifleld, Mrs. Wm. T.* "
Messenger, Elizabeth F. "
Miller, Ruth Ann
Miller, Alice M. "

Merrifleld, William F.
Merriam, Thomas* "

Moore, David T.* Boylston.
Morse, Adolphus* Roch'r, N. Y.
May, Samuel, Jr.* Leicester.
Murdock, Joshua, Jr.* "
McFarland, H. Framingham.
Moore, J. H. Charlton.

Merriam, Isaac S.* Auburn.
McLellan, James Sutton.

Moen, Philip L.* Worcester.
1854 Merrifleld, Henry K.

1854 Metcalf, Caleb B.* "

1855 Moore, Ashley* "
1857 Mills, Isaac* "
1857 Merriam, N. K. Grafton.
1859 Merrifleld, Maria J.* Worces'r.
1859 Merrifleld, Harriet "

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

13

M.

Date. Name. Residence.

1859 Marble, F. M.* Grafton.

1862 Morse, Edwin* Worcester.

1863 Mascroft, W.D.* Northbridge.

1863 Messenger, Miss Mary A.

Worcester.

1864 Mower, Miss Caroline C*

1865 Marsh, Henry A.
1865 Merrifleld, Mrs. Lucy A.*
1865 Morgan, Charles H.'
1865 Messenger, Miss Susie S.
1865 Madaus, Charles

1865 Messenger, Frank L.

1866 Marble, Henry Miilbury.
1866 Morey, Oliver S. Shrewsbury.

1866 McPherson, Mrs. Eliz. W.

Worcester.

1867 Morse, Mrs. C. D. Miilbury.
1867 Martin, Miss M. W. Worcester.
1867 Morse, Mrs. Mason H. "
1867 Murphy, John* "

1870 McFarland, Edwin D.

1871 Morrison, Stephen, "

1871 Morey, Mrs. L.* Shrewsbury.

1872 Midgeley, John Worcester.
1872 Mclntire, Benj. F. Miilbury.

1872 MacuUar, Addison* Worcester.
1866 Moen, Mrs. Maria S. G. "

1873 Morse, C, Jr.

1874 Mascroft, Henry C* "

1880 Morse, Miss Fanny C. "

1881 March, David T.* Miilbury.

1882 Moore, Miss Sarah A. Worce'r.
1882 Marble, Edward F.

1884 Merrifleld, Mrs. F. H.

1886 McWilllanis,Geo. Whitinsville.

1886 McCracken, Geo. J. Worcester.
Moore, Elliott "

1887 Mann, Charles F. "
Marble, Arthur J. "
Maynard, Wm. U. Shrewsbury.

1894 Moore, Henry Ward, Worces'r.

1895 Mclnnes, John C. "

1896 Madaus, Frederick B. "
Midgley, Leonard C. "
Marble, A. Leslie "

Date.

1864
1863
1863

1864
1865
1866
1867
1867
1867
1872
1880
1883
1894

1896

Date.

1863
1870
1866
1879
1886

1894

N.
Name. Residence,

Newcomb, Henry K.* Worce'r.
Nelson, Jonathan* "

Newton, Rejoice* "

Nash, Charles "

Newton, John C* "

Nelson, Rev. John* Leicester.
Newton, Wm., M. D.* Worce'r.
Nourse, Benj. B. Westboro.
Nelson, Thomas L. Worcester.
Norcross, Thos. R.* Shrews'y.
Nichols, E. W.* Worcester.
Newton, Mrs. Jas. H. Holyoke.
Nichols, Mrs. C. P. Worcester.
Newton, Mrs. John C* "
Newell, Mrs. Ann M. Boylston.
Newton, Miss S. E. Miilbury.
Nelson, Mrs. T. L. Worcester.
Nelson, Miss Louisa B. "
Neilson, John "

Norcross, James A. "

Norcross, Mrs. James A. "
Newton, Benjamin S.

o.

Name. Residence.

Oliver, Edward H.* Worcester.

Olney, Mrs. Richard "

Osgood, James H.* "

Olin, Matthias* Springfield.

Onthank, J. M.*

Overend, Walter E. Worcester.

Overend, Mrs. Samuel "

Osborne, John* "

O'Connell, William

Orpet, Edward So. Lancaster.

P.

Name. Residence.

Paine, Frederick W.* Worce'r.
Paine, Henry* "

Paine, Charles* "

Paine, Gdrdiner* "

Pratt, Joseph* '*

14

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

P.

Date. Name. Residence.

Phillips, Moses D.* Worcester.

Pond, John F.*

Pickford, J. K. L.*

Phelps, Horatio*

Paine, J. W.

Perry, Samuel*

Park, John*

Pratt, Jothara B.*

Perkins, Joseph*

Phelps, J. Emory*

Prentiss, Charles G.*

Putnam, F. H.*

Pratt, Sylvanus*

Prentice, Henry*

Paine, William R.*

Piper, William*

Putnam, Charles L.*

Paine, Ann E.

Paine, Mrs. Charles*

Paine, Anna C. S.*

Pratt, Sumner*

Pratt, W. W.*

Parker, Grenville*

Putnam, S. P.

Partridge, Joseph L. Boston.

Patrick, John* Warren.

Parraenter, Silas Westboro.

Perriu, Payson H.* "

Phelps, Henry R. "

Pierce, Charles A. Grafton.

Potter, Hervey K.* "

Porter, Joshua, Jr., M. D.*

North Brookfleld.

Pierce, Thomas* Spencer.

Pope, Jonathan A. Millbury.

Perry, Dexter H.* Worcester.

Peck, Frederick M.

Parkhurst, Nathaniel R.*
1854 Paine, Nathaniel
1854 Partridge, Elhridge G.*
1854 Phelps, Henry

1854 Proctor, Edward Spencer.

1855 Paine, Miss Alice W.

Worcester.

1855 Paine, Miss Elizabeth F.

1856 Peaslee, Abram*
185G Patch, Whipple W.*

1856 Pratt, Daniel R.*

1857 Phillips, Luther*
18G2 Phillips, Ivers
1863 Pond, Lucius W.*
1863 Pratt, Charles B.
1863 Phelps, George E.

1863 Pinkham, James S.*

1864 Phillips, Miss Marianne
1864 Pike, James T.*

1864 Pierce, Mrs. Charles L.*

1865 Paine, Mrs. D. H.

Date.
1865
1865
1865
1866
1865
1866
1865
1866
1865
1865
1866
1866
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1873
1874
1874
1874
1875
1875
1875
1875
1876
1878
1878
1879
1880
1882
1884
1884
1884
1886

1888
1892
1893
1894

1896

P.

Name. Residence.

Pratt, Mrs. Sumner Worcester.
Pratt, Miss Emma A. "

Pratt, Frederick S. "

Pratt, Edward R.*
Pierce, James R.* "

Phelps, Mrs. Sallie "

Phelps, Miss Sarah D. "
Phelps, Miss Mary R. "
Phelps, Miss Deborah "
Phelps, Miss Helen E.* "
Peckham, George R.* "
Parsons, Mrs. Solomon* "
Parsons, Mrs. Samuel B.* "
Parker, Mrs. Aaron "

Piper, George M.* "

Parker, Henry L. "

Pierce, Charles L.* "

Pickett, Mrs. Josiah "

Phelps, John E. "

Peckham, Mrs. George R. "
Porter, Samuel A.* "

Putnam, Archelaus Holden.
Perry, S. Payson Auburn.

Palmer, Addison Worcester.
Putnam, Samuel "

Parker, Henry L., Jr.* "
Phelps, Mrs. Joseph E.* "
Pierce, George M. "

Piei'ce, John M. W. Boylston.
Pollard, Edward C. Worcester.
Pratt, Samuel A. "

Parker, Mrs. C. E. Holden.

Phelps, William E. Worcester.
Phelps, Mrs. Henry "

Peters, John L.* "

Parker, Charles E. Holden.

Pierce, James E. W. Boylston.
Perry, Miss Mary S. Worcester.
Putnam, Samuel H. "

Powers, Joseph W.* "

Pond, Willard F.
Porter, Miss Juliet "

Putnam, Henry "

Pierce, Arba "

Potter, Burton W.
Pond, Mrs. Willard F.
Powers, Miss S. H. "

Peters, Lewis A. "

Perry, Joseph S. "

Potter, Mrs. Burton W. "
Parker, Mrs. Sarah A. "
Parker, Alice Louise "

Parker, Frank E. "

Parsons, Norman B. "

Parsons, Annie Gibbs "

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

15

Q.

Dale. Name. Residence.

1878 Quimby, H. M., M. D.

Worcester.
1800 Qiiinn, J. Frank

1856

1856
1856
1856
1862
1863
1863
1865
1865
1865
1866
1866
1866
1866
1867
1867
1870
1871
1872
1874

R.

Name, Residence.

Rice, George T.* Worcester.
Richardson, George W.* "
Richardson, Mrs. G. W.* "
Rice, Darius* "

Russell, George W.* "

Rice, Josiah* "

Rice, Thomas H. "

Reed, Benjamin* "

Rice, Sevvall* "

Ramsay, O. A. "

Ripley," John C* "

Rice, E. B.* "

Robbins, Charles B.* "

Rice, George M. "

Rockwood, Adams "

Rice, Mrs. Geo. T- Worcester.
Richardson, Anna M. "

Rice, Francis B. "

Randall, Abraham G.* Millbury.
Rice, Abbott B.* Northboro.
Rice, Danforth Leicester.

Rogers, Edward* Webster.

Ripley, Mrs. Sarah V. T.*

Worcester.
Ruggles, Draper*
Rice, George T.*
Rice, Mrs. George T.*
Ring, John
Richardson, Charles*
Richardson, Miss Fannie A.
Read, Miss Sarah E.
Rogers, Israel M.*
Richardson, Mrs. Charles
Reed, L. R. S.*
Robinson, James*
Rice, Mrs. S. Elizabeth
Robinson, Mrs. James
Rice, Ezra B.
Rice, Mrs. J. Marcus*
Rogers, James S.
Richardson, Clifford
Rice, Peter*
Rice, Miss Louisa A.

R.

Dale. Name. Residence,

1875 Rogers, George W.* Worcester.

1876 Reed, Henry, Jr.

1879 Rice, George Calvin

1880 Roger.s, Mrs. Nellie F.

1880 Rice, Abner

1881 Record. S. H.
1881 Record, Mrs. S. H.
1881 Rich, Mrs. Annie P.
1881 Rich, George II.
18S3 Reynolds, Henry T.
1884 Rice, Alden
1887 Rockwood, Calvin R.
1890 Reed, Ch.irles G.
1890 Rugg, Arthur P.

1893 Reed, Karl B.

1894 Robinson, Alfred M.

1895 Robinson, Chas. Henry
Rich, Henry E.

1896 Ross, Walter D.
Rathbun, Edward,

s.

Name, Residence,

Salisbury, Hon. Stephen*

Worcester.
Shepherd, James*
Smith, Chandler*
Stowell, David D.*
Sweetser, Rev. Seth*
Stone, Daniel*
Stowe, Elijah*
Shepherd, James, Jr.
Stone, Aaron, Jr.
Stowell, L. W.*
Scott, Samuel B.*
Sargent, Joseph, M. D.*
Southwick, Edward*
Story, Simeon N.
Spooner, Moses*
Stoddard, Elijah B.
Scott, David, Jr.*
Stebbins, Edward S.
Smith, Lewis*
Sargent, Henry, M. D.*
Salisbury, Mrs. S.*
Smalley, Rev. Elam*
Stone, Samuel V.*
Smith, Lemuel*
Smith, Samuel*
Selby, Samuel H.*

16

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Date.

1854
1854
1854
1855
1855
1856
1856
1856
18G0
1862
1862
1862
1863
1863
1863
1863
1864

1864
1866
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1865
1866
1866
1866
1866
1866
1867
1867
1867
1867

S.

Name. Residence.

Southsate, Isaac* Leicester.
Sarjrent, Joseph D.* "

Sargent, John* "

Stone, Abijah* "

Sargent, liomer E. "

Slater, George B.* Webster.
Sibley, Jonas L.* Sutton.

Slocoinb, Horatio*

Saundersville.

Snow, Henry*
Stone, Job C*
Siocomb, J. W
Smith, Asa F.
Sanford, Rev.

Shrewsbury.

Grafton.

William*

Boylston.
Westboro.
Northboro.
Millbury.
Miiford.
Lynn.
Lancaster.
Worcester.

Stone, Joseph
Southworth, Chas
Sibley, 1). B.
Sumner, Sullivan
Smith, li. R.
Symmes, C. T.
Sears, Sylvanus
Smith, Larl\in* "

Stowe, Martin* "

Snow, Winsor N., M. D.* "
Strong, Francis* "

Smith, L. F. Northbridge.

Sprague, A. B. R. Worcester.
Stiles, Francis, Jr. "

Stone, Josiah (i.* Shrewsbury.
Swett, William O. Worcester.
Stone, Timothy S.* "

Sawyer, Ezra "

Stearns, Edwin* Millbury

Struthers, William C* "
Slocum, George F.* Grafton.
Swan, Elliott* Worcester.

Searles, AJiss Lydia A.

Wilkinsonville.
Sawyer, Stephen Worcester.
Salisbury, Stephen, Jr. "
Scoflcld, James M.* "

Smith, Charles W.* "

Scott, Mrs. David
Sumner, Mrs. George "
Sumner, George* "

Smith, Miss Harriett A. "
Smythe, W. A. S.*
Smith, J. Sargent Leicester.
Scott, Miss Alice Worcester.
Sears, Alden H. "

Smith, James A.* "

Smith, Sidney "

Sliavv, Mrs. John B.* "

Sturtevant, Mrs. Harvey "
Smith, Mrs. Sarah M. "
Streeter, John V. "

Stoue, Mrs. Lottie J. "

s.

Date. Name. Residence.

1867 Stone, Miss L. Jennie*

Worcester.

1867 Stone, Miss Mary A.

1867 Stone, Miss Lizzie "

1867 Stone, George H.

1867 Sanders, Eri*

1868 Skinner, Miss Kate J. "
1868 Smith, Woodbury C.

1871 Stowe, Luther*

1871 Spinney, George "

1871 Southwick, Thomas Leicester.

1872 Schati', Mrs. Sarah D.

1872 Stiles, Frederick G. Worcester.

1872 Smith, Chas. Henry Millbury.

1874 Southwick, Mrs. T. Leicester.

1874 Stiles, Mrs. F. G. Worcester.

1874 Staples, Samuel E. "

1874 Searles, David H. Sutton.

1875 Smith, S.H. W. Boylston.
1877 Stone, Charles W. Worcester.
1879 Smith, Miss J. F. "

1879 Smith, Miss Mary A.

1880 Smith, Charles D. "

1881 Smith, Thomas "

1882 Sargent, Mrs. Wallace E. "
1886 Sprague, Horace E. "
1890 Stration, Frederick A. "
1892 Sears, Philander "

1892 Stockwell, Hon. J. W. Sutton.

1893 Stevens, Henry E. Worcester.

1894 Sibley, Lewis W. "
Stanley, Annie Maude "

1895 Smith, Harlan A. "

1896 Stone, George E. Shrewsbury.
Stone, George E. Amherst.

T.

Name. Residence.

Thomas, Hon. Benjamin F.*

West Roxbury.
Tolman. Albert* Worcester.
Tead, Nathaniel*
Taft, Putman W.* "

Tower, Horatio N.* "

Taft, George C*
Trumbull, George A.* "
Tainter, Daniel* "

Thurber, Charles* "

Tourtellott, S.* "

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

17

T.

Dale. Name. Residence.

Tucker, Thomas* Worcester.
Taft, Stephen*
Thomas, Mrs. B. F.*
Tenney, Daniel* Snttou.

Taylor, Samuel* "

Thayer, Joseph* LTxbridge.

Taft, Bezaleel* "

Torrey, Sarauel D.* Millbury.
Taylor, Thomas Dudley.

Taft, Lewis S. Uxbridge.

Tucker, Augustus* Worcester.
1854 Thurston, Joseph* "

1854 Tiffany, P. Dexter*

1855 Thurston, David C* "

1855 Thurber, Mrs. M. F.

1856 Titltiny, Mrs. H. K.

1856 Trumbull, Miss Susan "

1856 Tiffany, John K.

1856 Thomas, Benj. F., Jr.*

1858 Thompson, William C* "

1859 Tourtellott, S. D.*

1860 Thurston, William H. Oxford.

1862 Trumbull, John* Worcester.

1863 Taft, Calvin*

Tainter, Harvey S.* "

1864 Tainter, Mrs. Daniel* "
1864 Thayer. Alexander*

1864 Taft, Mrs. Calvin "
18G5 Thompson, Simeon E.* "

1865 Taft, Lyman J.*

1865 Taft, Mrs. Lyman J. "

1865 Taft, Henry G.

1865 Turner, Mrs. Peter J. "

1865 Taft, Edvpard C.

1865 Thayer, Benjamin* "

1865 Tower, Miss Addle L.
Thayer, Perry* "

1866 Thayer, Horace* "
1866 Thayer, Mrs. Horace "

1866 Tainter, Mrs. E. C.

1867 Tainter, Ephraim C.

1867 Trask, Mrs. F. J. Leicester.

1867 Tarbox, John L.* Worcester.

1870 Taylor, R. C.

1870 Townsend, Velette P.

1870 Thayer, Charles D.

1871 Thompson, C. O.*

1872 Tainter, Charles E.* "
1874 Thompson, Miss Ella G. "
1876 Thurston, L. D. Leicester.
1878 Tolman, Miss Marv Worcester.

1883 Talbot, Thomas

1884 Tourtellott, Daniel C*
1889 Thayer, Alden

1894 Tourtelotte, Mrs. Eliz. R. "

1866
1870

1881

u.

Name. Residence.

Upham, George* Worcester.
Upham, Baylies* "

Underwood, Orison* Milford.
Underwood, Austin Westboro.
Upham, Harvey G.* Worcester.
Upham, Roger F. "

Upham, Mrs. Harvey G. "

V.

Name.

Vail), Edward W.

Residence.

Worcester,

w.

Name. Residence,

Waldo, Hon. Daniel* Worces'r.
Washburn, Ichabod*
Workman, Wra., M. D.*
Woodward, Rufus, M. D.*
Wheeler, William A.*
Washburn, Hon. Emory*
White, James*
Willard, Fitzroy*
Whiting, Charles H.*
Williams, William A.
Whittemore, Charles
White, Charles*
Walker, Asa*
Walker, Benjamin*
Walker, Joseph, Jr.*
Williams, Warren*
Ward, Artemas*
Wheeler, Miss F. N.*
Wheeler, George W.*
Wheeler, William F.
AVard, Daniel*
Whiting, Charles B.
Whlltemorc, Miss E. J.
Whitcomb, John P.* Harvard.
Woodward, Samuel B., M. D.*

Worcester.
Waters, Asa U.* Millbury.

White, George W. Cambridge.
White, Alonzo* Leicester.

18

WORCESTER CO. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

w.

Date. .\ame. Residence.

Watsou, Horace C. Leicester.

Woodcock, Josephus* "

Woodcock, Lucius* "

Whitin, Hou. Paul*

WhitinsvUle.

Whitin, John C*

White, Charles Northbrldge.

Wing, Hiram* "

Work, John W.* Templeton.

Weed, Jared* retershani.

Whiting, B. D. Boston.

Whiting, B. G. Lunenburg.

Wheeler, Jonathan D.* Grafton.

Wood, Samuel* "

Wheelock, William A. Dudley.

Wheaton, Henry S.* California.
1854 Wheeler, Charles A.* Worces'r.
1854 Woodward, J. L.* MlUbury.

1854 Willard, Mrs. Fitzroy*

Worcester.

1855 Whiting, Benjamin F. "
1855 Williams, James Otis* "
1855 Washburn, Henry S. "
1855 Ward, Samuel I). Shrewsbury.

1855 Whittier, C. V. Northbridge.

1856 Whitin, N. D.*

1856 Wood, J. G.* Millbury.

1856 Whiting, Geo. W. Worcester.

1857 Williams, Hartley* "

1858 Woodward, Henry "

1858 Woodward, Samuel* "

1859 Ward, Thomas W. Shrewsb'y-
1802 Willard, Calvin* Worcester.
18G2 Wyman, Mrs. Abby "

1862 Wyman, Miss Nellie M. "

1802 Wood, Xeweli* Millbury.

1863 Wheeler, William H. Grafton.
1863 Warren, John M.* Worcester.
1863 Washburn, Nathan "

1803 White, William

1803 Whitcomb, Carter* "
1863 Warren, Rufus C* Grafton.
1863 Whiltier, Mrs. Nellie S.*

Worcester.

1863 Wing, Henry F.* Grafton.

1864 Works. Edwin D. Fitchburg.
1864 Wheeler, Mrs. Nelson Worce'r.

1864 Wheeler, Henry A.* "

1804 White, Dea. Cyrus* Millbury.
1804 Workman, Miss Louisa J.

Worcester.

1804 Whipple, Franklin* "

1865 Woodcock, Theo. E. Leicester.

1805 Wheeler, Mrs. G. W.* Worce'r.
1865 Wheeler, Miss Mary G. B.*"
1865 Williams, Miss Henrietta F.

Worcester.
1865 Williams, Miss Mary E. "

w.

Date. Name. Residence.

1805 Workman, Mrs. Wm.*

Worcester.

1866 Wheeler, Miss Nancy*

1866 Wellington, Timothy W.*

1860 Wellington, Mrs. T."w.

1806 Wellington, Fred'k W.*
1866 Whiting, Miss Mary F.*
1866 Whittier, Melvin O.
1866 Winn, Mrs. Francis*

1866 Warren, John D.*

1807 Williams, Mrs. Hartley
1807 Whittemore, Mrs. Asa D.
1807 Willard, Miss Mary E.

1807 Wheeler, Erastus S.* Berlin.

1867 Wilson, George W. Worcester.

1808 Ward, Mrs. Daniel

1868 Willard, Mrs. Calvin*

1868 Waite, Andrew J.

1869 Woodwell, Charles H.*

1870 Whittemore, Mrs. Charles "
Weston, Miss J. A. "

1871 Washburn, John D.
1871 Witherby, 1.. B.*

Waters, Charles H.* Groton.

1871 Willis, Clara Worcester.

1872 White, Miss Lizzie "
1872 Walker, Joseph H.

1872 Watson, L. S. Leicester.

1872 Woodward, Mrs. Mary E.

Worcester.

1873 Whitcomb, G. Henry "
1873 Whitcomb, Mrs. Abbie E. "

1873 Ward, Frederick W.

1874 Whittier, Miss Mabelle E. "
1874 Ward, Miss Ella H. Shrewsb'y.

1874 Williams, Mrs. Warren

Worcester.

1875 Workman, Dr. Wm., Jr. "

1879 Willard, Dr. Franklin B.

Boylston.

1880 Ward, Mrs. Thomas Worcester.
1880 Watts, H. B. Leicester.
1880 Wakefield, C. H. Worcester.
1882 Woodis, Mrs. Julia

1882 Ward, Mrs. Austin W.

1882 Watts, Mrs. H. B. Leicester.

1882 Wilson, Mrs. Abiel PL*

Worcester.

1884 Wyman, 0. B. Shrewsbury.

1885 Wesson, Frederic H. Worces'r.

1886 Wood, William J.

1887 Wheeler, William J. "

1888 Winslow, Samuel E. "
1891 Watts, Walter G. Leicester.
1893 Wetherbee, Gustavus E.

Worcester.
Wetherbee, Mrs. Gustavus E.
Worcester.

ROLL OF MEMBERS.

19

W.

Date. Name. Residence.

1894 Wight, Stanley G. Brookfleld.
White, Franklin B.

Watts, Edward J. Leicester.
Watts, Annie "Viola "

Watts, Florence Emma "
Watts, Sarah May "

Wood, Charles M. Upton.

1895 Weeks, Eslie A. Worcester.

1895 White, A. Avery

1896 Wilson, Dwight E.
Wesby, Mrs. Herbert "

1897 Watson, John B. "

Y.

Dale. Name. Residence.

Young, Loriog* Leicester.

1854 Young, Priestley* Worcester.
1864 Young, Mrs. Priestley* "
1871 Young, Mrs. Julia "

1889 Yanchoukoski, John "

1896 Yeaw, Curtis S.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Name. Residence.

Kenrick, John A.* Newton.
Kenrick, William* "

Walker, Samuel* Roxbury.

Wilder, Marshall P.*

Dorchester.
Warren, J. L. L. F.* California.
Winship, Jonathan* Brighton.
Winship, Francis* "

Breck, Joseph* "

Carter, William E.* Cambridge.
Hovey, Charles M.* "

Downing, Andrew J.*

Newburgh, N. Y.
Downing, Charles* " "

Cabot, Joseph S.* Salem.

Manning, Robert* "

Date. Name. Residence.

Meehan, Thomas

Germantown, Pa.
1871 Leroy, Andre* Angers, France.
1871 Krelage, J. H.

Haarlem, Holland.
1876 Barry, Patrick* Rochester, N.Y.
1876 Warder, John A.* Cleves, 0.
1876 Gray, Asa* Cambridge.

1876 Parkman, Francis* Boston.
1876 Strong, William C. Brighton.
1876 Hyde, J. F. C. Newton.

1876 Ffint, Charles L.* Boston.

1876 Sargent, Charles S. Brookline.
1876 Thomas, John J.*

Union Springs, N. Y.

Mi

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