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Hopal Society of Victoria.
TRANSACTIONS 7
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
oval Society of Victoria.
VOL. XX.
Edited under the Authority of the Council of the Society.
ISSUED MAY 380th, 1884.
THE AUTHORS OF THE SEVERAL PAPERS ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SOUNDNESS OF THE
OPINIONS GIVEN AND FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN.
MELBOURNE :
MASON, FIRTH & M‘CUTCHEON, PRINTERS,
Fuinpers Lane WEst.
AGENTS TO THE SOCIETY.
WILLIAMS & NORGATE, 14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON :
To whom all communications for transmission to the Royal Society of Victoria,
from all parts of Europe, should be sent.
ESR ERS ae TS He ene
PA Ri)
Une CBG Re
| MUZEUM MASIREM A
| YROTELE SARUI IA 40.
ers
ANAS SA =," "
CONTENTS OF VOL. XX.
PRESIDENT’s ADDRESS, 1883 ..
Art, I,
Il.
III.
IV.
V.
WAG
VIII.
The Influence of Light on Baoteria. by Aurea Dowans:
M.D., and Tuomas P. Brunt, M.A., F.C.S.
The Influence of oe on Bacteria, by JamEs JAMIESON,
M.D. : ri a ve af
On the Gacea Bete ins Marble Devoe Limestone
Creek, by James Strruine, F.L.8. .. 50 56
The Rocks of Noyang, by A. W. Howitt, F.G.S.
On the Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) in Tne ease
by T. 8S. Rate, Esq. 50
Modern Fireproof and Watertight Building aterinloes
Traegerwellblech and ee by PETER Ny
C.E.
Incandescent Lamps for sore and ‘Mieroseopiel
Purposes, by Ropertr EH. Josrepu, Esq. :
On Germs of Blennorrhagia, translated by Mr. Rese.
F.R.C.S., from an vee rane Dy Dr. Fee
of Sweden ae sie
Notes on Hydrology, by G. R. B. see eee C.E.
Astronomical Notes, by R. L. J. Euuery, F.R.S.
On Iron Girders, by Proressor Kernot, M.A.
Schone’s New System of Sewage, by Mr. Buackert
Notes on the Dressing of Tin Ore, by J. Cosmo NEwBERy,
B.Sc. a = ais
Descriptions of New, or Little Known, Polyzoa (Part V),
by P. H. MacGrurivray, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.L.8. ..
Electric Lighting for Mines, by Mr. R. E. Josnpu
A New Form of Darkfield Illumination Micrometer, ty
R. L. J. Euuery, F.R.S. sé
Notes of an Interesting Fact in Gee tied with the
Early History of the Electric ee @ Mr.
Euuery, F.R.S. :
Notes on the Rainfall Map sae Tastied! th the
Government of Victoria, by Mr. Hutery, F.R.S. ..
The Return of the Pons Comet, by Mr. Enuery, F.R.S.
The Recent Red Sunsets, by Mr. Euziery, F.R.S.
The First Discoverers of the New i hea OE My. A.
SUTHERLAND, M.A.
Descriptions of New, or Little Ha (Bole con (Part
VI), by P. H. MacGriutvray, M.A., M.R.C.S8., F.L.S.
PAGE
X1I—XxXVil
2
2—6
117)
18—70
70—74
75—83
84—87
87
88—97
98
98
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99—102
103—113
114—117
118
118—120
121—123
123
124—125
125
126—128
vl Contents.
XXIII. Electricity as a Motive Power on eae by Mr.
G. W. SELBy, Jun.
XXIV. Gas as a Motive Power, by Poeeee Kaew M. A.
OBITUARY—
George Manley Hopwood, F.C.S., F.I.C.
Suetonius Henry Officer
PROCEEDINGS, &c., 1883
Laws
MEMBERS ts ete oe aie ce a “fs
INSTITUTIONS, &c., RECEIVING Copies or ‘‘ TRANSACTIONS”’
PAGE
128
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129
130
131—146
147—157
158—165
166—169
Ropal Society of Bictoria.
Il) 3) By
atron.
HIS EXCELLENCY THE MOST NOBLE THE MARQUIS OF NORMANBY,.
G.C.M.G.
Aresidvent.
R. L. J. ELLERY, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., &e.
Giee-Dresidents.
PROFESSOR W. C. KERNOT, M.A., C.E. | E. J. WHITE, Esq., F.R.A.S.
Hon, Creasurer,
HENRY MOORS, Esa.
Hon. Seeretarics.
GEORGE W. SELBY, Esq., JuNR. | ALEX. SUTHERLAND, Esq., M.A.
How. Wibraviwy.
JAMES E. NEILD, Esqa., M.D.
Hounctl.
JOSEPH BOSISTO, Esa., M.L.A. J. COSMO NEWBERY, Esq., B.Sc., C.M.G.-
JAMES DUERDIN, Esqa., LL.B. JAMES JAMIESON, Esa., M.D.
S. W. MGOWAN, Esa. W. H. STEEL, Esq., C.E.
JAMES T. RUDALL, Esq., F.R.C.S. C. R. BLACKETT, Esa.
R. E. JOSEPH, Esa. R. 8. BRADLEY, Ese.
W. LYNCH, Esa. PROFESSOR H. M. ANDREW, M.A.
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
Ropal Society of Victoria.
ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS
OF
Che President,
Mr. R. L. J. Evuery, F.RS., F.R.AS., Government
Astronomer,
(Delivered to the Members of the Royal Society of Victoria, at their
Annual Conversazione, held 14th September, 1883.)
GENTLEMEN OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY,
We meet to-night to commemorate another session of the
Royal Society of Victoria under somewhat new conditions.
Hitherto our annual meeting has always been held in our
own house, but the growth of the Society and the conse-
quent increasing demands for admission to our yearly
gathering has resulted in uncomfortably crowded rooms in
the Royal Society building. The Council decided therefore
to hold the meeting this year in more spacious premises, and
chose this, the Melbourne Athenzeum, for the purpose.
Since the annual gathering in September last our Society
has entered on its twenty-fifth session. It has increased its
member-roll considerably, and, aided by the annual grant
from Parliament to help in printing our Transactions, the
Society is also, financially. speaking, in a satisfactory condi-
tion. Our meetings have been fully occupied with papers
and discussions on scientific and technical subjects, and, on
the whole, I believe I am justified in congratulating you
upon a vigorous and healthy progress, and upon the useful
work it has done. Beyond some addition to our library
xii President's Address
furniture and improvements in the approaches to the build-
ing, the Council have added nothing to our house or
premises. But very shortly the question of additions, to
afford a more capacious meeting-hall or lecture-room, will
have to be considered ; for, although this building gives us
more room than the house of the Royal Society does at pre-
sent, one cannot but admit a certain amount of reeret at
being, by force of circumstances, driven from our home to
hold festival in the house of strangers. I therefore hope
that your Council will find some way by which, even with
our increased ranks, we may hold all future gatherings of
this kind under our own roof. :
The report of the Council has furnished you with all the
details of our past year’s history, and I need not, therefore,
detain you further on the purely domestic affairs of the
Society. Our members will be pleased to learn that the
several national scientific and technical departments have
been in active operation during the year, and with them, as
with ourselves, satisfactory progress is manifested. There is
an undoubted and general increase in the desire for know-
ledge in the various pure and applied sciences, and especially
as applied to technical training and to the daily require-
ments of life.
Some new societies for the prosecution of study and re-
search, more especially in the natural sciences, have come
into existence in the provinces, and the older societies and
schools are increasing in their good influence and usefulness.
The School of Technology and Museums, presided over
by our talented member, Mr. Cosmo Newbery, continues
doing good work in our midst. The collections of the
Industrial and Technological Museum have been largely
increased during the past year by the addition of speci-
mens in each section, and several new divisions have
been formed. Amongst them, those of special note are :—
The manufacture of mineral and vegetahle colours, new
ornamental and building stones, timbers from India, Fiji,
the Straits Settlements, and Ceylon. It may be mentioned
for the year 1883. Xlil
that the knowledge derived from the museum collection
of Indian timber has led to the opening of a new trade
between this colony and India; and we may hope that
the very extensive collection of our economic timbers pre-
pared in the museum workshop for the Calcutta Exhibition
may have a like result. The economic botany series has
been greatly extended, and is now a really useful educa-
tional collection ; in it may be found all the more common
vegetable substances as used in the arts classified under
their natural orders, &c. Another important section, which
will be of value, is being formed under the name of the com-
mercial products of the sea. The classes in chemistry,
metallurgy, engineering, have been well attended, 149
students having entered during the year. The practical
work in the laboratory has been of considerable public inte-
rest, and has included the working out of several new metal-
lurgical processes connected with the treatment of the ores
of gold, copper, cobalt, tin, &c., and some interesting experi-
ments in the treatment of iron. In the chemical laboratory
some advance has been made in the chemistry of waste
animal products, and it seems probable that when the labo-
ratory process is properly applied to the noxious trades
(factories for manures, &c.) that the manufacturer will find
it profitable to decompose and save all offensive material,
whether solid, liquid, or gas. This is most important work
in the right direction, and one in which I hope Mr. Newbery
may have both means and time to prosecute with vigour ;
for with increasing manufacture, and in the absence of
efficient sanitary measures, the importance of the applica-
tion of science to the discovery of commercially practicable
processes for preventing the pollution of the air we breathe,
or our streams and rivers, by the waste products of our
manufactories, cannot be too urgently or too persistently
dwelt upon. The waste products of combustion, more
especially smoke, is fast becoming in Melbourne a general
polluter of the atmosphere; and although science has provided
ample, cheap, and efficient means of preventing this, no heed
Xiv Presidents Address
is taken, until the nuisance and mischief become intolerable,
-or until wise statesmen, as in some parts of America, make
stringent laws to prevent people fouling our greatest
commonwealth, pure air, with waste products, which science
shows can either be profitably utilised where it is produced,
or, at all events, rendered innocuous by simple means.
The Schools of Mines at Ballarat and Sandhurst will, if
conducted with the vigour which has been displayed of late
years, rapidly become most important centres of teaching in
the arts and in applied and natural sciences. The Ballarat
school has made a considerable step in advance by a judicious
increase in the teaching staff,and by the adoption of a
‘scheme by which a lmited number of pupils may obtain a
complete technical training in practical chemistry, mining,
metallurgy, telegraphy, electric engineering, &c., extending
over a period of three years. For the efficient accomplish-
ment of this undertaking the committee has added to the
staff, and largely to the scientific appliances of the institu-
tion. Our members will, | am sure, feel interested in the
result of this commendable step on the part of the Council.
The School of Mines at Sandhurst is also rapidly increasing
its usefulness, and a considerable number of students pass
out each year with a most complete and valuable training in
chemistry, mineralogy, metallurgy, &c. ;
The advancement which has marked the past year’s
history of our own Society is shared also by the several
kindred societies in Melbourne, the Medical Society, the
British Medical Association, the Pharmaceutical Society, the
Microscopical Society, and, to evena greater extent, the Field
Naturalists’ Club.
To ascertain what Victoria has done in the year towards
the advance of natural science, let me first refer to the work
of our eminent botanist and fellow-member, Baron Mueller,
from whose research and pen has come to us a very large
‘proportion of what is known of Australian botany. A note-
worthy fact in connection with his department is the acqui-
sition by purchase of the Sonderian Collection by our
for the year 1883. KV
Government. This famous collection was commenced early
in the present century by Dr. Sonders, of Hamburg, who died
about two years ago; he wasa leading authority upon Algze
and on European and North African botany. This collection
is a most important addition to the Victorian Botanical
Museum, which has been formed by the Government Botanist
from his collections extending over nearly forty-four years.
Some valuable additions illustrative of the flora of the
western coast districts of Australia have also been added
through the instrumentality of Mr. John Forrest, who has
recently been engaged in a trigonometrical survey of the
Gascoyne River district. Some new publications have been
issued during the year by the Government Botanist.
Additions to the Fragmenta Phytographice Australis have
appeared, as also a continuation of the Systematic Atlas of
the Eucalypti. A new edition of his volume on Select
Plants for Industrial Culture is now in preparation,
specially adapted for this colony. I called your attention
last year to a very important work upon which Baron von
Mueller was engaged—viz., A Systematic Census of
Australian Plants. This has now been published. .It
enumerates 8646 Australian vascular plants; and the
classification is on a simple and somewhat novel method. I
am informed that all the collections in the museum are now
classified in a similar manner, which will not only make
them more readily accessible, but must also materially aid
the student as well as the scientific collector. A second
volume of the vegetable fossils of the auriferous drifts has.
been completed, and in its pages are described and compared
most of the fossil fruits of the pliocene period. Still, in our
miocene deposits, with the masses of fossil foliage, a vast
field still remains for exploration and for comparison with
miocene plants in other parts of the world, and for the
acquisition of more light in connection with the history of
our globe; and I hope our talented botanist may be able to
do for this what he has so thoroughly and ably accomplished.
for fossil fruits of the pliocene remains.
A
Xvi President's Address
Our National Museum already shows signs of being
cramped for room, and the director (Professor M‘Coy) during
the past year has directed his attention to additions of such
classes as occupy small space, and has therefore devoted his
work chiefly to the zoological and geographical classification
of insects, and in filling up gaps in the collection of shells.
Important additions have also been made to the collection
of fishes by numerous specimens of both Australian and New
Guinea species.
Our Observatory has continued its accustomed work in
astronomy, meteorology, magnetism, &c. The year has been
marked by one or two interesting astronomical events, which
have varied the monotonous routine of observation. First,
the apparition in September of the Great Comet of 1882;
then the Transit of Venus in December; and subsequently
the determination by telegraph of the differences of longitude
between Singapore and Port Darwin, and then between Port
Darwin, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney. The two first
occurrences I shall refer to presently.
In my last address I referred to preparations being made
for the telegraphic determination of longitude between
Greenwich and Australia. Hitherto all Australian longitudes
have depended upon observations of the transit of the moon
and fixed stars near her path, known as moon culminations,
compared with similar observations made at Greenwich on
the same day, extensive series of which were obtained many
years ago at Williamstown, and. afterwards at our present
Observatory, as well as the Sydney Observatory. This,
although the most accurate of all: purely astronomical methods,
is not so accurate as that by actual transmission of time
signals or clock beats by telegraph from one observatory to
another. Of course, the best way to use the latter method
would be for Greenwich Observatory to send its clock ticks
direct to Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, and then each
‘of these to do the same to Greenwich, the clocks being cor-
rected to true local time; the differences of the times in
each case would give the difference of longitude, affected only
jor the year 1883. XV11
by the time the electric current takes to traverse all the
cables and iines between the Australian cities and Green-
wich, and also by the personal equation of the observers.
The former quantity is obtained at once from the amount
the difference of local time differs when the signals coming
from Greenwich to Melbourne (from west to east) from those
going from Melbourne to Greenwich (from east to west).
For instance, if the difference between Greenwich and Mel-
bourne when signals are sent from Greenwich was two seconds
greater than when the signals were sent the reverse way,
it would show that half the amount—viz., one second—was
the time taken by the current to traverse the lines and the
cables and act on the signal instruments. This is called
retardation of current and relay time. When sent from
Greenwich, the signals being retarded, would arrive late, and
Melbourne, being to the east, would make the difference of
longitude too great. On the other hand, when the signals
are sent from Melbourne to Greenwich they go west, and the
retardation has the opposite effect, and would make the
difference of longitude too small. By taking the half of this
small difference we get the correction to be applied due to
the retardation. Unfortunately, however, it is practically
impossible to send direct. from Greenwich to Melbourne, so
the operation has to be done in steps. The longitude of
Singapore from Greenwich has beendeterminedin six steps by
different astronomers. First, from Greenwich to Mokattam,
in Egypt; second, Mokattam to Suez; third, Suez to Aden ;
Aden to Bombay, Bombay to Madras, and Madras to Singa-
pore. So that to connect Australia it was necessary to
exchange signals between Singapore and Australia. Were
it not for the great difficulty and danger to submarine cables
to connect them direct with land lines, the signals might
have been sent direct from Singapore to Melbourne ; but it
was necessary to establish an observatory at Port Darwin,
at the Australian end of the cable, as well as at Singapore.
In the British arrangements for observing the Transit of
Venus last December the desirability of this undertaking was
A2
XVill President's Address
kept in view, and the Australian astronomers were communi-
cated with on the subject. It was eventually arranged that
Australia should establish an observing station at Port
Darwin, and that a member of the British observing party,
at that time on its way to Brisbane, would, at the cost of the
British Government, establish an observatory at Singapore,
and do the requisite work there. The several colonial astro-
nomers communicated with their respective Governments,
asking authority to act in the matter, which was at
once granted, each colony agreeing to contribute towards the
expense of the expedition. A gentleman who had already had
experience in transit work at our Observatory was selected for
the task. The British observers came hereon their way to Bris-
bane, and arranged all the necessary preliminaries. The Aus-
tralian observer got to Port Darwin on the 29th December,
erected his observatory, and secured the requisite observa-
tions for local time under most difficult circumstances, for it
was the wet season, and with the valuable aid and co-opera-
tion of the telegraph officers at that place completed a very
satisfactory series of signals with Captain Darwin, at Singa-
pore, and Captain Helb (of Batavia), at Banjoewangie, as
well as with the observatories of Adelaide and Melbourne.
He returned to Melbourne early in March, after a thoroughly
successful expedition. The results are not yet completed,
but there is little doubt the longitude thus determined will
be a little more than a second of time less than that hitherto
adopted, showing the latter to have been correct within the
limits of the moon-culminative method. There is one
element of uncertainty still remaining, due to the number
of steps by which the whole difference has been obtained,
and to the chance of small errors in each being cumulative,
but when the whole work shall have been revised I have no
doubt this uncertainty will vanish.
Our members will be glad to hear that the Observatory is
to be shortly furnished with a new transit circle, equal in
dimensions and optical capacity to any in the world, and
fitted to cope with any class of meridian observation we
for the year 1883. X1X
may be called upon to perform. It will have an object-glass
of 8-in. aperture, and be constructed in the most modern
form, with some improvements suggested by the present
Astronomer Royal of England, Mr. Christie. The building
for its reception is now in course of construction, and the
instrument itself is expected to arrive very shortly.
Following the course I have usually chosen in addressing
you on similar occasions to the present, I will now refer to
a few subjects of scientific and general interest.
First, then, as matters on which I can speak with the
most confidence, I take the chief astronomical events of the
year. The Great Comet of 1882—for by this name it will
now be known—was one of the most remarkable ever seen
by astronomers of the present time, if we except, or rather
couple with it, the great comet of 1842. At the date of
our last annual meeting this visitor was nearly in the
height of its glory, and I referred to it at some length and
to the speculations then rife concerning it. It vanished
from our sight some months ago, and the history of its
apparition is now complete. This visitor was first seen by
terrestrial mortals, so far as can be ascertained, on 7th Sep-
tember at the Observatory, Cape of Good Hope. It passed
its perihelion on 18th September, and was visible to the
naked eye till 8th February, and with telescopes till April,
and even, it is stated by some observers, as late as 7th May,
making an almost unprecedented period of 215 days. It
was remarkable, also, for its great brilliancy at perihelion,
its great magnitude and long-continued brightness, and
more especially for the peculiarity of its nucleus and other
- physical features. When first seen here it was very close to
the sun, and going rapidly towards it; and on the day of
its perihelion passage we saw it from the Observatory with
the naked eye at noonday immersed in the rays immediately
surrounding the sun, and fully expected to see it either
passing across the solar disc or occulted by the sun itself.
‘Cloudy weather, however, supervened, and we lost sight of
it till several days after perihelion ; but at the Observatory of
en
XX Presidents Address
the Cape of Good Hope there was clear weather, and the
astronomers there saw the rare spectacle of a comet
approaching the sun, visually touching its edge, and dis-
appear as it passed in front of it. It has been an old wish.
of astronomers to witness such an occurrence, with the view
of ascertaining the amount of opacity, if any, presented by
the head and nucleus of these bodies. Moreover, it had
been stated that in 1819 the comet was seen passing over
the sun’s disc like a cloud, but doubts have always been
entertained as to the accuracy of this statement. Messrs.
Finlay and Elkin, assistants at the Cape Observatory,
watched most carefully with splendid instruments to solve
this question; but although they saw the comet until it
seemingly touched the edge of the sun, no sign was seen of
it after, and it passed over the whole solar disc without a
trace being visible, although the observers knew its exact
position and could keep the wires of their telescope bisect-
ing the position it occupied. If there was any opaque
matter it was too minute to become visible with the power-
ful telescopes used. The comet at this part of its orbit
moved with immense velocity—at least sixteen times the
mean velocity of the earth in its orbit, or nearly 300 miles a
second, It passed around the sun, making the half-circuit
of that body in three and a half hours, with a velocity
almost inconceivable. Had it not been for its great velocity
at this portion of its orbit, when in rounding the sun it
swept through its coronal regions, it must have been drawn
into our luminary, or at least become greatly altered, both
in physical appearance and in the character of its orbit after
perihelion. That its orbit was not sensibly affected by so
close an approach has been shown by the calculations of
Dr. Kreutz, but the character of the comet underwent a
remarkable change after it. The nucleus round and nebu-
lous before perihelion became afterwards shaped like a long
erain of rice, and was seen to contain first two and then
three bright condensations forming a triple nucleus. About.
14th October Professor Schmidt, the astronomer at Athens,
for the year 1883. XX1
observed a thin shining cloud of matter to break off from
the comet, move away and disappear. The most recent
calculations of the elements of this comet’s orbit leave but
little doubt that it is of very long period —793 years—and
not of one almost counted by days, as at first appeared
probable. It has been surmised that it is a second return of
a great comet which appeared 371 years before Christ. The
last glimpses of it with the naked eye were obtained from
the 7th to the 10th February. Our last measure obtained
with the great telescope was on 27th April. I have, how-
ever, been informed it was seen later than this in New
Zealand.
The Transit of Venus of December, the last for 125 years,
was successfully observed at various points of the earth’s
surface, and the results are now in process of computation ;
and astronomers are awaiting with great interest to know
the outcome: whether the sun’s distance given by this, the
direct method, or that by the indirect methods, shall be
accepted as the most probable. Our actual knowledge of
the sun and its surroundings, although a great advance has
taken place during the past few years, is still very small.
Year after year adds, however, something to it; but it must
be remembered that it is only on the occasion of total
eclipses that, until very recently, any opportunity has been
afforded to study the immediate surroundings of our luminary
outside its visible surface. In his work on the sun, Professor
C. A. Young says, regarding the structures around the sun,
“which are hidden by the glare of our atmosphere, the pro-
gress of our knowledge must be very slow, for the corona is
visible only on about eight days in a’century in the aggre-
gate, and then only over narrow strips of the earth’s
surface, and but from one to five minutes at a time by any
one observer.” What he says here of the corona applies also
to other portions of the solar surface and surrounding regions;
and although since the eclipse of 1870, when Janssen and
Lockyer showed that some of the curious phenomena
hitherto witnessed only during moments of total eclipse
XXii President's Addvess
could by the aid of powerful spectroscopes be seen at almost
any time, it is not to be wondered at that at the occurrence
of every total eclipse astronomical expeditions should be
fitted out by various countries, and that different nationali-
ties should vie with one another in the completeness of
appliances, and in an earnest effort to win for their particular
country the honour of adding some item to the already
secured knowledge of our great central luminary. The
eclipse of 6th May last was visible as total over a narrow
track in the Pacific, which crossed several small islands
known as Rance, Buffon, Beveridge, Flint, Caroline, and
Channel Islands. To these islands various astronomical
expeditions repaired, and, strangely enough, both the English,
American, and French expeditions selected Caroline Island,
a low island in long. 150 deg. 6 min. W., lat. 9 deg. 54 min.
N. From news to hand, it seems the weather, which had
been cloudy and wet, cleared up in time for the eclipse,
which was observed successfully throughout by all. This
opportunity for again searching for the supposed planet
Vulcan was utilised, and one of the American astronomers
(Mr. Holden) reports :—* No planet as bright as a star of a
54 magnitude’—a star just visible to the naked eye on a
dark night—“could be discovered.” Most satisfactory
photographs of the various phases, and spectroscopic exami-
nations of the coronal and chromospheric regions were
obtained, and a substantial addition to our knowledge of the
physics of the sun will no doubt result from this under-
taking, for each nationality appears to have attacked different
problems, or the same only in different ways. The next
total solar eclipse, in 1885, will be visible in New Zealand,
and perhaps it may then fall to the lot of some of us to have
the opportunity of witnessing the grand and rare spectacle
of a total solar eclipse.
My previous quotation from Professor Young’s book on
the sun reminds me of a most interesting fact in connection
with the subject, the result of some carefully conducted
experiments in solar photography by the well-known
astronomer, Dr.. Huggins. Although the beautiful appear-
ance known as the corona, which springs into visibility
during the moments of a total eclipse, has been secured on
photographs over and over again, astronomers have scarcely
entertained the hope of seeing, much less photographing, it
without an eclipse. Nevertheless, Dr. Huggins announced
to the Royal Society on the 21st of December last year that
he had obtained photographs of the clear sun, showing the
corona faintly but distinctly. He had found that photo-
graphs of the spectrum of the corona obtained in Hgypt
during the total eclipse of May, 1882, indicated a strong
predominance of light in the most refrangible or blue end of
the spectrum. It therefore occurred to him that it might be
possible to get a photographic impression of the corona if all
other rays but those of which it appeared to be chiefly com-
posed were excluded, After numerous experiments in sifting
the sun’s rays, so to speak, from all but the intrinsic light of
the corona, he finally succeeded in finding a medium which
had the power of absorbing nearly all the rays which
belonged to the light of the sky and illumination of our atmo-
sphere, and transmitting those of high refrangibility emana-
ting from the corona. This being done, the rest was a question
of delicate photography; and unmistakable photographs of
that phenomenon were obtained in clear sunshine, an achieve-
ment which opens up a wide range of new possibilities.
I know of no science which has been so rapidly and prac-
tically applied to general use as electricity, especially as
regards telegraphy, telephony, electro-metallurgy, and
electric lighting. In a lecture given in February last by
Mr, Preece, F.R.S., at the Institute of Civil Engineers in
London, he sums up the recent progress of telegraphy. He
states that there are 80,000 miles of submarine cables at
work, and £30,000,000 has been embarked in them. In the
United Kingdom there were in 1869, 8678 miles of wire in
use; in 1888 this had increased to 69,000 miles, and the
number of messages sent on them average 603,000 per week.
The Morse instrument is now almost generally used, and
for the year 1883. XxXlil
XXIV President's Address
there are 1330 in the English Post Office Department and
40,000 on the Continent. Reading by sound is fast super-
seding the old dot and dash record on tape. In 1869 there
were no sounders used in England, whilst at the beginning
of this year there were 2000; and it is remarkable that,
while hardly any other instrument is used in America, there
is scarcely one used on the Continent of Europe. He further
states that in Japan last year over 2,000,000 messages were
sent over their wires, of which 98 per cent. were in the
native tongue.
Telephony has made also immense progress, and we see
our streets now so netted with wires that the sparrows must
find their locomotion seriously interfered with. This multi-
plication of overhead wires in a densely built and populous
city is fast becoming a serious and difficult problem. Few
people, I think, quite realise what mischief might accrue if
some of the heavily laden posts were, through fire or any
other accident, to break or fall; and the simple rupture at a
busy time of day of one of the wires which cross some of
our thronged thoroughfares might lead to most serious con-
sequences. Surely science will furnish some more common-
sense mode of carrying on this most valuable application of
electricity than that of multiplying, apparently almost inde-
finitely, these potential elements of overhead dangers.
In my last address I spoke somewhat at length of the
progress of the application of electricity to illuminating
purposes, and I shall now only refer to a few of the most
interesting points in connection with it. There can be little
doubt that, financially speaking, electric lighting so far has
been a failure, for the tens of thousands invested or expended
in it do not appear to have produced a tangible percentage ;
nevertheless, I believe a well and carefully managed company
in the Australian cities, not unduly burdened with the pur-
chase of concessions, use of patents, &c., would soon pay as
well as gas companies. Hitherto competition has been so
keen as to be ruinous, and an immense amount of public
lighting has been done simply for advertisement purposes.
jor the year 1883. XKV'
The only gain has been to the science of electric lighting,
for more perfect and more economical methods of producing
and using the light have from time to time been introduced,
and the generating machines, or dynamos, as they are called,
are not only much better, but much cheaper than a year ago.
The various forms of incandescent lamps are much superior.
The carbons of the arc lights are purer, and therefore give a
steadier loht than formerly, while the conducting wires and
the methods of arranging them so as to combine efficiency
with safety have been greatly improved. I believe the
future prospects of electric lighting are good, for no one
denies the advantages it possesses over gas under many cir-
cumstances, such as for theatres, churches, public buildings,
&e.; while, light for light, it appears to be as cheap as gas.
Such being the case, what is to prevent its unlimited exten-.
sion, and the ultimate defeat of gasas an illuminant? In a
lecture I gave some years ago at the Public Library I stated
that “the cost of distribution would, I am afraid, be a
serious obstacle to its general use for domestic purposes.”
Our experience up to the present time supports this view ;
and it is found to be impracticable to distribute the current
for electric lighting over large areas from one centre except
at a great loss. If this illuminant were to be generally
adopted in Melbourne it would be necessary, in order to do
it economically, to have a distributing centre for every
square equal to that between Collins, Bourke, Elizabeth, and
Swanston streets; and it will always be a most wasteful.
plan to supply light to any but the most moderate distances
from the producing station. A year or two ago we were
induced to hope that this great difficulty would be over-
come by the use of the secondary or storage battery; but
this is not yet realised, although we read of recent instances.
where it has been used for local domestic illumination with
complete success and great economy. Should this be the
case, the field open for electric lighting and for the trans-
mission of power will be immensely widened, and we shall.
watch with great interest any progress in this direction.
“XXVI1 Presidents Address
Before concluding I will detain you a few moments on
more strictly society matters.
You will be pleased to learn that the Section A has been
reconstructed with a strong list of members and associates,
with our Vice-President (Mr. Kernot) as chairman. The scope
of our Society is large, and provision has been made for the
formation of sections. Although Section A, which takes
physical, astronomical, and mechanical science, and engi-
neering, has done important work in the past and now pro-
mises increased vigour,.the other sections, which include
social science and statistics, geography and ethnology,
literature and fine arts, medical and microscopical science,
natural history, geology, &c., are as yet a dead letter. The
fact 1s that it is the rule to form new societies for the study
and encouragement of these sciences rather than carry them
-out in connection with the older Society. This, no doubt,
is the natural tendency ; nevertheless, speaking from a long
-experience, I think it a matter for regret, fur our community
is not yet large enough to maintain, in an effective state, a
number of scientific societies. Unity is strength; and if all
interested in the progress of science, or engaged in her
‘various byways, were to unite together, not only would
more useful work be done, but the work would be more
valuable on account of being subjected to wider criticism.
All our societies combined would form a strong body,
capable of fostering and even subsidising scientific research ;
and would also by its strength probably be able to carry into
practical effect many things for the public good which may
have been elaborated by the investigations and discussions
-of the general body. Every branch of scientific investiga-
tion is now so linked together, so dovetailed piece by piece
into one another, that there is hardly a subject that can be
broached that does not touch upon the province of four or
five of the sciences; it is therefore evident that a scientific
society anywhere, to be thoroughly effective, should be a
congress of all. It is, I fear, too late now to hope that we
-ean ever effect the union of all our scientific societies in
mr
Melbourne, but the great desirability of such astate of things
may impress on us the importance of forming our working
sections as opportunity arrives. There is no lack of fields
for research ; and I should like to see more of our members
engaged in particular lines of investigation, to follow up
perseveringly their special inquiries, and to promptly publish
the results. Natural history, social and sanitary science,
engineering, microscopical investigation, medical and physio-.
logical science, geography, and ethnology, all offer to us in
this part of the world unbounded fields from which to raise
crops of knowledge for the benefit and enlightenment, if not
for the substantial advantage, of the community. Social and
sanitary science have strong claims on our attention; and I
hope that our members will earnestly take these subjects
in hand, for it must be remembered that it is incumbent
upon a Society such as ours to perform its functions for the.
advance of science, and for the welfare of the people among
whom it exists. Hvery member and associate of the Royal
Society therefore becomes in this view morally indebted, and
is in duty bound to assist to the best of his power in attain--
ing the objects of the association.
for the year 1883. XKVIE
Art. 1L—The Influence of Light on Bacteria.
By ArtTHUR Downes, M.D., AnD TuHos. P. Buiunt, M.A.
E.CS.
[Read 12th April, 1883.]
In the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (Vol.
XXVI., 1877, p. 488, and Vol. XXVIII, 1878, p. 199) we
reported the results of an investigation from which we con-
cluded that light is inimical to the development of Bacteria,
and, probably, injurious to “unprotected” protoplasm gene-
rally.
Dr. J. Jamieson, in a paper recently read before the Royal
Society of Victoria, attacks our inferences, attributing the
observed effects not to light but to solar heat.
We scarcely think that Dr. Jamieson can have seen the
text of our papers, or he would have noted that in nearly
every experiment of the long series special care was taken
to exclude so fundamental an error as that which he attri-
butes to us.
Without troubling the Society with a long communica-
tion, we think that a consideration of two facts alone will
show that Dr. Jamieson’s criticism cannot be substantiated.
_ In our experiments our usual method of procedure was to
place in each of a number of test-tubes a small quantity of
cultivation liquid. The tubes were then plugged with
cotton wool, loosely capsuled, and divided into two sets.
The one set were encased, each tube separately, in thin,
tarnished leadfoil (such as paperhangers use for damp walls)
so as to thoroughly exclude light. The two sets were
exposed side by side to full sunlight.. When the insolation
was sufficient the uncovered tubes remained clear for an
indefinite period, while the encased speedily swarmed with
Bacteria.
Now, if Dr. Jamieson will compare the temperature of two
tubes—encased and non-encased respectively—exposed to
the solar rays, he will find that the former becomes slightly
the hotter.
B
2 The Influence of Light on Bacteria.
This in itself disposes of his theory that the germinal
matter in the non-encased tubes is destroyed by solar heat ;
for if that heat were sufficient for such a result, it should
obviously suffice also for the destruction of germs contained
in the encased cultivation liquid.
Professor Tyndall, in repeating our experiments, is forced
to the same conclusion, namely— that the energy which here
prevents putrefaction is energy in the radiant form.
Secondly, Dr. Jamieson will find in the second of the
papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Society details of
experiments which distinctly show that the waves of
greatest refrangibility are the most active; in other words,
to use the old phraseology, that the effect is associated
chiefly with the “actinic” rays. This fact, which may readily
be substantiated by any one who will carefully repeat our
experiments, must again prove that Dr. Jamieson’s suppesi-
tion of heat destruction is quite untenable.
Art. I1.—The Influence of Light on Bacteria.
“By James JAMIESON, M.D.
[Read 12th April, 1883.]
Art the meeting of this Society on Sth June last I read a
paper on this subject, in which I detailed the results of
certain experiments, made for the purpose of testing the
conclusions arrived at by Professor Tyndall, and by Messrs.
Downes and Blunt. I was led at first to agree fully with
these gentlemen, that the effect of exposure to the sun’s rays
of solutions inoculated with bacterial germs is to prevent the
development of the bacteria. Continued observation, how-
ever, showed me that the fullest exposure to diffused light
has no such effect ; and, further, that long continued exposure
to the direct rays of the sun need not have that effect.
Finding, also, that insolation seemed to fail when the
temperature was moderate in degree, I was led, perhaps
."
rashly, to conclude that the destructive influence was exerted,
not by direct sunlight per se, but by the elevated tempera-
ture accompanying it. This conclusion seemed all the more
reasonable, since degrees of temperature were actually
attained, which are known, if continued long enough, to be
destructive to the Bacteruim termo, the organism under
investigation. Whether my interpretation of the nature of
the injurious influence at work was a correct one or not, it
was certainly shown by my later experiments, (Exps. VI. and
VIL, Transactions Roy. Soc. Vict. 1882, p. 120), that expo-
sure to the sun’s rays, for several days continuously, need not
destroy, or even apparently retard the development of, bac-
teria in a perfectly transparent nutritive solution. As a
matter of fact, development in one case (Exp. VI.) went on
most rapidly in the one of three bottles, which had been
exposed continuously for the longest time. If variation of
temperature was not the determining cause of the different
reaction shown by these three samples of bacterialised solu-
tion, then I know not how to explain that difference.
Dr. Downes, however, not being satisfied with my criticism
of the conclusions arrived at by himself and Mr. Blunt, has
forwarded to this Society the short communication just read.
With reference to that communication, I must first say that
the suggestion offered that [I could not have seen the text of
the papers in the Proceedings of the Royal Society is not
correct ; and the exactness of my references and quotations
ought to have shown that I had read them. With the argu-
ments used to show that my conclusions were not well
founded, and that theirs were not open to criticism, I need
not take up much time. I have found, in agreement with
Dr. Downes, that an inoculated solution, exposed to light
coming through red glass, becomes turbid sooner than a
similar solution cultivated under yellow glass, and that it
may remain long transparent under exposure to light reach-
ing it through blue glass; but it does not seem to me of
necessity to follow, that the mixed rays in white light,
even of great intensity, must be destructive. I have also
tested the comparative temperature of solutions, in
bottles cased -in tinfoil and naked, and have not
found it uniformly higher in the former, when both are
exposed to the sun. I can easily understand, in fact, that
bottles or test-tubes, wrapped all over in foil or any other
covering, and standing on a hot surface, such as a windowsill |
on which the sun’s rays strike, may be better protected by
B2
The Influence of Inght on Bacteria. 3
4 The Influence of Light on Bacteria.
the wrapping from the heat of the surface on which they
rest than others not so wrapped. The temperature attained
under these circumstances will depend, in fact, more on the
height of the column of fluid than on the mere difference of
wrapping or no wrapping. The high @ priort method
which Dr. Downes adopts in his communication is, I venture
to think, not quite appropriate In an inquiry, in which
direct experiment is applicable, and can, indeed, alone be
conclusive. An illustration of the danger in applying this
method may be taken from the first paper of Messrs. Downes
and Blunt (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1877, pp. 499, 500). They found
that, of tubes containing urine exhausted with a Sprengel
pump, those which were insolated became turbid sooner than
those which were encased. This experiment may not have
proved that insolation favours the development of bacteria,
but it surely may be taken as showing that insolation per
sé is not excessively destructive.
I may have been wrong in attributing too much influence
to an elevated temperature per se; but I must still insist
that Messrs. Downes and Blunt gave too little consideration
to it as at least a disturbing element, recognising it only as
a condition favourable to development.
In my previous paper I did not venture to deny to direct
sunlight any influence whatever inimical to the develop-
ment of bacteria, though I did not think that that inimical
influence was established by the experiments described. I
have felt it incumbent on me to repeat, with variations, the
investigations previously reported, and though perhaps even
less disposed than I was then to consider light a mere
neutral factor, I am still compelled to repeat that bright
light, and even direct insolation, need not prevent the
development of bacteria in nutritive solutions. A short
account of one or two experiments, out of a considerable
series, will suffice to show both methods and results :—
Exp. I. Five one-ounce phials were charged equally with
about a dram and a half of inoculated Cohn’s solution, and
plugged with cotton wadding. Three were suspended out-
side of a window, receiving the direct rays of the sun for
the greater part of the day. Of the three, one was wrapped
in brown paper, the others left uncovered. One bottle was
ieft standing outside uncovered on the stone windowsill, and
one was placed for comparison on a shelf in a tolerably
well-lighted room, the sun’s rays falling on it for an hour or
so in the afternoon. This was on 12th February, the day
sz
The Influence of Laght on Bacteria. 5
being very hot. The 13th was cool and cloudy, the 14th
bright and warm; and on the 15th, which was also bright
and very hot, the solution in the bottle kept inside was
already opalescent in the morning, the wrapped suspended
one likewise opalescent later in the day, both rapidly becom-
ing quite milky. The other three were still transparent.
On 2nd March both of the exposed suspended bottles began
to show a slight milkiness, which by the 8th had increased
to complete opacity. Even at this last date the one left
standing on the windowsill uncovered was still quite trans-
parent. The general results of this mixed experiment were
—first, that a solution exposed to diffused light, and even to
some extent to the direct rays of the sun, developed bacteria
as quickly as that contained in a bottle carefully wrapped
in paper ; and, secondly, that bottles suspended in the sun
showed full development of bacteria, though at a later date,
while one which had been standing on a hot window sill
continued to be quite transparent. The amount of light
was not greater in the latter case, but the temperature
attained in the sun was considerably higher; and I cannot
_think of anything but this difference of temperature which
could have brought about the different results. The actual
difference in the temperature of the solutions, in bottles
standing and suspended, is very considerable, since I found
that, with the thermometer at about 118 degs. Fahr. in the
sun, fluid in the bottom of a bottle, standing on a window-
sill beside it, rose readily to 108 degs. Fahr.; while fluid in
suspended bottles, whether naked or covered with tinfoil,
rose only to 98-102 degs. Fahr., when the thermometer
marked as much as 125-132 degs. Fahr.
The difficulty I have experienced in carrying out com-
parative tests lay in preserving uniformity of temperature,
with varying intensity of solar light. I tried first to get
over the difficulty in the following way :—
Exp. I1—Two bottles, each containing two drams of in-
oculated solution, were suspended inside but just behind
the glass of a high window, on which the sun fell nearly all
day. One was wrapped in paper, the other exposed. This
was on 19th February at two p.m., the day being bright but
cool. The 20th was cloudy in the afternoon, the 21st bright
and warm, and on the 22nd the solution in both was dis-
tinctly opalescent, though most markedly so in the covered
one. On the 24th both were quite milky, but still the
bacterial growth was most marked in the wrapped bottle.
6 The Influence of Light on Bacteria.
The doubt was whether the more rapid development in the
covered bottle was due to the protection from the light, or
to the more uniform temperature preserved by the paper
wrapping. I therefore varied the conditions in the following
way
Exp. I11—Three small thin phials were half filled with
inoculated solution, and suspended just inside of a window,
as in the last experiment, on 6th March at noon, the day
being bright and warm. One of them was not protected at
all from the sun; the second was shielded from its rays by
a small piece of thin white paper put between it and the
glass of the window; while the third was more fully pro-
tected by means of a larger piece of thick brown paper.
The 7th was bright and very hot; the Sth warm, but cloudy
after the morning. On the 9th, at 9 a.m., both the protected
bottles showed slight opalescence, which steadily increased,
though without noticeable difference in them. Only on the
11th was there slight cloudiness in the exposed bottle, which
became distinct on the 14th ; and on the 19th, after several
very clear, hot days, it was quite milky andcrusted. It may
seem that the influence of the direct rays of the sun in re-
tarding development is here quite apparent. That the
retardation may in part have been owing to that I am not
prepared absolutely to deny; but it is also evident that the
unprotected bottle was also exposed during the day toa
higher temperature than the others, and possibly also to a
slightly lower temperature during the night, and thus to
greater fluctuations, both upwards and downwards toward
unfavourable extremes. I have not been able to devise any
arrangement whereby a nearer approach than in this case
could be got to uniformity of temperature with varying
intensities of light. I claim, however, to have again shown
clearly, in opposition to the conclusions of Messrs. Downer
and Blunt— |
(1) That the brightest diffused light is not inimical to the
development of bacteria; and (2) that full exposure to the
sun’s rays is not destructive to bacteria or their germs,
when precautions are taken, as by suspension, against ex-
posure to too high degrees of temperature.
I cannot add that such exposure to the sun’s rays in no
way retards development, but I must express the conviction
that retardation may generally with equal propriety be
ascribed to extremes of temperature associated with the
insolation.
-
Art, II1.—On the Caves Perforateng Marble Deposits,
Limestone Creek.
By JAMES STIRLING, F.LS.
[Read 12th April, 1883.]
DURING a recent examination of some marble deposits at
the head of the Murray River (Limestone Creek), it occurred
to me that a few measurements and observations on the
interior of the caves by which these deposits are perforated
might prove interesting. The following descriptions and
diagrams are the result of such examination :—
TOPOGRAPHY OF LIMESTONE CREEK VALLEY.
Forming the most southern source atiluent of the Murray,
the Limestone Creek presents many important physio-
oraphical features.’ The southern and eastern watershed
line is formed by the Great Dividing Range, culminating on
the east in the rugged Cobboras mountains, 6025 feet above
sea-level; while the western watershed line is formed by a '
high lateral range at a mean elevation of 4500 feet above
sea-level. The general direction of the course of the
Limestone Creek, from its source in the Dividing Range to
its confluence with the Indi or Hume River, is north north-
easterly, and the area of its catchment basin about 240
square miles.
Most of the small tributary streams have their source
runnels in fine grassy upland flats, on the crests of the
ranges forming the watershed lines, but as they near the
parent stream traverse deeply eroded gorges in the
mountain flanks, frequently forming cataracts and water-
falls of great beauty. This is more particularly the case
with the eastern affiluents, which are much shorter than
the western.
The view obtained when descending the valley from the
west, on the main route from Omeo to Maneroo, N.S.W.,
is very grand and impressive. Away to the north, just
discernible in the distant horizon, looms the snow-capped
peaks of the culminating ranges of the Australian Alps,
Mount Kosciusko, and the Bugong Ranges, over 7000 feet
above sea-level; in the middle distance rises the coned peak
8 On the Caves Perforating Marble
of Mount Pilot, 6020 feet; to the east tower the serrated
rocky ridges of the Cobboras mountains, 6025 feet; while
intervening and winding amid bold, wooded ranges lies the
gorge formed by the Limestone Creek valley. Along the
course of the stream are a series of richly grassed open flats,
backed in many places by low blufty spurs, giving in their
undulating contour and other appearances unmistakable
evidences of calcareous deposits 77 situ.
GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.
The eastern watershed (with the exception of the locality
hereinafter mentioned as Stony Creek) is composed of
masses of porphyries, fragmental and compact, the former
from grains as fine as sand to blocks weighing many tons;
while the western watershed is made up principally of
slates, and interbedded bands of whitish marble and dense
blue limestone. The slates merging on the western water-
shed line into a class of schistose rocks, bearing a strong
resemblance to the metamorphic schists of the Omeo>
District.* Although the Limestone Creek may generally be
said to have eroded its course along the contact of the
sedimentary rocks with the porphyries, yet the latter, in
the lower part of the stream, have been cut through, leaving
precipitous banks on either side.
In order that the stratigraphical relation of the porphy-
ries to the sedimentary rocks may be better understood,
the following sectional notes and diagrams are given. The
section was determined from personal observation, and
crosses the Limestone Creek valley at right angles to the
course of the stream.
Starting from the level of Marengo Creek (an eastern
affluent of the Mitta Mitta), and proceeding easterly, we
have, first, a mass of granitiform rock exposed on the bed
of Marengo Creek; ascending .Mount Pendergast coarse
metamorphic schists, gneissic in character, are seen, showing
apparently a vertical dip. As the crest of the range is
reached these rocks. become more micaceous, full of thin
quartz seams, and corrugated along the line of strike, which
is here seen to be N.20'W. Descending towards the Lime-
stone Creek some upland alluvial flats are passed over, with
* « The Diorites and Granites of Swift’s Creek, and Their Contact Zones.’’
By A. W. Howitt, F.G.8. Royal Society of Victoria, pp. 9 to 15.
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here and there, on the crests of the dividing ridges,
contorted schistose rocks protruding. These are both argil-
laceous and silicious in character, and generally finely
laminated, showing a dip of from 70° W. to vertical at
N.N.W. At lower levels a mass of diorite is met with,
presenting in the weathering rounded boulders traces of its
igneous origin. The soil formed by the disintegration of
the latter is shown to be very fertile by the rich carpeting
of grasses at this place. So far as I could judge from the
altered indurated appearance of the rocks at contact, this
mass has been protruded, or rather intruded, from deep-
seated sources along the line of section, and not, as might be
suggested, either interbedded with the sedimentary rocks,
or the remnant of a once larger mass intruded elsewhere.
The rock appears to be a mixture of felspar and hornblende
principally. On the spurs descending the valley of the
Limestone Creek the normal Silurian slates are seen, inclined
at high angles, generally 70’ to W., and vary in colour from
yellow to bluish grey—soft, yellowish sandstone, and
micaceo-argillaceous slate, thin bedded or finely laminated.
On the creek flats are deposits of tertiary gravels, frequently
auriferous, and which may hereafter be profitably sluiced
for gold. Several of the western tributaries of the Lime-
stone Creek are also auriferous, and one, Slaty Creek, contains
titaniferous ironsand with cassiterite.* On the east bank of
the creek is a bluffy outcrop of what appears to be’ thin-
bedded blue limestone, the beds varying from a few inches
to as many feet thick, and inclined at an angle of 70’ to W.,
with strike to N.N.W., in fact, parallel with the slates with
which they are interbedded. These apparent blue lime-
‘stones, however, when broken, exhibit a crystalline, some-
what saccharoidal texture, and vary in colour from milky
white to shades of light grey, and are found to be more or
Jess full of thin yellow seams parallel to the bedding planes.
The quality of this marble, on an analysis of hand specimens,
seems good, yielding a small percentage of earthy matter,
and a large percentage of carbonate of lime; yet even where
the beds are thickest these seams would probably deteriorate
from the commercial value of the deposit. Whether these
‘seams are in any way due to the percolation of surface
‘waters holding colouring matter, such as one of the oxides of
Deposits, Limestone Creek. 9
* Geological Survey of Victoria, Vol. IV., p. 189.
10 On the Caves Perforating Marble
iron, limonite, H, Fe, O,, in solution; or represent thin seams
laid down during the deposition of the calcareous sediments,
and which have not been obliterated during the processes of
consolidation by which it is probable these beds were meta-
morphosed from marine limestones into crystalline marbles,
Tam unable to decide ; although, from the evident regularity
and parallelism of the seams and their continuousness,
together with the facts noticed when examining the structure
of the marble in the interior of the caves, it is probable
that the latter is the more correct explanation of their
origin. The apparent thickness of this marble bed when
crossed by the line of section does not exceed 250 feet. To
the east the slates again appear, but, at contact with the
marbles, very much contorted along the line of strike.
Crossing an eastern affluent of the Limestone Creek (Painter’s
Creek), the porphyries are first seen, and the change is marked .
both in regard to the character of the soil and the vegeta-
tion.
On examination the rock is found to have a somewhat
granular felspathic base, in which are scattered numerous
irregularly-shaped patches of felspar, the dimensions of
which may generally be about a quarter of an inch by an
eighth of an inch in width. On ascending the hill side
similar rocks are to be found, nearly to the first summit, but
in places becoming more compact.* On descending towards
Stony Creek similar rocks are met with, until at lower levels
the slates again appear, presenting the same strike and dip,
and without any more than the normal state of alteration
as seen generally on the eastern watershed near the marble
deposits. On a small spur abutting on Stony Creek are
seen the deposits of fossiliferous blue limestone from which
specimen No. 1 was taken.
At lower levels a tributary of Stony Creek—Round
Mountain Creek—has laid bare another narrow band of
finely laminated slates, which are succeeded by the Stony ©
Creek marbles, consisting of rather amorphous or thick-
bedded masses of whitish, greyish, pinkish, and variegated
marbles, as seen in specimens Nos. 2, 3, 4, and 5.
In one place a ridge of undenuded porphyry remains
overlying the marble deposits, as shown in sketch; while on
* Progress ae Geological Survey of Victoria, 1876, p. 196. A. W.
Howitt, F.G.5
“aTSAVN I “SANOLSAWNIT SNONASINISSOS “V4 ‘ALVIS'S AdAhHiddOd d
\
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DIAGRAM
SECTION Ato B
TPR PLAN OF
PENDERGAST'S CAVE
—— INTERIOR OF CAVE —— c 5
pa <—$— Fah ae a INTERIOR OF CAVE ——
at_ €,. ——
\ sii
Deposits, Ivmestone Creek. Il
the eastern bank of the creek the marble beds are capped by
blue unaltered limestones containing fossils (molluses).
In ascending the steep and rugged ranges to the east, the
porphyries become more compact and silicious, having a
greyish or reddish felsitic base, with small translucent
quartz-crystals, patches of pink-coloured felspar and
fragments of other rocks, the whole forming a breccia-like
mass, as seen in specimen No. 6. On the summit of Mount
Cobboras, and on the rocky-crested ridges near it, the rock
masses weather into vertical layers with a northerly strike.
Descending the eastern slopes of Mount Cobboras, the por-
phyries previously described give place to salmon-coloured
quartz-porphyries, almost granitic in structure and weather
in rounded masses.
EXAMINATION OF CAYVHS.
Cave No. 1.—PENDERGAST’S CAVE.
The first examined is that perforating a marble deposit
near the Limestone Hut (an out-station of Mr. James
Pendergast, of Mount Leinster). For reference this may
be called Pendergast’s Cave. In examining the ground plan
of this cave (Diagram 3), it will be seen that it traverses gener-
ally the line of strike of the strata. This is the case with
most of the caves examined, and would appear to indicate
their origin to be by percolation of water from the adjoining
ereeks. What I mean by this is that the present water
channel of the Limestone Creek, although in some cases at a
lower level than the orifices forming the entrances to the
caves, originally stood at a much higher level, and washed
the bases of the limestone bluffs; then, percolating along the
lines of strike, gradually eroded a channel to a lower level ;
and, owing to the calcareous mass being traversed by joints
and lines of shrinkage, the water charged with carbonic acid
gradually decomposed the hard crystalline masses, and: by
the further mechanical action of silt and small stones eroded
a larger passage. The action of rain water from above,
acting similarly by its carbonic acid, derived from the decom-
posing vegetable matter covering the calcareous deposits,
would probably form many of the curiously-shaped holes
and crevices seen on the surface.*
* Vide Boyd Dawkins’ Cave Hunting, p. 53.
12 On the Caves Perforating Marble
The entrance to this cave is fully twenty feet above the
level of the Limestone Creek, and is exceedingly narrow.
The difficulty encountered on entering is, however, amply
recompensed for by the pleasure experienced when the
interior beauties are brought into view—pendent crystalline
stalactites of innumerable forms of beauty stud the ceiling,
while the floors and sides, in addition to numerous stalag-
mital pillars, are here and there fretted with a rich deposit
of glittering calcitic crystals. The rough sketch is a faint
endeavour to portray the characteristic cave scenery.
In many places the floor is made up of thick deposits of
silt, covered by a thin stalagmital coating; while in others
the original silt has been removed, leaving a thin floor of
stalagmite.
In many places where fissures exist to the surface from
the uppermost cavern, the sides of the latter are covered
with a mass of soft, milky-white substance, fully three
inches thick, which I cannot describe better than by calling
it calcareous froth. The substance hardens upon exposure
to the external air, and is most abundant after a heavy rain-
fall, when the interior of the cave is in a moist condition.
The marble, where examined on the sides and roof of the
cave, although the bedding was more obscure and apparently
of greater thickness than seen on the weathered surface,
yet still retained the objectionable yellow seams discernible
at the surface. The only fossils obtained in the vicinity
of this cave were impressions of encrinites, too obscure for
palzeontological identification. A section through the caves,
and the deposit in which they are situated, gives the features
shown in Diagram No. 4, and in following the deposit along
the line of strike the beds are seen to be flexured to a
considerable extent, and narrow at their extremities to thin
bands of corrugated calcareous shale, as in Diagram 4.
CAvE No. 2.—SHEEAN’S CAVE.
This is, perhaps, the largest cave in the series, and is
situate at the base of an extensive bluff of marble on the
western side of Limestone Creek, about half-a-mile below
Pendergast’s Cave (see sketch). The general direction of
the cave conforms to the existing drainage system of the
Limestone Creek, and is nearly parallel with the strike of the
beds themselves. Where the ramifications are rectangular
to the general direction, they are, | think, produced by the
‘BIWHS SNOTNVITYS “S$ “ALvIS‘S ‘JIGUVA WW
‘SAAVS "9 ATSUVIN AI ‘STSAVHS AYVISUEAL? AMANTIY ‘yo aLvis’s
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OS eS eres
wD INOLS ANG
3 JAVI SASVONTONSd +9
4D SNOLSANIT ssox2” NOILIZS WYMOvIG
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—- “on CEANS CAVE. = Vy
Ps ¥ =
fi oy) / 1 WNG,- nae /,
( PYBW Cay
"RANCE
Limestone Ck
La YY) Yyp,= aff)
/ it Lye a PLETED AIT a ) Uy + —— iY
Ue Zaz PTET (f= Z — A. IR, Hy
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Pr ——S 7 ;
WIM ELEM LTE YY x WY WY MY ; WY Yj fj
IE
; 5
SKETCH OF SHEEANS BLUFF —— Ee
ee one
LIMESTONE CK 4,
— Looking NT - aly oi Z
{ PASSAGE FORMING
ENTRANCE TO CAVE
Pp ee AE
SECTION across Gve at X y. ©
To shew. mud conslomerstes :
and Original’ Cave .
— Plan of
SHEEANS CAVE
«eo N° 2 po,
9 ——Scale— 99 FE
Deposits, Lumestone Creek. 13
percolation of acid-laden waters from the interior—z.e., as the
main channels became choked up by the accumulation of
débris, silt, and gravels, etc., the rushing waters caused by an
annual flood would endeavour to find a passage along the
lines of joint or shrinkage. At present the water traverses
from A to B (see plan), and from B finds its way
through narrow or flattened orifices to lower levels, re- .
entering the Limestone Creek about 200 yards below
the entrance to the cave. The roof of the entrance, and for
some distance inward (about 20 feet), consists of a mass of
whitish marble beautifully scalloped by the action of running
water. The entrance is very nearly on a level with the
Limestone Creek, from which it is distant about 70 feet,
and separated by the alluvium and an accumulation of
débris (see plan). After the first 33 feet are traversed
the narrow entrance passage gives place to a large chamber,
from which start various ramifying passages. Those through
which the water runs are narrower than that which I have
shown traverse lines. The floors of 2 to 3, 4 to 5, and 7 to
8 are simply masses of soft and hardening silt with, in some
places, stalagmital covering. These present many favour-
able spots for fossil hunting, but owing to the limited time
at my disposal I could not undertake any examination.
However, the plans and sections submitted may prove useful
as a basis for further examination by any one disposed
to undertake such interesting work. Many of the roof
fissures extend almost up to the surface of the deposits,
quite 60 feet in some places, and their sides are frequently
covered with stalactical drapery of every conceivable shape
and of very beautiful appearance. The rate of accumulation
of these stalactites depends, apparently, on two principal
causes—viz., the quantity of percolating water holding car-
bonate of lime in solution, and the rate of evaporation of the
carbonic acid from the surface of each drop of water, the
latter depending upon the temperature, accessibility of the
air, and other conditions. During my last visit to Pender-
gast’s Cave, No. 1 (there had previously been a rather heavy
rainfall), the stalactites were covered at their extremities.
with bright, clear drops of water, some indeed were dripping,
and there was also a visible increase in the quantity of
matter I have denominated calcareous froth. Itis probable,
therefore, that the rate of stalactital growth depends largely
on the seasons, a wet season being most favourable. The
lines of bedding are well seen in the interior of the cave,
14 On the Caves Perforating Marble
although frequently covered with reddish and yellow earthy
sediment. Throughout this cave, at about 6 feet above the
present bottom and water-level, are masses of mud conglo-
merates, with waterworn pebbles and boulders from 4$-inch
to 3 inches in diameter, and made up of the porphyries and
slates which exist 7m sitw on the surrounding hills. These
mud conglomerates evidently are the undenuded remnants
of what was for a long time the original deposit forming the
floor of the ancient cave, and may yet be found to contain
fossils of scientific value. I have indicated their position on
Diagram No. 5. The beds, where visibie within the cave,
seem to be much thicker than on the weathered surface,
and are still full of the parallel earthy seams before re-
ferred to. 3 |
TEMPERATURE OF THE CAVES. .
During two visits | made some observations on the tempera-
ture of the caves examined. On the first occasion, in August,
1882, when the surrounding hills were covered with snow,
the thermometer at the entrance to caves Nos. 1 and 2 stood at
50° Fahr.; at a distance of 100 feet within the caves it rose
to 58° Fahr. During November of same year the thermo-
meter at entrances registered 62°, and at the same place as
before, within the caves, it fell to 54°, thus giving a difference
of 8° between the external and internal air in each. case.
This seems to agree with the result of observations recorded
elsewhere, “that the air in caves is generally of the same
mean temperature as that of the district in which they occur,
and consequently cool in summer and warm in winter.’*
For instance, during August, the minimum degree of cold
registered during a severe frost at the Limestone Creek was
20°, or 12° below freezing point; while in November the
maximum registered was 80°. Taking the mean of these
observations as an approximate mean annual temperature,
we have 50°, which I anticipate is about that of the regular
mean temperature of the caves, and also that of the Lime-
stone Creek valley in which they are situated. Of course
this determination is not to be taken as strictly correct, as
a more extended series of observations are required to ascer-
tain the mean temperature of the place, and it is probable
that the maximum and minimum heat is greater and less
* Boyd Dawkins’ Cave Hunting, p. 71.
Deposits, Limestone Creek. 15
than that recorded, but from the altitude and latitude of the
place it is not improbable that this approximate determina-
tion may be found to be correct within reasonable limits,
the latitude of the caves being about 37° 7’, and the altitude
3000 feet above sea-level.
CavE No. 3.—DRy CAVE.
This is situated close to No. 2, in the same bluff, and is
probably connected with it by narrow orifices. The interior
caverns are more lofty,and the stalagmital floors quite dry,the
scenery being similar to No. 2 Cave, and the general direction
parallel to the strike of the beds it perforates. The entrance
is very flat, and at a higher level than No. 2.
STONY CREEK CAVES.
These are, so far as I could examine them, unimportant ;
flat, low-roofed orifices, through which the flood-waters of
Stony Creek find their way, and are of limited extent, being
apparently younger than the Limestone Creek caves. And
in regard to the latter, it is probable that they are not
greater than Pliocene age, and have been hollowed since the
partial denudation of the once superincumbent porphyries,
_ for, as previously stated, the mud conglomerates within the
caves are made up of rounded waterworn fragments of the
rocks found in situ. Iwas unable to find anywhere in the
whole series of calcareous deposits evidences of cavities
which might have existed and have been filled up by mineral
constituents during any consolidation of the mass prior
to the deposition of the porphyries. There are certainly
numerous small veins of cale spar, but no break in the general
continuity of the beds. The greater hollowing out of the
caves on the Limestone Creek are, I think, to be accounted
for by the more lengthened periods of exposure to subaérial
influences and the percolation of acid-laden waters; the
Stony Creek calcareous deposit having been more recently
laid bare by denudation of the porphyries, So far as a
superficial examination would enable me to judge, I think
the marbles at this place will prove of considerable com-
mercial value, the texture and colour being excellent, and
the beds more homogeneous than at the Limestone Creek.
However, this is a matter for determination by commercial
enterprise, and outside the objects of this paper.
16 On the Caves Perforating Marble
In concluding this sketchy article on the caves, a few
remarks on the beds they perforate may be interesting. It
has been shown with reference to the Limestone Creek
marble beds that the surface outcrops, and also those within
the caves, are intersected with thin yellow seams parallel
to the bedding planes, and it is conjectured that these seams.
can hardly be due to the percolation of surface waters
holding colouring matter in solution, because of their regu-
larity and parallelism. Whether the intense subterranean
heat, which it is probable caused the metamorphism of the
calcareous sediments into crystalline marbles, has obliterated
all traces of bedding at a depth, and so produced a homo-
geneous mass of saccharoidal marble, I am unable to suggest;
but in regard to the origin of the marbles the evidences are,
I think, in favour of their having assumed their crystalline
form during shrinkages in the earth’s crust at the close of
the Silurian or at the beginning of the Devonian periods,
when the whole series of sedimentary rocks were inclined at
high angles—z.e., folded and bedded together by the dynamic
and metamorphic agencies of nature—and, after long-con-
tinued periods of subaérial or subaqueous denudation, were
again submitted to the influence of plutonic forces, during
which the fragmental porphyries which at present rest on
the upturned edges of the sediments were deposited. That
the latter are the results of either subaérial ash, or sub-
aqueous tuff, grouped round such probable volcanic centres
as Wombargo and Cobboras mountains,* is, I think, evident
enough from their lithological character and their strati-
graphical position. It is hardly probable that the deposition
of the porphyries over the paleeozoic sediments would cause
such extensive metamorphism of the calcareous beds; in
fact, the proof that such is improbable is seen at Stony
Creek, for here the unaltered fossiliferous beds are in direct
contact with the overlying porphyries, while the crystallisa-
tion of the rock masses appears to increase with the depth
below the surface.
In my examinations of the Stony Creek marble beds I was
fortunate in finding some fossils, which Professor M‘Coy has
been good enough to examine, and has identified one shell,
spirigina reticularis, which he states is one of the few
* Vide A. W. Howitt in Progress Report, Geological Survey of Victoria,
1876, p. 200.
Deposits, Limestone Creek. 17
fossils common to the Devonian and Silurian systems. He
also states that some crinoidal stems—which are very
abundant in the Stony Creek beds—are apparently “ Acti-
nocrinus,’ and that there is a small undescribed species of
Atrypa and a species of Beyrichia. He also remarks that
the evidence points to these specimens being either Upper
Silurian or Lower Devonian, the geological interval between
these two being very small. Among many highly scientific
problems arising out of an examination of the rock masses
in this rugged portion of our Australian Alps, that which
relates to the metamorphism of the sedimentary rocks. into
erystalline schists is, perhaps, one of the most important.
Of the relations between the paleeozoic sediments of the
Limestone Creek and the regional metamorphic schists of
the Mitta Mitta source basin, I shall, I hope, have more to
say when dealing with the geological structure of the Indi
River and the Mitta Mitta source basin. The facts elicited
in this paper may pave the way for more extended observa-
tions and determinations in that respect.
THE ROCKS OF NOYANG.
BY
DI Wet HO WLE es eeG.s:
CONTENTS.
PAGE
i, INTRODUCTION - - - - = : 2 2 Ey 2)
ii. PHystcaL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT - - 20
iii. Tue Ianrous Rocks - - - - - = ae aaa
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Art. IV.—The Rocks of N oyang.
By A. W. Howitt, F.GS.
[Read 10th May, 1883.]
I.— INTRODUCTION.
In a former paper I made the statement that I had observed,
when tracing round the boundary of regional metamorphism
at Omeo, the constant recurrence near it of tracts of intru-
sive igneous rocks.* The rocks which I described in that
paper formed one of those areas; those which I am now
about to describe constitute another.
Noyang, strictly speaking, is the native name of the place
where the road from Bruthen to Omeo first crosses the
Tambo River; but I have applied it, as it is locally used, to
the whole tract delineated upon the sketch map which is
attached to this paper.
In examining this locality it seems at first sight that the
regionally metamorphosed schists of Omeo do not extend so
far south as the northern boundary of the intrusive rocks of
Noyang; but a more extended examination of the country
to the north of that boundary, as far as Ensay, has caused
me to see that the limits of the regional schists must pro-
bably be extended to the northern slopes of the Fainting
Range. I am not now prepared with the evidence necessary
to determine this question ; indeed, 1t would be beyond the
scope I have set myself in this paper, and may well wait
until I have prepared, by an examination of others of the
detached intrusive areas which border the regional schists,
for a consideration of the latter.
Tt will be observed that in this paper I have followed
the terminology and classification established by Professor
Rosenbusch in his “ Physiographie der Massigen Gesteine,”
and lately presented by him, in a more systematised form, in
* « The Diorites and Granites of Swift’s Creek.” Transactions of the Royal
Society of Victoria, Vol. XVI.,;p. 19. ;
C2
20 Rocks of Noyang.
a communication to the Neues Jahrbuch.* In order to avoid
confusion, and to connect the terms I here use with those
which I made use of in former papers, I shall, where a
difference exists, note the synonym in a footnote.
I].— PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT.
The tract of country which I have mapped takes in the
valley of the Tambo River for three miles above and two
miles below the crossing at Noyang.f To the east it
includes the slopes of Mount Elizabeth Range, and to the west
those falling from the watersheds between the Tambo River,
Shady Creek, and the Haunted Stream. Mount Elizabeth
is the culminating point of a great and rugged mass of
mountains which fill in the fork between the Tambo and
Tambarra Rivers to the extent of about one hundred square
miles. This mountain rises to near 3000 feet above sea-level.
At its-northern extremity it descends steeply into a com-
paratively low-lying basin, worn out of the metamorphic
schists and the intrusive rocks. Its steep and rugged ridges
fall to the west into Navigation Creek, and to the east ito
a tributary of the Tambarra River ; to the south the moun-
tain separates into a number of great spurs covered almost
wholly with nearly impenetrable scrubs, the haunts of a few
wild cattle, and almost untrodden by the foot of man.
The part which I have examined and mapped forms but
about one-fourth of the one hundred square miles covered by
this mountain and its spurs; but, having seen its northern,
eastern, and some parts of its southern sides, I think that
my examination gives a fair sample of the whole.
The Mount Elizabeth chain stands in the contact of three
oreat formations. ‘To the north it is bordered by the extreme
outliers of the regional schists; to the west there is the great
recurring series of lower palzeozoic slates and sandstones, with’
quartz veins in which are most of the gold workings of
Gippsland; to the east is the extensive tract of country
occupied by the various intrusive rocks of the Buchan and
*N, J. M., 1882, Vol. I., Part II, p. 1.
+ Iam under great obligation to the kindness of Mr. A. Black, the
Assistant Surveyor-General, and to Mr. W. H. Gregson, the Land Officer at
Bairnsdale, for supplying me with tracings of official surveys of much of the
Noyang locality. ‘The remainder I have filled in from rough surveys made
during the examination of the rock formations,
Rocks of Noyang. 21
Snowy River districts, with their associated fragmental for-
mations, tufis, and lavas; and finally, to the south, the course
of the Tambo River separates the lower palzeozoic sediments
to the west from a great extent of intrusive igneous rocks to
the east.
Il] —Tue IGnrous Rocks.
The particulars which I shall detail in these pages as to
the igneous rocks of Noyang admit of my now saying that
they are members of a series which is precisely analogous
to that of which granitite is the crystalline-granular type.
In this the characteristic felspar is orthoclase, while in the
Noyang series it is a plagioclastic felspar, and very frequently
albite. The complete analogy between the two groups of
rocks will be better seen when I come to the description of
the varieties of igneous rocks at Noyang.
(a.) The Quartz-Mica-Diorites.
Almost the whole of the south side of the Tambo River is
occupied by light-coloured crystalline-granular quartz-mica-
diorites. They do not, however, extend up the course of |
the Tambo River for more than a mile above the Noyang
crossing, where they adjoin a great mass of quartz-mica-
porphyrite, of quartz-porphyrite, and of quartz-granophyrite,
which there crosses the river and extends for several miles
to the west along the course of the Haunted Stream. On
the eastern side of the Tambo, at Noyang, these quartz-
mica-diorites extend towards Mount Hlizabeth for some
distance, and there also adjoin porphyritic varieties of rocks
of the same series. These porphyritic rocks have cut across
the crystalline-granular quartz-mica-diorites, have sent out
great masses into them, and also many strong dykes across
them even far into the adjoining sediments. Higher up
the course of a stream having its source in part of the
Mount Elizabeth Range, and near the localities I have
just mentioned, there are again large masses of a crystal-
line-granular character, which differ, however, in so far that
they seem to be somewhat younger in period of formation
than the quartz-mica-diorites which I have described, and are
also comparatively wanting in the basic minerals (magnesia-
_ iron-mica and amphibole) which characterise them. Some of
22 Rocks of Noyang.
these rocks might be classed as the analogies of the “micro-
granitites.” To the south-east the quartz-mica-diorites ter-
minate at well-marked examples of crystalline and schistose
hornfels in respect of which they-are intrusive.
The quartz-mica-diorite is much decomposed over a large
tract of country, which is worn into rounded ridges and
rather flat gullies. Elsewhere it stands out in torlike masses,
and is well seen in the river course where the excessive floods
in the last fifteen years have laid it bare in innumerable
places. In its fresh condition it is a hard and somewhat
tough rock of a light colour.
I now proceed to the results of the TmICrOsCOpiE and
chemical examination of these rocks.
The sample which I selected as typical occurs at the cross-
ing of the Tambo River at Noyang. The structure of the
rock is wholly crystalline-granular, and the constituent
minerals have been formed in the order in which I now
describe them :—
1. Magnetite in rectangular crystals. It occurs mostly in
the mica and amphibole crystals, and more rarely adjoining
them.
2. Magnesia-Iron-Mica (Haughtonite). This mica occurs
in very irregularly-bounded crystals or groups of crystals.
The outlines, whether seen in sections parallel or perpendi-
cular to the basal cleavage, are most irregular, often running
out into narrow protuberances or retreating into deep
hollows. In places portions are detached, being either
parts of cleavage plates separated from but still accordant
with the main mass, or else in other cases broken up
into numerous small flakes and scattered at random in
the adjoining spaces filled by quartz. The other constituent
minerals, amphibole, felspar, and quartz, conform themselves
to the outlines of this mica, and the first is associated with
it, not merely adjoining, but occasionally more or less
enveloped by it.
At first sight it seemed to me that, in places, the felspar
erystals were partially surrounded by the mica as a later
production ; but further examination has satisfied me that
this is only apparently the case, and arises through the mica
crystals having in some cases been partially broken, and in
others from the felspar crystal either having Ge ystallised in
a pre-existing hollow, or having become fitted partly into
it during the movements of the magma, before it cooled.
This mica becomes translucent in shades of brown, and is
-
in sections perpendicular to the cleavage strongly dichroic
in shades of colour from pale yellow to almost black. It is
either uniaxial, or having so small an optic-axial angle
as not to be distinguishable when examined in the most
favourable cases under the microscope. by the staurescope.
As a rule, itis poor in inclusions. The most frequent are
magnetite, but | have met with instances when it contained
rather numerous twinned grains of felspar, which had the
look of having been broken from larger crystals. Rarely I
have observed crystalline granules of quartz. The only other
inclusions to be noted are a few apatite needles lying in the
basal section, and a few minute colourless prismatic micro-
liths,
The alteration of this mica is almost wholly to some form
of chlorite. Scarcely an instance has come under my notice
‘in these rocks—crystalline-granular or porphyritic—in which
the mica has not shown traces of chloritisation. The change
commences at the exterior, and extends between the cleavage
plates towards the centre, and in some cases certain folia are
more attacked than others. It may be said generally of all
these rocks that their decomposition commences with the
alteration of the dark-coloured iron-magnesia-mica, which is
so common as to be characteristic of the whole group.
In order to determine the nature of this mica, I separated
sufficient for examination from portions of the Noyang rock.
It is jetty black in colour, with a somewhat vitreous lustre;
rather difficultly separable into thin lamine, and somewhat
brittle, except in the thinnest flakes. Before the blowpipe
it fuses rather easily, and becomes magnetic. In warm
hydrochloric acid, it decomposes somewhat easily, the silica
separating as white scales. The specific gravity I found to
be unexpectedly low, viz., 2°81. The quantitative analysis
yielded the following results :—
Rocks of Noyang. 23
24 Rocks of Noyang.
No. 1,—Inon-Maenesta Mica.
Molecular E
Per cent. Proportions, Ratio.
Fl “ise OO) bo. 39
ie, moe ioe le gprs 20 > Hl +. SiO”... 12°70 6ie peau
SiO, ee OOOO ne. eke OF.
Al,O ee LO OOP ak: 3°69 iain :
Bev a0 Mgigy 1) 79 $ B20. st! EE ee
FeO RA PRVOCO Ont eae ae,
MnO ive OO EZ. a's : :
CaO Han 9052) hing BARE 1) SOS aes
MgO sit MROLON aia 5°35
KO see TOCOOL, Balke 1°83
INR Omics 1085 he. 35 > RO 4:23 See)
H,O sey CL ODI as they 2°05
100-00
The bases in this mica are therefore in the following
proportions :—
R,0, RO B,0
1. sk 2. 2h Le
that is, it belongs to a group which Professor Rammelsberg +
classes as the third, including, among other micas, lepidome-
lane and the haughtonite of Dr. Heddle.§ Professor Heddle
describes the mica to which he has given the name of
haughtonite as occupying a position between biotite and
lepidomelane, and he gives the oxygen ratio of the three
species as follows :—
Biotite. Hauchtonite. Lepidomelane.
SiO, Ct ainie He se 20:
R,0, Suton 10° _ 15-5
(ROR, 0), Lbs fink 12:5 mS 7:
The oxygen ratio of the Noyang mica is—
SiO, aie 19-35
R.0, Ms 11-25
(ROR, O) ma 11°36
The relative proportions in which the silica and the
sesquioxide and protoxide bases occur in the Noyang mica
“‘* TiO, is calculated out as sphene, which occurs with this mica.
+ S10, is estimated from the difference.
t “Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung der Glimmer.” C, Rammels-
berg, N.J.M., 1881, p. 365.
§ “On Haughtonite—a New Mica,”’ by Professor Heddle. Mineralogical
Magazine, Vol. IIl., Part XIII, p. 72.
Rocks of Noyang. 25
are not quite those which Dr. Heddle assigns to haughtonite.
The Noyang mica stands, however, between biotite and.
lepidomelane, although not equidistant to each. Its physical
characters and behaviour before the blowpipe and _ to
hydrochloric acid remove it from biotite, and the relatively
small amount of ferric oxide removes it from Jepidomelane. It
may be, however, considered as representing a compound
of three-fifths biotite and two-fifths lepidomelane, and with
such a composition its low specific gravity is more in
accord.
Although the composition of this mica does not quite agree
with that given by Dr. Heddle for haughtonite, it is sufii-
ciently near to justify me, I think, in referring it to that
variety of magnesia-iron-mica.
It is convenient at this place to speak of the alteration
products of this mica.
Chloritie minerals are so extremely common in these
erystalline-granular rocks that they may be looked upon as
one of the most characteristic constituents. The rocks which
I have examined in thin slices afford plentiful evidence of
the manner in which the conversion of the magnesia-iron-
micas into chloritic minerals has taken place. Sections of
the rock which I have taken for illustration afforded me all
stages from the merest alterations in the edges of the cleavage
plates to the complete conversion of the mica into a chloritic
pseudomorph. Chloritisation is attended by the elimina-
tion of ores of iron, which are deposited as magnetite either
in the chlorite crystals themselves or in their neighbour-
hood.
The discussion of analyses given in this paper shows that
this mineral is probably in some cases at least of the con-
stitution indicated by the formula—
2510. + RoO. - 5RO) ted Ra
—that is, of chlorite. But the mineral, as might have been
expected from its mode of formation, through the altera-
tion of mica and of amphibole—perhaps not always under
precisely the same conditions—does not seem in all cases to
be of the same structure or composition. The chloritic
minerals occurring in the quartz-mica-diorite under con-
sideration I found to be uniaxial, or to have an extremely
small optic-axial angle. I could not determine which it was,
as no section was precisely parallel to the basal cleavage. In
slices perpendicular to that direction it is dichoric in
D
26 Rocks of Noyang.
shades of bright green. The ores of iron, and perhaps also
titanium, which are removed in the alteration of the mica,
are not always redeposited in rectangular crystals or in
sranular masses. I have observed frequently in these chlorite
pseudomorphs, that the magnetite (? titanic iron) has been
placed in the basal plane as opaque black needles, either
singly or in tufts or masses. It is very common for these
needles to be arranged in more or less well-marked stellate
groups,with rays including angles of approximately, or exactly,
30°. Such arrangements are only visible in sections parallel
to the cleavage, while in sections perpendicular to it the
needles only show as horizontally-arranged tufts.
The chlorite either fills almost exactly the space formerly
occupied by the magnesia-iron-mica or amphibole in the less
altered rocks, or in those which have been most altered it fills
irregular spaces with cleavable or with radial masses. In
many instances flakes of a chloritic mineral are to be found
throughout the whole rock.
In selecting a sample of rock from which to extract the
chloritic mineral for examination, I necessarily had to
choose one in which the process of chloritisation from mica
might be considered to be complete. This involved a partly
decomposed condition of the rock generally; and I found,
probably in consequence of this, that the selected mineral,
although carefully extracted and examined under the lens,
still contained impurities.
The chloritic mineral formed pseudomorphs after mica
(probably haughtonite). Its hardness is 1°5 to 2: specific
gravity 2°785. Its colour is dark green, with a rather pearly
lustre in the cleavage plates, and the streak is grey, with a
tinge of green. Before the blowpipe it fuses at the edges of
thin flakes to a black magnetic glass, and is decomposed easily
by sulphuric acid and by hot hydrochloric acid, white scales
of silica being setfree. In every example which I examined
in the process of selection I found minute portions of a
colourless mineral so intimately mixed with the mass as not
to be separable.
One of the crystals of which I prepared ‘a basal cleavage
plate as a microscopic object showed these two different
minerals distinctly. One I observed to be green in colour,
and of the character which I have described when speaking
of the chloritic pseudomorphs after mica; the other a colour-
less radiating mineral, apparently monoclinic. There was
wi
Rocks of Noyang. alk
very little more than a trace of free ores of iron in this
example. Subjoined is the quantitative analysis :—
No. 2.—CHLORITOID.
Per cent. Beir Ratio.
roportions.
SiO, we 84°39 1146 Ssi0, Wee AGI i cena aad
Al,O 24°38 473 ‘ ;
Fe.0, 14:17 ee pay 88 }
FeO 1°81 coy
CaO 3°80 "135 +} RO see het hoe Hi
MgO 11-01 550 |
K,O ane OA ies eal
Na,O be ous) oO) R,O oT OA occas tule
INOW 8 6:32 )..) +702
98°47
Hygroscopic moisture, 1:20 ¢ 212° F.
Unless it were possible to isolate the impurities and to
separate and examine each of the two component minerals,
no certain conclusions could be drawn as to the real nature
of the latter; but it may be possible by calculating the
percentage to arrive at an approximation to the truth.
The constitution of the rock from which the sample was
extracted rendersitmostimprobable that the impurities can be
anything else than felspar and quartz; the examination which
I have made of the Noyang igneous rocks renders it further
most probable that the felspar is albite or an oligoclase very
near to it. Thus the impurities may be calculated out, and
the remaining molecular proportions should give the consti-
tution of the mixed chloritic minerals. On this basis I have
made the subjoined calculation. It raises a strong presump-
tion that the mineral is a mixture of two of the chlorite
group, one having the constitution of chlorite and the other
of chloritoid. Under the microscope the former is colourless
or white, and therefore probably free from iron; the whole
of the iron therefore goes to form the latter.
D2
=)
2
Rocks of Noyang.
28
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98: L6 8h6-E $99: 060. G0: 69. CET. 090- LLY: GLP: OFT-T
68:8 P6S- ee ee ee ee ee ee se ee PGE:
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Téb 8&8. VOT: aa Ost: & at a5 960: 810:
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SOOUIIOYICG,
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$5 STG Y.
Rocks of Noyang. 29
Disregarding the impurities, thismineral may be considered °
as composed of nearly 9 per cent. of chlorite and 91 per
cent. of chioritoid.*
The molecular proportions of the sesquioxide and pro-
toxide bases in this chloritoid do not agree well with those
of other chloritoids, the analyses of which I have been
enabled to examine and calculate ;-- yet the whole mineral,
including impurities, gives a formula which accords quite as
nearly with that of chloritoid as do those of some of the
analyses to which I refer.
This raises a doubt whether those analyses were not also
of impure or mixed material. It is to be feared that in too
many cases new species of chloritic minerals have been estab-
lished by analysts on all too insufficient examination, and
that mineralogical science has been overburdened with names
that will ultimately have to be expunged.
This Noyang mineral, being a mixture, has not even a
right to be called a mineral species. It is a mixture of
chloritic minerals, and [ doubt whether, strictly speaking,
I am justified in calling it chloritoid in disregard to the
percentage of chlorite it contains.
Anvphibole. In these rocks amphibole constantly accom-
panies, but is subordinate to, the mica. Asis the case with
the latter, its crystalline planes are rarely observable. It is
ragged, eroded, and seems in places to have suffered partial
refusion at the edges and corners after crystallisation. Twin-
ning is not very common, but when occurring is according
to the ordinary law. The prismatic cleavage is well marked
in sections across “c.” Measurements of the obtuse angles
in several sections gave me 124° 30’, 125° 10’, and 126° 15”.
The colours, as seen by ordinary light, are shades of green.
The polychroism of this amphibole is well marked. I
found it to vary through shades of yellow and green, and
in some cases brown and bluish green. The colours of the
three rays and the absorption I found to be as follows in one
of the most typical sections :—
é> DiS a>
dark green ‘light green yellow.
In sections which were probably near the clinopinacoid,
I found the angle formed by the plane of vibration to be as
* A slight difference would be made if that portion of the felspar which is
kaolinised were calculated out. This is so trifling as to be immaterial.
t Dana, System of Mineralogy, with Appendices to 1882; Rammelsberg,
Mineralchemie, 1875 ; Heddle, Mineralogical Magazine, July, 1880.
30 Rocks of Noyang.
high, in one case, as 22°, but in the majority of cases between
12° and 20°.
Besides these, which may be considered with some cer-
tainty as hornblende, I found occasional instances of a second
amphibole of a somewhat different character. The most
marked feature, at first sight, was that its crystalline masses
included numerous fragments or imperfect crystals of
twinned felspars of small size. The outlines of this
amphibole are even more irregular than those of the just
described hornblende. The polychroism is much less, and
the angles formed by the plane of vibration are much higher,
being in two good instances, which I measured, 31° 15’ and
35°, Marked features are the indistinctness of the prismatic
cleavage,and a somewhat markedvery closely placed striation,
which seems to represent a separation rather than a cleavage.
It seems to me that this mineral stands in the same relation
to hornblende that diallage does to augite. It is more sub-
ordinate to the hornblende than both are to the magnesia-
iron-mica.
The dark-coloured masses looking like included fragments
of some rock which are very common in the Noyang quartz-
mica-diorites, [ found to be crystallisations of, mainly, the
more basic minerals. I observed the amphibole to be well
crystallised, frequently twinned, and strongly polychroic.
The prismatic angles measured in several cases were precisely
124° 30’, taking the mean of several readings. The angles
formed by the plane of vibration I found in the highest
to be 22°.
Felspars. The felspars of this rock are characterised by
being almost, if not all, plagioclase. They are well crystal-
lised, excepting where they have become adapted during
erowth to the form of some mica or amphibole crystal. The
twinning takes place according to the Albite, and also to the
Carlsbad law. Sometimes the former alone, but more fre-
quently both conjoined. In some crystals one half of the
Carlsbad twin is simple, while the other is compound.
Besides these twinned crystals there are some lesser ones
which are not twinned. Of these some may be orthoclase,
but I found only one which had the optical characters of
that felspar. .
The mean of a number of measurements of the angle
formed by the plane of vibration gave the following :—
OP (001) oP a (100) ... wPo (010)
SPO LUD eRe Rie Nay
Rocks of Noyang. 31
These measurements suggest albite, but are not incompa-
tible with oligoclase; and the discussion of the analysis of
this rock causes me to favour the latter view.
A slice from a rock collected on the upper part of the
Mount Elizabeth branch gave me favourable sections for
optical measurements of the felspars, and I found these to
be in the zone OP— a Po between 2° 30’ and 16° 45’.
This, again, agrees rather with oligoclase than albite.
Quartz fills in the spaces left vacant by the previously
described minerals. It usually is composed of several
crystalline granules, and otherwise completely resembles the
quartz in other crystalline-granular rocks of a granitic cha-
racter. I observed as inclusions—(1) Magnetite crystals,
(2) laminze of mica, (8) felspar fragments, and (4) small
colourless crystals, apparently monoclinic.
Sphene. This mineral occurs, but not so frequently as
might have been expected. The examples which I have
observed have been rough crystalline grains; and in only
one instance did I observe a well-formed crystal of the
characteristic double wedge-shaped form.
Apatite occurs in the usual small and somewhat lengthy
prisms.
I carried out a quantitative analysis of a portion of the
same rock from which the thin slices were prepared :—
No. 3.—Quartz-Mica-DioritTEs.
Molecul 3
Per cent. Prcraars. Ratio.
12 ae SA) ine 03
TiO, ise (penne Wi ys = iQ), ee UOS2 Oi eee ok
Si0, sou AGS! aes 21S) 2383
ROM lorGon’... S004 ir
mao 749s gh ¢ = BOs aie -
FeO epee OPA i vs cne ie Ord
Min@: (5%. A eee see Ghia :
Wee) 16-92. Oar en ce eee
MgO Cer or Oi) hated)
KO BECO coi se 50
NER OMe a 2530. .0 elo, > oO Hee AO OM Cy teat 5
H,O Pei Meo Oy 25. cele |
99-73 80-95
Hygroscopic moisture wa 34
Specific gravity ted she
32 Rocks of Noyang.
The alterations which have taken place in this rock make
it somewhat difficult to calculate satisfactorily the different
mineral percentages. All that can be hoped for, in the
absence of more precise knowledge of the composition of the
alteration products, is to arrive at a fair approximation. The
analysis of the mica affords some light; but I found that on
analysis the hornblende would not give reliable results
unless that mineral were separated by methods which I had
not at command. In the following calculation I have disre-
garded the small amount of chloritic alteration, and also the
minute plates of some micaceous mineral, one of the altera-
tion products of the felspars:—
Rocks of Noyang.
ee LO. + ee eo eo oe Z0: =e eo GO. + e ee CQ). - Ow ow Wo G sooualogt
6L-00L| 20-18 | LLT | GL. 0G. | G¢T | 6p |. L9- 86. 70-€ | 83-61 | TO. C0. Se EO
| .
F8-81 QZ-9 ee eo ary ee ee ee ee oe 86-9 oe ee ee ee ZzqyrVn’y
Wee eee . ee = elas si op. a lege = SEs coe nieyahnon
GG.Z FFP. ee ee ee oe oe Coss G = ee ee ee ee ee ee OFTJOUSVI
ae cna lea = - ag = - oe ea nar = [es Gross
01-8 | 00-4 | Og. = OG: | SGT " cp. | 0¢ 0g 00-§ zs "* | BoTpl-WorT-eIsouseyy
CZ. h, 80% ee ee oe ee GG oe ee GG: FO: ee ee oe Ivdsyoq out
69-61 00-9 ee G). ee ee ary ee ee Gyr. 0&-F de ee ee redsjo,q Bpog
0c. eae ee oe ee ee OT: oe ee ken oo oe GQ. oe oe oyyedy
60: G0. es ee e° oe TO: oe oe oe 10: TO: ce ee O6 eueydg
**- | 46.08 | LL-T | Gd 0% | GOT | LFS 19. | €6. 70-8 | €661 | TO- £0.
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34 Rocks of Noyang.
The analysis thus calculated assigns ‘26 Mol. of R,O, and
1:86 Mol. of RO bases to the hornblende. This may repre-
sent the truth so far; but it is not likely that these con-
stituents consist wholly of ferric oxide and lime, but that
portions of the alumina and magnesia would be included in
the amphibole minerals.
Assuming, however, that this calculation sufficiently
expresses the composition of the rock as it is, and that the
kaolin represents the altered felspars, the following may be
assigned as the probable percentage composition of the
unaltered rock; and in this I have assumed that the unaltered
condition of the felspars was that of an oligoclase of the
constitution Al. 3: An. 1.:—
Oligoclase ... Bri as es 48°25
Magnesia-iron-mica ore eas 23°49
Hornblende ... sie aoe Sct 11°64
Magnetite ... ee sia th: 2°32
Quartz a wes tx: vee 4 BACON
Sphene ae ue es dee ‘09
Apatite te ie one ee ‘50
100°30
In this rock the ratio of the constituents is—
Felspar, 1:30; Quartz, ‘42; RO Minerals, 1.
(b.) Quartz-Mica-Porphyrites and Quartz-Granophyrites.*
- Rocks of this class are confined to the eastern side of the
Tambo River, excepting where, above the Noyang ford, a
ereat offshoot of the main mass extends from near Mount
Elizabeth to the westward of the river, and along the course
of the Haunted Stream. Many strong dykes of these rocks
also extend similarly westward, and it might even be said
with truth that they radiate from the great central
porphyritic masses of Mount Elizabeth. The relations of
these quartz porphyrites and granophyrites to the older
erystalline-cranular diorites may be well seen in Navigation
Creek and the Tambo River. They penetrate the latter
either: as masses, or as parallel or winding dykes. The
erystalline-granular rocks are in many places cut off by the
porphyrites, but there are also frequent instances where the
* Spherulitic quartz-porphyrite.
Rocks of Noyang. 35
former become poor in mica or amphibole, and at the same
time acquire a more porphyrite character by the appearance
of isolated crystals of felspar or quartz, or of both.
Great portions of Mount Elizabeth, in fact masses which
are mountains, are, it seems, entirely composed of such rocks
as those I am now considering, and wm sitw they have an
extraordinary resemblance to their close analogues, the
quartz-porphyries. Rocks of this class are in contact with
the sediments over as large an area as are the crystalline-
granular quartz-diorites.
I have included the quartz-granophyrites in this section,
for the reason that I have as yet found such rocks only as
abnormal parts of the quartz-mica-porphyrites. At the
Haunted Stream, for instance, the great mass of such rocks
at its northern contact with the sediments, has the structure
of a granophyrite.
Some of the larger dykes which proceed from the quartz-
porphyrite masses across the cerystalline-granular rocks also
show this structure.
As I have already said, I have not found the granophyrite
structure largely developed at Noyang; but it does not follow
that it is not to be met with more frequently than I have
found it. The area of the quartz-porphyrite rocks is so large,
that my examination, which has been specially directed to
the area surveyed, has only included it in part.
The results of microscopic and chemical analysis of these
rocks are as follow. The first example which I shall describe
was collected near the north-western contact in Navigation
Creek :—
Under the microscope it shows a micro-crystalline granular
ground-mass, wholly composed of felspar and quartz, to-
gether with very numerous bladed microliths of a light green
colour, and these occur in both felspars and quartz. So far
as I could make out from an examination of these minute
minerals, I believe them to have been amphibole, but now
almost, if not quite, converted into some form of chlorite.
In this ground-mass, and forming part of it, certain of its
constituents are porphyritic : —
(1.) Small twinned crystals, or clusters of crystals, of fel-
spars, in which I found optical measurements in the zone
OP — oP o min. = 5°, and max. = 15° 15’, and certain
simple sections, in enich the angle formed by the plane of
vibration was 14°, The composition of these twins was
according to (a) the Albite law; (b) the Carlsbad law; (c)
36 Rocks of Noyang.
where the composition face 1s o P o with interpenetration
of twins, so that a double twin is produced in which the two
diagonally opposite are optically similar ; and (d) the Albite
law and the Pericline law combined.
(2.) Felspars which are not well crystallised, but which
are certainly simple, and in some of which, so far as could
be made out from an examination of such minute objects,
obscuration occurred where the longer diameter was in
accordance with the plane of polarisation of the nicol.
(3.) Very rarely small imperfect crystals of a chloritic
mineral. Its characters are precisely those which I shall
describe when speaking of the porphyritic minerals of “ first
consolidation” in this rock. These chlorite flakes are pro-
bably the alteration products of such detached flakes of
mica as I have observed to exist in the quartz of the quartz-
mica-diorite. :
(4.) A few minute, colourless prisms, of a tetragonal habit,
which polarise brightly, and become obscured when the
plane of the nicol is parallel or. perpendicular to their
prismatic sides. In one instance the measurement of the
angle coo P AP gave me 132°. These crystals are certainly
Zircon.
The porphyritic minerals of the first- consolidation are as
fcllow:—
Felspars. ‘These are compound crystals, usually twinned
according to the combined Albite and Carlsbad laws. The
edges and corners are mostly rounded off or broken. They
also form groups of several crystals, adjoining each other
with their fractured ends. The angles of obscuration I
found to be in the zone OP— » Pe 5° 45’ to 16°15’. These
porphyritic felspars are somewhat altered, being not only
kaolinised to some extent, but also full of minute flakes
- of a pale green colour, a mineral probably of the chlorite
group. ‘The optical and physical properties of these felspars
may point to oligoclase rather than to albite.
Quartz occurs in more or less perfectly formed but often
corroded and fractured crystals, with hexahedral outlines,
and their character is precisely that so familiar to observers
in the quartz of the quartz-porphyries.
Chloritic Minerals. Besides these there are a number of
crystals of a chloritic mineral of about the same size and
relative number as those of quartz. These are evidently the
alteration products 1m sitw of a magnesia-iron-mica, but in
not one instance in the slices I prepared of this variety of
Rocks of Noyang. 37
rock did I find any portions of the original mineral remain-
ing intact. Yet after carefully observing the various stages
of alteration from mica to chlorite in the crystalline-granular
rocks of this group, I cannot feel any doubt that this also
is merely a secondary mineral. It occurs either in more or
less well-defined hexagonal or rectangular sections. The
former undergo no change of colour or of tint when exa-
mined over the polariser alone, while the latter are more or
less markedly dichroic. The ray which traverses the crystal
in the direction of the axis “c” is almost colourless, while.
that perpendicular to it is of some shade of green. It is,
however, very rare to find one of these chlorite sections
homogeneous throughout. The basal section, when examined
between crossed nicols, usually shows a more or less wide
margin, which behaves like an isotropic or uniaxial mineral
when seen in the direction of the optic axis, while more or
less of the central part is doubly refracting. The sections
perpendicular to the cleavage planes show similar features ;
the green outside edges of the plates become wholly obscured
when their fibrous structure is parallel to the plane of the
nicol, while the colourless central parts show strong chromatic
polarisation, resembling that of potassa-mica, and in no
position are the numerous fibrous aggregates simultaneously
obscured, nor could I find any fibres that behaved otherwise:
than would do those of a triclinic mineral. This suggests a
colourless chloritic mineral, perhaps Leuchtenbergite. Inthe
cleavage planes there have been deposited ores of iron and
perhaps titanium.
In order to learn something more as to the nature of the
porphyritic felspars and of the chlorite pseudomorphs, I
digested a slice of this rock with occasional boiling in hydro-
chloric acid for nearly a month. On then examining it I
found that the hydrated iron ores had been removed from
the slice, leaving it altogether much clearer and more trans-.
lucent than before. The chlorite pseudomorphs were some-
what bleached, and some of the folia were more attacked than
others, but a great part of the black amorphous substance in
the chlorite was unaffected, and could therefore not be
magnetite.
The porphyritic felspars were not only not affected, but
were much brightened by the removal of minute alteration
products; but there was one exception, where part of the
porphyritic crystal had evidently been replaced by some
carbonate—probably calcite—and had been totally removed,
38 Rocks of Noyang.
leaving the ragged-edged cavity usual in such cases. The
ground-mass of felspar and quartz granules was wholly un-
attacked.
The result, therefore, of this test has been to show that if
any difference exists in the power of resistance against altera-
tion between the porphyritic telspars and the felspar granules
of the ground-mass, it is in favour of the latter. We have
another instance of the rule that the earlier consolidated
felspars are the more basic.
The following is an analysis of this rock :—
No. 4.—Quartz-Mica-PoRPHYRITE.
Molecular :
Per cent, Proportions, Ratio.
PO, tr
Si0, ie asoO ane 24eon BIO: won| DATS aero!
PRON 4a? ct 280 a
Fe. 0, Bem I 207 }R,0, me
FeO 30 ‘08
MnO O1 —
CaO 85 30 i ie :
MgO 1°85 ‘93
KO 1:23 26°
Na,O es) 1-91 ;R,0 3°42 1:2
yO) coo 13 1225
98°67 31°73
Hygroscopic moisture aays)
Speciicieravity ~..... 2°032
Taking the microscopic examination as the basis, the
above may be calculated into mineral percentages as
follows :—
Be)
Rocks of Noyang.
Gor =, TE: —# Ge. a eo oo T0- + ao eo ae ee ee
GE:86 66-1E 06: T6-T 96G- P6: 0&8: 80: LO- 08-2 €1-72%
96-8 99.6 ws oe ee a Bs Se Ar ae 99.6
69-T ge. FT a a ote es iS ae Qu.
GGG LY-G OL. oe i v6- = 10: oe 6T- LG.
Te: ke fe “ ae Si ae 10: 10. ae a
6L-F 0Z-T sts aC bs Bo 0c. ee Bi 0¢. 09.
Gob 80:6 me ha 96> on = 2 ae 96. 9¢-T
ST-0S 86-ST ee T6-T Se se S aa a T6-T 9F- TT
aA €L- TE G61 T6-T 9G» &6- O&: 80: LO: 08-6 SI-FG
: ,~ | Suotyrodo1g
4U900 IIOg TBTNOI[OPW, Te) oa ‘0 LAN ‘0 ey ‘O ‘SIN ema se) 0 ‘OT -eOr OW Fg) OP Re 26) Ig
eS areca
‘AALIYAH YWOd-VOIN-ZLYUVNAO
SOOUOTO BIG,
°* STe}07,
0 Zyren?)
= Ul[os yy
2 0) 10 8)
°° oytouseyy
redsyo,q OUT
IBds[a,T BSSBIOg
redsjo,7 Bpog
40 Rocks of Noyang.
Estimating the kaolin as representing alterations in the
porphyritic felspars, and assuming these to have been of the
constitution, Alb. 3, An. 1, we have ‘88 molecules of oligo-
clase to be taken into consideration in deciding upon the
probable condition of the unaltered rock ; and similarly the
chlorite may be calculated as magnesia-mica. The result
of such a calculation gives the following as the probable
percentage constitution :—
Felspar he a er 560 63 36
RO minerals cl, ae oe 8-18
Quartz ee sie Sete ee 23°48
100-00
And these constituents are in the following molecular pro-
portion to each other :—
Felspar, 8:61; Quartz, 4°31; RO Minerals,
Another example of a rock of this group I found as a
dyke crossing Navigation Creek below the junction with it
of the Mount Elizabeth branch. In its least weathered
portions it is hard, compact, of a pale slate colour, and of a
flinty appearance. With the lens there are visible here and
there minute cleavage planes of felspar and glassy-looking
granules of quartz.
Under the microscope I found it to have a micro-crystal-
line-granular ground-mass of quartz and felspar, in which
were a few porphyritic crystals, and here and _ there
slight traces of yellow basis. In this ground-mass there are
innumerable bladed microliths of some chloritic mineral.
These le at all angles in the rock, are bent, twisted, and
often ragged at the ends, and are of a pale green colour. The
constituents of this eround- mass show in places traces of
radial structure. The porphyritic crystals are rare and of
the subjomed kinds :—
(1.) A single large porphyritic crystal of triclinic felspar,
in which the two compound halves are composed of plates
which are not continuous throughout. The optical angle of
obscuration on each side of the composition face of the
Carlsbad twin I found to be nearly 17°.
Three small compound twins are probably of the second
order of consolidation.
(2.) The porphyritic-quartz crystals are also very rare,
there being only two, and these are both much rounded
and eroded at the edges.
,
Rocks of Noyang. Al
Both the felspar crystals and the quartz I found to be
surrounded by a margin of crypto-crystalline ground-mass,
which gradually passed into the micro-crystalline-granular
structure of the major part of the slice.
(3.) A few small chlorite pseudomorphs after magnesia-iron-
mica are scattered through the ground-mass. The character
of this mineral is precisely that already described.
This rock, therefore, clearly has been a quartz-mica-
porphyrite, in which the porphyritic characters are only °
sightly marked, and in which the RO minerals are almost
absent. It nearly represents the ground-mass of such a rock
as that already described as typical of this group.
The following analysis and calculation of the mineral per-
centage is of a sample of this dyke :—
No. 5.—Quartz-Mica-PorPHyRITE.
Molecular
Per cent. pesnernione! Ratio.
ERO tes a inl: ==
DIO ny i... 416 25°39) = S107 25°89 105
EO 20.° 12°30 2°39
BoeO |. 6r 08 To cia ’
FeO ok Silas WF) ‘05
CaO 58 liana 0) 06 == 180) 47 2
MOM eo TS 36
K,O sad Sg pL ‘O04 )
NaeOl7 1... 6°98 2°25) — ano 2°80 It
Ee Olay a. 1-48 51)
99:24 31°63
Hygroscopic moisture 33
Specific gravity - 2634
The following may be taken as the probable composition
of this rock calculated into its component minerals :—
Nite a6 cule TL aes ee ee TI: -+ ee ee ee ae ee ee HODUDAOIC,
TF: 66 €9.18 OP OGaG 70: LY. 90: GO: 80. 62.2 “|. 6896 1°" * s1eqjOT,
: 61-Se @)-11 ee oe ee ee ee ee ee ee @L-LT ee ee Zq41Bn’)
= 00-€ | O&T OF. oe os LY. ais g0: 90. p0- Che oae| a "* qTOTYD
Ss GZ. FO. ee oo 4 ee ee ee GO. 20: ee ee ee ee oy OUSBI
=> | 88. PG “x x ss oS 90. ui Bs 90. aise = 05 redsyo,q Ovary
S SEL Ze. ots one r0- oe oe wie ee F0: PGs -- redsyoy ussv10g
0-64 00-8 pes CBG aes mse a: a pe GG-G 0g: eT |"° reds[o,q vpog
>
iva) ————$—_$——— ——— a
re
8
Re sis €9-1& 19: GZ. TO 98. 90. GO: 80: 68:3 68: SZ
4190 10g ‘suoty0dorg :
See aeqnoopoyy, | co “Ho “eN | co “x | ‘oO 8M | ‘0°80 | ‘0 ‘0a |'°O “Oa “OV TV] °°O IS
“ALIMAHANUOd-WOIN-ZLUVNO.
42
Rocks of Noyang. 43
This rock may be assumed to have had the following com-
position, if we assume that the alumina and the magnesia in
the chlorite represent the mica :—
Felspar oe ae ate a 61:50
RO minerals ay bag win Ba
Quartz see AG wes oF 35°40
100:00
And on this basis the molecular proportion would have
been—
Felspar, 12°5 ; Quartz, 7:9; RO Minerals, 1
Quartz-Granophyrites. The rocks which I have selected
as illustrations of this subdivision of the group are the
following :—
(1.) Contact of the quartz-porphyrite mass with the sedi-
ments at the Haunted Stream.
In the slices of this rock which I prepared I found but
very little of a ground-mass such as that which I have
described in the “quartz. -mica-porphyrites, but that which
there is precisely resembles it in being a minutely fine-
grained compound of felspar and quartz, The far greater
part of that which in kindred rocks would go to form this
ground-mass is here aggregated into radial spherulitic masses
of felspar and quartz, which either form the whole or sur-
round some central object, or are disposed in irregular groups
round it. These central objects are in some cases quartz, in
others felspar crystals, or even chlorite, which, however,
cannot be regarded as an originally formed constituent. The
structure of these spherulites is not usually regular, but may
be described as being built up of several groups of radial
crystals. In some few the optical accordance of the various
parts is such that a more or less perfect black cross is
observable by polarised light in the spherulite as a whole,
but in most cases this is not the case, and there are indepen-
dent portions of several discordant crosses in the whole.
The quartz-crystals which form the centres of these spheru-
litic masses are precisely such as are found in the quartz-
porphyrites. The felspars are all plagioclase, and are often
fractured. In some cases I have observed two or three
felspar fragments forming the nucleus of a spherulite. One
very large instance I observed to be built up of four concen-
tric portions. The centre was a large somewhat rounded
erystal of quartz, having several of the characteristic
2
44 Rocks of Noyang.
sinuses ; this was followed by a rather narrow envelope of
felsitic basis; the third envelope was of radial masses of
the usual spherulitic composition. The whole mass was
surrounded by a very fine-grained crystalline compound of
felspar and quartz, in which there were a few small radial
spherulites.
Throughout the compound ground-mass are innumerable
small, lengthened green or brown microliths, some bent or
twisted, or with forked ends. They occur more frequently
in the spherulitic than in the micro-crystalline-granular
parts of the rock. So far as I could observe their direction
of extinction forms a small angle with the longer diameter.
This suggests that they are amphibole, and the original con-
dition of the chlorite microliths which I have found to be so
numerous in the ground-mass of the quartz-mica-porphyrites
of this locality. 3
In this ground-mass are porphyritically (1) crystals of
quartz, (2) crystals of plagioclase, (3) a few examples of
chlorite pseudomorphs after magnesia-iron-mica. All these
porphyritic crystals are of the character of those I have
described as occurring in the quartz-mica-diorites.
(2.) A dyke crossing the road north of Noyang.
This dyke cuts across the quartz-mica-diorites about a
mile from the ford, and is probably a continuation of one of
the strong dykes which have been laid bare by floods in
Navigation Creek, possibly even of the dyke which I have
examined and analysed, as recorded on page 25.
In this sample the main mass is micro-crystalline-granular.
In it are distributed small prisms of plagioclase and granules
of quartz. Besides these there are spherules isolated and in
masses. Some of these are composed only of radiating long
and very narrow prisms; others are radiating bundles of
fibres surrounding a central crystal of quartz or felspar ; and
others are formed of a radial hemisphere placed against a
felspar crystal.
(3.) Rock at the ford at Noyang.
This rock is composed wholly of felspar and quartz. The
constituents of the ground-mass are arranged in radial
ageregates. When such an aggregate is placed in a certain
position as regards the plane of polarisation, one or other of
the constituents becomes wholly obscured at the same time,
and the second constituent stands out in strong contrast.
This structure, therefore, assimilates to that which is called
“micro-pegmatoide” by MM. Fouqué and Lévy. These
Rocks of Noyang. ; | A5
spherulitic ageregates very often touch each other, while
elsewhere they are so far apart as to admit the interposition
of crystals of plagioclase or micro-crystalline masses of
quartz and felspar. In some few instances imperfectly
formed crystals of felspar form the centre of the aggre-
gates; more rarely these iatter are arranged in the manner
described as “structure pegmatoide.” Quartz does not occur
in this rock porphyritically.
No mica or amphibole is present, nor any alteration pro-
ducts which would indicate their former existence.
(c.) Quartz-Porphyrites.
These rocks are so intimately connected with the quartz-
mica-porphyrites that they might with propriety have fol-
lowed them in this description; but as I have considered
these intrusive rocks in the order in which I believe them to
have been formed, the quartz-porphyrites in their most
typical examples find their place here.
These rocks I have observed as dykes cutting across the
older igneous rocks. Ata certain part of the course of the
stream which is known as the Mount Elizabeth branch, it
leaves the crystalline-granular quartz-mica-diorites of its
upper valley, and flows over successive masses of breccias,
of black vitreous-looking porphyritic rocks, of quartz-mica-
porphyrites, and of masses and dykes of milk-white, close-
grained quartz-porphyrites. These last I believe to be the
youngest of the whole group, with the exception of the
black, vitreous rocks (felsophyrite). It seems to represent
the magma of these older rocks freed from the basic con-
stituents which in them go to form the mica, amphibole, and
magnetite.
I now give the results of microscopic examination and
chemical analysis of these white quartz-porphyrites. The
samples were collected from two localities :—
(1.) A slice prepared from this sample I found to be com-
posed of felspar and quartz. In places the former showed a
tendency to crystallise out in definite forms, showing that it
had a slight priority in order of formation; but although
these imperfect crystals showed twinning, I could not obtain
any measurements of the angles formed by the planes of
vibration in the twin halves. In the ground-mass there was
one porphyritic crystal of plagioclase, but, unfortunately,
the greater part of it was lost in preparing the slice. A few
46 Rocks of Noyang.
rare and slight traces of hydrated iron ore completed the
composition of this rock.
(2.) This slice much resembled the last described, but in
the ground-mass of quartz and felspar I observed several
crystals of quartz of the kind so commonly found in these
porphyrites. There were also some porphyritic crystals of
felspar, which were so much kaolinised that all that can be
said of them is that they were plagioclase. Finally, there
were some slight traces of chlorite and much more hydrated
iron ore distributed through the whole rock than in the
other example.
It was unfortunate that this sample was the one which I
selected for analysis, and which, being the more porphyritic,
and the more altered by decomposition, of the two,; was
less well suited for the purpose | had intended.
The rock when examined in a hand sample has a compact,
nearly milk-white appearance, with here and there slight
ferruginous stains, and a few small quartz-crystals canbe
made out.
In the subjoined analysis the silica was not directly
determined.
No. 6.—Quvuartz-PorPHYRITE,
Molecular :
Per cent. Proportions. Ratio.
SiO, PU ETGd de Mae Y 26-260) SISO A262 Ones
ORO SAIL D AA: oo D AB 422 ji
Fe, 0. On 9 f= BO, ... 255 .. 1
CaO 53 ‘19 y }
Meo i a Ve RO! 20) aaa
KO 24 ‘05 )
Na,O 6°79 PPO) weed ate) «et $2,Doo aera e
lela@ ‘26 29 f
100:00 31:54
Hygroscopiec moisture 14
Specific gravity ... 2°614
The calculation of the mineral pene mage ny be made
as follows :—
47
L0-00T T9-1E 96° 61-6 G0. TO: 6T: GI: EPG 96:96 |°° = SRO,
o2-LE ; PECL oo oo oe oo omy oe oo FP-SL = te ere zen’
= 80-T. ee. BGs ee ee ee ee Il ee ee ee eo ee OVIMOUI'T
= | 0¢: rat £0. = cz ue ss = £0: 90. [fete aOR
= LY. FIs T0- eS 10. T0- 60: T0- 10: 90: ** — BOIP[-WOIT-BISoUseTL
= Pad 79. as ate se aes 9T- ace 9L- Ze ac ae aredsyaq oulnry
a a oe: S a F0: ef = Ee 50: 1G: 2 + iedsjoq vsseqog
| OFL9 2G-LT a 61-2 = z aS 6-6 | peer [** ** aedsqag epog
S
iva) a SS
nie
S
S
RS = vG- TE 66: 61-6 G0: TO: 61: GI: Sh°G 96-96
*‘suorj10dor z
"4190 I9g TeWOOTOTR 'O°H | ‘0 °®N| ‘0 “MN | ‘03m | 020
HALIYWAHAUOd-ZLUVNO
48 Rocks of Noyang.
This rock may be considered as essentially a compound of
felspar and quartz. The percentage composition can be
taken as follows in the unaltered rock, assuming the kaolin,
as before, to represent the alterations in the felspar, and
disregarding the hydrated iron ore :—
Felspar ee eet dee see) | Gi Out
RO minerals ... a os ches ‘A7
Quartz ... wee Sif sin coe ©6934 °62
100-00
The molecular proportion of these minerals I find to be
as follows :—
Felspar, 133°43 ; Quartz, 88°88; RO Minerals, 1:
It is to be noted that this rock not only consists essen-
tially of felspar and quartz, but that the felspar is almost
wholly albite, it being most probable that the K,O is here
isomorphous with the Na,O in a triclinic form.
The following comparison of the constitution of the four
allied rocks may now be made, and the increasing acidity of
magma comes out clearly. The analysis No. 5 may be
thought to nearly represent the ground-mass of the por-
phyritic members of the series :—
Felspar. Quartz. RO Minerals.
Analysis No. 2 eS Ome: AD ak
- No. 8 SOU ae. Aol | see il
$5 No. 4 Seti by-45) Res es) es i
No. 5 loots | a0) 1OOsOO aly
(d.) Quartz-Felsophyrites.
The locality where this rock occurs appears to have been
- a focus of igneous activity. Itis here that the great mass
of quartz-mica-porphyrite extends out westward with its
associated dykes, first filling a wide space in the crystalline-
granular rocks, and then separating them from the sediments.
At this place it is also that the masses and dykes of white
quartz-porphyrite have penetrated the older igneous rocks.
The felsophyrite masses seem to me, so far as I could
make out in the absence of a detailed feature survey, to fill
in a central position in regard to the above-mentioned
formations, and to be flanked by masses of breccias, which
at first sight have the appearance of being made up of
angular fragments of compact porphyrites, but which on
.
Rocks of Noyang. 49
examination prove to be really portions of the metamor-
phosed paleeozoic sediments of the district.
It remains uncertain which is the younger formation, the
white quartz-porphyrite, or this felsophyrite, but I incline
to consider the latter to be the younger of the two.
This rock is intensely hard and flinty in appearance,
usually black or greyish black in colour, and shows
exceedingly numerous included fragments of other rocks,
which give to it a porphyritic appearance. I examined two
samples which I collected as probably fairly representing the
average character of the rock. The microscopic examination
of the two samples gave me the following results :—
The first sample consisted of a very large proportion of a
basis of various shades of yellow to brown, and which has
undergone felsitic alteration. It shows flow structure in a
beautiful manner, not only in the differently shaded bands
of varied width, but also in narrow lines of black, opaque
granules, or long and narrow black microliths (iron ores)
which le in the direction of the flow. Alternating with
these bands of almost wholly basis are others which are
erypto-crystalline, and resemble the ground-mass of the fine-
grained porphyrites. In these crystalline bands there are,
however, strings and patches of basis which show very
distinctly when a Klein’s quartz-plate is used for their
examination. Although the crystalline bands are much
smaller individually than those of basis, and’ in the
aggregate do not probably make up more than one-fourth
or one-third of the mass, yet in places they swell out to
several times their usual breadth, and the individual crystalline
grains become at the same time larger. Similarly, the
bands of basis swell out and narrow in their course. The
manner in which these bands divide and follow round the
included fragments is very characteristic.
Included in these bands, but more especially in those of
basis, are innumerable minute crystalline grains, some of
which are of felspars, which in many cases are twinned.
In this ground-mass, if the term is admissible, are
included many much larger fragments—
(a.) Angular masses of yellow glass, rendered in places
almost opaque by iron ores.
(b.) Fractured and eroded crystals of quartz, such as are
found in the quartz-porphyrites.
(c.) Felspars which are more or less fractured. Almost all
of these are twinned. ‘The optical measurements which I
oo
50 Rocks of Noyang.
was able to effect gave angles between 4° and 19° for the
zone OP— wP ; and in one crystal, which was perfect and
simple with the planes OP — P— oP, I found the angle formed
Py the plane of vibration with the edge # P a#—- a P w to
eo”.
The felspars are extraneous to the rock, being merely
included fragments, and the optical measurements afford,
therefore, very little information except as to the individual
crystal in which the measurement was made. The second
sample showed, microscopically, a large number of inclusions,
and was not so black and flinty in appearance as the other.
The colour wasa greyish black, and I found the specific gravity
to be 2717. Under the microscope I observed its charac-
teristics to resemble those of the former sample, but the
basis to be much less in amount, while the bands containing
opaque black bodies, the crystalline bands, and the foreign
inclusions were proportionately greater. This rock has the
following composition :—Bands of yellow basis, alternating
irregularly with bands or streams of micro-crystalline
materials. These bands are, as a rule, exceedingly narrow
relatively to each other, but in places swell out to bunches,
in which are usually contained angular fragments of foreign
substances, such as quartz or felspar. In this ground-mass
are—
(a.) Angular fragments of quartz-crystals.
(b.) Angular, fragments of micro-crystalline- oranular
quartz-porphyrite.
(c.) Felspar crystals similar to the ose spoken of in describing
the last sample. The most peculiar feature in these felspars
is their conversion in some parts almost wholly into a pale
green mineral, having the optical characters of epidote. This
alteration, or more properly substitution, product also occurs
in several flows which traverse the slice.
(d.) Two comparatively large masses of fine-grained
sandstone are also included. ‘These have precisely the
characters of the hornfels produced by the metamorphism
of the quartzose sediments of the district.
(e.) Finally, traces here and there of some chlorite mineral.
Tis rock may therefore be described as a felsophyrite,
having a ground-mass which, probably, if found free from
included fragments, would represent “ pitch-stone.”
The composition of this rock, being made up so much of
extraneous materials, decided me not to take the trouble of
Rocks of Noyang. 51
making a quantitative analysis, as it seemed that no results of
value would be likely to be attained.
The mode of occurrence of these black and vitreous rocks
entirely among the crystalline-granular and _ porphyritic
members of the series suggests that they represent the
plug of a vent which emitted a lava that included numerous
extraneous fragments, partly derived from below and partly
from the volcanic dust which had fallen back again into
the orifice. The fact that it is from this locality that the
quartz-porphyrite dykes and dyke-like masses radiate,
lends strength to such a supposition.
(e.) Diorites.
Traversing the quartz-mica diorites and porphyrites, but.
not so far as I know in connection with the later igneous
rocks, there are numerous dykes which are all marked by a
dark greenish colour and a finely crystalline structure.
They are good examples of rocks which were formerly all
_ classed as “ greenstones,” and which, as dykes, are very com-
mon in the Gippsland mountains. There is little in their
occurrence to show whether they do or do not belong to the
series of rocks which I have now described; but they
certainly do appear to be more plentiful in the area of
igneous rocks than outside of it; and I have observed the
same fact elsewhere; for instance, at Swift’s Creek, where
dykes of very basic character, being mainly amphibole,
traverse the quartz-diorites, and are, I think, connected with
the intrusive areas of amphibole rocks (Schillerstein) which
are the youngest of all the series which, together collectively,
constitute the intrusive area at that place. An instance of
these dykes occurs at Navigation Creek, in the quartz-
mica-diorites. It isabout thirty inches in width, and strikes
N 55° W. The rock in mass has a dark greenish colour, and
weathers with a rough exterior; a fresh surface shows a
minutely crystalline structure, and here and there a few small
grains of pyrite. Under the microscope, in a thin slice, I
found it to be composed as under—
(1.) Felspars which form a network—or, perhaps, more
properly, groups—in which several crystals are in juxta-
position with others at various angles. They are much
eroded, and more or less filled by alteration products ; and of
these epidote in granular masses, and of a pale yellow colour,
52 Rocks of Noyang.
is the most frequent. It often replaces a large part of the
crystal. Another alteration product is kaolin. Minute flakes
of some chlorite mineral are also very frequent in these
felspars. The optical measurements which I was able to
effect in a few of the least altered felspars gave for the zone
OP— aw Po from 3° 30’ to 10° 15’. The crystals are either
compounded according to the Albite law, or more rarely
sumple. The long and narrow forms of these crystals show
that the elongation has taken place in the direction of the
edge wmPxa—-mMPawo .
(2.) Among and between the clustered felspar prisms are
numerous crystals showing the usual external angles of
amphibole, but having only the faintest traces of prismatic
cleavage. In sections which might be considered near the
clinopinacoid I obtained measurements of the inclination of
the plane of vibration as high as 18° 30’. This mineral is
polychroic, the colour of the three rays being, however, in
light shades—
¢ = green; 6 = light green; a = pale yellow.
Associated with the amphibole are numerous rectangular
erystals resembling magnetite, but, as some of them are
surrounded or partly composed of a somewhat opaque grey
material, they may rather be titanic iron, and the grey
material leucoxene. The large percentage of Ti0, shown
in the annexed analysis agrees with this view.
Some yellow crystalline grains with rugged surfaces sug-
gest sphene.
Besides these constituents there are, in spaces between the
other crystalline minerals, radial masses of some chlorite
mineral, which is, however, clearly distinguishable from the
other chlorites produced by the alteration of amphibole, and
I suspect that it may represent portions of basis.
The sequence of formation of minerals in this rock is not
quite clear, but the probability is that the order has been as
follows :—(1.) Titanic iron; (2.) amphibole and plagioclase,
these two not differing perceptibly in period of formation.
I subjoin a quantitative analysis of this rock, but, in the
absence of more precise knowledge of the composition of
the numerous alteration products, I have not found it prac-
ticable to calculate satisfactorily the mineral percentages.
All that I can say with safety is that the felspar is probably
a more basic one than is found in those rocks which I have
already described.
Rocks of Noyang. 53)
This rock was most probably,in its unaltered state, a diorite
standing near to the hornblende porphyrites.
No. 7.—Di10RITE.
Molecular ‘
Per cent. Proportions. Ratio.
Peon een, uF
CO, SAcielidiaun: 2 Samet 20
TO; Pasar Oss SAS Si OM Ge 210420 1 TY, 7°
sid, Me AT 630, 2) 29°88
Al,O ee LO. pode) De ie
Fe, 0, 3-60 eee ;
FeO 8:09 2 a
MnO tr — afer’
CaO 6-42 2-30 (ie a 4
MgO 6°25 3°12
K,0 1-31 28 |
Na,O 4°65 1:50 -R,O = AGO 1:3
H,O 2-71 3-01 |
O08 32°13
Hygroscopic moisture, ‘738 c 212° F.
yricey (Hes,), ... “Oo
Specific gravity ... 2°893
(f.) Deabase.
The only instance which I have met with of a rock which.
did not belong to the diorite group is that of a strong dyke.
traversing the quartz-mica-diorites near the junction of the
Mount Elizabeth branch with Navigation Creek. Examined
in a thin slice, I found it to have the following composition :—
(1.) Ivon eres in crystals showing rhombic sections, and
all more or less surrounded by a grey, somewhat obscure,
material (leucoxene).
(2.) Plagio-felspars extended in the direction of the
brachypinacoid, and compounded according to the Albite
law, more rarely the Pericline law in interposed lamelle. I
could not obtain any satisfactory measurements of the incli-
nation of the plane of vibration. The larger crystals have
their edges and corners rounded off.
(3.) Pale yellow augite in ill-formed crystals and groups.
of crystalline grains. Some of this augite has been con-
verted into a pale green chloritic mineral, and much more.
54 Rocks of Noyang.
into a very pale yellow epidote. In several cases there are
crystals remarkable for being partly composed of felspar and
augite, the latter being interposed so that the axis “c”
coincides in each case, and the angles formed by the plane
of vibration in the two minerals are diverse and charac-
teristic of each.
I observed one solitary instance of a very small brown-
coloured and dichroic section of a mineral having the pris-
matic cleavage of amphibole. It was almost surrounded by
a chloritic alteration of augite, and may itself be an alteration
product of that mineral.
(4.) Prisms of apatite plentiful.
There is no great improbability that a rock such as
this should appear among the most basic of the rocks
of an area such as Noyang. This dyke occurs under just
the same conditions as dykes of the more basic diorites, and
the main distinction between it and them is in the more ™
elongated character of the felspars, and the occurrence of
augite instead of hornblende.
This rock terminates the series which I have collected to
illustrate the igneous rocks of Noyang. The whole series is
parallel to that of which the quartz-porphyries are character-
istic, the only difference being in the preponderance, in the
Noyang group, of a soda felspar, and in the other of a potassa
felspar. The presence of albite, or of an oligoclase standing
very near to it, as the characteristic felspar of this series is
peculiar; and it is interesting to observe that, taking the
erystalline-granular rocks as the starting-point, there is a
decrease in basicity from an oligoclase to albite, and at the
same time a more marked decrease in the general basicity of
the rock by the disappearance of the Mg Fe minerals, so
that at the end of the series the white quartz-porphyrites
are composed almost wholly of albite and of quartz.
IV.—THE SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS.
The igneous rocks which I have now described form, in
the aggregate, a great mass which has left the traces of its
intrusion in the changes produced in the physical and
molecular condition of the sediments with which it came in
contact.
The normal strike of the Silurian sediments of the district
may be taken as about N 30° W, but I find that in the
Rocks of Noyang. 55
neighbourhood of this intrusive mass the strike of the sedi-
ments has been diverted to nearly east and west. This is
not an isolated case, for I have observed the same deflection
of the normal strike adjoining intrusive areas at Swift’s
Creek, Dargo Flat, and other places in Gippsland. This
shows the enormous disturbance of the earth’s crust which
accompanied the extravassation of the once molten masses.
This deflection of the strata east and west is observable
at Shady Creek, about three miles from the contact. The
dip to either hand is so slight that, practically, the beds
may be looked upon here as vertical. The alteration observ-
able in these alternating sandstones and slates is an indura-
tion generally, and a slightly spotted appearance of some
of the more fine-grained beds. Narrow veins of quartz,
with traces of chlorite, are very frequent. From this point,
in going-southwards, the sediments soon resume their normal
appearance, and no igneous rocks reappear, the Silurian strata
disappearing at a distance of about ten miles underneath
the marine tertiaries. ‘T’o the north the sediments become
more and more altered into contact schists as they approach
the Noyang area.
I prepared several slices from samples collected at Shady
Creek, and also from the northern side of the range of hills
across which the old line of road leads to Noyang.
Shady Oreek.—I found a sample of one of the fine-grained
beds to have the following composition :—The slice was
prepared parallel to the bedding. It is mainly composed of
overlapping more or less rounded plates of a colourless or
faintly green mineral, In places where these plates are seen
edgeways, they are twisted, bent, ragged edged, and very
slightly dichroic, and where numerous form what may not
inaptly be called a “foliation.” When the rock is examined
between crossed nicols, these plates behave like sections of a
uniaxial mineral, and this comes out much more clearly
when a Klein’s quartz-plate is used. The characters of this
mineral. suggest strongly that itis chlorite. In this mass
are numerous small grains of quartz, and a considerable
amount of black granular material, which is probably
carbonaceous.
A second slice I prepared from one of the coarse-grained
sandstones of Shady Creek. The ground-mass of the rock
is composed of materials precisely similar to those of the
last described sample, that is, mainly of a chloritic mineral
and minute grains of quartz; but there are, in addition, a
ee
56 Rocks of Noyang.
few large flakes of muscovite mica. The only microliths are
a few very small, stout, colourless prisms, and a few yellow
granules, and some carbonaceous material. In this “paste”
there are very numerous angular fragments of quartz, and
angular and rounded fragments of felspar. These fragments
are of such size, as compared to the remainder of the rock,
as to give it a pseudo-porphyritic aspect.
The quartz is such as is found in the crystalline-granular
eranite rocks, and contains numerous and very minute fluid
cavities. Some of the fragments of felspar have all the
appearance of orthoclase, others are plagioclase, and in one
fragment of the latter I observed the angle formed by the
plane of vibration in either side of the twin composition
face to be 40°.
Besides the fragments of quartz and felspar which form
the greater part of the rock, there are also several rounded
fragments which are yellow in colour, contain iron ores
(magnetite?), and are isotropic. They have, in fact, exactly
the appearance of a volcanic glass, which I ‘believe them to
be. ‘There are also some fraoments of green tourmaline, and
a good deal of brown iron ore generally distributed through
the slice. This rock has therefore been formed from the
detritus of igneous rocks, which were probably developed
both in erystalline and vitreous forms. The examination
of a rock such as this suggests that an investigation of the
most coarse-grained of the Silurian beds of Victoria might,
perhaps, give some insight into the nature of the still older
formations of which at present,so far as | am aware, nothing
is known. At any rate, it seems that in Gippsland those
formations on which the Silurian sediments were laid down,
and from whose waste they were most likely formed, have
completely disappeared during the metamorphic and plutonic
processes to which the palzeozoic rocks have been subject.
I prepared several other slices, which did not afford me
any special points of interest, being either the same as, or
intermediate to, the above.
Northern Side of Shady Creek Range—tThe first sample
which I examined has, in the hand specimen, a finely-foliated
structure, and a silky lustre on the bedding planes or folia-
tions, and also a few slightly marked spots like incipient
“nodules.” Under the microscope I found this rock to be
composed as follows :—
(a) Foliations of almost colourless thin overlapping plates,
which react as a uniaxial mineral.
a
Rocks of Noyang. 57
(6) Foliations alternating with (a), composed of the first-
mentioned colourless uniaxial mineral, together with flakes
of a brownish yellow mica, which in places predominate
almost exclusively.
(c) Black granular material, most of which I judge to be
carbonaceous—possibly some may be magnetite. This is
heaped together in places.
Another slice prepared from a sample which was not so
markedly foliated, I found to be composed almost entirely of
the chlorite-like mineral, with here and there isolated flakes
of colourless mica (muscovite ?). These were disposed in two
directions, so as to produce a net-like effect in the slice. I
observed herein also a few stout short prisms of green
tourmaline, and much carbonaceous material, and some
hydrated iron ore.
In none of these samples did I observe the thorn-like
microliths which are so plentiful in some slates.
In proceeding up the course of the Tambo River from the
Noyang ford, the contact of the igneous and sedimentary
rocks is found at the junction of that river and the Haunted
Stream. In following up the Tambo from this point the
appearance of contact metamorphism decreases, until the
_hornfels rocks gradually are replaced by highly inclined alter-
nating sandstones and slates of much the normal appear-
ance and strike. In selecting a sample for examination I
endeavoured to choose one which should be as much as
possible in an unmetamorphosed condition; for, at a short
distance northward, the formations again show change, and
this time gradually assume a character which places them
with the regionally metamorphosed schists of Omeo.
The beds from which IJ selected a sample had a strike of
N 55° W. I found them fine-grained and fissile ; in colour a
dark green, but in all cases slightly spotted by the peroxida-
tion of their iron. A thin slice which I prepared did not,
however, bear out the impression I had received from an
inspection of the rocks in position. The uniaxial colourless
chloritic mineral which is so common a constituent of many
of these fine-grained rocks was almost absent, and its place
was taken by another colourless micaceous mineral, in
rounded plates, with often ragged edges. This mineral,
although biaxial and somewhat resembling muscovite, does
not polarise with the brightness of that mineral, which also
exists in small amount in the same rock. The double
refraction of this mineral is rather weak.
FE
58 Rocks of Noyang.
A large part of the rock is made up of minute quartz
grains. In addition to these constituents there is hydrated
iron ore, and much black granular material, which is not
affected by long digestion in hydrochloric acid, but is
removed by ignition of the slice, and which, therefore, is
carbon.
The following analysis is of part of this sample, and the
calculation of the percentages has been based upon the
microscopic examination :—
No. 8.—SLaTEs,
Per cent. Renee Ratio.
PAO? 23 : }
SiO, 62°30 20°71 S10, =, 200
Al,O 19:22 eee z
Fe,0, 180 of BO.» sees
FeO 4:01 1-11
CaO 44 16 RO = Dh
MgO 2°95 1:48
KA@ 3°60 “17
Na,O 2°07 67 R30 a= 3°06
H,O 2-36 2°62
98:98 31:50
Hygroscopic moisture, °40
Specific gravity ... 2°727
59
ee 50. + oe eo eo eo FO-+ ee : ee ee eo ee Seoul TOPIC
66-86 vg. TS 69-6 L9- LL. 8h1 02: IT-T GG: &L-§ TL-06 60- °* BTBF0T,
S C8-LP ¥6-GT ee ee eo eo ee ee ee ee 6-ST ee ee ZqIVN()
S 66-€& 9L-0T LL-T L9- GS. SPT OT- ITT — 69-6 69-6 = ** prozrto[ypD
= 0¢-F1 9T-P GG: ts 6G agi =a aS = FO-T 80-6 eg ** OFTAODSN]A
© | 012 GG. ge. = ee ‘3 a a BG: s e ee Cue om aT
Gy TG. Cir eo eo oe ee OL. ee eo ee ee G0. ae oyyedy
>
es —.- | cr \——_—°
=
ce Zz 0¢-TE 69-6 L9- LL 8F-T 9T- IL-T GG: GL-§ TL-02 60.
= — |— qj qq“? qm mii —e
‘sque0 aad ‘suons0do1g
young | MM | ‘OH |'0 °®N| ‘0 *H | ‘02N| ‘0% | ‘0° |“O “ed|“°O “IV| “018 | ““O “a
jo ting
ie = Se Bae a ee nie eee Drv] (et ee mR ee Se eerie
‘“SH.LWIS
60 Rocks of Noyang.
This calculation shows a probability that the remainder,
after providing for the muscovite-mica on the basis of 52
Mol. of K,O, gives a chloritic mineral of the constitution
3 Si0,, 3 R.O,, 3 RO, 3 R.O, with a surplus of 15°94
Mol. of SiO. for the quartz. This rock, therefore, has the
following percentage composition, disregarding the apatite
and the limonite :—
Chloritoid ae ae ne aa oDSo9
Muscovite at ae Las soe 65:05
Quartz ost Sas ee .s. 49°66
100-00
And the micaceous minerals are, to quartz, very nearly in
the molecular proportion of 1: to 1:
Near the contact of the quartz-mica-porphyrites and the
sediments at the Haunted Stream, about two miles from the
Tambo River, I found fine-grained beds resembling those
just described, and, as in the-other case, alternating with
sandstones. The dip was here N 10° W at 80°. I found
this rock to be made up in great measure of the uniaxial
chloritic mineral which I had before observed in the Shady
Creek rocks, together with muscovite, which here again was
disposed in two directions, producing a net-like appearance.
Together with these were some quartz grains and ores of
iron, magnetite, and brown iron ore.
In the same neighbourhood, but somewhat nearer to the
Tambo River, I found the sediments more metamorphosed.
One which I examined I found to be of the following com-
position :—(1) Angular grains of quartz, with a few minute
fluid cavities; (2) brown mica in small flakes; (3) a little
colourless mica, perhaps muscovite.
At the junction of the Haunted Stream with the Tambo
_ River, I found the contact schists well developed. For some
half mile up the river the schists are traversed by joints
dipping east atabout 25°. At the contactitself the bedding
lanes of the sedimentary rocks are almost obliterated, but
where I could make it out I found the bedding to be at high
angles on a strike east and west. The schists are traversed
by a number of strong porphyritic dykes. I observed inclu-
sions in the quartz-mica-diorites at the immediate con-
tact, which somewhat resembled the dark-coloured patches
which are so common in these rocks. These, however, were
true inclusions of foreign rocks, and not merely aggre-
gations of the more basic elements of the diorites. I exa-
Rocks of Noyang. 61
mined a slice prepared from a dense black fragment included
in the quartz-mica-diorite at the immediate contact. I found
it to be a metamorphosed sandstone, exactly similar to some
occurring at Swift’s Creek. It was composed of (1) quartz
grains, (2) muscovite, (3) biotite. Ihave placed these in the
order in which they are relatively as to amount. The only
peculiarity in this sample is that the biotite mica is, in
places, almost wholly aggregated together, leaving other
spots free from it. Besides these three principal constituents,
there were numerous minute flakes of brown mica scattered
throughout the whole slice, and of such minute size as to be
little more than mere microliths.
In order to compare, if possible, the most altered with the
least altered rocks, I selected an example of a finely crystal-
line hornfels, which seemed to nearly represent the less
altered rock which I have examined and analysed (No. 8).
Of this I prepared slices, and carried out a quantitative
analysis.
Under the microscope I found it to consist of the follow-
ing minerals :—(1.) Angular quartz grains, with their longer
diameters approximately parallel. (2.) Biotite mica in brown
ragged flakes, forming foliations, but also scattered through
all the rock. This mica is dichroic in shades of brown.
(3.) A colourless mica, in long rectangular flakes, having the
characters of muscovite. (4.) A chlorite mineral in small
aggregations, filling-in spaces in the mass; it is pale green,
and not sensibly dichroic. (5.) Brown iron ore; and (6.) a
few small prisms of tourmaline.
62 Rocks of Noyang.
The subjoined is the quantitative analysis of the same
rock :—
No. 9.—HornFELs.
Per cent. prea Ratio.
EO: sa 16 se 05
Si0, oO lE9 2 diet 2060 SIO i: 20°60
Al,O eye 20nd 4: cas 4:03) _ ‘
He.Oe ro 928. net 28h 2 ii
FeO mee 3°90 ane 1-08
MnO a a l7/ ae 05 ;
CaO = AD Mags ss Slely ( eg oe “at et
MgO ee 219 a. 1K)
K,O AY 2°28 ae “49
NatvOr yy... Sol ay LS 9S a°97
H,O ae 2:12 on 2°35
99-69 31:28
Hygroscopic moisture 92
Specific gravity ... 2°738
The subjoined calculation of the mineral] percentages
agrees with the results of the microscopic examination, with
the exception that the combined water is in excess, and that
there is a small deficiency in the alumina. These discre-
pancies are probably due to analytical inaccuracy.
63
Rocks of Noyang.
I8-- 60-T- 90. T= ee ee ee eo ee ee ee F0- + ee ee ee SodUIIOIG.
88-86 96-08 66-T | SIT | 6F- | OT-T] T- GO- | 80-T | 86. L0-F | 09-06) GO. |"° “* T8701,
$G.9e ST-SL oO ee 0.0 axe ee ee ee ore oe SL-ZL OO on) ae Z4rent)
OF-€ 08-T OF: “ae 3 GG. “ = GG. OT: ee 0& lg | ~~ 8}t0[ 49
LG-LF 78-81 69- | FOT | ° Ge: | <2 2! ScOm ie ee: OI: ayers || tae) iP - 2° Ee oo tester
198-2 96-T oe oe GF. ee ee oo eo ee GF. 86- eo ee BOTT-BSSBIOT
96-6 99- F0- 60- =* 60- ice ie “3 GG bbe se Sa ae BOT]A- OUT
8). TG. OT. ee ee oe ee ee eo 80. ee ee ee eo. OPIUOUT
eg. 80- ee eo ee oo 90. ee 2° ee ee ee Z0- ee eo oynedy
=f 86: TE G66 | SIT | 6% | OTT) ST: G0. | 80-T | 83. €0-F | 09-02) ZO. —
‘quo tad ‘suoTy10do01g
rejoy, | MMW | °O *H|'O *eN\0 *H/'0 81] ‘0 80/0 HIT] “0 ed [*O%eq]"*O *I¥) “°0 18] 70 “a
[240.0
‘STAANUOH
64 Rocks of Noyang.
The lime-mica which is here indicated may perhaps be
included in the minute scaly aggregates. Disregarding the
small amount of apatite, considering the ferric hydrate as
extraneous, and including the small amount of chlorite with
the mica, we have the following composition of the rock :—
Micaceous minerals ... nee oes es 462563
Quartz Bs ie ec out wctd SR
100-00
—the micaceous minerals being, to the quartz, in the
molecular proportion of 1°46 : 1:
The Omeo road from Noyang follows, for some distance,
the contact of the sedimentary and igneous rocks along
Navigation Creek. The alteration here is mainly an indura-
tion, thereby producing a hard flinty-looking rock, differing
in appearance somewhat from the normal hornfels. On
examining a thin slice, I found it to consist almost entirely
of grains of quartz of different sizes, even down to mere dust.
With this there was a very little brown mica. Many of the
larger quartz masses were not only compound, but increased
in size by secondary quartz which, also generally diffused
through the rocks, gives it its indurated appearance. At the
foot of the Fainting Range, however, the quartz-mica-por-
phyrite mass has produced much more marked effects—that
is, if one can be quite sure that the alteration is wholly due
to its influence, and not in some measure to previous meta-
morphism ; for it is on the northern side of this range that
the schists commence to assume an appearance which is more
like that of the less metamorphosed members of the
regional schists, than those contact rocks which I have
described herein.
At the summit of the Fainting Range the sedimentary
-rocks have a wrinkled schistose structure, the bedding verti-
cal on a strike of N 70° W. This character is maintained
down the range southwards to near their contact with the
quartz-mica-porphyrites, where the dip of the schists is to.
N 10° EK at 75°. They are penetrated at this place by
several large dykes proceeding westward from’ the igneous
mass.
I prepared several samples from this contact, and I found
them to be somewhat peculiar forms of hornfels. One sample
was composed mainly of angular quartz grains, set together
with only slight traces of bedding in a material which had
been altered to a micaceous mineral in aggregates of minute,
Rocks of Noyang. 65.
brightly polarising scales. Besides this there were also well-
marked flakes of muscovite. Throughout this rock there are
numbers of the minute oval or rounded brown and colourless
microliths, which I have found very frequently in the most
altered of the quartzose hornfels rocks. I treated a slice of
this rock with hydrochloric acid, with occasional boiling, for
a month. I found the ores of iron removed, the scaly
micaceous aggresates dull and evidently much acted on, but
the muscovite and the minute microliths were quite un-
affected. The scaly aggregates are probably of some chlorite
mineral...
Another sample I found to be a foliated rock, the mass of
which was composed of a micro-crystalline-granular agere-
gate, having the appearance of a mixture of quartz and
felspar, associated with a colourless or pale green micaceous
mineral, In this mass I observed angular quartz grains,
some of which were fractured, so that the parts were no
longer optically in accord with each other. Surrounding all
the larger quartz grains, I observed a margin of secondary
quartz, which was not always in accord with the nucleus.
In examining these quartz grains, it seemed singular that the
oval or rounded microliths, which are probably mica, are
often within the quartz substance. Their formation thus in
the substance of a quartz grain seems at first sight incon-
ceivable. The observation that these quartz grains consist of
an original centre, anda subsequently deposited exterior,
removes the difficulty, and shows that these mica-microliths
could have been formed during the metamorphism of the
rock, and then sealed up by the secondary quartz. With
these quartz fragments were also pieces of felspar—angular
fragments lying with their longer diameters according to
the foliations. I am unable to decide whether or not to
consider these as examples of the regeneration of felspars.
from sedimentary material. Their peculiar appearance, and
their manner of arrangement favours this, and indeed there
1s no @ priory reason that I know of against such a regener-
ation in contact schists; but the fact remains that such
instances are of extreme rarity.
In following down the Tambo River from the Noyang
ford, the contact between the igneous rocks and the sediments.
is found where Rainy Flat Creek joins the river. The sedi-
ments at that place are converted into well-marked varieties.
of quartzose and micaceous hornfels, such as those which I
have already described. The hornfels has a dip to S$ 10° Eat.
66 Rocks of Noyang.
67°, and is traversed by two systems of well-marked joints,
one dipping N 60° E at 30°, and the other S 55° E at 42°,
and these are so marked that it requires an examination of
the texture of the rock to determine that they are joints, and
not bedding planes.
The metamorphism of the sediments continues for
several miles down the valley of the Tambo River, showing
the neighbourhood of the intrusive rocks, which then re-
appear in a somewhat peculiar form as a crystalline-granular
compound of quartz and felspar, almost wholly devoid of
mica or hornblende. The composition of these rocks is that
which, under favourable circumstances, might have consoli-
dated as a quartz-porphyrite, such as are seen near Noyang.
I prepared some slices of these rocks, and I found them,
as their appearance in the field had indicated, to be composed
essentially of felspar and quartz, with very slight traces of
a brown magnesia-iron-mica. The felspars were of three
kinds: one highly compounded according to the combined
Albite and Carlsbad laws, and with small angles formed by
the plane of vibration with the composition face, in one
case so small as almost to coincide with the twin plane. The
second felspar was evidently orthoclase, and was kaolinised.
The third felspar was microeline. A little chloritic mineral
is distributed through the whole rock.
The quartz in this sample fills in large spaces, and is
remarkable for the numerous microliths it contains. Many
of these are of some chlorite mineral, some are ores of iron,
and some have even the appearance of felspar fragments.
Fluid cavities were not numerous. :
Another sample which I collected at a further distance I
found to be less quartzose, more felspathic, and to be also
entirely free from mica. The felspars were in large tabular
crystals, which had slightly interfered with each other’s
growth. The best crystallised appeared to be oligoclase, and
the least well-formed were microcline.
V.—CoNCLUSION,
The age of the Noyang intrusive rocks must remain some-
what uncertain. All that can be stated with any degree of
certainty is that they are younger than the goldfields series
of North Gippsland, and therefore probably younger than
Lower Silurian. The geological structure of the district,
Rocks of Noyang. 67
and the relations of the paleeozoic formations in it, cause me
to believe that these intrusive masses date from the great
age of plutonic disturbance that embraces the close of the
Silurian and the greater part of the Devonian period. Thus
the formation of these rocks would have taken place in an
age which, in Gippsland, was one of great volcanic activity. *
The occurrence of dykes and masses of quartz-porphyrites
radiating from the same place where subsequently other
masses of felsophyrite rocks (lavas) appeared, together with
breccias, suggest that this spot formed one of the vents of a
palzeozoic volcano, whose site is now indicated by the great
mountain mass of the Mount Elizabeth Range. It 1s not at
all improbable that the enormous masses of ejected volcanic
materials between Noyang and the Buchan River, some of
which are within a distance of fifteen miles of the place I
describe, may have in part been derived from this source.
The igneous rock masses of Noyang, as a whole, cover a
far larger area than that which I have mapped and described,
and are encircled, and I doubt not were once wholly
enveloped, by the more or less altered Silurian sediments.
These have evidently been subject to violent strains and
compression, so that the bedding now lies in places at more
than 45° to the normal strike of the district. These dis-
turbed sediments have been invaded by the igneous rocks,
which have not only truncated their horizontal exten-
sions and have sent into them dykes and masses, but have
also melted off and absorbed an unknown amount of the
vertical extension downwards of the folded and compressed
strata.
The igneous rocks which at Noyang thus intruded into the
sediments varied as to their structure, but they all belong,
with one exception, to the same petrological group, although
formed at different and successive parts of the same period
over which the invasion and metamorphism of the sediments
extended and the subsequent cooling and crystallisation took
place. The igneous rocks of Noyang must be considered as
a whole. The several varieties of rock have been, no doubt,
produced at different times, but these times have been merely
parts of a great series of periods of activity and quiescence,
and the difference in the composition and structure of the
rocks thus formed must necessarily have depended in great
* “The Devonian Rocks of North Gippsland,” Progress Report, Geological
Survey of Victoria, Part III.
68 Rocks of Noyang.
measure on the continuously varying conditions thereby
produced.
In considering what may have been their origin and the
mode of their formation, it is evident to me that an expla-
nation which disregards the influence of those contact
sediments which have been absorbed into the mass of the
crystalline rocks will be partial and incomplete.
The microscopical examination of the igneous rocks of
Noyang brings out clearly one marked feature, viz., the
decreasing amount of the Fe Mg minerals in the succeeding
formations. The oceurrence of more basic rocks as dykes.
at the close of the process is a small feature when com-
pared to the whole. The analyses which I have given
also show this decreasing amount of RO bases, and this is.
most marked in the latest of the quartz-porphyrites, which
is essentially composed of albite and quartz alone.
Two explanations might be given of this decrease of basic
minerals in succeeding rocks. It might be suggested that
the successive emissions of rocks of less and less basicity
represent the residues of the original magma from which
the RO bases had crystallised out as magnetite, mica, or
amphibole, and that thus the latest rocks represent the more
acid residuum. But this view fails to account for the
amount of sediments which have certainly been absorbed,
and suggests that the earlier and more basic rocks owe at
least some of their basic compounds to the sedimentary
materials which have been absorbed. An inspection of the
analyses Nos. 3, 4, 5, and 6 shows that absorption of rocks
of such a kind would certainly add a comparatively large
increase of the RO bases to the igneous masses. To see
what might be the result of such a process, I have calculated.
and subjoin results on the assumption that equal portions of
a magma of the constitution of the white quartz-porphyrite.
(analysis No. 6) and of a sediment (analysis No. 7) were
combined. Such a magma would have a mean composition.
as given below :-—
69
Rocks of Noyang
"490 10g
{60-T—_
OTS-0&
OF -OT
OVE:
OL6-
O9T-G
009-T
OOL-
OOF- TT
Gé¢- TS
‘uon10do1g
IB[NII[OT
$é0-T—
OZP-
ee eo oe eo ee ee OTO- + eo eo sooueroyIC
Gor SGP GPL. GLT- ggg. OLT: 060-6 | GOS. |*° ** 8/870],
ee ee ee ee 00 oo ee OFE- OL eo ee zZyrene)
a6 oe ee oe OLT- OLT- we ee sre °° aqtouseyT
we ee Gog. eo OST: 56 56 COP. oe 0 sjoqrydury
eo GS. OFT: S G06: = 066-T | 089-6 |°° = ** BOTT
me 006. as a = 003- 00Z-L |°* «edsfaq essejog
eo ee ee G)T. eo eo CLI. 0Ge. ; OO redsyo,q oulIry
GOP-T a = ry ss = Scp-T | OSg-8 |°° Teds[aq Bpog
SoP-T
GOF-1 GCP. GPL. CLT: ggg. OLT- 080-€ | $0¢.¢% juorNrOdorg repnoeTopT
‘0'°H |'0 **N | ‘0°°H | ‘0'°SN | 0 '%D | ‘O ‘ad |°O '°aa!*O*IV| *°0 I8
"“MVOU GHNIAWOOD TYDILAHLOGAH
70 Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) in Living Plants.
This would give a proportionate amount of—
Felspar, 2:1; Quartz, 1:6; RO Minerals, 1.
This shows that such a compound as the above might, in
consolidation, crystallise in the form of one of the rocks
belonging to the Noyang group; and a compound formed
by the fusion of different proportions of the igneous magma
and the sediments might produce any one of them.
Such fusions have taken place in the Gippsland area, at
the close of the Silurian age, to an enormous extent, and
the influence of the absorbed sediments on the invading
igneous magmas cannot be overlooked.
It seems to me that such possibilities, in the formation of
igneous rocks, have not yet been sufficiently regarded by
petrologists.
Art. V.—On the Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) in
Living Plants.
By T. 8. Rap, Esa.
[Read 10th May, 1883.]
IN these days of germ-theory and of research after bacteria
discoverable in the tissues of animals, and supposed to be
elements of disease in some form or condition, and when we
are called on to become familiar with such terms as these—
_ Spheero - bacteria, Micro - bacteria, Desmo - bacteria, Filo-
bacteria, and Spiro-bacteria, Bacilli and Micro-cocci; and
then some of their results, as Bacteruria and Pathogenous-
bacteria, in relation to a whole host of maladies, and the
question of mutability of bacteria, it may not be without
interest to bring before the notice of the scientific mind that
bacillus (a sub-genus of bacterium) is to be detected in living
lants.
si A few years ago there was a notice in the Journal of the
Royal Microscopical Society of England to this effect, that
bacteria had been found in the crushed tissues or cells of
plants; and the question was asked, as this had been noticed
Occurrence of Baeterta (Bacillt) mm Lwwing Plants. 71
by some foreign observers, Have any investigators in England
observed, or encountered, the same objects ?
To this day, so far as I have been able to ascertain, no:
further information has been accorded, save that bacilli have-
been noticed in the tissues of decaying or dying plants in a
moist condition, leading us to suppose that these organisms
may be direct promoters of the decay of such vegetals.
The interesting part of my communication lies in this:
that living bacilli can be shown in the living cells of what
appears to be a healthy vallisneria, and I have also found
them in the cells of another water-weed—.e., Anacharis
alsinastrum.
As far as I have been able to ascertain, these organisms.
(bacilli) can be readily detected in the square cells of the
surface of the leaf, intermixed with chlorophyl] grains, but.
soon gravitating to the lower portion of each cell. They
appear to be confined to these superficial cells, and are with
difficulty to be traced in the deeper-seated larger ones of the
plant. On two occasions I have distinctly seen a bacillus
occupying the central portion of a large cell in which cyclosis
was going on. On account of the greater density of the
protoplasm moving along the walls of the cell, I suppose the
bacillus could not enter the current, the lesser specific gravity
of this organism preventing it occupying any portion of the
stream which was of greater density than itself, hence its
steady continuance in the central or calm region of the
cyclosis.
Now come questions:— What relation do these bacilli bear
to the host, or plant, in which they are found? Are they
vegetals, living in commensalism with it? Are these
organisms vegetal or animal in their life character? Do
they await the dissolution of the cell contents in order to.
complete further destructive changes? -Or do they conduce
to the fermentative or zymotic change of the chlorophyl
and starch grains occupying the cells in which they are found ?
These are not useless questions to be asked ; and, if solved,
possibly their solution may tend to explain or set at rest
some of the vexed and disputed points which have presented
themselves regarding disease germ-cells and their presence in
the animal economy.
Although bacteria and bacilli have been familiar to me
for some fourteen years, and I have noticed them in animal
tissues undergoing decomposition—in the blood of man, in
the blood of puerperal cases (certainly, only at times of ill-
72 Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) im Liwing Plants.
conditioned health), in the renal secretion quite recently
passed—yet, strange to say, although the cells of vallisneria
have been examined by me hundreds of times, the presence
of these organisms has hitherto escaped observation, or
been overlooked. I account for this from this circumstance
—that the bacilliare minute; they occupy, chiefly, external
cells; are intermixed with cell contents; and, lastly, they
cradually gravitate to the lowest portion of the cell in which
they are to be found, so that the examination of a leaf
which has been lying for some time flat on the table will
fail to afford evidence of their presence, as they have sunk
behind or below the starch and chlorophyl grains in the
cell.
There is, however, another feature for consideration. . The
plant on which I have been experimenting—and you have
before you specimens of it, and they look healthy—nhas
been under confinement or cultivation for a period of three
or four years ; and I have also, in examining specimens of
leaves living in an open pond, found no bacilli, and we have
therefore to consider the conditions of life to which my
specimens of vallisneria have been subjected, 7z.e., in the
summer season to a temperature at times, as I have ascer-
tained, of 100 degs. Fahr., and a less depth of water than
natural.
The plant as I have seen it in Sydney possessed leaves
five to six feet in length, with more than an inch in
breadth, and of such thickness that it was easy to cut slices
edgeways off it, each slice having an upper or a lower edge
of outside cells on the right and left of the observer, so that
the central larger cells can be fully exposed for viewing the
cyclosis going on in them, besides which it is easy to split
the leaf into two layers for the same purpose.
The greater size of the cells and the easy mode of
manipulation conduce very favourably to the examination
of this phenomenon, compared with the cells of the European
variety of this plant, as I pointed out in my recent visit to
England, when I introduced a few living specimens of our
Australian form for the special benefit of my colleagues in
microscope research. )
It will be well to pursue the conditions of life which
have surrounded my specimens. For instance, the pond
plant has a darker area in which it grows; the light sup-
plied to it under natural conditions reaches it mainly from
above, whilst lateral supply is materially lessened. Compare,
Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) in Living Plants. 73
for instance, this biological condition with that which has
obtained with my tank plant. A large glass vase, of less
than two feet in depth, and light pouring into it in the open
air and surrounding the plant at all angles; and not only
so, but a greater variation in the temperature of the water in
which it lives, for, I suppose, no pond water would rise 100
degs. Fahr., nor, indeed, over the average temperature of the
surrounding earth at a depth of one foot below the surface.
The factor of extreme light, with advanced amount of heat,
may be an important one in aiding the development or,
perhaps, of introducing the bacteria into the system of the
lant.
: I may add that my plants, with this exception—ze., the
presence of bacilli—appear to be healthy. They throw up
male florets and long peduncles of female flowers, and, more-
over, are clean-looking compared with their less civilised and
favoured fellows of pond-life. These appear to me, to sum
up at present, all the known biological conditions.
But, to return, What is the true nature of these
organisms ?
First of all, it seems to me that we are not dealing with true
vegetal forms in some instances, and that there are objects
which possibly have been placed in the category of organised
life which are really chemical combinations, and not specific
plants or animals. Supposing that at this point of the
organic world we are able to differentiate between these
two forms—animal and vegetal—what functions, however,
do these organisms which we have been considering sub-
serve? They are widely spread or distributed, and they
lead us to surmise that they tend to the production of
further decompositions of the tissues in which they are
found. Fermentation of ordinary materials is familiar to us,
and here,in some degree, I think we are warranted in
accepting their presence as needful to this end. I will
adduce another instance of their presence, and also of the
mode by which they seem to be brought into activity, and
this is in accord with the phenomena of their presence in
superheated living specimens of vallisneria, and their com-
parative, if not their total, absence from those specimens
which have not been exposed to superheat or light condi-
tions.
I have found bacteria in abundance in tea leaves after
infusion for tea-drinking. Now tea when prepared by the
erower is allowed to heat or commence fermentation, and
BO
74 Occurrence of Bacteria (Bacilli) in Living Plants.
this process is suddenly arrested by the operator at a certain
point, requiring great judgment in its exercise, and the tea
leaf is dried, so that the process of fermentation ceases. So
their presence seems to have been called forth by the abun-
dant action of heat. I have not been able to examine the tea
leaf under natural conditions, in order to ascertain the
presence of these bodies ; but in the leaf of a camellia, which
is an ally of the tea plant, I have found some bacteria. I
have now little doubt that they are largely distributed in the
vegetal world. But the evidence afforded us of their
presence in the living cells of vallisneria is most satisfactory
in this respect; that without manipulation their presence
can be determined, and, so far, we are certified that their
presence is not the result of outside contamination, as might
be urged when they are found in the crushed cells of plants.
There is, besides, another point of interest, namely, that
ensilage, or the process of forming fodder by subjecting
green vegetable matter, as grass and trefoil, &c., to imme-
diate pressure from the field, in order to form it into cattle
food, is dependent on the presence of bacteria forms let
loose, and that perhaps owing to the facility of these
organisms to be let loose may depend the success or failure
which attends this newly imported process of fodder pre-
paring.
In conclusion, | have no intention of discrediting the
action of bacteria forms as disease germ-cells if regarded as
disease promoters through derived chemical poisons. There
may be also a question to be settled. Are they different in
their organic characters, further than or beyond the
inducted poison which they appear capable of transmitting ?
Their chemical constitution may enable them to present
differences in colouring under the use of dyes.
These considerations lead me to think and suggest that
we should not dissociate the study of the animal economy
from that of the vegetal. In this last we have placed before
us the leading physiological phenomena of the organic
world to study in their simplest form, and if duly examined
and recorded will, I believe, enable us to carry a thread of
continuity from the vegetal forms into the animal organic,
always, however, remembering that there has been a
differentiation in the production of the higher, as compared
with the lower, forms of existence.
Art. VI—WModern Fireproof and Watertight Building
Materials—Traegerwellblech and Asphalt.
By Peter BEHRENDT, C.E.
[Read 10th May, 1883.]
Mr. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN—
The subject of the paper which I have the honour to offer
for your consideration this evening must be viewed from
two standpoints.
The first has in view the anomaly which is apparent in
the manner in which large warehouses are being carried out
around us. With massive walls of masonry, which give to
the exterior a stately and noble appearance, the interiors are
fitted up with staircases, floorings, and partition walls of
the most combustible materials. The question of insurance
alone is thus affected in a marked decree.
The second involves the consideration of sanitary measures
and precautions against the insidious influence of damp.
Actuated by a conviction that these matters merit the
most earnest consideration, I shall now proceed to describe,
from diagrams and other suitable illustrations, some building
materials of comparatively recent invention, which I have
reason to believe are not yet before the public in this part of
the world, and which, I hope to convince you, fulfil all the
requirements calculated to bring about a desirable and much-
needed reform in the whole art and process of building.
The building material I shall speak first about is of a very
ingenious character ; it is fireproof, and a covering and bear-
ing material at the same time. I shall use further on its
German name,
TRAEGERWELLBLECH,
which means a bearing corrugated-iron plate. Traegerwell-
blech was first used in Belgium as a material for bridge
plates, but having only very flat corrugations its bearing
G2
76 Modern Fireproof and Watertight Building Materials,
strength was in no proportion to its price. The material
now known on the Continent of Europe under the name of
Traegerwellblech is an invention of Messrs. Hein, Lehmann
and Co., of Berlin, who succeeded in inventing a machine
which corrugates the iron plates in a cold state. Those
drawings by which I shall explain the application of this
material are partly copies of designs of Mr. A. Lehmann,
partly designed by myself.
As you see from Fig. 1, Traegerwellblech is a corrugated-
iron plate, of which the corrugations possess the characteristic
of being greater in depth than in width, and whereby each
corrugation is formed by perpendicular pieces with semi-
circular undulations, so that the whole forms a connected
series of semicircular curvatures, connected by the interven-
ing iron beams. ‘Traegerwellblech thus represents all the
essential features for withstanding a load, since it offers the
oreatest moment of resistance with a minimum of dead-
weight. Subsequent to the conflagration of the Kaiserhof
Hotel, in Berlin, in 1875, Traegerwellblech was largely used
in the process of restoration for the landings, staircases,
corridors, and partition walls, especially in leu of brick arch-
ing between iron girders, which, on account of unequalised
expansion, had ill withstood the effects of fire, and
collapsed.
The Zeitschrift fiir Bauwesen, the leading German journal
for architecture and civil engineering, issued by the Minister
of Public Works, expresses itself as follows (page 169, year
1877) :—* The opportunity thus afforded for exhibiting
Traegerwellblech in the dual character as a_ fireproof
medium and asa bearing construction for the massive walls,
seems to point to the probability of the usefulness of this
material to purposes in the architectural constructions, and
- its application can be highly recommended,’ and further
on calls particular attention to the state of brickwork
arching between iron girders. ‘“ The flat brickwork arching
between iron girders withstood the fire badly; the un-
yielding bonding of the bricks became detached from the
expanding iron. beams, the collapsing material, meeting with
no resistance, fell in, and the vaulted spaces were thus
deprived of all protection from fire.”
Traegerwellblech plates are made in lengths up to 15
feet, the breadth varying from 1 foot 6 inches to 2 feet
2 inches; the thickness of the iron is between one and five
millimeters. (19—10 B.W.G.)
Traegerwellblech and Asphalt. 77
The curvilinear Traegerwellblech plates are more advan-
tageous than the straight ones in this respect, that they are
capable of withstanding eight times the load of the latter.
The curved Traegerwellblech plate rests on the lower
flange of the girder, the supported ends are walled up, the
whole is then filled with ashes, sand, or clay, and levelled
over, and the floor laid down, which may be composed
of cement, asphalt, brick, or wood.
A ceiling of Traegerwellblech, straight or arched, is not
only in conformity with all the exigencies demanded for this
part of an architectural structure, but it leads to the con-
struction itself of ceilings to the highest degree of perfection.
It is light; it is a bearing and space-covering construction
at the same time; it requires very little height, by which
the walls can be lower and therefore cheaper; it is fire-
roof, and can be used to ventilate ceilino and rooms. ©
5) oO
Compared with wooden ceilings, it is cheaper by its
durability; it is absolutely cheaper than brick arched
ceilings, for which it is the most reasonable substitute in all
buildings where the by-laws require a fireproof covering of
rooms.
These four drawings (Figs. 2—5) will explain the different
kinds of Traegerwellblech ceilings which have been carried
out in factories and private buildings.
A further adaptation of Traegerwellblech is to be
found in fireproof staircases. The plates are laid in inclined
planes from one landing to another, the risers are formed
up with brick, and the treads are finished off with wood.
For wood may be substituted marble slabs, as, in certain
instances, has been the case. This drawing (Fig. 6) will give
a good idea of such a Traegerwellblech staircase.
For fireproof curtains in theatres the Traegerwellblech is
the only material which satisfies all the conditions requisite
to establish it as a truly reliable safeguard against fire,
by which Traegerwellblech curtains, moved by hydraulic
pressure, are now applied to all the important theatres in
Germany. Mr. Seipp, of Berlin, who has devoted much
time and study to this matter, constructs these curtains as
shown by Fig. 7.
The stronger Traegerwellblech plates, that is to say, those
of 11, 10,9 B.W.G., have been most profitably employed as
bridge plates.
Figs. 8, 9, and 10 show the construction of Traegerwell-
blech roofs. The remarkable feature of these roofs and domes
78 Modern Fireproof and Watertight Building Materials,
is their being free from any rafters and purlins; only tierods
are required if the walls be not strong enough to resist the
horizontal thrust. The vertical iron you see in the plan is
mere thin hoop iron to keep the tierod in a horizontal position.
Such roofs have been carried out up to a span of one hundred
and twenty feet. They have a parabolic form; the rise is
generally one-fifth of the span, and they are provided with
louvres in intervals of three or five feet. For small spans
up to twenty-five feet our lght Colonial corrugated-iron
roofs are cheaper than these Traegerwellblech roofs; but for
roofs over factories, or railway stations with large span,
they are highly to be recommended.
As far as I am aware, the Dutch Government has ordered
gatekeeper cottages of Traegerwellblech for their colonies.
Considering that such cottages would stand a bush fire,
especially if covered with stone-paper outside, which would
also make a good ventilated cool wall, it should be worth
while trying such cottages for our country stations.
All Traegerwellblech plates are either varnished or zinc-
coated, not galvanised.
Messrs. Palmer, Scott and Co., who are the agents of the
manufacturers, Hein, Lehmann and Co., and Mr. Mephan
Ferguson, who has acquired the right to carry out all con-
structions of Traegerwellblech in Victoria, have kindly sent
specimens of this material for your inspection.
I shall now proceed to the second part of my paper, to
WATERTIGHT BUILDING MATERIALS.
T use this term advisedly, since I am aware that it is apt
to sound somewhat strangely to English ears. It has been
adopted, however, after mature deliberation, by the profession,
and signifies absolute imperviousness to moisture.
I shall not, on this occasion, refer to the pernicious
influences of damp dwellings, nor shall J enlarge on the
waste of capital in the multiplication of ill-considered and
defective structures. Suffice it for me to enumerate the
several quarters from which buildings are exposed to the
attacks of moisture :—
1. Rain, and consequent percolation from above ;
2. Absorption from the atmosphere, consequent on the
hygroscopic innate qualities of the material employed ;
3. Absorption from below the surface of the ground.
A
Traegerwellblech and Asphalt. 79
Various devices have been resorted to, and many are the
substances that have been put to the test in repeated
attempts to solve the problem of protecting buildings against
the inroads of moisture from the three sources I have |
named; notably among them are copper, lead, zine, iron, |
elass, cement, and asphalt. From among these asphalt,
with various combinations of other substances, has proved |
hitherto the best protection; and I may note, in passing, that, |
not to mention other firms, that of Messrs. Biisscher and |
Hoffmann have made the manufacture of watertight building |
materials of asphalt a speciality. |
The advantages possessed by this latter material are,
briefly, these :—
1. Asphalt is not absorbent, and capable of resisting
the action of water in so far as our present purpose is
concerned.
2. Its elasticity and homogeneity renders it capable of
being laid in successive layers, ike a diaphragm over
irregular surfaces.
3. Notwithstanding its ready adaptability to combine
with almost every known building material, experience
proves that no danger of disintegration is to be apprehended
from differences in expansion and contraction in the mass
protected by this medium. ~
The following are the several varieties of this form of
asphalt as at present prepared for building purposes :—
Carbon de pierre (stone pasteboard) ;
Asphalt felt ;
Asphalt plates ;
Asphalt bricks. |
The material called carbon de pierre, stone-paper, or stone | |
pasteboard (German, Steinpappe), was invented by Dr. Faxe, , |
a gentleman of the Swedish Navy, who flourished in the last }
century. During the first half of the present century, Dr. |
Gully, an eminent Prussian engineer, and Mr. Biisscher,
the father of the proprietor of the factory I have made
mention of, made that material a subject of earnest study
in Sweden and Finland, and eventually matured the project
for its manufacture in Germany.
The carbon de pierre is used in the following manner :—
To the purlins are spiked boards, and upon these boards, in
distances of 3 feet 4 inches, are nailed battens of triangular
section—thus A; the intervening spaces between these
battens are laid with separate sheets, the edges of which lie
80 Modern Fireproof and Watertight Building Materials,
against the sides. The continuity of the covering is effected
by securing strips of the same material over these divisions
in the manner indicated, and finally the whole is treated with
asphalt in a fluid state.
A quite modern construction is the wood-cement roof.
The purlins have only a slope of 1 foot to 25 feet; they are
covered with boards well-tongued and grooved. Over the
boards is sieved sand 4-inch thick, then follow three layers
of paper. This isa sample piece, each layer brushed carefully
with fluid asphalt. After this being done, the whole area of
roof is filled in, 6,12, and more inches, with coarse gravel and
good soil on top.
Fig. 11—Here are given delineations of the various
roofs in vogue—brick roof, slate roof, corrugated-iron roof,
and stone-paper roof. You will observe that, apart from the
moderate cost of the latter, a considerable further saving is
effected on account of the low pitch which this material
renders possible.
Fig. 12 shows the stone-paper roof as adapted to sheds.
Should exception be taken to its dark colour, | may mention
that this might be varied to any extent by treating with
ordinary lime-wash.
Fig. 13 represents the so-called wood-cement roof,
applied to private residences and to warehouses. In the
former it permits of a perfectly flat roof, which can be utilised
as a flower garden, whereby the charms of the hanging
gardens of Semiramis, so celebrated in ancient history, may
be enjoyed at the present day; also, and especially in the
latter case, the entire enclosed space is available for the
storage of goods and for other rooms. That these rooms are
fireproof, with regard to fire in the neighbourhood, is to be
taken for granted. If, instead of wooden joists and boards,
_ iron girders on curved corrugated iron be employed, as has
been done for the roofs of the Imperial Printery in Berlin,
this kind of roof may be considered absolutely fireproof.
The asphalt felt has its origin in England. Itis produced
from cotton and other textile waste with an admixture of
pitch in a fluid state. It has not proved particularly suc-
cessful, and its application seems to be limited to the
securing of ridges and for the preliminary coverings of
roofs.
Asphalt plates consist of layers of asphalt alternated with
laminze of some coarse fibrous materials. This combination
was known to the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians. It
Traegerwellblech and Asphalt. 81
fell into desuetude, however, with many other arts and
inventions, and has only been resuscitated forty years ago.
Referring to our illustrations, Fig. 14 gives two different modes
of uniting the asphalt plates; in most instances the method «
will be found to suffice. The plates generally have a length of
12 feet, a width of 2 feet 8 inches, and a thickness of } to
Z inch. The overlapping joints are firmly united by means
of asphalt in the fluid form, and the entire exterior surface
is treated in the manner previously indicated.
Fig. 15 shows a method of applying the plates in order to
get dry rooms in fortifications.
Fig. 16 shows a section trough and a portion ofa bridge. I
cannot restrain, in passing, from making a brief reference to
the great necessity of protecting the bearing surfaces of
these important and costly structures from the effects pro-
duced in many ways from the penetration of water.
Fig. 17 shows in what manner a cottage in a low-lying
locality may be insulated from moisture.
Fig. 18 shows a brick-kiln protected in like manner. This
insulation is very important in this case, in order to get well-
burned bricks.
Fig. 19 shows in which way any foundation may be pro-
tected by the interposition cf a substratum of this invalu-
able material.
Fig. 20 depicts the roof of a cotton factory made of the
asphalt plates as a precaution against fire. The entire roof-
area forms a permanent water reservoir. Should fire arise in
any part of the building, the quenching of it is palpably a
matter of instantaneous accomplishment.
Asphalt bricks.—This item may be dismissed with the
remark that, with the exception of watercourses and forti-
fications, asphalt bricks meet with little favour. The cost
of freight will prohibit their use here, and I much doubt
their ever attaining to any marked degree of popularity,
although they could be employed with great advantage for
grain stores.
Having thus brought the functions of two new and
genuine kinds of building materials under review, I trust to
have awakened sufficient interest in your minds to encourage
their introduction in this town. Investors have a right to
expect that the best available known means shall be adopted
to ensure a dry and fireproof building; and the community
in general have a right to demand the framing of such by-
laws as shall bring about a radical change in the present
82 Modern Fireproof and Watertight Building Materials,
mischievous system in force of running up dwelling-houses
which, from their great susceptibility to damp, are the
source of many dreadful diseases,
In support of the theory here advanced I may, in con-
clusion, aptly quote the opinion of an eminent English
authority. Mr. Chadwick, Commissioner of the Inter-
national Exhibition at Paris, in a report to the British
Government thus expresses himself:—‘ There is yet
another reason why the construction of walls in common
brick or soft stone should be abandoned, namely, from the
facility with which these materials absorb and retain
moisture. The brick ordinarily in use in England is.
capable of absorbing 1 lb. weight of water. Thus a small
cottage having walls one brick in thickness will be com-
posed of about 12,000 bricks. These afford the united
capacity of absorbing 1500 gallons, equal to 6000 quarts or
64 tons of water, which in its turn will require 3 tons full
measure of fuel to evaporate.”
As it will be impossible to abandon bricks altogether in
favour of concrete buildings, which Mr. Chadwick has in
view, we should at least employ methods by which the
dangers of dampness can be either prevented or reduced to
a minimum.
APPENDIX,
IN order to make this paper more useful for the pro-
fessional Engineer and Architect, I thought it advisable to
add a table of the bearing strength of the various Traeger-
wellblech plates now in use.
The tests, of which the following data are the results, were
carried out under the superintendence of Royal Engineers
-and Architects in Berlin:
I, BrRIpGE PLATE.
Plate No. 14, 3 feet long, tested by hydraulic pressure.
223 tons caused a bending of 3”
234 2) 3) 3) 5R .
29 breaking.
IJ. FLooRING PLATE.
A curved Traegerwellblech plate, No. 2, 11 feet span, 1’ 2”
rise. The plate broke when loaden with 2800 lbs. of pig
iron per superficial foot.
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Brick roof 421
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Traegerwellblech and Asphalt.
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p d H
‘ON
Art. VIIl—Incandescent Lamps for Surgical and
Microscopical Purposes.
By Ropert E. JOSEPH, Esq.
[Read 10th May, 1883.]
I CLAIM your attention for a short time to-night to bring
under your notice two of the latest adaptations of the incan-
descent lamp for use in scientific research—namely, for
surgical and microscopical purposes.
The use of electricity for producing light for surgical
‘purposes by heating inferior metals was attempted i in 1851,
1853, 1854, and 1856 by various scientists. In 1867 Dr. Bruck,
dentist, introduced an electric light apparatus for the use of
surgeons, &c., and a little later a Dr. Mullot,in France, made
a number of experiments in this direction, but with
apparently very little success, all the apparatus having been
so cumbersome to handle.
Trouve, in 1879, introduced a more perfect apparatus,
using platinum wire, flattened in the middle, and kept in a
state of incandescence by means of a“ Plante” secondary
battery. This, however, appears to have been only partially
successful,
The chief causes of failure in the cases mentioned arose,
doubtless, from the use of troublesome and expensive
apparatus, rendered necessary by the employment of a metal
raised to incandescence with theunavoidable over-heating and
constant fusion of the wire. In the apparatus now brought
under your notice the metal wire has been replaced by a
‘carbon filament enclosed in a vacuum, and with ordinary
‘care there is very little danger of over-heating or breaking
it, some of the ordinary Swan lamps having been in use for
2000 hours.
In the British Medical Journal for 27th January, 1883,
which I have no doubt has already been seen by many of
our members, there is a paper on “The Llumination of
Internal Cavities by Means of the Electric Light,’ by Dr.
Oliver and J. B. Payne, from which I will merely read the
following extract :—
Sar: “Payne's report.—Leiter’s arrangement contains an
‘electric lamp in which platinum wire is heated by means
Incandescent Lanvups. 85.
of battery power, and rendered incandescent. The arrange-.
ment I made is of a much simpler construction, gives a
perfectly pure light, and develops less heat. It consists of
an electro-plated outer tube nine inches and a half long by
eleven-sixteenths inch external diameter, glazed at one end.
with a stout piece of plate-glass, made perfectly secure and
tight.
me A Swan’s electric lamp is used—the filament of which.
is carbon, and rendered incandescent by means of battery
power. It is hermetically sealed in a glass shade; and
water, conveyed to and fro through very small brass tubes,
is made to circulate round the lamp. The light from this
lamp is perfectly pure, and exhibits the conditions of things.
in their true and natural colour. For prolonged observation
I should prefer to use either a Grove’s or Bunsen’s battery,
but in the demonstration just referred to four cells of a
modified Léclanche battery were employed, and answered
admirably. It is advisable to have as great a pressure as
possible for the water supply, so as to ensure perfect circula-
tion, and for this I suspended from a hook fixed near the
ceiling of the room a tin can containing water, connecting it.
with the brass tubes by means of lengths of India-rubber
tubing.”
Dr. Lodge gives an account of an operation he performed.
with the use of the apparatus just described, and appears to
have been impressed with its value.
For examining the mouth and throat the small Swan lamp.
appears most valuable, and it is aiso likely to prove a useful
accessory for dentists, and to replace the somewhat cumber-
some mirrors in use by them. A very small amount of battery
power is required to obtain the necessary illumination.
Probably in the surgery a form of “ Gravitz battery,” such
as Sir William Thompson's, or a modified Léclanche, would
be the most convenient, but where space is an object a
small bichromate battery will give good results for a short
time. The modified Léclanche exhibited will last without.
any attention, except adding a little water now and then,
for at least twelve months, and will always be ready for use..
It has, however, the drawback of polarising quickly, and
therefore the lamp must not be kept in use for more
than three or four minutes at a time without giving the
battery asimilar period for rest. Probably in many instances
this form of battery would be sufficiently effective. For
portable purposes, a small form of bichromate battery would.
86 Incandescent Lamps for
be the best, and would give a light lasting from twenty
minutes to over an hour, according to the amount of solution
that the cells were capable of holding. The next use to which
the small incandescent lamp has been recently and success-
fully applied is to the microscope.
Mr. C. H. Stearn, who has been associated with Mr. Swan
during the whole of his experiments with incandescent
lamps, has just introduced several forms of lamps and
apparatus for the purpose, and I cannot do better than to
quote from a paper read by Mr. Stearn before the Royal
Microscopical Society in January last.
“The length of the incandescent filament is 75th of an inch;
its diameter, +},th of an inch; and its superficial area, about
ststh of a square inch. Two Bunsen cells, or four
Léclanche’s, are sufficient to render them fully incandescent ;
but for general purposes it will be best to use an additional
cell, regulating the intensity of the light by means of the
adjustable resistance attached to the base of the microscope.
“ As the duration of the lamps is in an inverse ratio to the
temperature at which they are maintained, it is desirable
that the most intense light that the lamp will give
should only be employed for a very short time, when a
special effect 1s required—such, for instance, as for purposes
of micro-photography. If the lamp is at other times used
no brighter than is necessary to obtain a white light, and
the current turned off when observation is not going on,
the lamps will last a very long time, as experience has
shown that a life of more than 2000 hours of continuous
and brilliant incandescence is frequently exceeded by Swan
lamps. It is possible to obtain a light of 24 candles from
the tiny surface just mentioned, with an electro-motive
force of 34 volts, and a current of 14 amperes. It would,
however, at a safe temperature, give a light equal to one
candle.
“ As the source of light is almost a point, and the lamp can
be brought very nearly into contact with the slide, a higher
degree of obliquity of the illuminating rays can be
obtained than by almost any other method; and hence
black-ground illumination is shown with great beauty, and
many of the diatoms display diffraction colours with
unusual splendour.
“The resolution of test objects becomes very much simpli-
fied, as most of them can be resolved by the lamp alone,
without any accessory apparatus.”
Surgical and Microscopical Purposes. 87
I think it must be evident that the incandescent lamp
must soon replace all other forms of lamps for microscopes.
There is very little difference between the trouble of setting
up and trimming the oil lamp usually employed and that of
filling a small battery for use, whilst the difference in the
quality of the light obtained would be a considerable gain to
the microscopist. The battery to be used is the same as for
the lamp for surgical purposes, and the particular form to be
used must be regulated according to circumstances.
Whatever form of battery be used, it is always advisable
to insert an artificial resistance in the circuit, so arranged as
to be able, by turning a handle, to increase or diminish the
light. This is especially desirable when using a battery
which polarises easily, as at the commencement, with the
battery fresh, there might be a risk of breaking the carbon
filament, whilst, as the battery polarised, the hight would
oradually diminish in intensity. By means of the adjustable
resistance the intensity of the lght can be kept ata fixed
standard for a considerable length of time, whilst by starting
with a considerable resistance in circuit, and then gradually
reducing it, there need be no danger of injuring the lamp by
excess of current. Two forms of lamps are shown to-night
—one on a stand to replace the ordinary lamp only; the
other, and smaller one, is mounted on a stand with universal
attachment, but, as can be readily seen, it could quite easily
be attached direct to the microscope. Mr. Stearn suggests
the use of three lamps permanently fitted to the microscope
stand—one above the stage, one on the sub-stage, and one
below for use with the polariscope; each lamp being con-
trolled by a switch, could be turned off and on at pleasure.
This, of course, would be a very perfect and convenient
arrangement, but not economical; and probably an attach-
ment, proposed by Mr. J. B. Payne, that can be readily fitted
to either the stand condenser or to various parts of the
stage with a small clamp, will find greater favour with
microscopists.
Art, VIII.—On Germs of Blennorrhagia.
Translated by Mr. Rupatt, F.R.CS., from an Original
Paper by Dr. ECKLUND, of Sweden.
[Read 10th May, 1883.]
Art. 1X.—WNotes on Hydrology.
By G. R. B. STEANE;: Esq., C.E.
[Read 14th June, 1883.]
THE subject which I have the honour to submit to you this
evening, Hydrology, is a very extensive one ; but I purpose
referring only to the subject of rainfall, more particularly
the rainfall in Sandhurst, and some of the results of my own
observations during a long residence there.
Rainfall is, I believe, the most capricious of the elements, as
it is governed or influenced by so many varying forces, and
the laws which govern it are most complex. The general
laws which govern it are being studied, and it is anticipated
that some of them may be generalised, so that though it
may be impossible to govern the rain, yet we may in the
future be better enabled to prepare for the inevitable.
The object with which I have observed rainfall has been,
primarily, its effect in causing floods, and to arrive at
reliable data for providing for it. With that object in view
I constructed a simple recording rain-gauge, consisting of
a cylindrical gauge, into which rain from a known area was
conveyed. A lght metal float actuated a couple of pencils
which recorded the rainfall, first on a drum which revolved in
an hour, and secondly on a drum which revolved in twenty-
four hours. After a heavy fall of rain it was an easy
matter to scale off the quantity that fell in any period of
time. :
Rain, as is well known, is water which has been
evaporated carried by currents of air and condensed
by cooling. Air has the power of absorbing varying
quantities of moisture increasing with the temperature.
Hence a cube foot of air at 32° can absorb 34 grs.
at 1802: @: 3» dA ones
at LAOe » 06 SES
and so on, so that if warm air, saturated, is cooled it will
discharge water, and it is well known tbat the greater the
heat the more rapid the evaporation.
The movements of the winds which carry these vapours
have been most ably explained very recently by our esteemed
President.
We will briefly consider under what circumstances rain —
falls generally. First, the air must be laden with moisture
/ Aa
)
Notes on Hydrology. 89
and must necessarily be warm, and to obtain that moisture
it must come over extensive areas of water—the ocean. On
coming in contact with cooler currents of air, cooler lands
and trees, the moisture is condensed in the form of rain, and
also when warm air, saturated with moisture, is mixed with
a cooler air also saturated a discharge of moisture takes
place, but to a very small extent. Where the vapours are
carried inland until they come in contact with high moun-
tain ranges, there the moisture is thrown upwards and is
condensed, and the air which is then cooled passes over the
mountain range with less moisture in it and in a state to
absorb moisture instead of discharging; and it 1s found to be
almost universal that the coast-line of continents is wet,
and inland is dry, more particularly if the coast is bounded
by mountain ranges.
It is found to be the case in India, where the south-west
monsoons, which blow towards the north in summer (the
sun being north of the equator), are laden with moisture from
the Indian Ocean come in contact with the Western Ghauts,
and the bulk of the moisture is discharged at about the
height at which the clouds float. At one station there—
Mahabulshwur—the rainfall for an average period of five
months per annum is 245 inches, upwards of 20 feet; in 1849
it amounted to 338 inches; 10 to 13 inches often fall in one
day, and as much as 130 inches ina month. The quantity
rapidly falls off at a higher elevation, and also lower down,
that is, above and below the average height of the line of
cloud flotation; but on the eastern side of the mountain, only
11 miles distant, at another station—Paunchgunny—the
average is only 50 inches per annum ; and further east is the
Deccan (or dry country), where the rainfall is only from 16
to 20inches. Thisis, | believe, the most remarkable instance
of the decrease of rain when intercepted by mountains.
Then, at the head of the Bay of Bengal, Calcutta, being low,
receives 60 to 80 inches per annum, but in some parts of the
Himalayas,north of Calcutta, the rainfall is said to amount to
as much as 600 inches per annum. The same rule holds
good in Great Britain. “The moisture from the Atlantic is
condensed in Westmoreland and Cumberland at from 80 to
150 inches, whereas on the east side it varies from 18 to 24
inches per annum. |
The same rule holds good with regard to Europe, as we
recede from the Atlantic—Greenwich, 24 inches; Paris, 23
inches; Vienna, 19 inches; St; Petersburg, 15 inches
H
90 Notes on Hydrology.
Catherineburgh, 12 inches; Barnaval, 9 inches. The same
rule holds good with regard to the coast of America; and the
same rule applies also to Australia. In New South Wales
the coast rains from Antony and Clarence Rivers to Botany
average about 50 inches, whereas inland it ranges from 10 to
16 inches per annum. In South Australia—at Mount Lofty,
42 inches; Charleston, 34 inches; Cape Borda, 27 inches ;
Bullaranga, 32 inches; Adelaide, 21 inches, near the coast;
but inland, in the valley of the Murray, it ranges from 10 to
15 inches, and inland towards Stuart’s Creek it is from 6 to
10 inches only.
Then again at Southport, near the coast, on the Overland
Telegraph route, the rainfall is about 90 inches; further
inland, Daly Waters, 35 inches; and further again, at
Charlotte Waters, only 10 inches.
In Victoria our heavy rains are between the coast and the
dividing range, and the lightest are on our north-west
plains.
Taking the rainfall for last year, the heaviest, 60 inches, is
at a place called Beenak, in the Yarra basin, hemmed in by a
kind of horseshoe of mountains, with the open end facing
south-westerly towards the sea. Then at the dividing range
near Woodend, 49 inches; Blackwood, 48 inches; Macedon
Nursery, 31:6 inches; Bungaree, 329 inches. Then along
the coast— Portland, 30°5 inches; Warrnambool, 25 inches;
Otway, 30 inches ; Wilson’s Promontory, 38°7 inches.
Then to the northern side of the dividing range there is
a marked reduction—Castlemaine, 24°7 inches ; Crusoe, 24°6
inches ; Sandhurst, 21°6 inches; Heathcote, 23 inches. Further
on the reduction is still more marked—Whroo, 19°7 inches ;
Elmore, 19°7 inches; and Echuca, 14°38 inches. If we start
again, at Maldon, with 22°9 inches; Inglewood, 18 inches;
Boort, 16°7 inches; and Kerang, 13:1 inches. Still again, on
the Wimmera—Stawell, 18:1 inches; Horsham, 14°6 inches ;
Dimboola, 10-9 inches.
We have the sea to the south-east, south, and south-west
of us. South-east winds bringing moisture are carried over
the Australian Alps and mountains of Gippsland, condensing
much of its moisture before it reaches us, and still more by
the time it reaches the Sandhurst district. Moreover, they
come down on us from cool elevated regions to a warmer
climate, particularly in summer. Then winds from the south
and a little east of south are comparatively cold, and
do not carry so much moisture as the more easterly
Notes on Hydrology. 91
or westerly winds. The winds from the south are cool
to start with; they come across the high lands of
Tasmania, part with a portion of their small amount of
moisture there; more moisture is collected in the Straits,
which is condensed between Melbourne and the divid-
ing range about Blackwood and Macedon; and the last
few drops are squeezed out about Mount Alexander and the
Big Hill Ranges, arriving at Sandhurst a cold dry wind, so
that rain is never by any chance received there with a
south wind. Often have I seen the sky with every
appearance of rain, but no matter how threatening with
a south wind no rain is received, excepting possibly a very
few drops at the commencement. Not only is there no rain,
but the sky becomes perfectly cloudless. The south-west
winds arrive laden with moisture comparatively warm over
the least mountainous portion of our colony, and it is from
that direction most of the heavy rains are received in
Sandhurst during the winter.
It appears to me that in summer time the moisture is
brought from the sea with south-west winds; finding the
land warm it is not condensed, but is carried inland over the
plains into Central Australia, gathering more moisture by
being more heated. The vapours then return with north-
east, north and north-west winds from a hot to a cooler
locality, and when deflected upwards by the first heavy
timber or high lands are condensed in heavy storms of short
duration.
Elevation has also an influence on the amount of rainfall,
which may be easily understood if we bear in mind that the
vapour of water is lighter than air at the sea-level. This
vapour is invisible ; when it changes into clouds it is changed
partially into water. It is not known thoroughly how the
clouds are supported; there are several theories on the
subject. Nevertheless we know that clouds carrying large
quantities of moisture generally float several thousand feet
above the sea-level, and the greatest amount of rain may
naturally be supposed to fall at that elevation, decreasing in
higher and lower elevations. This has been noticed particu-
larly on the Ghauts in India.
Clouds sometimes attain an altitude of upwards of 20,000
feet, but they cannot possibly carry much moisture.
Respecting seasons of floods and droughts, the knowledge
of the general laws is at present very limited. Mr. Todd, of
South Australia, has pointed out that years of drought are
H 2
92. | Notes on Hydrology.
observed to be years of mean higher barometric pressure,
and has shown that in South Australia the seasons of
drought and floods follow in some sort of cycle. Mr.
Russell, of New South Wales, appears to attach some weight
to a nineteen-year cycle. I believe I am correct in stating
that in England, where they have the advantage of a very
extensive range of observations, no satisfactory cyclic series
can be arrived at; and I have never heard Mr. Ellery’s
opinion respecting Victoria.
Some years since I was under the impression that we had
a cycle of seven years, for the following reasons :—In
Melbourne, 1842 was a wet year and a year of floods; 1849
the wettest in white man’s time; 1856, 1863, 1870, periods
of seven years, and very wet years—viz., 1842, 31 inches;
1849, 42 inches; 1856, 30 inches; 1863, 36 inches; 1870, 33
inches; 27 inches being the average; but to upset the seven-
year idea, 1875 was the wet year, with 33 inches, and 1877,
which ought to have been wet, only supplied 24 inches ;
so I gave up my long-cherished idea in disgust, and the
nineteen-year theory will not apply. The dry years are
much more irregular. For a period extending from 1840 to
date, excepting a few years (1851 to 1854, no records), the
driest seven years have been—1865, 15:9 inches; 1868, 18:2
inches; 1879, 19:°2 inches; 1843, 21°5 inches; 1859, 21°'8
inches ; 1862, 22:0 inches; 1866, 22:4 inches.
The wettest seven years—1849, 42:2 inches; 1865, 56-4
inches; 1870, 33°7 inches; 1848, 33:1 inches; 1875, 328
inches ; 1872, 32°5 inches; 1842, 31:1 inches.
The number of wet days in a year varies greatly—-from
107 days in 1866 to 165 days in 1863.
In Sandhurst the average rainfall for twenty years is
_ 21°7 inches, varying from 10°9 inches: in 1865 to 38°3 inches
in 1870. The rains are fewer, and of shorter duration, asa
rule, than in Melbourne—in 1877, 64 days on which rain
fell; 1876, 65 days; the greatest number being 152 days, in.
1863, the average being about 99 days a year.
RAINFALL, SANDHURST, 1861 to 1882.
Average ... 21°73 inches per annum
Least rain bee PROS oO og.) same a ae
Most rain jae!) BOG: Te renee
Rain=Average ; ... 2174, im 1867
Seven years over average and twelve years under.
Notes on Hydrology. 93
‘On examining monthly rainfall I find there was—
No rain 1 month in 1865
ee » 1878
‘ 1 ‘ 1880
43 months under 4 inch
Ry eee Teal Hoya abavela
1980 ae 2 ame es
52 5 Zanehes to 3) 5,
BON xh ce » 0
6 9 4 ” ”?
6 oy) 5 9 6 By)
a 6 a
1 month over 7 inches, which was Oct., 1870.
During the same period—
Upwards of 1 inch fell in 24 hours 59 times
5 Qetmehesi ty 24k Or ies
Py) 3 ey) oy) 24 » 5 y)
” 2 29 ” 48 9 17 »
“ Aes 2 ae ie vovd ie 1 time, March 15th and
[16th, 1878.
Our rains are heavier than Melbourne, but not so heavy
as Sydney, and they are heavier still in Queensland.
I believe the heaviest rain of short duration in Melbourne
~was 10th March, 1877, when 1 inch fell in 15 minutes:
rate, 4 inches per hour.
At Ballarat, February or March, 1876, 1:81 inch fell in
20 minutes ; rate, 5°43 inches per hour.
At-Sandhurst, of which I have any record, 12th December
1875; °5 inch in 5 minutes ; rate, 6:0 inches per hour.
At Sydney, August, 1878, 1 inch fell in 6 minutes; rate,
10 inches per hour.
The heaviest 24 hours’ rain recorded in—
‘Sandhurst, 3°67 inches, occurred 16th March, 1878
3
Melbourne, 3°10 _,, “ 9th December, 1860
Beechworth, 6°00 ,, in 30 hours, occurred 31st Aug, 75
Sydney, 2041 ,, occurred 15th October, 1844,
when 5-4 inches fell in 2 hours.
Adelaide, 3°15 inches, on 4th April, 1860
The following are also a few exceptionally heavy rains—
_ Townsville (Qld.) 20 inches in 3 days, 25th Feb., 1877
Sydney Nes eed De Giees 2 30 minutes, 6th Feb.,.1878
i LOSS 48 hours, 7th Feb., 1878
i Eh MeO Olea 4 hours, 5th April, 1882
Adelaide Wo HO ys 1LOldays, June, isa
94 Notes on Hydrology.
In England—
Greenwich ... Linch in 15 minutes, 25th July, 1852
Wandsworth ... 217 inches in 2 hours, 12th June, 1859
Southampton oa DO aw o 24+ ,, 26th Sept., 1859
Holborn, London 4:00 if
Highgate iP BDO =; 1
, Ist Aug., 1846
eville
3 Greenwich Se eo Da 1 eet lee i 4
Westminster, Vauxhall,
and Lambeth .. 400 ,, Beare ies A a
Nottingham ao ee OcieLes 1... ,, , 13th Aue
Little Bridge Koh MOO uy ee: 44 min., 29th Sept., 1855
AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL.
Sydney ... 51°46 inches
Melbourne ee OTOL ORES
Sandhurst Gage. ifs} copa
Adelaide pera OQ ie ge
England Be aciaien 0) iene
London DEO 24 OO ae.
Ireland seen ives (0 Oi onan
France Pst OOo
Spain 22-00
The following are some of ane heaviest rates per hour of
rainfall in Sandhurst, for various short periods since 1877—
Minutes—1.- 25025 935.94 5 65:7) 15. 18 20 eee 2oee
BED INTO, I Mee he ee eM eee. DNS | Ltt
DOPED aIGEO. kc eRe tt Se 'U o :
21st March, 1880.. - O56 at = POLO sat es 6
26th October, 1882 4:8 4:3 - 3-8 3:4 3-0 25 2-4
28th Nov., 1882 . PMOL MOUs =1hOTO Osh GAwi eka ce
Rainfall, 4 a.m., 22nd April, 1882, to 3 p.m., | 24th ‘age
1882, 3°66 inches : heaviest in 1 hour during the same
i)
ee
De (8)
io 8)
ie}
(=)
2 le Ome
period, ‘66 inch.
HEAVY FALLS IN SANDHURST IN VARIOUS SHORT PERIODS.
Rate per hour.
dist Dec. 1863 ... 3inchesin 3} hours’... °85 inches
Senge elSO4 gin.) Bays, wr ai fn a.) (oo ge
(thesept,, 1370, 2.0 75. >) 15 minutes (t.. 33 OOkmmee
14th March, US8i7(AG a. 3) AG 3,50 24 |; 21S ee
i puuMbiee NS io tas veo fy oilOe 0) S50 eieae
2 pamOct MS 75) ater Ou, 0 Bo ee ... 600/ane
Li thebiel ES we y2oO mn i 7D 3 2 OO
lich Bebpwas 7S fei. pels fh. 490 one 2. oe
Oth Oct wal Seo uses ta 4Oye os ua one -. Aone
Notes on Hydrology. 95
The following is a list of the mean number of wet days
per month in ‘Sandhurst for 20 years ending 1881; the
mean monthly rainfall; mean intensity per wet day : the
maximum and the minimum —
Mean wet Mean rain, Intensity per Maximum Minimum
Month, days. Inches. wet day. per month, per month.
Inches. Inches. Inches.
Jemuatye 6. 425. ce 4d B88 ee 875
February B90! 8s, WOU at ge O30 rae a Ol
Meapcchiny coc Oh) WAG Soe Wy (ee COR Bais 706
April ee OO es Oe ae wl ee ie aks Bae)
May LOD i 202) 603) PLO SOA ls aoa
June me NAOH EDO ae ee) TDD, AOA ie
July LUO TSO eee) ME ee Ae Oven ag le
muomstenes L285) 7) QD ve. 16) oy S23 eee 20
Sepremoer 10'Co 1.02240 We 219. 8b ee
crower +930? ne VBA DAE UES 763 assay
Nevember’ 6:40... 148) 628i C4 00
December Georges 94 18 4:90 ‘Ol
Mr. Ellery has kindly Gaphied me pk the following list
of rainfalls at Melbourne :— Raterped near
1859—June 14... ‘57inchesinlhour ... 57 inches
Hso0—Sept.. 8 ... 50 . Tea. paoliig ON eee
DeCiO . a lO Se eee Be _
Solan. 31. ... 237 ea ial ees ae —
Marto s 32, 00 2 See we Dee eee
1862—Dee. 8 ... ‘48 » 2o minutes... 1:15 inches
1868—Oct. 12... ‘85 ee Pl ovornhes se: —
Nowe 22) io 96 es Sina be —
1864—Mar. 2 ... 1:18 ,» 900 minutes... 2°36 inches
Apa 2 ee V0 Be ells lors) 45. -—
1867—April 6 ... ‘86 ve tcl) aie co —
1870—Jan. 3 1:08 » Aion) Soe —
et 2h 6. oe AOD, morales ie ahr —
1871—Feb. 7 ... 1:89 SE WS) fas mae —
JUGS iia mens bea 0) me Ores ap —
NON os. we SOR » 15 minutes... 2.48 inches
1872—Nov.19 ... °43 Ve Olevia vont 129 awe
1877—Mar. 10 ... 1:00 Cae ll a 0 AOOk
Eee Oe a nouns) a, —
1878—Mar. 15... 212 ahi iii cape 260 aa;
1882—-Dec. 5 ... 1:25 is Wat: 1:25 inches
I fear that by this time I must be wearying you with
statistics, and as I am not a professional lecturer, and
96 Notes on Hydrology.
consequently lack the art of making figures pleasant, I will —
as rapidly as possible draw to a close.
The value of a knowledge of the rainfall in all its varying
phases is of special use to the engineer. By knowing the
heaviest monthly, weekly, daily, and hourly rain, and
also the maximum fall for still shorter periods, he is better
enabled to calculate the necessary sizes of bridges, culverts,
and water conduits. Of course other data are also necessary,
such as the nature of the surface and subsoil, the general
inclination of the ground, and the state of the surface.
The method adopted generally for fixing the dimensions
of bridges over large rivers, viz., gauging the velocity and
obtaining numerous cross-sections of the largest known
floods will not apply to artificial watercourses, and is, in my
opinion, unreliable when applied to the partially dry creeks
of Australia, for the reason that the channels generally vary
very greatly, the sectional area being in some cases very
much larger at one spot than probably a short distance
lower down. Furthermore, information of this kind is
generally unreliable. Excessively high floods may be caused
by obstructions which were not noted by the observer sub-
sequently removed. Information of this kind is necessary,
but it is equally necessary that something of the local
hydrology should be also known and applied.
in my opinion, to estimate the requisite waterway at a
certain point, it is necessary to know the area and form of
the watershed; next the levels to find the time it will take
the first drop of water to travel from the greatest distance
to the culvert or bridge; then to know what proportion of
the water soaks into the ground, and what portion is held
back, and the rainfall.
As an illustration, suppose an area of five acres,and the
greatest distance the water has to travel ten chains, and
assume the nature and inclination of the surface to be such
that nine-tenths of the water flows off at the maximum
period, and the water travels the ten chains in six minutes,
we must then know the heaviest rain that falls in six
minutes; for it is evident that if the storm only lasts
four minutes the rain will have ceased for two
minutes before the extreme particle of water will have
reached the culvert—hence the flood will not be a maximum.
Should the rain be uniformly heavy for eight minutes, it is
also evident that the flood will arrive at its maximum in
six minutes, stay so for two minutes, and then subside. In
* . ¥
3 ne
re mu
‘oe
Notes on Hydrology. 97
Sydney we find that one inch fell in six minutes on one
occasion. One inch on ten acres will supply 36,300 cubic
feet, nine-tenths of which is 32,670 cubic feet. Again, sup-
pose the inclination of the culvert, when of the proper size,
to be such that the water will flow when full-six feet per
second, then the maximum discharge will be when the
most distant particle, together with particles from every
portion of the area, has reached the culvert—hence the area
required will be fifteen feet sectional area of waterway, or
one and a-half feet per acre, and it could not be larger.
Now, if we assume a river five hundred miles long, area,
say, fifteen thousand square miles, say two hundred hours for
water to travel, and one-half held back, then the maximum
flood will be after two hundred hours’ continuous rain ; less
would not make a maximum, and more would only maintain
the maximum. Suppose the heaviest two hundred hours’
rain to be five inches, and velocity of flood ten feet per
second, we should then.have—
. ft. per Sq. Mile. Sq. Miles, Inches.
Z O00 0008 x) 15,000' x 9)
200 hrs. x 38600 secs. x 10 ft. per sec.
= + sq. ft. area per square mile.
A chalk or sandy basin may absorb the whole of a heavy
rain.
I will conclude with the observed maximum discharge in
cubic feet per minute per square mile of several rivers and
watercourses, partly from Beardmore and other sources.
x 1 = 12,000 sq. ft.
Area of Maximum discharged
Watershed. Name. per minute
per square mile.
600,000 square miles Nile at Cairo sae 36 cubic feet
886,000 : Mississippi Pee 67 5
180,000 K Ganges at Benares.. 428 i
3,890 i Severn at Gloucester 193 s
3,086 Thames at Staines 129 ‘
4,570 i Shannon at Killaloe 960 i
35,000 if Rhone at Avignon 592
20,000 . Garonne fe co eG) i
900 Hl Ardeche, 1857... 18,888 a
al if Loch Katrine ... 2,094
98 to 100 Ke Treland ... S44 to 900,
100 Meese Coliban, Victoria.. 6,000 ‘
152 = Bendigo Creek ... 15,400 i
v5 Hargraves St., Sdst. 56,000 A
Exhibiting enormous differences.
98
~ ART. X.—Astronomical Notes.
By R. Ld. Hitery, RS.
[Read 14th June, 1883.]
ART. XI.—On Iron Girders.
By PrRoFessoR KERNOT, M.A.
[Read 12th July, 1883.]
ArT. XII.—Schéne’s New System of Sewage.
By Mr. BLACKETT,
[Read 9th August, 1883.]
Art, XIiIl.—WNotes on the Dressing of Tin Ore.
By J. Cosmo Newsery, B.Sc.
[Read 9th August, 1883. ]
DuRING the past five years numerous tin-bearing lodes have:
been discovered in this and other Australasian colonies.
The mines have been opened and expensive machinery
erected, but the results in many instances have been dis-
appointing to the investors. A great many samples of these
ores have passed through my hands for assay and report,
and I have come to the conclusion that, in part at any rate,.
the disappointment has been due to the want of a proper
consideration of the question of how best to extract the
ore from the gangue or associated. mineral matter. This is
especially the case where the gangue is a hard quartzose or
eranitic rock. According to the general custom, these ores are
reduced to fine sand in the ordinary stamping battery, such
as is used to reduce ourauriferous ores. The latter, of course,
require to be crushed very fine, so that the small particles
of gold may be beaten out and separated from the quartz ;
but in the case of these tin ores this fine, crushing reduces.
the brittle tin stone to a slime, while the hard tough rock
with which it is associated is being converted into sand:
With this result the separation of the tin ore becomes a
matter of very great difficulty, for we have forgotten the.
cardinal principle of ore-dressing, which is, that the ore
shall not be broken finer than is absolutely necessary to
separate the rich mineral from the gangue or accompanying
rock, and it would be well, I think, to remind those who are:
engaged in this work of the following general principles of |
ore-dressing :—
“1. Absolute perfection in separation according to specific
gravity cannot be arrived at, chiefly on account of the
irregularity of the various grains to be operated ion.
“2. The more finely divided the stuff to be treated, the:
greater is the amount of labour and care required, and the
more imperfect the separation.
_ “3. The reducing machinery may be considered the most
perfect which produces the least quantity of stuff finer than.
that which it is intended to produce. 3
100 Notes on the Dressing of Tin Ore.
“4. Itis necessary, in determining the degree of fineness to
which a mineral should be reduced, to consider the metal-
lurgical value of the ore contained in it, and set against this
value the loss which will probably be incurred, together
with the labour and expense attendant on the manipula-
tion.
“5, The vein stuff should be reduced to such a degree of
fineness that the largest proportion of ‘deads’ (worthless
mineral) and clean ore should be obtained by the first
operation, thus saving labour and preventing the loss incident
to a finer subdivision of the ore and more extended treat-
‘ment.
“6. The apparatus or plan of dressing may be considered
the most efficient which, with stuff of a given size, allows at
an equal cost the most perfect separation and of the proper
separation of stuff of nearly equal specific gravity. The
average percentage to which the clean ore is to be brought
and the highest percentage to be allowed in the waste being
determined, it is evident that the more perfect the degree of —
separation the greater will be the amount of clean ore and
‘castaways (worthless mineral) obtained in each operation,
-and the quantities of middles or stuff to be reworked will
be diminished.
“7, We may further consider a great improvement in
dressing operations, such apparatus or plan of working as
will allow, without a disproportionate increase in the cost, of
the equally perfect separation of fine and coarse stuff. This
will be of especial benefit in the case of finely disseminated
ore, which is necessarily obliged to be ‘reduced to a great
degree of fineness.’ Perhaps I should apologise for repeat-
ing the A BC of ore-dressing, but I fear that it has been
forgotten by many, and that until it has been relearnt many
good mines will continue to give poor returns.”
The treatment I propose for these hard ores, which con-
sist of very tough quartz, with more or less feldspar, mica,
tourmaline, and tin stone, is (1) Calcination, in heaps or
kilns ; (2) crushing in an ore or stone-breaker; (3) disin-
tegration ; (4) classification of disintegrated ore by a series
of sieves; (5) concentration of the classified ore.
I can, perhaps, best illustrate the success of this treat-
ment by giving the actual results obtained from a quantity
(about half a ton) of very hard ore from the Ben Lomond .
district, Tasmania, kindly given for the trial by Mr. J. E.
Dobson, at my suggestion, and in the interest of Mr. C. W.
Notes on the Dressing of Tin Ore. 101;
Chapman, of Hobart. The work of calcining, crushing, and
disintegration was conducted under the immediate super-
vision of Mr. Rees Davis, the well-known engineer.
The stone was calcined, without previous breaking, in a
kiln belonging to the Victorian Patent Freestone Company,
and was found to be rendered ver y friable ; even the finest.
ore could be easily separated from the quartz and other
minerals. The ore was then passed through one of Hope’s
stone-breakers, at the rate of about half a ton in rather less
than five minutes.
The result of this was—
Clessin Ricotta grein Sandtunder
1. Coarse, poe aes eran
Ore . 56°0 — —
2. 4 to ~)-In. in Rae 22;() 4°28 2°04.
Byala aes va i" LD ones aan Seed 4-95,
A te ‘5 PARISIEN alse Pa) 27 1:78.
Do a eae a ET, OD 2°37
6; less than 3,-in. ,, Op ee oa) 1°84
12°98
This 12:98 per cent. of clean tin ore gave on assay 69 per:
cent. of pure tin, which would be equal to 8:99 per-cent. on
the ore reduced to less than 4-in. in diameter.
Owing to the want of suitable sieves, the whole of the ore.
from the stone-breaker was sent to the disintegrator, instead
of sending only those portions, Nos. 1 and 2, which contain.
attached or enclosed tin ore.
The disintegrator used was one made by Mr. Buncle as a
bark mill. The rate of disintegration was as nearly as pos-
sible 1 cwt. of ore per minute, but even this rate and the time.
taken by Mr. Hope’s stone-crusher is only approximate; the-
feeding was done by hand from bags, and was irregular.
With a proper regular feed the work would be done with.
much greater rapidity.
From the disintegrator we obtained the following sizes of
material :—
Grains over 75 of an inch in diameter ... 13°5 per cent..
Between ;1, and 5, . . use OU ss
2? 20 ” 20 22 » orere 140 ”
» 30 » 30 » ” cos OS oD)
30 ey) r00 y) | »? rior LIL ”?
Less than +3, i 13-0
Mr. J. L. Morley washed (atebour renee crushing) a
‘102 Notes on the Dressing of Tin Ore.
portion of each of these classes, and obtained the free tin ore,
which he smelted, and has given me the following table of
results :—
Mesh of Sieve Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. of
holding ore. of class. of tinin oftinonthe return of tin
each class. whole ore. in each class.
Js aneh: .. 13°5- ... none, nearly all quartz
a5 8 1 BOO. BT 11a
rath ot i. 1400 9-65. 185 eee
Beg LS See 89 Lie” OL oO euS
ee 110 ..: 28:62 ... 2:57) een
re passing thro’
Minch * 18:0" 2. 18:9... 2-40 4 eens
100:0 10°98 100:00
These results show that in this operation we can at once
get rid of 13°5 per cent. of worthless material, while we are
classifying the remainder into grades of equal-sized grains,
from which the clean tin ore may be separated with ease by
any of the washing processes. I should mention that the
average assay of this ore made by my assistant, Mr. Adams,
was 11 per cent. of tin, so that Mr. Morley’s return of 10:98
per cent. of tin shows the separation to have been almost
“perfect.
This process is not suited to clayey ores, or ores associated
with hydrous minerals, such as brown iron ore, but with
quartzose or granitic ores I have no doubt that when com-
pared with the results of the ordinary crushing and dressing
plants it will be found to return much more and better dressed
ore for the smelter, a higher yield of metal, smaller require-
ments in space for machinery, less washing water, and lower
working cost.
The ore classified by the sieves may be treated by dry
concentrators, a pot of some moment in many districts
where water is scarce, or has to be brought long distances.
Art, XIV.—Descriptions of New, or Inttle Known,
Polyzoa.
ParRT VY.
By P. H. MacGinuivray, M.A., MRB.CS., F.LS.
[Read 9th August, 1883,]
In the present communication I propose describing some
forms of Retepora, and giving a list of all the Victorian
species known to me.
In this genus the appearance of the cells varies so much,
according to age and other circumstances, that the specific
determination of fragmentary or imperfect specimens is
frequently very difficult and sometimes impossible. Those
enumerated here are well-marked, and have definite cha-
racters by which I think they can almost always be certainly
recognised.
The habit of growth is not usually of very great value.
Of our Australian species, however, several can be recognised
at a glance, as R. monilifera (normal form), Rf. granulata,
and R&R. porcellana. Rk. munita, formosa, and aurantiaca
are very similar in form, but the latter is known by its colour.
Rf. tessellata, fissa, and avicularis are not easily distinguished
from each other without a lens. R. phonicea is at once
known by its permanent red colour. Important characters
are derived from the form of the mouth, the structure and
situation of the avicularia, the appearance of the ovicell, and
in a less degree from the more or less massiveness of the
zoarium, and the proportion in size of the fenestre to the
interspaces. The ovicell in many species is very character-
istic. In R&R. serrata and avicularis it is filled in, smooth,
and without any special markings; in R. phanicea the lower
part is occupied by a peculiarly-shaped plate, curving down-
wards and backwards; in R&R. fissa and aurantiaca there
remains a permanent vertical slit, sometimes closed, but
104 Descriptions of New,
always marked; in &. carinata this slit is filled in to form
a keel; in R&R. formosa it is occupied by a granulated
vertical band, dividing below to form a similar band on each
side above the aperture; in the various forms of R. moni-
lifera the ovicell is similarly marked, the band in wmbonata
ending above in a sharp umbo; in AR. fessellata it is not
perfectly known, those I have examined, which agree with
Hincks’ figure, being evidently immature, but it is probably
entire, and without special marks.
In the “Proceedings of the Literary and Philosophical
Society of Manchester for 1878,” Mr. Waters published a
short but very suggestive paper on the use of the opercula
in the determination of the Bryozoa. I regret not having
been able to procure this paper until quite recently, when the
author kindly sent me a copy. Busk, who also had not seen
it until long after its publication, has lately figured the
opercula and other chitinous organs in a paper on the
“Challenger” Celleporze, and shown that they are of great
specific value.* JI have examined these parts in all our
Reteporee, and find that in many they are very characteristic
—in fact, it would be possible to identify most of the species
by an examination of the opercula alone. A reference to
the figures will show their variations. There can be no
doubt that in other genera, especially those in which the
real structure of the mouth is so apt to be obscured by the
growth of the peristome or the deposition of calcareous
matter, the examination of the opercula will give most
valuable aid in the discrimination of the species. Whether
they will afford characters of higher value must be doubtful
until a much larger series has been examined. They have
been prepared in the manner adopted by Busk.
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Proceedings, &c., for 1883.
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136 Proceedings, &¢., for 1883.
The following Report of Section A was read and adopted :—
REPORT OF SECTION A.
During the month of August, last year, this Section was revived.
The last meeting, prior to this, of which any minutes are recorded
was held on the 27th October, 1880,
There are at present thirty-six names on our list of Pe
while the average attendance is about fifteen or twenty.
Four (4) meetings were held last year, and two have been held
during the vacation.
The following papers have been read before the Section, all giving
rise to considerable and animated discussion :—
“The Two Forces Mathematical.” Mr. T. Wakelin, B.A., New
Zealand.
“A New System of Second and Third Class Railways.” Mr.
P. Behrendt, C.E.
“‘Saxeby’s Magnetic Test.” Mr. C. W. M‘Lean, C.E.
“The Economic Design of Railway Viaducts.” Mr. J. H.
Fraser, C.E.
‘The Merri Creek Waterpipe.” Mr. W. R. Rennick, C.E.
“The Measurement of Magnetism in Connection with Diagrams.”
Mr. J. Booth, C.E.
“ Underground Telegraph Systems.” Mr. J. H. Fraser, C.E.
The subjects considered in the papers, and the manner in which
they were treated, speak well for the individual exertions of mem-
bers and the general energy of the Section during the past year.
B. A. SMITH, Hon. Sec.
The office-bearers for 1883 were elected for the ensuing year.
The Hon. Librarian announced the receipt of 6 volumes and 108
parts of scientific transactions since the December meeting.
March 15th, 1883.
_ Present, the President (in the chair) and 22 members and associates.
Mr. G. W. Selby and Mr. E. M. James, F.R.C.S., and the
Hon. F. T. Sargood, were elected members of the Society; Mr.
J. H. Hill, an associate.
A discussion took place on Professor Nanson’s paper, entitled
‘¢ Methods of Election.”
Proceedings, &c., for 1883. 137
April 12th, 1883.
Present, the President (in the chair) and 16 members and associates.
Mr. William Bage and Mr. Charles Bage, M.B., were elected
associates.
A note by Arthur Downes, M.D., and Thomas P. Blunt, M.A.,
F.C.8., was read. The authors criticised the result of Dr.
Jamieson’s experiments on the “ Influence of Light on the Develop-
ment of Bacteria.”
Dr. Jamieson, in reply, said that he had made some fresh experi-
ments, and had written a short paper in which he hoped to maintain
the position he had assumed. He then read his paper.
In reply to some questions, Dr. Jamieson stated that he had
placed small phials with fertilising fluid behind panes in a window
of three different colours—red, blue, and yellow. That which was
behind the red glass developed bacteria first, then, at a day’s inter-
val, that behind the yellow, and after a few days’ interval that
behind the blue glass; but he had never found the bacteria quite
destroyed, or their development altogether suspended, by the influence
of any light whatever.
Mr. Ellery said that the general result of Dr. Jamieson’s work
seemed to make it probable that any retardation in the develop-
ment of bacteria was due not so much to light as to the accompany-
ing heat; that even Professor Tyndall, in spite of all his skill as an
experimenter, had not guarded sufficiently against the occurrence of
that source of error,
Dr. Jamieson said he was afraid that the direct question still
remained to be answered—‘! Does exposure to the rays of the sun
necessarily kill bacteria ?”
Mr. Stirling then read his paper on the ‘Caves Perforating
Marble Deposits at Limestone Creek.” Subsequently he exhibited
a number of specimens taken from the rocks, to which he referred
in his paper.
The President stated with regret that Mr. Edward Howitt had
resigned the position of Honorary Secretary, and proposed that a
vote of thanks should be tendered him for his long and valuable
services. Professor Kernot seconded the motion, which was carried
unanimously,
May 10th, 1883.
Present, the President (in the chair) and 30 members and associates.
Mr. Frank S. Outtrim was elected an associate.
Mr. A. W. Howitt’s paper on the “ Rocks of Noyang” was laid ~
on the table, the President remarking that it was at the disposal of —
any member interested in geological subjects, but that it was too long —
L
138 Proceedings, &e., for 1883.
to be read before the meeting; when printed, members would haye an
opportunity of reading it for themselves.
Dr. T. S. Ralph read his paper on “ The Occurrence of Bacteria
(Bacilli) in Living Plants,” after which he exhibited under the
microscope some specimens of water-plants within whose unbroken
cells he considered bacteria to be visible.
Mr. Ellery thought that possibly many of the phenomena of
fermentation might be due to the presence of bacterial life. Dr.
Ralph said that he had found bacteria in dry tea-leaves, arising, no
doubt, from the part fermentation they had undergone in preparing
them for the market. Dr. Jamieson expressed some doubts as to
the nature of the organisms shown by Dr, Ralph under the micro-
scope; they scarcely agreed with ordinary descriptions of bacteria,
and were more likely to be mere organic particles. If they were
bacteria within enclosed cells, it was impossible to account for their
appearance except on the supposition that spores had entered
through minute holes in the walls.
‘Dr. Ralph then expressed his desire that this line of experiment
should be taken up and pursued carefully by independent observers.
Mr. P. Behrendt then read his paper, ‘Modern Fireproof and
Watertight Building Materials—Traegerwellblech and Asphalt.”
Dr. Rudall read his translation of a paper on “ The Germs of
Blennorrhagia.”
Mr. Joseph read a paper on ‘‘ Incandescent Lamps for Surgical
and Microscopical Purposes,” and exhibited specimens,
June 14th, 1888,
Present, the President (in the chair) and 19 members and associates,
Mr. Outtrim, Mr, Fraser, and Mr. Mills were introduced to the
meeting.
Mr. Naylor was elected as a country member; me Rowan and
' Dr, Louis Henry, as members; and Mr. W. P. Steane, as an
associate.
Mr, Ellery proposed that Mr, Hyde Clarke, of London, should
be elected a corresponding member of the Society. This motion
was seconded by Dr. Neild, and carried unanimously.
The Hon. Librarian reported the receipt of 76 volumes and 154
parts of scientific transactions since his last report.
Mr. G. R. B, Steane read his paper on “ Hydrology.”
Mr. Ellery said that much importance must be attached to these
investigations of the frequency and amount of sudden rainfalls.
Such knowledge must be of use to the farmer and to the engineer ;
but he disagreed from Mr. Steane in the assertion that the rains are
Proceedings, &c., for 1883. 139
brought up by the winds; for, in this country at least, rainfall is
either in front of, or behind, great cyclonic movements which come
from warmer regions in obedience to laws of which, at present, we
know nothing. When such rainfalls take place on the eastern
coast they never penetrate into the interior, but those which occur
in South Australia often traverse the entire continent. The north-
west, west, or south-west are the only directions from which we
ever receive rain. In reply to a question, Mr. Ellery said
that, as regards the amount of rainfall which actually sinks
into the ground, no reliable experiments have as yet been
made; such experiments as have been tried were carried on
with artificial soils, which, probably, were only inefficient represen-
tatives of the natural surface.
After some further discussion, Mr. Ellery exhibited photographs
of stars taken by means of the great telescope at the Melbourne
Observatory. He remarked that great improvements had taken
place within the last two years in the production of these photo-
graphs by the discovery of a new process. Mr. Ellery stated a
curious fact about these photographs, viz.:—that faint nebule could
often be photographed with a much less exposure than was required
for the larger and brighter bodies. In some remarks about the
recent comet, Mr. Ellery said that as it had been visible for eight or
nine months continuously, it has been longer visible than any other
comet recorded. At its first appearance the nucleus split up into two
and subsequently into three little stars; its course was a parabola,
whose vertex lay extremely close to the outer surface of the sun.
July 12th, 1883.
Present, Professor Kernot (in the chair) and 31 members and
associates.
Mr, J. Hill, Mr. W. P. Steane, Dr. Louis Henry, and Mr, John
Naylor were introduced, and signed the members’ book.
Mr. Charles Rennick was elected a member, and Mr. Hyde
Clarke a corresponding member.
Professor Kernot then described some experiments on the strength
of iron girders, with reference particularly to the strength of the new
Victoria-street Bridge in Melbourne. He stated that these experi-
ments showed that the bridge, as originally designed, was both
economical and strong. At the engineering classes at the University
there had been made models of different forms of girders, which were
subsequently broken down by loading them to the breaking point.
The models were made of iron, wood, or cardboard ; the first material
being the most useful for experiments, the last the most convenient.
L2
140 Proceedings, &e., for 1883.
The class in every case calculated the weight. the model ought
theoretically to carry, and the breaking weight usually agreed very
closely with the calculation. Three models were exhibited, the first
weighing 25 oz., yet breaking with the weight of 208 lbs. This
form of girder was common enough in the colony. The second
model weighed 21 oz., and broke with a weight of 771 lbs. The
third model was an actual representation of the girders used in the
Victoria-street Bridge. It was 45 inches long, weighed 34 oz., and
broke with a weight of 1627 Ibs. A number of models of girders
designed by various eminent authorities had been made and tested
at the University, but the Victoria-street girder was better than the
best of these by more than 30 per cent.
Mr. T. B. Muntz thought that much credit was due to Professor
Kernot for this efficient manner of teaching engineering, and also
for the valuable results of these experiments.
August 9th, 1888.
The President in the chair—Present, 26 members and associates.
Capt. F C. Rowan and Mr. C, IF’. Rennick were introduced, and
signed the members’ book.
Mr. R. E. Fletcher and Mr. G. Smibert were elected associates.
The President said that a number of students of engineering at
the University were desirous of becoming associates of the Society
for the purpose of joining Section A. As the year was advancing,
he would propose that the Standing Orders be suspended to admit
of their being elected at once; this was accordingly done, and the
following gentlemen were elected associates :—L. C. Askew, T.
Murray, A. W. L. Paul, W. R. Rennick, B. A. Smith, G. Wight,
A. M. Grant, J. B. O'Hara, W. H. Brockenshire, L. L. Murray,
N. E. Phillips, E. Shaw, N. Tyers, F.S. Grove, C. G. V. Williams,
G. H. Dunlop, N. J. Noall, HE. C. Rennick, E. L. Smith, H. W. L.
Tisdall, L. Clark, F. S. Brush.
"Mr. Blackett then read a paper on ‘‘Schone’s New System of
Sewage.”
Mr. Kernot said that his first impression on hearing the description
of this new system was that it was too good to be true ; it evidences.
an immense deal of originality and ingenuity in every particular.
Mr. Blackett said that Schone’s system had now been:in use for two
years at Eastbourne, where satisfactory results had been obtained,
and, the scheme had therefore passed beyond the experimental
stage.
Mr. Cosmo Newbery read his paper ‘‘ Notes on Tin Ore Dressing.”
Dr. MacGillivray read his paper, ‘“ Descriptions of New, or Little
Known, Polyzoa,” Part V.
Proceedings, &c., for 1883. 141
Mr. Ellery said that these polyzoa had been obtained by dredgings
near Queenscliff. This paper contained a complete list of Victorian
species of Retepora. Dr. MacGillivray exhibited some specimens.
Mr. Ellery exhibited a new personal equation instrument, in
which the exact moment of the passage of a mark representing a
star across. the middle of the field of vision could be accurately
‘recorded electrically on a chronograph. An observer using the
instrument records in a similar way his observation of the time of
passage; the difference between the two records represents the
personal equation of the observer.
October 11th, 1883.
Present, the President (in the chair) and 32 members and associates.
A ballot was taken for the election of the following gentlemen,
who were duly elected :—Mr. H. T. Tisdall as member, Mr. W. H.
Gregson as member, Mr. R. Schafer as an associate.
The following gentlemen were introduced to the meeting as new
associates :—Mr. W. H. Brockenshire, Mr. E. C. Rennick, Mr. B. A.
Smith, Mr. G. Wight, Mr. C. G. V: Williams, Mr. A. M. Grant,
Mr, L. L. Murray, Mr. J. H. Dunlop, Mr. A. J. Noall, Mr. A. E.
Phillips.
Mr. Ellery described and exhibited a new form of Darkfield
illumination micrometer for astronomical purposes. He said that
wherever micrometers with wires or webs were used in telescopes for
astronomical purposes, it was necessary to obtain artificial illumina-
tion of these weres. For general purposes the simple illumination of
the field of the telescope in the ordinary way was sufficient, in which
case the wires appeared as black threads on an illuminated ground.
But in case of observing very faint objects, and in some of the more
delicate observations, such a mode of lighting renders faint objects
invisible. It was, therefore, necessary to devise an illumination in
which the field should be quite dark, and the wires rendered faintly
but distinctly visible. Many micrometers for this purpose had
been constructed, but he had seen none thoroughly satisfactory,
except such as were too unwieldy and cumbersome. The one he
exhibited had lately been constructed in the Observatory workshop,
and appeared to possess all the qualities requisite, without being
either too expensive or too cumbersome. In describing the instru-
ment he said :—
“This micrometer isofasomewhatnovelform. As faras the
micrometer box, parallel wire frames, screws, &c., are con-
cerned, it resembles the ordinary parallel wire micrometer
of the German form. The principal frame which carries the
142 Proceedings, &c., for 1883.
measuring web is actuated by a screw with 100 threads to
the inch, and is ‘kept to its work’ by a pair of fine spiral
springs, one on each side of the screw. The smaller frame
carries eight webs, three parallel to the screws and five at
right angles to it. This frame is used for adjusting to zero
only, and is therefore movable over a very small range by
means of a short screw of 100 threads to the inch, also
opposed by a strong spiral spring. Three bisecting wires
are used to avoid too great a range of the measuring screw.
The whole micrometer box is movable at right angles to the
optical axis of the telescope by means of a well-made slide,
actuated by ascrew with 60 threads to the inch, opposed by
a strong spiral spring. The eye-piece is made to slide
across the field of view on the micrometer box by means of
a quick four-threaded screw. The measuring screw has an
epicyclical count wheel-head, as well as the divided head
proper, so that whole and parts of revolutions of the screw
are read at once. The slide for the eye-piece, as well as
that for the whole micrometer box, is moved by two
milled screw-heads (the eye-piece one being much the
smallest), situated at the end of the box opposite the micro-
meter screw-heads, and is very convenient for manipula-
tion.
“This instrument can be used as an ordinary micrometer
with a bright field by using the lhght from the central
reflector in the telescope. Itis in the arrangement for dark-
field illumination that the principal novelty exists. The
micrometer box, with sliding stage, is attached to a piece of
tube 4 inches long, terminating in the adapting screw for
attaching to the telescope. At right angles to this tube,
and about 24 inches from the micrometer box, is fixed
another short tube, somewhat smaller, to carry one of Swan’s
24-candle-power incandescent lamps. The leht from this
lamp, rendered parallel by means of a lens, falls on diagonal
mirrors of silvered glass, and is thence reflected toward the
micrometer box, filling an annular space between the outer
tube and a smaller short one to prevent stray light entering
the field of view. The light then passes through four square
apertures at the base of the micrometer slide, two being
parallel with the slides, and two at right angles to them.
The holes communicate with small rectangular boxes, which
conduct the light to four small thin glass mirrors adjusted
to reflect the light exactly in the plane of the wires,
illuminating both systems symmetrically on both sides.
Proceedings, c&c., for 1883. 143
“There is a small arrangement of shutters for closing the
square apertures in the base of the micrometer, and either
pair can be closed at will, so that only one system of wires
are illuminated if desirable when observing extremely faint
objects, or both pairs can be closed if it is desired to use
central illumination and a bright field.
“ As reading the micrometer heads while observing is often
very troublesome, requiring a hand-lamp illumination, and
with many observers a lens also, I have obtained a beam of
light from the electric lamp for this purpose. In the
central stopping of the lamp lens the central half-inch is
cleared away, permitting a beam to pass across the optical
axis into a small tube fixed exactly opposite to the lamp
tube. At the end of this is a prism which reflects the beam
of paraliel rays upon one side of the micrometer heads to a
reflective surface, which illumines the reading part of the
heads, so that with a small reading lens fixed to the
micrometer, a most comfortable and convenient method of
obtaining the micrometer readings is supplied.
“The intensity of the light can be modified by increasing
or diminishing the electric current with a simple rheostat
of German silver wire, controlled by the same small milled-
head screw that is used for diminishing the ordinary lamp
light for central illumination.”
Mr. Ellery stated that this instrument had been made at the
Observatory, and Professor Kernot remarked that it was gratifying
to find that the workshops of the Observatory could turn out such
excellent work.
Mr. Joseph read his paper on the “ Electric Lighting for Mines,”
and exhibited some interesting apparatus used for that purpose.
November 15th, 1883.
Present, the President (in the chair) and 21 members and associates.
A ballot was taken for the election of the following gentlemen,
who were duly elected :—Mr. A, 8. Way, M.A., as member; Mr.
C. T. J. Vautin, as member; Mr. J. D. Ploos van Amstel, as
member; Mr, IF’. Rennick, as member; Mr. Bennett Hull, as
member; Mr. A. T. Danks, as associate ; Mr. Frederick Smith, as
associate; Mr. S. T. Magee, as associate ; and Mr. T, W. Fowler,
as a country member.
The Hon. Librarian reported that he had received 1 volume and
48 parts of scientific works since the last meeting.
144 Proceedings, &c., for 1883.
Mr. Ellery said that the remarkable sunsets which had recently
been seen all over the southern hemisphere were attracting much
attention in the scientific world. The peculiar red glow which
accompanies these sunsets first appeared after the great voleanic
disturbance at the Straits of Sunda, hence the theory has obtained
some currency that this phenomenon is due to extremely fine
particles of volcanic dust ejected by the volcano and held in
suspension in the upper strata of the atmosphere; but it seems
most improbable that such a small volcano should have caused dust,
or particles of any kind, to be diffused over the whole of the
southern hemisphere. The spectroscopic examination of these
sunset glows points strongly to the existence of moisture, in a very
rarified form, scattered through the upper regions of the atmo-
sphere. By the ordinary prismatic action of such a layer of vapour
the peculiar tints witnessed in these phenomena are readily accounted
for.
Mr. Ellery then read a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes of an Interesting
Fact in Connection with the Karly History of the Electric Telegraph.”
He then stated that it was his intention to propose, at the next
meeting of the Society, that Dr. Davy be elected honorary member
of the Society, as a slight recognition of his valuable services in the
discovery of the means of utilising electricity for telegraphic
purposes.
Dr. Davy was not the first patentee of an instrument for the use
of electricity for telegraphic purposes. Messrs. Cooke and Wheat-
stone had obtained their patent in 1837, a year before he took out
his ; but some years previously Dr. Davy had exhibited working
models of his inventions. When Cooke and Wheatstone apphed
for their patent Dr. Davy lodged a caveat. The matter was
referred to Professor Faraday, who decided in favour of Dr. Davy ;
but before the contest was properly ended Dr. Davy was compelled
by private affairs to leave England, and he abandoned his claim,
being deterred by the prospect of expensive litigation. Mr. Ellery
considered that Dr. Davy was the first who practically applied
electricity to telegraph purposes. That he was the first inventor
of the relay, no one who reads the eviderice can doubt.
On the motion of Mr. Blackett, a sub-committee was appointed
to consider the means to be adopted in recognition of Dr. Davy’s
great services to the cause of science, that sub-committee to con-
sist of Mr. 8S. W. M‘Gowan, Mr. J.. Cosmo Newbery, Mr. C. R.
Blackett, Professor Kernot, and Dr. Wilkie.
Mr. Ellery then read his paper on the “ Rainfall Map of Victoria
for-1882—a Contribution to Australian Meteorology.”
Mr. Sutherland then read a paper on “The First Discoverers of
the New Hebrides,” describing the voyages of De Quiros in search
of Terra Australis,
|
Proceedings, &c., for 1883, 145
December 13th, 18838.
Present, the President (in the chair) and 15 members and associates.
A ballot was taken for the election of the following gentlemen,
who were declared duly elected :—Mr. J. L. Morley, as a member ;
Mr. J. Thorne, as an associate; Mr. M. L. Bagge, as an associate.
The Standing Orders were then suspended, and Major Shakespear
' was elected a member, and Mr. Adam G. Shaw, an associate; these
elections taking place without the usual nomination.
Messrs. Joseph and Gilbert were re-elected Auditors for the
ensuing year.
Professor Kernot, as Chairman of the Committee formed to
consider the claims of Dr, Davy, reported that, having consulted all
the leading works on the subject, they were convinced that Dr. Davy
had been instrumental in helping forward the development of the
electric telegraph. At the same time, there were so many beside
Dr. Davy following out the same line of investigation in 1838, that
it was advisable to be cautious in assigning different degrees of
merit to the various workers. ‘The chief point in Dr. Davy’s favour
was that he was the first to form a distinct conception of the relay
system. In view of this they advised that, in the meantime, Dr. Davy
be elected as an honorary member of the Society, and that, in future,
if he felt disposed to put forward any further claim in the matter,
the best assistance of the Society should be rendered him. The
report of the committee was adopted, and Dr, Davy was unanimously
elected an honorary member.
Mr. G. W. Selby, junr., then read his paper on “ Electricity as a
Motive Power on Railways.”
Mr. Behrendt illustrated the economy obtained by electricity as a
motive-power by exhibiting a table of the different amount of work
obtained for a given sum by the use of electricity and of steam.
Professor Kernot said that an ordinary locomotive weighed about
forty tons, which made a great addition to the weight of a train,
causing excessive wear and tear on the rails, necessitating the
building of expensive bridges, and many other causes of expense in
railways ; these could all be avoided by the use of electricity. The
number of men required on an electric railway was smaller than that
required on a railway of the ordinary kind; still Professor Kernot
did not think that electricity could be used for railways except in
large cities.
Professor Kernot then read his paper on “Gas as a Motive
Power.”
Dr. MacGillivray’s paper on “ New, or Tittle Known, Polyzoa,”
Part VI., was laid on the table.
Mr. Ellery said that he had received many interesting letters on
the subject of the recent red sunsets. He read an extract from one
146 Proceedings, &¢., for 1883.
by Mr. Bosisto, who said that, about 700 miles from the Straits of
Sunda, the vessel on which he was a passenger passed through a
floating mass of pumice dust and ashes, with an occasional charred
tree; similar circumstances had been reported by several ships. Mr.
Ellery said that a very unusual state of the upper atmosphere seemed
to exist in the northern as well as the southern hemisphere, for
news had been received that in India the sun seemed green at setting.
Mr. Norman Lockyer was said to have stated that these peculiar
sunsets were due to the volcanic eruption at the Straits of Sunda ;
but Mr. Ellery considered that that explanation would not account
for the facts. It would be strange if a volcano could alter the
atmosphere all over the world. He believed that these sunsets were
due principally to the presence of unusual quantities of vepout in
the upper atmosphere.
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PROCEEDINGS |
OF THE
oval Society of Victoria.
VOR; XX.
Edited under the Authority of the Council of the Society.
‘
ISSUED MAY 380th, 1884.
RHE AUTHORS OF THE SHVERAL PAPERS ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SOUNDNESS OF THE
OPINIONS GIVEN AND FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN.
MELBOURNE:
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AGENTS TO THE SOCIETY.
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