ti li ey av pete eit - HANNA an 4 rite ahi rat abrir Pe Wi Or St ate ge tise my HG ssa ae i qe “ ree ; ( Sharad tid TE) i Kao ashes sees ray oo amet MiVENtpcad 2 te wht cain k eb by io eet ot Rluhals aria hy cht a at atl it Ay SLA h ein whe! cakes RRL WL OR Ne Gg anit Athy. HU ve Nate, the ‘ t PROCEEDINGS OF THE MW ZEALAND INSTITUTE 1883 VO) OXON T. EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE BY JAMES HECTOR, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S. IssureD May, 1884. NAL / i Wor ye ‘e/ TE Af hia > ' S \ WELLINGT ox LYON & BLAIR, PRINTERS, LAMBTON QUAY TRUBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON, : ij Ue : /, \} t ta i r rt ; ia mae x Ohms wid ‘ a | i ‘ a: Bat 0. dei xe mgs Ley : oO 4 A Ai 91 ob ah aes ay. 00 wa fom Ch at ACO dre aaa bp ¥ \ a CORRIGENDUM. ——_———- PAGE 145, line 8. The statement as to size refers to the original drawings. The figures on plates iii to viii are reduced fe Ayr en) MOoMivdaly Lanta : : Fai Oe eh bose a er atl 4: MP a 1. ae ct Fit eww bay ie ’ Ad . ny Art. I. II. Til. IV. Vv VI. VIL. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. XIII. XIV. XY. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX. XXI. XXII. COON Teh NDS: DR AN SoA CL LON 8: I.—Zoouoey. PAGES Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera, By HE. Meysick, B.A. ee eo eo eo ee oo ° —A9 A Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina. By E. Meyrick.. 49—113 Notes on a Native Species of Mantis. By T. H. Potts. With a Descriptive Note, by Prof. Hutton .. ste : . 113—118 Description of a new proee of Cidaria ee. By R. W. Fereday, M.E.S.L 30 . 119—120 Further Notes on Ain in New Fenland’ with Deentions of new Species. By W. M. Maskell, F.R.M. S.. O° - 120—144 On the Anatomy of See ee Quoy and Gaimard. By H. B. Kirk, M.A. . 145—160 Notes on some New Hes Land ‘Shells, ait Descriptions of new Species. By Prof. F. W. Hutton Go . 161—186 Revision of the Land Mollusca of New Zealand. By Captain F, W. Hutton Be 486--212 Notes on some Marine gist: with Dascniptigne of new Specie By Prof. F. W. Hutton .. : ie we . 212—216 Revision of the recent Rhachiglosat Mollusca of New Zealand By Captain F. W. Hutton AD . 216—233 Descriptions of new Crustaceans. By ane M. Ta PLS. 234—240 On a new Species of Daphnia. By Geo. M. Thomson .. .» 240—241 On the New Zealand Pycnogonida, with Descriptions of new Species. By Geo. M. Thomson .. o0 90 . 242—248 Additions to the Sessile-eyed Crustacea of New Zealand. By Charles Chilton, M.A... . 249—265 On the Habits of Earth-Worms in nee Peale ie A, t. Urquhart é sie ate «- 266—275 Effect of Cold on Fishes. By Neil Heath te ais On the Occurrence of Phalaropus fulicarius, Pennant (the Red Eee in New Zealand. ae Julius von Haast, C.M.G., Ph.D., F.R.S. ee ve . 279—280 On the ieee of the Bpioue Shark (Echinorhinus minbiien in New Zealand Waters. By T. Jeffery Parker, B.Sc.Lond., Professor of Biology in the University of Otago 00 . 280—281 On a Torpedo (T. fusca, ? n. sp.) recently caught near Manet By T. Jeffery Parker He 55 ae ae . 281—284 On a Specimen of the Great Ribbon Fish (Regalecus ar ee n. sp.), lately obtained at fore oer. By T. Jeffery Parker .. .. 284—296 On the Structure of as Head i in Bil nae with oF a Refer- ence to the Classification of the Genus. By T. Jeffery Parker.. 297—307 Observations on the Breeding Habits of the Eastern Golden Plover (Charadrius fulvus). By C.H. Robson, Communicated by W. L. Buller, C.M,G,, 8e.D., F, R. S, tt a? eer ee 308 Vi. Art. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XX VII. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXY. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIIL XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. LIT. . On the Pottery Clays of the Auckland District. . A few Notes on Thermal Springs at Lyttelton. . On the Occurrence of some new Minerals in New Zealand. By Contents. PAGES On some rare Species of New Zealand Birds. By Walter L. Buller .. O16 : AG ee ee 308—318 On Hieracidea nove- Ee and H. brunnea. By W. W. Smith. Communicated by Dr. Buller ae 50 . 318—322 Notes on New Zealand Ichthyology. By Dr. Hector -. 322—323 TI.—Borany. A further Contribution towards making known the Botany of New Zealand. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. .. ; 325—363 On the Occurrence of the Fern Botrychium lunaria, Sw., (oon wort) in New Zealand. By J. D. Enys Hd 50 363—364 A Bird-killing Tree. By R. H. Govett ae sie -. 364—366 Notes on Botrychium lunaria. By T. Kirk, F.L.S8. an .. 366—367 Botanical Notes. By T. Kirk aie : se .. 367—368 Notice of the Occurrence of a Species of ‘Rhagodia at Port Nicholson. By T. Kirk .. oe 50 fe .. 369—370 Description of a new Pine. By T. Kirk 35 56 . 370—371 Description of new Plants collected on Stewart Island. By T. Kirk 0 a6 oc . 371-374 Notice of the Discovery of Amphibromus in News Zealand, with Description of a new Species. By T. Kirk .. . 374—375 On Lycopodium varium, R. Br., and L. billardieri, Space an Description of a new Form. By T. Kirk . 376—377 Notes on Carmichelia, with ee ons of new Species By .. Kirk ac . oc . 378—382 Description of a new Bekanbeate Plant. By R. Brown. dom: municated by Professor F. W. Hutton sit 382 On the natural Spread of the Hucalr gece in the cara District. By A. T. Urquhart 50 . . 383—384 On the Botany of the Thames Goldfields. By J. mania B.A. .. 385—393 Notice of Olearia hectorit, Hook.f. By D. Petrie, M.A. .- 393—394 Notes on new Species of Plants. By J. Buchanan, F.L.S. . 394—396 © Botanical Notes. By J. Buchanan .. 20 50 G0 397 . Campbell Island and its Flora. By J. Buchanan oC . 398—400 . On the Lichen pe of New Zealand. By Charles Knight F.L.S. oe . 400—408 . Notice of ‘the Dieses: of ae genus spobiite in New Foaan a By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S., Curator of the Auckland Museum. 408—409 . Additions to the New Zealand Flora, By T. F. Cheeseman . 409--413 . A Revision of the New Zealand Species of Carex. By T. F, Cheeseman AC ™ So 56 AO «. 414—442 ITI.—Cuemistry. By J. A. Pond .. 443—446 IV.—Grouoey. By R. M. Laing 447—448 S. Herbert Cox, F.C.S., F.G.S., Assist. ea & Inspector of Mines .. ts 5 50 .. 448—449 . On the Lower Gove of the Waitakere: By oa F. W. Hutton - 449—454 . Recent Dat teaitee in the Reiehvoned of Milford Sonal By Donald Sutherland. Communicated by A. McKay .. -. 454—458 Direct Evidence of a Change in the Elevation of the Waikato Dis- trict. By Ashley Hynter, C.E. «> 459—460 “ES? V2 ee? Contents. Vil. V.—MIscELLANEOUS. PAGES Art. LIV. Some Remarks upon the Distribution of the Organic Productions of New Zealand. By W. T. L. Travers, F.L.S. 56 .. 461—467 LY. On the Brown Trout introduced into Otago. mae No. 2. By W. Arthur, C.E. 20 o¢ te -- 467—512 —_ LVI. Sorghum Experiment, 1882-83. By Mr. saatice Gillies eo 512—517 LVII. The Law of Gavelkind. A reply to Messrs. Wallace and George. By Coleman Phillips 50 90 O6 oe o. J18—532 NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Board of Governors oo ee ee 535 Accounts of the New Zealand Institute 1882—83 .. 50 BD 50 536 Reports on Museum, Geological Survey, Publications, Libraries, Meteorology, Observatory, and Laboratory Ss ae ob aie .» 036—544 PROCEEDINGS. WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Address by President. (Abstract) 00 50 ee oe o0 547 Remarks on the Volcanoes of the Sandwich Islands. By Dr. Hutchinson oe 547 On the Igneous Rocks of the Hast Coast of eee By A. Se (Abstract) 0 -- 547—548 . Notes on Monstrosities in et By Dr. Newey, (Abstract) Ne 548 On the History of the Aorere River, Collingwood, since the Miocene times. By S. H. Cox, F.G.S. (Abstract) oe ad 50 50 548 Remarks on Gold-bearing Quartz from Port Nicholson. By Dr. Hector -. d48—549 Note on a Calf of Kogia breviceps. By Dr. Hector 60 50 549 Note on a Fossil Ammonite from Nugget Point. By A. McKay 00 oe 549 On Earth Tremors and Earthquakes. By the Hon. R. Hart. (Abstract) 00 549 On a new Cuttlefish (Tremoctopus robsonianus), obtained by C. H. Robson at Napier. By ‘IT. W. Kirk. (Abstract) are 00 50 -. 549—550 On the Occurrence of English Butterflies for the first time, at least in Wellington District. By T. W. Kirk. (Abstract) 00 80 00 oc 550 On certain Phenomena of Burning Camphor in Water. By W. Skey. (Abstract) 550 _On the Origin of the Old Lake Basins of Otago. By A. McKay. (Abstract ).. 550—551 Description of an Aerolite at Urenui. By F. L. Dodds. ate 00 30 551 Note of Oranges grown at Bay of Islands .. we an ele O10 551 Remarks concerning the reeie Floating Breakwater. By J. C. Crawford. (Abstract) 50 ee 6 551 On the Storage of Ene ey by _tiigiog Water-p on: By J. o. Grawtoral (Abstract) . ve ee . 552 Remarks on Tidal Waves By Dr. Hector, (Abstract) ate oc ve 552 On the Lower Miocene Formation in New Zealand. By Dr. Hector. (Abstract) 552 On Earthquake Disturbances in the Ocean. By Dr. Hector.. is oie 553 Remarks on the Maori Rat. By the Hon. G.R. Johnson .. aie . 553—554 Notes on a Fragment of Samaritan Pentateuch. By ba Wie ionpaa ag LL. M. (Abstract) 50 . 554—555 On Oscillations of ie) Bie H and Celestial Cider and their fe cction with recent Tidal Disturbances. By Dr. Hector. (Abstract) 36 . 555—556 Abstract of Report for 1883 Ae is OO ie ae «- 5096—557 Election of Officers for 1884 a 557 Non- Euclidean Seen vindicated, bing a Reply to Mr. Fantinnd! By W. Skey i Be as ae 557 On Snuset Glows. By Dr, Hector? (Abstract)! 36 a ee ee 557 Viii. Contents. AUCKLAND INSTITUTE. PAGES Anniversary Address by the President. (Abstract) ar oe ee 558 On a new Genus of Silphide. By Captain T. Broun, M.E.S. 558 Our Water Supply. By Mr. Justice Gillies ac 558 Descriptions of some new Apes, of Beetles of the Genus Saati By Captain T. Broun re a : oe 558 The Law of Tolerance. “By EK. A. en tte aie 55 oe oe 558 Comparative Philology and its relation to Polynesia. By Prof. T. G. Tucker .. 559 New Species of Carabide. By Captain T. Broun .. SA 0 Sc 559 A Visit to Lord Howe’s Group, Central Polynesia. By G.H. Moore.. oe 559 Psychological Investigations. By W. D. Campbell, F.G.S. .. ote ote 559 New Species of Coleoptera. By Captain T. Broun .. is ae an 559 The Spell of the Supernatural. By E. A. Mackechnie 50 le 50 559 New Species of Coleoptera. By Captain T. Broun .. 56 50 45 559 The Citizenship of Women. By Dr. Wallis as = : 560 The New Zealand Railways. By S. Vaile ae a6 ots 560 Abstract of Annual Report 56 50 | 560 Election of Officers for 1884 Sc 560 PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY. The Small Birds Question. By M. Murphy ate ee 60 ee 561- On the Artesian Water Supply of Christchurch. By G. Gray 00 50 561 On the Economic Limit to the Use of Reservoirs. By E. Dobson .. Sc 561 Notes on the Fertilization of Red Clover. Ry J. B. Armstrong 561 A Visit to the Central Alps of New Zealand. By Dr. R. von Lendenfeld 562 The Germ Theory of Disease, with special reference to the Infectiveness of Con- sumption. By Dr. R. H. Bakewell : ; 562 On the Hot Winds of Canterbury. By F. Barkas .. : : 562 Abstract of Annual Report 0 50 06 563 Election of Officers for 1884 : dc oe aie 563 OTAGO INSTITUTE. Embryos of Callorhynchus antarcticus described. By Dr. T. J. Parker oc 564 The Nationalization of Land. By F. R. Chapman.. . 564—565 The Lower Harbour and Bar of Otago. By G. M. Barr, C. E, . 0 565 Skeleton of Porbeagle Shark exhibited. By Dr. Barker .. ae * 565 Technical Education. By Prof. Mainwaring Brown 20 oe o° 565 New Species of Coprosma. By D. Petrie .. ab ao G0 ae 565 Abstract of Annual Report es =6 are Bo Of 60 566 Election of Officers for 1884 a ne a $43 se 566 Science and Ordinary Knowledge. By A. Montwones 410 : Do 566 WESTLAND INSTITUTE. Abstract of Annual Report i BC ae ig ae 56 567 HAWKE’S BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE. Election of Officers for 1883 .. ai hd a aA 568 Abstract of Annual Report for 1882 oe re 60 oe 568 Contributions towards a better Knowledge of the Neo Race, Part V. On the Hawaiki of the Maoris and the Pacepsins Legends, Division I. By W. Colenso, F.L.S. oe ‘ oe Pe 568 The Indigenous Vegetable Prsauees of ie Gant By W. Giblenee ae 569 Contents, 1X. AGES Notes on Zoological Specimens. By Mr. Hamilton on oie 50 : 569 On the Men of Science who preceded us in these Seas and Lands, with particular reference to their labours, adventures, and tragical ends. By W. Colenso.. 569 Abstract of Annual Report b6 bo 56 fe 46 5b 570 SOUTHLAND INSTITUTE. On the Distribution of Seeds. By J. C. Thomson 50 . ee 571 On the Physical Geography of the North Island. By J. T. TESTOR 60 571 On the Physiology of Plants and Tree Life. By W.S. Hamilton .. ee 571 On Wind in Southland. By J. T. Thomson ae ate 90 571 On Lunar Influences and popes Fallacies connected therewith. By the Rev. Mr. Fairclough O09 ve tie 30 d71 On the Resources of Southland. By Mr. Snundrett 50 50 571 On the Coal and Lignite Deposits of Southland. By W. 8S. Hamilton ne » 571 On certain Finds of Moa bones. By Mr. Webber .. 20 as oF 571 Abstract of Annual Report 50 ste 90 06 dio ye 572 Election of Officers for 1884 30 b0 30 36 do 5.0 572 NELSON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, Formation of Society .. o0 50 ie ate oie oie 573 Election of Officers for 1884 Oo 30 An 06 00 573 Inaugural Address by the President. (Abstract 50 a0 «. 573—d75 Notes on the Mineral Resources of New Zealand. By J. Park 00 ie 578 On Forest Culture. By Mr. Hackett are Oo 50 50 ote 576 Description of Fossils. By J. Park 50 a0 00 90 ne 576 Description of a new Octopus. By J. Paul 60 9 90 ote 576 On the Formation of a Sanitary Section. By Col. Walcott . bo 576 The Drift Beds of Wakapuaka and the Port Hills, with some Remarks on ne Boulder Bank and its Formation. By W. Wells fis 576 On the Leg Bones of a new Species of Kiwi. By Prof. von Haast. (ape! 576—577 AQP REN Dil xX. Meteorological Statistics for 1883 OO O40 50 D0 O00 xiii Notes on the Weather during 1883 50 d D0 O60 oe xhiv HKarthquakes reported in New Zealand during 1883 90 50 00 xlv Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute .. 50 ad 50 xlvi Ordinary Members of the New Zealand Institute .. sie 56 .. xlvi—lix List of Institutions and Individuals to whom this Volume is presented bo lbe= baal Corrigendum .. 50 ore O06 O06 50 ats 50 ili Contents 30 50 So sie oe mie OO ie v—ix List of Plates .. 6 ‘ ae oe ie aie 50 x Board of Governors of thie New Zealand Institute .. 0 os te xl Abstracts of Rules and Statutes of the New Zealand Tratitnte 50 es Xi-—xiil List of Incorporated Societies .. 56 ote 9 ete oe XIV Officers of Incorporated Societies and Extracts from the Rules 50 .. XlV—xvil Anniversary Address of the President, His an Sir W. F. D. Jervois, G.C.M.G., C.B., ete. is a6 XIX—XXX1X iS. OP ee LAs nS. Puate. I. Masketu.—Coccide II. ef an ae 50 III. H. B. Kinx.—Sepioteuthis bilineata ING + x + V. *) ¥ 9% AC Ale * * * - VII. * + : 5 AG VIII. 0 es . > S65 IX. Hurron.—Land Shells .. 50 56 60 X. ” ” ee ee ee ee XI 5 5 and Marine Mollusca Ac XII. G. M. Toomson.—Crustaceans 36 XIII on Rs and Daphnia XIV. * a Pycnogonida te XV. . . 5 aie XVI. 4s 45 * XVII. Cuinton.—Sessile-eyed Crustacea XVIII. * i a XIX. . ss ps ‘ XX. on 3 et es A XXII. % x 6 me XXII. Parker.—Torpedo fusca he XXIII. BS Regalecus argenteus 30 90 XXIV. x0 3 XXYV. Hs Palinurus ae ae XXVI. T. Kirx.—Podocarpus acutifolius XXVII. ee Brachycome thomsonii XXVIII. 56 Amphibromus fluitans XXIX, oF Lycopodium varium var. gracile XXX. ss Carmichelia enysii 50 ate XXXI. Pa is uniflora 00 XXXII. i i williamsii 66 XXXII. is * kirkii oc dc XXXIV. Bucwanan.—Plagianthus linariifolia and P. divaricatus XXXY. 3 Hectorella elongata and H. cespitosa XXXVI. re Sophora prostrata .. a6 66 XXXVII. % Plewrophyllum hookeri g6 3¢ XXXVI. “5 Views of Campbell Island XXXIX. Kyicut.—Lichens Oc 4c XL. ae * 50 50 50 re XLI. s 55 as ae bc 50 XLII. Surnertanp.—Chart of Discoveries near Milford Sound XLII. XLIY. Arruur.—Brown Trout ” ” eo TO FACE ee PAGE. 128 136 148 148 152 152 160 160 168 176 184 240 240 248 248 248 256 256 264 264 264 284% 288 296 304 370 372 374 376 378 380 380 382 394 394 396 396 398 400 404 406 456 480 496 NEE Wee Zen VAT LEAONED NGS aU ESTABLISHED UNDER AN ACT OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NEW ZEALAND INTITULED “THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE ACT, 1867.” Boarp or GOVERNORS. (EX OFFICIO.) His Excellency the Governor | The Hon. the Colonial Secretary. (NOMINATED.) The Hon. W. B. D. Mantell, F.G.S., W. T. L. Travers, F.L.8., James Hector, C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., the Ven. Archdeacon Stock, B.A., Thomas Mason, M.H.R., the Hon. G. M. Waterhouse, M.L.C. (ELECTED.) 1883.—The Hon. William Rolleston, M.H.R., James McKerrow, Martin Chapman. 1884.—The Hon. Wm. Rolleston, M.H.R., James McKerrow, Dr. Buller, C.M.G., F.R.S. MANAGER: James Hector. Honorary TREASURER : The Ven. Archdeacon Stock. ‘ SECRETARY : R. B. Gore. ABS RACLS OR sh hays AN Des WA TU Wiss GAZETTED IN THE “‘ New Zeauanp Gazetrre,” ITH Marcy, 1868, Section I, Incorporation of Societies. 1. No Society shall be incorporated with the Institute under the provisions of ‘‘ The New Zealand Institute Act, 1867,” unless such Society shall consist: of not less than twenty-five members, subscribing in the aggregate a sum of not less than fifty pounds sterling annually, for the promotion of art, science, or such other branch of knowledge for which it is assoviated, to be from time to time certified to the satisfaction of the Board of Governors of the Institute by the Chairman for the time being of the Society. 2. Any Society incorporated as aforesaid shall cease to be incorporated with the Institute in case the number of the members of the said Society shall at any time become less than twenty-five, or the amount of money annually subscribed by such members shall at any time be less than £50. Xi. New Zealand Institute. 3. The bye-laws of every Society to be incorporated as aforesaid shall provide for the expenditure of not less than one-third of its annual revenue in or towards the formation or support of some local public Museum or Library; or otherwise shall provide for the contribution of not less than one-sixth of its said revenue towards the extension and maintenance of the Museum and Library of the New Zealand Institute. 4, Any Society incorporated as aforesaid, which shall in any one year fail to expend the proportion of revenue affixed in manner provided by Rule 3 aforesaid, shall from thenceforth cease to be incorporated with the Institute. 5. All papers read before any Society for the time being incorporated with the Institute, shall be deemed to be communications to the Institute, and may then be published as Proceedings or Transactions of the Institute, subject to the following regulations of the Board of the Institute regarding publications :— Regulations regarding Publications. (a.) The publications of the Institute shall consist of a current abstract of the proceedings of the Societies for the time being incorporated with the Institute, to be intituled, ‘‘ Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute,” and of transactions comprising papers read before the Incorporated Societies (subject, however, to selection as hereinafter mentioned), to be intituled, ‘‘ Transactions of the New Zealand Institute.” (.) The Institute shall have power to reject any papers read before any of the Incorporated Societies. (c.) Papers so rejected will be returned to the Society before which they were read. (d.) A proportional contribution may be required from each Society towards the cost of publishing the Proceedings and Transactions of the Institute. (e) Each Incorporated Society will be entitled to receive a proportional number of copies of the Proceedings and Transactions of the Institute, to be from time to time fixed by the Board of Governors. (f.) Extra copies will be issued to any of the members of Incorporated Societies at the cost price of publication. 6. All property accumulated by or with funds derived from Incorporated Societies and placed in the charge of the Institute, shall be vested in the Institute, and be used and applied at the discretion of the Board of Governors for public advantage, in like manner with any other of the property of the Institute. 7. Subject to ‘‘ The New Zealand Institute Act, 1867,” and to the foregoing rules, all Societies incorporated with the Institute shall be entitled to retain or alter their own form of constitution and the bye-laws for their own management, and shall conduct their own affairs. 8. Upon application signed by the Chairman and countersigned by the Secretary of any Society, accompanied by the certificate required under Rule No. 1, a certificate of incorporation will be granted under the Seal of the Institute, and will remain in force as long as the foregoing rules of the Institute are complied with by the Society. Section IT. For the Management of the Property of the Institute. 9. All donations by Societies, Public Departments, or Private Individuals, to the Museum of the Institute, shall be acknowledged by a printed form of receipt, and shall be duly entered in the books of the Institute provided for that purpose, and shall then be dealt with as the Board of Governors may direct. Abstract of Rules and Statutes. Xlil. 10. Deposits of articles for the Museum may be accepted by the Institute, subject to a fortnight’s notice of removal to be given either by the owner of the articles or by the Manager of the Institute, and such deposits shall be duly entered in a separate catalogue. 11. Books relating to Natural Science may be deposited in the Library of the Insti- tute, subject to the following conditions :— (a.) Such books are not to be withdrawn by the owner under six months’ notice, if such notice shall be required by the Board of Governors. (b.) Any funds specially expended on binding and preserving such deposited books, at the request of the depositor, shall be charged against the books, and must be refunded to the Institute before their withdrawal, always subject to special arrangements made with the Board of Governors at the time of deposit. (c.) No books deposited in the Library of the Institute shall be removed for temporary use except on the written authority or receipt of the owner, and then only for a period not exceeding seven days at any one time. 12. All books in the Library of the Institute shall be duly entered in a catalogue which shall be accessible to the public. 13. The public shall be admitted to the use of the Museum and Library, subject to bye-laws to be framed by the Board. Section III. The Laboratory shall, for the time being, be and remain under the exclusive management of the Manager of the Institute. Section IY. Or Dats 23Rnp SEPTEMBER, 1870. Honorary Members. Whereas the rules of the Societies incorporated under the New Zealand Institute Act provide for the election of Honorary Members of such Societies ; but inasmuch as such Honorary Members would not thereby become members of the New Zealand Institute, and whereas it is expedient to make provision for the election of Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute, it is hereby declared— 1st. Each Incorporated Society may, in the month of November next, nominate for election as Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute three persons, and in the month of November in each succeeding year one person, not residing in the colony. 2nd. The names, descriptions, and addresses of persons so nominated, together with the grounds on which their election as Honorary Members is recommended, shall be forthwith forwarded to the Manager of the New Zealand Institute, and shall by him be submitted to the Governors at the next succeeding meeting. _ 3rd, From the persons so nominated, the Governors may select in the first year not more than nine, and in each succeeding year not more than three, who shall from thenceforth be Honorary Members of the New Zealand Institute, provided that the total number of Honorary Members shall not exceed thirty. LIST OF INCORPORATED SOCIETIES. NAME OF SOCIETY. DATE OF INCORPORATION, Wewuincton Puimosorppican Society - - - 10th June, 1868. Auckuanpd InstituTE~ - - - - - - 10th June, 1868. PutnosopuicaL InstirutE or CANTERBURY : - 22nd October, 1868. Otago InstITUTE “ - - - - 18th October, 1869. Westianp Institute - : - - - - 21st December, 1874. Hawxe’s Bay Puinosopnicat Institute : - 81st March, 1875. SourHianpD Institute - - . - : - 21st July, 1880. Neuson Puitosopnican Society - : : - 20th December, 1883. WELLINGTON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1883 :—-President—The Hon. G. Randall Johnson, M.L.C. ; Vice-presidents—Dr. Buller, C.M.G., F.R.S., A. K. Newman, M.B., M.R.C.P. ; CounciI—R. Govett, M. Chapman, James Hector, M.D., C.M.G., BRS. 9. EL. Cox, F.G:S., F-C.8:, 2. Kang, W. 0. G. Dravers; heleoeeee B. Hutchinson, M.R.C.8.; Auditor—H. F. Logan ; Secretary and Treasurer —R. B. Gore. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1884 :—President—Dr. Buller, C.M.G., F.R.S. ; Vice-presidents—A. K. Newman, M.B., M.R.C.P., R. Govett; Council— James Hector, M.D., 0.M.G., F.R.S., S. H. Cox, F.G.8., F.C.S., T. King, W. T. L. Travers, F.L.8., F. B. Hutchinson, M.R.C.S., G. W. Grabham, M.D.Lond., Martin Chapman; Auditor—H. F. Logan; Secretary and Treasurer—R. B. Gore. Extracts from the Rules of the Wellington Philosophical Society. 5. Every member shall contribute annually to the funds of the Society the sum of one guinea. 6. The annual contribution shall be due on the first day of January in each year. 7. The sum of ten pounds may be paid at any time asa composition for life of the ordinary annual payment. 14, The time and place of the General Meetings of members of the Society shall be fixed by the Council and duly announced by the Secretary. AUCKLAND INSTITUTE. OrricE-BEARERS FoR 1883 :—President—Rt. Rev. W. G. Cowie, D.D.; Vice-presidents—H. Mackechnie, T. Peacock, M.H.R.; Council—G. Aickin, J. L. Campbell, M.D., W. D. Campbell, F.G.8., Mr. Justice Gillies, Hon. Colonel Haultain, Neil Heath, J. Martin, F.G.S., J. A. Pond, Rev. A. G. Purchas, M.R.C.S.E., H. G. Seth Smith, 8. Percy Smith, F.R.G.S.; Secretary and Treasurer —T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S.; Auditor—T. Macffarlane. Incorporated Societies. XY. Orrick-BEARERS FOR 1884 :—President—H. G. Seth Smith, R.M. ; Vice- presidents—Rt. Rev. W. G. Cowie, D.D.; E. A. Mackechnie ; Cowncil— G. Aickin, Professor F. D. Brown, B.Sc., J. L. Campbell, M.D., Hon. Colonel Haultain, Neil Heath, J. Martin, F.G.S., J. Murray Moore, M.D., T. Peacock, M.H.R., J. A. Pond, Rev. A. G. Purchas, M.R.C.S.E., S. Percy Smith, F.R.G.S.; Secretary and Treasurer—T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S., F.Z.8.; Auditor—T. Macffarlane. Extracts from the Rules of the Auckland Institute. 1. Any person desiring to become a member of the Institute, shall be proposed in writing by two members, and shall be ballotted for at the next meeting of the Council. 4, New members on election to pay one guinea entrance fee, in addition to the annual subscription of one guinea, the annual subscriptions being payable in advance on the first day of April for the then current year. 5. Members may at any time become life-members by one payment of ten pounds ten shillings, in lieu of future annual subscriptions. 10. Annual General Meeting of the Society on the third Monday of February in each year. Ordinary Business Meetings are called by the Council from time to time. PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE OF CANTERBURY. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1883 :—President—Professor F. W. Hutton; Vice- presidents—R. W. Fereday, E. Dobson; Treaswrer—W. M. Maskell; Secre- tary—Geo. Gray ; Council—Professor J. von Haast, Dr. Symes, C. Chilton, T. Crook, J. Inglis, T. S. Lambert. OFFICE-BEARERS ror 1884 :—President—R. W. Fereday ; Vice-presidents Professor F. W. Hutton, J. Inglis; Treaswrer—W. M. Maskell ; Secretary —C. Chilton ; Auditor—C. R. Blakiston ; CownctX—H. R. Webb, G. Gray, G. Hogben, EK. Dobson, T. Crook, Dr. Lendenfeld. Extracts from the Rules of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. 21. The Ordinary Meetings of the Institute shall be held on the first Thursday of each month during the months from March to November inclusive. 35. Members of the Institute shall pay one guinea annually as a subscription to the funds of the Institute. The subscription shall be due on the first of November in every year. Any member whose subscription shall be twelve months in arrears, shall cease to be a member of the Institute, but he may be restored by the Council if it sees fit. 37. Members may compound for all annual subscriptions of the current and future years by paying ten guineas. OTAGO INSTITUTE. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1883 :—President—A. Montgomery; Vice-presidents— W. Arthur, C.H., Rev. Dr. Roseby; Hon. Secretary—Professor Parker ; Hon, Treasurer—D., Petrie, M.A.; Auditor—D. Brent; Council—Dr. Hocken, Professor Scott, G. M. Thomson, F. Chapman, R. Gillies, G. Joachim, Professor Mainwaring Brown. XVI. Incorporated Societies. OrricE-BEARERS FOR 1884 :—President—Donald Petrie, M.A.; Vice- presidents—Alex. Montgomery, Professor Scott ; Hon. Secretary—Professor Parker ; Hon. Treasurer—J. C. Thomson; Councii—F. R. Chapman, W. Arthur, C.E., Professor Mainwaring Brown, Professor Ulrich, R. Gillies, F.L.8., G. M. Thomson, F.L.8., T. M. Hocken, M.R.C.S.; Auditor—D. Brent, M.A. Extracts from the Constitution and Rules of the Otago Institute. 2. Any person desiring to join the Society may be elected by ballot, on being proposed in writing at any meeting of the Council or Society by two members, on payment of the annual subscription of one guinea for the year then current. 5. Members may at any time become life-members by one payment of ten pounds and ten shillings in lieu of future annual subscriptions. 8. An Annual General Meeting of the members of the Society shall be held in January in each year, at which meeting not less than ten members must be present, otherwise the meeting shall be adjourned by the members present from time to time, until the requisite number of members is present. (5.) The session of the Otago Institute shall be during the winter months, from May to October, both inclusive. WESTLAND INSTITUTE. OFFICE-BEARERS FOR 1883 :—President—W. A. Spence; Vice-president— T. O. W. Croft; Hon. Treasurer—J. P. Will; Secretary—Richard Hilldrup. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1884.—President—W. A. Spence; Vice-president— T. O. W. Croft; Treaswrer—J. P. Will; Secretary—Richard Hilldrup. Extracts from the Rules of the Westland Institute. 8. The Institute shall consist :—(1) Of life-members, i.e., persons who have at any one time made a donation to the Institute of ten pounds ten shillings or upwards ; or persons who, in reward of special services rendered to the Institute, have been unani- mously elected as such by the Committee or at the general half-yearly meeting. (2) Of members who pay two pounds two shillings each year. (3) Of members paying smaller sums, not less than ten shillings. 5. The Institute shall hold a half-yearly meeting on the third Monday in the months of December and June. HAWKE’S BAY PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1883 :—President—The Right Rev. the Bishop of Waiapu; Vice-president—W. I. Spencer; Hon. Secretary and Treaswrer—W. Colenso ; Council—T. W. Balfour, J. N. Bowerman, H. R. Holder, T. K. Newton, F. W. C. Sturm, C. H. Weber; Auditor—T. K. Newton. Extracts from the Rules of the Hawke’s Bay Philosophical Institute. 3. The annual subscription for each member ghall be one guinea, payable in advance, on the first day of January in every year. Incorporated Societies. XVil. 4, Members may at any time become life-members by one payment of ten pounds ten shillings in lieu of future annual subscriptions. (4.) The session of the Hawke’s Bay Philosophical Institute shall be during the winter months from May to October, both inclusive; and general meetings shall be held on the second Monday in each of those six months, at 8 p.m. SOUTHLAND INSTITUTE. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1883 :—President —J. T. Thomson, C.E., F.R.G.S. ; Vice-president—Rey. P. W. Fairclough; Secretary and Treasurer—J. C. Thomson ; Council—Dr. Galbraith, Messrs. Carswell, Denniston, Hamilton, Robertson, Scandrett. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1884 :—President—J.T. Thomson; Vice-president— Mr. Denniston; Secretary—W. S. Hamilton ; Treaswrer—W. R. Robertson ; Council—Dr. Galbraith, — Scandrett, — Webber, J. T. Martin, — Carswell, J. B. Greig. NELSON PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. OFFICE-BEARERS FoR 1884:—President—The Bishop of Nelson ; Vice- presidents—--Dv. Li. Boor, A. 8s Atkinson; Secretary—Dr. J. Hudson ; Treasurer—J. Holloway ; Cowncil—The Hon. J. C. Richmond, J. Meeson, M. Fearnley, J. Park, Col. Walcott. Extract from the Rules of the Nelson Philosophical Socicty. 4. That members shall be elected by ballot. 6. That the annual subscription shall be one guinea, 7. That the sum of ten guineas may be paid in composition of the annual subscription. 16. That the meetings be held monthly. 23. That papers read before the Society shall be immediately delivered to the Secretary. era errs i t ‘ ' ‘ . . : | i’ ¢ oe ; ti hile EAM , ett ' . ~ s orbit tondsy | reiniatoar j NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT, HIS EXCELLENCY SIR W. F. D. JERVOIS, G.C.M.G., C.B., Erc., DELIVERED TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE, AT THE ANNIVERSARY MEETING, HELD ON THE 8TH AvuaustT, 1883. GENTLEMEN ,— There is, I think, a special value in meetings such as the present, affording as they do an opportunity for looking back, not only at the proceedings of the Institute, but also at some of the principal events in the literary and scientific world, during the past year, and then of glancing forward at the aim and objects of the Society in the future. The New Zealand Institute already possesses a history of its own, and one which reflects great credit on the members of its various imeorporated Societies, and I may add on the colony as a whole. Thirty-two years ago, when the total European population was but 32,000, the New Zealand Society was founded, mainly through the instrumentality of Sir George Grey; and, although it never met with the success that it deserved, we cannot regard the efforts of its pro- moters as thrown away. They were the real pioneers of the move- ment; they broke up the virgin soil, and planted the germ out of which has sprung the present Institute, with branches established i: almost every provincial district, and an influence extending trom Auckland to Invercargill. The existing Association, however, dates only from 1867, when the Act for its establishment was passed, or rather from the following year, when the separate bodies then existing at Wellington, Auckland, and Christchurch became incorporated with the central Institute. ON New Zealand Institute. Since that date have been added the local Institutes of Otago, West- land, Hawke’s Bay, and Southland, all of which, I am glad to learn, are in a flourishing condition, both as regards numbers and vitality. An Association at Nelson was also incorporated, but I regret to say that circumstances led to its ceasing to exist as a branch of the New Zealand Institute. I trust, however, that efforts which are now being made to resuscitate it will meet with deserved success. The principal objects of the Institute as thus founded may be gathered from the list of subjects on which special information was desired, mentioned in the preface to the first volume of Transactions. They include, in short, all subjects of peculiar interest to the country, whether ethnological, zoological, geological (including chemical and mineralogical), or botanical ; suggestions for improvements in -agricul- ture and farming, sanitary matters, and the development of the country. Towards these and similar subjects, members of all the local Societies were invited to contribute, by personal observation, study, and the reading of papers at meetings, the Government co-operating by paying for the printing of the Annual Volume of Transactions, and the central Institute disseminating the information thus collected by the local bodies. I am happy to say that there is not one of these subjects that has been not merely touched upon, but very carefully gone into; in fact, I greatly doubt whether any young country in the world has been so systematically investigated as New Zealand has been under the auspices of this Institute. I need not say how much of this has been due to the untirmg energy of Dr. Hector, who has not only been the life and soul of the Society, but has had the laborious duty of editing the Volumes of Transactions. Three years ago, at the time when it was resolved to limit the Government expenditure in every way possible, it was contemplated to discontinue the annual grant of £500 for the publication of the Transactions ; but the Board of Governors were able to give so good an account of the proceedings of the Institute that, on further con- sideration, the vote was allowed, and has since been continued. The Institute has moreover been useful not only as a centre for the operations of local societies, but also as a focus for the work of various kindred departments, such as the Colonial Museum, the Geological Survey, the Laboratory, the Botanic Garden, the Observa- tory, the Meteorological Department, the Department of the Inspector of Weights and Measures, and the Patent Office. These would, no doubt, have in any case existed; but had they been entirely separate, much time and money would have been lost, which have now been wisely saved by their working together under the auspices of the New Zealand Institute. 3 Anniversary Address. xX. The various Museums which are under the charge of the In- stitute, and the incorporated Societies, have all been more or less enriched during the last year; notably that at Auckland, by the beautiful and valuable Pompeian statue presented, amongst other works of art, by Mr. Mackelvie. This Museum is also one of the many institutions at Auckland which have been so largely benefited by the munificence of the late Mr. Costley; and, although it will not actually belong to the Institute, the Auckland members will have the additional advantage of the splendid library presented to that city by Sir George Grey. TRANSACTIONS FOR 1882. The large volume of Transactions and Proceedings for 1882 gives evidence of the genuine and valuable work that is still being done by the Institute. Amongst the essays which are printed at length in the volume, I wish especially to refer to Mr. Meyrick’s learned and eareful account of his examinations concerning the Micro-lepidoptera of New Zealand, a comparatively new field for zoological research. The object of such inquiries may not at once be obvious, but they are nevertheless of great value as being immediately connected with im- portant agricultural interests; the minute moths, which form the subject of investigation, being amongst the most frequent causes of blight in plants. I am glad to observe that Mr. Meyrick intends continuing these investigations, and publishing the results through the medium of the Institute. Mr. Colenso’s rambles through the forest have added materially to our knowledge of the ferns and plants indigenous to this country ; and I trust that, although it seems a matter of great difficulty, the attention which Mr. Arthur has drawn to the question of the disease which is now playing havoc amongst the trout in Lake Wakatipu may ultimately lead to the discovery of some means whereby it may be overcome. ‘The acclimatization of foreign varieties of fish is of such importance as a means of increasing the food-supply of this country, that it is a matter for serious concern that a disease should have appeared amongst the one variety—Hnglish trout—which it was hoped had been successfully introduced. I am particularly glad to find that the attention of members in both Islands has again been drawn—as it had on several previous occasions—to the important, but too often forgotten, subject of forest conservation. As was pointed out by Captain Walker, in the inter- esting and exhaustive addresses delivered by him in 1876 and 1877, which are printed in the 9th volume of the Transactions, silviculture is doubly useful: first, on account of the value of the product; and, secondly, on account of the change of climate it brings about. 5:@.8 lp New Zealand Institute. It appears, from the paper read by Mr. Justice Gillies before the Auckland Institute, that the cork tree may be most successfully cultivated in that district, and that each tree above the age of twenty- five years may be calculated to produce on an average about Qs. worth of cork every year; whilst Mr. McArthur, speaking at Inver- cargill, pointed out that im a few years the demand for railway sleepers alone—not to mention the other purposes in the way of building, carving, and fencing, for which timber is required—will exhaust the supply of native wood, and that the difficulty should be met by plant- ing quickly-growing trees, such as larch and fir, on a large scale, with- out delay ; im short, ‘ planting here should follow the sawmillers, and this cannot be done too soon.”’ . With regard to forest conservation as concerning the question of climate, I may quote the words of Mr. Firth, who, in a paper read before the Auckland Institute in 1874, remarks that: ‘‘ Denudation of timber produces barrenness of soil, increases insect life, creates drought, diminishes rain, accelerates evaporation, causes floods and untimely frosts, lessens the production of food, diminishes population, and finally degrades a nation. The glory of many an ancient empire departed with its forests. To-day Persia and Spain present sad but warning spectacles of desolation and degradation, which, though partially due to various causes, have been intensified by the destruc- tion of their forests.” The forms which the evils resulting from want of timber take differ, of course, in different countries. In addition to the remarks made by Mr. McArthur, Mr. Travers, in speaking before the Wellington Philosophical Society, has pointed out that the destruction of the forests in this country has already caused disastrous floods, and Dr. Meldrum and Dr. Hutchinson have explained how similar causes are bringing about similar results in Mauritius and the Sandwich Islands. From all parts of the world the story is the same. I lately received from the Secretary of State for the Colonies an interesting despatch on the subject, with reference to a large part of Southern Europe. Austria, Switzerland, and France have turned their attention to the reforesting of the bare mountain slopes; but in many districts of Italy the evil has gone on unchecked, and, in consequence of this, the floods are higher, and the average flow of the rivers is lower, than it used to be at the time when the mountains were clothed with timber and vegetation. Last September the inundations in the Province of Venetia, which were, no doubt, to a great extent brought about by this cause, resulted in serious loss of life and wholesale destruction of property. I am glad to learn that this important subject has for some time been under the consideration of the Government of New Zealand. Anniversary Address. XXlil. Time will not allow me to make more than a passing mention of the papers of Mr. Samuel Locke and Mr. Barstow concerning the Native race and the history of the earliest European settlers in this colony; of Dr. Newman’s paper respecting the healthiness of New Zealand; or of many other contributions. I will only add that I cannot look through the compressed report of the local Societies with- out a feeling of regret that I have no opportunity of reading at greater length several of the interesting papers, of which only an abstract can be given. The honorary members who have been added to the roll of the Institute during the last year are: Professor W. B. Carpenter, the eminent physiologist, who has done great service to New Zealand by assisting in the organization of the University ; Sir Wm. Thompson, from whose researches in physics and especially in electricity, this colony, in common with other countries, is deriving daily benefit ; and Professor Ellery, the well-known astronomer at the Melbourne Observatory, whose work in the preparation of star catalogues is of great benefit in all survey operations in these latitudes. SCIENCE. The past year has been one of exceptional activity in the world of science. Astronomers in all quarters of the globe have been watching with keen interest the movements of the magnificent comet which was visible last spring; two months ago we had the opportunity of seeing one of the most beautiful of astronomical phenomena—a total eclipse of the sun; and in December last scientific parties were de- spatched by almost every European nation to take careful observations of the transit of Venus. COMET. In the recent volume of Transactions there is a valuable paper on the constitution of comets, which was read before the Southland Institute last October by Mr. Fairclough. There and elsewhere you will find it stated that, according to Kepler, comets are as numerous as fishes in the sea. But, however that may be, there is no doubt that they may be numbered by hundreds of thousands, and that they are indeed the most numerous family of bodies in the universe. The movements of some hundreds only, however, have been studied, and of these only a few by the aid of modern appliances. They all describe a course round the sun; but, whilst some revolve in orbits occupying only a comparatively short period, which can be calculated with precision— as, for instance, Encke’s Comet and Halley’s Comet, which accomplish their revolutions in about three XXIV. New Zealand Institute. and a half years and seventy-six years respectively—the elements of the motion of others are not sufficiently known to admit of their return being predicted. Those who recollect the great comet of 1843 confess that it hardly, if at all, surpassed the one of last year in brilliancy, although some maintain that it exceeded it in the apparent length of its tail as seen from the earth. The large majority of those now living, however, have never seen anything that can be compared to the magnificent comet of 1882. It was visible from all quarters of the globe, and so briliant as to be seen with the naked eye at noon in a clear sky. -On the 17th of September a unique observation was made at the Cape, where the comet was seen to pass right up to the sun’s limb, after which it became invisible, not intercepting the faintest portion of the sun’s light. The following morning it passed its perihelion passage so close as to be within the region beyond which the great solar jets of incandescent hydrogen (to which I will presently refer in another connection) are often seen to extend. It must, whilst in that position, have been exposed to a heat so intense, that rock-crystal, agate, or the most infusible substance we know of, would have been vapourized. The gigantic tail covered a space at least as long as the distance between the earth and the sun, and, although apparently of very small substantiality, several observers report that they saw distinctly in the sky the black shadow cast by the tail of the comet. The question as to the relations between the comets of 1848, 1880, and 1882 is one of great interest. According to Mr. Chandler, the orbit of the comet of last year is such as to be quite inconsistent with a short period of revolution, and, if so, it must be distinct from either of the earlier comets,—or from the earlier comet, supposing those of 1843 and 1880 to be identical. Another view has lately been put forward in the “ Observatory,” from which I quote the following words :—‘“ The physical appearance of the comet, which like that of 1848, and unlike that of 1880, showed at first a decided nucleus, together with the intimation of a period very considerably greater than that of the interval from the 27th January, 1880, the date of perihelion of the 1880 comet,” to September, 1882, “suggest that perhaps the 1843 comet suffered disintegration when at its nearest approach, and that the 1880 comet was a portion — of its less condensed material, whilst the body of the comet with the principal nucleus, suffering less retardation than the separated part, has taken two and a half years longer to perform a revolution.” The latest, and I understand the most accurate, calculations, how- ever, attribute to the orbit of the comet of 1882 a period of 840 years, so that the last time it passed round the sun was about the year 1140, in the days of King Stephen. Anniversary Address. XXV. ECLIPSE. The total eclipse of the sun, visible throughout this part of the world, which took place on the 6th of May last, had been looked forward to by men of science with special attention, on account of the interest- ing questions which it was expected to solve. The roseate protuberances, of the chromosphere which are seen surrounding the limb of the sun during an eclipse were, by the investigations which were made during and consequent upon the eclipse of 1868, proved to be jets, composed almost exclusively of incandescent hydrogen gas, to which I before referred in speaking of the passage of the comet, bursting forth from the layers of vapour which form the atmosphere to the sun. Amongst these vapours spectrum analysis has detected sodium, magnesium, and calcium. Beyond this atmosphere, however, there is visible during a total eclipse a magnificent silvery aureole, or luminous corona, which may reach to a distance equal to an entire’ radius of the moon’s orbit. It is not yet certain of what this corona is composed, and it is quite possible that it may be a magnetic phenomenon analogous to the aurora borealis. The remarkable association of the breaking-out of sun-spots with the occurrence of violent magnetic storms on the sun’s surface gives support to this view. A marked instance of this occurred on the 19th November last, when telegraphic communica- tion was interfered with throughout the world, and an aurora was visible over both hemispheres, associated with a very large sun-spot. To the corona again immense appendices have been observed. Whether they are dependent on the coronal atmosphere, or are really streams of meteorites circulating round the sun, was still uncertain ; and this was one of the questions which it was hoped would be decided by the observations taken during the eclipse of 1883, especially as bearing on the remarkable theory lately put forth by Dr. Siemens to explain the maintenance of the sun’s energy, which sug- gests that energy thrown off from the equatorial regions of the sun is reabsorbed at the sun’s poles, to be again re-formed into a source of power. From the observations of the eclipse it was moreover expected that information would be furnished respecting the small round spots which have frequently been observed to appear and disappear in front of the sun’s orb. Can these be planets, revolving round the sun, but which the illumination of our atmosphere, so bright in the neighbourhood of the sun, conceals from us at other times? There are but two ways in which the matter can be investigated—viz., the attentive study of the solar surface (a work of great difficulty), and the examination of the circumsolar region whilst an eclipse renders such examination possible. As ordinary eclipses have only a duration of two minutes XXV1. New Zealand Institute. at the pomt where the phase is maximum, the eclipse of the 6th May last, which was to have a duration three times as great, was looked for- ward to the more eagerly, and scientific parties were sent out from England, France, and America to examine the phenomenon from Flint and Caroline Islands, situated to westward of the Marquesas, and the nearest poimts of land to the central lme. We have learnt, by telegram, that the observations made by them were successful, especially as regards the photographs taken; but it is impossible to discuss the details of the results until further accounts reach us. TRANSIT OF VENUS. Next, as regards the transit of Venus. I need scarcely mention that the object of observing the transit of Venus across the sun’s disc is to determine the distance of the sun from the earth ;—in the words of Sir George Airey, “the noblest problem in astronomy.” Although, through the sublime discoveries of Copernicus and Kepler, we have a just conception of the order of the solar system and its relative dimensions as expressed in Kepler’s Law: that the squares of the periodic times of the planets in their orbits are to each other as the cubes of their distances from the sun; yet we know not with anything like absolute certainty any of these distances. But, in virtue of the law just quoted, given the true distance of any of the planets from the sun or from each other, and we have all the rest. The distance we seek, therefore, is not alone that of the earth from the sun, but in reality the base-line of the universe. The sun’s distance was to the ancient astronomers an insoluble prob- lem, owing to the want of adequate instrumental means. Aristarchus gave the distance as nineteen times that of the moon, which, accord- ing to our value of the moon’s distance, would give that of the sun under 5,000,000 miles. Even so late as the time of Kepler, not 300 years ago, the estimate of the sun’s distance was 13,000,000 miles, or less than one-seveuth of what is now accepted. Indeed, in Kepler’s time, the idea of utilizing the transit of Venus, as astronomers now do, was not thought of. It was reserved for the celebrated Scottish philosoper, James Gregory, in 1663, to point out the probability of determining the sun’s parallax by means of the transit of Venus. As is well known, these transits occur in pairs, the first and second of a pair being divided by an interval of only eight years, whilst between one pair and another there are successively intervals of 105% and 1213 years. Thus, there were transits of Venus in 1631 and 1639; next in 1761 and 1769; the present generation has been specially favoured by having seen the transits of 1874 and 1882; and the next will not take place till 2004 and 2012. — —_ Anniversary Address. XXVII. Dr. Halley, of comet renown, who died in 1742, left to his countrymen, not only the famous prediction of the return of his comet, which has since been twice verified at the appointed times, but also the most earnest recommendation to observe the transits of Venus of 1761 and 1769. Halley’s injunction was well obeyed, especially in 1769, when the observations of Captain Cook’s expedi- tion at Otaheite, combined with observations at other stations in various parts of the world, resulted in the conclusion, until recently relied on as correct, that 95,000,000 miles is the true distance of the sun. The mention of the honoured name of Cook recalls to mind how close the association is between the observation of the transit of Venus in 1769 and the rediscovery and settlement of these southern lands. The principle of the observation is that followed by the surveyor in ascertaining the distance of an inaccessible object. A line is measured on the ground, also the two-angles which it forms with the inaccessible point; the third angle of the triangle is then inferred, and the computation of the distance required is one of the simplest in plane trigonometry. But the distance to the imaccessible sun is so immeasurably great that any base line which the surveyor could mark off on the earth’s surface would be as useless for the purpose as a mathematical point. Even if we could stay the sun in his course, and grant other impossible conditions, the most delicate instrument would fail to show any convergence of the sides of the wished-for triangle. In other words, there would be no parallax. The solution of the problem must be tried in some other way, and the most obvious thing to do, in the first instance, is to increase the length of the base. The longest possible base on the earth is, of course, the diameter of the earth itself. By placing observers suitably, in widely separated parts of the globe, the longest practicable base will be obtained, but still the problem is insoluble, unless we can have some intermediate body of known rate of circular motion coming in line between the observers and the sun. In the problem before us, Venus is that body, and, as she is, at transit, nearer the earth than the sun in the ratio of about 2 to 5, it will be seen that, to observers widely apart, Venus must necessarily come in line with the edge of the sun at different times to the two observers ; just as would be the case were two observers, standing apart on the bank of a river, each to signal as a passing boat came in line with a tree on the opposite bank. It would be seen that an interval of time elapsed between the two signals. This interval, in the case of Venus, gives the measure of the angle subtended at the sun by the base line joining the stations of the observers. For the rate of the motion of Venus relative to that of the earth being known, the interval observed is convertibie into XXVIil. New Zealand Institute. angular measure ; hence the problem can be solved. This, of course, is a very general statement of the principle of the observation, and takes no account of the many difficulties in giving effect to it, or of the laborious and abstruse computations in the after reduction of the observations. The methods of observation are known as Halley’s and Delisle’s. In Halley’s the duration of the transit is observed from two stations, so selected that internal ingress and internal egress may be observed at both; also that, by the rotation of the earth, the interval between ingress and egress may be increased at the one station and diminished at the other. The duration of the transit gives the length of the chords which Venus traces on the face of the sun, from which the angle or parallax is deduced. Halley’s method does not require any great accuracy in the longitudes of stations, and in that respect was very convenient at the time it was promulgated, the longitudes of distant points not being then well known. But, as both ingress and egress must be observed at both stations, there is always great risk of failure from unfavourable weather. Previous to the transit of 1874 the utilization of this method was very carefully considered by Sir George Airey and others. As it was found that full advantage of it could only be obtained by establishing a station on the Antarctic Con- tinent, the proposal was abandoned, and it was decided to rely on Delisle’s method. This has the advantage that two observations suffice —one of internal ingress or egress at each of two stations. The exact time-differences between the two observations is the essential point in this method, consequently the absolute accuracy of the longi- tudes of the observing stations, which is now obtained through the electric telegraph, is of paramount importance. The transit of 1874, which I suppose all present here can recol- lect, excited great interest. The observations on that occasion received hearty and substantial assistance from Governments, and no less than a quarter of a million sterling was expended in the aggregate by different nations on this object. It was observed from numerous stations throughout the globe, but, unfortunately, the observations in New Zealand were obscured through bad weather. On this occasion, with the view of avoiding the errors incidental to observations of contact, photography was employed in addition to other means, and a series of pictures was obtained showing Venus m transit across the Line. The distances of the planet from the edge of the sun were afterwards measured micrometrically and at leisure from the picture. The English astronomers, however, found the photographs unsatisfactory; though, on the other hand, the Americans met with considerable success in this mode of observation. Anniversary Address. XIX. The result of the observations of the transit of 1874 cannot be regarded as satisfactory; for, whilst Sir George Airey, in his official report, stated the solar parallax as 8°76”—corresponding to 93,375,000 miles—Colonel Tupman and Mr. Stone, from the very same observa- tions, deduced the parallax respectively as 8°81” and 8°88". The agreement to within the tenth of a second of arc in angular measure seems, at first sight, very close ; but, so vast is the distance represented in the solar parallax by that fraction, that these three calculations differ to an extent considerably exceeding a million of miles. The observations of the transit of Venus of last year were under- taken by all civilized nations with the same zeal and interest that characterized the efforts of 1874. On this occasion the British astronomers discarded photography, whilst the Americans relied greatly on that means of observation. In New Zealand the egress alone could be seen, and was observed from thirteen stations by seventeen scientific gentlemen, amongst whom were Dr. Hector, Mr. McKerrow, and Archdeacon Stock. There were also an English party of observers, near Christchurch, under Colonel Tupman, and an American party at Auckland, under Mr. Edward Smith, of the United States Coast Survey. The Government assisted liberally both by grants of money and by placing the Telegraph Department at the disposal of the observers. Unfor- tunately, Dr. Hector’s observation at Clyde was partially intercepted by a cloud, but, with the exception of this contretemps, the observa- tions in New Zealand were entirely successful. I cannot but remark that it reflects great credit on the colony that so many gentlemen should have voluntarily engaged in this work; and I have no doubt that, when the report of the results of the British expeditions are published, their services will receive cordial acknowledgment. The observations of last year’s transit throughout the world were attended with thorough success, and it is expected that, when the calculations have been completed, a great step will be made towards reconciling the conflicting results that have hitherto been obtained. But, before the question can be finally set at rest, the results of the observations on the transit of Venus must be reconciled with those obtained by other methods, which it would be out of place for me now to discuss. Judging, however, from the conclusions already derived from various independent calculations, it seems probable that the true distance of the earth from the sun will be found to be between ninety-two and ninety-three millions of miles. Meanwhile the scientific world awaits with the greatest interest the calculations of astronomers on this vital problem. The impor- tance of it is not merely to be regarded as one which concerns XXE New Zealand Institute. the scientific astronomer alone; for, to state it shortly, until we have the means of affixing accurate numerical values to those forms of vibration which are at present loosely known to us as light, elec- tricity, magnetism, and other imponderable forms of energy, we can only imperfectly avail ourselves in practical life of these wonderful agents in ministering to the wants of mankind. After dealing with the immensities of celestial space, it is not without an effort that we drag ourselves down to consider matters more immediately connected with our own little planet, less than 8,000 miles in diameter, and one is insensibly led to exclaim, in the language of the old Hebrew Psalmist, ‘‘ When I consider Thy heavens, the work of Thy fingers, the moon and the stars which Thou hast ordained, what is man that Thou art mindful of him, or the son of man that Thou visitest him!’ Yet, in our present state of existence, it is unavoidable that our minds should be mainly occupied in attending to the ways and works of our fellow-men upon this sublunary sphere. ENGINEERING. The year is marked by the completion of great feats and the commencement of fresh efforts in engineering. The geological difficulties which for some time seemed insuperable to the completion of the San Gothard Tunnel have been overcome, and another route, which may be of some importance both as regards passengers and the mail service, has thus been opened between Australasia and England. The great canal that is to cut the Isthmus of Panama is in process of construction, and a second Suez Canal is contemplated. Tunnels have been commenced under both the Severn and the Mersey, and, were it not for political considerations, the great scheme of connecting England with the Continent would no doubt be speedily progressing. The Frith of Forth is bemg bridged over by what will be, when completed, the boldest structure of the kind throughout the world, with gigantic spans of no less than 1,700 feet. ELECTRICITY. But the subject which at present commands most attention in the scientific world is the use of the electric current; and it may be well to note here how far we have now advanced in the various ways of utilizimg this marvellous instrument. One of the chief obstacles for many years to the use of electric force was the great cost of producing an electric current so long as chemical means had to be resorted to. ‘This has been overcome by the invention of the dynamo-machine, which has been brought to such a state of perfection that by it we are enabled to convert mechanical into electrical force, and back again Anniversary Address. XXX. into mechanical force, with a marginal loss of not more than 20 per cent.; frictional resistance and the deterioration of the materials com- posing the instrument, caused by continuous working, being reduced toa minimum. ‘The principles involved in the construction of these machines have been known to scientific men for some years; but their practical introduction is due to M. Gramme, whose efforts have been the immediate cause of the marvellous advance that has been made in the last few years in the utilizing of electricity. We have already in this city examples of one form of electric action—TI refer, of course, to the transformation of electric into heat energy, so as to produce incandescent electric light. The principal arguments in favour of electric light are that it is colourless, and thus enables us not only to see pictures and flowers by it as perfectly as we can by sunlight, but also to carry on photography and many other industries as well at night as during the day. It is free from those products of combustion which not only heat the lighted apartments, but substitute carbonic acid and deleterious sulphur compounds for the oxygen upon which respiration depends; and supports growing plants instead of poisoning them. Interesting experiments have for some time been made as to the influence of the electric light on wheat, oats, and barley, and it has now been conclusively proved that, so far from its having any harmful effect, cereals placed under the influence of an electric lamp grow much more rapidly than those which are exposed only to the light of the sun; whereas any one who has tried to keep plants in a room constantly lighted with gas knows only too well how prone they are to wither and die. | As we have lately heard, this light has already been introduced into English mines, and there can be no doubt but that it will ere long supersede gas in all public places and large halls; but it does not seem probable that it will for some time compete with it successfully as a means of lighting smaller buildings. The great convenience of gas for heating as well as lighting is a strong argument in its favour, whilst for the degrees of temperature ordinarily required electricity is hardly available. For intense heat, however——I mean above 1,800° C.—it possesses advantages that far surpass any offered by combustion. It is hardly too much to hope that ere long there will be in this colony iron furnaces worked by the current generated by neighbouring rivers or tidal waves. Owing to the comparative smallness of our towns, the great advantage of this as a means of avoiding smoke-fogs may not seem at present a question of practical importance, but when we consider the probable increase of factories, and the rapid growth of our cities, and that from the imperfect combustion of coal there is a constant exhalation of carbonic oxide, XXX. New Zealand Institute. a poisonous compound which when in large quantities causes sickness and death, we can realize how vastly important the absence of smoke may be to the health of future generations. At the same time it must be admitted that gas has as yet not been fairly treated; it has been regarded almost entirely as a means of lighting, not sufficiently as a means of heating, and hardly at all as a motive-power. Dr. Siemens (who has protested strongly against this mistake) confidently predicts that, before many years have elapsed, we shall find in our factories and on board our ships, engines, with a fuel consumption not exceeding 1 lb. of coal per effective horse-power per hour, in which the gas-producer takes the place of the present steam- boiler. With regard to electricity as a motive-power, electric railways are already in existence in Ireland and in Germany ; but scientific men seem of opinion that, except in cases in which natural sources of energy, such as hills and waterfalls, are found, it will be long before electric power can take the place of steam on ordinary railways. I need not point out, however, that this is a country in which such sources of energy abound everywhere. I trust that at no distant day the force which is now applied in the form of friction necessary to hold back the trains im their descent of the Rimutaka Hill, and which is now dissipated and lost in wear and tear, may be utilized for propelling the engines for miles of their journey along the level country. Whilst speaking of scientific discoveries as applied to practical matters, I cannot leave unmentioned a process which, though ex- tremely simple in itself, is likely to mark an era in the history of the colony, and greatly to increase its wealth. I refer to the freez- ing of meat, and other products which might perhaps be similarly treated. I may mention, in passing, that the object of the process is not, as might have been supposed, to change the temperature of the atmosphere, but to suspend the vivifying powers of the germs which are continually floating about in it. As Professor Tyndall has pointed out, in his lecture before the Royal Institution in 1877 and elsewhere, animal matter may remain uncorrupted for months exposed to the air, provided that air is rendered perfectly free from these germs; whereas the slightest contact with air in its ordinary impure state—a mere pin-hole in the vessel contain- ing the clarified atmosphere, for instance—admits the germs, and corruption ensues. The attempt to exclude the atmosphere from meat during the passage to Europe has been made, and has been found impracticable; but the desired result has been obtained by chilling the air to such an extent that the vivifying power of these germs is suspended. Anniversary Address. XXXUI. The coldness of the nights in New Zealand makes the climate specially favourable for the process of freezing the meat; but, admirable as are the arrangements at Belfast, near Christchurch (where I had the pleasure of witnessing the operations), and else- where, I feel that much may yet have to be considered in the working-out of the details. The principle of the machinery now in use is, that air is first compressed to such an extent that it attains a temperature of 300°, is then passed through cold tubes so as to be restored to its former temperature, though in its compressed state, and is then allowed to re-expand to its original dimensions, which causes its temperature to fall to zero. It seems probable, however, that, under some circumstances, it will be found that other means—as, for instance, the application of ammonia, ether, or sulphurous acid— are more suitable for freezing purposes than the compression of air. LITERATURE. I consider it a most healthy sign of the times that, during a period in which scientific knowledge has so rapidly advanced, literary study and research have made such steady and remarkable progress. ‘Time would not permit me even to emunerate the principal literary works of the past year; but, to take merely one branch as an example— archzeology—how much is there to tell! DISCOVERIES IN EGYP'. Foremost amongst the archeological discoveries must be placed the interesting investigations which have recently been made in Egypt. In 1878 some ruins at Tel-El-Maskutah, which had previously been considered “‘ not worth visiting” (although some scholars had believed them to mark the site of Raamses, mentioned in the book of Exodus), were practically examined, and, amongst other things, was found a sculptured group, which was conveyed to Ismailia. When Sir Erasmus Wilson’s exploring expedition commenced operations last year, the first step taken by M. Naville, who was in command of the party, was to examine these carvings. He observed that they were dedicated to the god Tum, the setting sun, and describe Rameses II. (the great monarch of the 18th Egyptian dynasty, who reigned in the 14th century B.C.) as the friend of Tum. Hence he conjectured that they might come from one of the many cities which bore the sacred or temple name (as opposed to the popular name) of Pe-Tum (i.e., the abode of Tum) ; and that this Petum might be the same as the City of Pithom, which is mentioned in Exodus 1., 11, as one of the treasure cities built by the children of Israel for Pharaoh. On C XXXIV. New Zealand Institute. the strength of this conjecture, M. Naville, in February last, com- menced excavations at Tel-El-Maskutah; and before he had been many weeks at work he had laid bare a vast enclosure, about 200 metres square, divided into square chambers built of large bricks, principally made without straw ; all the chambers were without doors, and were evidently intended not for dwelling-rooms, but for store- houses or granaries. This was in fact the Temple of Tum, and the monuments found in the enclosures point clearly to its having been founded by Rameses II., although added to im the 22nd dynasty. The Egyptian city “Thuku” had already been identified with the Succoth of the Bible; but now the missing link in the chain of identification was to be supplied. Certain inscriptions on statues referred to “ Pe Tum in the city of Thuku,” that is, “ Pithom in the city of Succoth;” in other words, Pithom was the name of the temple from which the city, which was also called Succoth, took its name. Thus, in the words of Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, ‘ Not only do we see the actual storehouses which the children of Israel are related to have built, but we now know “ the first station on their Journey from Egypt to Palestine,’ when, as we read in the twelfth chapter of Exodus, they “journeyed from Rameses to Succoth.” In this way, by the explorations of a party which had only been at work for a few weeks, the identification of Pharaoh the oppressor with Rameses II. has been almost established, and the authenticity of the biblical narrative strongly confirmed ; and every student of archeology will watch with the deepest interest the further investigations of those who have begun with so remarkable a success. AT TROY. With regard to the excavations in the Troad, however, the result of the latest investigations has been rather to lead us to modify con- clusions formerly arrived at than to add to the list of archeological discoveries. Until a few years ago, the site of Homer’s Troy was disputed—some placing it on the spot now known by the name of Hissarlik, others at the modern Village of Bundrbashi, about six miles to the south, others again maintaining that Troy never had any existence except in the poet’s imagination. Dr. Schliemann, nearly ten years ago, astonished the literary world by announcing that, having carefully examined both places, he had proved that there were no relics of antiquity worth mentioning at Bunarbashi, but that at Hissarlik he had unearthed the ruins not only of the Homeric City, including the Palace of King Priam, the Scan Gate, the great surrounding wall, and the great Tower of Ilium, but even the still earlier town which had been destroyed by Hercules ! Anniversary Address. KXXV. To state it shortly, he claimed to have discovered the remains of five cities, one above another, the second from the bottom being the city described by Homer, and the fifth being the Greek city known as Ilium, built shortly after the founding of Rome. He admitted that the ruins of the fire-destroyed city which he identified with Troy, hardly corresponded with the palaces ‘ with polished corridors adorned,” described in the Iliad, but replied that the destruction took place long before Homer was born, and the description was added to by tradition and poetic license. The same spots were investigated last September by Mr. Jebb, Professor of Greek at the Glasgow University, and formerly Public Orator at Cambridge, and he has come to the conclusion that Dr. Schliemann’s view—that he has dis- covered the very City of Priam, and proved that the Ihad was based upon real facts; that Ilium did really exist, and that Homer, even although he exaggerates, nevertheless sings of events that actually happened—must be definitely abandoned. He admits, however, that the ruins of the five cities described by Schliemann exist ; that one, or perhaps two of them, represents the Greek Colony of Ilium, and that the earliest, or possibly the earliest two—if we may distinguish between the city destroyed by fire and an earlier settlement—dates from pre-Hellenic times; that this may have been the town the siege of which gave rise to the poetic legend of Homer. But he contends: that neither the ruins themselves, nor the surroundings, correspond with the poet’s description; and arrives at the somewhat unsatisfactory conclusion, “‘ that the Homeric data are essentially irreconcilable with each other, being, in fact, derived partly from Bunarbashi, and partly from Hissarhk.” He adds that, in his belief, “‘ Bundrbashi was the place where the oldest legends or lays, local to the Troad, placed Troy,” and that ‘‘ Hissarlik may have been the centre around which poets of the Ionian epic school grouped incidents or traits which they added to the original nucleus.” I may remark, however, that this is just the opposite to the order in which legends would seem likely to grow. I should rather have expected that the story would have been originally told about the city which was burnt, and afterwards, when the site was forgotten, have been transferred to some neighbouring locality where the surroundings are more imposing or romantic. It must, at any rate, be admitted, that the discoveries of Dr. Schliemann, both in the way of ruined walls and buildings which he has found, and of pottery, jewellery, wrought metals, and armour which he has collected, are amongst the most valuable of the many additions that have been made in recent years to our knowledge of archeology, although he has probably gone too far in identifying the XXXVl. New Zealand Institute. several remains of antiquity which he has brought to light with the subjects mentioned in legends which have been handed down to us through the uncertaim traditions of the poets. The unhappy complications in Hastern Europe of a few years ago have at least brought forth some good results to antiquarian research. Thessaly having been ceded to Greece, learned men at Athens are already taking steps for the preservation of any objects of interest which may be brought to light on that classic soil. In Cyprus, English, Greek, and Turk are united in the careful search for Cypriotic, Phoenician, and Greek remains, which no doubt still abound in that island, no longer, I am glad to say, to sell to the highest bidder in Western Europe or America, but to form a local museum at Nicosia. The Commission which is now labouring at Rome has already been rewarded, besides minor triumphs, by the discovery of the walls of Antemne, a city which is mentioned by Virgil, when he tells how— Five mighty towns, their anvils set, ‘ With emulous zeal their weapons whet : Crustumium, Tibur the renowned, And strong Atina there are found, And Ardea and Antemnze crowned With turrets round her wall; and which is stated by Livy to have been the birth-place of Hersilia, the wife of Romulus, and to have been one of the cities that jomed in the attack on Rome in revenge for the rape of the Sabines. How far we can regard the incidents related by Livy as literally true, or whether we must treat them as a vast pile of legend built on a slender foundation of history, it would be out of place for me here to consider ; but at least we may take it as a fact that Antemnez was a town which flourished ere Rome was built, and was destroyed long before the time of Pliny, and that even a very few years since it was believed that no traces of it could be found. Turning to geographical research, much valuable information has Seen obtained concerning the hitherto little known countries of Central Asia, by the explorations of O’Donovan in the Merv Oasis, by Floyer in Beloochistan, Baber in Western China, and other travellers both English and Russian. The results of the interesting geographical and ethnological Investigations made by my friend M. Miklouho Maclay during his scientific travels in South-Eastern Asia and Oceanica, have been given to the world by means of lectures before the Russian Geographical Society, and are soon to appear in a complete form, the work being published at the expense of the Emperor. Recent events, which have turned our attention to New Guinea, make the information he has collected durmg several prolonged visits to that island of special Anniversary Address. XXXVI. importance. So determined was M. Maclay to lose no opportunity of acquiring a knowledge of the Papuan race, that he submitted to all the discomforts of living amongst them for several months at a time, away from all European society, dwelling m a small hut, and — for some time supporting himself by hunting.’ He has come to the conclusion (in opposition to the view formerly held) that the inhabi- tants of New Guinea are all of one race, although some who dwell near the coast have intermarried with the Malays and the inhabitants of other islands; and so low is the stage of culture to which they have attained that they have not learned even how to kindle a flame, but can only carry a torch from another fire; yet even amongst savages such as these the labours of the missionaries have not been in vain, as they have succeeded in teaching them something of the truths of the Christian religion, and have introduced the art of reading and writing. M. Maclay is of opinion, although he will not speak positively until he has made further investigations, that the Australian blacks are not connected either with the Papuans or the Polynesians, but form an independent race. JI have lately heard that he has returned to this part of the world to carry on his ethnological investigations ; and I trust that, should he come to New Zealand, he will be cordially welcomed by the members of the Institute. Whilst speaking on this subject I should like to draw the atten- tion of all here to the Geographical Society of Australasia, which, I learn, has been founded, and before which an interesting paper on New Guinea was lately read by Mr. La Meslee. I believe that the establishment of a society by which the residents in the various colonies would be united for the advancement of geographical know- ledge, more especially in connection with the imperfectly known parts of Australasia, would be of great value, whether regarded from a scientific, commercial, or educational point of view, and I sincerely hope that New Zealand will unite with the other colonies in so admirable an undertaking. The hand of death seems to have been unusually busy during the past year amongst men of science and letters. Scarcely had the grave closed over the remains of Charles Darwin before the news reached us of the fatal accident which had carried away Professor Balfour, at the early age of 32, one of the ablest and most promising men of his generation at Cambridge. In Professor Palmer we have lost one of the brightest scholars of Oriental literature. Amongst others whose loss we have to deplore are—Mr. Green, whose careful researches, made in spite of all the obstacles of a life of anxiety and feeble health, have placed English history in a new light; Robert- son, the Ecclesiastical historian; Anthony Trollope, one of the most XXXViii. New Zealand Institute. popular of modern novelists; Stanley Jevons, the logician; and, last not least, Spottiswoode, the late President of the Royal Society, a man celebrated no less for his ability and scientific attain- ments than for his high character and benevolence, lately laid to rest in Westminster Abbey, amidst statesmen, warriors, poets, and heroes of literature and science, whose names will ever be honoured throughout the British Empire. And now, having referred to the history of the Institute in the past, and glanced at a few of the principal events which have recently taken place in the world of science and literature, I turn to the future, and ask, what do we set before us as the object of the Insti- tute, and with what attainment may we rest content ? I have already spoken of the various subjects which were specially recommended for study fourteen years ago. Of these, some few (such as the history of the Maori race, about which Mr. Colenso, Mr. Travers, and others have contributed valuable and exhaustive papers) may be considered as almost completed ; others, perhaps, have for various reasons ceased to be of importance ; but the large majority call for further investigation, and will for many years demand careful research. I think, too, that the time has come when it may fairly be considered whether the subjects on which papers are specially desired should not take a wider range. The Institute and the incorporated societies supply machinery which is already being utilized, but which I believe to be capable of being utilized to a greater extent than it is at present, in the grand work of diffusing general education. In this sense I regard the Institute as supplementary to the schools, which are so rapidly increasing in number, and the University Colleges which are being established in all the centres of population in New Zealand, as a means by which that spirit of inquiry which has been aroused in early youth may find scope in later life. The great discoveries that are being every day made in the scientific world show us that, in the present state of society, some amount of scientific education is, in most cases, essential to make a successful practical man, a fact which none are more ready to admit than those who them- selves feel the want of such a training. At the same time I would impress on every member of the Society that science, in the popular sense of the term, is only a part of education; and I trust the day may be far distant when literature is neglected, as some fear it may be, for the study alone of purely external objects. I believe that vast good is done by those who bring before the notice -of others the thoughts and actions of great men, whether im ancient or modern times, in other parts of the world. By this means, a healthy desire for improvement may be instilled into the minds of Anniversary Address. XXXIX. many who otherwise would have but little inclination or opportunity for independent study, and the general taste will be elevated. At the same time let each man who has the ability add something original, in his own department of information, whether pertaining to science or literature, to the common stock of knowledge. It is thus that we, who have derived so rich an inheritance from the toils, the attempts, and even the failures of our ancestors, may, in our turn, labour to lay up a store for our descendants which shall make them nobler, wiser, and more enlightened than ourselves; thus, that each generation may rise superior to those which have gone before; thus, that the dreams ot the Past may become the realities of the Present and the starting-point for the Future. In the words of the poet,— Thy far-off children shall possess That flying gleam of rainbow happiness : Each wish unfilled, impracticable plan, Goes to the forging of the force of man; Thro’ thy blind craving novel powers they gain, And the slow race develops in its pain. See their new joy, begotten of thy woe, When what thy soul desired their soul shall know; Thy heights unclimbed shall be their wonted way, Thy hope their memory and thy dream their day. * ay n AtteE Coa iW Wwe wilateh Witter Peijiye CD Ag alia? les: beri oe oP pe 4k nfarcids E mh ifeutey f uf “PH if - Niet iv behing fib, yi bey Mie. ai Ay iat) 7: ; AE Preis TE { yy ite ; mein “t fo heaay MADE) J he roila heey y 4 ry wey ii ; i ’ 4 ina Pal ek ae ‘ il si eT icin jose hy ays 777 j Sahl in) Galt | i Py at WF, YR bio te nm Vey Th vib 27 A ide ; 3 ae Lider tw fey) y! ony a Mivacinall wey) “An | Y sey a ij vi Hula Peis ae . . ee : i r ? j DL Al ryt ryints ’ oni? ri 1) wey ra Cpe ify F me MOTT cio iit ierrartl ay key. tant) } i » ‘ 7 at ' ot y f A * *s Aaa a Pie be i Aas hs : , ’ id pe ms! ' x eh ie ET. Pat: = ay Phys ea yA berant TRANSACTIONS TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW ZHALAND INSTITUTE Se Sor. I.—ZOOLOGY. Art. I.—Descriptions of New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera.* By H. Meyrick, B.A. _ [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 3rd May, 1883.) III.—GiCOPHORIDA. Tur (cophoride are the principal family of the Tineina in New Zealand, as in Australia, and attain considerable development; 55 species are here described, but the actual number is probably much more considerable. In addition to those characterized, I have included in an appendix references to descriptions of some other species, which I have not yet satisfactorily iden- tified. The family here constitutes about a sixth of the entire Micro-Lept- doptera; in Australia it forms more than a fourth, whilst in Kurope it is about a thirtieth. I have elsewhere discussed the internal development of the family, and its relation to other families of the group, and need not again enter into these questions. Two points, however, present themselves, on which some- thing needs to be said ; firstly, the relation of this portion of the fauna to Australian forms, and secondly, the inferences to be drawn from the character of the fauna itself. Since the family occupies such a prominent position in both Australia and New Zealand, compared with such other regions as are yet known, it seems at first sight reasonable to infer a more or less close interconnection between the species of these two countries. Such an impression is not con- firmed on investigation. No species is yet known common to both. Four- teen genera are found in New Zealand ; of these, ten are endemic, three occur also in Australia, and one is cosmopolitan. Of the three genera shared with Australia, two (Hulechria and Phlewopola) are large and typically Australian genera, represented in New Zealand by three species, obviously mere stragglers ; the third, Trachypepla, is a typical New Zealand genus of * For Parts I. and II., see Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xy., art. i, 4 : Transactions. Zoology. probably considerable extent, and is represented in Australia by two species only, evidently also stray wanderers. Of the ten endemic genera, none are very closely related to Australian forms; the nearest approach is made by Nymphostola and Proteodes, monotypic genera which are certainly akin to Hoplitica, but whose common ancestor must have possessed characters not now exhibited by any allied Australian genus. Nearly the same may be said of the affinity of Atomotricha and Brachysara with Eulechria, The’ other six, of which three are probably rather extensive, are more closely allied to each other and to Gcophora than to any Australian form. Finally, although Cicophora is a cosmopolitan genus, the New Zealand species appear to form a single numerous group, having no direct affinity with the Australian species of the genus, any more than with the Huropean. From these facts it may be concluded that it is not improbable that a slight inter- change of species has taken place at some date not exceedingly remote, but that it is certain that almost the whole of the group is of much more ancient origin, and was derived from another and quite distinct region. I consider it probable that a much closer affinity will be found to exist with South America, of which little is known in this group; but there is one well- defined case of relationship, viz., between Gonionota and Semiocosma, which are apparently more nearly related together than to any other genus. Attention should also be given to the undoubted affinity of Trachypepla with the European Anchinia and Cacochroa; these latter are very small genera, remote from any other HKuropean forms, and of Alpine habit; they are probably surviving remnants of a once more extensive stock. It is remarkable that of the New Zealand genera not one has vein 7 of the forewings terminating in the hindmargin. This character is found in more than half of the Australian genera, many of them being of great extent and doubtless also of considerable age. Nearly all the New Zealand species belong to the group in which vein 7 terminates in the costa, and this is undoubtedly much older, being the original type of the family; a few are of the intermediate form, in which this vein terminates in the apex. It is clear, then, that this portion of the New Zealand fauna is older than the corresponding group in Australia. It is important that the food-plants of the larve should be ascertained; they would probably point to the oldest portion of the New Zealand flora. It is probable that Trachypepla and Seniocosma, like other principal genera of these islands, are attached to lichens or mosses. Several species of Cicophora seem to be specially adapted to Hagus solandri, as also is Proteodes, all being protectively coloured. It will be necessary to examine the South Pacific Islands, before the origin of the New Zealand fauna can be decided. I made a hurried > Meyricx.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 5 inspection of the Rey. T. Blackburn’s collections from the Hawaiian Islands ; the Cicophoride appeared to be altogether absent, their place being taken by a peculiar group of the Gelechide. . The following is an abstract of the family characters of the Gicophoride, which will be found given more fully in my paper on Australian species of the family :— Head with appressed hairs and side-tufts. Antenne shorter than fore- wings, in male regularly ciliated, basal joint often with a pecten of long hair-scales. Maxillary palpi usually distinct, small, simple. Labial palpi well developed, curved, ascending, acutely pointed. Hindwings not broader than forewings, elongate-ovate or lanceolate (not in New Zealand). Fore- wings with 12 veins, 7 and 8 stalked, 7 to costa or apex (elsewhere also to hindmargin), 1 fureate at base. Hindwings with 8 veins, 3 and 4 from a point, 6 and 7 parallel. Larva sixteen-legged, habits various. The following is a tabulation of the fourteen New Zealand genera :— la. Vein 7 of forewings to apex. 2a. Forewings with tufts of raised scales. 3a. Ciliations of antenne moderate, even .. 20 ws .. 7%. Trachypepla. 3b. 3 Ah a long, fasciculated 50 65 .. 4. Atomotricha. 2b. Forewings smooth. 3a. Thorax crested .. oe O° So ele “xe .. 6. Phleopola. 3b. », smooth. 4a. Ciliations of antenne long (5) 20 O° re .- 9. Brachysara. 4b. “a FF a moderate (1 to 2) .. ae .. 93. Hulechria. 4c. 9 0 very short (4). 5a. second joint of palpi shortly tufted beneath .. 1. Nymphostola. 5b. . a nevenly scaledin s- ee .. 2 Proteodes. 1b. Vein 7 of forewings to costa. 2a. Terminal joint of palpi with median tooth of scales .. -- 9. Semiocosma. 2b. ee i ee SInOOLs 3a. Second joint of palpi more or less tufted beneath. 4a. Vein 2 of forewings widely remote from angle of cell .. 8. Aochleta. Aspe ae: sn a near angle se ue wid -- 11. Thamnosara. 3b. Second joint of palpi evenly scaled. 4a. Basal joint of antenne without pecten. 5a. Thorax crested .. o¢ oc Q0 O° .. 10. Lathicrossa. 5b. 5 NOON G5 te E aie 6 .. 12. Gymnobathra. 4b. Basal joint of antenne with aan. 5a. Ciliations of antenne in an even series 56 . 13. Ccophora. 5b. a », whorled or clothing whole surtaes 14. Cremnogenes. 1. Nympnosrona, Meyr. Head loosely haired, sidetufts large, dilated posteriorly ; in male an expansible pencil of long hairs on side of face beneath eye. Antenne in male stout, somewhat serrate, very shortly ciliated (4), basal joint rather stout, without pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint reaching base of antenne, clothed with dense rather loose scales, with a short projecting 6 Transactions. —Z ooloqy. triangular tuft of scales beneath towards apex, terminal joint as long as second, stout, strongly reflexed. Thorax smooth. Forewings somewhat oblong, broad, apex obtusely rounded, hindmargin perpendicular, rounded beneath. Hindwings as broad as forewings, broadly ovate, apex and hind- margin evenly rounded, cilia 4. Abdomen moderate. Middle tibie roughly haired beneath ; posterior tibie clothed with rather short rough hairs. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from distinctly before angle of cell. Hindwings with vein 5 bent and approximated to 4 at base. This and the next genus are very closely allied, differing mainly in the structure of the palpi. Both are confined to New Zealand, but remote in character from the other New Zealand genera of the family, closely ap- proaching the Australian Hoplitica, from which they are distinguished by the very short ciliations of the antenne. Both must be regarded as des- cendants of a common ancestor, very nearly resembling Hoplitica, and doubtless an immigrant from Australia. 1. Nymph. galactina, Feld. (Cryptolechia galactina, Feld., Reis. Noy., Pl. CXL., 34; (Nymphostola) Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.8.W., 1882, 492). Media, alis ant. niveis, puncto disci postico nigro, venis omnibus punctis minimis griseis notatis ; post. niveis. Male, female.—23-26 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs snow-white. Forewings broad, costa strongly arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, not oblique; white, with a faint greenish tinge between the veins; all the veins are marked at regular intervals with faint minute dark grey dots; a more conspicuous dark grey dot in disc beyond middle; a very slender indistinct dark grey hindmarginal line: cilia white. Hindwings and cilia white. A very delicate and conspicuously distinct species. Stated by Professor Hutton to have been bred from a green pupa found on Myrtus bullata. Hamilton, Dunedin, and Otira Gorge, in January ; probably widely dis- tributed in forest regions. 2. Protzopes, Meyr. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts large, spreading. Antenne in male moderate, somewhat serrate towards apex, very shortly ciliated (4), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint reaching base of antennz, thickened with appressed scales, rather rough beneath, terminal joint much shorter than second, rather stout, slightly rough anteriorly. Thorax smooth. Forewings somewhat oblong, mode- rately broad, apex obtusely rounded, hindmargin not oblique. Hindwings as broad as forewings, ovate, rounded, cilia 4. Abdomen moderate. Meyrics.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 7 Posterior tibize clothed with rather short rough hairs. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from before angle of cell. Hindwings with vein 5 bent and approximated to 4 at base. 2. Prot. carnifex, Butl. (Cryptolechia carnifex, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 406; (Proteodes) Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1882, 493 ; Cryptolechia rufosparsa, Butl., 1.c. 406). Media, alis ant. griseo-ochreis vel flavis, interdum ferrugineis, costa ferruginea, linea perobliqua punctoque disci obscuris griseis, venis omnibus punctis crebris griseis notatis; post. albis, apice leviter griseo. Male, female.—20-23 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax whitish-ochreous or yellow, palpi generally somewhat suffused with ferruginous. Antenne grey. Abdomen whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish, tarsi more ochreous, anterior tibie and tarsi dull ochreous-carmine. Forewings rather broad, posteriorly dilated, costa rather strongly arched, in female faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, hindmargin nearly straight, not oblique; light greyish-ochreous or yellow, often irregularly suffused with reddish or ferruginous, sometimes wholly ; costal edge obscurely ferruginous or deeper yellow, except about 4 and 3; sometimes an irregular greyish suffusion ; the darker shades of colour, when distinct, usually tend to form a very oblique transverse fascia before middle, extending along costa to base, and a large patch along posterior half of costa; a curved linear dark ferruginous or blackish-grey mark in disc, extending from } to 3, extremities directed upwards, generally obsolete in middle, or sometimes wholly ; all veins regularly dotted with blackish-grey, but these dots sometimes obsolete ; often a dark grey hind- marginal line: cilia ight greyish-ochreous or yellow. Hindwings whitish, apex often narrowly suffused with grey, sometimes with a grey marginal line; cilia whitish. Extremely variable; the yellow and ferruginous forms (which are principally characteristic of the female) are strikingly similar in size, shape, and colouring to the decaying or fallen leaves of the beech, which is its principal food-plant. Mr. J. D. Enys called my attention to this mimetic resemblance, in which most of the beech-feeding insects participate. Larva 16-legged, rather stout, cylindrical, tapering behind; pale whitish-green or yellowish-green, on sides generally more greyish-green ; dorsal broad, irregular, dark fuscous-purple, sap-green, or yellowish-green mixed with reddish-ochreous, bisected by a slender interrupted whitish-line, and dilated on posterior margin of segments ; lateral sap-green or obsolete ; subspiracular slender, interrupted, dark fuscous-purple or faintly pinkish ; spots small, shining, dark-fuscous ; head ochreous-brown or yellowish- green ; second segment greener than body, or blackish marbled with pale ochreous ; remarkably variable. Feeds on Fagus solandri (the common 8 Transactions.—Zoology. mountain beech, miscalled “ birch”), making a slight web amongst the leaves, from which it is very readily dislodged. Pupa short, stout, pale- greenish, irregularly shaded with brownish, in a slight cocoon. Although specially attached to the Fagus, on which it occurs in great abundance, the larva probably affects various shrubs; and I think I have met with it on Fuchsia excorticata. Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Castle Hill, Arthur’s Pass, from January to April; larvee in all stages in January. 3. Hutecuria, Meyr. Head loosely scaled, sidetufts large. Antennw in male moderate, evenly and moderately or rather strongly ciliated (1 to 2), basal joint moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi moderate or rather long, second joint hardly reaching or rarely somewhat exceeding base of antenne, thickened with appressed scales, somewhat loose or slightly rough beneath, terminal joint somewhat shorter than second, moderate, recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex rounded more or less strongly, hind- margin obliquely rounded. Hindwings slightly narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin’ rounded, cilia + to 1. Abdomen moderate, generally strongly margined. Posterior tibie clothed with long hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from or close before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. A very large Australian genus, represented in New Zealand by two species very different from each other, but quite of Australian types; they appear to be stray immigrants. This and the four succeeding genera are nearly allied together, and are quite distinct from those that precede and follow. | 3. Hul. zophoéssa, Meyr. (Eulechria zophoéssa, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1882, 515.) Minor, alis ant. fuscis, punctis disci tribus, macula coste post medium parva, strigaque postica flexuosa saturatioribus ; post. saturate griseis. Male.—154 mm. Head fuscous, mixed with whitish-ochreous. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint whitish-ochreous internally and at extreme apex, apex of terminal joint whitish-ochreous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, becoming ochreous posteriorly. Abdomen dark fuscous. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, tarsi whitish-ochreous beneath ; posterior legs dark grey, apex of joints whitish-ochreous, Fore- wings somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; fuscous, slightly reddish-tinged, basal 3 irregularly mixed and suffused with whitish-ochreous, and thinly irrorated with dark fuscous, hindmargin rather broadly suffused with dark fuscous; a small dark fuscous spot at base of costa, and another at base of inner margin; a Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 9 small dark fuscous spot in disc before middle, a second in dise beyond middle, and a third almost directly beneath first on fold; first and second connected by a clear whitish-ochreous line, beneath which is a fourth similar spot between them; a small dark fuscous spot on costa at 2, its apex suffusedly confluent with second discal spot; a very indistinct suffused strongly curved dark fuscous line from 2 of costa to anal angle, beneath closely approximating to hindmargin: cilia dark fuscous-grey, mixed with whitish-ochreous. Hindwings dark grey; cilia grey, with a dark grey line near base. An inconspicuous but distinct species. Wellington, in January ; one specimen. 4, Hul. photinella, Meyr. (Hulechria photinella, Meyr., Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1882, 541.) Minor, alis ant. albido-griseis, basi, maculis coste duabus obscuris, tertia dorsi, quarta apicis, punctis disci tribus strigaque postica saturate griseis ; post. griseis. Male.—-17 mm. Head fuscous-grey mixed with ochreous-whitish, espe- cially on face. Palpi fuscous-grey, base of terminal joint, and extreme apex of second ochreous-whitish. Antenne grey. Thorax fuscous-grey, irrorated with whitish. Abdomen light ochreous-grey, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous-grey, with ochreous-whitish rings at middle and apex of tibiz, and apex of tarsal joints; posterior legs ochreous- whitish, tarsal joints grey towards base. Forewings moderately elongate, somewhat dilated, costa moderately strongly arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; light fuscous-grey, irregularly irro- rated and suffused with whitish, especially in disc and posteriorly ; base of wing very narrowly suffused with dark fuscous; a very ill-defined small dark fuscous-grey spot on costa at 2, and a similar rather larger one on costa slightly beyond middle; a third on inner margin slightly before middle; a tolerably well-defined small roundish dark fuscous spot in disc before middle, a second obliquely before it on fold, and a third in disc beyond middle ; a short inwardly oblique cloudy dark fuscous-grey streak from costa at 4, emitting an irregular outwards-curved line to inner margin before anal angle; apex dark fuscous-grey: cilia whitish, at ‘and above apex suffused with grey, on basal half mixed irregularly with dark fuscous-grey. Hindwings grey; cilia white, with a dark grey line near base. Wellington, in January; one specimen. 4. Aromorricua, Meyr. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts small. Antenne in male moderate, with fine long ciliations (5), in whorls of six at apex of joints, basal joint 10 Transactions.— Zoology. moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint exceed- ing base of antenne, clothed with appressed scales, rough and somewhat furrowed beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded, surface with tufts of scales; in female abbreviated, broadly lanceolate, Hindwings as broad as forewings, elongate-ovate, hind- margin rounded, cilia 2; in female much abbreviated, lanceolate or almost obsolete. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibie clothed with loose hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from hardly before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Allied to Eulechria, differmg in the long whorled ciliations of the antenne, the tufts of scales on the surface of forewings, and the abbreviated wings of the female. This and the following genus are closely allied, and are apparently descendants of a single progenitor, both being confined to New Zealand ; these two genera stand in exactly the same mutual relation as Hoplitica and Proteodes. 5. Atom. ommatias, 1. sp. Media, alis ant. fuscis, saturatiori-nebulosis, signis disci tribus arcuatis lineaque postica transversa obscuris saturatioribus: post. albido-griseis. Male.—21-24 mm.; female.—13-18 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax pale fuscous, more or less suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne pale fuscous, slenderly annulated with dark fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal joints suffused with dark fuscous towards base. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; light fuscous, irregularly or wholly suffused with dark fuscous; a large tuft of raised scales almost at base, and two or three much smaller in disc; an obscurely indicated pale dot in disc before 4, partially surrounded by a dark ring, and a similar one on fold obliquely beyond it; a dark fuscous crescentic spot in dise slightly beyond middle, extremities directed downwards, anteriorly and posteriorly distinctly margined with paler; aslender dark fuscous transverse line from 2 of costa obliquely outwards, twice angulated above middle, thence running to 4 of inner margin, often obsolete: cilia pale fuscous, mixed with dark fuscous, with a row of cloudy dark fuscous spots. Hind- wings whitish-grey or grey, with a darker grey discal spot; cilia grey- whitish, with one or two cloudy dark grey lines. Considerably broader - winged, and generally darker, than Brach. sordida. An early spring species, occurring tolerably commonly at rest on tree- trunks and fences round Christchurch, in August and September; the female is quite incapable of flight. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 11 5. Bracuysara, Meyr. Head smooth, sidetufts small, appressed. Antenne in male moderate, with fine long ciliations (5), in whorls of eight at apex of joimts, basal joint moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi short, second joint not nearly reaching base of antenne, with short loose rough hairs beneath somewhat projecting anteriorly, terminal joint short, slender, curved. Thorax smooth. Fore- wings elongate, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded. Hind- wings as broad as forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin very faintly sinuate, cilia 1. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibie clothed with loose hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from hardly before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Closely allied to the preceding genus, but differing in the structure of the palpi, and the smooth surface of forewings. The female is unknown to me, but I should not be surprised to find that it had abbreviated wings, as in Atomotricha. 6. Brach. sordida, Butl. (Gicophora sordida, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 405.) Media, alis ant. angustis, dilute fuscis, vitta media nigricante interdum obsoleta, signis disci duobus arcuatis lineaque postica transversa obscuris saturatioribus ; post. albidis. Male.—20-21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light fuscous, somewhat mixed with darker. Antenne light fuscous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish, anterior pair obscurely suffused with fuscous. Fore- wings elongate, narrow, costa slightly arched, distinctly sinuate in middle, apex round-pointed, hindmargin extremely oblique, slightly rounded ; light fuscous, sometimes slightly mixed with darker; a straight narrow tolerably well-defined blackish longitudinal streak somewhat above middle from base nearly to apex, tending to be very slightly interrupted at 4 and 3, rather suffused beneath towards apex and near base, sometimes entirely obsolete ; when obsolete, there are sometimes visible an arched fuscous mark before 3 and another just beyond middle, which are usually obscured by the streak ; a slender very obscure fuscous transverse line from $ of costa to $ of inner margin, twice angulated above middle, usually terminating the longitudinal streak, often obsolete: cilia light fuscous, with a cloudy blackish interrupted basal line. Hindwings whitish, slightly suffused with ochreous-grey towards costa; cilia whitish, with faint cloudy grey basal and apical lines. Variable in respect of the central streak, but easily known at once from the preceding species by the narrower wings, apart from generic differences. Butler’s description would do tolerably for either, but I have seen a speci- men of this species identified by Butler himself. Mr. R. W. Fereday formerly met with this species abundantly in the Rakaia district. 12 Transactions. — Zoology. 6. Pauqopoza, Meyr. Head with loosely appressed scales, sidetufts large, loosely spreading. Antenne in male moderately stout, somewhat serrate, moderately and evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather elongate, moderate, without pecten. Palpi long, second joint reaching or exceeding base of antenne, dilated with dense appressed scales, slightly rough beneath, terminal joint as long as second or somewhat shorter, moderate or stout, strongly recurved. Thorax with dense posterior crest. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex bluntly rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded. Hindwings as broad as forewings or somewhat narrower, elongate-ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia 4 to 2. Abdomen moderate, strongly margined. Middle tibie with a median whorl of projecting hairs, and roughly short-haired beneath; posterior tibie clothed with long dense hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from angle of cell. Hindwings normal. An Australian genus of moderate extent ; the single New Zealand species appears truly referable here, but my specimen is hardly good enough to allow of accurate determination. 7. Phle. dinocosma, n. sp. Media, alis ant. fuscis, ochreo-nebulosis, costa partim, dorsi basi, maculis disci tribus strigulaque media nigricantibus ; post. albido-griseis, lunula media saturatiore. Male.—19 mm. Head pale ochreous, with a few dark fuscous scales between antenne, and a dark fuscous spot on each side of crown. Palpi with second joint whitish-ochreous, base and a subapical ring dark fuscous, terminal joint dark fuscous, apex, base, and anterior edge whitish-ochreous. Antenne pale ochreous, indistinctly ringed with dark fuscous. Thorax pale ochreous, anteriorly suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochre- ous. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, tibie with central and apical whitish-ochreous rings, tarsi with whitish-ochreous rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish, tarsal joints somewhat infuscated at base. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; pale ochreous, coarsely and suffusedly irrorated with fuscous ; costal edge suffusedly dark fuscous, interrupted by a very small pale ochreous spot in middle, and a rather larger one at 3; a dark fuscous spot at base of costa, and a linear mark along base of inner margin ; a short linear dark fuscous mark along fold near base; a very small round dark fuscous spot in disc at +, and a rather larger subquadrate spot below and slightly beyond it, both margined anteriorly and posteriorly with pale ochreous ; an irregular subquadrate suffused dark fuscous spot in dise beyond middle, similarly margined ; between this and first discal spot is a short longitudinal dark fuscous streak ; a small suffused dark fuscous spot Meyricx.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 13 beyond third discal spot; from costal spot at 3 proceeds a slender irregular outwards-curved pale ochreous line to before anal angle, touching this spot posteriorly ; a suffused dark fuscous line along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa, interrupted by pale ochreous dots: cilia whitish-ochreous, mixed with fuscous, with clear whitish-ochreous spots opposite hindmarginal dots. Hindwings licht-erey, more whitish-grey towards base, with a distinct erescentic-oval darker grey spot in middle of disc; cilia grey-whitish, with an indistinct grey line near base. Immediately separable from all other species of the genus by the distinct central lunule of the hindwings. Wellington, in January; one specimen. 7. Tracuypepia, Meyr. Head loosely haired, sidetufts moderate or rather large, loosely spread- ing. Antenne in male moderate, somewhat serrate, moderately and evenly ciliated (1 to 14), rarely fasciculated, basal joint moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi moderate or rather short, second joint not exceeding base of antenne, densely scaled, somewhat rough beneath, terminal joint markedly shorter than second, moderate, curved. Thorax smooth or crested pos- teriorly. Forewings elongate, moderate or narrow, apex obtuse, hind- margin very oblique; surface with tufts of raised scales. Hindwings dis- tinctly narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin slightly rounded, cilia? to 1. Abdomen moderate, strongly margined. Posterior tibize clothed with fine moderately long hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to apex, 2 from angle of cell. Hindwings normal. An interesting and characteristically New Zealand genus, of which at present only two other species are known, from Eastern Australia. Amongst the genera with vein 7 to apex, it is immediately known by the tufts of scales on the forewings, and the moderate ciliations of the antenne. It is certainly allied to the Kuropean Anchinia and Cacochroa, but is of an older type. The larve are unknown, but I think it probable that they may be found to feed on moss or lichens. The species are forest-frequent- ing, and often found at rest on fences or tree-trunks. The first three species appear to mimic the droppings of birds, and the rest moss or lichens. With respect to the variation of structure, 7’. leucoplunetis, T. spartodeta, T. anastrella, and T’. lichenodes have the thorax distinctly crested, whilst in the rest it is smooth. T. lewcoplanetis and T’. anastrella have longer cilia- tions of the antennze (14), and in the latter species they are distinctly fasciculated ; in all the other species of which the male is known the ciliations are moderate and even. The genus does not, however, admit of subdivision. 14 Transactions.—Z oology. The following is a tabulation of the species :— la. Head dark fuscous. 2a. Forewings with clear white markings. 3a. Basal half white .. 50 ac 50 30 3c .. 8. lewcoplanetis. SDs mthindsars sina O06 50 50 aS SO .. 9. ewryleucota. SHO lu wage anhitd le sme oe ots oc 3c a0 aa .. 10. conspicuella. 2b. Forewings without white markings 56 B6 oc .. 16. anastrella. 1b. Head light greyish or ochreous. 2a. Hindwings dark fuscous .. 5c 30 o8 bc .. 17. lichenodes. 2b. 3 grey. 3a. Anterior transverse line very obtusely angulated .. .. 12. nyctopis. 3b. $5 5 » rectangularly 3 a .. 11. spartodeta. 3c. " "3 » acutely sp 50 .. 14. protochlora. 2c. Hindwings grey-whitish .. ete 56 as ae .. 15. aspidephora. 1c. Head white o¢ 00 50 re 50 .. 13. galaxias. 8. Trach. leucoplanetis, n. sp. Parva, alis ant. dimidio anteviori niveo, posteriori fusco, coste basi nigricante, macula coste anteapicali cum linea transversa conjuncta nivea ; post. griseis. Male.—11-125 mm. Head dark fuscous, face white. Palpi dark fuscous mixed with white, internally whitish. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, posteriorly mixed with white. Abdomen whitish- grey. Legs dark fuscous, middle tibie with central and apical whitish rings, posterior tibiz whitish, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings moderate or rather short, costa moderately arched, apex round- pointed, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; white, very faintly ochreous-tinged in disc ; base of costa dark fuscous, dilating basally to touch inner margin ; a large fuscous-grey transverse patch, its inner edge nearly straight, ex- tending from middle of costa to middle of inner margin, outer edge convex below middle, extending from 3 of costa to middle of hindmargin, margins irregularly mixed with blackish, and containing some white scales in disc and towards anal angle, and some spots of raised ferruginous scales par- tially margined with blackish ; a grey spot on costa before apex, and a small irregular grey patch extending along upper part of hindmargin: cilia grey, white at base along hindmargin and below anal angle. Hindwings grey, apex darker ; cilia grey. The smallest and proportionally shortest-winged species of the genus, very distinct. Hamilton and at the foot of the Otira Gorge, in January; two specimens. 9. Trach. euryleucota, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. saturate fuscis, macula magna basali alteraque parva coste postica lineam transversam emittente canis, coste basi nigra; post. saturate griseis. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 15 Male, female—14-17 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne dark fuscous. Thorax white, anterior margin dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints obscurely pale. Forewings elongate, costa arched towards base and apex, rest nearly straight, apex round- pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; dark fuscous; a large white basal patch, slightly ochreous-tinged, outer edge slightly irregular, extend- ing from } of costa to before middle of inner margin; a small elongate blackish spot on base of costa; two large spots of raised ochreous-brown scales, partially black-margined, in disc before middle, and two smaller ones beyond middle; a small somewhat triangular inwardly oblique white spot on costa at 4, emitting from its apex a slender white outwards-angulated line to hindmargin above anal angle, anteriorly blackish-margined : cilia fuscous-grey, with an obscure darker line. Hindwings fuscous-grey, darker towards apex ; cilia fuscous-grey, with an obscure darker line. Nearly allied to the following, but immediately known by the consider- ably larger white basal patch, and differing also in the unevenly arched costa and deeper colouring, with the clear white thorax. Auckland, Wellington, Dunedin, in January ; eight specimens. 10. Trach. conspicuella, Walk. (Gelechia conspicuella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 651; Gelechia taongella, Feld., Reis. Nov., ‘Pl. CXL., 45.) Minor, alis ant. fuscis, macula ad basim transversa angustiori alteraque parva cost postica nebulosa lineam transyersam emittente canis; post. erisels. Male, female.—18-164 mm. Head, palpi, and antenne fuscous. Thorax -fuscous, posteriorly mixed with white. Abdomen pale fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints pale. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; fuscous, suffused with dark fuscous towards costa, more ochreous-tinged towards inner margin ; an irregularly triangular white patch towards base, its base _ resting on basal third of inner margin, its apex touching costa at +; a very large tuft of raised blackish and fuscous scales on fold at 4, a smaller one above it, and two others in disc beyond middle ; a small suffused white spot on costa at 2, emitting a cloudy outwards-angulated white line to anal angle, anteriorly blackish-margined: cilia grey, with two obscure dark fuscous lines. Hindwings grey; cilia pale grey. Differs from T. ewryleucota by the much smaller and differently shaped white basal patch, the lighter and more confused colouring, the suffusion of the white costal spot, and the hghter hindwings. Wellington and Christchurch, in December and January; common at rest on fences. 16 Transactions.— Zoology. 11. Trach. spartodeta, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. dilute griseo-ochreis, linea antica transversa rectangulata, altera postica sinuata, maculaque coste media elongata saturate fuscis, macula disci parva ferruginea ; post. dilute griseis. Female.—15 mm. Head and palpi pale greyish-ochreous, terminal joint of palpi with two obscure dark fuscous rings, second joint obscurely banded with dark fuscous. Antenne fuscous. Thorax pale greyish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, with pale greyish-ochreous rings at apex of joints ; posterior legs whitish- ochreous, slightly infuscated. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex nearly pointed, hmdmargin hardly rounded, very oblique ; greyish-ochreous, somewhat mixed with dark fuscous ; markings cloudy dark fuscous; a small spot at base of costa, and another on inner margin near base ; a transverse line from + of costa to 4 of inner margin, forming a right angle outwards in disc, where it is mixed with ferruginous, and preceded near inner margin by a tuft of raised scales ; a narrow elongate spot along central third of costa, connected with a raised ferruginous spot in middle of disc, beneath which is a raised tuft and some irregular dark fuscous spots; a transverse line proceeding from costa at £ obliquely inwards, a little beneath costa sharply bent outwards, and thence curved to anal angle; three or four small cloudy marginal spots round apex: cilia pale greyish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings pale grey, apex and hindmargin darker ; cilia grey-whitish, with two faint grey lines. This and the three following species are closely allied, and are most easily distinguished from one another by the angulation of the anterior transverse line ; in this species and 7. galawias it forms nearly a right angle, but in this species the head and forewings are greyish-ochreous, whilst in T. galawias they are white; the apex of the forewings is more pointed than usual. Wellington, in January; one specimen. 12. Trach. nyctopis, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. griseis, striga antica transversa leviter flexa nigra, interdum fascia lata pallidiori, macula costz media elongata lineaque postica transversa sinuata saturate fuscis ; post. griseis. Male, female.—133-17 mm. Head and palpi whitish-grey, second joint of palpi externally suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne grey. Thorax whitish-grey, sometimes mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs dark fuscous-grey, middle tibize with central and apical whitish rings, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; grey, coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous; base of costa, and a Meyricx.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 17 small spot on inner margin near base dark fuscous ; a thick black transverse streak from + of costa to 4 of inner margin, becoming obsolete towards margins but very conspicuous in disc, very obtusely and roundly angulated outwards in middle, including two tufts of raised scales, between which is a ferruginous mark; between this streak and base the ground-colour is often dark grey; beyond this streak is sometimes a broad transverse whitish band, becoming white on costa, but generally suffused and obsolete; an elongate cloudy dark grey spot along costa about middle, beneath which are some irregular ferruginous marks in disc ; two small tufts of scales in dise beyond middle ; a cloudy blackish-grey transverse line proceeding from costa at $ obliquely inwards, a little beneath costa sharply bent outwards, and thence curved to anal angle; two or three obscure blackish-grey spots round apex : cilia whitish-grey, with two cloudy dark fuscous lines. Hindwings grey, towards apex dark grey; cilia whitish-grey, with two cloudy grey lines. , Characterized by the very obtuse angulation of the anterior line, which is so rounded as hardly to form any apparent angle, and is also much thicker, blacker, and more conspicuous in dise than in the allied species. Christchurch and Dunedin, in January and February; common in forest. 13. Trach. galaxias, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. canis, griseo-sparsis, postice interdum griseo-suffusis, fascia ad basim lata postice fere rectangulata nigroque marginata, coste triangulo medio, lineaque postica transversa sinuata saturate griseis ; post. erisels. Male, female—14-15 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint externally dark fuscous, except towards apex, apex of terminal joint blackish. Antenne grey. Thorax dark grey, irregularly mixed with white. Abdomen grey. Legs dark fuscous, middle tibie with whitish central and apical wings, posterior tibie grey-whitish, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; white, with a few scattered _ grey scales ; a small dark fuscous spot at base of costa; a dark grey trans- verse band near base, its inner edge more or less near to base and suffused into ground-colour, outer edge extending from } of costa to 4 of inner margin, edged with blackish and almost rectangularly angulated outwards in middle, preceded by a black tuft of raised scales above and below middle, between which are some ferruginous scales; a triangular dark grey patch on costa about middle, its apex touching a ferruginous irregularly blackish- margined spot in disc, and connected with inner margin beyond middle by a twice strongly dentate blackish line; a suffused grey spot on costa at 3, 9 18 Transactions.— Zoology. another on middle of hindmargin, and sometimes a larger one on inner margin before anal angle, sometimes all partially confluent ; a slender cloudy blackish transverse line from costal spot to anal angle, irregularly sinuate, and strongly dentate inwards beneath costa: cilia whitish, with two cloudy dark grey lines. Hindwings grey, apex and hindmargin darker ; cilia grey-whitish, with a faint darker line. At once distinguished by the white head and white ground-colour of the forewings ; in the form of the anterior line it approaches 7. spartodeta. Hamilton, Wellington, and the Bealey River, in January; four specimens. 14. Trach. protochlora, un. sp. Minor, alis ant. albidis, virescenti-sufiusis, fascia ad basim, triangulo cost medio maculaque apicis griseis, linea antica transversa acute angulata nigra; post. griseis. Male.—1334-14} mm. Head, pale whitish-ochreous. Palpi ochreous- whitish, second joint dark fuscous on basal half, terminal joint with a dark fuscous subapical ring. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-whitish, anterior margin suffused with dark grey. Abdomen light ochreous-grey, anal tuft ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, middle tibie with whitish central and apical rings, posterior tibie grey-whitish above, all tarsi with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; whitish, with nume- rous scattered ochreous-green scales, forming an irregular suffusion, and also partially suffused with light greyish; a small blackish spot at base of costa ; basal third of costa dark grey: a slender sharply defined black line from + of costa to 4 of inner margin, very acutely angulated outwards in middle, becoming obsolete on margins, preceded by a tuft of raised scales above and below middle ; a small triangular dark grey patch on middle of costa, beneath which are two raised tufts of scales almost completely margined with black, upper one greenish, lower white ; lower tuft almost connected with inner margin beyond middle by some black scales; a small cloudy grey spot on costa at 2, whence a partially obsolete blackish line proceeds to anal angle, sharply angulated inwards beneath costa; a cloudy grey spot on upper half of hindmargin ; two or three ill-defined blackish dots round apex, sometimes confluent: cilia grey-whitish, greenish-tinged, with a cloudy grey line obscurely spotted with blackish. Hindwings grey ; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy erey line. Well separated by the acute angulation of the anterior line, and the ochreous-green suffusion of the ground-colour. Palmerston, and at the foot of the Otira Gorge, in January and Feb- ruary ; three specimens, Mervricr.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 19 15. Trach. aspidephora, un. sp. Minor, alis ant. albidis, partim ochreo-suffusis, macula coste postica magna subtriangulari alteraque apicis parva saturate griseis, nigro-mixtis ; post. griseo-albidis. Male, female.—133-144 mm. Head and antenne whitish-ochreous, Palpi whitish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous, terminal joint with a blackish subapical ring. Thorax whitish-ochreous, anterior margin mixed with dark fuscous. Abdomen pale whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, a central ring of median tibix, hairs of posterior tibiew, and apex of all joints ochreous-white. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, slightly sinuate in middle, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; whitish, irregularly suffused with whitish-ochreous; basal 2 of costa dark grey, with a small blackish basal spot; an obscurely indicated slender blackish transverse line in dise before middle, nearly rectangularly angu- lated, wholly obsolete towards margins, preceded by two tufts of raised pale ochreous scales above and below middle ; a small elongate cloudy dark grey spot along costa somewhat beyond middle, beneath which is a raised ochre- ous partially blackish-circled spot in disc, and. between this and anal angle another raised tuft; a cloudy blackish-grey elongate outwards-curved spot extending from 3 of costa to the blackish-circled discal, more or less suf- fused beneath ; from this near costa proceeds a transverse blackish line to anal angle, obtusely angulated outwards in middle; a cloudy blackish-grey apical spot, rather produced along hindmargin: cilia ochreous-whitish, with two cloudy blackish lines. Hindwings grey-whitish, apex darker; cilia whitish, with a cloudy grey line. Very distinctly characterized by the dark markings combining to form a large posterior patch on the costa, contrasting with the pale ochreous suffusion of the ground-colour. Christchurch and Dunedin, in December and January ; not uncommon in forest. 16. Trach. anastrella, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. fuscis, saturatiori-suffusis, linea antica transversa fere rectangulata nigra, altera postica sinuata costeque triangulo saturate fuscis ; post. saturate fuscis. Male.——11$-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax dark fuscous, somewhat mixed with whitish-ochreous. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibis with ochreous-whitish central and apical rings, all tarsi with ochreous-whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, slightly sinuate in middle, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; fuscous or ochreous- fuscous, coarsely irrorated with dark fuscous or blackish; sometimes a 20 Transactions.—Z oologqy. suffused oblique ochreous transverse spot almost at base; a tuft of raised scales at base; a cloudy blackish transverse line from } of costa to } of inner margin, tolerably rectangularly angulated in middle, preceded by two large tufts of raised scales above and below middle; beyond this the ground- colour is suffusedly paler or mixed with ochreous-whitish towards costa ; costa suffusedly dark fuscous towards middle; two tufts of raised scales in dise beyond middle ; a very ill-defined dark fuscous transverse line from 4 of costa to anal angle, angulated inwards beneath costa, sometimes followed on costa by an ochreous-whitish spot: cilia fuscous, with two cloudy blackish lines. Hindwings dark fuscous-grey; cilia fuscous, with a cloudy darker line. Differs from all by the general dark fuscous colouring, without definite pale markings; it is shorter-winged than any preceding species except T. leucoplinetis. Christchurch, the foot of the Otira Gorge, Dunedin, and Invercargill, in December, January, and March ; not uncommon. 17. Trach. lichenodes, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. saturate purpureo-fuscis, partim flavido-sparsis, maculis disci tribus parvis nigris, macula dorsi ad basim albida, macula dorsi postica fasciaque marginis postici flavidis ; post. saturate fuscis. Female.—144 mm. Head dull whitish-yellow ; palpi broken. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, slightly mixed with whitish-ochreous. Abdomen dark fuscous. Legs dark fuscous, middle and posterior tibize with yellow-whitish central and apical rings, all tarsi with yellow-whitish rings at apex of jomts. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; dark purplish-fuscous; base mixed with black, with a tuft of raised scales ; a trapezoidal ochreous-white patch on inner margin, extending from near base to 4, and reaching half across wing; between this and costa the ground-colour is mixed with whitish- yellow ; a cloudy very irregular whitish-yellow fascia from costa at 4 to fold, containing two tufts of raised black scales in disc; a roundish black spot in disc beyond middle, partially margined with whitish, on its lower margin containing a tuft of raised white scales, and connected with a semi- oval whitish-yellow spot on inner margin; a small cloudy whitish-yellow spot beneath costa at 3, barely touching costa and hindmarginal suffusion ; a suffused whitish-yellow hindmarginal patch extending from costa to anal angle, attenuated to a point beneath, mixed with dark fuscous towards hindmargin beneath apex: cilia whitish-yellow, with an ill-defined dark purplish-fuscous apical spot, a larger one at anal angle, and a cloudy basal line. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia fuscous, with a cloudy darker line. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 21 In form of wing approaching the preceding, but differing from all in the purplish-fuscous forewings variegated with yellowish, and the yellowish head. Bealey River, in January; one specimen taken in my presence by Myr. J. D. Enys, who kindly transferred it to my possession. 8. Aocuteta, Meyr. Head with appressed scales. Antenne in male moderate, evenly and moderately ciliated (1), basal joint rather elongate, without pecten. Palpi rather long, second joint exceeding base of antenne, densely scaled, scales forming a short loose rough projecting tuft towards apex beneath, terminal joint as long as second, slender, curved, slightly roughened in middle. Thorax smooth (?). Forewings elongate, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique. Hindwings as broad as forewings, somewhat trapezoidal, hindmargin rounded, cilia ?. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibiee clothed with long fine hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from considerably before angle of cell. Hindwings with veins 8 and 4 short-stalked. Nearly allied to Semiocosma, differing essentially in the structure of the palpi, of which the second joint is distinctly tufted, and the terminal joint lacks the median tooth of scales; the forewings also appear to be without raised tufts. The genus is doubtless a development of Semiocosma, and contains only one species, confined to New Zealand. 18. Aochl. psychra, n. sp. Media, alis ant. albidis, griseo-sparsis, postice partim griseo-suffusis, punctis disci duobus minimis ocelloque nigris ; post. albidis. Male.—21 mm. Head and thorax grey-whitish, sprinkled with fuscous- grey. Palpi grey-whitish, mixed with fuscous, basal half of second joint dark fuscous externally, terminal joint with a slender dark fuscous ring above middle. Antenne grey. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs dark- fuscous, posterior tibie with grey-whitish hairs, all tarsi with obscure whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings elongate, slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, nearly straight; whitish, irregularly irrorated with grey and fuscous scales; these tend to form suffused markings, a spot on middle of inner margin, another above anal angle, a narrow suffusion along posterior half of costa, and an apical patch ; a small cloudy darker spot towards hindmargin in middle ; a minute black dot in disc at 4, another slightly above it in middle, and a very small blackish ocellus in dise at 2: cilia whitish, with two cloudy grey lines. Hindwings whitish ; cilia whitish, with two faint grey lines. Not closely resembling any other species. Castle Hill; one specimen received from Mr. J. D. Enys, without date. bo bo Transactions. —Z oology. 9. Semrocosma, Meyr. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts large, loosely appressed. Antenne in male stout, very shortly ciliated (4), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint not exceeding base of anteune, thickened with dense scales, somewhat loose beneath, terminal joint rather shorter than second, slender, recurved, with a tooth of erect scales in middle on posterior surface. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex rounded, hindmargin almost straight, oblique; surface with tufts of raised scales. Hindwings as broad as forewings, elongate-trape- zoidal, hindmargin faintly sinuate, cilia 2. Abdomen moderate, slightly flattened, distinctly margined. Middle tibize with a median whorl of pro- jecting hairs, roughly short-haired beneath ; posterior tibie with moderate dense somewhat appressed hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from considerably before angle of cell. Hindwings with vein 5 bent and approximated to 4 at base. Not nearly allied to any New Zealand genus except Aochleta, and distin- guished from all genera of the family, except the South American Gonionota, by the median tooth of scales on the terminal joint of the palpi; from Gonionota, which possesses similar palpi and also tufts of scales on the surtace of the forewings, and is doubtless nearly related, it may be separated by the smooth thorax (in Gonionota the thorax is crested), and probably by other points, but Zeller’s description of the genus is given in so little detail, that they cannot be stated. There can also be little doubt that the genus has some true affinity with the European Psecadia. The genus is confined to New Zealand; I have five species, of which the folowing is a tabulation :— la. Head dark fuscous 3e oc 60 O09 26 56 .. 23. austera. lb. ,, white or green. 2a. Ground-colour of forewings suffused. 3a. With a sharply angulated blackish transverse line about} 21. epiphanes. 3b. Without angulated anterior line be a 90 .. 22. prasophyta. 2b. Ground-colour of forewings clear. 3a. With three transverse strige .. 20 90 ot .. 20. picarella. 3b. With disconnected marks are : .. 19. peroneanella. 19. Sem. peroneanella, Walk. (Gelechia peroneanella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 658; Cryptolechia lichenella, ib. 769; eophora huttonit, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 511.) Media, alis ant. dilute viridibus, signis plerisque contortis serieque punc- torum marginis postici nigris; post. albidis, apicem versus griseis. Male, female—15-27 mm. Head pale green, or sometimes whitish. Palpi pale green, second joint with basal third and a subapical ring, ter- minal joint with apex, a median band, and a dot near base black. Antenne Meyricx.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 23 dark fuscous, basal joint pale green. Thorax pale green, a small spot on each side of neck, an oblique mark on each side of back, and a small poste- rior spot black. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs dark fuscous, tibie with central and apical rings, tarsi with apex of joints whitish, posterior tibie with whitish hairs above. Forewings moderate, costa gently or moderately arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, slightly sinuate or nearly straight; pale green, with sharply defined black linear markings ; a dot at base, and a small mark near base on costa, connected along costal edge; a dot on inner margin near base; a mark very near base and an inwardly oblique bar in disc at +, connected centrally by a lon- gitudinal line; an oblique bar from costa at 4, forked at apex, not reaching middle; a short longitudinal mark beneath fold at 4, anteriorly furcate ; a short oblique bar in disc below middle, very shortly furcate beneath; a short sinuate oblique bar in disc beyond middle, farcate above, (in Southern specimens connected centrally with preceding by a longitudinal line) ; all these markings preceded in disc by tufts of raised scales; a spot on costa beyond middle, furcate at apex; a sinuate dentate transverse bar in disc about £; a row of small spots along hindmargin and apical third of costa: - 5D cilia pale green. Hindwings grey-whitish, posteriorly suffused with fuscous grey, with an obscure darker central spot, and a dark fuscous interrupted hindmarginal line ; cilia whitish-grey, becoming whitish-green round apex, with a faint darker line. A beautiful insect, mimicking the colour of the long drooping lichens on which it always sits, and on which the larva probably feeds ; the mark- ings are not united to form complete transverse strige, as in S. picarella. Butler’s huttonii is merely a bleached specimen. Hamilton, Christchurch, Dunedin, in December and January ; tolerably common, and probably widely distributed. The slight difference in mark- ing between forms from the North and South Islands is worthy of notice. 20. Sem. picarella, Walk. (Gcophora picarella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 699; Psecadia teras, Feld., Reis. Nov., Pl. CXL., 28.) Major, alis ant. niveis, strigis tribus transversis contortis, signis duobus posticis serieque punctorum marginis postici nigris; post. griseis, disco albido-suffuso. Male, female.—22-28 mm. Head white. Palpi white, second joint with basal third and a subapical ring, terminal joint with apex and a median band black. Antenne dark fuscous, basal joint white at base. Thorax white, anterior margin, a central arrowhead, and small posterior spot black. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs dark fuscous, median ring of tibie and apex of all joints whitish, posterior tibie with whitish hairs above. Forewings 24 Transactions.—Z oology. moderate, costa gently arched, faintly sinuate in middle, apex rounded, ‘hindmargin rather oblique, slightly rounded ; white, with sharply defined black linear markings ; costa black at base, emitting a transverse streak, twice deeply angulated, to inner margin at 4+, its inner angle connected by a bar with base of inner margin; an irregular oblique transverse streak from + of costa to fold, sending a tooth inwards beneath costa and another outwards above fold, apex reflexed towards base and sinuate ; a small spot on inner margin beyond middle ; a short inwardly oblique streak from costa beyond middle, emitting from middle of posterior edge an oblique sometimes interrupted line almost to anal angle, whence proceeds from middle of anterior edge a short branch obliquely downwards, and from 2 of posterior edge a short streak obliquely upwards, almost confluent with a small spot towards costa; a somewhat crescentic transverse bar near hindmargin above middle; discal markings partially preceded by tufts of raised scales ; a row of coarse black dots along hindmargin and apical third of costa: cilia white, with a small black apical spot, and another in costal cilia on second dot before apex. Hindwings grey, irrecularly suffused with grey- whitish in disc, with a dark fuscous interrupted hindmarginal line; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy grey line. A distinct and striking species. Dunedin, in January ; rather common on fences and at light. 21. Sem. epiphanes, n. sp. Media, alis ant. canis, griseo-conspersis, macula basali postice angulata alteraque cost magna signis nigris notata saturate fuscis; post. griseo- albidis. Male.—20 mm. MHead white, lower half of face sharply fuscous. Palpi white, second joint with basal 2 and a subapical ring dark fuscous, terminal joint with a median blackish band. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax grey, mixed with white. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs dark fuscous, central ring of tibizee and apex of all joints white, posterior tibiz with whitish hairs above. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin nearly straight, rather oblique; whitish, densely irrorated and partially suffused with grey; a dark fuscous basal patch, bounded by a blackish-fuscous line from + of costa to + of inner margin, acutely angulated outwards on fold, containing a large tuft of scales near base, and two others before posterior margin ; immediately beyond this line the ground-colour is clearer white; a tuft of scales beneath fold at 4; a large fuscous patch, mixed with dark fuscous, extending on costa from + to ¢, anterior edge oblique, reaching fold, posterior edge inwardly oblique, reaching middle, lower edge angularly excavated; this patch contains a large tuft of scales near middle of anterior edge, a smaller tuft in lower Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 25 anterior angle, and a third in lower posterior angle, first tuft bordered above anteriorly by a short blackish mark, second on three sides posteriorly by an angulated blackish streak, third anteriorly and posteriorly by two short straight blackish streaks ; a very indistinct cloudy grey angulated transverse line near hindmargin ; a row of cloudy dark grey spots along hindmargin and apical third of costa: cilia whitish, with an indistinct grey line. Huind- wings grey-whitish, slightly darker towards apex ; cilia grey-whitish. Very distinct by the grey colouring, and dark costal and basal patches. Wellington, in January ; one fine specimen. 22. Sem. prasophyta, n. sp. Media, alis ant. canis, virescenti-suffusis, strigula ad basim, squamis disci sparsis, punctis cost lneaque marginis postici nigris; post. griseis, basim versus albidis. Male, female.—17-18 mm. Head white (?). . Palpi white, second joint with a subbasal and subapical ring, terminal joint with a median ring black. Antenne grey-whitish, obscurely annulated with fuscous, basal joint whitish, with a fuscous subapical spot. Thorax whitish, anteriorly mixed with dull green and black. Abdomen grey-whitish. Anterior tibize dark fuscous with central and apical whitish rings, middle tibie dark fuscous broadly suffused with whitish towards centre and apex, posterior tibie whitish, all tarsi dark fuscous with whitish rings at apex of joints. Forewings moderate, costa gently arched, sinuate in middle, apex obtuse, hindmargin slightly sinuate, oblique; whitish, irrorated and partially suf- fused with dull ochreous-green, especially on central third and towards hindmargin ; extreme base and an irregular streak from costa near base to base of inner margin black; a small cloudy blackish spot on costa before middle, and another beyond middle; two tufts of green scales in disc before middle, followed by scattered black scales, and two tufts beyond middle, preceded and followed by black scales; a clear whitish sinuate transverse line from 2 of costa to before anal angle; three black dots on posterior third of costa, and an interrupted black hindmarginal line: cilia fuscous, with a cloudy blackish line. Hindwings grey, becoming whitish towards base; cilia grey-whitish, with a cloudy grey line. Not to be confused with any other species. Wellington and Taranaki, in January and February ; two specimens. 283. Sem. austera, nu. sp. Media, alis ant. fuscis, fascia antica lineaque postica curva vix pallidi- oribus, signo disci arcuato saturatiori ; post. saturate fuscis. Male.—17-18 mm. Head, antennex, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Palpi dark fuscous, second joint mixed with pale ochreous, terminal joint with a suffused pale ochreous band above and below middle. Legs dark 26 Transactions.—Z ooloqy. fuscous, median ring of tibize and apex of all joints whitish-ochreous. Fore- wings moderate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, hardly rounded; dull fuscous, mixed with darker and lighter; the lighter tint appears to form an obscure transverse fascia before middle parallel to hindmargin, and a curved transverse line from 3 of costa to before anal angle; a tuft of dark fuscous scales beneath fold at 1; an arched dark fuscous mark in disc beyond middle; hindmargin and apical fourth of costa obscurely spotted with darker: cilia fuscous, with a darker line. Hindwings dark fuscous, somewhat lighter towards base; cilia fuscous, with a cloudy darker line. Conspicuously distinct by its deep fuscous colouring. Wellington, in January ; two specimens. 10. Latutcrossa, n.g. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, loosely spreading. Antenne in male moderate, strongly serrate towards apex, very shortly ciliated (+), basal joint moderate, without pecten. Palpi moderately long, second joint not exceeding base of antenne, thickened with dense appressed scales, terminal joint as long as second, rather stout, curved. Thorax crested posteriorly. Forewings moderate, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique. Hindwings as broad as forewings, trapezoidal, hindmargin slightly sinuate, cilia 3. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibie with short rough hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from rather before angle of cell. Hind- wings normal. Allied to Gynmobathra, from which it is distinguished by the very short ciliations of the antenne, and the thoracic crest. The single species is confined to New Zealand. 94, Lath. leucocentra, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. saturate fuscis, maculis costa duabus parvis serieque punctorum marginis postici albido-ochreis, punctis disci tribus niveis; post. saturate fuscis. Male.—15 mm. Head whitish-ochreous, suffused on crown and fore- head with dark fuscous. Palpi whitish-ochreous, externally sprinkled with dark fuscous, anterior edge marked throughout by a slender dark fuscous line. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax and abdomen dark fuscous, with a few whitish-ochreous scales. Legs dark fuscous, central ring of tibie, hairs of posterior tibie, and apex of all joints whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, almost straight, very faintly sinuate beneath apex; dark fuscous, | with irregularly scattered whitish-ochreous scales; a very small whitish- ochreous spot on middle of costa, and a rather larger transverse spot on costa at 2, giving rise to a very faint curved line of whitish-ochreous scales Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 27 to anal angle; a white dot in dise at 4, a second hardly beyond middle, and a third somewhat larger on fold between these; a row of whitish- ochreous dots along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa: cilia dark fuscous. Hindwings dark fuscous; cilia fuscous, with a darker basal line. The conspicuous white discal dots afford an easy point of recognition. Dunedin, in January; one specimen received from Mr. A. Purdie. 11. T'aamnosara, n. g. Head with appressed scales, sidetufts moderate, loosely spreading. Antenne in male moderate, biserrate, moderately and evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather long, without pecten. Palpi moderate, second joint not exceeding base of antenne, densely scaled, beneath with long projecting hairscales, forming a large square tuft, terminal joint slightly shorter than second, slender, curved. Thorax smooth. Forewings moderate, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique. Hindwings as broad as forewings, elongate- ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia +. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibie shortly rough-haired above. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from rather before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Allied to Gymnobathra, of which it is probably a development ; differs from all New Zealand genera except Aochleta in the tuft of the second joint of palpi; but in Aochleta the tuft is much less developed. Vein 2 of the fore- wings is widely remote from the angle of the cell; and veins 3 and 4 of the hindwings are stalked. Only one species is known, peculiar to New Zealand. 25. Thamn. chirista, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-fuscis, saturate fusco creberrime irroratis ; post. grisels. Male, female.—13-14 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax fuscous- grey; terminal joint of palpi grey-whitish, anterior edge dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, anal tuft pale greyish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous; pos- terior tibiz and apex of all tarsal joints whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; whitish fuscous, very densely and finely irrorated with dark fuscous; a few scattered black scales: cilia whitish fuscous, on lower half densely irrorated with dark fuscous. Hindwings grey, somewhat darker towards apex ; cilia whitish-grey, with a darker line near-base. A very dull-coloured and inconspicuous insect. Christchurch, in December; three specimens amongst bush, in indif- ferent condition. 12. Gymnopatura, Meyr. Head loosely scaled, sidetufts large, appressed, projecting over fore- head. Antenne in male moderate, moderately and evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather elongate, moderate, without pecten. Palpi moderate, 28 Transactions.—Zoology. second joint reaching base of antenne, with smooth appressed scales, some- what loose beneath towards apex, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, recurved. Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate, apex obtuse, hindmargin somewhat concave or rounded, oblique. Hindwings slightly narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia + to 2. Abdomen moderate. Posterior tibiz clothed with rather short hairs above. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from rather considerably before angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Nearly allied to @icophora, from which it is separated by the absence of the basal pecten of antenne, differing also in the greater remoteness of vein 2 of the forewings from the angle of cell. The forewings are more tri- angular, and the hindmargin sometimes markedly concave. The genus is endemic in New Zealand, so far as is known, and has attained some degree of development ; it is doubtless an offshoot of Gcophora. I have nine species, which may be tabulated as follows :— la. Hindwings ochreous-vellow .. ore oe 20 50 .. 33. hyetodes?. 1b. * fuscous or grey. 2a. Hindmargin of forewings distinctly concave. 3a. Posterior fascia straight 00 36 O00 56 .. 33. hyetodes 3. 3b. i », angulated ae we a aie .. 32. hamatellaé. 2b. Hindmargin of forewings not distinctly concave. 3a. Forewings densely irrorated with dark fuscous oc .. 29. tholodella. 3b. 55 not ‘ '; %p on 4a. Costa and hindmargin spotted with dark fuscous -. 380. calliploca. 23 oy ee Ra ns not spotted 3 50 .. 28. parca. 1c. Hindwings more or less whitish. 2a. Hindwings becoming grey at apex. 3a. Forewings grey .. ek 50 are ate 26 .. 34. philadelpha. 3b. ‘ yellow ais be 00 he sis -. 31. flavidella. 2b. Hindwings becoming grey at base Be Sc 50 .. 26. coarctatella. 2¢. a wholly ochreous-whitish. 3a. Forewings with two transverse fascie 60 56 .. 32. hamatella?. 3b. PA not fasciated .. BG Yio as te .. 27. sarcoxantha. 26. Gymn. coarctatella, Walk. (Cryptolechia coarctatella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 768.) Media, alis ant. rufo-ochreis, punctis disci tribus saturate griseis inter- dum obsoletis ; post. ochreo-albidis, basim versus griseo-suffusis. Male, female.—17-20 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax reddish-ochreous. Antenne grey-whitish, slenderly annulated with dark fuscous, basal joint reddish-ochreous. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Legs ochreous-whitish, an- terior pair infuscated. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin somewhat sinuate, rather Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 29 oblique; reddish-ochreous; a round cloudy dark fuscous-grey dot in disc at 4, a second at 2, a third more obscure on fold beyond first, in the female speci- men all obsolete; cilia reddish-ochreous, becoming whitish-ochreous towards tips. Hindwings whitish, faintly ochreous-tinged, towards inner angle suffused with grey ; cilia whitish, tinged with grey at inner angle. Immediately known by the grey basal suffusion of the hindwings, and the pronounced reddish-ochreous forewings. This and the two following species are rather closely allied. Wellington and Castle Hill, in January ; two specimens. Walker’s type is certainly of this species ; it is stated to be from Auckland, but no reliance can be placed on this. 27. Gymn. sarcoxantha, n. sp. Media, alis ant. dilute ochreis, punctis disci tribus saturate ochreo- fuscis ; post. ochreo-albidis. Male.—19-20 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish-ochreous, sometimes slightly reddish-tinged. Abdomen and legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, nearly straight ; whitish-ochreous, with a few scattered reddish-ochreous scales, margins sometimes partially suffused with deeper ochreous ; a reddish-ochreous or dark fuscous dot in dise at 4, a second, larger and oblique, at 2, and a third, very small, on fold very obliquely beyond first: cilia whitish-ochreous. Hindwings whitish, faintly ochreous- tinged: cilia ochreous-whitish. Very near the preceding, but with the forewings more elongate, and the ground-colour lighter, without pronounced reddish tinge, and the hind- wings without any grey suffusion. Dunedin and Christchurch, in January and March; six specimens. 28. Gymn. parca, Butl. (Ecophora parca, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 405.) Minor, alis ant. ochreis vel flavis, interdum griseo-mixtis, costa palli- diori, punctis disci tribus saturate griseis seepius obsoletis ; post. griseis. Male, female—18-16 mm. Head palpi, and thorax ochreous or yellow- ish. Antenne dark-grey. Abdomen grey-whitish, anal tuft ochreous- whitish. Legs whitish, more or less wholly suffused with fuscous-grey. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin obliquely rounded ; dull ochreous or yellow, sometimes partially suffused with reddish-ochreous, especially towards inner margin, and some- times mixed with grey, except along a costal band; sometimes a cloudy round dark grey dot in dise before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first, but often these are absent, or some- _ times indicated by a reddish-ochreous suffusion : cilia ochreous or yellowish, 30 Transactions.— Zoology. paler and sometimes greyish towards tips. Hindwings grey, somewhat darker towards apex; cilia ochreous-whitish or grey-whitish, sometimes with a cloudy grey line. Very variable, but hardly to be confused with any other ; immediately known from the two preceding species by the grey hindwings and smaller size. Wellington, Christchurch, Lake Wakatipu, in December and January ; generally common on bare grassy hills; at Lake Wakatipu it occurred sparingly up to an elevation of 4,000 feet. ' 29. Gymn. tholodella, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. fuscis, ochreo-conspersis, punctis disci tribus saturatio- ribus ; post. griseis. Male, female-—12-13 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish- ochreous, more or less mixed and suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne brownish-ochreous, annulated or suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey-whitish, anal tuft whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, central ring of anterior and middle tibie and apex of all joints whitish, posterior tibie with whitish hairs. Forewings moderate, somewhat dilated, costa moder- ately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin oblique, hardly rounded; light brownish-ochreous, densely mixed and irregularly suffused with dark fuscous; generally a clear pale spot on costa before middle; a cloudy round dark fuscous dot in dise before middle, a second, oblique and some- times obscurely double, in dise beyond middle, and a third on fold obliquely beyond first: cilia pale ochreous, with a cloudy dark fuscous line near base. Hindwings grey ; cilia pale ochreous, with a faint fuscous line. Not nearly resembling any other; the pale ochreous cilia contrast noticeably with the ground-colour on both wings. Hamilton, Palmerston, Christchurch, Dunedin, from January to March ; common, and sometimes very abundant, in forest; probably of general occurrence. 30. Gymn. calliploca, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-ochreis, fusco-sparsis, punctis disci tribus, cost quinque posticis serieque marginis postici saturate fuscis; post. dilute erisels. Male-—17 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs pale whitish-ochreous ; second joint of palpi externally, and anterior margin of thorax suffused with dark fuscous; anterior and middle tibie dark fuscous with pale central and apical rings, tarsi banded with dark fuscous. Fore- ‘wings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin straight, oblique ; pale whitish-ochreous, finely and scantily irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous scales; a small dark fuscous spot at base of costa; five Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 31 conspicuous dark fuscous dots on posterior half of costa; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third on fold rather beyond first ; a cloudy dark fuscous streak along hindmargin from apex nearly to anal angle, thickest above, attenuated beneath; a row of cloudy dark fuscous dots along hindmargin, partially obscured in the streak : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, basal half with fine dark fuscous bars on the veins. Hindwings pale grey, cilia grey-whitish. At once recognizable by the conspicuous dark costal dots. Dunedin, in January; one specimen received from Mr. A. Purdie. 31. Gymn. flavidella, Walk. (Gelechia flavidella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 655; Cicophora utuella, Feld., Reis. Noy., Pl. CXL., 46.) Minor, alis ant. dilute flavis, punctis disci tribus nigricantibus, triangulo marginis postici inferiori dilute fusco, antice nigro-marginato, umbramque costam versus emittente, ciliis fuscis ; post. albis, postice roseo-eriseis. Male, female—12-16 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax pale yellow. Abdomen rosy-whitish. Legs rosy-grey, central ring of tibie and apex of all joints whitish, posterior tibia with whitish hairs. Forewings moderate, rather dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, apex almost acute, hindmargin straight, rather strongly oblique; pale yellow, rarely irrorated and suffused with reddish-ochreous; extreme costal edge pale fuscous, becoming deeper at base; a dark fuscous dot in dise before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third rather obliquely beyond first on fold; a triangular light rosy-fuscous patch on lower half of hindmargin, anterior side margined by a slightly curved black line, emitting from its apex a narrow inward-curved rosy-fuscous suffusion towards costa at 3, very faint above, posteriorly sometimes margined by a few black scales: cilia rosy- fuscous. Hindwings white, posteriorly suffused with pale rosy-fuscous ; cilia very pale rosy-fuscous, more whitish towards inner angle. A beautiful and very distinct species. Auckland, Taranaki, Wellington, and Christchurch, in January and February ; common amongst bush, but principally in the North Island. 32. Gymn. hamatella, Walk. (Gcophora hamatella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 700.) Minor, alis ant. albido-ochreis, interdum ochreo-suffusis, fusco-sparsis, linea transversa antica recta, altera postica angulata, punctis disci duobus strigulaque transversa, ciliis etiam saturate fuscis; post. M. griseis, F. albidis. Male, female—15-18 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish- ochreous, suffused with deeper ochreous. Abdomen ochreous whitish. Legs dark grey, apex of tarsal joints whitish, posterior tibie with whitish hairs. 32 Transactions.— Zoology. Forewings moderate, considerably dilated posteriorly, costa gently arched, in male more strongly, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate, oblique ; whitish- ochreous, irregularly irrorated with fuscous, sometimes wholly suffused with ochreous-fuscous ; costal edge suffusedly dark fuscous; a straight narrow somewhat irregular dark fuscous fascia from } of costa to 4 of inner margin, dilated on margins; a round dark fuscous dot towards costa in middle, and another (sometimes two longitudinally placed) above fold in “middle; a short linear dark fuscous transverse mark in dise beyond middle; a narrow dark fuscous fascia from 3 of costa to £ of inner margin, rather acutely angulated outwards above middle, dilated on costa: cilia dark fus- cous. Hindwings in male rather light grey, with a darker central lunule, cilia whitish-grey ; in female whitish, posteriorly slightly ochreous-tinged, cilia ochreous-whitish. This species and the preceding form the transition in the shape of the forewings from the rounded to the subfalcate apex. It varies considerably in depth of colour, but the characteristic fasciz can generally be made out. Christchurch and Akaroa, from January to March; not uncommon amongst bush. 33. Gymn. hyetodes, n.sp. Media, alis ant. M. fuscis, F. ochreo-flavis, punctis disci tribus obscuris fasciaque postica recta nebulosa saturatioribus; post. M. saturate griseis, F. ochreo-flavis. Male.—20 mm. Head and thorax greyish-fuscous. Palpi whitish, anterior edge marked by a sharp black line throughout, second joint also with a black stripe on each side. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen fus- cous-grey. Legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints whitish, posterior tibie grey. Forewings moderate, considerably dilated posteriorly, costa moderately arched, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; light fuscous, paler posteriorly, irrorated with darker; an indistinct darker dot in disc before middle, and a second rather obliquely beyond it on fold ; a cloudy dark fuscous transverse fascia from 2 of costa to 3 of inner margin, obsolete on margins, posterior edge tolerably well-defined, slightly concave, anterior edge suffused, containing an obscure darker dot in disc: cilia with basal half dark fuscous, apical half whitish-ochreous. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia dark fuscous, tips paler. Female.—26 mm. Similar to male, but head, thorax, abdomen, poste- rior tibie, forewings, and hindwings with fuscous colour wholly changed to golden-ochreous. I have little hesitation in uniting these sexes; although at first sight very dissimilar, the difference is of ground-colour only, and I suspect that the yellow tints of the female are protective, approaching those of a decaying Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 33 leaf. This and the next species are characterized by the elegant form of the subfaleate forewings, of which however the apex is less produced than it appears to be. Wellington, in February; two specimens of each sex taken by Mr. R. W. Fereday. 34. Gymn. philadelpha, n.sp. Media, alis ant. griseis, leviter albido-sparsis, ciliorum apice albo; post. griseo-albidis, apice leviter griseo. Female.—25 mm. Head and thorax whitish-ochreous, somewhat suf- fused with pale grey. Palpi whitish-ochreous. Antenne grey, basal joint whitish-ochreous. Abdomen grey-whitish. Legs grey, central ring of mid- dle tibiz and apex of all joimts ochreous-whitish, posterior tibis: ochreous- whitish. Forewings moderate, posteriorly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate, rather strongly oblique ; grey, somewhat mixed with ochreous-whitish: cilia with basal half grey, terminal half ‘ochreous-whitish. Hindwings grey-whitish, apex somewhat suffused with light grey; cilia whitish, round apex greyish-tinged. Very similar in form to G. hyetodes, but differing from both sexes in the grey forewings, the absence of markings, and the whitish hindwings. It is probable that the male may have some points of difference from the female. Mount Hutt, in January ; two specimens taken by Mr. R. W. Fereday, without note of elevation. 13. Gicopnora, Z. Head smooth, sidetufts moderate, loosely appressed, projecting somewhat above antenne. Antenne in male moderate, somewhat serrate, moderately and evenly ciliated (1), basal joint rather elongate, moderate, with strong pecten. Palpi moderate, second joint not exceeding base of antenne, with appressed scales, somewhat loose beneath, terminal joint shorter than second, moderate, curved, Thorax smooth. Forewings elongate, moderate or rather narrow, apex obtusely pointed, hindmargin very oblique, slightly rounded. Hindwings somewhat narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia 2 to 1. Abdomen moderate, often somewhat flattened, more or less distinctly margined. Posterior tibie clothed with long fine hairs. Forewings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from or somewhat before angle of cell, rarely stalked with 8. Hindwings normal. This is the typical genus of the family ; it is also the most widely dis- tributed, and probably one of the oldest and most extensive. It is well represented in Kurope, North America, and Australia, and there is every likelihood that it will be found to be nearly cosmopolitan; but its limits have been so ill understood by many writers, that no reliable authority can be quoted at present for its occurrence elsewhere. The larve are little 3 34 Transactions.—Zoology. known, but appear to feed mostly on dead wood, bark, and seeds; the habits of none of the New Zealand species are known, and it is of considerable importance to discover them. The imagos generally frequent bush. Nineteen species are here described, which may be thus tabulated :— la. Forewings strongly dilated posteriorly. 2a. Forewings grey or whitish-ochreous OC te ac .. 42. griseata. 2b. % reddish-ochreous-brown . .. o¢ OC .. 43. phegophylla. 1b. Forewings not noticeably dilated. 2a, Forewings narrow. 3a. With sharply defined fascie. 4a. Head dark fuscous .. Be ae AC O00 .. 53. chrysogramma 4b. ,, yellow .. 5 50 S0 00 60 .. 52. hoplodesma. 3b. With fascie obscure or areotate 86 ee 60 .. OL. siderodeta. 2b. Forewings moderate. 3a. Forewings yellow or whitish-ochreous. 4a. Head suffused with dark fuscous .. Me on .. 48. anema. 4b. ,, yellow or whitish-ochreous. 5a. Thorax wholly yellow .. Dc oc 30 .. 44, oporea. db. » partially dark fuscous. 6a. Forewings with a dark anterior fascia .. .. 38. chloritis. 6b. ut without anterior fascia. . 7a. Anterior half of thorax wholly dark fuscous. 8a. Forewings ochreous .. ae 60 .. 45. horea. 8b. i pale yellow A . 49. macarella. 7b. Anterior half of thorax not wholly ane tanta 8a. Forewings yellow .. D0 .. 46. armigerella. 8b. 5 pale whitish- ocho sus Ae .. 47. apanthes. 3b. Forewings brownish-ochreous .. 5¢ oc 50 .. 30. pseudospretella. 3c. Forewings whitish or grey. 4a. Without definite markings .. 50 O° O00 -. 50. homodoxa. 4b. With distinct darker markings. 5a. Forewings coarsely irrorated with reddish fuscous .. 36. scholea. 5b. BS without reddish fuscous scales. 6a. Costa with cloudy darker spots. 7a. Head ochreous-white .. bc oc -- 40. contextella. 7b. ,, more or less grey. 8a. Discal dots well defined .. s¢ -. 37. letharga. Sb. ie obscure or obsolete .. -- 39. epimylia. 6b. Costa not spotted .. Sc ate oe -- 41. hemimochla. 35. Gc. pseudospretella, Stt. Media, alis ant. ochreis, saturate fusco conspersis, maculis disci tribus parvis serieque postica subcostali ac marginis postici saturate fuscis ; post. dilute griseis. Male, female.—17-21 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax light brownish- ochreous, strongly suffused with dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; light Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 35 brownish-ochreous, densely mixed with dark fuscous ; a small round dark fuscous spot in disc before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third directly beneath first on fold; a row of cloudy dark fuscous spots from beyond middle of costa to hindmargin beneath apex, thence along hind- margin to anal angle: cilia light brownish-ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. Hindwings whitish-grey, posteriorly darker ; cilia whitish-grey. Specifically remote from any native species. The larva feeds on seeds, skins, dried insects, etc., and is capable of doing great damage in a museum. This well known species has been introduced from England, and is very common in houses, probably throughout New Zealand. I have observed it at Hamilton, Napier, Wanganui, Wellington, Christchurch, Castle Hill, and Dunedin, from December to March. 36, Uc. scholea, n. sp. Media, alis ant. dilute griscis, rufescenti-conspersis, maculis coste tribus anticis, punctis disci duobus, tertio plicee post primum disci posito, lineaque postica transversa angulata saturate fuscis; post. griseis. Male, female-—19-21 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax greyish- ochreous mixed with fuscous. Abdomen whitish-ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, anterior and middle tibixe with central ring, hairs of posterior tibize and apex of all joints whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, costa mode- rately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded; pale greyish, coarsely irrorated with reddish-fuscous and dark fuscous, especially towards costa and hindmargin ; a cloudy dark fuscous spot on base of costa, another on costa at +, and a third in middle; a dark fuscous dot in dise at 1, a second at 2, and a third obliquely beyond first on fold; a very obscure interrupted dark fuscous transverse line from ~ of costa to anal angle, angulated outwards in middle, somewhat dentate beneath costa: cilia, greyish-ochreous, obscurely mixed with dark fuscous at base. Hindwings light grey, towards apex dark grey: cilia grey-whitish, with a grey line. A dull-coloured species, not nearly allied to any but C1. letharga ; from this it differs by the larger size, reddish-fuscous irroration, and position of the third discal dot obliquely beyond the first. Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Invercargill, from December to February ; common. 37. ic. letharga, 0. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-griseis, fusco-conspersis, maculis coste tribus anticis nebulosis, punctis disci duobus, tertio plice ante primum disci posito, lineaque postica transversa angulata saturate fuscis ; post. grisels. 86 Transactions. —Zoology. Male.—16-164 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax ochreous- whitish, mixed with fuscous-grey, Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Anterior and middle legs fuscous-grey, central ring of tibie and apex of all joints ochreous-whitish ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded; pale whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, and irrorated with dark fuscous; a cloudy fuscous spot on costa at base, another at 4, and a third in middle ; a small cloudy dark fuscous spot in disc near base; a dark fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third rather obliquely before first on fold; a cloudy fuscous outwards-bent trans- verse line from 3 of costa to anal angle, indented inwards beneath costa : cilia pale whitish-ochreous, sprinkled with dark fuscous. Hindwings light grey, apex darker ; cilia grey-whitish, with a distinct grey line near base. Smaller and paler than the preceding, without reddish tinge, and with the third discal dot placed obliquely before the first. Dunedin, in January ; three specimens. 38. ic. chloritis, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-flavidis, coste basi ac puncto sub plica posito nigris, fascia antica angusta plicam non superante, linea anguli analis obliqua, lineaque transversa postica obsoleta griseis ; post. griseis. Male.— 153 mm. Head whitish-ochreous yellow. Palpi whitish- ochreous, second joint externally mixed with dark fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish, obscurely annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, posterior margin whitish-yellowish. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs dark fuscous, posterior tibie and apex of all joints whitish-yellowish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, hindmargin very oblique, slightly rounded ; pale dull whitish-yellowish ; base of costa suffusedly dark fuscous; a very oblique indistinct grey streak from near costa at + to middle of fold; a blackish dot below fold a little before extremity of this streak ; a cloudy dark grey transverse mark on anal angle; a faint greyish posterior suffusion, obscurely indicating a transverse line very near handmargin : cilia pale dull whitish-yellowish, with several rows of dark grey points, most distinct towards tips. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish, with a cloudy grey line near base. Of somewhat doubtful specific affinity ; differing from all the other yellow species in the more elongate forewings, and the transverse anterior and submarginal grey lines. Lake Wakatipu (1,000 feet), in December; one specimen. 39. Cc. epimylia, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. dilute griseis, maculis cost tribus, quarta plice, punctisque disci duobus obscuris saturatioribus; post. griseis; capite griseo, Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. of Male, female—114-13 mm. Head and thorax pale grey mixed with darker. Palpi whitish-grey, second joint externally densely irrorated with blackish, terminal joint with two or three slender blackish rings below middle. Antenne dark grey. Abdomen grey. Legs dark fuscous, central and apical ring of middle tibie, hairs of posterior tibie, and apex of all tarsal joints whitish. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; whitish-grey, densely and irregularly irrorated with dark grey, tending to form cloudy very indistinct patches on costa at +, middle, and 3, leaving interspaces somewhat paler ; an indistinct cloudy dark fuscous spot on fold at 4, a cloudy spot on anal angle, sometimes preceded and followed by a smaller spot, a dot in disc before middle and beyond that on fold, and another in dise beyond middle, all very indistinct and sometimes obsolete : cilia whitish-grey, with several rows of dark grey points. Hindwings light grey; cilia whitish-grey. Nearly allied to @. contextella, and having a similar mottled appearance, but readily known by its smaller size, slightly narrower wings, general grey tints, and especially the grey head. Castle Hill (2,500 feet), in January; beaten in great abundance from Fagus solandri. 40. Cc. conteatella, Walk. (Gelechia contextella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 656.) Minor, alis ant. canis, griseo-sparsis, fascia ad basim, altera post medium, maculis coste duabus, lineaque postica sinuata saturate griseis, striga obliqua sub plica posita signoque disci arcuato nigris; post. dilute griseis ; capite ochreo-albo. Male, female—18-15 mm. Head ochreous-white. Palpi white, second joint irrorated with dark fuscous except at apex, terminal joint with a cloudy dark fuscous submedian ring. Antenne grey. Thorax whitish or ochreous- white, anterior margin suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen whitish- ochreous. Legs dark fuscous, middle tibie with central and apical rings, hairs of posterior tibie, and apex of all tarsal joints ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; white, irregularly irrorated with fuscous-grey ; a cloudy dark grey fascia from base of costa, and a second from costa at 4, confluent in middle and extending almost to inner margin at 4, mixed with ochreous at apex, and margined posteriorly by an oblique blackish streak below middle, sometimes connected with a blackish dot in disc before middle ; a cloudy dark grey fascia from rather beyond middle of costa to anal angle, containing an ochreous partially blackish-circled spot in disc, and mixed with ochreous beneath ; a small blackish mark on inner margin before this fascia, separated from it by a white line; a cloudy dark grey 38 Transactions.—-Zooloyy. spot on costa at +, giving rise to a curved cloudy blackish-grey transverse line to anal angle; all these grey markings are sometimes partially suffused and confiuent; a cloudy dark grey apical spot: cilia white, irregularly mixed with dark grey, forming a cloudy spot at apex and anal angle. Hind- wings pale grey; cilia grey-whitish. Separable from (. epimylia by the larger size, ochreous-white head, and white ground-colour of forewings ; from (4. hemimochla by the distinct grey costal spots and transverse fasciz, and always well-defined oblique streak beneath fold. . Christchurch, Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu, and Invercargill, in December and January ; rather common. 41. ic. hemimochla, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. albidis, griseo-conspersis, striga sub plica posita obliqua, punctis disci duobus, striga anguli analis obliqua, maculaque subapical nigricantibus ; post. albido-griseis ; capite ochreo-albo. Male, female—144-16 mm. Head ochreous-whitish. Palpi ochreous- whitish, basal 2 of second joint, and base and apex of terminal joimt suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne grey. Thorax ochreous-whitish, more or less mixed with grey. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, central ring of middle tibiz, and apex of all joints ochreous-whitish ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; white, irregularly suffused with whitish-ochreous, and sprinkled with grey and a few blackish scales; costal edge dark fuscous at base; an oblique dark fuscous streak from fold before middle to near inner margin before 4, generally distinct on fold only ; a blackish dot in dise before middle, and a larger one beyond middle, sometimes connected with apex of oblique streak by a cloudy dark fuscous line; a cloudy dark fuscous bar extending from anal angle almost or quite to second discal dot; a cloudy dark fuscous apical spot, suffusedly produced along hindmargin ; sometimes a curved transverse cloudy dark fuscous line near hindmargin, imdented inwards beneath costa, often obsolete: cilia whitish, with rows of dark fuscous points, forming a cloudy spot at apex and anal angle. Hindwings whitish- grey or light grey ; cilia grey-whitish. Closely allied to CZ. conteatella, and best separated by the absence of the distinct lighter and darker spots of the costa; also somewhat larger and duller, less variegated, without entire fascie, the oblique streak beneath the fold not generally distinct, and the hindwings lighter. Hamilton, Wellington, and Napier, in January and March ; rather common. Probably this species may be confined to the North Island, and CE. contextella to the South. Meryreicxk.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 39 42, (Ke. griseata, Butl. (Gcophora griseata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 405.) Media, alis ant. dilatatis, albido-ochreis griseisve, punctis disci duobus, signo sub plica posito obliquo, macule coste media nebulosa alteraque anguli analis saturate fuscis ; post. griseo-albidis griseisve. - Male, female—15-19 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, and thorax whitish- ochreous, often suffused with grey; terminal joint of palpi with sub-basal and subapical dark fuscous rings. Abdomen ochreous-whitish or grey. Legs dark fuscous-grey, central and apical rings of middle tibie, hairs of posterior tibie, and apex of all tarsal joints ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, posteriorly strongly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin obliquely rounded; varying from pale whitish-ochreous to dull grey ; the paler specimens sometimes partially suffused with grey, or mixed with reddish-ochreous in disc, and on fold towards base; a slender oblique dark fuscous streak almost from inner margin at } to disc before middle, often partially obsolete ; a dark fuscous dot in disc above apex of this streak, and a second in dise beyond middle; a cloudy dark fuscous spot on anal angle, often almost obsolete, anteriorly edged with a darker dot on margin ; a transverse outwards-curved, often partially obsolete, fine dark fuscous line from 3 of costa to before anal angle, irregularly sinuate towards costa, where it is generally more distinct: cilia pale whitish-ochreous, gener- ally suffused with numerous rows of dark grey points, tips clear pale ochreous. Hindwings whitish-grey or grey; cilia ochreous-whitish, often suffused with grey. This and the next species are distinguished from all the rest by the posterior dilation of the forewings; CZ. griseata varies a good deal in colour, but can hardly be mistaken. Christchurch, Castle Hill, Dunedin, and Invercargill, from December to March’; common. 43. (ic. phegophylla, n. sp. Media, alis ant. dilatatis, ochreo-rufis, puncto disci strigaque dorsi indentata ochreo-albidis, partim flavo-suffusis ; post. saturate griseis. Male.—21-22 mm. Head ochreous-yellow. Palpi ochreous-yellow, externally mixed with dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax ochreous-yellow, suffused with fuscous except on posterior margin. Abdomen erey. Legs dark fuscous, hairs of posterior tibie and apex of all joints ochreous-yellow, beneath wholly ochreous-yellow. Forewings moderate, posteriorly strongly dilated, costa moderately arched, apex obtuse, hind- margin oblique, hardly rounded ; reddish-ochreous-brown, becoming deeper towards inner margin; a minute ochreous-whitish dot in dise beyond middle; an ochreous-whitish streak along inner margin from base to 3, 40 Transacttons.—Zoology. towards extremities suffused with bright ochreous-orange, its upper margin rather deeply indented at 4, thence somewhat dilated, and again attenuated to apex: cilia reddish-ochreous brown, beneath anal angle ochreous-whitish suffused with orange. Hindwings dark grey ; cilia grey, extreme base pale. A very distinct and handsome species, in form of wing very closely approaching the preceding; in colour it is approached by the much smaller and narrower-winged Cremnogenes oxyina, but the resemblance is analogous merely, and due in each case to protective imitation of the colouring of a dead beech-leaf. At the head of Lake Wakatipu, in December; two specimens from Fagus solandri. 44, (Hc. oporea, ni. sp. Media, alis ant. saturate flavis, linea coste basali nigrescenti, interdum punctis disci tribus rufis ; post. griseis; thorace flavo. Male, female-—18-20 mm. Head and thorax deep ochreous-yellow. Palpi ochreous-yellow, lower 2 of second joint externally suffused with dark fuscous. Antenne grey. Abdomen grey. Anterior legs dark fuscous ; middle and posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin oblique, slightly rounded ; deep yellow, sometimes suffused with reddish-ochreous towards middle of inner margin, anal angle, and apex; a short slender blackish streak along base of costa; sometimes a reddish-fuscous dot in disc before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third on fold directly beneath first, but these are usually quite obsolete, especially the first: cilia yellow, sometimes mixed with reddish-ochreous. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly; cilia grey. Larger and deeper yellow than any of the other yellow species, from all of which it is at once separated by the wholly yellow thorax. Castle Hill (2,500 feet), in January; common amongst Fagus solandri. 45, Cc. horea, nu. sp. | Minor, alis ant. albido-ochreis, flavido-suffusis, striga cost basali nigrescenti, signo plice, altero anguli analis, punctisque coste duobus obscuris saturate fuscis; post. griseis ; thorace antice saturate fusco, postice flavido. Male, female—133-15 mm. Head light yellowish-ochreous. Palpi light yellowish-ochreous, basal half of both joints finely irrorated externally with dark fuscous. Antenne in male dark fuscous, in female whitish- ochreous annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax light yellowish-ochreous, anterior half suffused with dark fuscous. Abdomen grey, apex whitish- ochreous. Anterior legs dark fuscous; middle legs whitish-ochreous irrorated with dark fuscous, except in middle of tibie and at apex of joints ; Meyrick.—Ou New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 41 posterior legs whitish-ochreous. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; whitish- ochreous, rather suffused with yellowish-ochreous, costal margin yellowish- ochreous ; costa suffusedly blackish towards base; a few blackish scales on fold at 4, on costa in middle and at 3, and above anal angle ; posterior half _ of wing more or less irrorated very finely with fuscous: cilia pale yellowish- ochreous, irrorated with fuscous points, especially on tips round apex, and on a spot at analangle. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-grey. Differs from all the other yellow species in its distinct ochreous tint, especially on costa and cilia; not very close to any other. Hamilton and the Bealey River, in January ; four specimens. 46. Cc. armigerella, Walk. (Gcophora armigerella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 698.) Minor, alis ant. flavis, striga coste basali nigrescenti, interdum punctis disci duobus lineaque anguli analis obliqua saturate fuscis ; post. griseis; thorace flavo, humeris anguste nigrescentibus. Male.—143-17 mm. Head yellow. Palpi pale ochreous-yellow, second joint with basal 2 suffused with dark fuscous externally. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax yellow, anterior margin of shoulders narrowly dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, apex of tarsal joints obscurely whitish ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin rounded, rather strongly oblique; rather deep yellow; basal fourth of costa rather broadly blackish ; a dark fuscous ill-defined dot on fold before middle, and another in disc beyond middle, often both absent; sometimes a few fine scattered dark fuscous scales, forming a bar from second dot to anal angle, a curved transverse line near hindmargin, and an apical spot, but these are usually obsolete: cilia yellow, with a fuscous-grey spot at apex and another at anal angle. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia light grey. This and the two following species are closely allied, and have consider- able superficial likeness; C4. armigerella differs from both the others by its bright yellow colour, and by the narrow dark fuscous spot along the anterior margin of shoulders. Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu, and Invercargill, from December to February ; common. The British Museum type of this species is lost, but Walker’s descrip- tion can hardly refer to any other. 47. Cc. apanthes, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. dilute albido-ochreis, vix flavido-suffusis, striga costx basali nigrescenti, macula apicis parva, interdum punctis disci tribus lineaque anguli analis obliqua saturate fuscis ; post. albido-griseis ; thorace dilute albido-ochreo, macula humeri interiori saturate fusco. 49 Transactions.—Zoology. Male.—144 mm. Head pale whitish-ochreous. Palpi pale whitish- ochreous, basal 2 of second joint and lower half of terminal joint externally irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax pale whitish- ochreous, with an oblong dark fuscous spot on each shoulder not touching lateral margin. Abdomen ochreous-whitish. Anterior legs dark fuscous ; middle legs ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark fuscous except at apex of joints ; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa mode- rately arched, apex obtuse, hindmargin rounded, rather strongly oblique ; pale whitish-ochreous, slightly suffused with pale yellowish ; basal third of costa broadly dark fuscous; a dark fuscous dot in dise before middle, a second beyond middle, and a third on fold directly beneath first, first and third sometimes obsolete; sometimes a bar of scattered dark fuscous scales between second dot and anal angle; some scattered dark fuscous scales at apex and towards hindmargin: cilia ochreous-whitish, sometimes with scattered grey points, and with a cloudy dark fuscous spot at apex, and a grey spot at anal angle. Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia whitish. | Closely allied to ZZ. anema, but slightly brighter, the hindwings lighter, the head and thorax wholly whitish-ochreous except an internal spot on shoulders. Hamilton and Cambridge, in January ; two specimens. 48. ic. aneama, 0. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-ochreis, levissime griseo-irroratis, striea coste basali, strigula anguli analis obliqua, interdum etiam signo plice saturate fuscis ; post. griseis ; thorace saturate fusco, macula lateris parva pallida. Male.—183-144 mm. MHead whitish-ochreous, finely and closely irrorated with dark fuscous. Palpi pale whitish-ochreous, externally irrorated with dark fuscous except at apex of joints. Antenne whitish- ochreous, obscurely annulated with dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous, with a small whitish-ochreous lateral spot. Abdomen grey. Anterior and middle legs dark fuscous, with ochreous-whitish rings at apex of joints : posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex blunt-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; very pale whitish-ochreous, with fine scattered light fuscous scales; basal third of costa broadly dark fuscous ; a short inwardly oblique dark fuscous mark on fold at 4, sometimes obsolete ; a cloudy oblique dark fuscous bar from dise beyond middle to anal angle: cilia very pale whitish-ochreous, with lines of grey points, forming a broader dark grey shade before tips. Hindwings grey, darker posteriorly ; cilia light grey. : - Separable from all its immediate allies by the dark fuscous suffusion of the head, as well as of the entire thorax except a small lateral spot; the forewings have a peculiar dull appearance, due to the fine fuscous irroration, which is only perceptible under a lens. Lake Wakatipu, in December ; four specimens. Mryricx.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 43 49, Hc. macarella, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. dilute flavis, coste basi nigrescenti, interdum signo plice lineaque anguli analis obliqua obscuris saturate fuscis ; post. albido- eriseis ; thorace saturate fusco, margine postico anguste flavido. Male, female.—124-14 mm. Head pale yellow. Palpi whitish-yellow, basal half of both joints externally irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne ochreous-whitish, basal joint dark fuscous except at apex. Thorax dark fuscous, with small lateral and posterior pale yellowish spots. Abdomen erey-whitish. Anterior legs dark fuscous; middle legs ochreous-whitish irrorated with dark fuscous, except at apex of joits; posterior legs ochreous-whitish. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex blunt-pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded; pale yellow, somewhat suffused with deeper yellow ; costa dark fuscous towards base ; sometimes a few dark fuscous scales on fold at 4, and on a bar from disc to anal angle : cilia pale yellow, with several rows of grey points, and a darker grey shade before tips. Hindwings whitish-grey ; cilia grey-whitish. Readily known by the pale yellow colouring, the less defined basal mark on the costa, and the almost wholly dark fuscous thorax. Christchurch, in January ; four specimens. 50. CEc. homodowa, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. albido-griseis, saturatiori irroratis, signo plice ante medium alteroque anguli analis vix saturatioribus ; post. griseis. Male, femnale-—154-174 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and legs light grey finely irrorated with dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen light grey. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, hind- margin very oblique, hardly rounded; pale whitish-grey, very finely and closely irrorated with dark fuscous-grey ; indications of an inwardly oblique dark fuscous mark beneath fold about 4, and a perpendicular mark on anal angle, both almost obsolete : cilia grey-whitish, with several rows of dark fuscous-grey points. Hindwings grey, in female rather darker; cilia light grey, with a cloudy darker basal line. An obscure-looking species, differing from the other grey species in the more elongate forewings, the uniform darker irroration, and the absence of distinct darker markings. Lake Wakatipu, in December ; two specimens. 51. dic. siderodeta, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. angustis, ochreis, saturate fusco-suffusis, interdum fasciis tribus obliquis obscuris, dorso sepius basim versus pallidiori; post. saturate griseis. Male, female—12-14 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax ochreous, densely mixed with dark fuscous. Antenne dark fuscous. Abdomen grey. Legs dark fuscous, central ring of tibie, hairs of posterior tibie, and apex of all joints 44 Transactions.—Zoology. whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa gently arched, more strongly near base, apex pointed, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ; brownish- ochreous, densely irrorated with dark fuscous, which tends to form three broad oblique cloudy fascie, but these are often wholly suffused and con- fluent; generally there is a more or less distinctly clear brownish-ochreous space towards base of inner margin: cilia ochreous-whitish, with numerous irregular rows of dark fuscous points, tips clear whitish. Hindwings dark fuscous ; cilia grey, towards base dark fuscous. An inconspicuous species, but readily known by the peculiar form of the forewings, ochreous suffused ground-colour, and tendency to form three cloudy fascie. Christchurch, Dunedin, and Lake Wakitipu, from December to February ; common, especially at rest on fences. 52. Gc. hoplodesma, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. angustis, dilute flavis, coste dimidio antico, fasciis tribus obliquis quartaque marginis postici griseis ; post. griseis. Male.—124 mm. Head and palpi light yellow. Antenne dark fuscous. Thorax light yellow, mixed with fuscous grey. Abdomen whitish-grey. Legs dark grey, hairs of posterior tibize and apex of all tarsal joints whitish. Forewings elongate, narrow, costa moderately arched, apex round-pointed, hindmargin extremely obliquely rounded ; light yellow, somewhat deeper in disc; markings very pale whitish-grey, closely irrorated with dark grey scales; a streak along anterior half of costa; a cloudy spot on inner margin near base; a narrow oblique transverse fascia from + of costa to before middle of inner margin, and a second from middle of costa to $ of inner margin, both slightly interrupted below middle; a third, less oblique, from 3 of costa to anal angle, obscurely connected with second near inner margin; an irregular streak along hindmargin: cilia light yellow, with numerous lines of grey points. Hindwings grey ; cilia whitish-grey, base slightly darker. ; A distinet and pretty species. South Rakaia, in March ; one specimen received from Dr. W. H. Gaze. 58. ic. chrysogramma, i. sp. Minor, alis ant. angustis, saturate flavis, basi, fasciis duabus obliquis, macula cost postica transversa, strigaque marginis postici saturate pur- pureo-fuscis ; post. saturate fuscis. Female.—124 mm. Head, palpi, antenne, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark purplish-fuscous, apex of tarsal joints ochreous-whitish. Forewings elongate, costa moderately arched, apex rounded, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; deep golden-yellow; extreme base dark fuscous; anterior half of costal edge dark fuscous; markings dark purple-grey, edged with blackish- Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 45 fuscous; a rather broad slightly curved oblique transverse fascia from + of costa to 4 of inner margin, and a second from middle of costa to 2 of inner margin ; a transverse somewhat narrower perpendicular spot from costa at 8, reaching more than half across wing, narrowed beneath, almost touching second fascia ; a streak along hindmargin: cilia dark purple-grey. Hind- wings and cilia dark fuscous. Allied to the preceding, but very distinct ; it is a striking and handsome species. Wellington, in December ; one specimen at rest on a fence. 14. CrEMNOGENES, 0. g. Head smooth, sidetufts small, loosely spreading. Antenne in male moderate or rather stout, with whorls of cilia at joints or closely set over whole surface (1-2), basal joint rather elongate, with pecten. Palpi mode- rately long, second joint somewhat exceeding base of antenne, with dense appressed scales, slightly rough beneath towards apex, terminal joint shorter than second, slender, curved. Thorax smooth. Forewings mode- rate, apex pointed, hindmargin oblique. Hindwings somewhat narrower than forewings, elongate-ovate, hindmargin rounded, cilia 4. Abdomen rather elongate, stout. Posterior tibia clothed with long fine hairs. Fore- wings with vein 7 to costa, 2 from near angle of cell. Hindwings normal. Closely allied to GZcophora, from which it differs in the ciliations of the antenne in male; these are not arranged in a single series, but either in whorls at the joints (C. owyina), when they are also proportionately longer, or closely set over the entire surface (C. aphrontis). I think these two forms may be justly included in the same genus, at least for the present ; besides these I have probably two other species of the genus, which I cannot venture yet to describe. 54. Cremn. oxyina, 0. sp. Minor, alis ant, M. saturate fuscis, ferrugineo-mixtis, F. rufo-ochreis, fusco-mixtis, interdum striga dorsi indentata pallida, signo sub plica posito punctoque disci nigricantibus ; post. saturate fuscis. Male, female.—18-15 mm. Head, palpi, antenna, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous, slightly ochreous-tinged ; thorax with a small sharply-defined ochreous-whitish lateral spot. Legs dark fuscous-grey. Forewings in male elongate, in female rather shorter, costa moderately arched, apex pointed, hindmargin slightly simuate, extremely oblique ; dark fuscous, mixed and suffused with reddish-ochreous or ferruginous, in female almost wholly reddish-ochreous, becoming deeper along fold ; an ochreous-whitish, often indistinct or obsolete, streak along inner margin from base to 3, attenuated posteriorly, upper margin deeply dentate before middle, indenta- tion filled with a small black spot; a dark fuscous dot in dise beyond 46 Transactions. — Zoology. middle, in male obscure; a curved transverse dark fuscous line near hind- margin, often obsolete: cilia in male ferruginous mixed with dark fuscous, in female reddish-ochreous, lighter towards tips. Hindwines dark fuscous- grey; with a dark fuscous line near base. Easily known by its ferruginous or reddish-ochreous colouring, which in the female closely approaches that of the much larger Mcophora phegophylla. Lake Wakatipu, in December ; very common amongst Fagus solandri, from 1,000 to 8,000 feet. 55. Cremn. aphrontis, n. sp. Minor, alis ant. ochreo-flavis, partim griseo-suffusis, puncto disci nigro ; post. saturate griseis, basim versus dilutioribus. Male, female.—12-144 mm. Head and palpi ochreous-yellow, anterior edge of palpi suffusedly dark fuscous. Antenne blackish. Thorax dark fuscous, with yellowish lateral and posterior spots. Abdomen dark erey, posteriorly becoming whitish-ochreous. Legs dark grey, apex of joints obscurely ochreous-whitish, posterior tibiee with very dense ochreous- whitish hairs. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, apex round- pointed, hindmargin very obliquely rounded ; grey, more or less wholly suffused irregularly with ochreous yellow; a blackish dot in disc beyond middle: cilia pale ochreous-yellow, somewhat mixed with grey. Hindwings erey, darker towards apex: cilia ochreous-whitish, suffused with dark grey towards base. The irregular grey suffusion causes this insect to look lke a yellow species in bad condition. a Arthur’s Pass, in January; common amongst the grass and rough herbage, at about 5,000 feet. APPENDIX. A certain number of descriptions, probably referable to species of this family, I have not been able to identify with any specimens in my posses- sion. Some of these probably indicate good species; others are so inade- quate as to remain always unidentifiable. I give here a list of these, with remarks ; the number prefixed to each is for reference in the index only. 56. Izatha attactella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 787. I noted this in the British Museum collection as apparently a new species of Semiccosma. Large; forewings whitish, irrorated with grey, with a black longitudinal interrupted streak, some dark fuscous transverse discal marks, and a row of black spots along hindmargin and apical third of costa; hindwings light grey. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Micro-Lepidoptera. 47 57. Gelechia copiosella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 1028. I marked this also as probably a new species of Semiocosma. Moderate ; forewings blackish, clouded and streaked with cinereous ; hindwings dark fuscous. The diagnosis however describes it as black, with a silvery-white discal dot. Said to be from Auckland. 58. Gicophora apertella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 698. These specimens (amongst which is mixed one of Ge. armigerella, as I believe), appeared to me, when I saw them, to be a new species of (cophora, but I was not then well acquainted with the yellow group. Less ; forewings golden-yellow, without markings; hindwings grey. Said to be from Auckland. 59. Tingena bifaciella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 810. I did not identify this species, but suspect it might possibly be a yellow specimen of Gymnobathra parca, Butl., in which case the name would have to be adopted for the species. Butler’s remarks on these species are worthless ; I have seen (Hcophora macarella labelled by Butler himself as his parca, but the original type of parca in the British Museum belongs truly to the species which I have described under that name. 60. (cophora ademptella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 698. The types of this I marked as a good species, probably of Gymnobathra or Cicophora. Forewings purplish-fuscous, costa yellowish except at base and apex, a yellow streak along inner margin not reaching anal angle ; hindwings fuscous. 61. Ceophora limbata, Butl., Cist. Knt., vol. ii., 560. : I have not seen this; probably a good species. Forewings dark fuscous, costa bright yellow; hindwings dark fuscous; head yellow. Blenheim. 62. Gelechia collitella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 655. I could not identify this type at the time. Forewings rather broad, pale cinereous-fawn colour, with four discal spots and a subterminal line rising from a costal spot fuscous; hindwings light grey. I now think this might refer to a variety of Gicophora griseata. 63. Gelechia convulsella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 656. Perhaps a new (Hcophora. Forewings whitish, with four irreeular dark grey bands, four black dots in disc, and a row along hindmargin and apical fourth of costa; hindwings grey. Said to be from Auckland. 64. Gelechia innotella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 652. Quite unidentifiable, but may very possibly be Gicophora pseudospretella. 65. Gelechia contritella, Walk., Brit. Mus. Cat., 657. This appears to be some species of Trachypepla, but is so worn and broken as to be absolutely unidentifiable ; moreover the description can hardly be reconciled with the type, so that the name must be altogether dropped. 48 Transactions. —Z oology. 66. CGicophora munda, Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exl., 38. Represented in the figure as a small triangular-winged species, with the forewings crossed by oblique rows of dots. I know of no species with this character. 67. Gicophora melinella. Feld., Reis. Nov., pl. exl., 41. This figure appears to me insufficient for identification. In the following indices the numbers refer to those prefixed to each genus and species. The names italicized are synonyms. InDEX OF GENERA. Aochleta, Meyr. .. eS: Nymphostola, Meyr. Boiled Atomotricha, Meyr. a) AE Cicophora, Z. Be eles Brachysara, Meyr. .. oy LOE Phlosopola, Meyr. .. Bie 4 (5 Cremnogenes, n.g... 60 leh Proteodes, Meyr. .. ss pyuee Kulechria, Meyr. .. So) eek Semiocosma, Meyr... Sar We Gymuobathra, Meyr. oo dl, Thamnosara, n.g. .. 65 ill. Lathicrossa,n.g. .. 66 Al). Trachypepla, Meyr. .. 56 Ue INDEX OF SPECIES. ademptella, Walk. .. 50 GO. hyetodes, n. sp. oc So GBk anema, n. Sp. Ae se 48: innotella, Walk. .. .. 64. anastrella,n.sp. .. do Ake, letharga, n. sp. 00 shuole apanthes,n.sp. .. .. 47. leucocentra, n. sp. .. .. 24, apertella, Walk. .. 50 Sh leucoplanetis, n. sp... BON ek aphrontis, n.sp. .. so [ii lichenella, Walk. .. oe ALOE armigerella, Walk. .. so 4G, lichenodes, n. sp. .. fe Mee aspidephora, n. sp. .. 56 Lua limbata, Butl. fe re moll attactella, Walk. .. 5) 00: macarella,n.sp. .. .. 49. austera, n. sp. ae 50 DBL melinella, Feld. ae 50 bifaciella, Walk. .. 60 HE munda, Feld. 50 56. (a0. calliploca,n.sp. .. 50 all): nyctopis, n. sp. ore Bo, Ue carnifex, Butl. 20 6° 2h ommatias,n.sp. .. Oe chirista, n. sp. ore 56 745 oporea, 0. sp. 00 .. 44, chloritis, n. sp. “a 36 Gish oxyina, n. sp. de .. 54. chrysogramma, 0. sp. .. 5d. parca, Butl. .. 30 Go eh coarctatella, Walk. .. 50 Abs peroneanella, Walk. op LOE collitella, Walk. .. on (GB phegophylla, n. sp... «5 (43. conspicuella, Walk... LOE philadelpha, n.sp. .. no Bets contextella, Walk. .. so 4h, photinella, Meyr. .. san OAR contritella, Walk. .. .- 65. picarella, Walk. .. 50 AD) convulsella, Walk. .. Ga: prasophyta, n.sp. .. nen 22e copiosella, Walk. .. 50 Bic protochlora, n.sp. .. .. 14, dinocosma, 0.sp. .. so th pseudospretella, Stt. so BM: epimylia, n. sp. 50 56. ak) psychra, n. sp. te So, Alfs}. epiphanes, n.sp. .. oo Mil, rufosparsa, Butl. .. Bon 2s euryleucota, n. sp. .. coe eos sarcoxantha, n. sp. .. a6) Alle flavidella, Walk. .. 55 ol, scholea, n. sp. a0 66 Gils galactina, Feld, «.. sist inal siderodeta, n.sp. .. jo Gil. Meryricr.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 49 InDEX oF SPECIES—continued. calaxias, n. Sp. me so, JB}, sordida, Butl. A LOTS griseata, Butl. 30 .. 42. spartodeta, n. sp. .. og alate hamatella, Walk. .. ao Oe taongella, Feld. 0 oo Jl); hemimochla, n. sp. .- ev Ad, teras, Feld. .. te -. 20. homodoxa, n.sp. .. 66 BOL tholodella, n.sp. 50 7b hoplodesma, n.sp. .- 30 OP utuella, Feld. a 66. Bile horea, n. sp. 00 .. 45. zophoéssa, Meyr. .. Bon a huttonii, Butl. ac ao ih Art. I1.—A Monograph of the New Zealand Geometrina. By E. Meyrick, B.A. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 2nd August, 1883.] I unpEertoox the preparation of this paper, the subject of which does not fall within the limits of my special duty, by request; and on the conviction that the work was both highly desirable, and not otherwise likely to be executed. The Geometrina are naturally the first group to attract the attention of Lepidopterists in New Zealand ; the butterflies and Bombycina are but few in number ; the Noctuina also are neither numerous nor obtrusive. But the Geometrina are present everywhere, and are often elegantly or even brilliantly coloured, and their great variability makes them appear more numerous specifically than they are. Notwithstanding, it has been so impracticable for local collectors to get their specimens named, that very few have as yet attempted to do any good with them. The literature on the subject consists entirely of scattered papers and lists, all partial, and generally quite irreconcilable with each other; and the accumulation of synonymy has been so great, that it might well alarm a beginner. Many of the forms described as species are merely varieties, and the genera and families adopted by English writers are in the main both unnatural and unintelligible, being based wholly on wing-form and superficial resemblance, and necessarily incapable of accurate definition. The present paper is intended to provide a tolerably secure foundation for other workers, who will supply the omissions and correct the errors which were inseparable from the circumstances of the case. For their guidance, I will explain fully how far the paper is reliable. I have never before investigated the genera of the Geometrina, and have no access to any works bearing on species outside New Zealand, except Guenée’s. The conclusions of Lederer and Heinemann have therefore not 4 50 Transactions. —Z oology. been available to me, a very serious loss. It is possible, then, that some of the genera which I have been obliged to regard as new have been previously characterized by them from other species ; and that my limitations of some genera already known may not coincide exactly with theirs. The family classification which I have adopted might also require modifications, if I had larger material at my command. On the other hand, the genera which I have here established can be relied on as both natural and accurately definable, and the families are limited and arranged on correct principles, and are also strictly definable as regards New Zealand species at least. Moreover, in view of the specialization of the fauna, it is highly probable that most of the genera are endemic, and are therefore justly considered as new. As regards the specific nomenclature, it must be observed that I have never even seen Walker’s descriptions (though indeed it is improbable that they would have helped me much in the identification of his species), nor have I been able to examine his types in the British Museum. On this question it has been necessary to accept the identifications of Mr. A. G. Butler, who has to some extent cleared up the difficulties ; I believe his statements are tolerably correct on this subject, where he has the types before him, though his identifications of other authors’ species from descrip- tions are frequently wrong. There are, however, still several of Walker’s species unidentified, as to which I know nothing. Guenée described a number of species in the “‘ Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” from specimens sent by Mr. R. W. Fereday; of each of these Mr. Fereday preserved an exactly similar duplicate, and these I have seen, so that the identification of them is absolutely assured. Felder’s and Butler’s species I have iden- tified from their works; in some cases I have also seen specimens of Butler’s species named by himself. The limits of each species are almost certainly correct ; this was a very important point, and I believe has been satisfactorily attained by the examination of very large material. The localities and seasons recorded must not be understood as exclusive ; it was only possible to record observed places and times, dependent largely on the habits of observers ; thus com- paratively few observations have been made in the North Island. Some new species will doubtless be found in the higher latitudes, and probably a good many more in the interior of the mountain ranges. In the descriptions of genera and species I have endeavoured to be as brief and concise as possible, consistently with accuracy. To assist in the ready determination of these I have given analytical tables throughout, both of the genera and species. The synonymy is given in full. Little is known of the larvee ; most recorded observations are of little service, owing to the Meryrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 51 uncertain identification of species; they are for this reason placed in an appendix. The only localities given are those for which I have direct authority from labelled specimens; those quoted by Walker and Butler are very often quite erroneous, and I have neglected them altogether. It is very desirable that collectors should at once begin to work out the larval habits of these insects, and make accurate descriptions of the larve, which will probably be found as variable in colour as the imagos. All information as to localities, seasons, and habits will be of value, and also, in the case of mountain species, as to the elevation at which they are found. Of the New Zealand Geometrina Doubleday described six species in the appendix to Dieffenbach’s ‘‘New Zealand.” The descriptions are very brief, but I have identified all with tolerable certainty. Walker in his ‘‘ British Museum Catalogues” published no less than 92 names, of which 26 represented new species, 47 were synonyms, and 19 are unidentified. Guenée in his ‘‘ Phalenites,” and in a paper published in the ‘ Entomo- logists’ Monthly Magazine,” described 25, of which only 5 were new, the rest being all synonyms of species previously known. Felder in the “‘ Reise der Novara”’ has figured 42 as new; of these 11 are in fact new, 27 are synonyms, and the other 4 I have not yet been able to identify satisfac- torily. Butler has published various descriptions—sometimes accompanied with figures, which are mostly very poor—in the ‘Catalogue of New Zealand Lepidoptera,” appended to the ‘‘ Voyage of the ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror,’ a paper in the ‘“ Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London” for 1877, and two papers in the ‘ Cistula Entomologica,” 32 in all; of these 10 are new, 19 are synonyms, and the other three appear unidentifiable. Mr. Fereday has described two species, of which one is new. In the present paper I have added 380 others, including all known to me, and bringing up the total number to 89. Two or three of those which I have described may perhaps be found amongst Walker’s unidentified species, but this was unavoidable. In an appendix I have added references to all descriptions which I have not been able to identify, but it must not be supposed that these indicate additional species; probably almost all will prove to be synonyms of others previously described; they are numbered separately for convenience of reference. The classification of the Geometrina is founded almost wholly on char- acters drawn from the neuration, which is more complex than usual; the antenne and palpi are liable to no considerable amount of diversity, and are not generally of more than secondary importance. The legs and other organs afford no tangible points, at least among the New Zealand species. The shape of the wings, often employed by superficial observers, is not of the least value, being purely specific. In cases where a specimen cannot 52 Transactions. —Z oology. be spared for dissection, the neuration can be made out by denuding a small portion of the under-surface with a camel’s-hair brush moistened ; the part requiring denudation is the neighbourhood of the areole, as in general the other veins can be sufficiently discerned on the lower surface under a lens. Of course the student should first make himself acquainted by full dissection with the ordinary position of the veins, and the nature of the more important points to be observed. I will repeat here the explanation given in a former paper of the mode of reckoning the veins, with special reference to the Geometrina. ‘These are numbered in order, beginning from that nearest to the inner margin, and | ending with that nearest to the costa. The forewings have normally 12 veins, of which 1 and 12 rise separately, the rest from the margins of a central cell. Similarly the hindwings have normally 8 veins, of which 1 and 8 are separate, the rest rising from a central cell. Sometimes a vein may be obsolete, especially in the hindwings, which thus appear to have only 7. The veins are assumed to rise from the cell independently of one another, unless otherwise stated. Rarely there is a small additional free vein vetween 1 and the inner margin; this is termed la. The veins rising from the upper margin of the cell are in the Geometrina constantly liable to unite for a short distance in the middle of their course, and then separate again; this I have termed anastomosing. In consequence of it, there is usually formed a small additional cell (termed the areole) upon the margin of the main cell; this areole may be single, double, or even triple (though not in New Zealand), according to the number of veins anasto- mosing. Vein 12 is also liable to anastomose with 11. This curious structure is highly characteristic of the group. Other organs require little explanation. The length of the ciliations or pectinations of the antenne is given by numbers in brackets, and is expressed in terms of the breadth of the antennal stalk; where the two series of pectinations are unequal, the inner series is denoted by a, the outer by 6 prefixed to these numbers. GEOMETRINA. Ocelli always absent. Tongue well-developed. No maxillary palpi. Labial palpi well-developed, usually porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne moderate, filiform, or dentate, simple, ciliated, or pectinated, pectinations diminishing in length towards base and apex. Abdomen and legs without special characters. Forewings with 12 veins (rarely vein 11 obsolete), 1 simple, 7, 8, and 9 always on a common stalk, 10 generally anastomosing with 9, 11 generally anastomosing with 10, 12 sometimes anastomosing with 11. Hindwings with 8 veins (often 7 by obsolescence of 5), normal vein 8 free or anastomosing with 7 towards base, always leaving 7 before the transverse vein. Mevricer.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 58 Larva with 10 (rarely 12) legs, three pairs of abdominal legs being usually absent. A very well-defined and interesting group ; sometimes but erroneously regarded as a single family, though it certainly comprises several. This error has probably been due to Guenée, who established on superficial erounds families which he could not define, and thereby caused an impres- sion that no accurately definable families existed. I cannot pretend to any certainty in my views of the families hereafter defined ; they may be capable of further subdivision, or require partial amalgamation ; they are however natural and accurately limited as regards New Zealand species. The following considerations on the process of development of the group will justify the main outline of my scheme of classification. The ancestral form of the Geometrina roust have had 12 veins in the forewings, 7, 8, and 9 on a common stalk, the rest all separate; and 8 veins in the hindwings, all separate, and vein 8 free. This is the only form from which all existing types could have originated. Taking first the hindwings, there are two main types at present predominant; (A) in which there are 7 veins, 5 and 6 separate, and 7 not anastomosing with 6; and (B) in which there are 8 veins, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7. These form the two prin- cipal subdivisions of the group; it will be seen that (A) differs from the type by the loss of a vein (normal vein 5 which is obsolete, existing only as a slight fold), and (B) by the stalking of 6 and 7, and anastomosing of 8 with 7. Probably, therefore, the hindwings of the ancestral form were relatively broader than in either of these, since both changes are such as would be likely to result from a contraction of space. This difference of method indicates unmistakeably that the development of the Geometrina has proceeded on two distinct main branches, the types of which will be found to correspond with the Ennomide and Larentide respectively, as I have defined them. Comparing the forewings of the same types, it will appear that in the Larentide vein 10 always anastomoses with 9, and 11 with 10, whilst in the Ennomide they are often separate ; in the Larentide also vein 11 often coincides wholly with 10 on lower portion, so that it appears to rise from the upper margin of a simple areole, or even from 9 above areole; this structure, which obviously implies a greater remoteness from the type, is hardly ever found in the Ennomidea. In the Larentida, therefore, the single areole resulting from this latter modification marks a later development, and the first three sections of that family are of more recent origin than the other two. So also the Acidalide, which have this same character, are later as a whole than the Larentide, from which they differ by vein 8 of the hindwings tending to free itself from 7, a reversionary but more recent development. Instances of 54 Transactions. —Z oology. peculiar structure in the Larentide occur ; thus in Parysatis and Tatosoma vein 8 of the hindwings is wholly distinct from 7, but connected with it by a bar in middle; this bar must undoubtedly be produced by the lateral extension of a former anastomosis, and as the genera are not otherwise closely allied, it must have arisen independently in each case. A bar at first sight similar is found in Hlvia and Pasiphila connecting vein 12 of the forewings with the areole, but in this case it is simply vein 11 which runs into 12 instead of to the costa. Both these structures must be more recent than the type. Finally there are the two genera representing in New Zea- land the families Boletobide and Lyrceide ; in both of these the hindwings have 8 veins, but 8 is free from 7, the neuration of the forewings being similar to that of the Hnnomide; these are therefore only separated from the Ennomide by the full complement of veins in the hindwings, and are consequently a more ancient form, certainly the oldest in New Zealand ; probably the hindwings of Lyrcea are almost exactly those of the ancestral form of the group. At the end of the Geometrina I have added the solitary species which represents in New Zealand the Siculina, since it is sometimes mistaken for a Geometrid. The neuration is of a much simpler type; all the veins of the forewings are separate, except 8 and 9, which are short-stalked ; all the veins of the hindwings are also separate, and 8 is free. On referring to my description of the theoretical type-ancestor of the Geometrina, it will be seen that this genus only differs from it by the separation of vein 7 from the stalk of 8 and 9. I think, then, that this group—both small and restricted in dis- tribution—is undoubtedly to be regarded as one allied to but distinct from the Geometrina, and as representing a still earlier stage in development than even the progenitor of that group. Further back than this it is not neces- sary at present to go. ; In view of the fragmentary state of our knowledge of the Geometrina of other countries, and the erroneous plan of classification so commonly adopted, it is only possible to make a few general observations on the rela- tionship of the New Zealand genera to those found elsewhere. Two genera are much larger than any of the rest—Larentia and Pasithea, very closely allied moreover to each other—and contain a third of the whole number of species ; the species in these genera are as a rule very constant, and almost all frequent the mountain-ranges of the interior, and from their habits are probably in great part grass-feeders. These must form a part of the earliest fauna, which has had time for full specific development, and is - attached to the most ancient part of the islands, and one of the earliest orders of flowering plants ; if regarded as forms of a single type, they are represented by congeners probably throughout the world. They are thus Meryricr.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 55 exactly analogous to Crambus, Scoparia, and Cicophora in other groups, cosmopolitan genera, more largely developed in New 4ealand than else- where, proportionately to the rest of the fauna ; this greater predominance being due to less active competition. Azelina and Drepanodes are instances of characteristic South American genera, and I am inclined to believe that almost all the Ennomide will be found to have a South American affinity ; all these are represented severally by one or two species only, all are dwellers in the forest, and almost all are highly variable. These must be referred to a later immigration, attached to more highly organized plants, and specially connected with South America. Ancient as the date of this must have been it has hardly sufficed for the development of species, though abundant variation has taken place. A parallel case may be found in various genera of the Tortricina (e.g. Adoxophyes), which display high specific variability, and are probably of contemporaneous origin. The single genus of Siculina (Siculodes) is also highly characteristic of South America. Four species (Acidalia rubraria, Hippolyte rubropunctaria, Asthena pulchraria, and Arsinoé subochraria) are common to Australia and Tasmania, as well as New Zealand, being equally abundant in both regions. There is no doubt of their natural occurrence. Indeed, it is curious that they were all among the first species described from the islands. But they are all characteristically Australian, and have probably found their way thence to New Zealand in comparatively recent times. All are rather variable, but not more so than might be expected in species of the requisite flexibility of constitution. A fifth (Detunda egregia) is stated by Felder to occur in Aus- tralia. It is, however, a characteristically New Zealand species, and it would be impossible to accept the Australian habitat without better evidence than that afforded by a nomadic collection from many countries, in which confusion of labels may so easily have arisen. Most of the other genera are small, and at present of uncertain origin. Panagra is characteristically Australian, but is represented by a peculiar species. TJ'atosoma represents a disconnected group now widely scattered, and probably everywhere diminishing; Europe, Borneo, Ceylon, South America, and Australia each furnishing peculiar allied genera. Statira and Dasyuris are local developments of Pasithea. Cidaria, the most cosmopolitan genus of the group, though less developed here than Larentia, is very closely allied with it, and probably of contemporaneous origin. The preparation of this paper would have been impossible without the aid of Mr. R. W. Fereday, whose extensive collection furnished most of the material for it. I am indebted to his liberality for numerous specimens, as well as for his assistance in investigating the whole collection, and for most of the localities and dates furnished hereafter, with notes on habits im some 56 Transactions.—Zoology. instances. The number of specimens examined is indicated in each instance after the description, but, in the case of the commoner species, these are really a selection from a much larger number not retained. I have examined also a small collection from the Otago Museum, forwarded to me by Pro- fessor Parker. The following is a tabulation of the five families represented ; under the head of each family is given a tabulation of the genera comprised in it. la. Hindwings with 7 veins 00 60 BA 56 50 .. 5. Ennomide. 1b. ” ” 8 2a. Vein 8 of hindwings connected with 7 near transverse vein .. 2. Larentide. ” Athy ha! Galan % free, or very shortly anastomosing with 7 near base. 3a. Vein 11 of forewings separate .. 26 bc 30 .. 3. Boletobide. S105 aps ogy nn » not separate. 4a. Areole double a ve Oo ae 60 -. 4. Lyrceidea. 4b. ,, single 3 me ae 3.0 1. Acidalide. 1. ACIDALIDA. Antenne of male not pectinated. Forewings with vein 11 rising out of 10, areole simple, 12 free. Hindwings with 8 veins, 8 free or touching 7 near base only. Hardly represented in New Zealand ; of the two species found, one is very abundant in Australia, whence it has doubtless immigrated, the other is not yet known from elsewhere. la. Veins 6 and 7 of hindwings separate .. So 50 O60 .. 2. Acidalia. DOS eee Fe Peon ee 99 from a point or stalked se -. JL. Pheoxena. 1, THEOXENA, nD. g. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bicili- ated with long tufts of cilia (5). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 out of 9 above 7,11 anastomosing shortly with 9, 12 free, closely approximated to 11 on areole. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 from a point or short-stalked, 8 free, closely approximated to 7 from base to near transverse vein. 1. Theow. scissaria, Gu. (Panagra scissaria, Gn., H.M.M., v., 43.) Male.—23-25 mm. Forewings narrow, hindmargin rather strongly sinuate; dull white, slightly sprinkled with dark fuscous; a curved dark fuscous median streak from inner margin near base almost to apex, sharply defined above, suffused beneath; a black dot in disc, and a row of dots on hindmargin. Hindwings elongate, narrow, apex broadly projecting ; white ; a blackish dot in disc, and a row on hindmargin. Constant, and very different from anything else. Christchurch, and towards foot of Mount Hutt (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; a plain-frequenting species, occurring in January; ten specimens. Meyrics.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 54 2. Acrpauia, Tr. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, porrected. Antennz in male bicili- ated with long tufts of cilia (4-5). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from above areole, 10 out of 9 above 7, 11 anastomosing shortly with 9, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 very shortly anastomos- ing with 7 near base. A very large genus, almost cosmopolitan, but only represented in New Zealand by one species, which must be regarded as an established immi- grant from Australia. 2. Acid. rubraria, Dbld. (Ptychopoda (2?) rubraria, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z., ii., 286, Walk., 781; Fidonia (?) acidaliaria, Walk., 1037; Acidalia figlinaria, Gn., ix., 454, pl. xii., 8.) Male, female.—17-21 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; light ochreous, reddish-tinged, irrorated with blackish; a cloudy dark fuscous irregular dentate slightly curved line about 4, a second in middle, and a third more blackish and followed by a narrow fuscous band at 2; a subterminal row of cloudy fuscous spots ; a small black discal spot on second line; a hindmarginal row of black dots, sometimes confluent. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin somewhat projecting in middle; rather more reddish than forewings; a cloudy dark fuscous line before middle; a small black discal spot; three irregular dentate cloudy dark fuscous lines between middle and hindmargin, last two often forming rows of spots; a hindmar- ginal row of blackish dots, often confluent. Somewhat variable in intensity of colouring, but not otherwise; no difference between Australian and New Zealand specimens. | Napier, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, and probably everywhere, except perhaps in the extreme south; also common to New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania; in very dry grassy places, in Sep- tember, January, February, and March, very common ; thirty specimens. 2. LARENTIDA. Forewings with areole single or double, vein 11 anastomosing with or rising out of 10, 12 free, rarely receiving 11. Hindwings with 8 veins, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein, rarely con- nected only by a bar near transverse vein, 6 and 7 almost always stalked. The genera represented from five natural groups or sections. la. Areole single. 2a. Vein 8 of hindwings connected with 7 by a bar near transverse vein .. sect. A. 2b. 5 a anastomosing strongly with 7. 3a. Vein 11 of forewings separate from 12 .. a0 50 50 .. sect. B. 3b. re lb. Areole double. 2a. Vein 8 of hindwings connected with 7 by a bar near transverse vein .. sect. D. 2b. A AD anastomosing strougly with 7 hs oe .. sect. EH. is running into 12 .. at Se ae -. sect. C. 58 Transactions.—Zoology. Srctrion A. This includes Parysatis only. Srction B. la. Antenne of male minutely ciliated .. 50 ae D0 .. 4. Hippolyte. 1b. A = bipectinated. 2a. Vein 11 of forewings rising out, of 9. 3a. Vein 6 of forewings outof9 .. ae as re .. 10. Harpalyce. 3b. an es from below 9 a ae ae ba tle Lliprane: 2b. Vein 11 of forewings out of margin of areole. 3a. Vein 6 of forewings from a point with or below 9. da. Vein 7 of forewings from considerably above areole .. 11. Stratonice. 4b. i %p from below angle of areole .. .. 5. Epiphryne. 3b. Vein 6 of forewings rising out of 9. 4a. Vein 7 of forewings from considerably above areole .. 9. Hurydice. Ab. 5s a from angle of areole .. ae .. 6. Hermione. de. 3 43 from below angle of areole .. .. 8. Panopea. Srction C, la. Antenne of male bipectinated .. Ne He Ms ah se LOS eilovar. Toe nie © O-apei tiated 6 i MER GO) Eoarab te 6 Miles ig emcee Section D. Contains only the singular genus Tatosoma. Section EH. la. Antenne of male bipectinated. 2a. Thorax more or less densely hairy beneath 50 bo .. 21. Pasithea. 2b. » not hairy. 3a. Vein 6 of forewings rising out of 9... 50 O0 .. 20. Larentia. 3b. aaa Pe from a point with 9 a5 at .. 17. Epyaxa. ib. Antenne of male not pectinated. 2a. Thorax hairy beneath. 3a. Antenne of male dentate 20 O¢ =e d6 -. 23. Dasyuris. 8b. a 5 filiform aie be aa rg .. 22. Statira. 2b. Thorax not hairy. 3a. Antenne of male dentate. 4a. Palpi very long, attenuated as O06 56 .. 25. Panagra. 4b. ,, moderate Ss ae a as ae ..- 18. Arsinoe. 3b. Antenne of male filiform. 4a, Vein 6 of forewings rising out of 9 aie O16 «. 19. Cidaria. 4b. 3 5 from a point with or below 9. 5a. Palpi very slender andshort .. BE oie .. 15. Asthena. 5b. ,, moderate or long, densely scaled. 6a. Vein 7 of forewings from angle of areole .. .. 16. Scotosia. 6b. a as *F from below angle of areole .. 24. Cephalissa. Section A. 3. Parysatis, n.¢. 9 i } Palpi short, arched, roughly scaled beneath. Antenne in male in female bipectinated (a3, b5). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 very shortly anastomosing with 9, 11 out Mevyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 59 of 10 considerably before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 separate, united to 7 before transverse vein by an oblique bar. This singular genus is of quite uncertain affinity, and stands at present alone. The simple areole, and connecting bar of 7 and 8, can only have arisen by modification of the normal type of this family, to which it must be referred. It is also the only New Zealand genus except Detunda in which the female has pectinated antenne ; but this character recurs in a few exotic genera not otherwise allied. 3. Parys. porphyrias, a. sp. Female.—20 mm. Forewings moderate, costa sinuate in middle, apex almost acute, hindmargin deeply excavated on upper half and more shortly on lower third, so as to project bluntly below middle; yellow-ochreous, irregularly mixed with brown and purplish; veins clearly marked with fuscous ; two slender ochreous-brown transverse lines, dilated on costa, first before middle, bent inwards near costa, second beyond middle, almost straight ; beyond second a broad purplish shade, except near costa, dilated beneath to reach hindmargin ; hindmargin purple: cila white on excava- tions. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin shortly sinuate near inner angle ; pale ochreous mixed with fuscous and purplish; a fuscous transverse line before middle ; a very broad purplish hindmarginal band. Probably variable in colour; it is however the only species of the family, except Harpalyce humeraria, in which the hindmargin of the fore- wings is angulated. I took one fine specimen amongst forest in the Otira Gorge, at 1,700 feet, in January. Section B, As all the genera in this section are small, I give a tabulation of all the species together, which may assist in their ready determination. la. Apex of forewings distinctly projecting. 2a. Hindmargin of forewings angulated oe we .. 11. Harp. humeraria. 2b. A i bowed. 3a. Hindwings grey-whitish o¢ De OC .- 9. Hur. cymosema. 3b. “ yellowish-ochreous st 50 -. 10. Harp. megaspilata. Ib. Apex of forewings not projecting. 2a. Hindwings ochreous-yellow. da. Forewings fuscous 30 30 ue 56 .. 12. Strat. catapyrrha. 3b. a ochreous-yellow .. os Ae .. 7. Thyon. abrogata. 2b, Hindwings not ochreous-yellow. 3a. Forewings without distinct lines 50 06 .. 6. Herm. canthaspis. 3b. »,, With numerous lines. da. Lines straight, very oblique te Ss .. 8. Panop. verriculata. 4b. ,, dentate, parallel to hindmarsin. 5a. Discal dot of forewings minute 56 .. 4. Hipp. rubropunctaria. SDes ess Fe 3 forming a small spot 5. Epiphr. undosata. 60 Transactions.—Z oology. 4, Hipponyte, n. g. Palpi short, very slender, porrected. Antenne in male minutely cili- ated (+). Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from hardly below angle _of areole, 10 anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 out of 10 somewhat before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anasto- mosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. 4, Hipp. rubropunctaria, Dbld. (Ptychopoda rubropunctaria, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z., ii., 287; Asthena risata, Gn., ix., 438; Asthena mullata, Gn., E.M.M., v., 42; Acidalia pulchraria, Butl. Cat., pl. ili., 18 (nec. Dbld.).) Male, female.—19-22 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly bowed; whitish-ochreous, slightly rosy-tinged ; twelve slender rosy or rosy- fuscous dentate slightly curved striz, leaving a clear space between sixth and seventh on costal half; first, sixth, and eighth dotted with black on veins; a larger black dot on sixth above middle; lower half of sixth to eighth sometimes clouded with blackish-grey ; a small reddish spot on ninth in middle; a row of black dots on hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin somewhat projecting in middle; colour, striz, and black dots as in forewings. Variable in respect of the absence or presence of a blackish suffusion of lower half of the median lines; Australian and New Zealand specimens are quite similar. Larva 10-legged, cylindrical, rather stout, seemental divisions incised ; pale dull green, sometimes suffused with pink, brown, purple, or dark green; dorsal purplish-brown, suffused, central line whitish ; spiracular whitish, broadly margined above with purplish-brown ; segmental divisions pale yellowish-brown. Feeds on Haloragis alata (Haloragacee). Pupa in a slight earth-covered cocoon. Palmerston (Wanganui), Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, from Sep- tember to March, amongst bush; also common in New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania; eighteen specimens. The description of the larva was furnished me by Mr. R. W. Fereday, who bred the species. 5. HipipHryne, n.g. Palpi short, slender, porrected, shortly haired beneath. Antenne in male bipectinated (a7, 510). Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from somewhat below angle of areole, 10 very shortly anastomosing with 9, 11 out of 10 considerably before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. 5. Epiphr. undosata, Feld. (Cidaria undosata, Feld., cxxviii., 2.) Male, female.—21-24 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale yellow, sometimes suffused more or less entirely with light brownish ; costa generally suffused with light brown ; eight or nine slender irregular Meyricx.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 61 somewhat curved dentate fuscous striz, variable in strength and intensity ; fifth hardly dentate and sometimes obsolete, leaving a rather wide space between fourth and sixth; a small blackish spot on fifth above middle; hindmargin fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin somewhat project- ing in middle; colour and strie as in forewings, but first three and fifth striz absent; a small blackish discal dot. Very variable in the presence and extent of the light brownish suffusion. Wellington, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin; very common in bush, from August to February, and in May; thirty specimens. 6. Hermione, n. g. Palpi short, slender, porrected, roughly scaled beneath. Antenne in male bipectinated (25,7). Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 shortly anastomosing with 9, 11 out of 10 considerably before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 short- stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. Nearly allied to Epiphryne. 6. Herm. xanthaspis, n. sp. Male, female.—27-30 mm. Forewings moderate; hindmargin hardly bowed ; bright yellow; costa suffused with reddish-fuscous, and marked with five short oblique darker marks; a transverse oval dark fuscous spot in disc above middle, sometimes touching costal suffusion ; a transverse row of very faint fuscous dots from last costal mark. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin slightly projecting in middle; very pale whitish-yellow ; two strongly curved transverse rows of very faint fuscous dots between middle and hindmargin. Apparently constant. Lake Guyon, in February and March (Mr. R. W. Fereday); six specimens. 7. THYONE, n. g. Face with a slight cone of projecting scales. Palpi moderate, straight, porrected, shortly rough-scaled above and beneath. Antenne in male bipec- tinated (a 6,58). Forewings with vein 6 from slightly below 9, 7 from somewhat below angle of areole, 10 out of 9 below 8, 11 anastomosing rather shortly with 9, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. 7. Thyon. abrogata, Walk. (Aspilates abrogata, Walk., 1075 ; Fidonia (?) servularia, Gn., E.M.M., v., 43.) Male, female.—22-27 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded ; ochreous-yellow ; generally eight cloudy blackish somewhat bent transverse lines, variable in strength, often more or less wholly obsolete, especially towards base, usually in female; eighth generally rather thick, 62 Transactions. — Zoology. interrupted above and below middle ; sometimes a large blackish discal dot on fifth above middle; a narrow blackish hindmarginal band: cilia white, base grey. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin slightly projecting in middle ; colour and markings as in forewings, but lines always obsolete towards base. Variable in the strength or obsolescence of the dark transverse lines, but very different from any other species. Christchurch, and Castle Hill (2,500 feet), in February and March, in waste ground ; common; seventeen specimens. 8. Panopma, n.¢g. Palpi short, porrected, second joint roughly scaled beneath, terminal joint moderate. Antenne in male bipectinated (a8, b10). Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing rather shortly with 9, 11 out of 10 considerably before angle, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 long-stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. 8. Panop. verriculata, Feld. (Cidaria verriculata, Feld., cxxxi., 20.) Male, female.—32-86 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale whitish-ochreous; about eighteen fine straight very oblique fuscous striz, parallel to a line from apex to before middle of hindmargin, obscurely dotted with blackish on veins; ninth to eleventh rather darker and stronger than rest, twelfth rather fainter; a large black discal dot above middle. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rather flattened; markings as in fore- wings, but ninth stria obsolete. Constant. A beautifully perfect instance of imitative colouring; the fine parallel dotted strie are precisely similar to those of the long drooping dead leaves of the Cordyline, on which the imsect always sits; Mr. Fereday informs me that it is careful to place its wings so that the strie are parallel with those of the leaf. There is no affinity whatever between this species and Scotosia gobiata, Feld., the points of resemblance being purely superfi- cial and acquired for similar purposes. Christchurch and Dunedin, always on Cordyline, in October, November, February, March, and May ; fifteen specimens. 9. Eurypicn, n.g. Face with a strong cone of scales. Palpi moderately long, porrected, roughly scaled. Antenne in male bipectinated (6). Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from considerably above angle of areole, 10 anas- tomosing strongly with 9, 11 out of 10 rather before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. Meyricx.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 63 9. Hur. cymosema, u. sp. Male, female.—25-29 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rather strongly sinuate; brown-whitish, sometimes more or less suffused with brown ; numerous fine dark fuscous sinuate subdentate lines ; three before middle and four beyond middle more blackish, generally partially suffused with brown, leaving a clear median space on costal half, in which isa trans- verse blackish discal dot; hindmargin suffusedly greyish; a suffused oblique dark fuscous subapical streak. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin irregularly crenulate, somewhat projecting in middle; grey-whitish; several subdentate grey lines, only distinct towards inner margin ; a dark grey discal dot. Variable only in the degree of brownish suffusion ; in the markings of the forewings it agrees almost exactly with some forms of Harp. megaspilata, but, apart from structure, may be always known by the whitish hindwings, and rather larger size. Dunedin ; ten specimens sent to Mr. Fereday by Captain Hutton. 10. Harpatycn, n.g. Face with a cone of projecting scales. Palpi rather long, triangularly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (5-7), Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 out of 9 below8, 11 shortly anastomosing with 9, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. Closely allied to Hurydice. 10. Harp. megaspilata, Walk. (Larentia (?) megaspilata, Walk., 1198; Cidaria assata, Feld., cxxxi., 4; Cidaria nehata, Feld., cxxxi., 6; Larentia (?) rufescens, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 502.) Male, female.—20-25 mm. Forewings moderate, apex rounded, hind- margin strongly sinuate ; whitish-ochreous, reddish-fuscous, or grey; about eighteen transverse curved dentate fuscous or dark fuscous strix; seventh to twelfth usually darker or blackish, diverging so as to leave a clear pale or sometimes whitish space between eighth and ninth towards costa or throughout, containing a blackish discal dot above middle; a fuscous or blackish blotch towards hindmargin beneath apex. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin sinuate above middle, obtusely projecting in middle ; pale yellowish-ochreous, sometimes fuscous-tinged ; towards inner margin indistinctly striated with fuscous. Very variable in colour, and also in the discal approximation of the median lines; the form of the forewings is, however, rather peculiar and easily recognized. Makatoku (Hawke’s Bay), Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, and probably throughout the islands; common amongst bush, from December to March ; forty-five specimens, 64 Transactions. —Zoology. 11. Harp. humeraria, Walk. (Macaria (?) humeraria, Walk., 940; Lozogramma obtusaria, Walk., 985 ; Cidaria flexata, Walk., 1421; Cidaria obtruncata, Walk., 1421; Sestra fusiplagiata, Walk., 1751; Itama (?) cinerascens, Feld., cxxxi., 1.) Male, female.—29-84 mm. Forewings moderate, apex acute, hindmargin excavated on upper half, acutely projecting in middle; varying from light erey to light reddish-fuscous; about eighteen irregular dentate darker strie, sometimes partially obsolete; first three, seventh and eighth, and eleventh to thirteenth usually more distinct and blackish; seventh and eighth closely approximated, forming a small blackish or reddish spot on inner margin, sometimes partially suffused with blackish ; eleventh to thirteenth closely approximated, widely remote from eighth, parallel to hindmargin; a blackish discal dot; sometimes a broad purplish-erey median band; sixteenth some- times spotted with blackish towards costa; a hindmarginal row of blackish dots. Hindwings moderate, upper angle broadly projecting, hindmargin shortly projecting in middle; varying from whitish-grey to very pale reddish-fuscous, faintly striated with darker. Very variable in colour, but always distinguishable by the peculiar form of wing. Wellington, Christchurch, Mount Hutt; common amongst bush, in January, February, April, and May; probably generally distributed; twenty specimens. I cannot certainly verify the synonyms quoted from Walker for this species ; I judge from Mr. Butler’s remarks that all these names refer to one species, but am not sure that it is this; he does not allude to Felder’s figure, which is certainly a variety of this. 11. Srratonics, n. g. Palpi rather long, porrected, second joint with very long spreading hairs beneath, terminal joint long, smooth, almost concealed. Antenne in male bipectinated (a5, 67). Forewings with vein 6 from hardly below 9, 7 from considerably above areole, 10 anastomosing very strongly with 9, 11 out of 10 rather before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings with veis 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. The palpi of this genus resemble those of Pasithea. 12. Strat. catapyrrha, Butl. (Fidonia (?) catapyrrha, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 392, pl. xliii., 2.) Male, female—16-21 mm. Forewings rather narrow, hindmargin rounded ; light ochreous-brown, irregularly mixed with whitish, and densely irrorated with blackish ; a curved blackish line near base, followed by a whitish line, two approximated dark fuscous lines, a second whitish line, and a slender fuscous fascia, marked with blackish on anterior edge Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 65 and on veins, all parallel; a small blackish discal dot; a cloudy blackish line beyond middle, dilated on costa, preceded by a fainter line, and bordered posteriorly by a white line, central third forming a broad bidentate projec- tion ; an indistinct whitish dentate subterminal line, preceded by a dark fuscous shade. Hindwings rather elongate, hindmargin rounded; deep ochreous-yellow, base mixed with dark fuscous; an angulated median line, an irregular subterminal fascia, and hindmargin dark fuscous. Forewings beneath yellow, with two blackish’ posterior streaks from costa, and a reddish spot beneath apex ; hindwings beneath reddish, disc longitudinally whitish, with irregular median and subterminal blackish bands. Constant ; it would be interesting to know the cause of the beautiful colouring of the under-surface, which is probably protective. Mr. R. W. Fereday found this species common in the grassy bed of a dry lagoon near Lake Guyon, in February and March ; I beat a specimen from bush in the Otira Gorge, at 1,800 feet, m January. Twenty specimens. Srction C. 12. Envia, Walk. Face smooth. Palpi rather long, straight, porrected, densely rough- scaled above and beneath, terminal joint short. Antenne in male stout, flattened, bipectinated (24). Thorax somewhat crested. Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing mode- rately with 9, 11 out of 10, running shortly into 12. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. 13. Flv. glaucata, Walk. (Elvia glaucata, Walk., 1431, Feld., exxxii., 25 ; Elvia donovani, Feld., cxxxii., 5.) Male.—22-24 mm. Forewings moderate, costa sinuate, hindmargin irregular, somewhat projecting above middle; whitish-ochreous, usually more or less wholly suffused with bluish-green or bluish-grey; dark markings varying from somewhat darker green to dark bluish-grey, but black mark- ings constant ; a straight dark fascia near base, bent inwards on margins, posteriorly edged with black; a narrow angulated cloudy dark fascia beyond this ; an irregular angulated dark fascia before middle, edged with black anteriorly ; a somewhat curved subdentate cloudy dark line beyond middle, beyond which is a similar black line, interrupted below middle, dilated on costa; a broad dark hindmarginal band, sometimes containing a pale subapical space, and an incomplete ochreous-whitish subterminal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin dentate, with a longer tooth before middle ; pale whitish-ochreous, hindmargin sometimes green ; basal third 5 , 66 Transactions.—Zoology. and a median line pale iridescent grey ; a sinuate row of black dots beyond middle, generally distinct only on inner margin; an incomplete grey or greenish subterminal line. Very variable in colour and distinctness of marking. A singular-looking species; at rest the wings are not flat, but peculiarly folded longitudinally. Christchurch, Akaroa, and Dunedin; common amongst bush, from December to February ; fifteen specimens. 13. Pastpuina, n. g. Face with a cone of scales. Palpi rather long, roughly scaled above and beneath, porrected. Antenne in male biciliated with fascicles of cilia (24). Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 out of 10, running shortly into 12. Hindwings with veis 6 and 7 stalked, 8 anastomosing with 7 from near base to near transverse vein. Nearly allied to Hupithecia, Curt. 14, Pasiph. bilineolata, Walk. (Eupithecia (?) bilineolata, Walk., 1246 ; Ewpithecia (?) muscosata, Walk., 1246; Hwpi- thecia indicataria, Walk., 1708; Hupithecia inexpiata, Walk., 1708, Butl., Cat., pl. u., 19; Hupithecta semialbata, Walk., 1708; Hwpithecia cidariaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 62; Hupithecia fumipalpata, Feld., cxxxi., 33; Cidaria aquosata, Feld., exxxil., 38; Helastia charybdis, Butl., Cist. Hnt., i1., 503; Helastia calida, Butl., Cist. Hnt., 11., 504.) Male, female.—16-24 mm. Forewings moderate, costa sinuate or arched, hindmarein rounded, crenulate ; whitish, whitish-ochreous, reddish-ochre- ous, light fuscous, greyish, or green, sometimes coloured with alternate bands ; numerous irregular sinuate dentate dark fuscous or green lines, sometimes partially obsolete ; some beyond middle are angulated in disc ; sometimes a broad median band suffused with fuscous, and irregular spots towards anal angle, middle of hindmargin, and on costa before apex ; some- times disc wholly occupied by a very large irregular transverse snow-white blotch. Hindwings short or moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate, sometimes emarginate towards imner angle; varying from whitish to fuscous or dark grey ; a dark fuscous discal dot ; numerous curved dentate dark fuscous and green lines, only distinct towards imner margin, one beyond middle stronger and blackish. Eixtraordinarily variable ; the shape of wing varies a good deal, and the colour infinitely ; the lines are, however, always identical in form when perceptible. All the forms are connected by insensible gradations, and I consider it certain that there is only one New Zealand species of this genus. The varieties do not appear local as a rule, but Mr. R. W. Fereday found a constant dark bluish-grey variety frequenting rock-faces on Mount Hutt at 2,500 feet; it is without doubt a variety ouly. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 67 Masterton, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, and probably throughout the islands; on tree-trunks, fences, rocks, ete., from November to March and in June, resting with the wings expanded as in Hupithecia ; eighty-four specimens. Section D. 14. Tarosoma, Butl. Face smooth. Palpi long, straight, porrected, shortly rough-scaled, terminal joint short. Antenne in male simple, stout, gradually dilated from base to near apex, apex attenuated. Abdomen in male very exces- sively elongate. Hindwings in male deeply excised near inner margin, inner marginal lobe folded into a long pocket, fringed with hairs. Fore- wings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from or above angle of areole, 10 anas- tomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, united with 7 before trans- verse vein by an oblique bar. This singular genus is a remnant of a widely diffused but now fragmen- tary group, to which belong also Lobophora (Europe), Rhopalodes (South America), Sawris (Ceylon), and Remodes (Borneo). In all the hindwings of the male are peculiarly modified, usually much diminished in size, and with inner margin formed into a distinct lobe, the object of which is unknown. A similar structure is found only in one or two genera of Tortricina. Rho- palodes is the nearest genus to this, but vein 5 is said to be obsolete, and the lobe does not form a pocket; in Sawris the areole is simple, and the antenne thickly scaled ; in Remodes the areole is also simple, the antenne flattened and scaled, and the inner margin is furnished with three super- posed lobular folds, so that it represents the extreme of development in this direction. Norr.—As terminations in -soma are often erroneously regarded as neuter by entomologists ignorant of the classical languages, it may be worth mentioning that such names as Tatosoma, Leptosoma, etc., can by their formation be nothing but the feminine of adjectives. la. Forewings green. 2a. With four transverse lines 50 a ee ais -. Ld. lestevata. 2b. ,, numerous lines at ic a5 ate ic -. 16. transitaria. 1b. Forewings whitish-ochreous .. ae o¢ We ye .. 17. agrionata. 15. Tat. lestevata, Walk. (Cidaria lestevata, Walk., 1416; Sauris ranata, Feld., cxxxi., 11.) ' Male.—34-35 mm. Forewings moderate, costa arched, hindmargin very oblique, bowed above middle; yellowish-green, deeper beyond mark- ings ; four irregular subdentate black lines, angularly sinuate, first towards base, second before middle, third beyond middle, fourth broken and ill- 68 Transactions.— Zoology. defined, subterminal ; a deeper green discal dot; extreme costal edge spotted with blackish. Hindwings short; greenish-ochreous-whitish ; a grey discal dot. A beautiful and conspicuous species. I have only seen two specimens, sent to Mr. Fereday by Mr. T. H. Potts, who took them near Christchurch. 16. Tat. transitaria, Walk. (Cidaria transitaria, Walk., 1419 ; Sawris mistata, Feld., cxxxi., 12.) Male, female.—26-35 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded or very faintly sinuate; ochreous-whitish, irregularly suffused with dull light olive-green ; a black furcate streak along inner margin towards base ; numerous irregularly sinuate and dentate dark fuscous striw, irregularly marked with blackish ; a more conspicuous one beyond middle, partially edged with white posteriorly, twice shortly angulated on upper half, and deeply concave on lower half. Hindwings in male small, in female rather small; in male pale greyish-ochreous, in female greyer and darker. Apparently constant. Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin, amongst bush, in January and May; Mr. R. W. Fereday has taken it at sugar ; ten specimens. 17. Tat. agrionata, Walk. (Cidaria agrionata, Walk., 1417; Cidaria tipulata, Walk., 1417; Cidaria inclinataria, Walk., 1418; Cidaria collectaria, Walk., 1419.) Male, female-—81-34 mm. Forewings elongate, costa rounded, hind- margin very obliquely rounded, somewhat sinuate below middle ; whitish- ochreous ; numerous irregular dentate dark fuscous strie# ; a dark fuscous median band, broad on upper half and with sinuate margins, suddenly contracting and narrow on lower half, margins nearly straight. Hindwings in male much reduced, small, elongate, in female rather small; grey, paler towards base. Apparently constant except in intensity of markings. Christchurch aud Akaroa (Mr. R. W. Fereday), in January, and from March to May, amongst bush ; eight specimens. Section E. 15. AstHena, Hb. Face smooth. Palpi short, slender, porrected. Antenne in male slender, filiform, shortly ciliated (4). Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. A genus occurring also in Europe, America, Australia, and perhaps generally. la. Lines of wings green .. . .. ss axe ats bo .. 18. pulchraria. 1b. + » purplish-grey .. ac oe 46 30 .- 19. schistaria. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 69 18. Asth. pulchraria, Dbld. (Acidalia pulchraria, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z., ii., 286; Chlorochroma plurilineata, Walk., 563, 676; Asthena ondinata, Gn., ix., 438, pl. xix., 4, Butl. Cat., pl. ili., 20; Cidaria ondinata, Feld., exxviii., 17.) Male, female.—24-26 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin more or less rounded; greenish-whitish; numerous light bluish-green slightly curved dentate striw ; a darker green discal dot; costa narrowly fuscous. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin somewhat projecting in middle ; colour, strie, and discal dot as in forewings, but strize absent towards base. Variable in form of wing, principally in convexity of hindmargin ; occa- sionally the fuscous suffusion of the costa is very slight. From Tasmania I have a form which is brighter and yellower green, with the lines and hind- margin straighter. Hawke’s Bay, Wellington, Arthur’s Pass (2,600 feet), and Dunedin, amongst bush, in January; also from Tasmania and South-east Australia ten specimens. 19. Asth. schistaria, Walk. (Acidalia schistaria, Walk., 782; Asthena subpurpureata, Walk., 1588; Acidalia tuhuata, Feld., exxviii., 5.) Male, female.-—23-26 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded or faintly sinuate ; grey-whitish ; numerous purplish-grey slightly curved dentate strice ; a dark fuscous discal dot; a stria before middle and another beyond middle generally darker or partially blackish, sometimes broadly suffused on lower half; a hindmarginal row of very numerous dark fuscous dots. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin in male rounded, in female pro- jecting in middle ; colour and markings as in forewings. Variable in intensity of colouring and in the presence of the median suffusion. Wellington, Christchurch, Akaroa, Dunedin, especially frequenting Lep- tospermum, from January to March ; twenty-one specimens. I do not know that this species is found in Australia, but should think it very probable. It only differs from the preceding in colour, but I have seen no approach to any connecting forms. 16. Scorosta, Stph. Face with more or less projecting scales. Palpi moderate, roughly tri- angular-scaled, porrected. Antenne in male stout, serrate, shortly ciliated (4). Thorax slightly crested. Forewings with vein 6 from a point with or below 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing rather strongly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. la. Anterior lines of forewings more oblique than hindmargin .. 20. gobiata. TN oye. eine * ss less ay A is .. 21. deltoidata, 70 Transactions. —Z oology. 20. Scot. gobiata, Feld. (Cidaria gobiata, Feld., exxxi., 2; Phibalapteryx simulans, Butl., Cist. Ent., i., 506; Phibalapteryx undulifera, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 506; Phibalapteryx anguligera, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 507; Phibalapteryx rivularis, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 507.) Male, fenale.—25-37 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; pale whitish-ochreous; very numerous fine slightly dentate ochreous-fuscous strize parallel to a line from 2 of inner margin to apex, but somewhat bent near costa, and tending to form darker dots on veins; one about 4, a second before middle, and a third slightly beyond middle generally more conspicuous and partially marked with blackish, except towards costa, third often more irregular and with a variable projecting median tooth; a minute black discal dot on second, sometimes enlarged into a small round spot; a sinuate dark fuscous or blackish line from middle of disc to apex, suffused beneath. Hindwings moderate, hind- margin slightly rounded, crenulate; colour, transverse strie, and discal dot as in forewings. Very variable, but always easily recognizable. Wanganui, Wellington, Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, ‘amongst bush, common from November to June ; thirty-four specimens. 21. Scot. deltoidata, Walk. (Coremia deltoidata, Walk., 1321; Cidaria inclarata, Walk., 1411; Cidaria perductata, Walk., 1412; Cidaria congressata, Walk., 1412; Cidaria conversata, Walk., 1413; Cidaria descriptata, Walk., 1414; Cidaria bisignata, Walk., 1415 ; Cidaria aggregata, Walk., 1415 ; Cidaria congregata, Walk., 1415; Cidaria plagifurcata, Walk., 1416; Coremia pastinaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 64; Cidaria inopiata, Feld., cxxxii., 3; Cidaria monoliata, Feld., exxxii., 8; Cidaria perversata, Feld., cxxxii., 14, 24.) Male, female.—80-86 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded, straight, or somewhat concave, more or less crenulate; ochreous- brown ; numerous dark grey or dark fuscous somewhat irregular shortly dentate striz; a narrow dark fuscous fascia before middle, and a rather broader one beyond middle, more or less approximated, sometimes both cut below middle by a broad biconcave bar of ground-colour ; included median band often grey; a small black transverse discal spot; often first fascia preceded and second fascia followed by a narrow whitish or white fascia; a very obscure whitish subterminal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate; light brownish-ochreous, greyer towards base and inner margin ; numerous obscure incomplete dark grey strie. Extremely variable, yet not so as to justify so long a list of synonyms. Wellington, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu, and probably throughout the islands, abundant from December to February ; fifty-two specimens. Mr. R. W. Fereday informs me that this species is now scarce near Christchurch, where it was formerly very abundant, having been nearly exterminated by the increase of birds. Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina. ae 17. Hpyaxa, n.g. Face with a short cone of scales. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (5-7). Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from or somewhat below angle of areole, 10 anasto- mosing moderately with 9, 11 ahastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. la. Central band with a very strong broad abrupt projection .. .. 25. chlamydota. 1b. 5 . », small angular or rounded ie 2a. Hindwings whitish-ochreous .. ait be As aC .. 24. semifissata. 2b. a grey. 3a. Anterior edge of central band nearly straight .. on .. 23. orophyla. 3b. sn 3 Bh », Strongly concave oe .. 22. rosearia. 22. Hp. rosearia, Dbld. (Cidaria rosearia, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z., ii., 285, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 13; Coremia ardularia, Gn., H.M.M., v., 63; Coremia inamenaria, Gn., H.M.M., v., 63.) Male, female.—25-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin very faintly sinuate; in male pale whitish-grey, faintly ochreous-tinged, in female generally more ochreous and sometimes yellowish ; numerous very indistinct darker striew, dotted with blackish on veins; a small rather darker basal patch, its outer edge sharply angulated above middle; a rather darker moderately broad median band, partially mixed with fuscous, its margins sometimes blackish on upper half, containing a paler space above middle, in which is an elongate transverse black dot : anterior edge of band rather deeply sinuate-concave, posterior edge shortly and obtusely projecting in middle and towards costa, somewhat concave on lower half; hindmargin suffusedly darker ; a short dark grey suffused oblique subapical streak : in female all markings are only rather darker than ground-colour. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; whitish-grey, faintly striated with darker. The female is variable in ground-colour, the male very constant. Christchurch, Akaroa, Dunedin; very common, especially at light, in March and from May to September, so that it is essentially a winter species ; fifty-five specimens. C. ardularia, Gn., is the male, and C. inamenaria, Gn., the female of this species; C. subidaria, Gn., quoted by Butler as a synonym, is an Australian species and not identical. 23. Hp. orophyla, un. sp. Male, female.-—28-33 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin very faintly sinuate ; grey, slightly fuscous-tinged, and obscurely striated with whitish, sometimes with blackish dots on veins; a blackish line near base, irregularly bent near costa; a moderately broad median band enclosed by two fuscous blackish-edged fasciz, sometimes confluent on lower half, their 72 Transactions. —Z oology. inward margins dentate; anterior edge of band almost straight, posterior edge rather sharply angulated in middle, more shortly towards costa; a short suffused dark fuscous subapical streak. Hindwings moderate, hind- margin rounded ; light grey, faintly ochreous-tinged, very faintly striated. Quite constant, and the sexes alike; larger and greyer than the preced- ing, from which it is immediately distinguished by the straight anterior edge of the median band. Dunedin, Castle Hill (2,500 feet), Mount Hutt, Lake Wakatipu (4,000 feet); a southern and mountain species, frequenting open ground, in December and January ; twenty-eight specimens. 24. Hp. semifissata, Walk. (Coremia semifissata, Walk., 1320; Coremia ypsilonaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 64; Cidaria delicatulata, Gu., H.M.M., v., 94.) Male, female.— 26-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin faintly sinuate; in male whitish, striated with fuscous-grey, veins dotted with blackish, in female whitish-ochreous, strie dark fuscous; a blackish line towards base, with a short acute tooth or angulation beneath costa; a moderately broad median band enclosed by two fuscous blackish-edged fasciz, confluent on lower half, including a small blackish discal dot, and marked on submedian vein with whitish-ochreous; anterior edge of band sinuate-concave, posterior edge more or less sharply angulated in middle, somewhat rounded towards costa; a darker hindmarginal suffusion, termi- nated above by a short suffused dark fuscous subapical streak. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; light yellowish-ochreous, base sometimes greyish-tinged, and with faint greyish strie. Constant ; the female more ochreous-tinged, and the markings darker and more defined than in male. Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, amongst open bush, from Novem- ber to April, very common ; fifty-one specimens. Here also Guenée has described the sexes as distinct species. 25. Ep. chlamydota, nu. sp. Male, female.—27-29 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rather strongly sinuate, crenate; very pale whitish-ochreous; a small pale greyish- purple basal patch, margined by a strongly outwards-curved or angulated fuscous fascia, becoming blackish posteriorly ; three or four parallel light ochreous-fuscous lines, partially confluent towards costa; a broad light greyish-purple median band, margined on both sides by a fuscous blackish- edged fascia, becoming dark fuscous externally; its anterior edge irregularly concave, posterior edge with a broad truncate projection in middle, beneath which is a short triangular indentation ; a fuscous pale-circled discal dot ; an indistinct purplish hindmarginal fascia, darker above and attenuated to apex, and preceded by an irregular reddish-ochreous suffusion, extending % Meryrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 73 to costa. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin projecting in middle, crenate ; deep ochreous-yellow, hindmargin more reddish-tinged, base paler ; some- times suffused with light purplish-grey, except an ochreous-yellow sub- terminal fascia. Apparently somewhat variable in colour. Wellington, Christchurch, and Akaroa, amongst bush, in November and January; three specimens in the collections of Mr. R. W. Fereday and the Otago Museum. 18. ARSINOE, 0. g. Face with projecting scales. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, por- rected. Antenne in male stout, strongly dentate, teeth moderately ciliated (2). Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 ana- stomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing strongly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. This genus occurs also in Australia. la. Hindwings rounded BA 50 ae Suh ote sys .. 26. subochraria. 1b. 3 dentate ts bid ue ot oe 06 .. 27. prionota. 26. Ars. subochraria, Dbld. (Aspilates (2) subochraria, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z., ii., 285; Camptogramma subochraria, Butl., Cat., pl. iii., 16; Camptogramma strangulata, Gn., x., 423; Camptogramma fuscinata, Gn., H.M.M., v., 92.) Male, female.—25-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; yellow, faintly striated with darker ; costa narrowly suffused with purplish- fuscous; a well-defined black discal dot; a narrow purplish-fuscous sinuate fascia or line beyond middle, posteriorly well-defined; anteriorly suffused, and dilated on inner margin; a suffused fuscous hindmarginal band, pre- ceded by one or two faint dentate fuscous strie. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; yellow, paler towards base, more ochreous or reddish- tinged posteriorly. Var. fuscinata. All wings more or less strongly suffused with light purplish-fuscous, fascia darker. Constant except in respect of the fuscous suffusion. Wanganui, Nelson, Christchurch, Mount Hutt, Dunedin ; very common in open ground, frequenting the tussock-grass, from November to April ; common also in Tasmania and Victoria; forty-eight specimens. The variety fuscinata is worth naming, as it appears to be confined to New Zealand ; Mr. Fereday states it to have been formerly locally abundant in the swampy plains; but it shades gradually into the type. 27. Ars. prionota, 0. sp. Male, female.—27-31 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, in male crenate, in female dentate; light-ochreous; numerous indistinct sinuate dentate fuscous or dark fuscous strize ; in male costa and hind- margin suffused with dull light green; a broad median band indistinctly 74 Transactions.—Zooloqy. suffused with dark fuscous, in female hardly perceptibly, the lines forming its posterior edge bent in middle into a rather strong indented projection ; in male an indistinct dark fuscous subterminal suffusion ; an indistinet dark fuscous discal dot. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, dentate ; ochreous-whitish ; some irregular incomplete dark fuscous lines towards inner margin ; a dark fuscous hindmarginal line. Probably variable in colour and suffusion. Castle Hill (2,500 feet) and Dunedin ; three specimens in Mr. Fereday’ 8 collection, received from Mr. J. D. Enys and Capt. Hutton. 19. Cmari, Tr. Face with a more or less developed cone of scales. Palpi moderate or short, roughly triangular-scaled, porrected. Antenne in male stout, serrate, shortly ciliated (1-4). Thorax sometimes crested posteriorly. Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11° anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. An extensive genus, probably of universal distribution. la. Posterior edge of central band very acutely indented below : angulation .. Bi : ; ete .. 29. rivata. 1b. Posterior edge of eee tad not ere aera 2a. Forewings green. ‘ 3a, Median band purplish .. a: oe fe a9 .. 30. purpurifera. 3b. 5 » green, 4a. Hindwings grey-whitish .. aye 6 ae .. 32. callichlora. 4b. 5 more or less tinged with seadien: ochreous .. 31. similata. 2b. Forewings not green. 3a. Lines dentate .. 20 50 ef. 50 fe .. 33. chaotica. 3b. ,, not dentate 90 06 ao 50 a0 .. 28. triphragma. 28. Cid. triphragma, un. sp. Male.—26-27 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin strongly sinuate ; pale dull greyish-purple ; a very small darker basal patch, outer edge strongly convex, margined by a dark fuscous fascia, posteriorly whitish- edged ; a dark fuscous fascia before 4, irregularly outwards-curved, posteriorly suffused, anteriorly sharply defined and whitish-edged; a minute blackish discal dot; a dark fuscous fascia beyond middle, forming a strong angle in middle, upper and lower halves both inwards-curved, anteriorly suffused, posteriorly sharply defined and whitish-edged. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin somewhat irregular, projecting in middle ; whitish-ochreous mixed with pale purplish ; an angulated darker band before middle. A very distinct species, probably not variable. Blenheim ; two specimens received by Mr. Fereday from Mr. Skellon. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 15 29. Cid. rivata, Feld. (Cidaria rixata, Feld., cxxxii., 1; Coremia squalida, Butl., Cist. Ent., i., 505.) Male, female.—24-32 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin sinuate, crenulate: rather dark ashy-grey, somewhat mixed partially with light olive-green ; numerous irregular dentate dark fuscous strie, except on a median space, containing a black discal dot; basal third somewhat mixed with whitish, with two cloudy angulated whitish strie at }, partially suf- fused with greenish, and two others less angulated rather nearer base ; beyond the posterior pair the dark strie coalesce on lower half to form a blackish fascia ; a double whitish line considerably beyond middle, dentate anteriorly, sinuate near costa, obtusely bent outwards in middle, emitting along sharp tooth inwards below middle; beyond these a third parallel less distinct whitish or greenish line; a very sharply dentate whitish sub- terminal line, closely approaching this on lower half, anteriorly suffusedly blackish-margined ; an oblique suffused blackish subapical spot. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; in male whitish-ochre- ous, becoming greyish towards base, in female light grey; a grey discal dot; an obscure angulated median band somewhat darker, or represented by several incomplete strie ; an obscure grey dentate subterminal line. Constant; immediately recognizable from all other species of the family in New Zealand by the very fine acute indentation of the posterior margin of the median band below middle. Wellington, Mount Hutt, and Otira Gorge (1,600 feet), common amongst bush in January ; twenty-four specimens. . 30. Cid. purpurifera, Fereday. (Cidaria purpurifera, Fereday, N.Z. Journ. Sc., 1883, ) Male, female—28-31 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin faintly sinuate, crenulate; dull rather light olive-green; two obscure irregular dentate blackish striz near base, second followed by whitish scales; two irregular sinuate dentate blackish strie at 4,curved outwards above middle, suffusedly confluent on lower half, first slightly whitish-margined anteriorly ; two other very irregular dentate blackish strie beyond middle, forming a broad subquadrate projection in middle third, which is wholly suffused with dark fuscous, second posteriorly white-margined, more broadly towards costa; between these two pairs of strie the included median band is dull ereyish-purple; a dentate white subterminal line ; an oblique blackish sub- apical spot, white-margined above. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; light brownish-ochreous. Constant ; a very elegant species. Mount Hutt, in wooded gullies, common in December and January (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; sixty specimens. 76 Transactions.—Z ooloqy. 31. Cid. similata, Walk. (Cidaria similata, Walk., 1413 ; Cidaria timarata, Feld., exxxii., 19.) Male, female.—29-33 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; whitish-fuscous, suffused almost throughout with rather bright green; numerous irregular shortly dentate dark fuscous strie, towards base angulated above middle ; two pairs before middle converging and confluent on lower half into a narrow fascia, spotted with blackish, and posteriorly markedly concave ; two other pairs of more irregular twice sinuate striz beyond middle also converging similarly but less strongly; a broken sub- dentate white subterminal line, preceded by fuscous spots. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; whitish-ochreous, more reddish- ochreous towards inner margin, with numerous incomplete dentate obscure grey strie. Constant ; the thorax is rather strongly crested. Christchurch and Dunedin, usually at rest on moss-grown tree-trunks, from November to March ; seventeen specimens. 32. Cid. callichlora, Butl. (Cidaria callichlora, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 509.) Male.—31 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenate ; yellowish green, irregularly suffused with rather darker green; numerous irregular dentate blackish lines; two of these before middle and three at suffused with blackish on lower half, indicating a median band, of which the posterior edge forms a short bidentate projection in middle, and a short simple projection towards costa; a slightly paler subterminal line preceded by an irregular blackish suffusion ; a small blackish discal dot. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenate; grey-whitish; several indistinct grey lines, only perceptible near inner margin; a black hindmarginal line. Probably constant. Christchurch, in March (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; two specimens. 33. Cid. chaotica, n. sp. Male, female.—25-29 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate ; dark fuscous, slightly mixed with pale ochreous, or with a very broad pale ochreous median band; numerous dentate blackish or dark fuscous striz ; two adjacent ochreous-fuscous or partially whitish-ochreous blackish-margined lines at 4, followed by a row of white dots ; two similar lines at 3, sinuate beneath costa, with a strong bidentate angulation below middle, almost touching hindmargin, and preceded by a row of white dots ; an obscure blackish discal dot; a small whitish-ochreous mark on costa before apex; a blackish interrupted hindmarginal line. Hindwings mode- rate, hindmargin rounded, crenulate; light ochreous-grey; several grey striz towards inner margin ; an obscure darker discal dot. Mevricx.—On New Zealand Geometrina. TACs Apparently variable in colour and suffusion ; distinguished however from all New Zealand species of the family by the approximation of the posterior margin of the central band to the hindmargin, which the angula- tion almost touches. Akaroa, Mount Hutt, Arthur’s Pass (2,600 feet), and Dunedin, amongst bush, in January and February ; five specimens. 20. Larentia, Tr. Face with a more or less developed cone of scales. Palpi moderate, roughly triangular-scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (a 3-5, b 6-8). Thorax not hairy beneath. Forewings with yein 6 rising out of 9, 7 from (rarely above) angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. Also a cosmopolitan genus, largely represented in New Zealand. la. Hindwings distinctly yellow. 2a. Forewings with clear white markings. 3a. With six white fascie .. a 56 ae oC .. 38. clarata. 3b. ,, twowhitelines .. oe are a AS .. 34, stinaria. 2b. Forewings without white markings. 3a. Forewings clear yellow. 4a. With numerous dentate brown lines 5c 96 o. 44. prasinias. 4b. ,, four rows of dots oe : 5c 5¢ .. 40. chlorias. 3b. Forewings whitish-ochreous or ean ochreous. 4a. Median projection of central band bidentate... .. 43. helias. 4b. an 55 - 5 rounded ate .. 50. bulbulata. 1b. Hindwings not yellow. 2a. Forewings suffused with green 5c sc S¢ as ». 39. beaia. 2b. Forewings not green. 3a. Posterior lines of forewings more oblique than hindmargin 35. prejfectata. 3b. a “ a not more oblique. 4a. Anterior lines of forewings absent .. of te .. 36. nephelias. 4b. 55 . present. 5a. Central band without median projection. 6a. Cilia barred .. He 56 o€ ie .. 41. egrota. 6b. ,, unicolorous .. 5c Sc SC .. 42. psamathodes. 5b. Central band with median projection. 6a. Projection simple. 7a. Forewings dark fuscous-grey .. Be .. 49. anthracias. 7b. 93 light greyish-ochreous ae .. 37. cataphracta. 6b. Projection bidentate. 7a. Hindmargin of forewings deeply sinuate .. 46. obarata. 7b. rf S not sinuate. 8a. Species large .. 56 Sc Oc .. 47. petropola. 8b. 5» moderate or small. 9a. With a clear white line beyond median band .. OC = as .. 45. chionogramma. 9b, Without ,, op ‘3 -- 5, «- 48. cimerearia. Or 78 Transactions.— Zoology. 34. Lar. stinaria, Gn. (Camptogramma stinaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 92.) Male, female.—24-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin somewhat sinuate ; rather deep ochreous-yellow, somewhat suffused with fuseous on median band except towards costa, and on hindmargin; a white posteriorly blackish-margined line from inner margin at + to dise before middle; a white anteriorly blackish-margined transverse line beyond middle, mode- rately sinuate. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; rather deep ochreous-yellow. Constant and very distinct. Christchurch, Dunedin, and at the foot of Mount Hutt, frequenting Carex subdola in December and January (Mr. R. W. Fereday); twenty specimens. 35. Lar. prefectata, Walk. (Acidalia prefectata, Walk., 781; Acidalia subtentaria, Walk., 1610; Acidalia abscondi- taria, Walk., 1611, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 21.) Male, female-—36-41 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin hardly rounded ; dull grey-whitish ; several very faint grey strize towards base, tend- ing to form dots on veins; a small dark grey discal dot; a nearly straight grey line from beyond middle of hindmargin to costa before apex, dotted with dark grey on veins; rather before this is a very faint grey parallel line, and between it and hindmargin are four straight cloudy grey lines, gradually converging towards costa. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dull grey-whitish, with a median grey line, and six posterior faintly subdentate hardly curved grey lines. Quite constant. Christchurch, in November, frequenting swampy places (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; twenty-three specimens. 36. Lar. nephelias, n. sp. Male, female.—82-34 mm. Forewings moderate, in female narrower and more elongate, hindmargin rounded; pale whitish-grey, slightly ochre- ous-tinged ; an indistinct suffusion of dark fuscous scales before middle; a small dark fuscous discal dot; a rather irregular cloudy dark fuscous line beyond middle, sinuate beneath costa, shortly angulated in middle; a very faint stria beyond this; a hindmarginal band composed of two rows of cloudy partially confluent dark fuscous spots, separating on costa: cilia pale whitish-grey. Hindwings moderate, in female narrower, hindmargin rounded; ground-colour as in forewings, with a few grey scales pos- teriorly. A remarkable-looking species. I took two fine specimens above Arthur’s Pass (4,600 feet) in January. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 79 37. Lar. cataphracta, n. sp. Female.—29-31 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded; pale greyish-ochreous ; markings white, black-margined, some- times obsolete on costa; a basal patch and two curved slender fascie towards base, their margins dentate; a variable central fascia, sometimes rather broad and even throughout, but generally with margins approxi- mated or confluent below middle, margins hardly dentate ; a cloudy fuscous parallel line beyond this; a rather narrow fascia at 3, shortly angulated in middle and towards costa, margins entire; beyond this a cloudy fuscous parallel line; a dentate white subterminal line; a short cloudy white oblique subapical streak, beneath blackish-margined: cilia whitish, some- _ times barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; extremely pale greyish-ochreous ; cilia as in forewings. Variable in the form of the central fascia, and in the distinctness of the bars of the cilia, which are sometimes wholly absent. I have not seen the male, but the species is so apparently allied to the following, that there can be little doubt of its position. Arthur’s Pass (8,000 feet), Lake Guyon, and Lake Wakatipu (4,000 feet), amongst grass, from December to March ; seven specimens. 38. Lar. clarata, Walk. (Larentia clarata, Walk., 1197, Butl. Cat., pl. iii, 14; Cidaria pyramaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 93.) Male, female.—28-85 mm. Forewings moderate, bindmargin rounded ; light brownish-ochreous ; markings white, margined by dentate blackish lines, sometimes obsolete on costa; a small basal patch; two narrow curved fasciz towards base; a moderate median fascia, contracted or often obsolete in middle by coalescence of its margins, containing a strongly- marked black discal dot; a narrow irregular fascia beyond middle, sinuate beneath costa, rather strongly angulated in middle; a sinuate dentate blackish stria rather before this, and a second beyond it; a well-marked subterminal line; cilia white, barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; ochreous-yellow ; cilia as in forewings. Variable only in the form of the central fascia; always easily separ- able from the preceding by the yellow hindwings and more dentate markings. Castle Hill (2,500 feet}, Mount Hutt, and Dunedin, in open grassy places, in December and January ; thirty specimens. 89. Lar. beata, Butl. (Cidaria beata, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 397, pl. xliii., 6.) Male, female.—22-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; olive-green, irrecularly mixed with whitish-yellowish, tending to form trans- verse striz ; a narrow strongly-curved blackish-green fascia near base, 80 Transactions.— Zoology. anteriorly suffused, posteriorly irregularly dentate and whitish-margined ; a darker or blackish-green median band, margined on both sides by first a blackish and then a white line, both margins irregularly dentate, anterior margin concave, posterior margin projecting beneath costa, and with a strong bidentate angulation in middle; within the median band is often a clear white space on costal half, and sometimes a smaller one on inner margin; generally a black discal dot; a dentate white subterminal line, anteriorly dark-margined: cilia with basal half yellowish, apical half white, barred with blackish. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; whitish-ochreous, sometimes slightly greenish-tinged, with an obscure row of grey spots before hindmargin ; cilia as in forewings. Variable in the presence or extent of the median white markings;. allied to the preceding. Christchurch, Akaroa, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu, com- monly amongst bush, from December to February, in April and June; twenty-five specimens. 40. Lar. chlorias, n.sp. Male.—30 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin hardly rounded; bright yellow ; base of costa dark fuscous-purple ; a curved row of three very small dark purple-fuscous spots about 4, and another of four spots ‘ before middle, costal spots larger; a triangular purple blotch on costa before apex, reaching half across wing, anteriorly margined by a strongly sinuate bluish-black streak; a row of three dark purple-fuscous dots from apex of this to inner margin, and a subterminal row of six similar dots ; cilia yellow. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; rather paler than forewings, with two curved posterior rows of cloudy purple-fuscous dots. A very beautiful and conspicuous species. ‘ I took one fine specimen in a wooded gully near Castle Hill, at 8,100 feet, in January. 41. Lar. egrota, Buil. (Selidosema egrota, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 499.) Male, female.—26-31 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale brownish-grey; basal third with about eight fine dentate slightly curved dark grey strie; a black discal dot; four similar striz# placed together beyond middle; two others more indistinct forming a subterminal line, beyond which the hindmargin is slightly darker: cilia barred with blackish and whitish. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; slightly paler than forewings, without markings; cilia pale brownish-grey, sometimes barred. Only varying slightly in depth of colouring; the isolation of the four postmedian strie is a good point. Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 81 Christchurch and Dunedin, in November, February, and March; twelve specimens. 42. Lar. psamathodes, n. sp. Male, female——30-83 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded, crenulate ; whitish-ochreous, slightly brownish-tinged ; numerous fine almost straight subdentate fuscous lines parallel to hindmargin, in- distinct towards base, darker posteriorly; a black discal dot; an indistinct whitish subterminal line, preceded by a dark fuscous shade; a hindmarginal row of large black dots in pairs. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded, crenulate; very pale whitish-ochreous-grey; several grey lines, only distinct near inner margin; a hindmarginal row of large black dots in pairs. Constant ; an inconspicuous species. Wellington and Dunedin; received by Mr. R. W. Herein from Captain Hutton, and in the Pelle on of the Otago Museum ; eight specimens. 43. Lar. helias, n. sp. Male.—30 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; very pale whitish-ochreous ; costa and hindmargin ochreous-yellow; three or four obscure fuscous strize towards base; a dark fuscous dentate strongly curved line at 2; a moderately broad reddish-ochreous-brown median fascia, con- tracted beneath, anterior edge almost straight and marked with a blackish dot above middle, posterior edge irregularly dentate, and shortly projecting below middle ; a yellowish-ochreous line parallel and a little beyond this ; fuscous-margined, followed by a slender irregular fuscous fascia, separated from the ochreous-yellow hindmarginal fascia by a dentate pale line; cilia pale fuscous-reddish. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; ochre- ous-yellow, paler towards base; a dark grey discal dot; cilia pale fuscous- reddish. Very distinct. Dunedin, in January ; two specimens. 44, Lar. prasinias, n. sp. Male, female.—26-29 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly sinuate ; bright yellow; numerous cloudy confused dentate brownish strie ; a moderately broad rather dark fuscous median band, including a large ill- defined clear yellow patch on upper half, containing a black dot; its margins dentate, anterior margin concave, posterior margin moderately angulated in middle, sinuate above; a subterminal row of small dark fuscous spots; cilia yellow, barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale yellow; basal half finely and obscurely striated with bluish- grey; hindmargin reddish-tinged, with a subterminal row of small grey spots. 6 82 Transactions. —Zoology. Constant; a very elegant insect. Castle Hill, taken by Mr. J. D. Enys; seven specimens. 45. Lar. chionogramma, n. sp. Male.—28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin slightly rounded, erenate; pale greyish-ochreous, irrorated with dark fuscous, forming indistinct irregular strie; the suffusion of these forms a rather broad median band, its margins dentate, anterior margin concave, inter- ruptedly white-edged, posterior margin with a short bidentate median pro- jection, white-edged, more strongly and conspicuously on upper half; a black white-circled discal dot; a dentate white subterminal line, preceded by a dark suffusion. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin somewhat project- ing obtusely in middle, crenulate; pale grey irrorated with darker; a median band of four dark grey lines; hindmargin suffused with dark grey, including a whitish dentate subterminal line. Probably constant ; although inconspicuous, not like any other. Mount Hutt, in a wooded gully in December (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; two specimens (not good). 46. Lar. obarata, Feld. (Cidaria obarata, Feld., cxxxii., 33.) Male, female.—20-26 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin very strongly sinuate, crenulate ; grey-whitish, sometimes more greyish or ochreous-tinged ; a basal patch of four outwards-curved subdentate blackish-grey lines, sometimes suffused together ; beyond these are two similar lines, often obsolete except on costa; two dark fuscous lines before middle and three beyond middle, sometimes suffused with grey to form a median band, its anterior edge irregularly concave, posterior edge strongly blackish on upper half, subdentate, with a moderately strong bidentate median projection; a small blackish discal dot; three or four indistinct dentate grey lines beyond this, often obsolete except on costa ; cilia barred with dark fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin irregularly sinuate, crenate ; grey-whitish ; several angulated grey lines between $ and hind- margin ; sometimes basal 2 wholly suffused with grey; cilia spotted with dark fuscous. Somewhat variable in colour and suffusion. Wellington, Christchurch, and at the foot of Mount Hutt; a plain- frequenting species, especially attached to gorse-hedges (Mr. R. W. Fere- day), from November to January ; thirty specimens. 47. Lar. petropola, n. sp. Male, female—89 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark grey, densely irrorated with bluish-whitish ; costa broadly suffused with ochreous-whitish anteriorly ; a very obscure curved ochreous-whitish line Meyricr.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 83 towards base, anteriorly dark-margined ; two obscure curved subdentate adjacent whitish lines about 4, followed by a dark line; a blackish discal dot; a very irregular dentate curved dark grey line beyond middle, followed by two adjacent whitish lines; a sharply dentate obscure whitish subterminal line, anteriorly dark-margined. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; markings as in forewings, but more obscure, paler and more suffused towards base. A fine species, with a peculiar bluish tinge. I took two specimens at rest on rock-faces in the Otira Gorge, at 1,800 feet, in January, and saw others. 48. Lar. cinerearia, Dbld. (Cidaria (?) cinerearia, Dbld., Dieff. N.Z,, ii., 286; Larentia (?) invexata, Walk., 1199, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 11; Larentia semisignata, Walk., 1200; Larentia inoperata, Walk., 1201; Larentia punctilineata, Walk., 1202, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 12; Cidaria dissociata, Walk., 1734; Cidaria semilisata, Walk., 1735 ; Larentia corcularia, Gu., H.M.M., v., 61; Larentia infantaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 62; Helastia eupitheciaria, Gn., H.M.M., v., 95; ? Cidaria spheriata, Feld., cxxxi., 14.) Male, female.—16-25 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; ochreous-whitish or grey-whitish, irrorated with grey ; numerous dark grey or dark fuscous regular dentate striz, tending to form dots on veins; two adjacent near base, two others before middle, and three beyond middle darker and more conspicuous, especially on upper half, where they are often marked with blackish; a small blackish discal dot; the three post- median lines twice irregularly sinuate in and above middle; a blackish interrupted hindmarginal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale grey, from 4 to hindmargin faintly marked with dentate angulated darker strie. Varies considerably in size, colour, and strength of marking; but I can find no point of distinction to justify the separation of any form as a distinct species. Three main forms occur; one large, greyer, and more uniform, without strong markings; a second of middle size, whiter and generally strongly marked, sometimes bluish-tinged, only found in the hills; and a third small, greyish but ochreous-tinged, strongly marked ; these are connected by scarcer intermediate forms, and are, I believe, due to the direct effect of food and situation. The larva feeds on lichens. Christchurch, Castle Hill (3,000 feet), Dunedin, Lake Wakatipu (3,500 feet), and probably generally, at rest on walls, fences, rocks, etc., from December to March, very common ; fifty-four specimens. 84 Transactions.— Zoology. 49. Lar. anthracias, n. sp. Male.—24-25 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin sinuate; dark fuscous, faintly striated, more or less sprinkled with whitish; a curved blackish line near base, posteriorly obscurely whitish-margined; a curved obscure whitish fascia at 4, blackish-margined and bisected by a blackish line; a well-defined black discal dot; a white fascia, partially mixed with fuscous, beyond middle, anteriorly strongly blackish-margined, posteriorly more obscurely, and bisected by a blackish line, somewhat irregular, mode- rately angulated in middle; an obscure dentate yellowish or whitish subterminal line; an interrupted black hindmarginal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous; two nearly straight lines before middle faintly darker; a faint paler or sometimes whitish sinuate fascia beyond middle, margined and bisected with darker. Varies slightly in distinctness of pale markings. Mount Hutt, and Lake Wakatipu (5,400 feet), on the open mountain sides, in December and January ; twelve specimens. 50. Lar. bulbulata, Gn. (Cidaria bulbulata, Gu., E.M.M., v., 94.) Male, female.—20-24 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark ochreous-fuscous, irregularly mixed and striated with ochreous-whitish ; a curved whitish line towards base, and another at 4; a double whitish line beyond middle, strongly sinuate in and above middle; in the included median space are two irregular strongly dentate dark fuscous lines, more or less wholly coalescing to form irregular rings, upper one largest and con- taining a dark fuscous dot; beyond the double whitish line is a more ob- scure parallel line; a strongly dentate ochreous-whitish subterminal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; orange, faintly striated on inner margin: cilia dark grey, tips pale. Constant, except in the forms of the median rings. Christchurch, Castle Hill (2,400 feet), and Dunedin ; common in grassy places, in September, January, and March ; twenty-five specimens. 21. PasiTHEa, n. g. Face roughly haired. Palpi moderate, second joint with long or very long spreading hairs beneath, terminal joint moderate or rather long, often concealed. Antenne in male bipectinated (a 3-8, ) 5-10). Thorax beneath more or less strongly clothed with long hairs. Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately or very shortly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. Essentially distinguished from Larentia by the hairy under-surface of thorax. Meyricx.—On New Zealand Geometrina, 85 la. Forewings with well-defined white markings, 2a, Hindwings dark fuscous with white or yellowish markings. 3a. Hindwings reddish beneath .. 08 60 56 »» 06. callicrena. 3b. FA yellowish ,, 4a. Apical half of cilia wholly white .. 00 99 eo 53. mechanitis. 4b. 3 . barred with dark fuscous. 5a. Subterminal line very shortly dentate 20 .. 55. strategica. 5b. ad », subdentate 60 56 .. 54. paradelpha. 2b. Hindwings orange or pale yellowish. - 3a. Hindwings with a dark fuscous subterminal fascia. 4a. Forewings with a narrow central orange fascia .. 2. OV. perornata. 4b. rf without central fascia .. O06 00 ». 58. niphocrena. 8b. Hindwings without dark subterminal fascia .. 60 -. OL. insignis. 1b. Forewings without white markings. 2a, Hindwings dark fuscous or grey. . 3a. Cilia barred ate D0 aie 50 26 ate ee 52. orphned. 3b. ,, unicolorous Se a at we ve e- 63. omichlias. 2b. Hindwings orange. 3a, Wings beneath with a sharply marked straight central line 59. feroz. 3b. Central line not straight. 4a. Central line of hindwings sightly and evenly curved .. 60. zopyra. Ab. 5 3 ts twice sinuate. 5a. Basal half of hindwings almost wholly dark fuscous 61. vulcanica. So op PF Pa not dark fuscous .. »- 62. brephos. 51. Pas. insignis, Butl. (Aspilates insignis, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 393, pl. xliii., 1.) Male.—80-33 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; ochre- ous-brown; a slightly curved white streak from base of inner margin to disc beyond middle, beneath dark-margined, posterior extremity connected with a very obscure whitish line from costa near base; a nearly straight white transverse streak from before apex to before anal angle, anteriorly dark-margined. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin unevenly rounded ; deep ochreous-yellow, brownish-tinged; base mixed with dark fuscous; a suf- fused brown hindmarginal band. Female.—24-27 mm. Wings rather narrower than in male; forewings pale whitish-ochreous, finely sprinkled with dark fuscous, especially towards base ; markings as in male. Hindwings whitish-yellowish, base sprinkled with dark fuscous. Constant; a strikingly distinct species. Castle Hill, about 4,000 feet; common on the bare mountain side, in January ; twenty-six specimens. 52. Pas. orphnea, .sp. Female.—28-30 mm. TForewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark fuscous, mixed with yellowish and whitish, which tend to form alternate fascize ; a discal dot and numerous curved irregularly dentate blackish lines, 86 Transactions. —Z ology). varying in strength and intensity; cilia barred with blackish and whitish. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous; a blackish discal dot; a cloudy whitish irroration forming a double curved fascia beyond middle, and a dentate subterminal line; cilia as in forewings. Imitative in colour of the dark lichen-grown rocks. I took three specimens almost on the summit of Ben Lomond, Lake Wakatipu, at 5,600 feet, in January. 53. Pas. mechanttis, n.sp. Male, female—19-23 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark fuscous, densely irrorated and median band almost wholly suffused with yellow; a nearly straight yellow or whitish line towards base, anteriorly strongly blackish-margined ; an irregularly curved white line at 4, poste- riorly strongly blackish-margined; a small blackish discal dot; an irregu- larly angulated slender dark fuscous median line, beyond which is another almost confluent with next line; a white line beyond middle, anteriorly strongly blackish-margined, strongly angulated in middle, subdentate be- neath ; a slender very sharply dentate irregular yellow subterminal line ; cilia with basal half dark grey, apical half wholly white. Hindwings dark fuscous, base irrorated with yellow; an irregular obscure yellow fascia before middle; a white sinuate median line, sometimes yellow above; sub- terminal line and cilia as in forewings. Constant, except that the white markings tend to be suffused with yellow. Arthur’s Pass (3,100 to 4,600 feet), and Mount Hutt, common in grassy places on the mountains, from January to March; fifteen speci- mens. 54. Pas. paradelpha, n.sp. Male.—21-23 mm. Forewings moderate, costa straight, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous, densely and finely strewn with yellowish and a few whitish scales; a curved cloudy whitish line towards base, anteriorly blackish-margined ; a slightly bent whitish line at 4, posteriorly blackish- margined; sometimes a small blackish discal dot, and slender curved median line; a clearly marked white line beyond middle, anteriorly strongly blackish-margined, shortly and obtusely angulated in middle, and inner margin shortly toothed above and below middle; an irregular sinuate subdentate whitish-yellowish subterminal line: cilia with basal half dark grey, apical half sharply barred with dark fuscous and white. Hindwings somewhat elangate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous; basal half irro- rated with pale yellowish; a very obscure curved whitish shade before middle ; a well-defined strongly-curved white median line; a very irregular subdentate whitish-yellowish subterminal line ; cilia as in forewings. Meveicr.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 87 Easily separated from the preceding by the barred cilia, the absence of any clear yellow colouring, the less prominent angulation of the post- median line, and the more elongate wings. I found the species common amongst grass on Ben Lomond, Lake Wakatipu, at about 5,000 feet, in December ; five specimens. 55. Pas. strategica, n.sp. — Female—35 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous, thinly irrorated with yellowish; a slender straight oblique white fascia towards base; a narrow somewhat irregular slightly curved white fascia before middle; a narrow whitish median fascia, broadly suffused with yellowish, bent above middle ; a rather narrow well-defined white fascia beyond middle, sharply angulated in disc; a sharply dentate white sub- terminal line; cilia barred with white and dark -fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark fuscous, base irrorated with yellowish ; a somewhat sinuate whitish fascia suffused with yellowish before middle ; a white strongly angulated fascia beyond middle; subterminal line and cilia as in forewings. Hindwings beneath suffused with goiden-yellow ; mark- ings as above. A fine and conspicuous species. Lake Guyon, in January; one specimen in Mr. Fereday’s collection, received from Mr. Travers. 56. Pas. callicrena, n. sp. Female.—34 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; blackish, irregularly suffused with light reddish; markings ochreous-whitish, dark- margined; a slender somewhat sinuate oblique fascia towards base; a moderate twice sinuate fascia before middle; a moderately broad sub- dentate fascia beyond middle, sinuate above middle; a sharply dentate subterminal line: cilia reddish-whitish, barred with dark fuscous. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark grey; a very obscure whitish line before middle ; a moderate whitish fascia beyond middle, sinuate- curved in middle; subterminal line and cilia as in forewings; beneath ground-colour reddish. Probably constant ; very handsome. Mr. R. W. Fereday took one fine specimen at the head of Lake Waka- tipu, high up the mountains, above the forest-level, amongst grass in January. 57. Pas. perornata, Walk. (Fidonia perornata, Walk., 1672.) Male, female.—23-25 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; dark fuscous ; base narrowly orange mixed with white ; four slender orange fascie, generally partially white except third; first straight; second 88 Transactions. —Z oology. parallel but dentate ; beyond second a short straight parallel orange streak from costa; third median, irregularly sinuate, sometimes partially obsolete ; fourth dentate, sharply angulated in middle; an irregular dentate bright orange line near hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; orange ; base mixed with dark fuscous; an oblique line near base, a sometimes double irregular sharply angulated line before middle, an irregular dentate interrupted subterminal fascia, and a row of partially confluent spots on hindmargin dark fuscous. Tolerably constant. Wellington, Lake Coleridge, and at the foot of Mount Hutt, in grassy places, during February and March (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; eighteen specimens. : 58. Pas. ntiphocrena, u. sp. Female,—24-25 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; rather dark fuscous, mixed and obscurely striated with orange; a curved white subdentate line before 1, anteriorly blackish-margined; a similar white line beyond 4, posteriorly blackish-margined ; space between these sometimes suffused with orange; a slender irregularly dentate white fascia beyond middle, rather strongly angulated in middle, anteriorly blackish-margined, posteriorly closely followed by a dentate orange line; a dentate orange line near hindmargin, dilated on costa. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; orange, lighter anteriorly; basal half dark fuscous mixed with orange, its outer edge irregularly curved; a dentate subterminal fascia and narrow hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous, sometimes obscure. Possibly when the male is known this may prove to be a Dasyuris. I took two specimens on the mountain-side above Arthur’s Pass at 4,500 feet, in January. 59. Pas. ferox, Butl. (Fidonia ferox, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 392, pl. xlii., 8.) Female.—24 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; fuscous, partially greyish-tinged; a dark ochreous-fuscous nearly straight dentate stria about 1, between which and base are three others fainter; an obscure discal dot; a dark ochreous-fuscous nearly straight dentate stria in middle, between which and hindmargin are seven or eight similar strize becom- ing gradually more strongly curved. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; bright orange; base mixed with dark fuscous; a straight strongly marked median line, an obscure parallel line beyond it, three fine sub- dentate curved lines parallel with hindmargin, and a hindmarginal line dark fuscous. Forewings and hindwings beneath orange; markings of both as in hindwings above, but the four posterior lines separated by yellowish-whitish interspaces. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 89 The pale terminal band of the undersurface is a peculiar feature. Castle Hill, taken by Mr. J. D. Enys; two specimens. 60. Pas. zopyra, 0. sp. Male.—19mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous- grey with a bluish tinge, with numerous regular dentate transverse stric and a discal dot darker. Hindwings bright deep orange; basal third dark fuscous, its outer edge rather sharply angulated ; two parallel hardly bent lines towards middle, a subdentate subterminal line, and a slender hind- marginal fascia dark fuscous. Forewings and hindwings beneath orange ; forewings with an irregular curved line before middle, four parallel sinuate- curved lines beyond middle, subterminal and hindmarginal fascie dark fuscous; hindwings with a strongly sinuate-curved line at 4, indistinct curved median and subterminal lines, and slender hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous. Constant; the smallest species of the group. Mount Hutt, on the shingle in the bed of a gully in January (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; six specimens. 61. Pas. vulcanica, n. sp. Female.—22 mm. -Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous-grey, somewhat mixed with whitish; numerous irregular dentate darker strie ; an irrecular curved slender blackish fascia towards base; an irregular blackish fascia before middle; another beyond middle, forming two rather strong rounded projections in and above middle; cloudy sub- terminal and hindmarginal fascie. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; deep orange; basal half wholly dark fuscous, its outer edge twice deeply sinuate; a line near and parallel to this, an irregular dentate sub- terminal fascia, and a hindmarginal fascia partly confluent with it, dark fuscous. Forewings and hindwings beneath light orange, with two parallel twice obtusely angulated lines beyond middle, subterminal and hindmarginal dentate fasciz, also two straight incomplete anterior lines in forewings, and a sinuate anterior line in hindwings dark fuscous. Easily recognizable by the dark basal half of the hindwings. I found this species settling on the roads near Makatoku, Hawke’s Bay, in March; Mr. Fereday has it from the Kaweka range in the same distvrict, taken in January; three specimens. 62. Pas. brephos, Walk. (Fidonia (?) brephosata, Walk., 1037, Butl. Cat., pl. iii, 14; Larentia catocalaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 62; Fidonia brephos, Feld., cxxix., 5; Fidonia enysit, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 391, pl. xlii., 9.) Male, female.—23-25 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; brownish-grey, with dark fuscous markings; numerous irregular dentate transverse strise; two before middle and three beyond middle more strongly 90 Transactions. —Z oology. marked, the latter forming two irregular projections in and above middle ; a discal dot; cloudy subterminal and hindmarginal shades. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; bright orange; base mixed with dark fuscous; a straight line about 4, two parallel sinuate lines in middle, a curved subterminal line, and a dentate hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous ; all the lines vary in intensity, and one or other is often obsolete. Forewings and hindwings beneath orange, with a discal dot, two parallel angulated lines beyond middle, an irregular subterminal fascia and dentate hind- marginal fascia dark fuscous, often partially obsolete. Varies slightly in the distinctness of the dark markings. Castle Hill (8,000 feet), Arthur’s Pass (8,000 feet), Lake Wakatipu (8,000 feet), Invercargill (sea-level), Nelson, and Mount Hutt, especially settling on roads or bare ground, from December to March; thirty specimens. © I have corrected Walker’s barbarously-formed name. 68. Pas. omichlias, n.sp. Male.—25-26 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark grey, irrorated with whitish; several obscure dark fuscous lines towards base ; a slender curved dark fuscous fascia before middle ; a blackish discal dot ; a somewhat broader irregular subdentate dark fuscous fascia beyond middle, forming a short bidentate projection in middle, and a shorter simple projection towards costa ; sometimes two pale lines beyond this, and a pale subterminal line; a blackish-grey hindmarginal line; cilia pale grey. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin rounded; rather dark grey; three faintly indi- cated darker median lines alternating with paler; a blackish-grey hind- marginal line ; cilia whitish-grey. . A dull-looking species, resembling a small Statira hectori, and might be passed over for Larentia cinerearia. Castle Hill, taken by Mr. J. D. Enys, ‘‘high up”’ (probably about 5,000 feet) ; two specimens. 22. Sravira, n.g. Face roughly haired. Palpi moderate, porrected or ascending, with long or very long spreading hairs beneath, terminal joint moderate, nearly concealed. Antenne in male filiform, simple, pubescent. Thorax hairy beneath. Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing strongly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. la. Hindwings orange. 2a. Postmedian line of hindwings curved, parallel to median .. 65. anceps. 2b. is 5 3 angulated, remote in middle from median ee -. 64. homomorpha. 1b. Hindwings dark fuscous with whitish lines .. on fe « 66. hectori. Mryricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 91 64. Stat. homomorpha, u. sp. Male.—28mm. Forewings moderate, costa rather abruptly arched near base, hindmargin slightly rounded; dark fuscous-grey, with numerous ir- regular darker strie#; a pale curved fascia towards base, mixed with whitish and bisected by a dark line; a second about 4; a third beyond middle, ir- regularly dentate and sinuate; an obscure pale subterminal line. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin rounded; bright orange; basal space up to first line mixed with dark fuscous ; ‘a nearly straight line about 4, a second more obscure beyond and parallel to it, a third irregularly angulated and subdentate beyond middle, a narrow irregular interrupted subterminal fascia, and a dentate hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous. Forewings and hindwings beneath orange, with a straight line before middle, an angulated line beyond middle, an interrupted subterminal fascia, and a hindmarginal fascia blackish ; two additional anterior incomplete lines in forewings. Readily identified by the postmedian line of the hindwings. Mount Hutt, in January (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; five specimens. 65. Stat. anceps, Butl. ; (Fidonia anceps, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 392, pl. xliii., 3.) Male.—27-30 mm. Forewings moderate, costa moderately arched, hindmargin slightly rounded; dark fuscous-grey, irrorated with bluish- whitish ; the absence of the irroration produces numerous irregular den- tate sinuate darker striz ; two before middle and two beyond middle more strongly marked, enclosing a moderately broad clear space, containing a blackish discal dot; a darker subterminal shade, and another on hind- margin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; rather deep ochre- ous-yellow ; basal space up to first line mixed with dark fuscous; a straight line about 4, two somewhat curved parallel median lines, an irregular par- tially-interrupted subterminal fascia, and a hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous. Forewings and hindwings beneath yellow, with a straight line before middle, an angulated line beyond middle, an interrupted subterminal fascia, and a hindmarginal fascia blackish. Constant ; less intensely coloured than its allies. Nelson, Arthur’s Pass (8,000 feet), and Castle Hill (3,100 feet), in January, settling on bare ground and roads; twelve specimens. 66. Stat. hectori, Butl. (Euclidia hectori, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 387, pl. xlii., 4.) Male.—83 mm. Forewings moderate, costa abruptly arched near base, hindmargin almost straight or slightly rounded; dark fuscous-grey, irro- rated with bluish-whitish; markings obscurely blackish ; an irregular curved dentate line near base; a strongly-marked irregular twice sinuate line about 4, closely followed by a similar less marked line; a small discal spot; 92 Transactions.—Z oology. a band of three parallel irregular dentate twice sinuate lines beyond middle, posterior two partially confluent, last strongest; hindmargin broadly and suffusedly darker: cilia barred with dark fuscous and white. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; dark fuscous, base irrorated with bluish- whitish ; a curved cloudy whitish line before middle, a second in middle, a third more irregular and distinct beyond middle, and a fourth, slender and irregular, towards hindmargin. Forewings and hindwings beneath whitish, with four irregular fascie and a hindmarginal band dark fuscous. Tolerably constant. Lake Wakatipu (on the summit of Ben Lomond, 5,700 feet) and Mount Hutt, in December and January, flying rather actively about the face of precipices ; eight specimens. 93. Dasyuris, Gn. Face with projecting hairs. Palpi moderate, porrected, roughly scaled beneath, terminal joint short. Antenne in male rather stout, dentate, shortly ciliated (4). Thorax hairy beneath. Forewings with vein 6 rising out of 9, 7 almost from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing moderately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. Established by Guenée for the single species here included in it; closely allied to Pasithea. The name Dasyurus is employed amongst the Mammalia ; it is not primarily desirable to employ two names so similar as Dasyurus and Dasywris, but as they are not identical, there is no valid reason for changing them when once given. 67. Das. partheniata, Gn. (Dasyuris partheniata, Gu., E.M.M., v., 93.) Male, female-—27-28 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; pale yellowish-orange, markings rather dark fuscous; basal space mixed with dark fuscous, bordered by an irregular fascia, angulated sharply in middle; a narrow fascia before middle, and a broader fascia beyond middle, between which is a transverse line, and a discal dot; posterior edge of second fascia with a moderately sharp angulation in middle, a shorter one towards costa, and irregularly dentate throughout, first fascia and median line parallel to this; an irregular subterminal fascia, and another along hindmargin, sometimes partially confluent beneath, their margins dentate: cilia barred with whitish and dark fuscous. Hindwings moderate, hind- margin rounded; deep orange; base mixed with dark fuscous; an angu- lated median line, a slender irregularly dentate or interrupted subterminal fascia, and a slender dentate hindmarginal fascia dark fuscous; cilia as in ~ forewings. Tolerably constant ; a pretty species. At the foot of Mount Hutt, amongst tussock-grass, in March (Mr. R. W. — Fereday); sixteen specimens. Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina, 93 24. CEPHALISSA, 0.g. Face smooth. Palpi rather long, straight, porrected, triangularly scaled. Antenne in male slender, minutely ciliated (+). Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing shortly with 9, 11 anastomosing shortly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. It is rather doubtful to which genus this is most allied. 68. Ceph. siria, n. sp. Male, female.—16-18 mm. Forewings moderate, costa sinuate, hind- margin strongly sinuate ; rather dark reddish-fuscous, markings darker; a narrow curved fascia towards base, posteriorly obscurely edged with yel- lowish-white ; a median band, moderately broad on costa, much narrower towards inner margin, both margins obscurely edged with yellowish-white, only distinct on costa, anterior margin sinuate, posterior margin sinuate, somewhat projecting in middle; an indistinct suffusion towards apex. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin irregular, obtusely projecting in middle ; bright deep orange, tinged with reddish-fuscous on hindmargin ; cilia dark fuscous. Constant; specifically quite isolated. Dunedin ; received by Mr. R. W. Fereday from Capt. Hutton, and pro- bably a mountain species; six specimens. 25. Panacra, Gn. Face loosely haired. Palpi long, straight, porrected, attenuated. An- tenne in male dentate, ciliated (1). Forewings with vein 6 rising below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing strongly with 9, 11 anasto- mosing strongly with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal. This genus seems specially characteristic of Australia, where there are many species; the New Zealand species is very different from any other known to me. 69. Pan. falcatella, Walk. (Samana falcatella, Walk., xxvil., 197.) Male.—81 mm. Forewings moderate, costa almost straight, apex acute, hindmargin sinuate ; whitish-ochreous, slightly yellowish-tinged; a longi- tudinal fine black streak from near base to middle of disc, above edged with a faint brownish suffusion ; a short black longitudinal dot in disc above and beyond middle ; a narrow black streak from near middle of inner margin to near apex, attenuated at each end, posteriorly edged with a faint brownish suffusion ; a row of minute black dots on hindmargin. Hindwings mode- rate, apex obtusely projecting, hindmargin bent below middle; white; a black discal dot ; a row of minute black dots on hindmargin. A very distinct species. I have only seen one specimen, received by Mr. R. W. Fereday from Captain Hutton, probably taken in the neighbourhood of Dunedin. 94 Transactions —Zooloyy. 3. BOLETOBIDA. Forewings with areole simple, 11 separate, 12 free. Hindwings with 8 veins, 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, approximated to 7 towards base. A very small family, probably approaching extinction, inhabiting moun- tains in Hurope and probably other restricted localities. 26. Cacopsopos, Butl. Face smooth. Palpi long, straight, porrected, roughly scaled above and beneath. ‘ Antenne in male pectinated on inner side only. Forewings with vein 6 from a point with 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing mode- rately with 9, 11 separate, approximated to 10 in middle, 12 free. Hind- wings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, closely approximated to 7 from base to near transverse. I have not seen the male; if Butler’s description of the antenne is correct, it is the only New Zealand genus with uniserial pectinations. 70. Cac. niger, Butl. (Cacopsodos niger, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 395, pl. xliii., 4.) Female.—13 mm. Forewings rather narrow, costa sinuate, hindmargin sinuate ; white, slightly mixed with grey; inner margin narrowly grey ; a slender black fascia almost at base; a slender black fascia at 4, dentate mwards above middle, dilated on costa; a slender black fascia beyond middle, sharply angulated in middle, dilated on costa, connected below middle with preceding fascia by a suffused bar; close beyond this a rather broad parallel grey fascia ; an indistinct grey subterminal line. Hindwings moderace, hindmargin rounded; dark grey. Butler described his species from a single male, which was very much darker than this, almost wholly suffused with dark grey, but I have no doubt of the identity of the species, which probably varies a good deal. I took a single specimen near Lake Wakatipu in December, at about 1,500 feet. 4. LYRCHIDA. Forewings with areole double, 11 anastomosing with 10, 12 anastomos- ing with 11. Hindwings with 8 veins, 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, not ap- proximated to 7. I have been obliged to form this family for the single included genus, which is allied to the Ennomidae, but differs essentially from them. It is of a decidedly primitive type, aud approaches in the hindwings nearly to the ancestral form of the group. 27. Lyrcea, Walk. _ Face smooth. Palpi rather short, slender, arched, appressed to face. Antenne in male filiform, simple. Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, Mevrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 95 gS 7 from below angle of areole, 10 anastomosing shortly with 9, 11 anasto- mosing shortly with 10, 12 anastomosing shortly with 11. Hindwings with veins 6 and 7 separate, 8 free, not approximated to 7. 71. Lyre. alectoraria, Walk. (Lyrcea alectoraria, Walk., 259; Aspilates (?) primata, Walk., 1076, Butl. Cat., pl. iii, 4; Endropia mixtaria, Walk., 1506, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 5; Amilapis (?) acroiaria, Feld., exxiil., 6; Lyrcea varians, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 496.) Male, female.—34-44 mm. Forewings moderate, apex acute, sharply projecting, hindmargin obtusely angulated in middle, often crenulate; light ochreous or brownish-ochreous, irregularly irrorated with dots of slightly darker or blackish scales; extreme costal edge generally blackish or rosy ; faint indications of a darker curved line before middle, a sinuate median line, and an angulated line beyond middle, almost obsolete ; generally a distinct blackish discal dot; sometimes a round silvery-white spot below middle, and another above and beyond middle, margined with dark fuscous, often bisected by a dark vein ; often several suffused blackish spots towards apex and hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin crenulate, some- what projecting in middle; colour and markings as in forewings, lines usually obsolete. Eixceedingly variable im almost every respect. Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, amongst bush, from September to January, and in April and May ; thirty-eight specimens. 5. ENNOMIDA. Forewings with areole double, single, or absent, 12 free or anastomosing with 11. Hindwings with 7 veins (normal vein 5 absent), 5 and 6 separate, 7 free, approximated to 6 towards base. An extensive family of universal distribution, but not reaching any degree of development in New Zealand. Most of the species occurring are highly variable. As the genera are all small, I give a tabulation of all the species together, besides that of the genera. la. Antenne of male bipectinated. 2a. Vein 12 of forewings anastomosing with 11. 3a. Vein 11 of forewings separate .. 56 ete .. 29. Zylobara. Bos Py, +3 5 anastomosing with 10 .. .- 31. Boarmia. 2b. Vein 12 of forewings free. 3a. Vein 11 of forewings obsolete .. ae o0 .. .28. Hybernia. Bs» op 3 is present. 4a. Vein 11 of forewings anastomosing with 10 .. 34. Declana. 4b. ,, 43 ¥ separate. 5a. Vein 10 of forewings touching 9. 6a. Terminal joint of palpi short, conical .. 30. Pseudocoremia. 6b. i Ft », long,clavate, exposed 33. Detunda. 5b. Vein 10 of forewings separate ae .. 32. Barsine. 96 Transactions.— Zoology. 1b. Antenne of male not pectinated. 2a. Vein 12 of forewings touching or anastomosing with 11. 3a. Vein 11 separate .. oie 3b. » anastomosing with 10 .. 30 oe 2b. Vein 12 of forewings free. 3a. Vein 11 separate. 4a. Coxe and femora densely haired beneath .. Alpve 7,5 Fe 5) mot hairy 3b. Vein 11 rising out of 10. 4a. Antenne of malesimple .. 50 4b. ws » dentate, ciliated .. Spreciric TABULATION. la. Hindmargin of forewings distinctly angulated. 2a. With a strong acute subapical tooth a6 oe 2b. Without ,, ss 3a. Apex strongly projecting. 4a. Posterior line straight 9 9 4b. % 5, curved .. 3b. Apex slightly projecting. 4a. Lines represented by dots 4b. ,, entire, distinct. 5a. Forewings with a distinct subapical tooth 5b. rs without ,, 1b. Hindmargin of forewings rounded. ” ” 2a. Forewings with rough scales. 3a. With an angular black basal spot. 4a. Hindmargin spotted with black 4b. Pr not spotted ate o0 36 3b. Without an angular black basal spot. 4a. Hindwings wholly white 00 4b. 5 partially greyish or ochreous. 5a. Costal strigule of forewings direct Denes: ie * oblique .. 2b. Forewings smooth. 3a. Hindwings fuscous or ochreous-fuscous. 4a. Postmedian line parallel to hindmargin 4b. Py » much more oblique than hind- Sale margin. a0 0 ie 3b. Hindwings Oe ochreous or Serna 4a. Postmedian line dentate. 5a. Forewings greenish-tinged 5b. 5 ochreous-tinged 4b. Postmedian line regular 3c. Hindwings whitish. 4a. Hindwings suboblong a6 ele Ab, 4 rounded 3d. Hindwings pale grey irrorated with darie ee 50) Slek 5 Giflc .. 36. > Gh . 40. . 35. So (fete, 218s oa Ce 56 Te o (Be oo ah 60 (hie ere Stratocleis. Amastris. Phyllodoce. Azelina. Drepanodes. Atossa. Azel. fortinata. . Drep. muriferata. . Strat. streptophora. . Am. encausta. . Strat. gallaria. . Phyll. nelsonaria. . Det. atronivea. . Det. egregia. . At. niveata. . Decl. floccosa. . Decl. crassitibia. Bars. panagrata. Boarm. dejectaria. Pseud. melinata. Zyl. productata. Pseud. lwpinata é. Zyl. fenerata. Pseud. lwpinata ?. Hypb. indocilis. Meyricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 97 98. Hyprrnia, Latr. Face smooth. Palpi short, roughly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (5-6). Female semiapterous. Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 out of 9, 10 separate, 11 obsolete (probably coincident with 10), 12 free. Hindwings normal. A small genus, occurring also in Europe; the only one in New Zealand in which the female is semiapterous, or vein 11 of the forewings absent. 72. Hyb. indocilis, Walk. (Zermizinga indocilisaria, Walk., 1530; Hybernia boreophilaria, Gn., E.M.M., v., 61.) Male.—25-34 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenu- late ; pale fuscous-grey, closely irrorated with dark fuscous ; a somewhat irregular curved cloudy dark fuscous line at }; an irregular median line ; a third beyond middle, twice sinuate; a fourth towards hindmargin, some- times followed by a very obscure whitish dentate subterminal line; a blackish hindmarginal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin somewhat obtusely projecting in middle, crenulate ; colour as in forewings; a curved obscure line before middle; a dark fuscous discal dot; a distinct hardly sinuate dark fuscous line beyond middle; an obscure darker subterminal shade ; a blackish hindmarginal line. Female.—12-14 mm. Wings exceedingly narrow, apex suddenly dilated, angles acute, hindmargin dentate; colour and markings as in male, but lines black and sharply marked. Tolerably constant. Christchurch and the plains near, from July to January. Mr. R. W. Fereday states that the male is found plentifully amongst Leptospermum, at rest on the bare ground, and the female on the stems ; thirty-five specimens. T have corrected Walker’s inadmissibly barbarous name. 29. Zynopara, Butl. Face with somewhat projecting scales. Palpi moderate, roughly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (9-12). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 out of 9, 10 and 11 separate, 12 anastomosing shortly with 11. Hindwings normal; 1 a distinct. 73. Zyl. fenerata, Feld. (Rhyparia fenerata, Feld., cxxxi., 7; Zylobara fenerata, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 498.) Male.—33-35 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin unevenly rounded, erenulate ; very pale whitish-grey, slightly ochreous-tinged, irrorated with dark fuscous; scattered dark fuscous marks indicating several fragmentary dentate lines and a discal spot; a double cloudy dark fuscous dentate sub- terminal line, distinct throughout; a row of large black dots on hind- margin. Hindwings oblong, inner margin extremely short, lower margin 7 98 Transactions. —Zoology. long, oblique, hindmargin short, rounded, crenulate, with a more promi- nent tooth near lower margin ; grey-whitish, hindmargin irrorated with grey. Probably varies somewhat in the distinctness of the lines. The male is - always recognizable by the peculiarly-shaped hindwings ; but I believe that the female will be found to have them of the ordinary form, and will be best distinguished from allied species by the strong dentation of the lines. Palmerston (Wanganui), Makatoku (Hawke’s Bay), and Christchurch, amongst forest, at rest on tree-trunks, in March; seven specimens. 74. Zyl. productata, Walk. (Larentia productata, Walk., 1197; (?) Selidosema pungata, Feld., cxxxi., 23; Selido- sema (?) fragosata, Feld., cxxxi., 29.) Male.—33-34mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; whitish, more or less irrorated with fuscous and dark fuscous, sometimes forming numerous fine short strigule ; a narrow curved cloudy dark fuscous fascia a little before median band; the dark fuscous irroration forms a broad median band, sometimes wholly suffused with dark fuscous, margined by whitish lines, anterior edge concave, posterior edge shortly dentate and more or less angulated above middle ; in one specimen this band is reduced to a large costal spot; a dentate white subterminal line, preceded by an incomplete row of cloudy dark fuscous spots; a suffused oblique dark fuscous subapical spot; a row of black dots on hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; pale ochreous-yellow, darker posteriorly, towards base irrorated with grey; a grey discal spot. Varies very much in the distribution of the dark fuscous colouring ; the female will probably have whitish hindwings. Wellington and Dunedin, in January ; eleven specimens. 30. Pszupocoremia, Butl. Face smooth. Palpi rather short, roughly scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (5-9). Forewings with 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 shortly touching 9, 11 separate, 12 free, la running into 1. Hindwings normal ; 1a distinct. Closely allied to the preceding genus. 75. Pseud. lupinata, Feld. (Cidaria lupinata, Feld., cxxxi., 19; Psewdocoremia lwpinata, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 496; Pseudocoremia suavis, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 497; Pachycnemia usitata, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 501.) Male, female—29-35 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; grey-whitish, often partially suffused with pale fuscous, irrorated with dark fuscous ; two parallel curved dark fuscous lines towards base; a sinuate dark fuscous line somewhat before middle, sometimes broadly dilated with Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 99 blackish on lower half or throughout; generally a small transverse discal spot; two parallel strongly sinuate dark fuscous lines somewhat beyond middle, upper half concave anteriorly, lower half concave posteriorly ; two parallel dentate dark fuscous subterminal lines, sometimes blotched with blackish above middle and on inner margin ; sometimes all these lines obsolete, and often a cloudy dark fuscous longitudinal streak near and parallel to inner margin ; a row of black dots on hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded; in male pale whitish-ochreous-yellow, in female whitish, posteriorly more or less irrorated with grey. Excessively variable; but the postmedian lines (when visible) have always the same characteristic form, different from any of the allied species. The posterior tibi# of male are furnished with a long pencil of hairs. | Christchurch, Akaroa, Mount Hutt, Dunedin, amongst bush, often at rest on tree-trunks, in January and June; fifty-four specimens. 76. Pseud. melinata, Feld. (Numeria melinata, Feld., exxix., 9; Pseudocoremia indistincta, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 394, pl. xliii., 8.) Male, endle. —26-34 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; in male white, in female whitish-grey, irrorated with blackish, and often dark olive-ereen; markings strong, blackish, generally suffused with dull olive-green ; two irregular dentate curved or angulated parallel lines towards base; a sinuate line before middle, very variable in strength and intensity ; two dentate sinuate parallel lines somewhat beyond middle, second sometimes obsolete; two dentate parallel subterminal lines, first much more strongly marked; a hindmarginal row of black dots. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; in male whitish-ochreous, in female light brownish-ochreous; often partially or wholly irrorated with grey ; base or hindmargin sometimes suffused with grey; generally a grey discal dot, subterminal line, and hindmarginal row of dots. Very variable ; the dull greenish tinge, however, is very characteristic. Wanganui, Wellington, Christchurch, Castle Hill (2,600 feet), Arthur’s Pass, (3,000 feet), and Dunedin, probably everywhere, amongst bush, from January to March ; fifty-one specimens. 31. Boarmta, Tr. Face with somewhat projecting scales. Palpi rather short, somewhat arched, roughly scaled. Antenne in male bipectinated (2-3). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 out of 9 above origin, anastomosing again very shortly with 9, 11 anastomosing shortly with 10, 12 anastomosing shortly with 11. Hindwings normal. An extensive genus, of world-wide distribution. 100 Transuctions.—Z cology. 77. Boarm. dejectaria, Walk. (Boarmia dejectaria, Walk., 394; Boarmia attracta, Walk., 394; Boarmia exprompta, Walk, 395; Tephrosia patularia, Walk., 422, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 8; Tephrosia scriptaria, Walk., 422; Scotosia erebinata, Walk., 1358; Scotosia stigmaticata, Walk., 1359 ; Scotosia lignosata, Walk., 1361; Gnophos pannularia, Gn., E.M.M., y., 42; Scotopteryx maoriata, Feld., exxvi., 4; Hemerophila (?) sulpitiata, Feld., exxvi., 7; Hemerophila caprimulgata, Feld., exxvi., 12. Male, female-—31-54 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin varying from crenate to strongly dentate; ochreous-fuscous, irregularly mixed and more or less suffused with dark fuscous, tending to form small fine strigule ; a curved dentate dark fuscous line at +; a small dark fuscous discal spot, sometimes centred with pale bluish-grey, sometimes forming an ocellated ring; an obscure darker irregular median shade; a curved dentate dark fuscous line beyond middle, more oblique than hindmargin; a very ob- scurely darker dentate subterminal line; often a small snow-white spot before middle of hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin varying from crenate to strongly dentate ; colour and lines as in forewings. Hixceedingly variable ; the variation in form of wing is curious. Taranaki, Makatoku (Hawke’s Bay), Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, amongst forest, from November to March; thirty-seven specimens. 32. Barsine, n.g. Head tufted between antenne, face with a slight cone of scales. Palpi moderate, densely scaled, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (5-6). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 out of 9,10 and 11 separate, 12 free. Hindwings normal. 78. Bars. panagrata, Walk. (Scotosia panagrata, Walk., 1360; Angerona menanaria, Walk., 1500; Epirrhanthis (?) antipodaria, Feld., exxvi., 3; Hyperythra desiccata, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 495; Hype- rythra arenacea, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 495.) Male, female.—83-44 mm. Forewings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenate, apex faintly projecting ; ochreous-fuscous, more or less mixed or suffused with dark fuscous; a dark fuscous curved dentate line at 1; a small transverse whitish ochreous or sometimes white discal spot, suf- fusedly margined with dark fuscous; a very obscure darker twice sinuate median shade; a dark fuscous dentate line at 2, curved outwards above middle; before the first line and beyond the second are often whitish- ochreous bands, tending to form several spots; an obscure dark fuscous dentate subterminal line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, cre- nate; colour and markings as in forewings, but first and subterminal lines obsolete. Very variable. Masterton, Christchurch, and Akaroa, from March to May, amongst bush ; twenty-three specimens, Mryricxk.—On New Zealand Geometrina, 101 33. Detunpa, Walk. Face roughly haired. Palpi moderate, second joint ascending, densely rough-haired beneath, terminal joint slender, clavate, porrected. Antenne in male bipectinated (4-5), in female also shortly bipectinated (13). Fore- wings with rough scales. Forewings with vein -6 from a point with or out of 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 from areole or out of 9, anastomosing shortly with 9, 11 separate, 12 free. Hindwings normal, 3 and 4 separate. Femora densely hairy beneath. This and the two following genera are sometimes mistaken for Noctua ; the neuration shows that there is no real connection. The peculiar palpi are also noteworthy, being alike in all three genera. D. egregia has vein 6 of the forewings rising out of 9, 10 also out of 9, and veins 6 and 7 of the hindwings extremely closely approximated at base; in D. atronivea these points do not occur. 79. Det. atronivea, Walk. (Detunda atronivea, Walk., Suppl., ii., 619 ; Chlenias (2?) manzifera, Fereday, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xii. (1879), 268, pl. ix., 1.) Male, female.—43-52 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, slightly sinuate, hindmargin rounded, crenate; white; costa marked with small quadrate black spots, imner margin with irregular transverse black marks, hindmargin with elongate semi-oval black spots; a black basal spot beneath costa, with a strong posterior projection, and a shorter one beneath ; a brown black-margined fascia near base, twice strongly angulated; an irrecular black fascia from before middle of costa to beyond middle of inner margin, interrupted above middle; an irregular brown black-margined fascia from middle of costa to anal angle, anterior edge with irregular projections above and below middle, posterior edge emitting an irregular branch to costa before apex, black margin strong and partially broken beneath into disconnected spots. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenate; grey, darker posteriorly; a faint darker median shade; a fine well-marked irregular dark grey line towards hind- margin, with a sharply angulated median projection. A most striking and conspicuous species ; the markings vary somewhat in detail. | Wellington and Napier; five specimens received by Mr. Fereday from correspondents. 80. Det. egregia, Feld. (Chlenias egregia, Feld., cxxxi., 24; Fereday, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xii., 268, pl. ix., 2.) Male, female.—43-47 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa almost straight, slightly sinuate, apex somewhat projecting, hindmargin otherwise rounded, crenate ; white; inner and hindmargins somewhat suffused with 102 Transactions.— Zoology. grey, tending to form transverse strigule ; costa very shortly spotted with fuscous ; a blackish spot at base beneath costa, with a very strong posterior projection, and a shorter one beneath ; a brown fascia near base, parallel to hindmargin, posteriorly black-margined, anterior edge straight, posterior edge twice sinuate-concayve ; a small blackish mark on inner margin beyond middle; an irregular brown partially black-margined fascia from costa before middle to anal angle, anterior edge with a short median projection ending in a transverse blackish mark, posterior edge emitting from middle an irregular moderately broad branch to costa before apex. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, crenate; grey, paler towards base; three faint discal dots and a sinuate line beyond middle indistinctly darker. Appears to vary very little. From the female of a pair taken in cop. Mr. Fereday obtained eggs which hatched out in February, but the young larve refused all kinds of food- plants offered, and died. At this stage they were 10-legged, very slender, dark purplish-brown, almost black; spiracular creamy-white, wrinkled ; head shining pale brown. Christchurch, Akaroa, and the Otira Gorge, in November and January (Mr. R. W. Fereday); four specimens. Felder gives it from Australia ; this certainly requires confirmation. 84, Decuana, Walk. Face rough. Palpi rather long, second ascending, roughly scaled, with long hairs beneath, terminal joint long, slender, clavate, porrected. An- tenne in male bipectinated (24-5). Femora and under-side of thorax clothed with very dense long hairs. Forewings with rough scales. Fore- wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 rising out of 9 and anastomosing again moderately with 9, 11 anastomosing mode- rately with 10, 12 free. Hindwings normal, veins 3 and 4 sometimes stalked. . D. floccosa has veins 8 and 4 of the hindwings stalked, D. crassitibia separate. " 81. Decl. floccosa, Walk. (Declana floccosa, Walk., xv., 1649; Argua scabra, Walk., xxviii., 448 ; Chlenias verru- cosa, Feld., cxxxi., 22; Declana feredayi, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1877, 398, pl. xliii., 5; Declana nigrosparsa, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 500.) Male, female.—34-38 mm. Forewings elongate, somewhat oblong, rather dilated posteriorly, hindmargin rounded, crenate; very pale whitish- grey ; costa and inner margin marked with short direct blackish strigule ; often numerous scattered dark fuscous or black strigule, especially below middle of disc ; some of the raised scales beyond first and second lines and along dorsal vein are often ochreous-yellow ; a slender dark fuscous often Meyricr.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 103 obscure line towards base, irregularly angulated above middle; a second similar line beyond middle, twice deeply sinuate; both these sometimes marked with dark fuscous or blackish blotches; a sinuate cloudy dark grey median shade, often obsolete ; a similar shade from apex, parallel and near to second line. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin shortly dentate ; whitish-grey ; a cloudy fascia before middle, and a broad hindmarginal band often darker grey. Very variable ; normally coloured in imitation of lichens. Christchurch, amongst bush and coming freely to sugar, in August, November, and from March to June (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; thirty speci- mens. 82. Decl. crassitibia, Feld. (Amphitape crassitibia, Feld., cix., 10 ( 9’).) Male.—83-36 mm. ‘Thorax with a strong crest curved forwards. Abdomen longer and stouter than in D. floccosa, sometimes largely de- veloped, with large anal tuft. Forewings as in D. floccosa, but costa somewhat more sinuate; whitish or pale ochreous, often partially suf- fused with brownish, especially towards apex; costa with numerous fine oblique black strigule ; a short blackish longitudinal mark from base; an irregularly curved double dark fuscous or blackish line towards base, and a similar twice inwards sinuate line at 2; both these vary very much in shape, tending to be sharply angulated towards each other and even con- nected on submedian fold; second margined on upper half posteriorly by a fuscous suffusion, more blackish on costa, followed by a pale apical space ; generally two rows of blackish marks towards hindmargin. Hindwings as in D. floccosa ; white or pale whitish-ochreous, hindmargin slightly suffused with fuscous. Female.—Forewings with apex more projecting; grey-whitish, very finely irrorated with dark grey; costal strigule as in male; other markings obsolete, or represented by a few blackish dots. Hindwings fuscous-grey, paler towards base. Very variable, and the sexes are also very different; but the species may always be recognized by the fineness and obliquity of the costal strigulee. Blenheim and Dunedin, received by Mr. Fereday from Mr. Skellon and Captain Hutton ; eight specimens. 35. Atossa, n.g. Face roughly haired. Palpi moderate, second joint ascending, densely rough-haired beneath, terminal joint long, slender, clavate, porrected. Antenne in male stout, dentate, minutely ciliated. Femora densely hairy beneath. Forewings with rough scales. Forewings with vein 6 from 104 Transactions.—Zoology. below 9, 7 from angle of areole, 10 anastomosing shortly with 9, 11 rising out of 10 before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings normal, veins 8 and 4 from a point. Nearly allied to the preceding. 83. At. niveata, Butl. (Declana niveata, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii., 500.) Male.—80 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa somewhat sinuate, hindmargin rounded, dentate; dull white, faintly irrorated with grey ; costa marked with short indistinct dark grey direct strigule; an irregular line towards base, and another twice angulated about 2, obscurely indicated by dark grey scales; some scattered dark grey strigule before hindmargin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin crenate, angularly projecting in middle ; wholly white. I took one fine specimen at rest on a tree-trunk near Dunedin, in February. ; 36. PHyLLopocg, n.¢. Face shortly rough-haired. Palpi moderate, arched, ascending, shortly rough-scaled, terminal joint short. Antenne in male rather stout, pubes- cent. Coxe and femora densely rough-haired beneath. Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 shortly touching 9, 11 separate, 12 free. Hindwings normal. 84. Phyll. nelsonaria, Feld. (Gonodontis (?) nelsonaria, Feld. cxxiii., 3; Gonodontis felix, Butl., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 389, pl. xlii., 10.) Male.—88-89 mm. Forewings moderate, apex rather projecting, hind- margin rather strongly angulated in middle, upper half appearing concave, somewhat crenulate ; fuscous, reddish-fuscous or ochreous, tending to form short transverse darker and lighter strigule; some small irregular white marks on costal edge; an irregular curved and rather strongly dentate whitish line about 4, posteriorly dark-margined ; a small pale-centred dark fuscous or reddish-fuscous discal spot; a straight whitish line about 3, anteriorly dark-margined. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded, unevenly crenate; pale reddish-fuscous, more or less irrorated with grey ; a small grey discal spot ; a slightly curved grey line beyond middle. Varies considerably in colour. Nelson and Dunedin ; four specimens. 37. AMASTRIS, 1.2. Face smooth. Palpi short, rough-haired beneath, porrected. Antennsx in male stout, serrate, shortly ciliated (2). Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 rising out of 9 above origin, anastomosing again shortly with 9, 11 anastomosing shortly with 10, 12 anastomosing shortly with 11. Hindwings normal. Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 105 85. Am. encausta, n. Sp. Male, female.—29-33 mm. Forewings moderate, costa arched at base, apex almost acute, hindmargin obtusely projecting somewhat above middle, upper part slightly concave; varying from pale whitish-grey, slightly purplish-tinged, to light reddish-ochreous-brown, generally with numerous scattered fuscous or dark fuscous strigule, sometimes forming an irregular suffusion in dise and along hindmargin, and on an incomplete subterminal band ; three short dark fuscous streaks from costa, first and third oblique, second less defined, direct ; from third often a sinuate row of dark fuscous dots to inner margin. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin slightly crenulate ; pale whitish-ochreous-yellow; sometimes a row of darker dots beyond middle. Varies much in colour. Makatoku (Hawke’s Bay), Nelson, Christchurch, Otira Gorge (1,500 feet), Castle Hill (2,500 feet), and Mount Hutt, from January to March, amongst bush ; thirty-one specimens. It seems improbable that this common species should have escaped des- cription. I suspect therefore it will be found among Walker’s list, but as I have no authority for its identification 1 have been compelled to attach a name to it. 88. STRATOCLEIS, n.g. Face with a slight cone of scales. Palpi rather long, porrected, roughly sealed. Antenne in male stout, subdentate, minutely ciliated (4). Fore- Wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 free, 12 very shortly touching 11. Hindwings normal. 86. Strat. gallaria, Walk. (Selenia gallaria, Walk., 185, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 6, 7; Euchlena (?) palthidata, Feld., Cxxxul., 21, 22.) Male.—26-27 mm. Forewings moderate, costa strongly arched towards base, apex acute, hindmargin shortly dentate below apex and above middle, thence straight, oblique; whitish-ochreous, slightly suffused with pale reddish-fuscous, and thinly sprinkled with blackish, basal and apical thirds sometimes wholly reddish-fuscous; a curved dark fuscous line at 4, strongest on costa, angulated above and below middle, preceded by a much fainter parallel line; an irregular curved fuscous median line, sometimes indistinct, darkest on costa, angulated below costa and indented inwards below middle; a minute black discal dot beyond middle; a nearly straight dark fuscous oblique line beyond middle, sometimes followed by a pale posteriorly dark-margined dentate line; two short cloudy irregular blackish lines from inner margin beyond this; a short upwardly oblique cloudy dark fuscous 106 Transactions.—Zoology. mark on hindmargin above middle. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; ground-colour as in forewings, posterior half sometimes reddish- fuscous; sometimes a faint irregular darker line before middle; a minute blackish discal dot ; a straight dark fuscous line rather beyond middle, on inner margin followed by a cloudy dark fuscous spot. Variable in colour and strength of marking. Palmerston (Wanganui), Makatoku (Hawke’s Bay), Christchurch, in February and March ; eight specimens. 87. Strat. streptophora, n. sp. Male, female.—82-84 mm. Forewings moderate, costa somewhat arched towards base, apex strongly projecting but hardly acute, hindmargin some- what irregular, with a strong shortly bidentate projection in middle; pale whitish-ochreous-yellow, coarsely irrorated with ochreous-brown ; four dark ochreous-fuscous lines; first towards base, irregular, shortly angulated near inner margin ; second before middle, straight, rather broad ; a black discal dot ; third beyond middle, strongly curved, oblique; fourth subterminal, curved, followed by a row of crescentic white dark-margined spots. Hind- wings moderate, hindmargin crenate, with two more prominent teeth in middle; ochreous-whitish, hindmargin more ochreous; some scattered grey and ochreous scales; a dark grey discal dot; a subterminal row of grey partially obsolete spots. Probably varies much in colour and intensity of markings. Otira Gorge (1,600 feet) and Dunedin, in January, amongst bush; four specimens. 389. Azexina, Gn. Face with some projecting hairs. Palpi rather long, obliquely ascend- ing, roughly scaled, attenuated. Antenne in male thick, simple. Fore- wings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 separate, 12 free. Hindwings normal. A genus of some extent, specially characteristic of South America. Guenée made a separate genus (Polygonia) of the New Zealand species, but without any point of distinction. 88. Azel. fortinata, Gu. | (Polygonia fortinata, Gn., E.M.M., v., 41; Caustoloma (?) ziezac, Feld., cxxxii., 4.) Male, female.—83-38 mm. Forewings moderate, costa sinuate, apex acute, projecting, hindmargin with a strong sharp tooth a little below apex, and a broader subdentate projection in middle; rather light reddish-fuscous ; a dark reddish-fuscous curved line at 4, emitting two strong sharp angula- tions posteriorly ; a dark reddish-fuscous discal dot; a dark reddish-fuscous line beyond middle, shortly and obtusely angulated outwards above and below middle. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin with two short teeth Meyrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 107 beneath apex, and a strong bidentate projection in middle; colour as in forewings, but basal half much paler; a faint darker line near base; an irregular dark reddish-fuscous line slightly beyond middle, bounding the pale area. ~ Constant. Nelson, Akaroa, and Mount Hutt, in January and February (Mr. R. W. Fereday) ; twelve specimens. 40. Drepanopes, Gn. Face with cone of scales. Palpi moderate, triangularly scaled, por- rected. Antenne in male moderate, simple. Forewings with vein 6 from below 9, 7 from below angle of areole, 10 very shortly touching 9, 11 rising out of 10 before angle of areole, 12 free. Hindwings normal. . Also a characteristic South American genus. The single New Zealand species is very similar to some South American forms. 89. Drep. muriferata, Walk. (Gargaphia muriferata, Walk., 1635; Panagra ephyraria, Walk., 1761; ? Zanclognatha (?) cookaria, Feld., cxxiii., 26; Zanclognatha (?) haastiaria, Feld., cxxiii., 32.) Male, female.—30-34 mm. Forewings moderate, apex falcate, hind- margin bowed in middle; ochreous-brown ; costa marked with short fine blackish strigule; some scattered black scales towards base and beyond line ; a short oblique cloudy dark fuscous mark on costa at 4, two white dots placed transversely in dise above middle, surrounded by a darker suffusion ; a straight dark ochreous-fuscous line or row of dots from costa a little before apex to inner margin beyond middle; a cloudy dark grey curved shade from apex, becoming obsolete above middle. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin rounded ; ochreous-brown; a white discal dot; a straight dark ochreous-fuscous median line. Varies probably considerably in colour. The hindmargin of the fore- Wings is represented in Felder’s figure of 7. cookaria as distinctly angulated ; I have seen no case of this. Taranaki, Christchurch, Dunedin, amongst forest, in February and March ; five specimens. SICULINA. SIcULIDE. Being only acquainted with one genus, I can give no enlarged charac- ters for these higher groups. It will be sufficient to point out that the separation of vein 7 of the forewings from the stalk of 8 and 9, and the | 16-legged larva, remove the genus from the Geometrina, whilst the separa- tion of veins 7 and 8 of the hindwings distinguishes it no less clearly from the Pyralidina. 108 Transactions.—Zoology. 41. Sicunoprs, Gn. Face densely scaled, subconical. Palpi short, porrected, densely scaled, terminal joint short. Antenne in male rather stout, dentate, shortly ciliated (+). Forewings with 12 veins, 8 and 9 short-stalked, rest separate. Hindwings with 8 separate veins, 6 and 7 approximated towards base, 8 free, approaching 7 in middle. Hitherto only known from South America, where it attains considerable development. 90. Sic. subfasciata, Walk. (Morova subfasciata, Walk., Suppl., ii., 523 ; Cacacia gallicolens, Butl., Cat., 46.) Male, female.—24-27 mm. Forewings elongate-triangular, costa rather strongly sinuate, suddenly and strongly bent near apex, apex rectangular, hindmargin strongly sinuate; reddish-ochreous, often suffused with reddish- fuscous; reticulated throughout with reddish-fuscous or dark fuscous ; three indistinct darker fascie, tending to become obsolete towards inner margin; first about 1, curved; second beyond middle, dilated above, fur- cate on costa; third subterminal, slender, furcate on costa. Hindwings moderate, hindmargin sinuate so as to project broadly in middle; colour and reticulation as in forewings ; an indistinct darker fascia near base, and a broader one in middle. Variable in depth of colouring. Larva 16-legged, living in gall-like swellings of the stem of Parsonsia (Apocynee), according to Mr. Fereday; I have seen the empty galls said to be produced by this species. Pupa in the same position. An accurate description of this larva and its habits would be of much value. Christchurch, Akaroa, and Dunedin, amongst bush, in January and February ; ten specimens. Apprnpix JI. The following have been described or figured as New Zealand species, and are not yet identified; probably most are synonyms of species pre- viously described ; a few seem to have been recorded in error; there may perhaps be two or three additional species among them. ‘They are num- bered consecutively with the others, for convenience of reference in the index. 91. Ennomos ustaria, Walk., 1519. 92. Ischalis thermochromata, Walk., 1750. 93. Panagra hypenaria, Gu., Butl. Cat., pl. iii, 10. This is a well- known Australian species, of which I have seen no New Zealand specimen ; it is probably stated to occur by error. Meryrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. 109 94, Panagra promelanaria, Walk., 1666, Butl. Cat., pl. ii., 17. Pro- bably another error; it appears to refer to a very common Australian species. 95. Panagra venipunctata, Walk., 1666. This should be identical with the preceding. 96. Aspilates euboliaria, Walk., 1684. Type said to be lost; I conjec- ture this is a synonym of Ars. subochraria, Dbld. 97. Larentia subductata, Walk., 1198. 98. Larentia infusata, Walk., 1199. 99. Larentia lucidata, Walk., 1200. 100. Larentia (2) quadristrigata, Walk., 1200; Larentia interclusa, Walk., 1202. 101. Coremia robustaria, Walk., 1320. 102. Coremia plurimata, Walk., 1321. 103. Coremia (?) inductata, Walk., 1322. 104. Camptogramma correlata, Walk., 1830, Butl. Cat., pl. iii., 15. 105. Phibalapteryx suppressaria, Walk., 1721. 106. Scotosia denotata, Walk., 1361; Scotosia humerata, Walk, 13862; Phibalapteryx parvulata, Walk., 1721. 107. Scotosia subobscurata, Walk., 1258. 108. Scotosia subitata, Walk., 1862. 109. Cidaria (?) rudisata (!), Walk., 1420. 110. Chalastra pellurgata, Walk., 1480. 111. Cidaria ascotata, Feld., cxxxi., 9. 112. Cidaria adonata, Feld., exxxi., 81. Perhaps= Larentia cinerearia, Dbld. 113. Microdes toriata, Feld., cxxxi., 34. Appears to me to be a common Australian species, and is probably stated to occur by error. 114. Cidaria semilineata, Feld., cxxxi., 836. Perhaps= Pasiphila bilineo- lata, Walk. 115. Larentia (?) falcata, Butl., Cist. Ent., i, 501. 116. Coremia heliacaria, Gn., x., 420. An Australian species, stated by Butler to occur, but probably on an erroneous identification. 117. Melanthia arida, Butl., Cist. Ent., ii, 505. The description appears unintelligible, and I conceive that some words have dropped out. 118. Coremia casta, Butl., Cist. Ent., i1., 558. Appenpix IT, Captain Hutton collected and published in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute notices of the larve of several species of the Geometrina : it is however impossible to be sure that the species were correctly identified, 110 Transactions. —Zoology. and I have therefore thought it best to add these notes in the form of an appendix, referring them to the species to which they seem to belong ; they will serve as aids to future discovery. Pasiphila bilineolata, Walk. (A) Larva brown, rough, segments trans- versely wrinkled; 6th, 7th, and 8th segments with a pair of dorsal papille, those of 7th much largest. On Clematis indivisa ; bred in April. (B) Larva black, smooth, with a more or less interrupted white lateral line; varies in colour, sometimes reddish; head brown. On Veronica salicifolia ; bred in November. Asthena schistaria, Walk. (A) Larva smooth, dull green; dorsal thin, white ; subdorsal narrow, yellow ; a white lateral band, more or less black- edged; head dark green. (B) Larva pale brown, longitudinally marked with darker ; a curved black mark, convex backwards, on back over last pair of prolegs. On Leptospermum ericoides ; bred in March. Scotosia gobiata, Feld. (A) Larva shining, brown marbled with grey; a large tubercle on back, preceded by a small one. On Leptospermum scoparium ; bred in March. (B) Larva brown; a single tubercle on segment in front of prolegs. On Leptospermum ericoides ; bred in November and December. Epyaxa rosearia, Dbld. Larva smooth, green or yellowish-green ; a few scattered yellow hairs ; segmental divisions yellow. On Rumex and Sonchus; bred in March. Hybernia indocilis, Walk. Larva grey, marbled with brown ; a few black hairs ; dorsal spots white, black-margined. Bred in April. Pseudocoremia lupinata, Feld. Larva olivaceous brown; second (?) segment greenish; a few long black hairs; a large dorsal papilla on 8th segment. Bred in May. Barsine panagrata, Walk. Larva light green, sometimes marbled with light pink; spiracular white, shaded with red above; spiracles bright orange; a pair of brown spots on each segment. On Aristotelia. Declana floccosa, Walk. Larva 12-leeged; skin wrinkled, with a row of pectinated tufts on each side; a few black hairs; brown, reticulated with yellowish, or variegated with green and brownish-purple ; spiracles yellow, black-margined ; a pair of small tubercles on 12th segment (?13th). On Aristotelia and Ulew; bred in July. InpEx To GENERA. The numbers refer to those prefixed to the genera in classified order. Acidalia, Tr. oe i iets Oa Barsine, n. g. a4 wei ios Amastris, n. g. 40 50) Ble Boarmia, Tr. 56 sen ells Arsinoé, n. g. es oe) LSE Cacopsodos, Butl. .. 56) Xt, Asthena, Hb. ae oy ale Cephalissa,n.g. .. .. 24, Atossa, n. g. Et ee) ODS Cidaria, Tr. are pre lt’): Azelina, Gn. 5¢ 55 BY) Dasyuris, Gn. sc 50 2B Meryrick.—On New Zealand Geometrina. Declana, Walk. . Detunda, Walk. . Drepanodes, Gn. . Elvia, Walk. 0 Epiphryne, n.g. .. Epyaxa, n. g. 20 Hurydice, ng. Harpalyce,n.g. . Hermione, n.g. . Hippolyte, n. g. Hybernia, Latr. Larentia, Tr. Lyrcea, Walk. Panagra, Gn. Panopea, n. g. InDEx TO GENERA—continued. -. 34, Parysatis, n.g. .. 33. Pasiphila,n.g. .. wee AO: Pasithea, n.g. 12. Phyllodoce, n. g. ; Pseudocoremia, Butl. 17. Scotosia, Stph. .. Jot ob Siculodes, Gn. G0 SO: Statira, n.g. Li 9 Gs Stratocleis,n.g. .. tay Stratonice,n.g. .. So, ek Tatosoma, Butl. 30, 240); Theoxena, n. g. So. le Thyone, n.¢. ee EIN Fy, Zylobara, Butl. .. pig) Sh INDEX TO SPECIES. 29, 111 The numbers refer to those prefixed to each species in order; the names in italics are synonyms. abrogata, Walk. .. Mts absconditaria, Walk. 36) Bt5 2 acidaliaria, Walk... als acroiaria, Feld. .. SO hes adonata, Feld. er oo, ali. segrota, Butl. 50 .. Al. aggregata, Walk. .. So 6 alls agrionata, Walk. .. oui ali alectoraria, Walk. .. weer tides anceps, Butl. do eiLODs anguligera, Butl. .. sO anthracias, n.sp. .. vet 49% antipodaria, Feld. .. so.) vette aquosata, Feld... Ada: ardularia, Gn. ff stent hiooe arenacea, Butl. 06 od!) tek arida, Butl... om ascotata, Feld. ie ellie assata, Feld. Ne elo} atronivea, Walk. .. eee): attracta, Walk. .. 56. Te beata, Butl. a a6. evs bilineolata, Walk... ee a. bisignata, Walk. .. O50) | Zalle boreophilaria, Gn... sai. brephos, Feld. Ke co (ee brephosata, Walk... oo . Oe bulbulata, Gn. As oo | nt0)s calida, Butl. be +» 14, callichlora, Butl. .. callicrena, n.sp. .. ae caprimulgata, Feld. 50 casta, Butl... ae ate cataphracta, n.sp... ee catapyrrha, Butl. .. ote catocalaria, Gn. .. as chaotica, n.sp. .. ae charybdis, Butl. .. we chionogramma, n. sp. chlamydota, n.sp... ob chlorias, n.sp. ste cidariaria, Gn... ae cinerascens, Feld. .. cinerearia, Dbld. .. ye clarata, Walk. collectaria, Walk. .. 50 congregata, Walk... ate congressata, Walk. 50 conversata, Walk. .. ae cookaria, Feld. .. oe corcularia, Gn... a correlata, Walk. .. ibs crassitibia, Feld. .. 50 cymosema, n.sp. .. - dejectaria, Walk. .. 56 delicatulata, Gn. .. deltoidata, Walk. .. Ate denotata, Walk. .. a 32, 56. 77. 118. 37. 12. 62. 33. 14. 45. 25. 40. 14, 11. 48. 38. Ie 21. 112 descriptata, Walk. desiccata, Butl. dissociata, Walk. .. donovani, Feld. egregia, Feld. 5 encausta,n.sp. .. enysti, Butl. ephyraria, Walk. .. erebinata, Walk. euboliaria, Walk. .. eupitheciaria, Gn... exprompta, Walk. .. faleata, Butl. faleatella, Walk. yea Butlers fenerata, Feld. Fferedayi, Butl. ferox, Butl... Jiglinaria, Gn. flexata, Walk. floccosa, Walk. fortinata, Gn. fragosata, Feld. fumipalpata, Feld... fuscinata, Gn. fusiplagiata, Walk. gallaria, Walk. gallicolens, Butl. glaucata, Walk. gobiata, Feld. haastiaria, Feld. .. hectori, Butl. heliacaria, Gn. helias, n. sp. ere homomorpha, n. sp. humeraria, Walk. .. humerata, Walk. hypenaria, Gn. inamenaria, Gn. .. inclarata, Walk. inclinataria, Walk. indicataria, Walk... indistincta, Butl. .. indocilisaria, Walk. inductata, Walk. inexpiata, Walk. infantaria, Gn. Transactions. —Z oolagy. InDEx To SPEcIES—continued. ile 78. 48. 13. 80. 85. 62. 89. 77. 96. 48, aa. tls 5 llilbs, 69. 84. infusata, Walk. inoperata, Walk. .. inopiata, Feld. insignis, Butl. interclusa, Walk. .. invexata, Walk. lestevata, Walk. .. lignosata, Walk, .. lucidata, Walk. lupinata, Feld. manxifera, Fereday maoriata, Feld. .. mechanitis, n. Sp. oe megaspilata, Walk. melinata, Feld. menanaria, Walk. ee mistata, Feld. mixtaria, Walk. monoliata, Feld. mullata, Gn. muriferata, Walk... muscosata, Walk. .. nehata, Feld. nelsonaria, Feld. .. nephelias, n. sp. niger, Butl. .. 60 nigrosparsa, Butl. .. niphocrena, n. sp. .. niveata, Butl. obarata, Feld. obtruncata, Walk. .. obtusaria, Walk. .. omichlias, n.sp. .. ondinata, Gn. 00 orophyla,n.sp. .. orphneea, n.sp. .. palthidata, Feld. .. panagrata, Walk. .. pannularia, Gn. .. paradelpha, np. sp... partheniata, Gn. .. parvulata, Walk. .. pastinaria, Gn. .. patularia, Walk. .. pellurgata, Walk. .. perductata, Walk. .. perornata, Walk, ., - 106. 0: Meyricx.—On New Zealand Geometrina. perversata, Feld. .. petropola, n. sp. plagifurcata, Walk. plurilineata, Walk. plurimata, Walk. .. porphyrias, n.sp. .. prefectata, Walk. .. prasinias, n.sp. .. primata, Walk. .. prionota, n.sp. .. productata, Walk. .. promelanaria, Walk. psamathodes, n. sp. pulchraria, Butl. .. pulchraria, Dbld. .. punctilineata, Walk. pungata, Feld. purpurifera, Fereday pyramaria, Gn. oe quadristrigata, Walk. ranata, Feld. an risata, GN. .» ate rivularis, Butl. .. rixata, Feld. 90 robustaria, Walk. .. rosearia, Dbld. 56 rubraria, Dbld. rubropunctaria, Dbld. rudisata, Walk. .. rufescens, Butl. .. scabra, Walk. schistaria, Walk. scissaria, Gn. 50 scriptarta, Walk. .. semialbata, Walk. .. semifissata, Walk... semilineata, Feld. .. semilisata, Walk. .. semisignata, Walk. servularia, Gn. InpDEx or Sprectes—continued. 21. gimilata, Walk. .. oye simulans, Butl. ae) Rie siria, nN. sp. .. oe ote spheriata, Feld. .. 60 squalida, Butl. .. 90 stigmaticata, Walk. its stinaria, Gn. 06 strangulata, Gn. .. oye strategica, n.sp. .. 00 streptophora, n. sp. 00 suavis, Butl. es b6 subductata, Walk... O06 subfasciata, Walk... aie subitata, Walk. .. .. subobscurata, Walk. we subochraria, Dbld... subpurpureata, Walk. ele subtentaria, Walk... ns sulpitiata, Feld. .. 00 suppressaria, Walk. ate thermochromata, Walk. .. timarata, Feld. .. sie tipulata, Walk. .. a toriata, Feld. 56 transitaria, Walk. .. triphragma, n. sp... 00 tuhuata, Feld. BO ae undosata, Feld. .. undulifera, Butl. usitata, Butl. O00 on ustaria, Walk. a varians, Butl. a ie venipunctata, Walk. ote verriculata, Feld. .. Ae verrucosa, Feld. .. Ab vulcanica, n. sp. xanthaspis, n.sp. .. oe ypsilonaria, Gn. ziczac, Feld. O0 ve zopyra, 0. sp. 108. 107. 105. 113 114 Transactions.—Zoology. Art, III.—Notes on a Native Species of Mantis. By T. H. Porrs. With a descriptive Note by Professor Hurron. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 7th January, 1883.] Tuis insect has been observed in several localities during the last three years. It appears to be widely distributed in this island. We first heard of it as having been taken in a garden at Riccarton, a short distance from Christchurch. Soon afterwards, through the kindness of Mr. Nalder, speci- mens were obtained at Akaroa. It has been found at Amberley, forty miles north of Christchurch. Walter Potts, in the month of April last, discovered it on some flowers in a garden so far south as Clyde, which lies inland in the Otago Lake District, and plentifully in and about Cromwell. The young emerge in the spring months in numbers ; from a single ege- case perhaps as many as twenty or more may appear. We have known them make their way out early in September, at intervals throughout that month and part of the next till the 24th October. At first they are of a pale pea-green or pale green on the limbs and under-parts, above brown or purplish-black, with the eyes very prominent, and a bluish spot on the an- terior limbs.. The bright green larve sometimes appear crowded together when forcing their way through the lids of the egg-cases. At this time they measure some 5 or 6 lines in length. As soon as they have quitted their prison-homes they exhibit great activity in their movements, swiftly coursing hither and thither; perhaps at no other period of their existence do they display so much restlessness. The body is usually so carried that the lower part of the abdomen just clears the ground ; only the two lower pairs of limbs are generally required for locomotion, the anterior pair are kept folded. It may be noticed that the posterior pair of limbs are most robust, and longer than the middle pair. The insect in its larval state not only runs with great swiftness, but it can leap several inches at a bound, a feat that is rarely performed. In running the body is kept nearly upright. At the same time that we note the energy of its movements, it must not be omitted that there are seasons in which it displays an almost inexhaustible power of ‘‘ masterly inactivity.” These times of quiet, when it remains so long motionless, or nearly so, may be a part of its tactics for securing the presence of victims within reach of its fatal arms. The most difficult feat it is seen to perform is the recovery of its proper position when lying on its back on a plane surface, often for a long time it kicks and struggles in a very helpless manner. ‘The feet are adapted for travelling over a polished surface, such as glass presents ; the figure can be easily depressed so as to appear nearly flat. The anterior limbs, only occasionally used as legs, are kept carefully cleaned, particular attention is paid to the blade-like teeth with which these limbs are armed, Potrs.—On a Native Species of Mantis. 115 When about making an attack it approaches its intended prey near enough to secure it with a dash, its movements are sometimes slow, delibe- rate. It stands with its anterior limbs folded with an innocent rather than a menacing air, now and then raising itself or lifting the prothorax in a stealthy, quiet manner, as if to judge accurately of its dis- tance ; or the head is turned as the victim moves, and with one swift dart the insect is secured. In considering the manner of the manipulation of its food, it must be remembered that it only consumes living insects ; it displays remarkable coolness and positive indifference to the sufferings of its prey. Let us suppose it has caught a house-fly ; this is held securely on the teeth of one of the anterior limbs, both arms are used and brought to the long tearing or cutting mandibles ; it commences the feast usually by taking off some morsels from the head, the fly struggling, kicking or vibrating its wings; various parts are deliberately severed notwithstanding these strong protests on the part of the fly; some of the parts so cut off are rejected, notably wings and legs, other portions of the wretched fly are cut off into edible morsels. During the progress of the meal, the posterior pair of limbs are held rather wide apart and securely planted to resist the efforts of the struggling fly. The Mantis holds on steadily as it feeds, employing both forearms, deliberately plucking its prey away from the mandibles by a downward and forward action; whilst masticating a portion taken off, the anterior limbs are held extended a short distance from the mouth till it is ready for a fresh bite, when the tearing process is repeated. It discloses something of the fastidiousness of the gourmét in selecting only certain parts of the fly for consumption, much of the carcase being neglected and cast away; occasionally it has considerable difficulty in ridding the teeth of these remains; sometimes these are cast off with a single shake of the limbs, or several attempts are required to effect this; so powerful are the efforts at times that the insect itself recoils bodily. Whilst eating, the fine hair-like antennz are kept nearly upright, or they are slightly moved for- wards and back again to an almost vertical position ; the mandibles project from over the mouth; the head is moved and turned freely. In drinking, which is seldom indulged in, the body is bent so that its form is slightly curved. It is quite possible that so much of the body of the fly is rejected because it has ceased to exist under the tearing of the mandibles ; we have never seen the Mantis attempt to feed on a dead insect ; it may be its special function to exist on living food. The posterior limbs are employed not only to assist in supporting the body, they act also as feelers to ascertain the security of a foothold or to clasp firmly a leaf or spray and thus enable the insect to hang downwards whilst the forearms are folded ready for action. 116 Transactions.—Z oology. It will attack any small moving thing that it is likely to be able to hold, such as flies, moths, spiders, etc., we have often seen it with a fly in the teeth of each anterior limb; young of its own kind are devoured as readily as any other food. Its appetite is at times voracious, as we have seen it kill and devour parts of fourteen small flies within a very brief space of time ; it can pick a small spider from off its web with singular dexterity. With all its cruelty or ferocity it is timid, retiring from the contact of anything that touches it suddenly ; often it retreats before the boisterous blue-bottle- fly. The house-fly is a favourite prey; in pursuit it steadily traverses the smooth surface of window-panes, the structure of the feet allowing it to pass over the lower surface of glass at almost any angle. We have kept many of these insects in a room where they seldom left the windows during the daytime, getting their own food in ample supply. It is worth noticing that flies often approach this terrible enemy as though heedless of its presence, or in some way fascinated by its appearance. When climbing an upright branch the ascent is made in a spiral direction, sometimes all the limbs are used in climbing ; should a couple meet suddenly, they at times spar at each other, but as far as we have observed these hostile movements have been unattended by the infliction of any damage. At the time of its periodical moults it is dull and listless, not caring for food. The casting of the skin, which takes place at intervals during the larval state, is accomplished by throwing itself on the back, when with numberless struggles it wriggles out of its old covering. Gradually the figure of the insect widens and the rudiments of the future wing-processes are developed, these make marked progress after each moult. The cast coverings are discarded in one piece generally, showing the form of the antenne, of the claws, of the teeth of anterior limbs, etc. The sexes may be distinguished by a slight difference of form, that of the male is the more slender, the antenne are more produced; in the perfect insect the wings of the female are not so long in proportion to the rest of the body as those of the male. The perfect insect exhibits also some difference of colouration, the bright light green gives place to a duller tone, the edges of the keeled sides of the prothorax assume a dull amethys- tine tint, a deeper tinge of a similar hue stains the limbs in various parts, the teeth of the forearms being thus coloured; the blue spot around the auditory organs is very noticeable. It is particular in cleaning and dressing the head; the action of the fore- limb as used for this purpose, at once reminds one of the manner in which a cat passes its paw over ears and eyes. The perfect insect does not, except on occasions, walk so nearly erect as in the larval state ; it seldom uses its wings or only for a brief flight, we have but rarely seen it make a flying dart at its prey. Its colour harmonizes Potts.—On a Native Species of Mantis. 117 so well with many kinds of leaves, that it is difficult to distinguish the insect when lodged thereon, this kind of protection has probably caused it to be frequently overlooked. We believe it to be affected by atmospheric changes; when a low temperature prevails it is dull and sluggish ; hence the locality of Clyde has been particularly mentioned, as there a considerable range of temperature is experienced. The reproductive habits seem to offer some peculiar features, which removes it from those of many other forms of insect life, these are therefore given in detail as facts of interest. At or near breeding time the male is restless, the female is ready for pairing in about ten days after assuming her perfect form, and usually receives the male without any previous demonstrations of courtship on the part of her mate, further than a some- what close companionship; sometimes, yet rarely, the male chases and leaps on the female. The time of congress is prolonged and varies in duration, it frequently occupies from two to four hours; the operation is repeated from day to day; a pair kept secluded in an ample enclosure were observed to be in congress daily from the 11th of January to the 18th, both days inclusive, again on the 20th, on this date separating at 7 p.m.; they were again united at 9 p.m., remaining in that state till 1.80 a.m. on the 21st. During their union, both insects keep the anterior limbs folded, the male having often ali his limbs clear of the ground, yet so bent as to enable him to cling securely to the female, or sometimes partly supported by the base and part of the outer edge of a portion of one of the wings. The wings of the female remain closed; access is sometimes obtained rather sideways, in which case the wings are partly thrust aside. During the operation, in the female a series of brown-coloured stigmata are freely displayed and become apparently inflated or depressed as the female raises or depresses part of her body. After the abdomen of the female becomes distended, for some days she appears dull and drowsy, with appetite less keen ; when about ten days have elapsed, she makes that curious egg-mass, from which the young in due course come forth. The formation of the egg-mass is a very interesting sight, all her limbs are employed in sustaining her during the proceeding ; a quick lateral motion of the lower part of the body accompanies the deposit of the bright glittering material which, as it dries, sticks fast to the article on which it is placed. When first extruded, the matter shines or glistens like very minute bright bubbles or granules; it is smoothed and shaped by the distended orifice, whilst the ovipositors are trained over the centre of the top of the mass. The egg-masses measure from 4 inch to more than 1 inch in length, formed of a series of inclined horny cells, with a sloping 118 Transactions.—Zoolod. membranous lid, the spaces between the lids filled with a soft white froth- like substance, the whole series of cells being fastened together on each side by a strong layer of chitine. Hach cell is ‘05 or :06 inch in breadth. After this great labour is completed, the female remains for some hours still as though thoroughly exhausted, her attenuated form shows to what an extent her bulk has been drawn upon to furnish material for the egg- eases. In a short time her vigour and appetite return, and she is again eagerly catching here living prey. After the lapse of a few days, her form again becomes distended, and she is ready for the formation of a fresh egg- mass. Five or six of these masses are usually made by one female of one pair under observation. The first egg-case was finished on 16th January, at 5 a.m.; a second one was made on the 25th of the same month, at 11.45 p.m. These structures soon lose their brilliancy, and become of a dull whitish colour, which gradually darkens to brown. They are often placed in an irregular group. ‘The female visits them and stands over them at times. In a warm room the young leave the egg-case in about fifty days after the eggs are deposited. Norse sy Proressor Hutton. Specimens of the insect, whose habits are here described, were sent by me several years ago to Mr. Wood Mason, but I do not know if it has as yet received aname. The following diagnosis will be sufficient for recog- nition :— Animal green ; the anterior coxe and costal vein of the wings yellowish: a bright blue spot on the anterior femora around the auditory organ. Head smooth, wider than the thorax. Prothorax keeled, with a groove on the keel anterior to the suture; rough. Wings of uniform texture. An- terior limbs with the coxe finely denticulated on each side: lower margin of the femora with 15 teeth, alternately larger and smaller, on the inside, five longer ones on the outside, and four in the median line near the audi- tory organ, one of which is larger. Tibia with 12 teeth on the mside and 11 smaller ones on the outside, increasing in length distally; the apical tooth very long and curved. Male.—Length, 1°15 ; of pronotum, °37; of elytra, 1:01 inch. Female.—Length, 1:2; of pronotum, °82; of elytra, 1:10 inch. Frrepay.—On a new Species of Cidaria. 119 Arr. 1V.—Description of a new Species of Cidaria (Lepidoptera). By R. W. Frrepay, M.E.S.L. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 2nd August, 1883.) Cidaria purpurvfera, 0. Sp. Male.—Primaries above with a very broad central belt, having a broad projection extending to near the subterminal line between the first and third median nervules; the outer margin of the projection in the form of a bracket }; central area of the belt traversed by a broad pale purplish band, edged on each side by a thin and very irregular sinuated and indented dark chocolate-brown line; on each side of the purplish band, and occupy- ing the spaces between it and the inner and outer margin of the central belt, is a narrow band of olive-green mottled with dark chocolate-brown, the part within the projected portion of the central belt being entirely filled up with dark chocolate-brown ; the outer and inner margin of the central belt irregularly smuous and indented, and edged with a thin line of dark chocolate-brown ; subterminal line white and crenate, and having blotches of dark chocolate-brown between some of its angles; the space between the central belt and the subterminal line olive-green next the central belt, with a very conspicuous suffused white line, broadest between the costa and the projection of the central belt; external border olive-green, suffused near the apex with dark chocolate-brown; a marginal line of dark chocolate- brown lunular spots, edged with white; basal patch olive-green suffused with brown at its outer margin which has angles and indentations similar to those of the inner margin of the central belt; space between basal patch and central belt paler olive-green, suffused with white on its outer margin; an apical costal patch of pale olive-green diminishing from the subterminal line to a point at the apex, and suffused externally with white; central spot absent ; cilia chequered with dark chocolate-brown and whitish. Primaries below with a band of three dusky sinuous and dentated parallel lines be- yond the middle, the lines dark and distinct on the costa, but fading towards the inner margin of the wing; the space between the outer of the three lines and the base, pale brown; the space beyond the outer line similar to the upper side but paler, and having pale brown in the place of the olive-green ; basal half of costa irrorated with dark chocolate-brown ; marginal line of lunular spots and chequered fringe as on upper side; a distinct discocellular spot formed by a short transverse streak; in some specimens the markings are much more indistinct and in some almost obliterated. Secondaries above tawny-ochreous, with three very indistinct transverse sinuous and dentated parallel lines a little before the middle of the wing ; outer margin edged with a very thin line of darker ochreous; cilia not 120 Transactions.—Zoology. chequered, basal half tawny-ochreous, exterior whitish. Secondaries below very pale whitish-brown; basal half irrorated with dark chocolate-brown, and the three transverse lines, and a short abbreviated line, near the anal angle, formed by condensation of such irroration ; a very thin lunular mar- ginal dusky line; cilia pale with indistinct dusky chequers. Thorax, olive-green. Abdomen, tawny-ochreous, with anal tuft, and tufted along the sides. /Palpi, connivent, in form of a beak. Antenne finely serrated. Length of body, 4’’ ; Expanse of wings, 11’’—1" 1'”. Female.—Appears to differ from the male only in size, form of antenna, and absence of abdominal tufts. Antenne simple, scarcely pubescent. Length of body, 44’. Expanse of wings, 1” 1/’—1" 2’”. Hab. New Zealand, plentiful in bushy gullies between the eastern spurs of Mount Hutt, Canterbury. | This species is readily distinguished by the purplish belt, brilliant white lines, and bright olive-green of the primaries. In all but colour it much resembles Cidaria riwata, Feld. (Coremia squalida, Butl.), but is at once distinguishable therefrom by the outer margin of the dark central belt being very deeply indented along the lower branch of the median nervure. C. riaata is found in abundance under overhanging banks of river-beds, in bushy gullies where the water has excavated holes and hollows beneath the roots of trees. Poking under these banks with a stick brings them out in numbers, when they fly a little way, and settle again, always in a similar place. C. purpurifera, though found in the same locality, does not take to the excavations, but is found by beating the bush and herbage on the banks above; I have taken it in December and January, but not having been to the locality at any other time, cannot say if it is out in any other month. Art V.—Further Notes on Coccide in New Zealand, with Descriptions of new Species. By W. M. Masxett, F.R.M.S§. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 4th October, 1883.]} Plates I. and II. 1st Group.—DIASPIDA. Genus, Aspidiotus, Bouché. 1. Aspidiotus aurantit, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 199: vol. xiv., p. 217.) Tuts must be abandoned as a species. From a communication from M. Signoret, I find that it is identical with A. coccineus, Gennadius. A description of this last is to be found, I believe, in a Report to the Minister MasKketu.—On New Zealand Coccide. 121 of Agriculture in Greece. Mr. Comstock, who adopted my name for the insect, in his Report on the Coccide of the United States, seems to have been equally unaware with myself of the description of Gennadius. I have always thought that this insect must have been originally introduced from Kurope. 2. Aspidiotus sophore, sp. nov. Fig. 1. The puparium is normal in shapé, flat and nearly circular, of a bluish- grey tint ; diameter about =, inch. The female resembles ivenetalls A. nerit or any other of the genus, having a peg-top shape, the abdominal segments shrinking up into the ‘thoracic portion after gestation. There are five groups of spinnerets, of which the upper group has four orifices, the remainder seven or eight. In some specimens only four groups are to be made out. The edge of the abdomen ends in two conspicuous median lobes, and at each side for a little distance are a number of scaly serrated hairs resembling those of A. nerit. From Sophora tetraptera. Only a few species of Aspidiotus are reported as having five groups of spinnerets, the normal number being four, and some having no groups. The present insect seems to resemble generally A. oayacanthe or A. tilia, Signoret ; but differs in the arrangement of the hairs on the edge of the. abdomen. Genus Poliaspis, mihi. (Trans., vol. xii., p. 293.) Mr. Comstock, in a monograph of the Diaspide (Second Rep. of the Dep. of Entomology of the Cornell University Experiment Station, 1883, p. 126), which he has kindly sent me, adopts this genus, and describes a new American species of it; but remarks that he is “ far from feeling sure that the genus will prove to be a natural one.” I would urge that it has at least as good a claim as the kindred genus Leucaspis, which Mr. Comstock admits without remark. Dr. Signoret, in a letter to me, says of my genus Poliaspis—* I think this genus is distinct. Genus Mytilaspis, Targioni-Tozzetti. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 192.) 1. Mytilaspis pyriformis, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 192: vol. xiv., p. 215.) Mr. Comstock (loc. cit., p. 125) asks whether this insect is really a Mytilaspis, and seems inclined to refer it rather to Chionaspis. I find that in my former papers I have omitted to observe that the male puparium is not greatly different from that of the female, though from my placing it under Mytilaspis I inferred this. The male puparium of Chionaspis is quite different. 122 Transactions. —Z oology. Genus, Diaspis, Costa. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 192.) 1. Diaspis santalt, sp. noy. Puparium of female yellowish-grey in colour, sometimes with a greenish tinge, outline oval; very convex: pellicles black, very inconspicuous, placed at one end of the puparium. Adult female orange-red in colour, reaching #1; inch in length, peg-top shaped ; the abdominal segment very small as compared with the rest of the body, and the two next segments slightly overlap it. Abdomen ending in two conspicuous, prominent, median lobes, and at each side of them two semi- circular depressions: several branched and serrated hairs in the region of these lobes. There are no groups of spin- nerets, nor can I detect any single ones. There is no wide depression of the edge between the median lobes. Male puparium elongated, with black pellicle: but I have not seen the insect itself. On twigs of Maire (Santalum cunninghamit), sent me by C. Winkel- mann, Hsq., from Napier. It is in company with Rhizococcus fossor, de- scribed below : but the latter is always on the leaves of the plant. The forms of the male and female puparia show this insect to be a Diaspis, though it seems in many respects to resemble rather Aspidiotus. I find no described species of the genus possessing the same features in the abdominal segment, especially the absence of spinneret groups. Nor do I think it is a Chionaspis. Genus, Fiorinia, Targioni-Tozzetti. Mr. Comstock (loc. cit., p. 110), discards the above name and calls the genus ‘‘Uhleria ,” for the reason, he says, that Targioni, establishing it to include the original species Diaspis fiorinie, changed the specific name to pellucida. ‘‘ According to the rules of nomenclature now generally adopted by zoologists,” he says ‘‘the original specific name must be restored and a new generic name given.” I think this is a great pity if correct, and tends to introduce endless confusion, and prefer to leave the original name as above. The characteristic feature of this genus is the great size of the female pellicle of the second stage, which almost, or quite, fills the puparium. 1. Fiorinia minima, sp.nov. Figs. 2, 3. The puparium is oval, being indeed almost altogether made up of the second pellicle, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion, as shown in the Vicon New Zealand Cocecide. 123 diagram (fig. 3). The first pellicle is comparatively large, and the exuvie of antenne are visible on it. These pellicles are, as usual in the Diaspida, yellow: the fibrous portion white and very thin. Length of puparium 3% inch nearly. Adult female of the general form of Mytilaspis. The abdominal segment (fig. 2) is somewhat long, the edge broken by a number of deepish curvili- near serrations, and ending in two inconspicuous median lobes, with three others much smaller on each side. From the serrations spring some hairs. ‘There are five groups of spinnerets, but the three upper ones, almost or quite conjoined, form a nearly continuous arch containing 40 to 50 orifices: the two lower groups have 15 to 20. There are several single spinnerets. The adult insect before gestation nearly fills the space covered by the second pellicle: after gestation it shrinks up into very small compass at the cephalic end of the puparium: colour pink. I have not seen the male insect, but the male puparium is rather longer than that of the female, much narrower, and carinated above. From Brachyglottis repanda and Panaa arboreum, but the insect seems to be uncommon. This insect differs from the European F’.. pellucida in its extremely minute size, in the serrations of the abdomen and the number of its hairs, and in the absence of two tubercles seen in the HKuropean species between the antenne of the young insect. 2. Fiorinia grossularie@, sp. nov. ? Fig. 4. Puparium irregularly oval, being formed chiefly by the second pellicle, with a narrow edge of fibrous secretion. Length about 4, mch. Pellicles dark yellow. Adult female (fig. 4) of general form of Mytilaspis, but the cephalic end is slightly prolonged into a compressed cylinder. Lateral corrugations five, each bearing at the edge three sharp spines. The edge of the abdominal segment is much broken by serrations and ends in two broadish median lobes with two smaller lobes on each side. Several sharp, long spines are set in pairs along the serrated edge. Groups of spinnerets normal, the three upper forming a continuous arch. Colour of insect dark grey. I have not seen the male. This insect was sent to me on some gooseberries from a garden at Amberley by Dr. Morris. I scarcely know what to make of it. From the locality it is hardly likely to be indigenous; but no other insect of the genus is at all like it. 124 Transactions. —Zoology. 83. Fiorinia stricta, sp. NOV. Figs. 5-9. Puparium very narrow, the length being about five times the width. The second pellicle fills almost the whole of it, half of the first pellicle appearing at the cephalic end, and a very narrow edge of secretion running down the sides, which are almost straight and parallel. The diagram (fig. 6) shows the arrangement. Length of puparium about 3, inch: colour, for the female, almost black ; for the male, white. The first pellicle shows the compressed cylindrical form of the head, spoken of under the last insect, F. grossularia. Indeed, this appears to be a character common to all the genus Fiorinia in this country, with the ex- ception of F. minima. The second pellicle, which forms the puparium, appears to be entire throughout almost all its length. But at the posterior end, as shown in fig. 6, it is cut across by several transverse corrugations dividing it into narrow segments; and the edge, generally semicircular, is sharply serrated, but the serrations are not so deep as in F. minima. This pellicle is very strong and hard, and by its dark colour makes the puparium altogether look black. The adult female is very small in comparison with the second pellicle (fig. 6). After gestation, indeed, it shrinks up at the cephalic end so as to become difficult of detection. It has the general form of Mytilaspis, with compressed cylindrical head. The lateral corrugations bear no spines. The abdominal segment (fig. 5) is somewhat elongated, and the edge is broken into a number of protruding, sharp-pointed lobes, giving it the appearance of acomb. ‘There are no median lobes like those of almost all other Diaspide. Spinnerets normal of the genus, the three upper groups jomed in an arch. Length of adult female before gestation about =, inch: colour dark brown or purple. The male paparium is, in shape, similar to that of the female: but of course, as there can be here no second pellicle, it is composed almost altogether of fibrous secretion. Its colour, therefore, is white, with the first pellicle, which is black, at the cephalic end. Length, about = inch. The adult male has the normal form, generally, of the Diaspide. The antenne (fig. 7) have ten joints, of which the first two are very short, the rest long, thin, hairy, and about equal to each other, except the last, which is a little shorter and broader, being irregularly fusiform. Amongst the hairs on this last joint is one a little longer than the rest and bearing a ter- minal knob. Foot normal (fig. 8); the claw is very slender, and the four knobbed digitules are fine hairs. There is a strong spine at the extremity a Masxreti.—On New Zealand Coccide. 125 of the tibia (see fig. 8). The abdominal spike (fig. 9) springs from a tubercle at the end of the abdomen, having a small setiferous tubercle on each side. The haltere is normal. I have this insect on Dendrobium (sent by the Rev. Mr. Colenso), and on Hedycarya (sent by C. P. Winkelmann, Esq.), both from Hawke’s Bay. I do not think it is common. . There is no mistaking F’. stricta: the very long and narrow second pel- licle, with its segmented extremity and black colour, and the comb-like serrations of the abdominal segment in the adult female, clearly distinguish it from all others. The male, alone, would not suffice for identification : it might easily be taken for a male of Mytilaspis cordylinidis or Chionaspis dubia, though it may be known from the former by the black colour of its first pellicle, and from the latter by the absence of keels on the puparium. 2nd Group.—LECANIDA. In my first paper (Trans., vol. xi., p. 205) I divided this group into three subsections—Lecaniee: Lecanio-diaspidea: Pulvinariee. In the second of these I included the New Zealand genera Ctenochiton and Inglisia: and I afterwards added Lecanochiton. Iam inclined now to propose a new general arrangement of the whole group. M. Signoret, in his Monograph (Annales de la Soc. Entom. de la France, 25 Mars, 1868, p. 268 et seq.), admitted the subsection Lecanio-diaspide, first proposed by Professor Targioni, but confined it to the four genera Pol- linia, Planchonia, Asterolecanium, and Lecaniodiaspis. Of these, the first three cover themselves with a hard test, the fourth forming a sac of felted matter. He excluded from the subsection the following genera of covered Lecanidee :—Signoretia, Eviopeltis, Philippia, Vinsonia, Ceroplastes, Fair- mairia, and placed the two genera Ericerus and Carteria in a separate posi- tion, being somewhat abnormal. Mr. Comstock follows a similar course, describing several species of Ceroplastes, but remarking that he has not found any Lecanio-diaspide in America (Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1881: Report of the Entomologist, p. 278, note). When the subsection was established by Professor Targioni one of its characters was that the females become ‘‘apodous in the adult stage.” I imagine that it is this which induced M. Signoret and Mr. Comstock to narrow its limits. But I see no sufficient reason for this. The Diaspide are not separated from the Lecanide because the females become apodous, but because their whole habit differs, by the formation of tests or puparia composed partly of discarded pellicles, by their life-history in these tests, and by the peculiar nature of the abdominal segment in the female. Moreover, there would seem to be no greater reason for selecting the loss of the feet as a character than the loss of the antenne. Now, in the 126 Transactions.—Zoology. Lecanio-diaspide of Targioni, Planchonia loses its antenne, Lecaniodiaspis keeps them. But it appears to me that there is an organic difference between the secretion of a test, whether of wax, or felt, or cotton, and the absence of any test at all. The difference between the naked genus Lecanium and the covered genus Ceroplastes is, I take it, much greater than that between Ceroplastes and Vinsonia. In my paper of 1878 (Trans., vol. xi., p. 207), I introduced the subsec- tion Lecanio-diaspide with an extension of its limits; and I was led to this in great measure because the term itself seemed so apt for expressing the main difference between certain genera and the rest of the Coccid family, that is, the possession of certain characters common to all Lecanide together with the formation of tests as in the Diaspide (though not neces- sarily including any pellicles). I then added to the subsection the genera Ctenochiton and Inglisia, and in my paper of 1881 (Trans., vol. xiv., p. 221) the genus Lecanochiton. . There appears to be only one character common to all the Lecanide which can be easily and clearly made out. It is the presence, at the abdominal extremity of the female, of a more or less deep cleft, above which, on the dorsal side, are two small protruding (usually more or less triangular) lobes. Other characters, of course, exist, such as the generally monomerous mentum, the usually stationary position of the adult female, the antenne with almost always (in the adult) six or seven joints, and so on. But these distinctions cannot always be exactly observed. For instance, it is often exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, to tell whether the mentum is monomerous or dimerous. But, as far as my own observation goes, and from the description of M. Signoret and others, I know of no species of Lecanide which does not exhibit quite clearly enough the abdominal cleft and its two lobes. In the group Diaspide the abdomen has no such: appearance: there is sometimes, as in Chionaspis dubia, mihi, or Diaspis rose, Sandberg, a slight median depression, but the whole form of the part is quite distinct. In the group Coccide the abdomen either has no appear- ance of division, as in the Dactylopii (see fig. 199., Trans., vol. x1., pl. vill.), or else ends with prominent processes, which I have called ‘anal tubercles,” as in Evriococcus hoheria, mihi (Trans., vol. xii., pl. vil, figs. 14, 20). Lappend to this paper (figs. 22, 23, 24, and 25), diagrams to give a comparative view of the three groups. It follows then that the group to which an insect belongs can be at once discerned by reference to the abdominal extremity. There is one exception to this in the insect producing stick-lac, Carteria lacca, where the cleft and lobes are not easily made out; and there are the genera Kermes, Pollinia, etc., where the adult insect shows the cleft and lobes of Lecanidz while the young has the anal tubercles of Coccide. But exceptions prove the rule. Masxetu.—On New Zealand Coccide. iy) The number of joints of the antenne, the number and character of the digitules, and the sheath of the penis in the male, are points on which specific and generic distinctions may well be founded ; but the joimts of the antenne are often difficult to determine, and various observers may imagine seven joints where others see only six and others eight. An instance of this difficulty is given below, under Ctenochiton perforatus. With regard to the mentum, it seldom happens that this can be thoroughly well examined in an adult or old female. It is usually stated also that a special character of the Lecanide is the immobility of the adult female. But, first, this is certainly not a distinction from the Diaspide, for in that group the insects become apodous, and therefore fixed, from an early stage; and, secondly, no Lecanid is more stationary than Icerya purchasi, an undoubted member of the Coccid group ; for this insect, as soon as it begins to form its pecu- liar ovisac, ceases altogether to move about and simply becomes gradually raised up a tergo. In point of fact, with the exception of the abdominal cleft and lobes, there is probably not any character of the Lecanide which cannot be found in some one or other of the remaining groups. This being so, I would confine the distinguishing character of this eroup to its abdominal features, and would employ for its subsections the nature of, or the absence of, the secretion produced. In this way the fol- lowing key would show a gradually progressive series, linked with the Diaspidee by Lecanochiton and with the Coccide through Kermes and Planchonia. 2nD. GROUP. Insects presenting at all stages a cleft at the abdo- minal extremity, and, above it on the dorsal side, two more or less conspicuous and triangular lobes LECANIDAK. Subsection I. Insects covering themselves with a secretion, com- posed chiefly of waxy, horny or glassy matter ... Lecanio-praspipm, Test horny, partly formed of the second pellicle ... Lecanochiton, Test waxy, with single fringe of broad segments ... Ctenochiton. Test waxy, produced into radiating branches —...._-—“- Vinsonia. Test waxy, without fringe or branches tid ... Ceroplastes. Test waxy, elevated, as if double ae aus . LHairmairia. Test glassy, conical or elongated, elevated, sieeed with air-cells tee valy ste he Beelnghsias Test agglomerated in a waxy mass containing colonies of insects, male and female Me “ie ... Carteria. Test absent for the female, present and aggregated in a waxy mass for the male... dee sea a. || Biricerus, 128 Transactions.—Zoology. Subsection IT. Insects naked... sls ae “Ms i, ... Lecaniem. Insects propagating without ovisac, arboreal ... ... Lecanium. Insects propagating without ovisac, subterranean, re- . taining feet and antenne ... Be oa ... Lecanopsis. Insects propagating without ovisac, subterranean, losing feet and antenne ... aa hd cha .. Aclerda. Insects forming ovisac ... —... Hon a ... Pulvinaria. Subsection ITT, Insects covering themselves with a secretion of cottony or felted matter ... Has _ ie .. Limcanto-coccip&. Secretion felted, appearing only in the ee sees site gestation... : Lh % 6b ... Stgnoretia. Secretion felted, Seni a sony, oles Sac, ato gestation... 550 Sy ses aa ... Lecaniodiaspis. Secretion felted, forming complete sac ae io. uP hilapgpgar Secretion cottony, covering the insect only in its task stage, after gestation 1 ih ... Lichtensia. Secretion cottony, forming complete sac, beises ges- tation hia we a es an , Eriopeltis. The series thus vineseniea uae contain all Fe Lecanidee proper. Between it and the Coccide proper would come a small group, combining the characters of the two, and linking them together, thus :— BRD GROUP. Insects presenting at one stage the anal tubercles of 2 Coccide, at another the cleft and lobes of Lecanidee HEMI-COCCID. Subsection I. Insects naked... a nee oe ae ... KERMITIDA. Insects globular ... We, Bo Be: at ... Kermes. Subsection II. Insects covering themselves with a secretion of glassy or waxy matter... i 28 ... CRYPTO-KERMITIDE. Test hard, waxy, with single faints Sis bps . “Pollinia. Test hard, waxy, with double fringe ... ths. ... Asterolecanium, In the foregoing series I have omitted the genus Pha ysokermes, Targioni, not being able to make out exactly its distinction from Lecanium ; also the genus Planchonia, because, as stated in my paper of 1881 (Trans., vol. xiv., p. 223), it has the anal tubercles of Coccide in all stages. In the case of many of the genera given above, as for instance Pollinia and Asterolecanium, or Lecanopsis and Aclerda, I do not know whether the distinctions given by authors are sufficient: but I have not seen all these insects. TRANS. NZINSTITUTE.VOL.XVEPLI. g 5 CXS OSS SSS SSNS DD SSS SSCS PS SOCSOESCS OSA SSE OSS SSO ed het, del. Tas, Vi WL. Masxett.—On New Zealand Coccide. 129 Of the genera given above, the following have been reported by me as indigenous to New Zealand—Lecanochiton, Ctenochiton, Inglisia ; and several species of Lecanium have been introduced. Strictly speaking, perhaps Ctenochiton, Vinsonia, Fairmairia, and Inglisia might properly be united under the same genus Ceroplastes. Still there is, I think, a sufficiently marked distinction between the tests of all to allow of’ their separation; at least, the distinction is quite as marked as that of the genera Aspidiotus and Diaspis in another group. Subsection I.—Lecanio-DIASPIDA, 1st Genus, Lecanochiton, mihi. 1. Lecanochiton metrosidert, wihi. (Trans., vol. xiv., p. 222.) Figs. 26, 27. I have found the male of this insect, last year. Tt has the generally normal form of Lecanide, the abdominal spike or sheath of the penis being moderately long, straight, and stoutish. Antenne (fig. 26) of ten joints, of which the first two are very short, the third much longer and expanded at the tip, the fourth more than twice the length of the third; the remaining six almost equal, about the length of the third, but stouter and rounder, being almost moniliform. All-the joints but the first two have hairs. Foot generally normal; the tibia slightly expanded at its tip, with a strong spine; claw slender, with four ‘digitules, fine hairs (fig. 27). Colour dark red; thoracic band inconspicuous. Length, exclusive of spike, about 2, inch. The test is white and glassy. . When describing the female of this species in 1881 I had specimens only from rata trees in Milford Sound, at the extreme south-west of New Zealand. The male above described I found, with a great number of emales, on the pohutukawa, near Auckland, almost at the extreme north. This last tree, Metrosideros tomentosa, of the same genus as the rata, does not grow, I believe, far south of Auckland. The occurrence of Lecanochiton on it is therefore another instance of the persistence of certain Coccids on certain trees. Milford Sound and Auckland are, I suppose, 700 miles apart, but in both the insect attacks the same genus of plant. In the same way Inglisia leptospermi may be looked for with almost certainty on the manuka (Leptospermum) from one end of the islands to the other, and probably both it and Lecanochiton confine themselves to one kind of tree. Some Coccids, as the Dactylopti, or Fiorinia astelie, or Lecanium hesperidum, are not so particular. The antenne of the male Lecanochiton are peculiar, and distinguish it from all Coccids known to me. As a rule, the four or five terminal joints of the male antenne are elongated, in this insect they are nearly globular. This character, and the employment of the second pellicle in the test of the female, clearly differentiate the species, 9 130 Transactions.—Zoology. 2nd Genus, Ctenochiton, mihi. 1. Ctenochiton perforatus, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 208.) Fig. 28. I have come to the conclusion that the female antenne of this insect “have only six joints. The point is by no means easy to settle. After the second, which is very short, comes a long joint, which I have hitherto taken for two. At the extremity of this there are three or four hairs, and half-way along its length a hair springing from a very small depression, which seems to run in a ring round the joint, and this ring I have con- sidered as a true division. I think now that it is not so, and that the third joint is really a very long one, almost equal indeed to all the rest of the antenna. Fig. 28 shows the features referred to. The point is of impor- tance in this respect, that one of the characters distinguishing the genus Ctenochiton from Ceroplastes I have taken to be the seven-jointed antenne, Ceroplastes having six. I have not made a thorough examination lately of the antennee of Ctenochiton viridis. C. piperis and C. spinosus have, I think, undoubtedly seven joints. In any case, the fringed test is a sufficient dis- tinction of the genus. 2. Ctenochiton flavus, sp. nov. Figs. 10-21. Female test (fig. 10) golden, waxy, flat beneath, convex above ; outline circular or slightly elliptical, with a fringe of broadly triangular segments round the edge. Apex of the test an irregular elongated mass of wax, the remainder divided into two concentric series of plates, the imner series pentagonal with sharp angles, the outer pentagonal with rounded angles and with the outer side forming the base of the segments of the fringe. The inner series forms often irregular lumps of wax. The adult female (fig. 11) fills the test, shrivelling up after gestation : it is consequently flat beneath, convex above, with general outline of Lecanide. The spiracular spines, as shown in figs. 11 and 13, are very long and con- spicuous: from their base a double row of minute circular spinneret orifices runs as far as the spiracle, with two or three outlying ones at the base of the spine: and I think a single row of the same kind of orifices runs across the body to the spiracle on the other side. Along the edge of the body there is a series of conical sharp spines (fig. 13): and scattered all over are many tubular projecting spinnerets as shown in the same figure. ‘The abdominal cleft is deep, and the two lobes are conspicuous on the dorsal side: these lobes are not, as usual in the Lecanide generally, smooth, but irregular, and each bears at the end three or four strong spines. The antenne have six joints (fig. 14): but the third joint often looks like two, as Masxetu.—On New Zealand Coccide. 131 there is a sort of false division near its end, with a hair or two, like that noticed above under C. perforatus. The last joint has several very long hairs. Feet (figs. 15, 16) normal of the group: the upper digitules fine long hairs, the lower pair very broad. The anal ring (fig. 17) bears a number of long hairs of which eight seem to be conspicuous. The colour, of the insect is a golden brown ; diameter about +4, inch. The second stage of the female (fig. 12) is normal of the genus, showing the wavy outline, somewhat strongly marked in many specimens but not conspicuous in others. The spiracular spines are prominent, and a row of conical spines runs round the edge of the body, as in the adult. The test is at first very thin and brittle, and with a fringe of broad, shallow, seg- ments: but afterwards becomes thicker, and in the end, before the change to the final stage, it approaches almost the form of the waxy test of an adult Ceroplastes. The young insect is normal. The male test (fig. 18) is much narrower than that of the female, having an irregularly rectangular edge with deep curvilinear depressions. It is glassy, white and shining, flat beneath and elevated above, and marked with numerous horizontal strie. The upper central portion is sometimes flat, sometimes an irregular mass of the glassy secretion. On the lower side there is often a plate of secretion, so that the pupa is almost entirely enclosed. The adult male (fig. 19) is normal of the genus. The legs are very long and slender ; the four digitules are fine hairs. At the extremity of the tibia there is a strong spine. Abdominal spike, or sheath of the penis, slightly curved, with a seta on each side of its basal tubercle. An- tenne of ten joints (fig. 20): the first two very short, the rest longer and equal. On the last joint (fig. 21) are several long hairs, of which three are knobbed. From Brachyglottis repanda and Panax arboreum, only in the North Tsland, as yet. Mr. Buchanan, of the Geological Survey, has kindly sent me specimens. The shape and colour of the test, and the arrangement and form of the spinnerets, differentiate this species from others of the genus. In the pro- minence of the spiracular spines it resembles C. elongatus, mihi: in the row of conical spines round the edge it resembles C. fuscus, described below ; but both of these are otherwise different. 3. Ctenochiton fuscus, Sp. NOV. Figs. 29, 30. Test of the adult female elliptical in outline, flat below, convex above, the elevation being greater than usual; almost black in colour, composed of a thin dark waxy secretion. The fringe is conspicuous, and has the 132 Transactions.—Zoology. appearance of teeth, the segments being triangular and set somewhat closely together. It attains sometimes a length of nearly } inch, a breadth of 4 inch, and a height of 4, inch, being thus rather a large species. The * inside of the test is whitish. . The adult female fills the test, and shrivels after gestation into a conical mass, requiring maceration or boiling in potash in order to make out the organs. The antenne (fig. 29) are not long. I cannot say exactly whether there are six or seven joints (I have figured seven), as they are much con- fused: on the last joint are several longish hairs. The foot (fig. 80) shows the tibia broadening to its extremity, with two hairs at the tip: the upper digitules are stronger and thicker than usual, and the lower pair end in conspicuously broad plates. On the edge of the body is a row of small conical spines, as in the last species. Colour of the insect almost black. In the second stage the female is less wavy in outline than in other species of the genus, and in its later period is somewhat thick, with the edges turned inwards. Feet normal: digitules fine. Antenne short and thick, with six joints, of which the third and fourth are the longest: on the last joint some long hairs. The abdominal lobes are irregularly triangular. Young insect normal. I have not seen the male; but its test appears to be narrow, white, and glassy. From Brachyglottis repanda, in the ‘‘ Dry Bush,” near Christchurch. The black colour both of the test and the female, its large size, and the digitules of the foot, sufficiently distinguish this species. Much of the blackness of Coccids is due to the presence of fungoid growths which always accompany them (I suppose, Fumago); but in this case the colour is that of the insect. 4, Ctenochiton depressus, sp. nov. Figs. 31, 32. Test of female flat, nearly circular, thin, waxy, greyish-coloured: the fringe is inconspicuous or absent in the latest stage, but normal at earlier periods. Diameter about + inch. There are no rows of air-cells, or per- forations, in the test. Adult female filling the test and as usual shrivelling after gestation : colour brownish or grey. Antenne (fig. 31) of six joints, the third being the longest and, as is commonly the case, often appearing like two. On the last joint a few long hairs. Foot normal: the upper digitules are fine hairs, the lower pair only a little broader. Anal ring and lobes normal. In the second stage the usual wavy edge is conspicuous: the test is thin, glassy, with normal fringe. Antenne and feet normal. The insect is somewhat thick, with yellowish colour. Young insect normal. Masrett.—On New Zealand Coccide. 1338 Test of the male elongated, narrow, flat beneath, slightly convex above, white, glassy, thin and brittle, with a conspicuous fringe of which the segments are truncato-triangular (fig. 82). The test is divided into tessel- lations, the median row of which is quadrangular, with two series of pen- tagonal divisions between it and the fringe. Near the abdominal extremity a transverse narrow slit cuts the test in two, leaving a small segment at the extreme end apparently separate. Length of the test about 4, inch. The adult male is yellowish-red in colour, about zs inch in length, exclusive of the wings. General form normal. Antenne long, with ten joints, all long and equal, except the two first which as usual are very short: all the joints have several hairs. Legs normal, but the tibie are very long and slender and only a little thickened at the tip ; tarsi somewhat thick ; digi- tules fine hairs. Abdominal spike longer, I think, than usual, and very slightly curved. Four pairs of eyes. On Plagianthus, Cyathea, and a few other plants sent to me from Hawke’s Bay by the Rey. Mr. Colenso. This insect resembles, to the naked eye, somewhat nearly Ctenochiton perforatus, mihi, but the female differs in the absence of the curious perfor- ations in the test of that species and in the shorter and thicker antenne with also more long hairs on the last joint. The test of the male is also different. Subsection I11.—Lecantes. Genus Lecanium, Illiger. 1. Lecanium sp., parasitized. It is by no means uncommon, especially in the North Island, to find on many trees in the forests a number of circular brown spots on the leaves, varying from =4, to 7, inch in diameter, slightly convex and with a velvety appearance. On examination these spots are found to be chiefly fungoid : they cannot always be easily detached from the leaf, and often several of them are connected together by a thin sheet of fungoid growth so that a large patch comes off at once. On turning them over, very often nothing more is to be seen than from the upper side: but many specimens may be found showing in the centre of the under-surface a small oval object embedded in the brown mass. Closer examination shows this to be, in most cases, a Lecanid insect; but identification is very difficult, and it is almost impossible to make out the organs, even after prolonged maceration and boiling. It is impossible to render the insect transparent enough for complete study. This is the effect of parasitism, and the insect in question is a Lecanium which has become covered with fungoid growth. I do not know exactly to what species to refer it. In general form it resembles L. hesperidum, but it 134 Transactions.—Zooloyy. is much smaller, averaging only 4, inch in length. I do not quite see, also, why L. hesperidum, which is free from fungus in our gardens, should be so subject to it in the forests; indeed, almost exclusively so, for few other insects suffer in the same way. [iorinia astelie is sometimes found in the same state, and I have specimens of an Alewrodes from Pelorus Sound also attacked by fungus; but this little Lecaniwm seems to be the chief victim. Subsection I1J.—Lecanto-coccws. The species forming this subsection are all European, and I have not seen any in New Zealand. 8rd Group.— HEMI-COCCIDA. I have not seen a true Kermes in New Zealand, but have received from South Australia an insect of this genus which deserves full examination. The genus Asterolecanium, which I have placed under this group in my foregoing list of genera, is to the naked eye similar to Planchonia, and it requires an examination of the abdominal region in all stages to detect the difference. But M. Signoret distinctly states that the adult Asterolecanium has the abdomen of the Lecanide. 4th Group.—COCCIDAL. Charaeterized by the absence in all stages of the deep abdominal cleft, and by the prolongation of the abdomen into lateral processes, more or less conspicuous, which I have called in these papers ‘‘ anal tubercles.” In some genera, as Dactylopius, these tubercles are scarcely noticeable, but may usually be made out on close examination (see Trans., vol. xi., pl. viil., figs. 19d and 19g). In others, as Icerya, there is so much secretion and hair on the abdomen of the adult that the tubercles can scarcely be detected. But in no case, I think, can any of the species be mistaken for Lecanide. As for the mentum, it is usually tri-merous ; but this character is varia- able, and also most difficult to make out. Genus Planchonia, Signoret. 1. Planchonia epacridis, mihi. (Trans., vol. xiv., p. 224.) I think this species may stand. As remarked above, it outwardly resembles Asterolecanium. Genus Eriococcus, Targioni. Eriococcus araucarie, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 218.) This appears to be certainly distinct. M. Signoret informs me that he has lately received some specimens from Spain. Mr. Comstock reports it also from the United States, but refers it to the next genus Rhizococcus, MasxeLtt.—On New Zealand Coccide. 135 partly because it has, he says, seven-jointed antenne. I am unable to agree with him: at least, after examination of many specimens I can only detect six, though certainly one of them sometimes appears double. In Eriococcus hoheria, wihi, there is no room for doubt. But this character of the antenna is, as Mr. Comstock admits, most uncertain. It will be seen below that the two insects which I propose to place under Rhizococcus have less than seven joints in the antenne. Genus Rhizococeus, Signoret. M. Signoret and Mr. Comstock agree in attributing to this genus the distinctions of—Ist, seven-jointed antenne ; and 2nd, absence of cottony sac, at least until gestation. Iam doubtful how far either of these may be really sufficient: but probably the second may be admitted: the first is of no value. I think, with Mr. Comstock himself (Ann. Report of the Dep. of Agric., 1830, p. 839, note), that it would be best to include all under Eriococcus. 1. Rhizococcus celmisia, sp. NOV. Figs. 383-35. Female (fig. 83) deep red in colour, of oval outline, convex above and flattened below; length about 3, inch. The segments of the body are not very distinct. The abdomen ends in two large and conspicuous anal tubercles, each of which bears one strong and fairly long terminal seta and three other spines (fig. 84). The anal ring has eight hairs. Antenne (fig. 85) of six joints, sometimes looking like seven. Mentum doubtfully di-merous. The four digitules of the foot are long fine hairs. The tibia is a little shorter than the tarsus (a character exceptional in an adult insect, occurring only in this genus and Acanthococcus). The trochanter bears one long hair and two short ones. A few large conical spines (spinnerets) are scattered over the body, and a row of smaller ones, like hairs with tuber- cular bases, runs transversely on each segment: also some circular spinne- rets. At the edge of the body, all round, is a row of the large conical spines, which are set in groups of three on the posterior segments, of four or five on the median segments, and almost continuous on the head. When the insect is alive these spines are often agglutinated with cottony secretion so as to give the appearance of a short fringe. The four spiracles are somewhat large and circular. On Celmisia, sp., from the Southern Alps. I have only one stage of this insect, the adult female before gestation, and cannot say precisely what sort of sac, if any, it forms. Rut this would be probably normal. The insect differs from the European R. gnidii in size, colour, and habitat, in the digitules of the foot, and in the grouping of the conical spines of the edge, which are only in pairs in R. gnidi, \ 136 Transactions. —Z oology. 2. Lthizococcus fossor, sp. NOY. Figs. 86-38. Adult female (fig. 86) greenish yellow in colour, sometimes brown, almost circular in outline, flat beneath and slightly convex above: length about 7. inch. In the last stage, after gestation it becomes dark brown. The cephalic part is smooth; the remainder segmented. The abdomen ends in two very small anal tubercles, which are nevertheless somewhat conspicuous on account of their brown colour. Between them there protudes a long thick pencil of white cotton, which is resolvable into six. Antenne (fig. 87) short, with six joints, the last joint bearing several long hairs. Feet very small; the femur rather thick: the tibia is shorter than the tarsus by about one-third: the four digitules are long fine hairs. The anal tubercles have not terminal sete ; and I can only make out four hairs on the anal ring. A row of a few conical spines, set far apart, runs round the edge of the body, but I can see none elsewhere, nor any circular spinnerets. There is no sign of a sac in any stage. ; In the second stage the insect is oval, flatter than the adult, and of a rich golden colour: length about 4, inch. The segments of the body are somewhat more distinct than in the adult. The anal tubercles are pro- portionately larger, and bear terminal sete. Antenne longer than in the adult, with six jomts. Feet also longer. All round the edge runs a row of conical spines, set more closely than in the adult ; and from each of these springs a long curly tube of white cotton, making a kind of fringe to the body; each tube is a little dilated at the end, and then tapers to a narrow point (fig. 38). The base of each conical spine is a somewhat large tubercle. The young insect has the general form of the young Hriococcus hoheria : colour yellow; length about 4, inch. Antenne as in adult, with six joints. The feet are somewhat large. Anal tubercles thick, bearing a terminal seta and one shorter hair. Along the edge of the body is the usual row of conical spines, set somewhat far apart, and four other longitudinal rows are seen on the surface. The mentum is large and, I think, di-merous. This insect is viviparous. The females are often full of young larvae, and, as these are born, they are sheltered in a cavity beneath the mother, as in some of the Lecanide. They do not remain there long, but soon begin their travels, and move rapidly. | The male insect is red in colour, about 1, inch in length, undergoing its last transformation in a minute, white, cottony, oval sac. Antenne of nine joints: the first two short and thick, the third very long and slender, the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh about half as long as the third, thicker and rounder, the eighth rather shorter, and the ninth very short and nearly globular. All the joints have hairs. Legs slender: the tarsus TRANS.NZINSTITUTE VOLAVIE! I. € oe Seu Sn ae [ec 38 COCCIDE. WMMaskell, del. Masxett.—On New Zealand Coccide. 137 rather less than half as long as the tibia: the four digitules are fine hairs. The usual hairs and spine on the tibia, and two spines on the lower edge of the tarsus, not far from the claw. There are three pairs of eyes. The abdominal spike is short and thick, and exhibits a curved appendage similar to, but rather longer than, that of Acanthococcus multispinus, mihi (Trans., vol. xi., pl. viii., fig. 18f). This appendage is, indeed, common to the three genera Hriococcus, Acanthococcus, and Rhizococ- cus. At the base of the spike are two rather strong sete, one on each side. Rhizococcus fossor does not construct a cottony sac (for the female), but, instead, buries itself usually in a circular hole or pit, in the leaf it lives on. Many adult insects may be found simply resting on the leaf, accompanied by a number of young larve and females in the second stage. But in most cases they pass their last stage in a pit. The young insect is very active : the female of the second stage moves about sluggishly ; in the last stage it is fixed and stationary. At first it appears simply to lie on the leaf (on the under-side), but in a short while, whether from some chemical action pro- duced by it or by mechanically compressing the cells of the plant, a circular elevation or wall on the leaf is raised up round the insect. At the same time the portion of the leaf beneath the body is pressed downwards, and a corresponding elevation appears on the other side: this elevation assumes a brown tint. As the depression continues and the wall grows the insect sinks deeper in the leaf, becoming more and more buried, and the wall curls over it a little, so that in fact the orifice of the pit is somewhat smaller than the cavity below. The insect lies in the pit (which may average about 4, inch in diameter at the opening, and is circular) with the head downward, and the anal tubercles and pencil of white cotton appear- ing over the wall, I presume to attract the male. Afterwards, as gestation proceeds, the whole body disappears in the pit, where the young larve are born. These cavities in the leaf look like small volcanic craters, and the cor- responding brown elevation on the other side of the leaf is quite conspicuous. Sometimes two insects may be found in the same pit, one lying over the other. I suppose the upper one simply took advantage of a ready-made domicile. The insects which are not in pits are generally darker in colour than the others. On leaves of maire, Santalum cunninghamit, from the North Island, sent to me by C. P. Winkelmann, Esq., of Te Aute. This is an interesting and peculiar insect, certainly differing from any that I know of in the genus. The curious mode adopted by it of burrowing into the leaf is, I think, unique. Ctenochiton viridis, mihi, produces a certain depression in the leaf it lives on, but by no means so complete a shelter for itself as does this little Rhizococcus. 138 Transactions. — Zoology. Genus, Dactylopius, Signoret. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 218.) 1. Dactylopius alpinus, sp. nov. Figs. 39, 40. Adult female dark purple in colour, the body thick and fat, inactive, enclosed in a mass of white closely felted cotton. When immersed in alcohol it produces a rich red tint. Length sometimes as much as # inch. The internal substance is very oily. The body is normally segmented ; anal tubercles inconspicuous. Anal ring large, with six hairs. Antenne normal of the genus, with eight joints (fig. 39). The feet are normal ; the two upper digitules are long fine hairs, the lower pair are somewhat broader. Mentum di-merous. All over the body there are a number of tubular projecting spinnerets, and many others circular; and on the three posterior segments are three rows of large conical spines, similar to those of Rhizococcus. Although the anal tubercles are not as prominent as in some of the Dactylopii, they are somewhat thick, with broad bases. Young insect dark brown in colour, of generally normal form, about 2, inch in length. Antenne (fig. 40) of six joints. Feet normal. Anal tuber- cles thick and broad, and rather more prominent than in the adult. There are a few small spines on the body. In the second stage the insect generally resembles the young larva, but is larger, and the body is covered with a great number of small circular spinnerets intermixed with others which have a bulbous base and fine hair- like tubes. Anal tubercles inconspicuous, bearing the usual spines. A few conical spines appear on the posterior segments. Antenne of six joints. I have not seen the male. On a species of Veronica, sent me by Mr. J. D. Enys, from the upper valley of the Waimakariri, in the Southern Alps, near the glaciers. The large conical spines, or spinnerets, on the posterior segments, dis- tinguish this species, besides its size and very deep purple colour producing a vich tint in alcohol. The thick sac of white cotton in which it envelopes itself may probably be also an important character: in no stage, I think, is it like the ordinary ‘‘ mealy bug,” the type of Dactylopius. 2. Dactylopius calceolarie, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 218.) Since first describing this insect I have received specimens from the forests of Stewart Island, in the extreme South of New Zealand, on a native grass, Danthonia, and on a leaf of Phormium. As Stewart Island is almost destitute of cultivation, and is certainly the last part of the colony where one would expect to find in the forests a new importation from other countries, I take it that D. calceolarig is undoubtedly indigenous. Masxeth.—On New Zealand Coccide. 139 Some of the specimens on Danthonia were more than } inch long, so that the insect is quite a large one. — 3. Dactylopius glaucus, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 219.) I consider this also a good species, distinct from the last by its green colour and small size, which never. exceeds -/, inch. I have obtained one mutilated specimen of a male. As far as I can make it out it offers no very distinctive character, except that the abdo- minal spike or sheath of the penis seems to be accompanied by a curved appendage as in Acanthococcus multispinus, mihi (Trans., vol. xi., pl. viii., fig. 18 f). Genus Pseudococcus, Westwood. A genus separated from Dactylopius by having nine joints in the an- tenne of the adult female, and only two digitules on the foot. Westwood’s original genus is described as ‘‘hayving females not fixed and clothed with a woolly secretion” (Int. to Mod. Class of Insects, vol. ii., appendix, p. 119), characters which, in point of fact, would include the whole group Coccide. M. Signoret has confined its limits as above. 1. Pseudococcus astelia, sp. nov. Figs. 41-44. Adult female about 4, inch long, yellowish-brown, covered with a not very abundant white cotton. General form resembling Dactylopius: the body segmented, anal tubercles inconspicuous, anal ring with six hairs. Antenne (fig. 41) with nine joints, of which the third, fourth, and fifth ‘are the longest ; the second, sixth, and ninth a little shorter ; the first, seventh, and eighth the shortest. The fourth, fifth, and sixth are the narrowest, the two ends of the antenna being thicker than the middle. The eighth joint is a little expanded at the tip; and the ninth is fusiform, with a shallow depression at the extremity. All the joints have a few long hairs, and on the eighth is one a good deal stronger than the others. The legs (fig. 42) have the tibia twice as long as the tarsus: the claw is slender, and has no tooth on the inner edge. There are only two digitules (the lower pair) which are long and fine. The trochanter bears one short bristle. The whole leg is slender and long. The eyes (fig. 43) are tubercular and smooth, showing after maceration in potash a small dark terminal spot. The body is covered with a number of spinnerets of two kinds, as shown in fig. 44; those with simple concentric circles are the largest, and are found all over the integument: the others are placed in groups at the edges of the segments and also in great numbers at the cephalic and abdominal extremities. Interspersed with these spinnerets are several hairs, mostly very short, but on the head are some pretty long. From the 140 Transactions.—Zoology. anal tubercles spring two strong sete with tubercular bases, not very long. The mentum is di-merous and bears a few hairs on the tip. In the groups of spinnerets at the edges of the segments are found a few small conical spines. The four spiracles are small and simple. I have not seen the male. On a species of Astelia sent to me by the Rev. Mr. Colenso, from the forests of Hawke’s Bay. This insect appears to be most nearly allied to Pseudococcus mespilt, Geoffroy, found in France on medlar and plane trees. The arrangement of the spinnerets in groups on the segments and in great numbers at the two extremities, the long hairs on the head and the length of the tibia, are similar in both. I find, however, in M. Signoret’s description of the EKuropean insect no mention of the two kinds of spinnerets. The main differences between the two seem to be in the antenne and the foot. In P. mespili the second joint of the antenna is the longest and the rest diminish gradually to the ninth: and the claw of the foot is strong and broad and shows a small tooth on the inner edge near the point. In P. aceris, another European insect, the mentum bears at its tip a large number of hairs. Both of these insects, too, are red in colour. Genus Icerya, Signoret. 1. Icerya purchasi, mihi. (Trans., vol. xi., p. 221.) Through the kindness of M. Signoret I have had an opportunity of comparing this insect with I. sacchari, the.Mauritian species, and I find that it is undoubtedly and markedly distinct. J. sacchari does not seem to form an ovisac with longitudinal grooves, nor does the body of the insect, although somewhat hairy, show the great tufts of blaek hairs and the curious projecting glassy tubes springing from large brown “‘ coronetted ” bases which are marked features of I. purchasi. The number of the cir- cular spinneret orifices is also much smaller in the Mauritian insect. Icerya purchasi has spread greatly in the last two years. It had just reached Napier at the date of my last paper; it has now established itself in that district, not only in gardens but in the native forests. In Auckland it is attacking all sorts of plants, from apple and rose trees to pines, cypresses, and gorse, and it is spreading over a large district. It has reached Nelson, and I have had many communications from that place complaining of its ravages. From the ‘‘ Nelson Colonist”’ I learn that it is devouring wattles, cypresses, gorse, and many other plants. At the same time nobody seems to try to destroy it. With the example of California and the Cape of Good Hope before us we may be sure that ere long this pest will become a dreadful nuisance. I have tried to warn the people of Masxeutu.—On New Zealand Coccide. 141 Nelson and Auckland, but no remedy has been attempted. The best autho- rities in America have come to the conclusion that the only cure is the de- struction of infected plants. Some day the people of New Zealand will have to find this out also, but the longer it is delayed the worse the work will be. Whether this pest will spread in our colder southern climate as it has in the warmer north remains to be seen. Our gardeners here are not in much dread of outdoor insects, they confine their attentions to those in green- houses. They may be right, still the winter even in Canterbury is not severe enough to kill these insects, and I know that in the Christchurch public gardens many trees have had to be burnt simply on account of the ravages of Coccide. If Icerya purchasi, as seems likely, makes it way down here, I very much doubt whether gardeners will find it an easy matter to keep it in subjection. Genus Czlostoma, mihi. (Trans., vol. xii., p. 294.) 1. Calostoma zelandicwm, mihi. (Trans., vol. xii., p. 294: vol. xiv., p. 226.) The haltere of the male in this insect, which I had at first taken to resemble that of Porphyrophora, has, as I find, four terminal sete, and generally resembles that described and figured below, under my next species. 2. Celostoma watroense, sp. nov. Figs. 45-51. Male insect so nearly resembling C. zclandicum in outward appearance that it may be very easily mistaken for it, having a red or purplish body about 4 inch long, bluish wings with strong red nervures, prominent eyes with numerous large facets, and antenne of ten joints. The antenna (fig. 45) are, however, more slender than in that species, and have fewer and finer hairs. The legs also have fewer hairs, especially on the tibia. The claw differs entirely, not only from C. zelandicum, but also from every other species known to me. Instead of having two, or four, or no digitules, it shows a great number of them, forming indeed a sort of brush round the claw (fig. 47). I have counted as many as twenty-four of these digitules, each of which springs from the claw itself, the tarsus not exhibit- ing any. All the digitules are knobbed. On the tarsus there are several strong spines on the inner edge. The sheath of the penis and the penis itself resemble those of C. zelandicum. The haltere (fig. 48) has an inflated sac-like body diminishing to a cylindrical tube, from the extremity of which ‘spring four strong curved sete of no great length; very frequently only three are seen. The abdomen has several segments, and each segment bears a number of short fine hairs springing from a minute tubercular base; the hairs are intermixed with numerous circular spots, as in O, zelandicum, 142 Transactions. —Zoology. but in that species these are simply two concentric circles, whereas in C. wairoense they exhibit (fig. 49) an outer circle with six smaller ones within it. The male pupa is bright red, and is enclosed in a small cylindrical sac of white cotton slightly tinged with red. Apparently these sacs are found in great numbers. A mass of several hundreds together was sent me on one occasion, and, after about six weeks (in the depth of winter) two or three hundred males emerged. Amongst this mass of male puparia were a few (perhaps half a dozen) objects which I took for females, at least before the hatching of the males. They certainly were not male pupe, but I cannot exactly make out what they are. They were much shrivelled, but on maceration in potash regained their original form. Length about + inch: the body elliptical, segmented, generally resembling C. zelandicum; colour dark purple. Antenne (fig. 50) of nine joints, all nearly equal in length, the first two somewhat broad, the rest narrowing to the fifth and then widening again to the last, which is almost globular. All the joints are short, and on each there is one ring of hairs with tubercular bases, forming a sort of crown. The eyes are small, tubercular and smooth, conical and a little projecting, with a small terminal spot. Legs (fig. 51) strong and thick. The trochanter bears one very long hair. ‘Tibize somewhat dilated at the extremity, with a few spines on the inner edge. ‘Tarsi thick, tapering towards the claw, which is normal in shape, and has two lower digitules, which are long, fine, knobbed hairs. Anal ring oval, without hairs. There is no sign of anal tubercles. The segments of the body bear a number of longish fine hairs with tubercular bases, interspersed with cireular spinneret orifices. These last show two concentric circles and a central spot. The hairs and spinnerets are most numerous at the two extremities. There are twenty-four spiracles, i.e, one at each side of each segment ; the spiracles are simple, and the trachee small. There is not the least sien of a mouth, neither rostrum, mentum, or rostral sete. I should have mentioned that the tibize are twice as long as the tarsi. I have not seen any specimens which I can take to be adult females, nor any young larve. I presume that the adult female will have antenne of eleven joints. My specimens were sent to me by T. Cheeseman, Hsq., of Auckland, who informs me that the insect is found in the District of Wairoa, attacking Phormium and Leptospermum. There is no doubt that this is a distinct species. The antenne and legs of the male differ from those of C. zwlandicum, but the claw of the foot is quite sufficient to distinguish it from that and all other Coccide. I have Masxett.—On New Zealand Coccide. 1438 therefore no hesitation in considering it as new, even without seeing the adult female. As regards the stage last described, which is certainly not the male pupa, I have been in some doubt. The specimens were found amongst several hundred male puparia; but there were only five or six of them to be seen, though I made diligent search. A very similar form is found amongst male puparia of (. z¢landicum—so similar indeed that, except in colour, the two are almost identical. Im my paper of 1879 (Trans., vol. xii., p. 296), I described, or rather alluded to, this form as the second stage of the female C. zelandicum. I afterwards discovered the error and corrected it in vol. xiv. Unless this form be the second stage of the male insect I do not know what it can be; but if it is, then the male of Celostoma must pass through more transformations than any other Coccid. The normal stages are—1, the egg; 2, the young larva (identical, or nearly so, for male and female) ; 3, the pupa; 4, the perfect insect. Now, the form under consideration is certainly not the pupa, and equally certainly not the young larva just hatched; it is neither the egg nor the perfect male. Similarly (in C. zelandicum) it is not the larva, nor the adult, nor the second stage. It would seem therefore that the insects of this genus pass through a transformation more than other Coccids. There is one point to be noted. I have observed above that in this form the antenne have nine joints, and the tibiw are twice as long as the tarsi. The first character is conclusive against the insect being adult; the second character is one which, in most Coccids, is considered to indicate an advanced: stage. M. Signoret (Ann. de la Soc. Entom. de France, 1874, p. 548, note) says: ‘In studying the Coccide it should be noted that almost always, when a specimen is found with the tibia shorter than the tarsus, it is a larva.” The rule is not without exceptions, e.g. Hermes, Acanthococcus, ete. Still, it holds good generally, and in this case shows, I think, clearly that the form in question is by no means the first after the egg. I take it to be an inter- mediate state preceding the pupa of the male. T am still puzzled by the absence of any sort of mouth. In the form just mentioned there is an orifice between the second pair of legs, as in the adult C. zelandicum, but nothing more. DESCRIPTION OF PLATES I. AND II. Prats I. Fig. 1. Aspidiotus sophore, abdomen offemale .. ote aye dé 56 KW 2. Fiorinia minima *5 Bs ate oe es BE Le O0 3. 3 + diagram of female in puparium: a. 1st pellicle: 6. 2nd pellicle: c. adult female: d. secretion 4. Fiorinia grossularig, abdomen of female .. S¢ 50 5c SoS aD De » stricta, abdomen of female .. ae, me sie ae 65. Se lila) 6. 33 » diagram of female in puparium: a. Ist pellicle: b. 2nd pellicle: c. adult female: d. secretion Fig. 7, Fiorinia stricta, antenna of male a0 oie 8. +) », foot of male .. 56 9. - », spike of male 10. Ctenochiton flavus, dorsal view of test we ite a >» temale 5 12 x » female, 2nd stage 6 13. 0 », Spiracular spine and spinnerets 14, r », antenna of female AC 50 iby, oe » footoffemale .. o6 70 16. op ae » to show digitules .. C ie 5A » anal ring of female 00 18. af », test of male, dorsal view ar UG} Pr » Male He mt S0 20. a », antenna of male .. ys 21. 5 », last joint of antenna of male Prare IT. 22. Diagram of abdomen of Diaspide. 23. " _ Lecanide. 24, 5 a Coccide (Hriococcus). 25% “5 5 Coccide (Dactylopius). 26. Lecanochiton metrosideri, antenna of male .. 27. 5 on foot of male sts 28. Ctenochiton perforatus, antenna of female .. 29. A fuscus, antenna of female ois ne 30. ah », foot of female (two digitules shown) .. Bille is depressus, antenna of female 32. 5 * fringe of test of male 33. Rhizococcus celmisig, adult female .. 0 34, Aa A abdomen of female 35. on *H antenna of female .. ; 36. “3 fossor, adult female ane 50 37. 4 » antenna of female se xe 38. 59 » spines and spinnerets, 2nd stage 39. Dactylopius alpinus, antenna of female 40. ia = antenna of young insect 50 41. Pseudococcus astelie, antenna of female .. 42, ap » toot of female 0 . 43. 3 » eye of female od 5 44, 1D » spinnerets of female .. 45. Calostoma wairoense, antenna of male bis 46. a 5 foot of male AY AT. bie an claw and digitules of male .. 48. 55 +3 haltere of male 49, a oa spots and hairs of male 50. . Sy antenna, 2nd stage of male .. 51. i ia foot, 2nd stage of male He Transactions.—Zooloyy. RS eS SS oe en ONG ee: OGG Tew. Cie anne ae ie ae OK OR OX OK KEK XK 60 100 100 10 10 10 200 150 150 300 100 10 30 60 250 90 90 70 90 90 90 20 10 30 90 12 90 200 90 90 90 90 200 500 40 40 180 40 350 90 90 H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 145 Art, VI.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata, Quoy and Gaimard. By H. B. Kix, M.A. [Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 31st October, 1883.] Plates T11.-VIII. (Norz.—Owing to my having been unable, until within the last week or two, to obtain large and perfect specimens, I have not, as a rule, introduced other than relative measurements. The drawings, except those from the microscope, are natural size; and with the exception of pls. v., vi., Vil, fig. 1, and viii., figs. 5-9, are made from the specimen figured at iol ming | regret that I have been unable to replace all the drawings by those of large specimens. The largest specimen I have seen measures 14 inches along the posterior surface of the mantle, this length not including any portion of the fins. To avoid confusion of terms, I have described the animal as though it were in a walking position, head downwards; but have adopted the practice, sanctioned by Professors Nicholson and Huxley, of showing the drawings in the reverse position. The terms anterior and posterior are applied to the so-called ‘“ dorsal” and ‘‘ ventral” surfaces respectively.) The distribution of Sepioteuthis bilineata is given by Professor Hutton (Manual of N.Z. Mollusca, 1880) as from Wellington to Auckland. In Wellington Harbour it is tolerably abundant during late spring and summer; but, with the exception of a few small ones in July, I have never seen a specimen during the winter months. Professor Hutton points out that there is nothing in Dr. Gray’s description of S. major that does not apply to this species. The habitat of S. major is given as Cape of Good Hope (Catalogue of Mollusca in the British Museum); but Dr. Gray’s description is very brief. Moreover, he gives S. bilineata in his catalogue. | External Characters. The body is elongated and somewhat cylindrical in shape, but is flat- tened on the posterior surface, and still more so on the anterior surface. Its widest part is immediately above the base of the mantle, thence it narrows regularly to its extremity, where it is rounded. The edge of the mantle forms a complete collar round the ‘‘neck.” On the anterior aspect — of the animal the mantle-border is produced into a marked angle on the median line, this angle lodging the anterior extremity of the internal shell. From this point it recedes towards the posterior aspect, rising slightly on either side of the funnel, but immediately falling away in a well-defined curve at the base of the funnel. The two slight angles formed by the pro- duction of the posterior mantle-border mark the tips of the “ articular ” cartilages, adapted to fit into the “‘ hinge” cartilages of the funnel, 10 146 Transactions.— Zoology. Fins.—The fins are large and thick. They are attached to the sides of the body near its anterior aspect, and start from the mantle-border or close to it. They at once begin to expand, and their outline forms a curve widest at about its middle. They extend somewhat beyond the extremity of the body and coalesce. Their margin becomes thin, and often allows the coloured dorsal integument to shine through its substance like a purple band. Below the dermal layer is a thick muscular coat, whose fine but well-marked fibres extend from the inner to the outer margin of the fin. At the widest part of the fin they are parallel, but on either side they begin to radiate towards the outer margin, this radiation being most marked on the upper side. As the extremity of the body is approached they become less noticeable, and immediately opposite the extremity are not generally observable. On both aspects of the fin they are usually visible through the epidermis, and where they are most marked can be distinctly felt with the finger. On the anterior aspect of the body the line of union of the fins is dis- tinctly visible, although the fins are so apparently a continuation of the mantle that there is no marked depression. Head.—The head is broader than long, its greatest width being at the projecting eyeballs. Behind these it contracts to a kind of “‘ neck,” similar to that noted by Professor Owen when speaking of Sepia palmata (Trans. Zool. Soc. of Lond., vol. xi., part 5). Below the eyes there is also a well- marked contraction at the base of the arms, though this contraction is not so striking as the upper one. The anterior surface of the head is flattened, and between the eyes is a depression which lodges the anterior production of the mantle-border when the neck is contracted. The posterior surface of the head is also flattened and has a marked depression which lodges the funnel. The eyes are on the sides of the head and are directed straight outwards. They present the character of the family in being covered with skin. When the tentacles are extended the sacs for their partial reception are easily discovered by pressure. The ridge of integument (pl. iii.b) running behind the eye and parallel with its curve, and which Professor Owen in his description of S. brevis (Trans. Zool. Soc. of Lond., vol xi., part 5) regards as an external ear, is very well marked, amounting indeed to a groove covered by a fold of integu- ment. ‘This organ is, so far as I can discover, the same that is regarded by Professor Huxley Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals, 1877), and by Pro- fessor Macalister (Introduction to Animal Morphology, 1876), as olfactory in function. It is neither so large nor so striking as in Loligo vulgaris, figured in Professer Nicholson’s Manual of Zoology, p. 428 of sixth edition. H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 147 Funnel (pls. iii., iv. a, and viii., fig. 16)—The funnel is large, flat- tened, somewhat conical in shape, longer than broad, and rounded at its apex. On each side of its base is a cartilaginous expansion, presenting a groove to lodge the articular ridges developed on the inner surface of the mantle. Its margins lie loosely upon the funnel. Between the surface of the head and the funnel are muscular bands; and these are so strongly developed on either side as to form a cup-shaped cavity at the base of the funnel between it and the head. Inside the aperture of the funnel is a strongly-marked infundibular valve (pl. viii., fig. 157%), so placed that, when depressed, it entirely closes the aperture. Its free portion forms a semi-circular curve; but the lower part is attached by the margins, so that, when the free por- tion closes the aperture, the opening of the funnel leads into a blind cavity. Arms (pls. iii., viii., figs. 5-8).—The fourth pair of arms is the longest ; next in length is the third; next the second; the first being the shortest and slightest. The arms of the fourth pair are 4-angular in section, and present a slight groove on the peripheral surface, the groove being caused mainly by the great production of the anterior peripheral margin, which is continued below to form the outer wall of the tentacular sac. Those of the third pair are 3-angular, the peripheral surface presenting a sharp angle. The second pair are 8-angular or irregularly 4-angular ; and the first have the peripheral surface rounded, or approach 3-angular. The fourth and third arms on each side are connected by a peripheral web, which forms the outer wall of the tentacular sac. This web is attached to the inner peripheral margin of the fourth arm, and to the centre of the peripheral surface of the third arm. It extends to near the tip of the fourth arm, but only a short distance along the third. A very small web connects the third and second arms; and the second and first have a small web attached at the base to the peripheral surface of each. It extends a very short distance along the second arm, and a still shorter along the first. The arms all taper to their extremity. There is a well-marked ‘brachial membrane extending along each side of the acetubular sur- face of the arms and forming a fold, at whose base the suckers are inserted. The suckers are arranged in alternate pairs, and this arrangement is observable from the point near the base of the arms at which they first begin to near the tapering extremity, where they become minute tubercles. Each sucker (pl. viii., figs. 10, 11) is sub-spherical or shortly cylindrical in shape, and is borne on a pedicel attached, not to the centre of the base of 148 Transactions.—Zaology. the sucker, but a little to one side. The margin of the sucker has a horny ring with small teeth more strongly marked on the higher than on the lower side. From the base of each pedicel a raised band runs across the brachial membrane to its edge. Tentacles.—The tentacles vary in length relatively to the body, but when thrown back and fully extended often reach beyond its extremity. They are oval in section, except at the clavate portion where they are 3- angular. The suckers are similar to those on the arms, but are arranged in alternating rows of four, are larger and have the horny ring more strongly marked. A membrane, similar to that on the arms, is developed on each side of the acetabular surface. Fach tentacle has a muscular band attached for a short distance near its base and widening into a web which connects it with the inner wall of the tentacular sac. The sac is not large enough to receive more than a short portion of the tentacle, and probably contraction is limited to the extent of the muscular band. Oral Surface.—The outer lip or buccal membrane (pl. iii. a) is a simple membrane with seven marked angles, showing the points of attachment of brachial frena. The structure here is very similar indeed to that described by Professor Owen as occurring in Loligopsis ocellata (Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, vol. xi., pt. v.). Of the freena, the first sprmgs from the small basal web between the arms of the first pair; on each side of this is one springing from between the second and third arms; next one springing from the base of the acetabular surface of each third arm; then a similar one from each fourth arm. The surface of the buccal membrane is smooth. The inner lip (pl. vi., fig. 1a.) is thick and muscular, and its border is marked by strong regular corrugations. The whole surface of the head and body is richly spotted with chroma- tophores. They extend over the anterior surface of the fins, but only a short distance from the body on the posterior surface. They extend along the peripheral surface of the arms, and even along the surface of the first three brachial frena. They occur sparingly on the acetabular surfaces of all the arms, and on the peripheral surface of the tentacles. There are none on the funnel. Microscopic Structure of the Integument. _ The chromatophores, when examined under the microscope, show, as prevailing colours, black or very deep brown, chocolate-brown, cloudy- purple, full pink, and pale yellow. Hach chromatophore appears to have around it a few loose muscular fibres; and at times I have fancied I have detected a loose transparent capsule, with muscular fibres in its walls. In TRANS NZINSTITUTE.VOL XVLPL IT. -" SEPIOTEYTHIS BILINEATA. AB Kirk, del. TRANS NZINSTITUTEVOL XVLPL TV SEPIOTEYTHIS. GILINEATA HE Kirk, del. H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 149 such cases the chromatophores are well-defined; but often the outline is very ill-defined in one direction. This may, however, be due to the coloured contents having flowed out, leaving a part of the capsule empty, its thin walls being often invisible from their transparency. The chromatophores appear to be in two distinct layers, as at times one may be seen distinctly overlying another. Thus a deep brown chroma- tophore may be seen over a yellow one; pink may be seen over yellow; chocolate-brown over pink, and so on. Above the layer or layers containing the chromatophores is a colourless cuticular layer ; below it is a layer containing muscular fibres. The whole integument is very loosely attached by fine muscular fibres to the substance of the animal; it is loose, but nowhere wrinkled, and is very elastic. : Cartilages. The cartilages are—the cephalic cartilage, the neck cartilage, the hinge and articular cartilages, and the pinnal cartilages. Cephalic cartilage (pl. viil., fig. 2).—The cephalic cartilage forms, when the animal is in a walking position, a roof for the eye-balls. An idea of its general shape may perhaps be best obtained by imagining a broadly cordate leaf with its apex and the base of the midrib infolded towards the centre. The posterior side shows a marked depression, and the outline is here strongly concave. From within the central point of the posterior margin rises a slight prominence, which gives off two small wing-like cartilaginous expansions which lie upon the eye-ball. The anterior outline is concave, as are to some extent the lateral margins. The cartilage is pierced at its centre by the aperture for the gullet and visceral nerve branches. This aperture has its margin strengthened by a cartilaginous ridge on either side, the two ridges receding slightly from the aperture, but becoming confluent on the posterior aspect and rising to form the prominence already noted. In the cup formed by the receding of these ridges lies the peri-cesophageal nerve ring. On either side of the ridge formed by their confluence are two perforations. Neck cartilage (pl. viii., figs. 8, 4).—Lying on the neck is a cartilage of irregular diamond shape. Its sides are incurved, so as to give it a spoon- shape. Attached to it, and passing upwards, is a double muscular band attached at its opposite extremity to a tough membrane which covers the gladius. Thus the neck of the animal is strongly attached to the anterior part of the mantle. The anterior aspect of the cartilage has a raised central ridge, grooved throughout its length. This ridge corresponds with the channel of the gladius. 150 Transactions. —Zoology. Hinge and articular cartilages (pl. iv., b, c).—The hinge cartilages are two developments, one on each side of the funnel. Part of the cartilage is free and expands slightly on the surface, having a longitudinal central groove. The portion that is imbedded in the substance of the funnel is triangular in section, the base being at the surface. This cartilage is long and narrow, and the ends of the surface-portion are rounded. Corresponding with these hinge cartilages are two slightly raised car- tilaginous ridges, one on each side of the inner posterior surface of the mantle. These cartilages are not so marked as those of S. brevis, Owen (Trans. Zool. Soc. of Lond., vol. xi., pt. v.). When the mantle is contracted they fit into the cartilaginous sockets on the funnel. They extend quite to the mantle-border, forming the angles that on the posterior surface give the appearance of shoulders. It is impossible to observe any definite outline in the imbedded portion ; indeed it would seem that the ridges are rather hardened elevations of the mantle than true cartilages. Pinnal cartilages.—A long cartilage, having a low thickened central ridge with thin dilatations on each side, extends the whole length of each fin. A section in the thickest part shows a low triangle, whose broad base lies against the body of the animal, and to whose sides the muscles of the fins are attached; but the outline is in most parts irregular. A thin cartilaginous plate of oval outline lies at the base of the funnel. Muscles. On a dissection along the posterior surface being made, one of the most striking features are the musculi retractores infundibuli (pl. iv. a) extending from the base of the funnel to somewhat beyond the centre of the anterior surface of the mantle, where they are attached, one on each side of the gladius. In the groove between these elongated muscular masses lie the intestine and ink-sac, the penis and the cesophagus, with the mass of the liver. The double muscular band already spoken of as being attached to the neck cartilage probably serves to change the position of the neck. The neck has also two well-marked muscular masses lying under the muscult retractores infundibult. Each arm shows a central mass of muscle-fibres channelled for blood- vessels and nerves. From this central mass radiating fibres are given off to a circular muscular coat lying beneath the surface of the arm. Gladius (pl. vili., fig. 1). The gladius is lanceolate in shape, and is transparent. The central rib is well marked, and has a deeply excavated channel. It extends beyond the dilated wings about one-sixth of the total length. The broadest part is H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 151 at about three-fifths of the total distance from the apex, where the breadth is about one-tenth of the length. The gladius is lodged in the anterior aspect of the mantle ; and the posterior wall of its chamber is formed by a tough transparent coat, whose consistency approaches that of cartilage where it covers the apex. The gladius extends the whole length of the mantle. Circulatory and Respiratory Organs (pls. iv. and v.) The systemic heart (pl. iv. i) lies about the centre of the pervisceral cavity. In shape it is nearly triangular, the base of the triangle lying towards the oral end of the body. ‘The right side is the larger, owing to the great cephalic aorta being given off from this side. Lying at the base of the branchie are the large branchial hearts (pl. v., fig. 1f), globosely ovoid in shape, and with their axis forming an acute angle with that of the body. At its inner end each has a small fleshy appendage (pl. v., fig. 17’), and each is encased in a chamber with transparent membranous walls (id., k). As it approaches the heart the vena cava (id., 6) divides, one branch going on each side of the intestine at its point of flexure and entering the branchial heart on its upper surface. Veins (pl. iv., v, v) are seen cbnverg- ing on the inner side of the mantle to enter the vena cava. These cross from the mantle by the peritoneal membrane which is thickened for the purpose. Similar veins run from the anterior aspect of the body, entering the vena cava with those from the sides of the mantle. After passing from the branchial heart through the gills the blood enters the systemic heart at the two dilatations (‘‘auricles”) already noted as giving the triangular shape to the heart. The left auricle is the more strongly marked, the right being somewhat obscured by the great develop- ment at the point whence the cephalic aorta (pl. v., 1c) is given off. Shortly from its commencement this aorta gives off branches to the liver. At its opposite end the heart contracts to give off the posterior aorta (id., h), which, shortly after its commencement, divides into three branches, these being borne along reflexions of the peritoneal membrane to the mantle. The branchiz (pl. iv., g, 9; pl. v., fig. 1) are large and prominent, the tip extending to beyond the base of the funnel. About 70 non-ciliated lamelle are given off on each side. The continuation of the branch of the vena cava, after passing through the branchial heart, forms the central axis of the gill on the anterior side; and it is attached throughout the whole length of the gill by a suspensory membrane (id., a) to the anterior mantle surface. On the posterior side, the branchial vein forms the central axis. Each lamella is bordered by two capillaries, one running from each of the axes of the gill and meeting at the apex of the lamella, and themselves 152 Transactions.— Zoology. borne on a fine suspensory membrane. Across the space between them stretch still smaller plume-like lamelle (id., fig. 2), each with a small capillary. These sub-lamelle look like repetitions of the entire gill; but, on microscopic examination, it is seen that they consist of a capillary with a very thin membrane thrown into transverse folds (fig. 8) on each side. The renal organ (fig. 1g) is well-developed on the branches of the vena cava. ‘T'wo long lobes extend over the heart, which they almost hide; and each of these lobes has a well-marked opening, which communicates with its branch of the vena cava. ‘Thus, if air be blown into one of the openings, it inflates its branch of the vena cava, and also the branchial heart into which that branch opens. Reproductive Organs. Male (pl. vi.).—The male organs consist of a testis, vas deferens, ‘‘ prostate”? gland, duct of the ‘“ prostate,” receptacle of spermatophores and penis. The testis (fig. 1y) lies at the ab-oral end of the body, is large, irregularly oval in outline, and flattened. Its lower outline is con- cave, its upper convex. It is encased in a thin membrane attached on its anterior surface and uniting it below with the inner anterior surface of the mantle. The vas deferens communicates with the capsule of the testis towards the upper end. Its commencement seems rather to be lost in the mem- brane than to have a well-marked opening. It is short but slender, and does not present the convolutions noticed in all descriptions of the male organs of Cephalopods that I have seen. The vas deferens opens into a long, cylindrical vesicula seminalis, which leads to the “‘ prostate” gland. The walls of the vesicula present well-marked transverse plice. Hxcept that it narrows at either end, it is of about the same thickness throughout. It contains spermatozoa, which appear, when examined with the +-in. objective, to be simple straight rods. Though the walls of the vesicula appear to be thick and white, they are in reality thin and transparent, the white colour being caused by the sper- matozoa. The plice may possibly be due to only partial distention. The ‘‘ prostate” gland (fig. 1d; fig. 2) is a delicate tube, presenting marked convolutions, and haying the appearance, when viewed on the posterior aspect, of a spiral coil. At the point where the vesicula seminalis enters it is dilated (8); then there is a strong convolution ; then a slightly expanding tubular portion (2), which leads to a sac-like portion (1). Near the point where the vesicula enters is a small ccecal dilatation (4); and a similar dilatation is produced from the saccular portion from aig the duct springs. TRANS NZINSTITUTEVOL XVEPLY. pas Ee te ee CY ated ee Hilt ant May I uy Pat hit mH in! yi i i ul SEPIOTEUTHIS BILINEATA. HEKirk, del. TRANS N.ZINSTITUTE VOL.XVLPL VIL DN Sd Qa: SEPIOTEUTHIS BILINEATA, SAYS AB Kirkdé, H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 158 From the saccular portion, near the opening of this dilatation, springs the duct of the “‘ prostate’”’ (c). The wall of the “ prostate”’ contains a network of branching and interlacing fibres. The ‘ prostate” gland differs from that of S. brevis, Owen, where it is described as an “oblong, blind, glandular sac.” Loligopsis ocellata, Owen, too, shows a blind sac with a single duct for ingress and egress. Indeed this character seems common, so far as I have been able to discover; but the species at present under notice differs widely in having the “‘ prostate”’ a thickened tube or canal with ingress at one end and egress near the other. The duct of the ‘ prostate” (fig. 1c) is slender, and has transparent walls. It leads to the receptacle of spermatophores, into which it opens near its upper end. The receptacle of spermatophores (b) is a large sac with thin transparent walls, and is usually packed with spermatophores and loose spermatozoa. It opens by a wide mouth into the penis (a) of whose base it appears to be a simple dilatation. The penis tapers gradually towards its opening, which has an uneven, almost fringed margin. When tn sit the vesicula seminalis and the duct of the ‘‘ prostate” lie parallel to each other along the receptacle of spermatophores, to whose walls and to each other they are held by a membranous connection. The whorls of the prostate are held together by similar connections, so closely as to require the exercise of the utmost care to sever them without injury to the organ. The vesicula, duct, and receptacle of spermatophores thus held together lie transversely to the axis of the testis. Spermatophores (pl. vi., figs. 3-7).—A common length of the spermato- phores is about 9 lines, but this is often exceeded. The shape varies somewhat, but the general outline is the same. One end is thickened, often club-shaped, or with a knob; from this end the spermatophore tapers, but as the opposite end is approached there is often a slight dilata- tion and the end is obtuse, never, so far as I have been able to observe, filamentous. The outer case is transparent and of tolerable consistency. The thick end is mainly occupied by a sac containing spermatozoa, which extends for varying distances, but seldom, if ever, half the length of the spermatophore. To this sac is attached a sponge-like body of definite though slightly varying shape, resembling the turned handle of an awl. This body fits into the spermatophoric tube like a piston. From it extends towards the thin end of the tube a flat spirally coiled thread enclosed in a transparent case. The thread may extend to the thin end of the spermatophore and be there attached, or it may extend nearly to the end and then be recurved, or it may not extend right to the end. 154 Transactions.—Zoolog)). Professor Huxley (Anat. of Invertebrated Animals), on the authority of M. Milne-Edwards, describes the spring and the piston-like body as re- sembling the sponge of a gun with a spiral screw turned on the handle. I have carefully endeavoured to confirm this observation so far as the species under notice is concerned, but have not been able to do so. There seems to be always a spirally coiled thread encased in a transparent tube or sheath. The nearest approach to an axis bearing a screw is when the coils are thrown close together, as often happens. I have added a sketch (fig. 7) of a close portion of a coil, drawn from the + in. objective with the camera lucida. Female.—The only female specimen I have been able to obtain is a very small one (about 2 inch. in length) and much mutilated. The organs I have been able to observe are the long, narrow, nidamental glands, lying on the median line just above the gills, the oval flat and apparently stalked acces- sory glands immediately below them, and the ovary. The ovary in this specimen is very small and is somewhat pyramidal in shape, the apex lying at the upper end of the body. Iam not sure that I have correctly observed the oviduct, but what I take to be the oviduct opens on the left side, having passed, under the branchial heart. (Norz.—The fact that this specimen is the only female among ten that 1 have examined, and that the males were all fully ready for congress, would seem to show that sexual selection may have considerable scope among the members of this species.) Alimentary System, (pl. vii.) Mandibles (fig. 2).—Within the annular inner lip already noticed, are two vertical conchiolin jaws forming the beak, the posterior jaw overlapping the anterior one. The exposed parts are reddish-brown in colour, while the covered parts are transparent and colourless. Hach jaw consists of an uncus, ale and apophysis, the ale being backward and lateral expansions of the uncus. In the anterior or upper-jaw the uncus runs forward in a decurved line, terminating in a sharp point. The outer border of the ale forms a con- tinuous curve with this line, and runs backward to about half the length of the apophysis, from which it stands out prominently. The lower border of the ale is a concave curve; and the front border, from the margin of the uncus, presents a waved outline. The apophysis extends downwards, its greatest length being at its outer margin. It is fully twice the size of uncus and ale. Its inner border forms a convex curve, which extends round to the under-border, where it becomes concave. In the posterior or under-jaw the uncus is not so large as that of the upper-jaw, is more obtuse, and is proportionately stouter. The ale extend H. B. Kirxr.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 155 but a short distance backwards on the outer aspect, being here shortened by a concave border. At the sides they expand and become irregularly oblong in shape. They have a somewhat irregularly waved outline and extend forward beyond the uncus, so as to cover the inner portion of the ale of the upper-jaw. The apophysis extends outwards and backwards with a slight curve, its shortest length being at the median line, where the margin is concave. Its greatest length is within, where the margin is con- vex. The apophysis slopes rapidly from the median line, leaving a well marked keel. (Note.—In describing the jaws I have not adhered to the rule of speak- ing of the animal as though it were in a walking position, but have noticed them as they are detached and shown in the drawing.) Taste-organ (fig. 8 a).—Within the jaws and on the posterior side of the mouth is the gustatory organ, showing a fairly well-marked division into two lobes. It is soft and uncurved, and under the microscope shows inter- lacing fibres. Odontophore (fig. 3 6).—Next follows the broad radular band which works in and out of a socket in the centre of a raised papilla. It is armed with seven rows of silicious teeth. Its upper part is expanded, and has the margins recurved. ‘The lower part has the margins incurved so as to form a cylinder, and it is probable that this part is but little used in mastication. The teeth on the upper part are stronger and stouter. The central row of teeth consists of slightly curved, rather stout and obtuse spines, whose bases develope short obtuse prominences, one on each side, giving the denticles of this row a 3-fid appearance. The first lateral row consists of slightly curved spines, somewhat more acute than those of the median row. ‘The spines have the base also developed as in the median row, but the inner basal spine is somewhat shorter than the outer. The next two rows consist of longer curved spines without basal spinules. Faucial follicles (fig. 8d). Next come the two ‘‘faucial follicles.” They are attached along one side, starting at the tongue and continuing to the commencement of the esophagus. They are very well developed. The free margin is straight, and when folded over they form a covered channel over the radular socket. Salivary glands—The mandibles, tongue, odontophore, and faucial follicles are contained in the buccal mass, which narrows into the cso- phagus. Outside the buccal mass, at the commencement of the cesophagus, are two slightly-raised papille, the lingual salivary glands. Further along the esophagus, and imbedded in the liver, are two salivary glands with well-marked ducts. 156 Transactions. —Z oology. Csophagus (fig. 1c).—The buccal mass narrows into the csophagus, which passes through the nerve-collar and peri-cesophageal cartilaginous ring, and is continued to the stomach without ingluvial dilatation. It dilates slightly as it enters the stomach. Stomach (fig. 1m).—The stomach is saccular and thick-walled. It shows two slight constrictions. The walls present on their inner surface strong longitudinal plice, which are prolonged into the intestine, and con- tinue throughout its length. Lying within the stomach is a loose tunic or sac with thick, though almost transparent, walls, showing longitudinal plice or corrugations. It has a wide orifice at one end, and at the other is thin or open. I have not been able to discover that it has any organic connection with the walls of the stomach, but as I have found it in all the specimens I have examined, I do not think its occurrence can be accidental. . The pyloric opening is at the lower end of the stomach and close to the cardiac opening. ‘The commencement of the intestine is shown by a well- marked constriction. Neither cardiac nor pyloric opening is protected by a valve. Pyloric cecum (fig. 1n).—Immediately following the constriction there is given off a long cecal dilatation with thin but tough transparent walls. It expands at its attached end and tapers gradually to its opposite rounded extremity. When in situ it forms a half curve round the stomach. As will be presently noticed, the hepatic ducts open into this cecum. On the broadest part of its wall, at the attached end is a circular coat formed by a radiating mass, whose nature I have not discovered. Intestine (fig. 1h).—From the pyloric cecum the intestine narrows gradually until the anus is reached. At somewhat less than half the distance between the ccecum and the anus it is folded over so as to form a distinct flexure. The anus has two gtalked and leaf-like lateral valves. Ink-sac (fig. 1h).—The ink-sac is large and broad. Its highest and broadest part lies near the intestinal flexure, and from this part it narrows to its opening into the anus. Its coat is silvery and, in places, iridescent ; and the dark sepia shows through the sac-walls. Throughout its length it is held closely to the intestine by a membrane. Liver (fig. 1 f).—The liver is large, extending from immediately above the cephalic cartilage for about two-thirds of the length of the esophagus. It is encased in a capsule showing under the miscroscope close fibres and yellow concretions. The liver itself is loose, and under the microscope shows clustered follicles and interlacing tubes with abundant yellow concretions. The bilobed condition is not observable. H. B. Kirx.—On the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 157 The hepatic ducts are two, and open close together into the commence- ment of the pyloric cecum. They have developed upon them the light- coloured spongy ‘‘ pancreatic ” glands, which show under the microscope a loose fibrous tissue interspersed with yellow concretions (fig. 4). The fibrillar tissue is more loose and the yellow concretions larger, but less numerous, than in the liver. There is everywhere a network of ramifying tubes. _ The whole of the organs are enclosed in a peritoneal membrane, which sends three mesenteric reflexions to the mantle, one of the arterial branches from the posterior aorta running along the anterior border of each reflexion. Nervous System. The main masses of the nervous system are ageresated into a large circular band (pl. vil., fig. 1d) surrounding the gullet and lying in the aperture of the cephalic cartilage. On the anterior side of the gullet lie the cerebral and superior buccal ganglia, almost confluent and on the posterior surface are the inferior buccal, pedal, and parieto-splanchnic gan- glia. The cerebral ganglion sends off optic nerves which enlarge greatly, forming the optic ganglia (pl. vii., fig.1¢). I have not been able to dis- cover the auditory nerves. From the parieto-splanchnic ganglia two nerves run, one on each side, towards the anterior aspect of the animal, passing under the columellar muscle and each forming on the back of the pallial chamber and at the side of the gladius a large stellate ganglion (fig. 1 g), which sends branches over the mantle. For about half their course the nerves to these ganglia are imbedded in the liver. On the intestine, at the point where the pyloric cecum is given off is a well-marked ganglion (fig. 1), which appears to be connected with the main nervous centres by a nerve following the course of the intestine. This ganglion gives off radiating fibres on all sides. Eyes. The eyes are lateral, are large and prominent and are covered by a transparent layer of integument. The eyeball is invested by a silvery tapetum composed of loose cells in two layers, one or both of which contain numerous refracting corpuscles. In front this passes into the loose iris, but I have not been able to observe any cartilage of the iris. The tapetum is lightly attached and can be easily removed. Then comes a thin, trans- parent, apparently muscular membrane, covering a thin cartilaginous coat which becomes thickened slightly in front. The membrane is not continued beyond the thickened front edge of the cartilaginous coat. Within the opening is suspended a cartilaginous ring, to which is attached a fringed radiating membrane having the lens in its centre. This is the corpus 158 Transactions.—Zoology. ciliare. The lens is surrounded by a deep groove, so as to form practically two lenses, the outer one being the smaller, the inner the larger and more convex. It is in the groove of the lens that the fringe of the corpus ciliare is attached. Within the eye is the fluid vitreous humour. The eye is lined by a delicate layer of loose cells, underlaid by a pigment layer, and then the inner layer of the retina. Behind the eyeball, and forming as it were a cushion at its base, is a peculiar development of nervous tissue, the “‘ white body.” It consists of rounded or irregular, apparently nucleated cells. Auditory Organs. In the substance of the cephalic cartilage are excavated two auditory chambers, one on either side of the ridge already referred to. Their walls give rise to several rounded protuberances, which are most numerous on the side nearest to the nervous ring. The two cham- bers approach each other on the posterior side, where the dividing wall becomes thin and transparent. Each contains a single large otolith, composed of carbonate of lime. The otoliths, (pl. viil., figs. 12-14) are somewhat flattened, and are similar in shape, though one is a little larger than the other. The main portion of the otolith has one of its margins markedly convex, while the other is roughened and uneven, with two fairly well-marked excavations. From this mass the otolith narrows to an end. All the surface, except the roughened part referred to, is white and smooth so far as can be seen with a pocket magnifier ; but the microscope shows a rugose surface. EXPLANATION OF PLATES III.-VIII. Prats III.—Sepioteuthis bilineata. a, buccal membrane. b, ‘ oreille externelle.” Puate IV.—Dissection along posterior surface, showing position of organs. a, funnel. b,b, hinge cartilages. c,c, articular cartilages. d,d, musculi retractores infundibuli. e, penis. f, intestine. f’, ink-sac. g,g, branchie. h. descending aorta. v,v, veins from the mantle. k,k, branchial hearts with appendages. l, ascending aorta with arterial branches. H. B. Kirx.—Ou the Anatomy of Sepioteuthis bilineata. 159 PuatE III.—continued. m, prostate gland. m, vesicula seminalis. o, receptacle of spermatophores. p, testis. q, stomach. 7, pyloric coecum. s, end of the gladius, exposed by tearing the membranous covering. Puate V.—Circulatory and Respiratory Organs. Fig. 1. a, suspensory membrane of branchia. b, vena cava. c, descending aorta. d, intestine, cut and turned aside to show branching of vena cava. e,e’, left and right branches of vena cava, covered by renal organs. f, branchial heart. f’, appendage of branchial heart. g, left lobe of renal organ. The opening is below; the tip of the blow-tube is inserted in the opening of the right lobe. h, ascending aorta, with arterial branches. k, cut edge of membrane encasing branchial heart. Fig. 2. Portion of a single branchial lamella, drawn with the camera lucida from the 1 in. objective. Fig. 3. Portion of the last, drawn with the camera lucida from the ¢ in. objective, and showing the way in which the transverse capillary membranes of the lamella are folded. Prats VI.—Male Organs. Fig. 1. Sketch of the male organs after the membranes holding the vesicula seminalis, duct of the prostate, and whorls of the prostate, have been severed. a, penis. , receptacle of spermatophores. c, duct of the prostate. d, prostate gland. e, vesicula seminalis. f, vas deferens. g, testis. Fig. 2. The prostate gland as in sit. The small figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, show the parts so numbered in fig. 1. Fig. 3. A spermatophore, natural size. Fig. 4. The same enlarged. Fig. 5. A portion of the same, drawn with the camera lucida from the 1 in. objective. Fig. 6. Another portion. Fig. 7. A close portion of a spiral coil from near the thin end of a spermatophore, showing a solid appearance. From the 4 in. objective with the camera lucida, o 160 Fig. 1. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Transactions.— Zoology. Puate VII.—Alimentary and Nervous Systems. Sketch of Alimentary and main portions of Nervous System. a, inner lip. b, buccal mass. c, cesophagus. d, nerve collar. é, optic ganglion. f, liver. g, ganglion stellatum. h, intestine, ending in anus with lateral anal valves. z, ink-sac. k, pancreatic glands, along the course of the hepatic duct. 1, splanchnic ganglion. m, stomach. m, ccecum. Mandibles. a, anterior or upper. b, posterior or lower. Buccal mass cut open and mandibles removed. The point of the curved needle is inserted in the cesophagus. a, taste organ. b, odontophore, turned aside. c, socket of odontophore. d,d, faucial follicles. Fig. 4. 13, 14. Portion of pancreatic gland, drawn from the 1 in. objective with the camera lucida. Pratt VIII. Gladius. Cephalic cartilage. Neck cartilage, posterior and anterior aspects; showing attached muscular _ bands. Sections through Ist, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th right arms and clavate portion of tentacle. The dark line shows the extent of the chromatophoric surface. A single sucker. Section of the same. An otolith, natural size, on dark ground. View of both surfaces of an otolith, much enlarged. The funnel cut open. z, the infundibular valve. a wy TRANS NZINSTHUTEVOL EPL ssi | La i ———— SS eee SEPIOTEUTHIS BILINEATA HB Kirk alel : TRANS NZINSTITUTE VOL XVEPL VIL 2 ——_ SEPIOTEUTHIS. BILINEATA HE Kirk, del. ha 4 By Heed Hutton.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 161 Art. VII.—Notes on some New Zealand Land Shells, with Descriptions of new Species. By Professor F. W. Hurron. (Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 7th June, 1883.] Plates IX.—XI. I nave divided this paper into two portions, the first containing descriptions of the animals and dentition of species that have already been described, the second containing descriptions of new species. In the first part I have arranged the species according to the Manual of New Zealand Mollusca (1880), and under the same names as there given, although the dentition proves in many cases that this arrangement is quite wrong. I hope shortly to offer a paper containing a new and more natural grouping of all our Land Mollusca. A. Old Species. Patuna prnuna, Reeve (= iota, Pf.). Pl. ix, fig. x., and pl. xi., fig. u. Jaw arcuate, with about 35 flat ribs, which indent the concave but not the convex margin. Dentition, 27-1-27, varying from 25 to 29. Laterals from 18 to 15. Central tooth small, narrower in front than behind, longer than broad, the reflexed portion constricted at the sides, covering about half the base, with a rather large acute point. First lateral like the central but larger ; the other laterals with a deep notch on the outer side of the reflexed portion, the cutting point increasing in length outwards. Marginals broader than long, the inner with a cutting point and a denticle on each side of it; the outer serrated, one of the inner points longer than the others. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Patuta pimorpHa, Pfeiffer. Pl. ix., fig. v. Jaw slender, slightly arcuated, with about 35 flat ribs which indent both surfaces. Dentition, 35-1-85, with 18 laterals in a large specimen. In smaller specimens the number of teeth is sometimes as few as 22 with 10 laterals. Central tooth with the base narrower in front, longer than broad; reflexed portion narrow, two-thirds the length of the base, with a minute lateral cusp on each side, the point moderate. Laterals with the inner side of the reflexed portion sinuated, outer side with a short, broad, emarginate process, the cutting points longer than on the central tooth. Marginals at first longer than broad, but near the exterior broader than long; the inner with a bidentate point; the outer also with a bidentate point, and one or two smaller ones outside it. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). 11 162 Transactions. —Zoology. Patuna cELINDE, Gray. PI. ix., fig. 0, and pl. x1, fig. v. Jaw slightly arcuate, with flat ribs ; very delicate. Dentition, 18-1-18. Laterals about 5. Central tooth rectangular, as broad as long; the reflexed portion tyri- cuspid, extending over half the base, with a large, clavate, median cusp extending quite to the posterior margin, and with a rather large cutting point. Laterals like the central tooth. Inner marginals with an oblique reflexed portion carrying a long point at the end, the outer side indented and with a minute point. Outer marginals broader than long, with two points ; at first the inner point is much the larger, but near the outer edge both points get equal. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). The shell has distant membranaceous plaits which are produced at the periphery into triangular processes. Patuta coma, Gray. PI. ix., fig. o, and pl. xi., fig. x. Animal small, mantle rather posterior, the tail not produced behind the shell ; eye-peduncles large, clavate, approximated at their bases; the tentacles short. Yellowish-white, eye-peduncles and a stripe down each side of the head dark purple. Jaw finely striated, arcuated, not tapering, with a slight median projection. Dentition, 18-1-13 ; varying from 12 to 15. Liaterals 4 or 5. Central tooth with the base broader than, or as broad as, long; the reflexed portion slightly contracted near the attachment, and tricuspid; the median cusp with a long point reaching beyond the posterior margin of the base. Lateral teeth similar to the central, but with a longer base, and a shorter reflexed portion. Marginals with a tridentate cutting point, which is bidentate on the penultimate and absent on the minute outer tooth. Hab. I have examined the radulas of seven individuals—five sent by Mr. Cheeseman from Auckland, and two by Mr. Helms from Greymouth. The living animal was sent by Mr. Helms. In the shell the interstices between the ribs are finely striated with erowth-lines. Parura Lucetta, Hutton (=coma, Pfeiffer, not of Gray). Pl. xi., fig. a. Animal like P. coma, but white ; the peduncles purplish, and a band on each side of the head slightly speckled with purple. Jaw smooth, membranous, slightly tapering to each end. Dentition, 14-1-14. Laterals 6. Central tooth rectangular, as long as broad; the reflexed portion less than half the base, tricuspid ; the middle cusp with ‘its point reaching to the posterior margin. Laterals about 6, the inner with the side-cusps Hutton.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 163 equal, and the middle cusp with a large point projecting beyond the pos- terior margin; in the outer laterals the inner cusp becomes obsolete. Marginals broader than long, with three points; the last without points, and the penultimate with only two points. Hab. Hawke’s Bay (W. Colenso). The shell in this species differs from that of P. coma in having the ribs nearer together and the spire more elevated. PATULA BUCCINELLA, Reeve (= gamma, Pf.). Pl. ix., fig. p. Jaw finely striated, with a slight median projection. Dentition, 10-1-10. Liaterals 3 or 4. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion less than half the length of the base, tricuspid, the middle cusp with a short cutting point. The first three laterals like the central tooth,.but the reflexed portion longer and the cutting point reaching the posterior margin of the base. Marginals broad, the inner ones with a bidentate cutting point at the inner corner; the last tooth minute, without any cutting point. Hab. I have examined the dentition of three individuals from Auck- land, and found it alike in all. The shell in this species is broadly umbilicated, but the umbilicus varies a good deal; the spire is flat and the interstices between the ribs finely striated with growth-lines. PatruLa ancuricuLus, Reeve (= theta, Pf.)? PI. ix., fig. x. Animal like that of coma; darkish-erey, the foot white with a grey patch on the back behind the shell. Jaw membranous, very delicate. Dentition, 11-1-11. Liaterals 5. Centval tooth rectangular, the base as broad as long; the reflexed por- tion tricuspid, the median cusp covering about two-thirds of the base and swollen at the end. The first two laterals are like the central tooth, but more elongated, and the median cusp reaching nearly to the posterior margin of the base: the outer laterals have a small cutting point on each of the side-cusps. Inner marginals with three points; outer marginals very broad and with 4 or 5 points. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). As I do not feel sure about the identification of this species I give a description of the shell. Shell very broadly umbilicated, the spire almost flat: whorls 44, with nearly straight ribs, about 30 or 85 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices finely reticulated : aperture sub-vertical, lunately sub-circular. Colour dark reddish-brown, banded with horny. Greatest diameter -1; least -07. 164 Transactions.— Zoology. Paruna pa, Gray (ide). PI. ix., fig. v. Animal with the body rather short and narrow; mantle sub-central, rather anterior, slightly reflected over the peristome of the shell; foot narrow, extending behind the shell, the tail truncated and furnished with a mucous gland: no locomotive disc. Hye-peduncles very long, cylindrical, approximated at their bases; tentacles long. Colour pale olive-brown spotted with dark brown; a longitudinal dark brown line runs round the side of the foot, below which it is edged with alternate, transverse, bars of brown and pale olive-brown. Jaw, with about 30 flat ribs, each transversely striated. Dentition, 22-1-22. Laterals about 8. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion tri- cuspid, extending over a third of the base, the median cusp long and straight, but not reaching the posterior margin, the cutting point rather large, projecting beyond the margin; the side-cusps constricted on the outer side. lLaterals like the central, but rather oblique, the outer side- cusps being larger than the inner. Inner marginals with a single bidentate cutting point; outer marginals broader than long, with several cutting points. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). PatuLa cornicuLum, Reeve (= eta, Pf.). Pl. ix., fig. F. Animal like coma, but the eye-peduncles smaller and not clavate. White, slightly speckled with grey above; peduncles purplish. Jaw finely striated. Dentition, 14-1-14. Laterals 4 or 5. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion about half the length of the base, tricuspid, the middle cusp long, extending to the posterior margin and armed with a small point. Laterals like the central tooth, but the middle cusp more clavate. Inner marginals with one, and outer with three acute points. Hab. Hyreton, North Canterbury (C. Chilton). In the shell the interstices between the ribs are finely reticulated. Patuna inFecta, Reeve (= zeta, Pf.). Pl. ix., fig. a. Animal like coma. White, eye-peduncles and a stripe on each side of the head greyish. Jaw finely striated. Dentition, 15-1-15. Laterals 3. Central tooth rectangular, broader than long; the reflexed portion tricuspid; the side-cusps constricted on the outer side; middle cusp reach- ing to the posterior margin and the cutting point projecting beyond. First lateral like the central ; the others smaller, bicuspid, the inner cusp small, the outer long, narrow, and with a small point. Marginals tridentate, the denticles nearly equal in size, > ». Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 165 Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). The surface of the shell between the ribs is finely reticulated. Patuna IGNIFLUA, Reeve (=lambda, Pf.). Pl. x., fig. u. Animal with the mantle sub-central, slightly reflected over the peristome of the shell: tail pointed, with a caudal mucous gland, but no papilla; eye- peduncles approximated at their bases. White, with clusters of brown spots and an interrupted brown line round the sides, below which the margin of the foot is striped with brown and white transverse bands; a streak on each side of the head black; sole of the foot mottled with brown, arranged in irregular transverse bands, which slope backwards and form an obtuse angle in the centre. Hab. Rangitira Bush, Temuka (C. Chilton). For the jaw and dentition of this species see Trans. N.Z. Inst., xiv., p. 151. Patuta Tapirina, Hutton, PI. ix., fig. a. Animal like coma; colour white; peduncles, tentacles, and a stripe down each side of the head purplish black. Hab. Rangitira Bush, Temuka (C. Chilton). For the jaw and dentition of this species see Trans., N.Z. Inst., xiv., p. 150 (P. coma). Patuta Portia. Gray. PI. ix., fig. 1. Jaw arched, not tapering, with about 34 flat ribs, or plates. Dentition, 24-1-24. Laterals about 9. Central tooth rather wedge-shaped, broader behind, longer than broad ; the reflexed portion triangular, slightly constricted, not covering half the base, the point small; laterals rather oblique, broader than the central, the reflexed portion bicuspid with a long point on the inner cusp. They pass gradually into the marginals which are rather broader than long, with a long cutting point, and a small one on each side of it. Hab. Auckland (Cheeseman). . Patuta venuuaTA, Pfeiffer. Pl. xi., fig. y. Jaw arched, with about 10 flat ribs in the centre ; the ends striated. Dentition, 17-1-17. Liaterals 6. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion tricuspid, the lateral cusps small and constricted on the outer side; central cusp reaching nearly three quarters of the length of the base, the cutting point large. laterals like the central, but broader, and the lateral cusps with points, of which the inner is the larger. The cusps get smaller, and the inner cutting point gets larger until the inner marginals have two, nearly equal, points and a small outside point. The outer marginals have the two points coalesced into a single bidentate point ; while the outer point gets larger. The 17th marginal has only two small points. 166 Transactions. —Zoology. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). GrRonTIA PANTHERINA, Hutton. PI. ix., fig. 1., and pl. xi., fig. Rr. Jaw slightly arcuated, smooth, striated. Dentition, 24-1-24. Laterals 8 or 9. Central tooth rectangular, rather broader than long; the reflexed por- tion tricuspid, extending over half the base, the median cusp reaching the posterior margin ; all the cusps with moderate cutting points. Laterals tricuspid, the outer side-cusps larger than the inner; each with a point. Outer laterals, or inner marginals, bicuspid, the outer cusp smaller ; inner margin of the inner cusp emarginate and with a cutting point; a large acute cutting point at the end. Outer marginals longer than broad, with a broad bidentate point; the last without any point. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). The shell in this species is like macrocyclis, but the teeth are very different. Mioropuysa (?) pumina, Hutton. PI. ix., fig. q. Jaw, none seen. Dentition, 18-1-13. Liaterals (?). Central tooth longer than broad; the reflexed portion tricuspid, the middle cusp longer and with a sharp point. laterals bicuspid, the two cusps separated, each with a point; the inner cusp larger. Marginals apparently like the laterals, but they are too minute to be made out dis- tinctly by me. Hab. Christchurch (J. F. Armstrong). Srropina LEIopDA, Hutton. PI. ix., fig. p. Jaw, none seen. Dentition, 12-1-12. Laterals 4. Central tooth rectangular, as broad as long; the reflexed portion small, tricuspid; middle cusp not reaching the posterior margin. Laterals larger, longer than broad, tricuspid, the middle cusp elongated, clavate, reaching the posterior margin. Marginals broader than long, the three inner with three minute points, the five outer without points. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Virrina piurpiava, Pfeiffer. Pl. ix., fig. y, and pl. xi., fig. o. Animal, in spirit, is very much larger than the shell; the mantle appears to be sub-central, or anterior, and is broadly expanded over the shell, leaving a central opening only, but not divided into lobes ; there is no locomotive disc to the foot; the tail is pointed and without any appearance of a mucous gland. Jaw slightly arched, strongly ribbed with about fifteen rounded ribs in the centre ; striated towards the extremities. Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 167 Dentition, 26-1-26. Laterals about 10. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad ; the reflexed portion tri- cuspid, short, but with a long middle cusp reaching nearly to the posterior margin, and with a short point. The first six laterals are like the central tooth, the seventh to ninth with the reflexed portion rather longer, and the inner side-cusps obsolete. Marginals broader than long, tridentate; the inner with the middle point longer than the others ; the outer with the three points nearly equal, Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Hxrrx creenwoonr, Gray. Pl. x., fig. p. Jaw none. Dentition, 10-0-10 ; varying from 9 to 11. Transverse rows of teeth forming an acute angle. Teeth robust, all aculeate, smooth, increasing from the centre to the ninth, which is the largest ; the tenth much smaller; the eleventh very minute or absent. Hab. Auckland (Cheeseman). Ruyripa austrauis, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. s. Jaw, none. Dentition, 16-00-16. Transverse rows of teeth forming an acute angle. Teeth slender, all aculeate, smooth, increasing from the centre to the fourteenth, which is the largest ; fifteenth small; sixteenth still smaller, but present in both the individuals that I have examined. Hab. Stewart Island (T. Kirk). Rayripa cirrina, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. R. Jaw, none. Dentition, 17-0-17. Transverse rows of teeth forming an acute angle. Teeth slender, all aculeate, smooth, increasing in size from the centre to the fifteenth, which is the largest; sixteenth nearly as large as the fifteenth ; seventeenth much smaller, Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Ruyiipa patuna, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. q. Jaw, none. Dentition, 18-0-18. Transverse rows of teeth forming an acute angle. Teeth robust, all aculeate, increasing from the centre up to the seventeenth, which is the largest ; eighteenth very small. All the teeth smooth, except the seven- teenth, which has an angular ridge running down the outer side. Hab, Greymouth (R. Helms). In specimens from Balclutha the dentition is 14-0-14. 168 Transactions.—Z vology. PaRIXGNATHUS MARGINATUS, Hutton. PI. ix., fig. s. Jaw arcuate, not tapering, papillate, with about 28 broad ribs. Dentition, 85-1-35. Teeth very minute. Central tooth unicuspid, longer than broad; the reflexed portion minute. Laterals bicuspid ; the cusps rather remote, and the reflexed portion small. Marginals apparently the same as the laterals, but too minute to make out clearly. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Hewrx recuaris, Pfeiffer. Pl. xi., fig. p. Jaw arcuate, not tapering, papillate, with about 23 broad rounded ribs. Dentition, 27-1-27. Laterals 18 or 20. Central tooth rectangular, the length nearly three times the breadth ; the reflexed portion covering only a third of the base, hollowed on each side. laterals oblique; the reflexed portion covering a third of the base, bicuspid, the cusps close together; the inner cusp the larger and carrying the larger cutting point, which is long and pointed. Marginals quadran- gular, broader than long, with several very minute cutting points. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). The shell is covered with a thin epidermis which is often ciliated round the keel of the last whorl. Henix pacinosticta, Pfeiffer. Jaw arched, not tapering, of 21 imbricating plates covered thickly with papille. Dentition, 28-1-28. All the teeth longer than broad and the reflexed portion very short. Central tooth unicuspid; laterals and marginals rather oblique, bicuspid, with small points. Her conewua, Pfeiffer. Jaw not seen. Dentition, 88-1-88. As in the last species. Hexix strputata, Reeve (= alpha, Pf.). Pl. xi., figs. B. and x. Animal like P. coma; mantle subcentral, slightly reflected over the peri- stome ; eye-peduncles long and cylindrical; tail short, pointed, and without any mucous gland. Colour pale brown, with a broad slate-blue band on each side of the head, including the peduncles. Jaw slightly arched, not tapering, smooth, slightly longitudinally striated ; the anterior edge concave with a jagged margin. Dentition, 12-1-12. Laterals 3 or 4. Central tooth rectangular, as broad as long ; the reflexed portion tri- cuspid, the middle cusp reaching two-thirds of the length. Laterals tricuspid, the side-cusps constricted on their outer sides, the middle cusp TRANS. NZINSTITUTE VOLXVLPL IX. ¥C | LAND MOLLUSCS OFNMEW ZEALAND. Ek Aiditon, del. Hurton.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 169 reaching the posterior margin, the cutting point projecting beyond it. Marginals broader than long; the inner with three cutting points; the three outer very broad, with two small pomts at the inner corner. Hab. Rangitira Bush, Temuka (C. Chilton). The shell is hairy, but the hairs rub off when the animal is dead. Heurx zeauanpia, Gray. Pl. x., fig. 5. Jaw arcuate, flatly ribbed, the ribs indenting the concave margin. Dentition, 85-1-35 ; varying from 27 to 40. Laterals about 9 ; varying from 8 to 10. Central tooth rectangular, the length more than twice the breadth ; the reflexed portion half the length of the base, slightly constricted and with a moderate point. The inner laterals like the central tooth, but broader and with the outer lobe more marked and notched, the notch getting gradually less outwards. Inner marginals with a long base and a short reflexed portion bearing a long oblique cutting point on the inner edge and a small cusp on the outer; outer marginals irregular, the breadth and length about equal, with a long oblique cutting point. The laterals pass gradually into the marginals, and the cutting point is longest in the middle of the marginals. Hab, Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Hexix antipopa, Hombron and Jacquinot. Pl. x., fig. F. Animal with the foot narrow, produced behind the shell; a caudal papilla and a mucous gland below it. Mantle subcentral, slightly reflected over the peristome of the shell. Colour pale grey, the anterior portion darker ; peduncles and a line down each side of the head dark blue-black ; mantle pale grey with dead white spots. Jaw like that of zealandie. Dentition, 835-1-385 ; varying from 31 to 86. Laterals about 12. Central tooth rectangular, its length more than twice its breadth; the reflexed portion about half as long as the base, slightly constricted at about a third of its length, the point moderate. The first five or six laterals like the central tooth; the others oblique, with a large cutting point on the inner edge of the reflexed portion, and a small exterior cusp. Marginals with a small irregular base, and a long oblique cutting point, increasing in length to about the middle of the marginals and then decreasing. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). The shell varies very much in colour, sometimes being painted with alternating oblique narrow bands of yellowish white and rufous, some- times almost entirely rufous, or pale brown. TuaxassiA (?) prorinqua, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. ¢, and pl. xi., fig. v. Jaw arcuate, not tapering, with about 22 flat ribs, which slightly indent the concave margin. Dentition, 831-1-81. Laterals 12. 170 Transactions. —Zoology. Central tooth rectangular, the length more than twice the breadth; the reflexed portion triangular, slightly sinuated on the sides, about half the length of the base and with a moderate point. Inner laterals like the central tooth, but more deeply sinuated on the inner side; outer laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp larger and with a long point, the outer cusp with a small point. Inner marginals with a long acute point, and a small one inside it; outer marginals with the base as long as broad, and a single long point. The cutting points increase in size as far as the middle of the marginals and then decrease. Hab. Southland (G. M. Thomson), Heurx xtvi, Gray. Pl. ix., fig. a, and pl. xi., fig, 1. Jaw composed of about 50 separate overlapping plates, the léngth of which is four or five times the breadth, the inner. edge of one plate lying in front of the outer edge of the one next it; all the plates transversely striated. Central plate with a length of three times its breadth, the lower margin emarginate. Dentition, 28-1-28. Laterals abate 15, Central tooth rectangular, the length twice the breadth, the reflexed por- tion not reaching half-way and slightly constricted at the sides, with a broad cutting point. Laterals with the reflexed portion sinuated on the inner margin, and an additional small point on the outer side. Inner mar- ginals with a broad blunt double cutting point, with several small acute ones outside it; outer marginals with 3 or 4 acute points. Hab. Auckland (Cheeseman). Hetrx eranum, Pfeiffer. Pl. ix., fig. 1. Animal elongated, the foot narrow, projecting behind the shell; mantle subcentral, rather anterior, included ; eye-peduncles long, rather clavate ; tentacles moderate. Colour white, finely speckled with dark grey above, in front of the shell, and on the head, eye-peduncles, and tentacles ; edges and sole of the foot often with white streaks. Jaw like that of P. pilula. Dentition, 27-1-27. lLiaterals about 14. Central tooth wedge-shaped, broader behind ; the reflexed pone short with a small cusp on each side. Laterals ie the central tooth, but the reflexed portion oblique, inclined inwards. Marginals with a broad base and numerous points, of which one near the inner side is longer than the rest. Hab. Hyreton, N. Canterbury (C. Chilton). ParyPHANTA PHLOGOPHORA, Pfeiffer. Pl. 1ix., fig. z, and pl. xi., fig. P. Animal with the mantle subcentral, slightly reflected over the peristome of the shell, the margin entire ; eye-peduncles moderate, thick, the tentacles short; tail depressed, rounded, with a mucous gland. Colour slate grey, the sole and sides of the foot orange. Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 171 Jaw arched, thick, tapering towards the ends, smooth, without ribs, the concave margin jagged. Dentition, 21-1-21. Laterals 8. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion triangular, sinuated on each side, two-thirds the length of the base and with a large cutting point. First lateral like the central tooth but larger, the inner margin straighter and with a minute point; second to fourth laterals with the base nearly as broad as long, the reflexed portion deeply sinuated on the inner, less so on the outer side, a small point on the inner side: in the sixth to eighth laterals the inner side is less sinuated and the point becomes larger. Marginals broader than long, with three points of which the middle is the longest; in the outer marginals the two inner cutting points are equal and united. Hab. Oxford, N. Canterbury (C. Chilton). Amputipoxa cornEA, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. a. Jaw thin, slightly arcuate, smooth, faintly striated. Dentition, 22-1-22. Laterals 8. Teeth like those of P. phlogophéra except the outer marginals in which the cutting points are more irregular and altogether absent in the last, which is minute. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Animal dark slate grey, sole of the foot dirty yellowish; mantle mottled with grey. Mantle central, slightly reflected over the peristome ; tail pointed, with a mucous slit. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Ampuipoxa costutata, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. p. Jaw, none seen. Dentition, 14-1-14. Laterals 5 or 6. Central tooth rectangular, almost as broad as long ; the reflexed portion minute, tricuspid; the middle cusp reaching about half the length of the base. Laterals like the central tooth, but the middle cusp reaching the posterior margin. Marginals broader than long, tridentate ; in the inner marginals the outer point is very small, and the two inner are united. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). ParypHanta cntron, Gray. Pl. x., fig. B. Jaw, none seen. Dentition, 17-1-17. Liaaterals 7. Teeth like those of P. phlogophora. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). PaRYPHANTA CREBRIFLAMMIS, Pfeiffer. Pl. xi., fig. c. Jaw very delicate, membranaceous, smooth. 172 Transactions. —Zoology. Dentition, 18-1-18. Laterals 7. Central tooth rectangular, as broad as long; the reflexed portion tricuspid, the middle cusp reaching a half and the side-cusps a third of the length of the base. Inner laterals rather longer than broad, tricuspid, the reflexed portion constricted at the sides, the middle cusp reaching almost to the posterior margin, and with a small point: outer laterals with the inner side of the reflexed portion hollowed out; the outer side with a small constricted cusp, middle cusp with a large point. Inner marginals tridentate, the inner and middle points larger; outer marginals much broader than long, with a single dentate point, which gets cua outwards and disappears altogether on the two last. Hab. Greymouth (Rt. Helms). PaRYPHANTA JEFFREYSIANA, Pfeiffer, Pl. xi., fig. F. Jaw, none. Dentition, 9-0-9. Transverse rows of teeth forming an obtuse angle. Teeth robust, all aculeate, smooth, the points rounded ; increasing in size from the first to the fifth and then decreasing. The first about equal to the ninth; the third equal to the eighth. Hab. Auckland (T. F'. Cheeseman). ParYPHANTA CORESIA, Gray. Pl. xi., fig. 5. Jaw, none. Dentition, 9-0-9. Transverse rows of teeth forming an obtuse angle. Teeth rather robust, all aculeate, smooth, the points rounded ; increasing in size from the first to the fourth and then decreasing. The third as large as the ane Hab. Auckland (Cheeseman). The teeth are more slender than in jeffreysiana. Nanina manim, Gray. PI. ix., fig. R. Jaw arcuate, not tapering, papillate, with about 383 flat ribs. Dentition, 47-1-47, without distinction between laterals and marginals. Central tooth rectangular, the length three and a half times the breadth ; the reflexed portion less than half the base, constricted at the sides and with a moderate point. lLaterals larger than the central tooth; the reflexed portion minute, not more than a quarter of the base, bicuspid, the inner cusp with a long, the outer with a small point. Towards the margin the teeth get smaller and the points nearly equal. The two outer are minute and without points. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Puacussa HELMs!, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. 1, and pl. xi., fig. w. Jaw arcuate, not tapering, with 20 or 25 flat ribs which indent the con- cave margin. Dentition, 28-1- 98; varying from 26 to 80. Laterals 11 or 12. Hutton.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 173 Central tooth rather wedge-shaped, broader behind, the length nearly twice the breadth ; the reflexed portion triangular, slightly sinuated at the sides, less than half the length of the base, with a moderate point. Laterals with the base rhomboidal; the inner with the reflexed portion half the length of the base, bicuspid, the inner cusp large with a moderate point, the outer cusp small without a point; outer laterals with the reflexed por- tion shorter and unicuspid, the point longer, reaching beyond the posterior margin of the base. Marginals aculeate, with a strong curved point, which is most developed in the centre of the marginals. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). This species differs from Zonites in having a ribbed jaw, in which respect it resembles Zonites (?) lansing’, Bland, from Oregon. , Puacussa FunmiInata, Hutton. Pl. x., fig. s. Jaw like that of P. helmsi. Dentition, 38-1-88. Laterals about 18. Central tooth rectangular, the length nearly three times the breadth ; the reflexed portion small, about a third of the length, constricted on the sides, the point small. Laterals bicuspid, the inner cusp much larger : inner laterals with the inner side emarginate, the cutting point small ; outer laterals with the reflexed portion more oblique and its inner margin straight, the cutting pot moderate. Marginals aculeate, with a long curved point. Hab. Stewart Island (T. Kirk). JANELLA BITENTACULATA, Quoy. Pl. x., fig. m. Jaw delicate, smooth, broad, slightly arched, with a sub-quadrangular accessory plate proceeding backwards. Dentition, 255-1-255. Central tooth with a median cusp on the reflexed portion ; the anterior margin simple or sinuated. Hab. Christchurch (R. W. Fereday). JANELLA MARMOREA, Hutton. PI. x., fig. n, and pl. xi,, fig. x. Jaw like that of J. bitentaculata. Dentition, 255-1-255. Central tooth without a median cusp on the reflexed portion ; the anterior margin emarginate. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Lepropoma pannosa, Hutton. PI. x., fig. vu. Dentition, 3-1-8. Central tooth longer than broad, constricted in the middle, rounded in front, and flat behind; anterior margin with five denticles, none on the basal part of the tooth. First lateral broad, with a very short stalk ; 174 Transactions. —Zoology. denticles four. Second lateral rhomboidal; the anterior margin with five denticles. Third lateral versatile, the base emarginate, the middle con- stricted, the outer posterior margin with three curved cusps. Animal. Rostrum emarginate; tentacles short, slightly tapered, and rounded at the ends; the eyes on slight bulgings at their bases; foot short, not produced much beyond the operculum ; tail rounded. Body and foot brown; tentacles and a band on each side of the head purple; rostrum broadly margined with white, and the tentacles minutely tipped with the same colour. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). DLerropoma catyva, Hutton. ¥ The operculum and dentition resemble that of L. pannosa. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). Reauia turRicunata, Pfeiffer. Pl. xi., fig. a. Dentition, 3-1-3. Central tooth longer than broad, narrower behind, deeply constricted in the middle, the recurved margin with five denticles. First lateral oval with a short, rather broad, stalk, and five denticles. Second lateral oval with a short. narrow stalk and six denticles. Third lateral sub-rhomboidal, pointed behind and constricted on the outer margin, with four denticles. Operculum oval, of about three rapidly increasing whorls, the last of which is rather strongly transversely striated; nucles nearer the centre than the margin. Hab. Whangarei (Judge Gillies). REALIA HOCHSTETTERI, Pfeiffer. The dentition and operculum are much the same as in the last species. Hab. Auckland (Judge Gillies). B. New Species. PatuLA JESSICA, N. 8. Shell small, discoidal, widely umbilicated, ribbed ; colour horny, largely radiately streaked and clouded with reddish brown, giving a general dark colour to the shell. Spire flat or slightly convex, apex often pushed in ; whorls 44 to 54, very slowly increasing, rounded, with numerous rather close ribs, which are strongly sinuated on the upper surface, but straight and feebler below; ribs about 86 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices strongly striated with growth-lines, and more or less reticulated with spirals ; suture impressed; umbilicus wide, perspective, showing all the whorls ; aperture nearly vertical, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, flatly angled above, then regularly arched, the margins at right angles, Greatest diameter ‘17; least -15 ; length -08 inch. Hab. Bealey, Canterbury (Dr. v. Haast). Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 175 PatunA BIANCA, 0. 8. Shell minute, discoidal, widely umbilicated, finely ribbed; colour horny brown banded with darker. Spire flat, or slightly convex; whorls 4, | slowly increasing, rounded, delicately ribbed; ribs about 55 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices striated; suture impressed; umbilicus broad, gradated ; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, regularly arched; greatest diameter 1, least -09 inch. Hab, Greymouth (R. Helms). This species is allied to P. corniculum, but it is more finely ribbed, and the colours are different. PATULA TIMANDRA, 0. S. 5 Shell small, discoidal, broadly umbilicated, distantly ribbed; colour brown, obscurely banded with paler. Spire flat, or slightly convex ; peri- phery rounded ; suture impressed; whorls 4-5, slowly increasing, rounded, delicately striated with growth-lines, and with distant ribs, which are sinuated on the upper surface near the periphery, and straight below ; ribs about 13 in the tenth of an inch; umbilicus very broad, perspective, gradated ; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome simple, the margins approaching, forming more than three-fourths of a circle. Greatest diameter :12, least -10 ; height 05 inch. Hab, Auckland (Cheeseman). PATULA SYLVIA, 0. 5S. , Shell minute, discoidal, umbilicated, obliquely ribbed: colour very pale horny with faint thin radiating bands of chestnut on the upper surface. Spire flat or slightly convex; whorls 51, very slowly increasing, rounded, with delicate rather distant ribs which are very oblique on the upper sur- face, but transverse to the whorls on the lower surface; ribs about 18 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices rather strongly striated with growth lines; suture impressed; umbilicus rather wide, gradated; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, regularly arched, the upper margin advancing. Greatest diameter -12; least -1; height 06 inch. Hab. Bealey (Dr. v. Haast); under logs in the beech forests. FRUTICICOLA ADRIANA, 0D. 8. Shell small, discoidal, narrowly umbilicated, finely ribbed ; colour pale horny with spots and angular streaks of chestnut. Spire flat; whorls 43, slowly increasing, rounded, delicately ribbed; ribs about 50 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices reticulated; suture impressed; umbilicus narrow, but open; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar ; peristome thin, reeu- larly arched, the columellar margin slightly reflected. Greatest diameter 16; least -14; height -07 inch. ® 176 Transactions.— Zoology. Hab. Near Christchurch (R. Brown). ENDODONTA MARINA, 0. 8. Shell conoidal, sub-perforated, striated; colour pale yellowish horn, sometimes faintly banded with chestnut, and tessellated with the same colour on the keel. Spire conoidal, rather obtuse; whorls 53, slowly increasing, rather flattened, the last acutely keeled, delicately but rather , irregularly striated; suture margined; umbilicus covered; aperture vertical, sub-rhomboidal; peristome thin; columella with a large acute plait ; parietal plaits two, one on the penultimate whorl near the outer side, the other on the right lip above the keel. Greatest diameter +13, least 11, height *1 inch. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). EINDODONTA NERISSA, N. 8. Shell conoidal, sub-perforated, striated; colour pale yellowish horny with indistinct bands of chestnut and spots of the same colour on the keel. Spire flatly conoidal, obtuse; whorls 54, slowly increasing, rather flattened, the last acutely keeled, delicately and rather distantly striated; suture margined; umbilicus covered; aperture sub-vertical, sub-rhomboidal ; peristome thin; columella with a large acute plait; parietal plaits six, two on the penultimate whorl, of which the outer is the larger, one on the right lip above the keel, and three blunt plaits on the basal lip. Greatest diameter 11, least :1, height :07 inch. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). ' PurixenatHus cetia, n.s. H,. fatua, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xiv., p. 153 (not of Pfeiffer). Shell small, depressed, smooth, shining, umbilicated; colour horny with reddish-brown bands. Spire conoidal, depressed; whorls 54, slowly increasing, the last obtusely carinated, faintly striated ; the base delicately spirally striatulated ; suture impressed ; umbilicus narrow, but always well marked ; aperture oblique, sub-rhomboidal; peristome thin, the columel- lar margin slightly reflected. Greatest diameter :15, least :12, height ‘1 inch. Aninal with the mantle rather anterior, included; tail acute, without any mucous gland; peduncles long, slightly clavate, approximated at their bases. Colour greyish-brown, the anterior portion of the head darker ; sometimes a dark transverse band under the shell. Hab. Dunedin (Ff. W. H.). This species differs from H. fatua in size and colour as well as in being thinner, less conical, and more finely striated. From H. glabriuscula it differs in having the whorls angled; and from P. conella in the umbilicus being much broader, and the spire more depressed, ALAND. 7 Vid LAND MOLLUSCA OF NEW EWHuitor. del, Hurton.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 177 PHRIXGNATHUS PHRYNIA, N.S. Shell minute, conoidal, umbilicated, the epidermis plicated: colour pale horny, radiately streaked with rufous. Spire conoidal, acute ; periphery obtusely angled; suture impressed ; whorls 5, rounded, smooth, the epidermis rather distantly wrinkled ; umbilicus narrow, open ; aperture slightly oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, the margins approxi- mating; the columellar margin scarcely reflected. Greatest diameter ‘1, least -09; height ‘09 inch. Hab. Wanganui (T. W. Kirk), Very near P. celia, but differs in the plaited epidermis. PHRIXGNATHUS ARIEL, N.S. Shell small, depressed, scarcely shining, finely ‘ribbed, subperforate ; colour pale yellowish horny. Spire conoidal, depressed, with 5 slowly increasing whorls, the last obscurely carinated ; finely striately ribbed, the base delicately spirally striatulated ; suture impressed ; umbilicus covered ; aperture oblique, lunate ; peristome thin, the columellar margin reflected. Greatest diameter °13, least °12; height :1. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). A single specimen only. Distinguished from the other species of the genus by being finely ribbed ; and from H. pecilosticta by the columella not being thickened, and the suture not margined. From H. granum it differs in colour, and in having the umbilicus covered. Jaw as in P. celia, Dentition, 82-1-82. All the teeth longer than broad, and the reflexed portion very short. Central tooth unicuspid ; laterals and marginals bicuspid, all with minute points. PHRIXGNATHUS TITANIA, 0. S. Shell globosely conoidal, umbilicated, striated ; pale horny irregularly banded with chestnut. Spire conoidal, rather obtuse ; periphery obtusely carinated ; suture margined ; whorls 5-6, rounded, very finely striated ; umbilicus broad, perspective; aperture very slightly oblique, subcircular ; peristome thin, the margins closely converging; columellar margin not reflected. Greatest diameter ‘14, least °12; height 10 inch. Hab. Dunedin (F. W. H.). Differs from P. sciadiwm in the higher spire and the obtuse keel. PHRIXGNATHUS (?) HAASTH, n. Ss. Shell minute, depressed, smooth, shining, umbilicated; colour horny, usually with irregular radiating bands of reddish brown and white. Spire conoidal, depressed ; whorls 44, slowly increasing, rounded, the last subcarinated, obscurely distantly striated; suture impressed; umbilicus moderate, pervious, showing the penultimate whorl; aperture subvertical, lunately subcircular ; peristome thin, arched, the margins not approaching. Greatest diameter °12, least *1; height ‘07 inch. 12 178 Transactions.—Zooloqy. Hab. Mount Somers, Canterbury (Dr. von Haast), on limestone cliffs. Distinguished by its smooth shining surface and brown and white bands. Its generic position must remain doubtful until the dentition is known. PFEIFFERIA (?) crEessipa, n.s. PI. ix., fig. x., and pl. xi, fig. n. Shell turbinate, depressed, thin, translucent, striated, umbilicus covered ; fulvous horny. Spire convex; whorls 54, slowly increasing, rounded, shining, finely irregularly striated or plaited: suture impressed: umbilicus very narrow, covered by the peristome: aperture slightly oblique, lunately rotund; peristome thin, regularly arched, the columellar margin slightly thickened and reflected over the umbilicus. Greatest diameter ‘48, least °38; height °33 inch. Hab. Southland (G. M. Thomson). Jaw arcuate, flatly ribbed, the ribs indenting both margins. Dentition, 835-1-35 ; varying from 82 to 87. Laterals about 17. Central tooth rectangular, twice as long as broad; the reflexed portion half the length of the base, slightly constricted on each side, and with a minute cutting point. Laterals with the reflexed portion bicuspid, the inner cusp carrying a cutting point which gets longer further from the | centre; outer cusp notclied in the middle. Marginals broader than long with several cutting points; on the inner marginals the two points at the inner corner are larger than the others; the outer marginals are irregular and the points disappear altogether. In this species the shell is seen, under the microscope, to be finely obliquely reticulated, the crossing strie having diagonal directions. I formerly mistook it for H. guttula, but in that species the shell is described as very smooth, with an inconsiderable, sub-marginated suture, and the last whorl as callous beneath, in all which points it differs from our species. It is doubttully referred to the genus Pfeifferia as the animal is not known. GERONTIA CORDELIA, 0. 8. Shell sub-discoidal, widely umbilicated, striated; colour pale horny, marbled with reddish brown and covered by a shining yellow epidermis. Spire convex; whorls 41, slowly increasing, rounded, with tolerably regular, rather crowded, and rather coarse strie of old growth-lines; suture im- pressed ; umbilicus broad, conical, showing all the whorls, but not gra- dated; aperture slightly oblique, sub-circular; peristome thin, right margin descending, columellar margin rapidly ascending but not vertical, the two margins not approaching. Greatest diameter ‘32, least :27; height -18 inch, | Hvurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 179 Hab, Titirangi, Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). I place this species in Gerontia from the general appearance of the shell, but I do not know the animal nor the dentition. It differs from G. pantherina in being more convex, in the epidermis not being plaited, in being more coarsely striated, in the right margin descending, in the aperture being less oblique, and in its colours. AMPHIDOXA PERDITA, n.s. Pl. x1., figs. c and a. Shell thin, shining, pellucid, depressed, umbilicated ; colour pale olive horny. Spire convex; whorls 84-4, rapidly increasing, rounded, finely irregularly striated ; suture deeply impressed ; umbilicus narrow, pervious ; aperture oblique, lunately circular ; peristome thin, the right margin joined closely to the next whorl. Greatest diameter -23,-least -2; height -18 inch. This shell differs from H. chivon in being higher, the umbilicus narrower, and the right margin of the peristome not advancing. From H. novare it differs in being striated, in the suture being impressed and the spire convex. From 4’. cornea it differs in being umbilicated. Animal with the mantle central, slightly reflected over the peristome of the shell ; tail pointed, depressed, with a mucous gland. Colour dark slate-grey, the mantle marbled with black and white ; sole of the foot dirty yellowish. Jaw arcuated, narrow, not tapering, smooth, but with 80 or 40 delicate rounded ribs. Dentition, 20-1-20. Laterals 6 or 7. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion covering two-thirds of the base; the sides concave, with a cutting point on each; the apical cutting point moderate. lLaterals like the central; but the cutting points larger, and the outer margin of the reflexed portion more excavated. Marginals quadrangular, broader than long, the inner with three large cutting points; the outer with a single broad dentated cutting edge ; the last without any cutting edge. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). AMPHIDOXA JACQUENETTA, n.s. PI. x., fig. c. Shell perforate, flattened, keeled; colour pale brown. Spire flat, or very slightly convex ; whorls 24, rapidly increasing, very slightly convex, the last acutely keeled and rounded on the lower surface ; smooth, delicately striated with growth-lines, the surface very finely and irregularly diagonally reticulated, and crossed with faint distant spiral striz ; suture impressed; umbilicus very narrow ; aperture (?). Greatest diameter -2, least -12; height :06 inch. 180 Transactions.— Zoology. Distinguished by its keeled whorls. Animal unable to withdraw completely into its shell; the mantle rather broadly reflected over the margin; eye-peduncles short and stout, separated at their bases ; orange-yellow, the upper sides thickly marbled with black ; head between the peduncles bright orange; the peduncles and tentacles black. Jaw nearly straight, thin, striated in the centre, and slightly folded towards the ends. Dentition, 28-1-28. Literals about 9. Central tooth rectangular, rather longer than broad; the reflexed por- tion tricuspid, the lateral cusps hollowed on the outer side, median cusp clavate, reaching nearly or quite to the posterior margin of the base. The laterals are like the central tooth, but the cutting point on the median cusp gets larger as they recede from the centre; the outer laterals have a small point on the inner cusp, and the outer cusp vanishes. Inner marginals bicuspid, each with a cutting point, the inner of which is the smaller ; the middle marginals have about 5 points, of which the two inner are much larger; in the outer marginals these two larger points diminish, and at last all disappear. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). AMPHIDOXA LAVINIA, 0D. S. Shell sub-discoidal, umbilicated, ribbed ; colour yellow horny, mottled with rufous on the upper side. Spire flat; periphery rounded; suture searcely impressed ; whorls 34, rapidly increasing, rather flattened above, rounded below ; upper surface not shining, evenly and closely ribbed ; ribs about 18 in the tenth of an inch; lower surface smooth, shining, longi- tudinally striated, and irregularly spirally striatulated ; umbilicus mode- rate, showing all the whorls; aperture oblique, rotundly lunar; peristome thin, the margins approaching; columellar margin not reflected. Greatest diameter ‘5, least ‘4; height -25 inch. Hab, Palmerston, Wellington (T. W. Kirk). CHaRopa miraNDA, n.s. PI. ix., fig. w, and pl. xi., fig. s. Shell minute, depressed, imperforate, finely ribbed; colour pale horny tessellated with rufous. Spire flatly concidal, obtuse; whorls 5-6, rounded, very slowly increasing ; the first smooth, the second and third with rather distant, delicate ribs, which get closer and after the third whorl are very close and fine, about 50 in the tenth of an inch; umbilicus very narrow, covered ; suture impressed ; aperture subvertical, lunate ; peristome simple, about three-fourths of a circle, the columellar margin slightly callous and reflected. Greatest diameter °15, least +14; height -11 inch, Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 181 Animal. Mantle subcentral; tail truncated, with a mucous gland below a papilla ; eye-peduncles thick, approximated at their bases. Anterior por- tion of the animal, including the eye-peduneles and tentacles, pale-purplish, the peduncles darker ; a narrow white line down the back ; foot and the rest of the body yellowish white. Jaw rudimentary ; flatly ribbed, the ribs indenting the concave margin. Dentition 17-1-17. Laterals 8. Central tooth rectangular, the base longer than broad; the reflexed portion tricuspid, the middle cusp covering three-fourths of the base. Laterals with the reflexed portion larger, reaching the posterior margin of the base, the inner side slightly indented, the outer with a well-marked cusp ; median cusp with a long point. Marginals broader than long with four or five points, the inner of which is much longer than the others. Hab. Greymouth (R. Helms). CuaRopa PLANULATA, 0.8. PI. ix,, fig, o. Shell small, depressed, sub-perforated, closely ribbed, rather shining : colour horny brown, sometimes clouded with rufous. Spire slightly ele- vated, flatly convex ; whorls 44-5, slowly increasing, rounded, ornamented with fine, slightly undulating, ribs, about 35 to 40 in the tenth of an inch, the interstices finely striated with growth-lines; last whorl rounded at the periphery, but slightly flattened below: suture impressed: umbilicus very narrow and generally covered over by the reflected columellar lip: aperture sub-vertical, transversely rotundly lunar ; peristome thin ; the right margin descending, then arched ; columellar margin thickened, rapidly ascending and slightly reflected ; basal margin rather flattened : interior slightly cal- lous. Greatest diameter ‘15, least 12; height °6 inch. Jaw apparently absent. Dentition, 11-1-11. Laterals 4. One specimen examined had only 9-1-9 teeth. Central tooth small, rectangular, longer than broad, the reflexed portion short, tricuspid ; the middle cusp not reaching much more than half the length of the base. Liaterals with the reflexed portion tricuspid and longer than that of the central tooth, the middle cusps reaching almost to the posterior margin of the base ; lateral cusps constricted on the outer side. Marginals tridentate, the outer ones bidentate. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Caaropa (?) CASSANDRA, 0. Ss. Shell depressed, sub-perforate, closely ribbed: colour pale horny with longitudinal angulated bands of chestnut. Spire conoidal, depressed, ob- tuse ; whorls 54, gradually increasing, very finely ribbed; ribs about 20 in the tenth of an inch; periphery rounded: suture impressed ; umbilicus 182 Transactions.— Zoology). very narrow, almost covered; aperture rather oblique, rotundly lunate ; peristome acute, straight, the margins not approaching ; columellar margin obliquely ascending, slightly reflected and thickened. Diameter °5 inch. Hab. Napier. The generic position of this shell is very doubtful, it somewhat resembles A, igniflua, but differs in its very narrow umbilicus. The only specimens I have seen were old and rubbed. T'HERASIA TAMORA, N.S. Shell small, conical, umbilicated, with membranous plaits: colour horny brown. Spire conical, rather acute; periphery sub-angled; suture im- pressed: whorls 5-6, rather flattened, finely striated and with irregular distant membranous ribs, easily rubbed off: umbilicus narrow, but open: aperture transversely oval; peristome thin, the margins converging. Greatest diameter °16, least 14; height -10 inch. Hab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). Differs from celinda in the open umbilicus, and from decidua in bemg more conical and smaller. I place it with celinda, decidua, and ophelia into a separate genus called Therasia, having the dentition of Charopa with the shell of Thalassia. THERASIA THAISA, n.S. PI. ix., fig. m., and pl. x1, fig. 7. Shell rather solid, depressed, umbilicated, striated ; colour pale brown, usually irregularly banded and marked with reddish brown. Spire conoidal, obtuse; whorls 5-54, slowly increasing, rather flattened, more or less obscurely angled, strongly but irregularly striated : suture impressed: um- bilicus rather narrow, about one-seventh of the least diameter of the shell : aperture rather oblique, rotundly lunate; peristome thin, the columellar margin rapidly ascending and rather reflexed. Greatest diameter °4, least *35; height °28 inch. Animal elongated; the foot long and narrow, reaching beyond the shell, rounded behind, slightly truncated and with a mucous gland situated under a caudal papilla. Mantle sub-central, included; body roughish: peduncles long, cylindrical, approximated at their bases; tentacles moderate. Top of the head yellowish white, peduncles, tentacles, and a line down each side of the head dark grey; a broad longitudinal band of white, with a dark grey line in the centre, runs along each side, and below this band the foot is edged with alternate broad grey and narrow white transverse bands. Jaw arcuate, with flattened ribs which indent the concave margin. Dentition, 27-1-27 ; varying from 26 to 28. Laterals about 16. Central tooth rectangular, longer than broad; the reflexed portion short, sharply constricted near the base and with a small cutting point. Laterals with the base oblique, the reflexed portion bicuspid, the inner cusp single, Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 183 but constricted near the base and with a point, the outer cusp very oblique, notched at the end. Marginals broad, rounded at the ends, with numerous points, the inner one of which is much longer than the rest. Hab. Waiau, Southland (G. M. Thomson). This species is, I think, the same as H. ophelia, Reeve, but it is certainly not the ophelia of Pfeiffer. It is common in limestone districts in the South Island. THERASIA VALERIA, n.s. PI, ix., fig. x. H. hypopolia, Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. xiv. (1881), p. 151, pl. iii., fig. B, not of Pfeiffer. Shell globoso-conoidal, depressed, finely ribbed, subperforate; colour -pale horny, irregularly marked with rufous. Spire conoidal, obtuse ; peri- phery obtusely angled ; suture scarcely impressed; whorls 4-5, rather flat- tened, wregularly finely ribbed both above and below, ribs about 20-25 in the tenth of an inch; umbilicus very narrow, covered; aperture oblique, angularly lunate; peristome simple, the margins not converging; colu- mellar margin reflected. Gveatest diameter -25, least 2; height °15 inch. Hab. Dunedin (F. W. H.). Differs from 7.-thaisa in the narrow umbilicus, and from 7’. ophelia in being ribbed. TRocHoMoRPHA (?) HERMIA, n. 8. : Shell conical, depressed, imperforate, striated; colour horny brown, paler above than below, columella white. Spire conical depressed, obtuse ; periphery acutely angled ; suture slightly gradated or margined; whorls 5, flattened, closely obliquely rugosely plicated above; smooth and polished below ; both surfaces with rather distant spiral strie; base of the shell round the umbilical region slightly impressed; aperture very oblique, angularly lunate; peristome thin, the margins not approaching ; the columella callous. Greatest diameter °7, least -6 ; height -4 inch. Hab, Manawatu (T. W. Kirk). The generic position is doubtful. CycLOTUS CHARMIAN, 0.8. Shell rather thin, depressed, widely umbilicated, spirally striated; colour pale brown. Spire convex, obtuse; periphery with an undulating keel ; suture impressed ; whorls 4, rounded, with distant spiral raised strie on the upper surface, not so weil marked on the under surface; strie about seven, principal striz on the upper surface, with smaller ones between them ; last whorl rounded at the mouth, keeled further back; umbilicus wide, not keeled, showing all the whorls; aperture oblique, circular, the interior callous ; peristome simple, thin, straight, the two margins united by a thin callus. Greatest diameter °4, least -32; height °22 inch. 184 Transactions. —Z oology. Operculum orbicular, thin, of many slowly increasing whorls; nucleus central; horny, covered outside by a thin polished calcareous callus, thickened round the margin, and with a prominent centre. Hab. HUorokiwi, Wellington. Lepropoma (?) PALLIDA, 0.8. Shell conical, sub-perforated ; pale brown. Spire acutely conical, the apex obtusely rounded; whorls 54, rounded, the last rather flattened at the base, covered with a pale, thin, epidermis, which is rather closely longitudinally plaited. The first two whorls show delicate oblique growth lines ; suture impressed ; umbilicus very narrow, usually covered, not keeled ; aperture slightly oblique, sub-circular; peristome thin, regularly arched, margins not meeting, columellar margin slightly reflexed. Oper- culum (?). Height +2; diameter -13 inch. flab. Auckland (T. F. Cheeseman). In the absence of the operculum, the true generic position of this shell cannot be determined. EXPLANATION OF PLATES IX.—XI. Puate IX. Helix kivi. Teeth x 470 times. Placostylus hongi. Teeth x 160. Patula coma. Teeth x 470. » buccinella. Teeth x 470. » anguiculus. Teeth x 750. » corniculum. Teeth x 470. », tapirina. Teeth x 470. » mfecta. Teeth x 470. Gerontia pantherina. Teeth x 470. Charopa planulata. Teeth x 470. Patula pilula. Teeth x 470. Helix granum. Teeth x 470. Therasia thaisa. Teeth x 470. 3 valeria. Teeth x 470. Patula celinda. Teeth x 470. Strobila leioda. Teeth x 470. Microphysa pumila. Teeth x 1,000. Nanina maria. Teeth x 750. Phrixgnathus marginatus. Teeth x 750. Patula portia. Teeth x 470. Patulaida. Teeth x 280. Patula dimorpha. Teeth x 470. Charopa miranda. Teeth x 470. Pfeifferia cressida. Teeth x 470. Vitrina dimidiata. Teeth x 470. Paryphanta phlogophora. Teeth x 470. a 0a NHhM Ad GH nPOoNnOZR RP Aan RA Sos Pp TRANS NZ INSTITUTE VOLXVLPL XT. 29 MA tee fee i oo ee - NOWQy, pss 123% § ~6 ag BRPET I: BM WO (ly, cmp Tim S257 LAND MOLLUSCA OF NEW peeps LU Letton, del, e ga > GHnarPOeNOAZB PASH EA Oe Roo! Fig. HM AA GCHHA PON OAZBHYP AHR AESOP Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Shells. 185 Prats X. Amphidoxa cornea. Teeth x 470 times. Paryphanta chiron. Teeth x 470. Amphidoxa jacquenetta. Teeth x 470. ep costulata. Teeth x 470. Helix zealandia. Teeth x 470. », antipoda. Teeth x 470. Thalassia propingua. Teeth x 470. Patula igniflua. Teeth x 470. Phacussa helmsi. Teeth x 470. » fulminata. Teeth x 470. Lima antipodarum. Teeth x 280. » emarginatus. Teeth xX 280. Janella bitentaculata. Teeth x 470; a and J, varieties of central tooth. » marmorea. Teeth x 470. Paryphanta busbyi. Teeth x 80. Helix greenwoodi. Teeth x 80. Rhytida patula. Teeth x 33. » citrina. Teeth x 160. ‘5 australis. Teeth x 80. Testacella vagans. Teeth Xx 80. Leptopoma pannosa. Teeth x 470, and operculum. Pirate X. Patula lucetta. Teeth x 470 times. Helix stipulata. Teeth x 470. Amphidoxa perdita. Teeth x 470. Heliz regularis. Teeth x 740. Paryphanta coresia, Teeth xX 280. ie jeffreysiana. Teeth x 280. a crebriflammis. Teeth x 470. Realia turriculata. Teeth x 280; a, operculum. Helix kivi. Jaw ; a, lateral portion ; b, central portion more highly magnified. Patula coma. Jaw. Helix stipulata. Jaw. Patula pilula. Jaw. Pfeifferia cressida. Jaw. Vitrina dimidiata. Jaw. Paryphanta phlogophora. Jaw. Amphidoza perdita. Jaw. Gerontia pantherina. Jaw. Charopa miranda. Jaw. Therasia thaisa. Jaw. Patula celinde. Jaw. Thalassia propingua. Jaw. Phacussa helmsi. Jaw. Janella marmorea. Jaw. Patula venulata. Jaw. 186 Transactions.—Zoology. Pratt X.—continued. Fig. 1. Omphicardelus costellaris. Teeth x 470. 2. ®Avolis leptosoma. Teeth x 160, 3. LHuthria striata. Teeth x 280. 4, » flavescens. Teeth x 280. 5. Acmeacingulata. Teeth x 160. Art. VIII.—Revision of the Land Mollusca of New Zealand. By Captain F. W. Hurron. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 2nd August, 1883.] In the following pages I have attempted to arrange the New Zealand Land Mollusca into something like natural groups. — Of course any classification must at present be very imperfect as the animals of a large number of the species are as yet unknown, but I hope that the present will be found a useful contribution towards a monograph. Ihave to tender my best thanks to several friends, especially Mr. R. Helms, Mr. T. F. Cheeseman, and Mr. Adams of the Thames, for sending me specimens either alive or in spirit. I have also to thank Dr. von Haast for allowing me to examine the collection in the Canterbury Museum ; Professor T. J. Parker for allowing me to examine the collection in the Otago University Museum; Dr. Hector for having with great liberality lent me the whole of the collection in the Colonial Museum, at Wellington; and Mr. Justice Gillies for sending me from Auckland his private collection for examination. If it had not been for the assistance I have thus received I should have found it impossible to identify many of the described species ; but the ample collections that have passed through my hands from nearly all parts of New Zealand, have enabled me to determine satisfactorily all but a very few, as well as to indicate fairly their distribution in the islands. IT have not thought it advisable to dismiss from our list any of the species ascribed to New Zealand. WH. reinga, H. taranaki, and H. rapida are very probably New Zealand species, although no specimens exist in any of our collections. Gerontia cordelia, mihi, has, I think, been mistaken for H. tara. Hyalina corneo-fulva, Pfeiffer, is certainly H. cellaria. I am not satisfied with my identification of H. guttula, Pfr., as the shell in the Wel- lington Museum exceeds the dimensions given by Pfeiffer, and it can hardly be called thin, but in other respects it corresponds well with the description, and with Reeve’s figure. Succinea tomentosa is omitted because an examina- tion of the animal proves it to be a fresh-water species belonging to Amphi- peplea. Patula varicosa is the only shell I feel very doubtful about. Pfeiffer says that it was collected by Strange, in which case it probably belongs to Hurron.—On New Zealand Land Mollusca. 187 New Zealand, as I have identified nearly all the other of Strange’s shells ; but Reeve says that it was collected by Cuming, in which case the locality is pretty sure to be incorrect. I have adopted Professor von Martens’ suggestion, that all the specific names meaning of, or from, New Zealand should be spelt uniformly, and have taken neozelanicus as the most correct. I have also followed him in retaining Reeve’s names for those species whieh Dr. Pfeiffer named after letters of the Greek alphabet, as these letters are usually employed for varieties, and not used for species. I have retained the usual classification, although I think that the Goniognatha do not form a natural section, but that the genera should be distributed among the Awlocognatha. I incline to the opinion that Phria- gnathus, voihi, is near to Punctum, Morse, although the jaws are different ; and I expect that Carthea, mihi, is allied to Charopa, Albers, although I do not know the animal. T am not aware that the dentition of Endodonta, Charopa, and Amphidoxa have been previously described. With regard to Hndodonta, the only species whose radula I have examined, FE. pecilosticta, is not typical, and may be wrongly placed. Charopa ida I take to be typical of that genus ; while Amphidowa was made to include some species belonging to the Aulocognatha, and others belonging to the Agnatha; and I have chosen to associate it with the more numerous group belonging to the first section. I have seen no description of the dentition of Thalassia, and refer our species to it provisionally. | The present list comprises 116 species, of which 13 are unknown to me. There are also 7 species introduced from England. Of the native species, the dentition of 60 has been described by me either in the present volume, or in vol. xiv. of the Transactions of the N.Z. Institute; and the animals of 26 species are described either in this volume or in vol. xv. of the same journal. As regards distribution, our knowledge is imperfect ; but, so far as is at present known, about one half the species are confined to the North Island, one quarter to the South Island, and one quarter are common to both. Two of the three species from Stewart Island have been found nowhere else ; and the single species from Campbell Island is also endemic: but the four species said to be found in the Auckland Islands are all natives of New Zealand ; as also appear to be both the species recorded from the Chatham Islands. The Auckland Islands however possess a peculiar variety. Outside the New Zealand Islands Vitrina kermadccensis is found in the Kermadec Islands. Therasia ophelia is found in Northern Australia, and Paryphanta milligant is Tasmanian. In neither of the two last cases how- ever haye shells from each locality been compared, and the dentition of all 188 Transactions.—Z oology. three is unknown.