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AS shovel Lee ecg taan t Hah tere o PD tet eee sated quad Hep ' ’ TE ee Wee oe Hv embeledy FY (eer Und Mew anyeeds ae Wag ort fos ania iatanb coh Wl deh ey add aa ie arta tady are att 4s) eg 0H wh ; bud obeM as Oe Oe eee ee ee ee Oe er 2 ana PA idae th eh Gah ad Saarday ef tac ibe a ‘ few bot tbe thw jet r * fe af YOU E Mt Gaganetay KenMahersasal . ‘ ‘ ’ ‘ H eee ee VEE p bay Leer habe } F i af 1 cop hes ib tha yoo Ar Woah pila Joaneatig ad He Wey i : , ‘ 4 “4 use cy i - pels HM op) 0 ane " Net WAaHA A f o.n ie rates via "y yi ‘ iM " 1 U i ” ro UF ' ate ered 4 * hyd anges ! ‘ ies Secor ud oti |i deat vaiianseveegiaed Sidhe Bound \Q42e, HARVARD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY Eames AL < —a 7 ; hi) sy -_ ¢ Wd i a c a ‘ ? y . J Ay ‘ge ; % os = TRANSACTIONS PROCEEDINGS OF THE Ropal Society of Victoria, VOL. RATER Edited under the Authority of the Council of the Society. ISSUED 20th APRIL, 1887, THE AUTHORS OF THE SEVERAL PAPERS ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SOUNDNESS OF THE OPINIONS GIVEN AND FOR THE ACCURACY OF THE STATEMENTS MADE THEREIN. MELBOURNE : CACO) EE Te '& OM os) } . = pat! (+) 3 tft + +++ t+ +43) H+eptt ete tee tt == S — ; é \ : t+tettt tt} [phe eben t tet H+ HFS : Ze N ( y < +t++t+ tot VP HHH LHe ee tee ee tHe sail \\\\ ce | \ | + +¢ttetet hrttrette ttt IWS \\ : S ) RSS SS \ \ q Rye t++ttttty HEE Ht EH Ete tty | t+Hetete ttt ay Mine “Roronung) On Lnghtning Conductors. 117 first see existing faults rectified, and then at intervals of, say, not more than three years, examine and test every conductor. In conclusion, I would quote the following words from the report of the conference: “There is no authentic case on record where a properly constructed conductor failed to do its duty.” The subjoined diagrams illustrate the conductors at the Melbourne University. These are very much superior to many in use elsewhere; nevertheless they would all be condemned under the Code of Rules, and the newer type is distinctly inferior to those used on the oldest part of the building. Old Conductors—Half-inch iron rod ; area, ‘196 square inch; joints every twenty feet ; screw couplings. New Conductors—lIron, covered with very thin copper; three contact joints every twelve feet; area, about ‘15 square inch, of which about one-sixth is copper. ART. XI.—On the Official Reports of the Tarawera Out- break, with Objections to some of the Conclusions drawn by the Government Geologist, Dr. Hector. By G. 8. Grirrirus, Esq. [Read 9th September, 1886.] In reading the official report of this outbreak, it will be noticed that Dr. Hector describes his chief object in visiting the scene of activity as being “to ascertain the exact locality, nature, and extent of the outbreak, and its probable con- sequences to the district.” 118 The Tarawera Outbreak. The views that he formed after he had examined the district are summed up by him as follows:—He concludes that the eruption was (1) a purely hydrothermal phenomenon; (2) that it was not of deep-seated origin; (3) that it was a quite local movement; and he also tells us that the great fissure was the most characteristic feature of the outbreak. What I propose to do is to discuss Dr. Hector’s views as to the nature of the eruption as far as the facts disclosed in these two reports will enable us to do so. We will, in the first place, consider the statement that it was a purely hydrothermal phenomenon. Now, what is a purely hydrothermal phenomenon ? . Must a phenomenon, to be termed purely hydrothermal, have heated water, and nothing else, as its cause, and also heated water, and nothing else, as its effect? If so, then hot springs and geysers alone are purely hydrothermal pheno- mena, and Dr. Hector’s meaning must be that Tarawera was merely a geyser. But it is certain that Dr. Hector might mean to describe a phenomenon of which the sole cause was heated water, although the visible effects included the emission of many kinds of matter besides steam and water. Such a pheno- menon would be a volcano, and if I accepted Dr. Hector’s words in this sense, then his meaning would be that the sole cause of the Tarawera outbreak was the action of heated water. But such a statement would be the merest truism, and therefore it is unlikely that he would make the assertion. Consequently, it will be necessary to weigh the language of the context to enable us to decide whether he means to say that Tarawera was a mere geyser, or that the Tarawera volcano was actuated purely by steam. Thus he tells us that it was a hydrothermal phenomenon, but upon “a gigantic scale.” Now, if it were a geyser erup- tion, 1t certainly was one upon a gigantic scale; but if it were a volcano, its scale was not at all gigantic, but very ordinary. Therefore, from the use of this adjective we would infer that he is describing a geyser. Again, he states that the outbreak was “not deep-seated.” This raises the question as to whether volcanoes are ever superficial in their origin. I shall discuss this point further on, and at this stage I will only say that such a statement confirms the impression already made on my mind that a geyser, and not a volcano, is conceived of by the author of the report. The Tarawera Outbreak. 119 The use of these qualifying words in relation to the scale and to the origin of the eruption decides me that Dr. Hector, when he used the phrase “a purely hydrothermal pheno- menon, meant to assert that Tarawera is a geyser, and not a volcano. Now, what is the difference between a volcano and a geyser? ‘They are alike as to their causes. Both of these forms of activity are due to the same agent. Hach is a natural steam-engine. Hach requires to have water in its chambers before it can operate, and without water can no more act than can a locomotive with a dry boiler. But if they agree in their motive-power, they differ greatly in the mode in which they eject solid matters; and they differ even more widely in the nature of the material ejected. Geysers emit usually only water and steam, but occasion- ally they eject stones. Such stones are, however, always of superficial origin; they are rocks which have been torn out of the vent by the steam blast; they are derived from its throat, and not from its stomach. The ejectamenta of a vol- cano are, on the contrary, drawn mainly from its stomach— that is, they are principally of plutonic origin. Only a small proportion of the output is derived from the throat, and this part is ejected chiefly at the beginning of the outbreak, while the fissure is forming, or when the plug is being blown out. Therefore, the first difference between a geyser and a volcano is that the former ejects only steam and the materials of the neck, whereas voleanoes vomit the contents of their deep-seated reservoirs as well as the contents of their vents, The second difference between them is a direct consequence of the first. While the solid ejecta of geysers is unfused country rock, and never consists of lava, scoria, or ash, volcanoes eject all these materials, and the country rock from the neck is, as often as not, more or less fused. Consequently, we should be able to decide as to whether Tarawera is a volcano or whether it is a mere geyser, as Dr. Hector contends, by an examination of its ejectamenta. Both Dr. Hector and Mr. Perey Smith describe the materials erupted by Tarawera, and they tell us that 1800 square miles of country have been buried more or less deeply under sand, ash, and tuff, mingled with fragments of old trachytic lava, the latter being the country rock drilled out of the vent. | 120 The Tarawera Outbreak. Dr. Hector also presents to us an analysis of the dust from Tarawera, and it is constituted as follows :— Obsidian Ash from Tarawera. Obsidian. cue: Diorite or Syenite. (Dr. Hector’s report.) ie Si. ... 5937 60to0 80 59°75 544059 59°83 Iron toxides) 64.....el0atS i013) to.7 T5T 10 to We 708 Al. eee L962 MS8it019 17:25 Vl Chto TL Sm anGse Manganese ... traces — — — — Ca. Pe Ores Li 6 6 to 7 ees Mag. me eee Y 0:6 130 = «6 2°61 Phos. acid ... traces — — — — Water A Hint ADT — 1:0 — 1:29 Soluble salts ... traces — — = — Organic matter ‘99 — = — — Alkalies wat pth Dee 9-2 710 === 9-18 Now, we are sufficiently well-acquainted with the nature of volcanoes to be able to say that an obsidian ash of the composition given above has been derived from that variety of lava which has been named andesite, and that andesitic lava in its turn has been derived from a reservoir of molten diorite. I therefore give the elements of these rocks side by side with those of the ash, so that you may see at a glance their elementary kinship.* These three forms of the same substance (obsidian, andesite, and diorite) result entirely from their elements cooling under different con- ditions; but their fundamental agreement is disclosed in their identical composition. This volcanic dust consists of a mass of broken glass bubbles and spicule, which could not have been derived from the throat of a geyser, for it has required for its elaboration conditions available only at great depths. If Tarawera has ejected an ash which must have been elaborated at great depths, then we must admit that it must have a deep-seated origin; but we have already noted that Dr. Hector denies this. He declares that its origin is not deep-seated, but he neither tells us what he * The relationship of the various plutonic rocks to the voleanic forms is stated thus by Professor Judd :— Granitic Forms. Lava Forms. Glassy Form. Acid ... Granite ee Rhyolite vat Obsidian Syenite Aas Trachyte ie Do. Intermediate 4 Diorite ah Andesite Be Do. Miascite ae Phonolite “ Do. Basie .. Gabbro ae Basalt as Tachylyte The Tarawera Outbreak. 12h believes to be its absolute depth or what he would call deep or shallow. This phrase of his, then, as descriptive of position, is of vague and ‘uncertain meaning, for depth is relative and ideas differ. The depth that would be great for a shaft would be shallow for a volcano, and, compared with the globe-bulk, the greatest sea-depth is superficial. _Now, it is impossible for any one to prove, in absolute measure, what the position of the focus is; but I think I _ have shown that its depth must be that of a reservoir capable of holding for a long period molten diorite mixed with water at a white heat. Therefore, it seems to me that Dr. Hector can establish his contention of a shallow origin for Tarawera only by showing us that diorite can be elaborated under a crust which, judging by an analogy, is too thin to afford it either great pressure or a hermetic cover, and within a furnace the wall of which is not thick enough to retain the heat required to fuse its materials.+ Taking into consideration the plutonic nature of the ejected materials, therefore, I am unable to accept Dr. Hector’s conclusion that Tarawera is a geyser eruption. _ But when we have decided in our own minds that it is a voleano and not a geyser, there is still room left for further inquiry into its nature,as volcanoes are of several types, distinguished from each other by important differences, For instance, Dr. Hector does not notice in his report what appears to me to constitute the essence of the nature of this eruption—namely, that it is a fissure eruption and not a crater eruption. Certainly, he points to the fissure, and terms it “the most remarkable and characteristic feature of the late eruption;’ but while he recognises the greatness of the feature as a part of the landscape, he does not say a word to indicate that he recognises the real importance of the fissure to rest upon the fact that it supplies the key which explains a great enigma in the mechanics of Tarawera, which otherwise would puzzle us. This enigma may be stated as follows:—The Tarawera vent was charged with lava; the vent was so low in posi- tion that it was level with the lake; the lava was charged with an abundance of interstitial steam, and yet no lava was erupted. Why, then, with all these favourable condi- tions present, was there no emission ? { Judd estimates that the Granites have consolidated under the pressure of depths varying between 30,000 feet and 80,000 feet. Volcanoes, p. 253. ‘ 4929 The Tarawera Outbreak. We can understand why Cotopaxi erupts rarely, because we know that the lip of its crater is placed more than 19,000 feet above the level of its reservoir, and we allow for the enormous resistance which must be overcome before the column of lava can be forced up to the top of so lofty a chimney. But at Tarawera there was no chimney—the vent was an open chasm in the valley floor. Again, we can understand a volcano in the Solfatara stage not erupting, for when in that stage the water has run short, or the fires have got low. But here steam was present in such abundance as to lead Dr. Hector to describe the affair as “a purely hydrothermal phenomenon.” And, again, we could understand it if, with an abundance of steam and with an easy exit, there was no lava present. But we know that there was an ample supply here, because every uprush of steam loaded the air with obsidian, which is the froth of bubbling lava. Why, then, I repeat, was no lava erupted at ‘Tarawera ? To make the explanation clear, let us remember our former simile. I said that a voleano was a natural steam-engine. Now, a steam-engine will not work well, will not generate a high horse-power, however well supplied with water and fire, if its boiler have a leak ; and if the leak be a large one, it will wholly disable the engine, so that its steam, instead of being utilised, will escape idly in great white clouds, and with a prodigious roar. Such, then, exactly represents the course of events at Tarawera. The subterranean steam burst through the crust that confined it. The crust had no weak spot in it, such as the small circular plug which is blown out of the vent when Vesuvius, Etna, Hecla, or Tongariro erupt. It had, therefore, to break through a sound crust, and it did so with a long rent. Where there is an ordinary crater-vent, such as these volcanoes named have, its size just suffices to give gradual relief to the high-tension vapour imprisoned below, but it is not large enough to permit of a free escape. Consequently, the interstitial steam has a struggle to reach the vent. It expands as it reaches the region of lessening pressure, and the expanding bubbles, as they hurry through the passages, crowd before them a great volume of liquid aérated lava, which thus boils over the lip in exactly the same way that water or milk will do. But the Tarawera vent was not a circular crater of limited size, but a fissure eight or nine miles long, and, in places, one mile wide. Such a vast The Tarawera Outbreak. 123 chasm has an effect which corresponds to that of the leak in the locomotive boiler, or to that of the rupture of an aneurism in some great artery. It provides the lava with such an extent of free surface that its steam escaped without effective effort—that is, without accumulating anywhere hydrostatic pressure enough to lift the lava over the lip. Thus the pumping-up power is lost, and only lava bubbles escape, and these, saturated with high-tension steam, explode into dust at the moment of complete relief. It will be seen, therefore, that the size of the rupture fully accounts for the absence of a lava flow, and is the key to the character of the outbreak. Tarawera will become notable because it is an example of the comparatively rare fissure-type of eruption, instead of being one of the familiar cone-and-crater type. It is now believed that every volcano has commenced as a fissure. ‘The fissure is sealed up when the first great steam escape has ceased, excepting at one or two points where small cones form and let off the residue, and then become plugged up in their turn. In time steam accumulates again, and ultimately a second phase of eruptivity commences. In this revival of activity the fissure does not reopen, but only the cones, which this time erupt lava and ash, and grow rapidly in size, so that in time the old fissure is buried under either a chain of small craters or under one large volcano. Whether or no such a development as this is to be the sequel of Tarawera only the future can tell us. The meteorological conditions which accompanied the eruption are hardly referred to in the official reports. From other sources we gather the interesting fact that it occurred at a time when an area of barometrical depression passed over that end of New Zealand. Mr. Cheeseman, the Government Meteorologist, states that at 4 am. on June 9th the barometer stood at 30°27, but that it then fell until it touched 29:94, or a drop of one-third of an inch, at which it stood until 4 am. of the 10th, the morning of the out- break, when it began to rise again. Unfortunately, we have no barometrical readings from the immediate neighbourhood of the disturbance, but the New Zealand papers give a singular story, which points to a heavy fall at Wairoa. It is stated that during the bitterly cold morning when the eruption was at its climax, some of M‘Rae’s party lit a fire to make a drink of cocoa, but that at the end of three-quarters of an hour, and although the water 124 The Tarawera Outbreak. in the billy bubbled, it never became heated nearly up to the ordinary boiling point, and the men, struck with the strange- ness of the phenomenon, concluded that it was an “uncanny” omen, and so abruptly abandoned their task. ; If this story has a substratum of truth—as it well may have—it would indicate an excessive barometrical fall over Wairoa during the eruption. Such a fall might have been due to the enormous volume of superheated steam and gas which was projected into the atmosphere, and which, accu- mulating round and banking up over the vent, as a dome- shaped cloud, would give to the several planes of pressure enveloping it, a sharp, short, qué-qua-versal dip, down which the cold and dense, and therefore heavier strata of superincumbent air, would quickly slide away to every point of the compass, piling up at the bottom of the slope, as an atmospheric talus, and so forming a peripheral ring of higher pressure round the volcano, but at a little distance from it. The displacement of such a volume of heavy air by an equal volume of attenuated air would register itself at the earth’s surface below it in a fall of mercury, and it would lower the boiling point of water for every altitude within the same area. Thus it would render the newspaper story quite possible. Again, it is well to remember that the abrupt creation of such a disposition of the atmosphere would account for the tornado blast which played such havoc near the volcanoes during the second phase of the eruption. For, over the fissure, the ascending vapours must have operated as an atmospheric chimney, and this would create a powerful indraught of low-level air, and the enclosing ring of high- pressure—that is, the atmospheric talus before suggested— would, if it existed, increase the indraught. It would be very interesting to learn all the wind movements which occurred that morning round the vol- canoes. The official reports give the changes at Wairoa and Rotorua only; but these two places are situated in the same quadrant of a cyclone centred over Tarawera, and the absence of settlement in the surrounding region will render it almost impossible to get the information desired. Still, we ought to get some information as to the direction taken by the great tornado from the bearings of the fallen trees, and some more general information from the distribu- tion of the ejecta. The Tarawera Outbreak. 125 These official reports mention the levelling of the forests by the storm, but they do not say whether any attempt to use the tree-trunks as anemographs has been or will be made. The distribution of the volcanic deposits is well shown on Dr. Hector’s map. The mud lies in astraight, broad track, the axis of which bears about one point west of north. This should indicate the prevalence of a steady wind from the south or near by. Yet the people at Rotorua state that the wind there was first from the south-east, and that it then blew with great violence from the south-west. If the south-westerly direc- tion of the wind had prevailed generally, it would have carried the falling mud away to the north-east of the volcano, which it certainly did not do according to Dr. Hector’s plan. It appears to me that the mud distribution is more con- sistent with the theory of a local indraught, and that the wind direction at Rotorua was a purely local phenomenon. The sand, again, is distributed over a differently-shaped and a differently-placed area. Instead of having a long band we have an oval. It has fallen far to the eastward of the mud track, and also some miles to the south of the vents. From the latter circumstance it is clear that over this part of the area, during some part of the time, or at some altitude, a wind must have blown from the quarter exactly opposite to that of the wind which spread the mud. The grey ash is distributed over an oval also, but the oval is a much larger one. The discrepancies between the tracks of the several dust- clouds and between these and the recorded winds may be susceptible of the following explanation:—It may be that at the earth’s surface a broad zone of southerly wind pre- vailed, within which a small cyclone raged round the volcanoes, like an eddy in a wide river. The main stream may have carried along the heavy mud, and so have pre- served toit the straightness of direction which is so marked a feature of its distribution. The dust, which was carried at once into the higher regions, escaped the wetting which made mud of that which remained within the plane of the southerly wind, and being light, because dry, it was easily whirled about to different points by the different winds, or by the gyratory movement which was prevailing above. 126 The Tarawera Outbreak. The Argus reporter has described how a spectator at Roto- rua saw a black dust-cloud driving, apparently, dead to wind- ward, and in the teeth of a south-west gale which was then racing at that place. This appearance is what would be. expected if the lower winds over a limited area were approaching an inverted vortex, and the upper winds, laden with ash, were sliding outwards and downwards, and distri- buting their loading all around, after the manner of a gigantic Jupiter. The last point to which I desire to allude briefly is the relation of the time of the occurrence of this eruption to those periods of maximum frequency of earth disturbances which some physicists have deduced. It has been noted that in this hemisphere the several periods of earthquake maxima occur in the winter season, in the month of June, during the night time, and between midnight and half-past two a.m. It is not necessary for me to do more than point out that the Tarawera eruption occurred at ten minutes past two in the night time, during the month of June, and in the winter season. G. 8. GRIFFITHS. Art. XIIl—WNotes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. By A. W. Howitt, F.G:S. (ReaD 14TH OctoBER, 1886.) INTRODUCTION. In a former paper on the geology of the Ensay district* I gave a short section extending westwards from the range on the eastern side of the Tambarra River to Mount Bald- head. If that section had been extended still further to the west it would have shown a tract of lower paleozoic rocks between Mount Baldhead and the range separating the waters of the Wentworth and Dargo rivers; thence an extended tract of intrusive quartz-diorites toa little west of the Mitchell River, and finally Silurian rocks to where, at Castle Hill, they are overlaid at a low angle by Upper Devonian formations. The sketch-section, Plate IIL, ap- pended to these notes, gives the part between the eastern watershed of the Dargo River and Castle Hill. A little to the south of the above-mentioned line of section, but parallel with its general course, there is a second out- crop of intrusive granitic rocks, which extend westwards to a point about south of Castle Hill. To the northward of these intrusive areas, which form an almost continuous series from the valley of the Tambo River, there is an unbroken stretch to beyond the Great Dividing Range of the Silurian formations, where the intrusive rock masses again are met with, rising in Mount Buffalo to the height of over 5600 feet above sea-level. To the southward of the line of section referred to the lower paleozoic sediments extend beyond Tabberabera, where they are overlaid by the Upper Devonian rocks, and again reappearing at Boggy Creek, are there seen to have been broken through by enormous masses of porphyritic granitic rocks, the denuded summits of which *« The Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Igneous Rocks of Ensay.” Royal Society of Victoria. Read November 12th, 1885. 128 Notes on the Area of Intrusiwe Rocks at Dargo. —Mount Alfred, Mount Lookout, and Mount Taylor—are capped by Upper Devonian conglomerates and grits. These notes refer to part of the Dargo intrusive area. It is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Dargo River, which flows through it in a southerly direction for about © six miles. The east and west extent of the area is about twelve miles. It is a comparatively low tract of hills, with smoother outlines than those of the Silurian formations which surround it, and which on the north side rise to a height of over 3000 feet. As in other tracts of similar igneous rocks, the soil is better, and consequently the herbage finer and more fattening than that growing on the surrounding hills. It is to the western part of the Dargo area that these notes especially relate. DESCRIPTION AND EXAMINATION OF THE ROCKS. No fossils have been discovered in the sedimentary rocks of this district, but there can be little doubt that they are of lower paleozoic age, and most likely Lower Silurian. The least altered examples which I have found are at Waterford, where the road to Dargo crosses the Mitchell River, and, as is elsewhere the case with this formation, the beds are alternations of quartzose sandstones, and argillaceous, somewhat slaty beds tilted at high angles. I selected two samples as being typical, and now describe them :— 1. Argillite—This rock is very fine-grained in texture, and of a greyish colour, inclining to a green tint, especially on a cross fracture. It has been affected by slaty cleavage, which coincides nearly with the planes of deposit. It is faintly wrinkled and slightly shining, on the cleavage planes, with spots and strings of hematite, which lie between the latter. With the pocket-lens very numerous but minute scales of a silvery mica can be made out. Thin slices of this rock under the microscope are found to be composed mainly of a colourless mineral in minute flakes, which are mostly arranged parallel with the cleavage. Since the thin slices of this fragile rock can be only prepared (according to my experience) from cleavage pieces, it follows that the plates of the above-mentioned mineral are parallel to the slice. When rotated between crossed nicols the spaces filled by this mineral, even when several plates are Notes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. 129 over each other, appear to remain permanently obscured ; and even when further examined by the delicate tints of a quartz-plate, I could not detect any apparent change. In this ground-mass are numerous sections of minute crystals of a colourless mica, some of which are clearly foliated, and, being lath-shaped, are sections parallel to the main axis of the crystal. These latter sections polarise with a little colour, and are, I think, referable to an alkali mica, as are also the silvery micaceous scales, which can be made out on the cleavages by the pocket-lens. In addition to these, there are very numerous small granules and irregularly bounded plates of iron ore, which become translucent with yellowish to reddish tints. In places they coalesce into masses, and are then opaque. Some of these are probably hydrated iron ores, but most are referable to the hematite, which can be made out in the hand specimens. Finally, there are numerous scattered dots and larger flakes of an opaque black material—eraphite. No grains of quartz are determinable. In order to gain some information as to these various. minerals, I treated the thin slice with concentrated hydrochloric acid, with occasional warming. The only effect observable was the slow solution of the iron ores, the other minerals not being appreciably affected. As the fragile nature of the thin slices did not admit of igniting them upon platinum ioil, I had recourse to the less satisfactory pro- ceeding of testing the powdered rock. A portion of this treated with hot hydrochloric acid for some time was rapidly acted upon, the acid being strongly und characteristically coloured by iron. The solution, examined qualitatively, proved to contain much iron and magnesia and a little potassa. The residue was partly flocculent and partly a blackish powder. The former being got rid of by careful decantation, the latter was dried, and strongly ignited upon platinum foil, and rapidly lost its black colour, and on cooling was of a greyish white. When wetted with a little water I found it to be largely composed of minute scales ofa silvery mica. The inference may there- fore be drawn that this rock is composed of a magnesian silicate, having a micaceous structure, and apparently optically uniaxial; a mineral resembling muscovite, hema- tite, and probably also limonite, and finally graphite. I also made a quantitative analysis of this rock, the results of which I subjoin :— K 130 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. ING) 1 — aia TiO, ee a ae “49 51.0, JMS AM me 51°33 INR OR ee ay Mo 25°69 He FORE ON. ss as 4°80 Fe.O ss ae a 1:07 Ca.O be, A, ah) TN) Me.O se dhe bet 2°72 K,O A, yt) dhe 6°13 Na.,O 1 a th v7ET HO Aes) aa eh, 6'73* 99:98 Moisture a: id 1:53 Spears eee i ibe 2°686 In the absence of more knowledge of the nature of the minerals which form this rock, any attempt to calculate out the percentages would be purely hypothetical, and the con- stituent minerals are so minute that their isolation seems more than difficult. All that can be said from the examina- tion which I have detailed is that the rock appears to be composed almost altogether of two minerals, one of which is probably a potassa-mica, and the other may belong to the chlorite group. The rock seems to be an example of those paleozoic sediments which, as I mentioned in a former paper, have undergone only the preliminary stage of meta- morphism. 2. Sandstone.—The second example represents the sand- stones of the locality. It is grey in colour, and very much indurated. Traces of the bedding remain where small argillaceous fragments are imbedded in the same plane. Under the microscope I found a thin slice of this rock to be composed of angular grains of quartz in large amount, angular fragments of felspar, mostly orthoclase, of the character of that found in granitic rocks, others of micro- cline, finally a few fragments of triclinic felspars, either oligo- clase or albite. The interstitial material is plentiful, and has been converted into mica, which is mostly in aggregates of minute scales, but with a few larger flakes, which have all the appearance of muscovite. * Including graphite, Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 131 This rock is far more altered than the argillite, and strongly resembles some samples of “Grauwacke.’ The argillaceous paste has been entirely converted into mica, and the rock, as a whole, greatly silicified. The silicification of the sandstones in a greater degree than the argillaceous beds flanking them I have frequently observed. In the meta- morphism of the strata which converts their argillaceous paste into definitely crystallised minerals, and especially where mica is the result, silica is eliminated and again redeposited in a crystallised condition, either in the form of strings or veins, or else in the beds themselves as secondary quartz surrounding original crystalline grains in the beds. Under these conditions, it seems to me that the silica has been deposited in the quartzose beds rather than in those which were purely argillaceous. But it must be distinguished between such cases as these and the general silicification which has, in East Gippsland, for example at Jingallala, affected all the strata. I have figured in Plate IL, fig. 4, an instance of the silicification of certain quartzose beds, which I have observed at Stringer’s Creek, as illustrating my above remarks. On proceeding from Waterford along the Dargo Road the transition to hornfels rock is complete within about a mile’s distance. A similar change occurs in going southwards towards Castleburn, at about the same distance, or a little over. In following up the Mitchell River from Waterford the contact zone of rock is found at no great distance on the west side, and it is therefore evident that the argillites at Waterford are of local occurrence only, and are probably an easterly tongue of the less altered Silurian rocks from the extension of those rocks to the west. I collected a set of rocks in this district to illustrate various degrees of alteration between the argillites and hornfels. The best series can be found on the road leading from Dargo to Grant. (1.) This sample represents the argillites of the district, and was collected near Sippery Pinch, about three miles from the contact. It is slightly slaty in structure, and of a yellowish colour, due to infiltration of iron oxide. Under the microscope it is seen to be composed mainly of some chloritic mineral in small flakes, which are mostly twisted, and which, when seen on edge, have the appearance of stout fibres. The whole mass is stained by iron ochre. In the mass are a few flakes both of colourless alkali-mica and of biotite, as well as clastic grains of quartz. K 2 132 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. (2.) This sample was obtained somewhat nearer to the contact than sample No.1. Itis grey in colour,and the planes of separation show small spots of slightly different tint, which are still clearer on weathered surfaces. A thin slice is found when examined under the microscope to be made up of a completely felted mass of minute flakes of colourless mica, with rather larger scattered flakes of brown mica. There are also a few scattered flakes of what appears to be eraphite. The “spots” are lighter in colour than the rest of the rock, of much the same composition, but with less brown micaand graphite. There are no quartz grains. (3.) This sample was collected still nearer to the contact, and about midway betweenit and sample No.1. Its micro- scopic appearance resembles that of No. 2, but with a less fine texture. Under the microscope the structure is asin that sample, but the plates of mica are larger. The next samples, at about a quarter of a mile from the contact, were schistose hornfels. The changes which I have noted are very much those which have been observed and recorded elsewhere in rocks of the same class. There isa gradual and more complete conversion of the argillaceous material of the rocks into mica, and as the hornfels is approached, an increase of silica, together with a final complete recrystallisation of the rock. The hornfels rocks of this locality differ but little from those which I have described from other places and in former papers. The least altered rocks are those in which the outward general appearance of the sedimentary bed is still retained. In the most altered examples the bedding is almost obliterated, and is only clearly recognisable when the rocks are looked at in mass én situ. A very common type of hornfels is plentiful in Orr’s Gully. A close-grained, crystalline, dark blue, or purple, or almost black rock, which in the stream-beds, where the rocks have been laid bare, can be seen to be distinctly bedded. I selected several samples which seemed to me to be most characteristic. The first examined was a highly crystalline rock of adark greyish black colour, and breaking with an irregular fracture. In a thin slice I observed it to have a peculiar and beautiful structure, and one which I have also found in other hornfels rocks in parts of the Dargo area. The original structure has been completely obliterated. If it contained any clastic quartz grains in its unaltered state, such are not Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 183 now recognisable. The ground-mass of the rock is composed of innumerable minute interlocking grains of quartz, which are so arranged that a number of them are so nearly optically the same that they become obscure almost at the same time when rotated between crossed nicols. These areas have in places a rounded or elliptical shape, suggesting that each may represent an original crystallisation after- wards broken into fragments, or perhaps more correctly, separated by irregular flaws. The slice thus appears com- posed of adjoining dark and light areas, which alternate on rotation. In this quartzose mass are innumerable flakes and rounded plates of two micas, rounded grains and crystals of magnetite, which are all aggregated more in some places than in others. Subjoined is a quantitative analysis of this rock :-— No. 2.—HORNFELS. FS. 15 TiO, 17 Oe 62°28 AO 20-16 Fe.,O, 53 Fe.O 3°84 Ca.O 82 Meg.O 2°54 K,O 6-40 Na.,O 1:29 H,O 1:86 100:04 Moisture ve ye he 00 oa oe 2 an 2°7 44 This sample was selected as apparently representing one of the least originally quartzose sediments. If this is the case, it shows in a marked manner the increase of silica, which I have before referred to, and one may also observe that, as is the case generally in these metamorphic rocks, the amount of combined water is lessened in the process of recrystallisation, together with a total removal of any carbonaceous material. I found that still greater changes had been brought about in the sediments immediately adjoining the contact. A good 134 Notes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. example was laid open in a shaft which had been sunk upon a small auriferous quartz vein at the Perseverance mine in Orr’s Gully. The contact plane at this place is nearly horizontal, and crosses the shaft about 20 feet from the surface. The beds nearest to the intrusive rock have assumed an extreme form, being almost crystalline granular, and distantly resembling the igneous rocks in appearance. A sample from this place is spotted in places with small oval patches of a yellowish tint, and which, when examined by the lens, have a crystalline-granular structure and a “granitic” appearance, being formed of felspar, mica, and quartz, showing the influence of the adjoining intrusive rocks. Examined in a thin slice, it proves to be crystalline- granular, and to be composed of—(a) Very angular or even cavernous felspars, most of which are orthoclase, the triclinic felspars being both few in number and small in size; (6) numerous angular grains and clusters of grains of quartz; (c) ragged flakes and crystals of brown mica, which is in parts much bleached in colour, scarcely pleochroic, and having the iron eliminated as crystals of secondary magnetite. This mica is one of the first formed of the minerals, as it is included both in the felspars and in the quartz. (d) Very fibrous masses of yellow or colourless alkali mica or agegre- gations of flakes, or plumose or stellate groups of the same, with a few larger isolated plates. This mica seems to be a late-formed mineral, and may in part bea secondary product of alteration. There is also some magnetite, which may be original, This sample shows the peculiar metamorphic action upon sediments immediately adjoming the contact, not only in the complete recrystallisation of the materials of the sediment, but also in the generation of felspars, which are not to be found in the hornfels rocks at a distance. The changes which can be traced out in proceeding from the normal sediments at the outside of the metamorphic zone towards the intrusive rock masses are mainly the conversion of the argillaceous material of the former into mica of two kinds, in the general silicification of the altered rocks, and finally, near to the contact, the complete molecular recrystallisation of the sediments with the production of felspars in those beds which are at touch with the invasive rocks. } It may be inferred that not only has there been an elimi- nation of free silica during the alteration of the sediments, Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 135 but that there may have been also an accession of it from elsewhere, and also that in the neighbourhood of the intrusive rocks there may have been to some extent an impregnation by them of the metamorphosed beds with portions of their own materials. In addition to the heat due to the proximity of the plutonic rocks, to the pressure due to the depth below the earth’s surface at which this contact action took place, to the action of the mineralised waters included in the sedi- ments, and of the additional water set free during their molecular alteration, account must be taken of the effect of vast mechanical stresses and movements to which the strata bear witness. The normal strike of the Silurian strata of the district may be taken as about N. 30 degs. to 40 degs. W. At Dargo, for instance at Orr’s Creek, I have found the strike of the metamorphosed strata east and west. Itis not an isolated case, but occurs in other places—for instance, at Swift's Creek, on a large scale—and it seems probable that this extensive diversion of the strata has been due to the violent forcing of the igneous masses when in a plastic condition into the opening sedimentary beds during eleva- tion of the earth’s crust. THE INTRUSIVE ROCKS. Aplites.—I have found it necessary to use the word aplite for a certain class of intrusive dykes and veins which I have found in places at or near to the contact, and which are very near in character to certain dykes and masses of igneous rock at Ensay and Omeo, to which I have applied that name. The word aplite is, however, not quite satisfactory if it is restricted to rocks coming under the definition “Muscovite Granites.” Although in the cases to which I now refer the generality have muscovite mica in small amount, there are some which have traces also of biotite, or a small amount of biotite only. However, with this proviso I use the term aplite in this paper.* Where the contacts can be examined, as at Orr’s Creek, dykes and veins are found to cross them at various angles. They have all the main characteristics of aplite—namely, that they. are crystalline-granular compounds of felspars and *See Rosenbusch Physiographie der Massigen Gesteine, p. 19; also Die Steiger Schiefer, p. 277. 136 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. quartz, with a very small amount of mica, which in most cases appears to be muscovite. In places this alkali-mica is replaced by a brown mica, apparently biotite. Such an example I examined from a vein which crosses the contact near the saddle where the road crosses over to Dargo. A hand specimen is pale buff in tint, fine-grained, and shows small crystalline cleavage planes of felspar and grains of quartz, with very small and rare dark brown flakes of mica. This general view is borne out by a microscopic examina- tion. The felspars are for the most part orthoclase in irregularly formed crystals, with a few better crystallised plagioclase crystals. A few small flakes of brown mica scattered about among the grains of quartz complete the compound. The cavernous and broken felspars point to alternations of temperature, affecting the partially crystallised magma, and also to the disturbed conditions under which the dykes were forced into opening but resisting sediments. Another sample which I collected near the same place and examined under the microscope showed me orthoclase felspars, intergrown with quartz, after the “graphic” manner of structure. There were also triclinic felspars, much eroded externally. Grains of quartz filled in the interspaces, and a few small flakes of brown mica completed in this instance also the compound. In this rock the signs of violence are also clearly to be made out. The felspars have been much broken, and the fragments can be seen jammed into interspaces, thus showing that the rock had been in movement shortly before it had completely consolidated. A third example from a dyke-like vein in Orr’s Gully is a light-coloured and crystalline-granular rock, in which numerous shining cleavage planes of felspar can be seen; with quartz, and very minute and rare plates of black mica. As seen under the microscope, it is composed of ortho- clase felspars, in angular or. cavernous crystals, which are rather larger relatively, as well as more broken and eroded, than the fewer triclinic felspars which accompany them. Some crystals of microcline also are to be seen.. The quartz is In considerable amount. The mica, which is very sparsely scattered through the mass, is brown and fibrous, and only slightly pleochroie. Of this sample I carried out a quantitative analysis, the results of which follow :— Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 1387 No; 3:—APEITE. Si.0, 76°48 sud 13°94 Hes. Oo tr Ca.O 1:08 Mg.O 01 HO : 4°90 Na.,O 3°70 ELS) ; 86 100°97 Moisture fe ay "15 Pp Otn a. Los Le 2°611 Disregarding a small amount of kaolin and of magnesia- mica, the above analysis calculates out satisfactorily for a rock composed of orthoclase, felspar, oligoclase, and quartz. The oligoclase is of the composition of ab. 6, an. 1, and therefore very near to the border of the group nearest to albite.* The orthoclase, oligoclase, and quartz are in almost equal molecular proportions. Besides these dykes, which are characteristic of the con- tacts, there are also numerous other dykes, many of which traverse the intrusive masses, and perhaps more frequently than the adjoining schists. It is, however, possible that this may be more in appearance than in reality, owing to such dykes being more easily seen in the former than in the latter country. I selected three samples of dykes as being typical of those which I had met with. * There is some little difference in the views expressed by authorities as to the limits of the albite and oligoclase groups, as will be seen from the following particulars, extracted from works at hand :— Albite. Oligoclase, Rosenbusch ... AblanOtoabSanl1... Ab6an1toab2anl1 Tschermak ... Ab om LAD to ab 3 an1 Lapparent ... Ab ton) A Sian) t ire classe bs .. Ab3anltoabdanl1 Des Cloizeaux > 2de classe ee .. Ab4an1toab2anl1 3me classe ... ab 2 an 1 Rosenbusch—Physiographie, &c., 2nd edition, Vol. I, p. 521, Tschermak— Mineralogie, 2nd edition, p. 465. Lapparent—Cours de Mineralogie, 1884, p. 350. Des Cloizeaux, Oligoclase and Andesine, Tours, p. 9. 138 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo (1.) This sample was taken from a strong dyke which traverses the quartz diorites on the eastern side of the Dargo River, and it lies as rough masses on the hill-sides, where it crops out. It is compact, and of a greenish colour, weathering to a lighter tint. It has a slightly glassy lustre ° on a fresh fracture. Under the microscope the ground-mass contains a considerable amount of colourless basis, the remainder being innumerable minute acicular crystals of amphibole, some with ragged ends, and of all sizes, between 008-inch and ‘001-inch in length, and 0005-inch and ‘0001- inch in breadth. These crystals lie at all angles across each other in the basis, and are slightly pleochroic. In this ground-mass there are clear and colourless simple crystals of orthoclase. This rock, therefore, is a variety of Syenite. (2.) This dyke crosses the gap between Waterford and Dargo. It weathers into rough, reddish-coloured blocks. It is of a rather fine grain, and inclined to purple in tint on a fresh fracture. Rather. numerous small prisms of black hornblende can be observed. In a thin slice I found this rock to have a ground-mass in places of a granophyric structure, but the porphyritic minerals of the rock do not in all cases form the centre of the granophyric masses. These are formed by radially concentric colourless prisms of quartz, which in places include crystals of the other minerals which form the rock. The remainder of the ground-mass contains much colourless basis throughout, in places amounting to rather large patches. In this ground-mass are eroded crystals of dark reddish brown mica, which are pleochroic in shades of dark reddish brown and yellow. ‘There are also numerous rather lengthened prisms of amphibole, which in cross sections show the characteristic cleavage of that mineral. The absorption is rather strong, and the colours of the rays are in shades dark chestnut brown, light chestnut red, and yellow. (3.) This dyke crosses the quartz diorites at Orr’s Creek, and is of a somewhat peculiar character. It is black in colour, weathering to greyish-black. In fresh fractures one can observe numerous small shining flakes of pinchbeck to black coloured mica, with pyroxene and some larger isolated felspars. Owing to the extremely dark tint of the ground-mass of this rock, 1t is most difficult to pre- pare a thin slice in asatisfactory manner. The ground-mass Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 139 is partly a very dark-brown basis and partly of exceedingly numerous microliths, being minute, stout, and often twisted fibres or grains, the result of devitrification. These are collected together much more in some places than in others. In this ground-mass are :— (a.) Magnetite, in rounded crystals and grains. (b.) Colourless prisms and crystalline grains of augite. These are not only porphyritic, but also descend in size to almost microscopic dimensions in the ground-mass. In places the augite is in clusters of angular grains, which seem to be the crushed remains of crystals. These clusters of grains are enveloped in the mica next to be mentioned. (¢.) Dark brown red mica, in which the absorption is strong, the rays being orange-red, and almost colourless. (d.) Serpentinous pseudomorphs, after olivine. In some of them the form of the original mineral is still preserved, together with the meshed appearance produced by the fractures which characterise it. (e.) There are also a few crystals of felspar, which are not striated, but which have not the form, and do not obscure after the manner of orthoclase. This rock consists essentially of a ground-mass, containing some basis, and having porphyritic crystals of augite and mica in about equal amounts; the olivine about half the amount of either, and the felspar quite subordinate. The peculiar features of this rock, and the occurrence of the colourless augite, together with the olivine pseudo- morphs, lead me to think that the rock is pretertiary in age, and, according to the classification I follow in these notes, a very basic variety of Diabase (Olivine-diabase). Quartz Diorites—So far as I have examined them, the massive intrusive rocks of Dargo belong to the diorite group. Most commonly they are light in colour, but in places the mica or the amphibole, or both, increase so much that the rock necessarily has a darker shade of colour than in those examples, in which the felspar and the quartz are more abundant. In almost all cases the rock is a quartz diorite, but I have met with places where the quartz almost, if not quite, disappears. Such rocks are found in parts of Orv’s Creek, and a sample, to which I shall refer later on, was collected near where the sketch section on Plate III. crosses it. As in other parts of Gippsland, these diorite rocks weather much more rapidly than the surrounding sediments, and, as a consequence, the Dargo area forms an extensive basin of 140 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. hills, which are low and rounded as compared with the towering Silurian mountains which surround them. But wherever within this area traces of the zone of contact rocks still remain undenuded, the hiils are rough and rugged. . The vegetation also invariably tells the observer the character of the rocks, for the diorites decompose into a soil of better quality, clothed with more nutritious grasses, and the forests are less dense, and are of different eucalypts than on the Silurian formation. The sample which I selected for examination from the varieties of diorites is of the more basic kind. The other samples strongly resemble similar rocks which I have described from Noyang and Ensay. The rock under examination is a crystalline-granular com- pound of medium texture, in which by the pocket-lens plagioclase felspars, dark green to almost black hornblende, traces of black mica, and very little quartz can be made out. The rock is somewhat darker in colour than the generality of the diorites of this neighbourhood. When examined under the microscope it proves to be composed of the following minerals :— (a.) A little magnetite, in somewhat larger crystals than are usually found in these rocks. (6.) Amphibole, in very cavernous crystals. Some are twinned in the usual manner, and I measured obscuration angles up to 20 deg. Pleochroism is not strong in shades of brown. The mineral has become fibrous, and is also much chloritised. In places small clusters of talc-plates have also resulted from alteration. (c.) Triclinic felspars, which predominate in amount some- what over the amphibole. Some of the felspars are broken and crushed, as, indeed, are some crystals of amphibole. The felspars are more or less kaolinised, but in an inequal manner. ‘The size of the felspars crystals differs, some being large and very compound, and having somewhat the appearance of oligoclase.. Others are smaller and more simple. The latter are better developed than the former. These differences suggest two generations of felspars. In the slices which I prepared there were but few sections of these felspars in which reliable measurements of the obscuration angle could be obtained, and these were all in the plane OP— «Po. The values thus obtained were from 3 degs. to 23 degs., thus suggesting a soda-lime felspar on the border between Andesine and Labrador. This, however, Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 141 assumes that the measurement of 3 degs. was taken in the plane OP (001); a less angle would still be in the Andesine group, unless it were less than 1 deg.* It also assumes that only one kind of plagioclase occurs in this rock, which is not at all certain. (d.) A very small amount of quartz, in homogeneous portions, filling spaces between the minerals, otherwise resembling that of the granitic rocks. The subjoined quantitative analysis is of this rock. No mica was observable in these slices:— No. 4.—QuARTZ DIORITE. 81.0, ood Pe My! 52°03 Mla Ooy oe re oe 20°57 live se 9 a ba: ae 1:60 Fe.O ae as ay 6.97 Ca.O thal ive ids 7°80 Mg.O Me wy; iy 5°39 ae a 2 134 Na.:O ce: he we, 2°37 H.O 4 ee jes 1:27 99:34 Moisture Hey nef 26 Slop ulecee ate ee 2°855 In order to be able to calculate with some degree of pre- cision the percentages of the rock-forming minerals from this analysis, it would be necessary to have a knowledge of the composition of the amphibole and of the felspars. An estimate of the probable composition of the rock can, how- ever, be made by calculating the felspars out on the basis of the optical measurements, and also the alteration products in the assumption that the H,O indicates kaolin and chlorite, which, according to the microscopic examination, would probably be in the proportion of one of the former to Obscuration angl | Bonnie, on O.P. (001). Oligoclase ... dele aro Adarand, | ye, aCe Vines y OOF : .. ADsvant?.#. *. das Oe DOA SEHCeMOL eh RM SUR Are ae lG OO BOUL On Oo doateag Labrador “ Abian1l Aart Mises war (0k Rosenbusch—Physiographie, ‘&en, 2nd E., p. 535. 142 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. three of the latter. The remaining molecular proportions shouldthen give the amphibole, with a small remainder of silica representing the free quartz. In this calculation the small amount of Fe,O, is regarded as indicating the magne- . tite, and the minute amount of tale is disregarded. The ratio between the remaining components which are thus assigned to amphibole are such as to fall within the limits given by Rammelsberg for an aluminous hornblende, being Al, to BR as 1: to o', and R to Si as 15 to 1* Taken in percentages, the rock may accordingly be composed as follows :— Magnetite ... Si hes 2:34 Kaolin she oe hi 5°69 @hilorwitemn ie one 9:72 Andesine ... ee te OOF. Hornblende ee 8 SOD Quartz ne ae tae a) le 100°00 AURIFEROUS VEINS IN THE DARGO AREA. Gold-mining has been carried on for many years in ‘various parts of the intrusive areas referred to in these notes. Alluvial gold in payable amount has been found at Dargo, Tucker Creek, Granite Creek, and other places, and in less amount is almost everywhere to be met with in the gravel of the streams. The alluvial gold is either in small laminated flakes or in ragged pieces, according as it is found in the larger streams, or in localities near to the veins from which it has been set free. In a number of places small gold-bearing quartz veins have been discovered, and at Tucker Creek, Budgee Budgee, and Orr’s Creek such have been more or less worked. At Orr’s Creek, to which place these notes especially refer, a number of small quartz veins have been worked for several years back in the hornfels rocks immediately adjoin- ing the contact with quartz diorites. This mine is called the “ Exhibition,” and I now give some particulars concern- ing it, which are of interest, as showing the character of the small quartz lodes and veins, the wearing down of which has set free the alluvial gold of the district. * Mineralchemie, page 418. Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 1438 The Exhibition mine has been opened out at about halfa mile south of the road leading from Waterford to Dargo, and not far from the low saddle on the divide between the Mitchell and Dargo waters. It is on the contact of the quartz diorites with the sediments which are there meta- morphosed into hornfels. The angle of dip of the hornfels beds at the mine varies within short distances on a nearly east and west strike. I found, in examining the workings of this mine, that the gold is in very narrow veins of mineralised quartz not exceeding six inches in width, and in some cases being hardly more than a quartz lining to the partings of the rock. The veins fill narrow fissures passing up through the metamorphosed sediments from the contact plane, and, so far as I could observe, not passing down below it into the plutonic rocks. The gold is in small particles, some being so minute as to resemble “gilding.” It is not confined to the veins of quartz, but is occasionally found in the hornfels rock in places where that rock is very silicious. Together with the gold are ordinary iron pyrites and galena. There area number of thesevery narrow veins within certain limits of about three feet wide, thus defining what in miners’ language may be termed the “lode country.” At one time it was attempted to work and crush the whole of this width for the sake of the gold contained in the narrow veins and small strings of quartz in the hornfels, but the extreme hardness of the rock and the comparatively small amount of gold caused the attempt to be given up. In Plate I. I have given a horizontal section of the mine as I saw it in 1883 in the middle adit, and on the same plate a set of four cross sections of the lode. These will explain better than words some of the features of this mine. Since the time of my visit the mine has been worked from time to time when water was available, with results to which I will now refer. For most of the facts outside of my own know- ledge Iam indebted to the courtesy of Mr. J. B. Kelly, J.P., of Dargo, who, as mining registrar, and also as a shareholder in the Exhibition Company, has had opportunity of knowing the whole course of the mining operations from the first. To Mr. Stellwag, of Sale, the legal manager of the company, I have also to express my obligations for freely giving me the information in his possession. The Exhibition mine was discovered by the brothers Jorgensen, who are known as enterprising prospectors. To work it the Exhibition Gold-mining Company (No Liability) 144 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. was formed, in which the prospectors held one-half of the shares, the remainder being held by two shareholders in Sale, with the exception of a few shares held at Dargo and Bairnsdale. A steam-engine, working a battery of . elght stampers, was erected at the mine, which was managed for the company by one of the shareholders (Mr. H. Jorgensen). The gold obtained, of which I subjoin .a tabulated return, was from the stone only, and not from the pyrites, which has not been separated from the tailings or treated in any manner. The company is still constituted as above-mentioned, and up to the end of May, 1886, had produced an amount of gold equal in value to the total cost of machinery and labour. The mine and machinery are at this time let on tribute. Vee Noumper oF Tons oF Toran YIELD. QuaRTZ CRUSHED, oz. dwt. or 18s di a 145 142 0 0 1882 3s a 304 258 13 10 1883 201 196 6 .5 1884 to “June 9, SSO ate: A481 417 14 0 1881 toJune9, 1886 IES 1014 12 15 The yield of gold varied from 9dwts. 19ers. to 1 oz. 6 dwts. per ton of quartz. The interest attaching to this mine is due to the evidence it affords that such narrow auriferous veins as those at Orr’s Creek may, with careful management, even be capable of yielding a profit. To this subject I shall refer again later on. Mr. Kelly informs me that the gold from the Exhibition mine was worth £4 per oz., which would agree nearly with a composition of Au, 9420, Ag. 580. This proportion is ' higher, as to the gold, than I should have expected in the Dargo area. Some years ago I examined a series of samples of alluvial gold from different geological formations in Gipps- land and at Omeo, with the result that I found the composition in Silurian areas to lie between the proportions of silver alloy to gold of 1:12 and 1:40, and in areas of metamorphic or plutonic rocks of 1:2:2 and 1:9.% ; * A number of these determinations were recorded in Reports of Progress, II, p. 69, and III., p, 238, Geological Survey of Victoria. Notes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. 145 This difference in composition in gold from the two classes of areas can be seen in two assays which I now give, in addition to the former, for the purpose of illustration. A is alluvial gold from the Silurian formation at Crooked River, and B alluvial gold from the metamorphic area of Dargo. A B BASIE a 8 ts 96°923 Ra 82:969 A epee ic Meas itt V0 6A ity Sarak «| LOOSE Oxydisable | Wate oe Metals and loss } we a) 1 99:979 99941 The connection which I have here noted between the geological formation and the amount of alloy with the gold seems not to be confined to the districts I have referred to. An examination of the reports of mining surveyors shows reason for suspecting that there is a similar connection between the geological formation and the composition of the gold found in it throughout Victoria.* But it is not so clearly to be made out, because the highest and lowest price paid for gold in any locality is not always necessarily for gold raised there, but also includes gold brought from other laces. : The subject is an interesting one, and capable of throwing light upon the source of the gold, and also upon the processes which have been at work in depositing it in the quartz reefs. But it would require much labour to work it out in a satisfactory manner. Examinations would have to be made both of reef and alluvial gold from the same locality, and of reef gold from different parts and depths in the same mine. This should be repeated in many places and in different formations. In connection with such a series of examina- tions there should be also another of the local rocks, and also of rocks taken from different depths and places in the several mines from which the gold had been collected for examination. The comparison of such gold assays, and of the micro- scopical and chemical examinations of the rocks, would, in all probability, lead to some conclusions as to whether the * Reports of the Mining Surveyors. Published by the Department of Mines. ‘Table showing the lowest and highest prices paid for gold.” Years 1880 to 1885. L 146 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. gold has had its source in the Silurian, metamorphic, or igneous rocks, or in connection with them.* In two other places not far from Dargo other similar contact reefs have been opened and partly worked, one at Granite Creek, at the extreme western end of the series of intrusive areas, and the other at the extreme eastern end, at Tucker Creek. A few words about them will be of use in truly estimating the evidence given by the Exhibition mine. The Budgee Budgee mine at Granite Creek in so far resembles the Exhibition mine that it is at the contact of the quartz diorites, with presumably Silurian sediments. But the contact plane has been denuded, and the quartz lode is found in the plutonic rock. The strike of the lode is east and west, dipping from 40 degs. to 50 degs. to the north. When I visited the mine while it was being worked, several years ago, I found a tunnel driven in the western side of Granite Creek, on the course of the lode. The quartz vein being worked was from 6 to 9 inches wide; but it only formed part of the lode, which I found to be nearly 3 feet between the walls. I have givena diagram of the lode as I then saw it at the face of the tunnel in fig. 2, Plate II. An incorporated company was formed to work this mine. Machinery was erected of a kind not adapted to the nature of the stone to be operated on. A good deal of work was done, with little result, and finally the company was wound up, and the mine abandoned. At the present time the mine has been re-occupied by a party of working miners. The standard of the gold at this place is somewhat low, and falls in near to that obtaining in other igneous or metamorphic areas in Gippsland. According to information obligingly communicated to me by Mr. Horace Rich, of Sale, a former shareholder in the Budgee Budgee Company, the gold from that mine was worth £3 17s. A sample of alluvial gold which I examined from Granite Creek, close to this mine, I found to be composed of 90°05 per cent. of gold, and 9°95 per cent. of silver. At the sources of Tucker Creek, a small stream which flows into the Wentworth River, there are a number of quartz veins at the contact of the quartz diorites and paleo- * Henwood makes the remark in ‘“ Observations on Metalliferous Deposits” (Transactions of R. G. 8. of Cornwall, Vol. VIII, p. 359) that in Brazil “detrital gold . . . is always of better quality than mine gold of the neighbourhood.”’ Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 147 zoic sediments. In Plate II, fig. 1, I have given a diagram of one of these veins, where it had been laid open by a sbaft close to the contact. When these quartz veins were dis- covered to be much mineralised, and to contain some gold, a “ no liability company” was formed to work them. A shaft was sunk, and a tunnel was driven along the course of one of the larger reefs. Trial crushings were taken out at three different places, and tested at the Good Hope battery at Grant, with a yield of 11 dwts. to the ton; at the Normanby battery, yielding 8 dwts. to the ton; and the third at the Budgee Budgee mine, giving a return of 15 dwts. to the ton of stone. Finally a favourable report was made as to the prospects of the mine by an expert, and upon this a steam-engine, driving a battery of ten stampers, was erected, and a considerable amount of preliminary work was done. Hereupon a crushing was had from the mine, with the result, according to some statements, of 1 dwt. per ton, and, accord- ing to others, of nothing at all. The whole enterprise was now dropped, the company was wound up, and the battery was sold and removed elsewhere, after an expenditure of about £2500. It is not proved, however, that these reefs at Kureka are so absolutely valueless as has been assumed They are highly mineralised, and the appliances were probably—as was the case elsewhere in the district— not adapted to the treatment of such stone. Moreover, the trial crushings, if bona fide, show that some of the veins were auriferous, although not in a great degree, yet far more so than the one crushing made at the Eureka battery would indicate. The ill-success which in the past has attended attempts to work such reefs as those at Dargo and its neighbourhood makes it desirable to trace out the causes of failure, and also to ascertain whether it might not be possible, in the future, to work them remuneratively. Conclusions arrived at by considering these cases will also apply to other similar auriferous reefs in Gippsland. It is well to say that the experience of the past, taken as a whole, has been unfavourable. In no single instance with which I am acquainted have such reefs as these been worked at a profit by incorporated companies. The Exhibition mine is not an exception, for no profit has been made, and the return to the shareholders of their expenditure on machinery and labour is due, as I see it, to the fact that the mine has been managed and worked in the greatest part by the share- L 2 148 Notes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. holders themselves, who had a direct interest in economy of working. It has not been the result of richer stone, or more of it, for the quartz veins in this mine are exceptionally narrow, and contained little, if anything, over the ordinary yield of gold in other similar mines. It has been due to careful and economical working, and the shareholders have contended, with some success, against difficulties under which other mines have succumbed. Some of the difficulties in the way of working this mine at a profit have been, in addition to the narrowness of the quartz veins, the hardness of the country containing them, thus making the cost of raising stone for crushing out of ‘proportion to the yield of gold. The crushing plant was not adapted to the separation and saving of the gold from the ores accompanying it. Moreover,so far as [am aware, there was not sufficient check kept upon a possible loss of gold through the injurious action of those minerals upon amalga- mation ; in other words, it was not known how much gold was lost through this cause or with the pyrites, which were not saved. The want of water at times also caused loss of time through stoppage of work and delay. As against these drawbacks, the company was a small one. The mine was managed, and partly worked, by the share- holders, which favoured economy. The inference is justified from these statements that, had the gold-bearing veins not been so exceptionally narrow, the hornfels containing them not so hard to work, the appli- ances for treating the stone properly adapted to the character of the minerals with which it was impregnated, there would probably have been some profit beyond the return of the capital invested. It seems, from a comparison of the examples of the Exhibition, Budgee Budgee, and EKureka mines, that such reefs may be made remunerative when worked with appro- priate appliances and with judgment and economy. The probability is that they could in many cases be made to pay if worked by small companies of a co-operative character, although perhaps incorporated for individual security. But the working expenses would require to be kept well in hand, the crushing plant to be effective, and at the same time adapted, for the highly mineralised stone of the contact reefs, and also so constructed as to admit of being readily transported elsewhere should the mine fail. The saving and treatment of the pyrites would require more attention than Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 149 has hitherto been given to it, for in general nothing was done with the tailings except to facilitate their departure from the mill, and no care was taken to learn whether any gold was being carried away in them or not. | In some instances in past years I have obtained samples of pyrites from such mines in the district, which in all cases proved to be auriferous, up to over in one case 70 oz. to the ton of pyrites. The want of success in the working of the contact reefs by incorporated companies in the past is brought well into view by comparison with the individual efforts of Mr. Peter Forsyth, an enterprising quartz miner, at Swift’s Creek, who for some years past has perseveringly worked on his own account with satisfactory results on one or other of the contact reefs of that district. At the Budgee Budgee Reet the Messrs. Hardy and other miners are now working with prospects of ultimate success. It seems probable to me that the auriferous contact reefs of Dargo, Swift’s Creek, and Omeo will in the future be worked somewhat in the manner now indicated, and with remunera- tion to those engaged upon them. This would be a true revival of one branch of quartz-mining. It would not afford a field of operation for the promoter of companies, but it would give remunerative employment to men who wished to work on their own account, and who would be content with doing so in an unpretending manner, for moderate returns on the capital invested. There is one question which I have not yet considered, namely, the probable origin of such reefs as those of Dargo. Such quartz veins are found either in the intrusive plutonic rocks where laid bare by denudation, in the contact between them and Silurian sediments, or in the latter, where either metamorphosed into hornfels, or at a greater distance from the contact ina more normal condition. It is safe to assume that the quartz veins in the plutonic rocks once extended upwards into the sediments whose denudation has supplied the streams with the alluvial gold, and that those now found in the contact zone would, if traced to sufficient depths, pass into the intrusive rocks. Such veins fill fissures whose original width may have depended upon downthrow or upon a side shift which brought discordant parts of the walls together, and thus prevented the complete closing of the fissure. Narrow and regular veins, such as those at the Exhibition mine, 150 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. indicate probably fissuring through homogeneous rocks, or without shifting of the sides of the fissure. As I have before said, the lodes which fill these fissures do not, as a rule, extend any distance down into the intrusive rock masses, but thin out, and are lost. The fissures were clearly formed at that time when the sedimentary crust was raised, and its strata opened and faulted during the time of the plutonic activity to which I have so frequently had occasion to refer in this series of papers. This took place pro- bably at the close of the Silurian age; but it does not follow that these fissures were then filled with the quartz lodes and the minerals which we now find in them; nor can it be assumed that the fissures were opened once only; on the contrary, | think that, as to the veins at the Exhibition mine, they have been probably opened and widened by a second addition of quartz. I have observed places where the quartz was divided by seams carrying ores parallel to the walls of the lode, and a sample which I sliced and examined under the microscope confirmed this belief. I found the quartz to be crystallised, and that one growth of crystals started from the walls, being filled in by a confused mass of imperfect crystals in the centre. It must, however, be remembered in connection with this subject that fissuring of the rocks forming the contact zone would probably follow any of the great changes to which the plutonic masses, together with the adjoining sediments would be subjected, through cooling down of the former or general subsidence of the crust. The periods of time during which all the changes took place, from the invasion of the sediments until the cessation of plutonic activity in that area, were evidently geological periods, and not to be measured in years. The fissures at the Exhibition mine are narrow, and the lodes do not include, as is the case elsewhere, fragments of the bounding rocks which have fallen in during the move- ments of the rocks, and thus become highly mineralised during the lode formation. The gold in these contact lodes is almost invariably asso- ciated with large amounts of ores, such as arsenical and ordinary pyrites, copper pyrites, galena, and, more rarely, blende. Near the surface these ores become decomposed, and the honeycombed quartz which remains retains the gold, which was formerly included in the sulphides and arsenides in its cavities, or embedded in hydrated ores. The greater part of the ores and the gold are found within Notes on the Area of Intrusive Bocks at Dargo. 151 the walls of the lode, but it is very commonly the case that the rocks at each side are also not only much altered mineralogically, but also more or less impregnated with ores. The mineral alterations in the walls of the lode are more recognisable where the lode passes down into the plutonic rocks than where it is in contact schists. As an example of such alterations, 1 may quote the Eureka mine at Swift’s Creek, where the reef passes through massive quartz mica diorites. I observed that the foot-wall of the lode was much lighter in colour than the hanging wall, as well as being impregnated with ordinary pyrites. A hand sample of the rock is erystalline-granular, and greenish yellow in tint. In a thin slice it can be seen that the felspars have been so much altered that no traces of any twinning remain, the crystals being either entirely kaolinised, or where less altered, having the appearance of one of the pinite minerals. Traces of the former presence of iron-magnesia mica remain as fibres of chlorite, and the quartz is of two kinds—namely, the crystalline grains of the original rock and a second generation of much smaller and very interlocking granules. In some cases I have observed, in addition to such mineral alterations, that minerals in the walls of the lode have been structurally altered by crushing. The extensive impregnation of this class of quartz lodes with various kinds of ores, the banded structure of some of the quartz veins, and the frequent restriction of the gold to some of the bands rather than to the others, the impreg- nation of the walls of the fissures with ores, and the exten- sive mineral alterations which have been made in the bounding rocks, all point, when taken together, to the formation of this class of contact veins by the action of aqueous solutions charged with mineral and metallic materials. It is probable that these solutions were heated, although not necessarily to any high temperature, for the observations made by Daubrée on the effects produced by the thermal waters at Plombieres on the Roman masonry, and metallic objects therewith, show that a comparatively low temperature will suffice, even at the earth’s surface, to _ bring about mineral alteration and the formation of ores.* * Memoire sur la relation des sources thermales de Plombiéres, &c. Annales des Mines, 1858, XIII., p. 227. Etudes et experiences synthétiques sur la Metamorphism, Mémoires présentés a l’Académie des Sciences, XVIL., pe 98: 152 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. It may be well at this place to draw a distinction between the auriferous quartz veins and other veins of quartz which are found at or near the contacts, and which have, in three instances within my knowledge in Gippsland, been fruitlessly prospected for gold. The class of quartz veins to which I now refer is not, so far as | have observed, auriferous, or even ore-bearing. At any rate, no gold has been found in them by any of the ordinary methods of. examination.* They are either of quartz only or of quartz together with one or more charac- teristic minerals. In the neighbourhood of Dargo I have observed quartz veins of small size of this kind near or at the contacts composed of quartz with small schorl crystals. Far more clearly, however, is the distinction between the two classes of quartz veins to be seen near Omeo. The auriferous reefs which have been found and partly worked there are essentially of the character of those at Dargo, being veins of quartz mineralised by arsenical and ordinary pyrites and galena with gold, at the contact of quartz mica diorites with the regionally-metamorphosed schists. The features which I desire to bring cut into view are there much more marked than at Dargo, and I therefore take my illus- trations from them. Besides these auriferous quartz lodes, there are also throughout the neighbourhood of Omeo numerous veins, and even large masses of quartz, which fill fissures in or are interfoliated with the metamorphic schists, or traverse parts of the plutonic rocks. The quartz of these veins 1s in places milky in colour, and in others translucent and extremely crystalline. In addition to these veins of quartz only there are others of the same class which contain schorl or cleavable masses of felspar, or muscovite mica, or two or all of them together in varying proportions, so that veins may be extremely quartzose with but little proportion of minerals, or may be so charged with them as to become a variety of pegmatite. A study of the veins composed of quartz alone, or of quartz with schorl, brings out certain features which are of moment in this consideration. The prismatic crystals of schorl are often penetrated by thin films of quartz, or have been broken across, the parts being removed from each other and separated by the silica. If such crystals are extracted, it is found that the quartz has perfectly moulded their most * T now refer only to the Dargo and Omeo districts. Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 153 minute markings, and that, moreover, this moulding was completed after the crystals were formed. The fractures of the schorl crystals, the removal of the parts from each other, the penetration of films of quartz into small fissures in the erystals suggest that the silica, when this happened, was, as a whole, capable of some movement under a degree of pres- sure, and the moulding of the quartz to the schorl crystals shows that it was plastic. The supposition that the quartz may have been gradually deposited from solution round the crystals of schorl until the fissure was completely filled seems to be quite negatived by the observation that the schor] is not attached to the walls of the fissure, but “ floats” free in the quartz. This requires, therefore, that the quartz should have been in such a state as would admit of movement, and yet in a condition far denser than that of an ordinary solu- tion. These observations on the mode of occurrence of erystals of schorl in quartz veins are not new, but have been made and recorded long ago.* JI now mention the par- ticulars, as I have seen them at Omeo, as being necessary to the explanation which I desire to offer. It seems to me that the above facts admit of only two alternative explanations. Hither the quartz was ina molten condition when it filled the fissure, or it was in the condition of a solution in an extreme state of condensation. There is no evidence whatever in the adjoining rocks of any such elevation of temperature as would be necessary for the fusion of quartz, nor do I think that at the present day geologists would be inclined to admit an hypothesis based thereupon.t There remains, then, the second hypothesis, and this would be satisfied by the supposition that the quartz had been forced into the fissure in a colloidal condi- tion, accompanied by such plutonic emanations as would suffice, together with small amounts of bases contained in the colloid silica to the formation of schorl. * For instance, see Bischoff, ‘‘ Lehrbuch der Chemischen, und Physical- ischen Geologie,’ Band II., 552. + I observe some remarks by Professor Rosenbusch, which have a bearing upon this question. He says (‘‘ Microskopische Physiographie der Petro- graphisch wichtigen Mineralien’-—2nd Edition, p, 344):—‘‘Hine darstellung des quartzes aus schmelzfliissigen silikat-mutterlaugen ist bis darhin stets vergeblich versucht worden. Der Grund diirfte darin zusuchen sein, dass die kiinstlichen Silikat-schmelzen nicht wasserhaltig hergestellt werden konnen, wie es die natiirlichen sind.”’ 154 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. The occurrence of such quartz veins at the contacts and in the schists adjoining, as well as in the plutonic rocks, suggests the source of the silica. It seems that in plutonic rocks, such as the quartz diorites of Dargo and Omeo, the most basic of the constituent minerals have been the first to crystallise out of the magma in definite forms, thus leaving it more silicious after each successive crystallisation. The gradually increasing acidity of such a magma may be inferred from the observations which I have recorded on the quartz diorites of Noyang,* where the successive intrusive rocks are increasingly silicious, and the latest of them are dykes composed of quartz and felspar only. The study of the Noyang rocks shows also that which has been abundantly proved else- where—namely, that the quartz consolidated from a plastic condition, which was almost certainly that of a colloid con- taining a certain but relatively small proportion of alkaline water, some of which can still be found in the minute fluid cavities, which in places fairly swarm in the now crystallised quartz. In these cases the silica was the last constituent to crystallise, and it moulded itself to the forms of the other minerals, and filled in their interspaces just as the quartz filled in the vein fissures, and moulded the schorl prisms in the case of the quartz veins in question. It seems to me, therefore, more than probable that such quartz veins as these represent some of the residual silica of the plutonic magma, after the compound minerals had crystallised out, and that this residuum was squeezed out while in a colloid state into every adjoining fissure and plane of separation. No high temperature would, on this view, be necessary to produce these dyke-like quartz veins, for the exudation of the still colloidal silica was brought about by the reduction of temperature, which caused the plutonic magma to solidify. On the strength of these grounds, I conclude that the quartz veins, which I desire to distinguish from those which are auriferous, solidified from the residual colloidal silica of the plutonic masses. It may be said with gens truth that these quartz veins are of plutonic origin, for they differ but. little, except in * «The Rocks of Noyang.” Transactions Royal Society of Victoria, Vol. DON [Do Alf, Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 155 bulk or in the final conditions of their crystallisation, from the silica of the holocrystalline rocks.* I may sum up my remarks by saying that these plutonic quartz veins were formed at the cessation of the invasion of the sediments by the great igneous masses, and when these latter were crystallising and the temperature had begun to lower. They have not produced mineral changes in the rocks containing them, nor are they ore-bearing. The auriferous quartz veins of the kind found at Dargo were formed at a later time, when the temperature had fallen still more, and when the cooling solutions deposited their mineral or metallic burdens in the fissures they permeated, or were precipitated by other solutions percolating from the bounding rocks or from above. When these auriferous veins occur in the plutonic rocks, the “country” bounding the fissure is generally found to have been much altered, and to be also more or less charged with the same ores that enrich the lode. In these cases the fissuring and formation of the lode is clearly subsequent to the consolidation of the rocks. Although the interval between these formative processes, that of the plutenic and auriferous quartz veins, was no doubt vast, for the cooling of the plutonic rocks and of the heated sediments must have extended over what we should call ages of time, yet both were parts of the same great sequence of events which commenced towards the close of the Silurian age, and extended far into the Devonian period before it terminated. CONCLUSION. I have found it always advantageous to summarise the conclusions to which the study of any subject has led. By so doing a clearer view of the field of inquiry is gained, the connection of the various observed facts becomes more apparent, relations show themselves which were not before seen, and it not infrequently happens that it is possible to frame a tentative hypothesis explaining the observed facts, *T have been gratified to find that these views, to which the study of metamorphism in the Gippsland Alps has led me, are substantially those which Professor Lehmann has recorded in his magnificent work on the origin of the crystalline schists. Among other passages which are worth the most serious consideration by geologists, I note his remarks on the subject of those quartz veins which I venture to term ‘‘plutonic.’’ See p. 56—Die Entstehung der Altkrystallinische Schiefergesteine—Bonn—1884. 156 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. and serving as a test for the value of the work done. I propose, therefore, now to summarise the main results at which I consider myself to have arrived, and I shall also venture to suggest what seems to me, on broad lines, to be a - possible explanation of the origin and formation of the auriferous quartz reefs of the district in question. The quartz diorites of Dargo are evidently part of the masses of plutonic rocks which underlie all Gippsland, and which, by denudation, show at the surface in very many places, and at all elevations, from the sea-level up to the highest mountain tops. The Dargo area is one of a connected series which extend in the lower paleozoic formations for nearly fifty miles from the Tambo River, and then, if the same conditions continue, are covered from sight by the Upper Devonian rocks of the Avon River drainage area. The general direction of these intrusive areas 1s, as a whole, to the south-west, thus being approximately at right angles to the normal strike of the Silurian rocks of the district. The immense forces connected with the intrusion of these rocks into the sediments may be inferred from the observa- ~ tion that in places these latter have been deflected from their normal strike, and lie alongside the intrusive rocks in a more or less east and west direction. This linear extension of areas of intrusive rocks across the direction of the prevalent strike I have also observed in places in the Omeo district, as, for instance, at Swift’s Creek. The prevalent strike of the Silurian strata in direction west of north indicates a direction of compression acting at right angles to it, and, I think, probably from the east. The east and west diversion of the strata in the neighbourhood of the intrusive area of Dargo is local, and may be due to pressure exerted by the molten magma when being thrust into the opening sediments. There was, I think, an elevation of the crust, accompanied by an upward movement of great force by the plutonic magma, which filled in and probably thrust back the opening strata. The best explanation of the phenomena which have imprinted themselves upon the rocks is one in this case which points to subsidence in an adjoining area to the eastward, probably beyond the present bounds of the continent, acting against a rigid part of the crust of the earth. By this the strata were forced to give way, and their movement was assisted by the upward thrust of the imprisoned magmas, acting under the weight of the sub- siding area, as fluids under hydrostatic pressure. The weakest Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 157 portion of the crust gave way, and elevation was the result. The accumulation of the immense thicknesses of the Silurian formations, estimated by Dr. Selwyn as being at least 35,000 feet,* implies a long-continued period of depression. My own observations in Gippsland have shown me reason to believe that the south-eastern part of Australia, as evidenced in the Australian Alps, was subject to extensive elevation at the close of the Silurian age, which culminated in a volcanic period, evidenced by the Snowy River porphy- ries, which are stratigraphically between the Upper Silurian strata and the Middle Devonian beds of Buchan. The compression of the Silurian formations into acute folds, together with elevation of the crust, would tend to give room to the imprisoned plutonic magmas when forced into the rising crust of the earth. Such movements as these must have been necessary to produce the results which denudation has laid bare at Dargo and the adjoining areas. The contact rocks produced by the action of the plutonic masses upon the adjacent sediments are mainly varieties of schistose and crystalline hornfels, normal in their character, and not differing materially from similar rocks which have been observed and described in other parts of the world. One of the most interesting features in connection with the Dargo and neighbouring areas are the auriferous quartz lodes at the contacts. Their interest and importance do not arise out of their economic value, which is small, but from the light which their study is calculated to throw in the future, not only upon their own origin and formation, but also on that of auriferous quartz reefs generally. In these notes I have described the relations of the contact quartz lodes and veins to the adjoining formations, and I shall now speak of the quartz reefs in the Silurian tracts at a distance from the intrusive areas. The quartz reefs and smaller veins in the Silurian forma- tions of North Gippsland were formed after the sediments were invaded by the plutonic rocks, and before there had been complete subsequent cooling and consolidation. The limits of this space of time are fixed by the folding together of the Silurian strata and the complete stratigraphical * Intercolonial Exhibition Essays, 1886. Notes on the Physical Geography and Geology of Victoria, p. 11. + In parts of North Gippsland the Upper Silurian beds have been folded in this manner, as well as the Lower Silurian. 158 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. break below the Upper Devonian formations. The quartz: veins cross, or are contained in the former, but do not, wherever the contact of the two formations can be observed, pass up into the latter; indeed, the lowest beds of the ' Upper Devonian series are made up largely in places of quartz pebbles derived from the denuded Silurian rocks.* As an illustration of the Silurian tracts in which aurifer- ous quartz reefs are found, I take the district north of Dargo for brief reference. A mental picture of it will be of a great tract of highly-inclined, alternating quartzose and argillaceous beds, rising to over three thousand feet above its lowest valleys. The total thickness of these Silurian rocks is much greater than the depth from the highest mountain summit to the deepest valley, for within them there are no traces of the nearness underfoot of the plutonic rocks. This great mass of sediments, which covers more than two hundred square miles between the Dargo and Wonnangatta rivers is traversed, as may be seen in the workings of mines, as well as in natural and artificial rock sections, by joints and fissures, the results of innumerable compressions, dislo- cations, elevations, and depressions by which the strata have been affected. Very many of these lie in the direction of the strike, but others cross it, as well as the dip or the cleavage, at various angles. They all form, when taken in the ageregate,as compared with the great mass of mountains, a more or less connected network of separations in the rocks. Many of them are only planes of discontinuity, but others have been filled by vein quartz from several feet in thick- ness down to the width of scarce more than a sheet of paper. The fissures thus filled by “reefs” of quartz have in their turn been faulted, so that in many places the following of them in mining is a matter of great difficulty. In certain localities the quartz is more mineralised thanin | others, and here it is more usual to find the reefs payably auriferous. It may prove that in the area referred to, as in others, where it has been shown to be the case by the valuable researches of Mr. R. A. F. Murray, the auriferous quartz reefs lie within a certain band, according with the strike of the sedimentary rocks. In the district of which I am now speaking, and of which Grant may be taken as the centre, * The occurrence of such conglomerates suggests that the lowest beds of the Upper Devonian series may in places be auriferous. Notes on the Area of Intruswe Rocks at Dargo. 159 veins of quartz occur throughout the mass of the Silurian formations from the summits of the mountains down to the bottoms of the deepest valleys. The great thickness of these rocks, which has been denuded during the long continuance of terrestrial conditions in the Australian Alps, was also similarly traversed by quartz veins, as is proved by the quartz gravels of the old rivers of Middle Miocene age which are now situated almost on the summits of the mountains, more or less covered up by flows of basaltic lava.* To complete the mental picture, one must also conceive the Silurian strata with their quartz veins, extending down- wards to the plutonic rock masses—at whatever depth below the present surface these may be situated. This inference is fully justified by that which one can observe at places where, as at Dargo, denudation has laid bare the contact of the two formations. In endeavouring to explain the formation of the quartz reefs in this vast mass of Silurian sediments, which is only the remains of a once much larger mass, it seems to me that one is forced to assign as a cause the action of solutions which have derived their silica and their gold also from the strata through which they have percolated. Herein they are distincuished from these quartz veins to which I have before referred, which are found in the plutonic rocks, or in the schists immediately adjoining them. If I am correct in saying that they were formed during the interval of time from the close of the Upper Silurian period to the close of the Middle Devonian period, then it is probable that their formation was due to causes which lay between two extremes. That is to say, to solutions intermediate in character between those which existed at the time of the invasion of the sediments by the plutonic rocks, or to those which existed at the time when the plutonic action had abated or had almost died out. The former would be mineralised solutions acting under a high temperature and great pressure ; the latter would be solutions remaining after a long course of mineral regeneration, and under conditions of much lowered temperature and pressure. The action of solutions of the former kind seems to have been towards the regeneration of the sediments as metamorphic schists. As to the latter, we may suspect that they were most likely Ree plant beds contain, among others, Cinnamomum polymorphoides. (M‘Coy). 160 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. to deposit those combinations which had remained in solution the longest, or which had been taken up from the rock masses through which they circulated. I think reasons can be shown for believing that silica would be amongst those substances, and also gold. If the quartz reefs were formed, as I believe, towards the close of the period of plutonic and volcanic activity, it may not be necessary to assume any great elevation of temperature or of pressure to account for their formation. Indeed, as I have before said, the deposition of the quartz from solutions, and the production of the ores found in the contact lodes, would be most likely to take place at a falling temperature, when the solutions were no longer so well able to carry their mineral burdens. But there is another view which must be considered when looking round for the probable source of the silica which we now see as the quartz of the reefs. We learn from the investigations of Mr. J. Cosmo Newbery, C.M.G., that the waters percolating from the sur- face downwards are charged with ammoniacal compounds of which the acid carbonate is the most energetic in its action on the silicate rocks. He has shown that ammonia can be obtained from almost any, if not all, of our springs and sub- terranean waters, and that “such ammoniacal solutions, especially that of the acid carbonate, can carry away silica in solution, and penetrating to great depths become no doubt one of the active agents in metamorphism.” * It is probable that such agencies which are now active may have been just as powerful in the time when these quartz reefs in question were formed. That time was one of volcanic activity, and probably of a land surface, and if such were the case the waters percolating down into the earth would be ammoniacal, and at times strongly so. It is, however, not probable that one set of reactions only was concerned in the formation of the quartz reefs. The silica may have been present, not only in solutions in the manner suggested by Mr. Newbery’s experiments and researches, but also as a residuum in much older solutions which had taken part in metamorphic processes. * Reports of Progress Geological Survey of Victoria, Part IV. and Part V. Laboratory Report, page 166, et infra. ‘‘ Formation of Hyalite by the Action of TE He he of the Royal Society of Victoria, Vol. XV., page 49, Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 161 It remains now for me to point out a possible source of the gold contained in the reefs. It might be considered that the gold and silver found in the contact reefs had an origin connected with the plutonic masses, but this explanation - would not apply to those reefs and veins which are to be found in the Silurian rocks spoken of by me previously. Sonstadt* has proved the existence of gold in sea water, and, according to Wurtz,f it is therein at the rate of one dollar in value to every twenty-five tons of water. Such being the case,it seems probable that the waters of the Paleozoic oceans did not contain less gold in solution than those of the present time. The deposition of the enormous thickness of Silurian sediments,; much of which consisted of fine silt and mud containing organic substances, must have necessarily included a certain amount of sea water. This, although as to some of the elements and combinations —as, for instance, gold—a solution of extreme dilution, yet would, in the aggregate, contain an enormous amount even of the rarer elements. Hence these sediments must, on this view, have included a large amount of gold diffused through them in solution, possibly, as at the present time, in com- bination with iodine. The observations and experiments of Daintree, as con- firmed by Wilkinson,§ show that the solution of gold chloride is precipitated in the presence of organic substances. The occurrence of auriferous pyrites deposited upon a piece of wood taken from the drift immediately below the basalt at Ballarat|| and of gold deposited upon coal at V6rds- patak{ still further illustrates this reaction, and, as relates to the former instance, it shows that even in recent times. subterranean waters conveyed gold in solution. That they * Roth—Chemische Geologie, Vol. I., p. 492. ¢ Hunt— Chemical and Geological Essays, p. 237. t “Making due allowance for this repetition of the same beds at the surface, the total vertical thickness of the series can scarcely be estimated at less than 35,000 feet.”? Intercolonial Exhibition Essays, 1866. ‘“ Notes on the Physical Geography, Geology, and Mineralogy of Victoria,’ by Alfred R. C. Selwyn and George H. F. Ulrich, p. 11. § Mr. Daintree’s discovery consisted in the fact that a speck of gold lying in a solution of chloride of gold increased to several times its original size after a small piece of cork had, by accident, fallen into the solution. This was confirmed by further experiment by Mr. Chas. Wilkinson. Ibid, p. 24, || Ibid, p. 56. The pyrites gave a yield, on assay, at the rate of 40 ozs. of gold per ton. {| Recorded by K. V. Fritch. Roth—Chemische Geologic, Vol. I., p. 602. M 162 Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. do so now is shown by the observation made by Mr. H. Y. L. Brown in the Alison mine at Costerfield, where a mammillary, or stalactitical crust, had been deposited on the roof of one of the drives, which contained gold, together with , ores of iron and antimony. * Such sediments as those of Silurian times could not lose their saline waters until they became elevated above the sea level as dry land, and this seems only to have been the case with them during the earlier part of the Devonian age, as a consequence of the great terrestrial movements to which I have before referred. So long as the saline waters remained within the sediments they would afford materials for mineral regeneration. The gold in solution, or possibly also diffused in a metallic, finely-divided state within certain beds, if precipitated by organic substances, would be a source of supply under a series of reactions which are conceivable, as also the final deposition of the gold, together with silica, in the fissures which gave passage to the solutions. It would be idle to attempt to sketch out the course of such reactions in the absence of knowledge as to the effect of the very different conditions of temperature and pressure at great depths within the earth. It suffices for my purpose if I have been able to indicate the possible source of the gold and the mode of its final resting-place in the quartz reefs. The experiments of Daintree and Wilkinson suggest the precipitation of the gold in solution by organic materials in the sediments; and as to the formation of the quartz reefs, together with the gold, the experiments made by Bischoff -- show that the mutual reaction of solutions of gold chloride and alkaline silicates may have played a part. The following are the conclusions to which I have arrived on the foregoing subjects :-— (1.) The Silurian sediments included a certain amount of the waters of the seas in which they were laid down, and thus contained some of the materials for their mineral regeneration and the formation of metalliferous lodes. (2.) The folding, compression, metamorphism, and invasion by plutonic rocks of these sediments occurred at the close of the Silurian age, followed by— * J. Cosmo Newbery, B.Sc., Laboratory (page 175)—Reports of Progress, Part IV., Geological Survey of Victoria. + Lehrbuch der Chemischen und Physicalischen Geologie (Part IL, page 843), Notes on the Area of Intrusive Rocks at Dargo. 163 (3.) The elevation of the crust of the earth to a land surface during the early part of the Devonian age, and the manifestation of plutonic action in volcanoes (Snowy River district). (4.) The cessation of the plutonic and volcanic action and the subsidence of the land in the Middle Devonian period. (5.) The intrusion of the quartz diorites of Dargo was probably during the latter part of the time mentioned in (2). (6.) The formation of the auriferous contact and other quartz reefs of the district referred to in these notes was probably in some part of the time mentioned in (3), if not in the earlier part of (4). These, then, are the general conclusions which I have reached as to the origin and formation of the auriferous reefs of North Gippsland, whether at the contacts or in the Silurian formations. The tentative hypothesis which I have briefly sketched pretends to no more than an attempt to throw some light into the dark places of a most difficult subject. Whether I have in any measure approached a solution of the question I must leave to competent authorities to decide, merely adding that, from my point of view, the hypothesis seems to harmonise with observed facts, and not to run counter to the requirements of geological chemistry. My views, if resting on a foundation of truth, would have an important bearing upon the question of the future con- tinuance of our quartz reefs in depth. It would follow as a corollary to them that the quartz reefs in any part of Victoria might be expected to descend in a more or less connected manner through the whole thickness of the Silurian formations, and to end only as contact lodes at the sub- terranean plutonic rocks. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. Prare: 2 Horizontal plan of middle adit at the Exhibition mine, Orr’s Creek, Dargo, looking west. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, refer to the sections given in the plate across the adit. Fig. 1. (#) Quartz vein six to nine inches wide, with gold, accompanied by galena and ordinary iron pyrites. (6 and 6’) Narrow quartz veins carrying gold, very finely divided, and being in places merely thin partings. (¢) Hornfels rock. 5 M 164 Notes on the Area of Intrusiwe Rocks at Dargo. Fig 5 Fig. Fic. Fig. Fig. Fig. 2. (a) Dyke of much decomposed igneous rock. (6 and 6’) Quartz veins with gold, arsenical and iron pyrites. (c) Hornfels. 3. (a) Quartz vein, with gold and pyrites. (6) A narrow clay seam. (c) Hornfels. The portion of country in- cluded between a@ and 6 is much mineralised. 4, (@) Quartz vein, with gold and iron pyrites. (6) Decomposed dyke of quartz porphyr. (c) Hornfels. PeAaTE. il, 1. Section of reef at the Eureka mine, Tucker Creek. (a) Quartz-mica diorite. (6) Quartz vein about 18 inches in width, with pyrites and a little gold. (ce) Porphyrite dyke. Dip to the east. 2. Section of lode at Budgee Budgee mine, Granite Creek. (a) Quartz-mica diorite. (b) Mineralised band of diorite, carrying copper pyrites. (c) Clay seam. (d) Quartz vein, with gold and pyrites. (e) Quartz-mica diorite. The lode dips north. . 3. Ground plan of the reef in the Exhibition mine, showing the manner in which “splices” take place between the main vein and smaller veins of quartz from the northern side. (a, a’, a’) Quartz veins, with gold, galena, and iron pyrites. (6) Hornfels. (¢ ¢’) Walls of the lede country. 4, Section of the strata at Stringer’s Creek. (a and ¢) Fine-grained sandstone. (b,d and f) Fine-grained slaty rock. (¢) Sandstone, coarser grained than a and b and having much argillaceous material, together with grains of quartz. In this rock are numerous narrow veins of crystallised quartz (g) which do not pass into the beds on either side. In places these veins can be seen to have been filled by quartz crystallisations, commencing at each side and meeting in the middle. Under the microscope a thin slice of this bed shows that a con- siderable silicification has taken place throughout the rock, and that the filling of the transverse veins has in all probability been connected therewith, leaving the slaty beds adjoining but little affected. The slaty cleavage, which has affected the beds b, d, f, has not. acted upon é. | | Plan of Middle Adit. Extubition Mine, Daigo. Quarts Veins. i Dykes FEA Sct 2K Dip of Hornfels. ? ee Seale GO ft to one Inch. OKs IN WSs Ui) Pigtewke Sechons across Adit, Exhibition Mme, Yn Dy Ny \\ I" Dargo. Plate IL ; Fig 2. fee Ob “af 0052 [e123 A i af/e25 you au Meee ea Ob 7ezu0kivoy obrey YD sg ssome wore YIpay SaIOT a wemnrs Wil Jelena JURE. aul wo 3rqnpey yO #770 “youy gu 34. 000K [POZIIA : Velho! eee 8 euecuS| 21S 2S) “Pally oble gy ayy SsolaR wonIas YyouayS TT cee '77) upnioas(y 2edd/): Z| JTeEON AN | iN eee ! i | 1 ! ' | ' ' ! | ' | | ! ' | ' H YQ waar deg sKepray ay obzeg TE PUPIL. TEH 95° aay Art, XIII.—On the Sections of the Delta of the Yarra, displayed im the Fisherman’s Bend Cutting. By A. H. 8S. Lucas, M.A., B.Sc., F.G.S. [Read 14th October, 1886. ] THE raised beaches around the shores of Port Phillip—at Portarlington, Frankston, Cheltenham, Brighton, Q&c.,, everywhere marked where the cliffs are high enough to prevent any confusion of the old with the present shores— have a great interest in their bearing on the question of the changesin physical features which have taken place in the Port Phillip district in post-tertiary times. The task of collecting evidence of any value is, however, tedious, and as the shells of these deposits are in the eyes of zoologists not quite recent, and in those of geologists scarcely fossil, they have not attracted the serious attention of working naturalists. Usually met with in natural cliff-sections, or laid bare on the present shores, all more or less weathered, fractured, and fragile, these shells and their record have not yet been diligently read. Yet a careful study will repay those who would accurately determine the changes which have taken place about our coasts during the recent period. A special opportunity has occurred of examining these post-tertiary deposits at a distance from the sea, and in extended and freshly-exposed vertical sections, in the ship canal, or straight cut, recently completed to enable the shipping to avoid the dangers and delays of the Fisherman’s Bend. My attention was directed to the matter by Mr. D. Davies, of the Melbourne Harbour Trust; and after paying a visit to the canal | fully agreed with him as to the import- ance of preserving a record of the sections, certainly the most extensive hitherto obtained, or likely to be obtained in the future, of the beds which form the delta of the Yarra. Accordingly I have paid several visits to the ground, noted the stratigraphy carefully, and collected as many relics of life and traces of mineralisation as possible in the somewhat limited time that has intervened between my first visit and the admission of the water. I have to tender my thanks 166 On the Sections of the Delta of the Yarra, to the Commissioners and the chief engineer of the Mel- bourne Harbour Trust for permission to make use of the data of precision, the plans and borings, prepared for the construction of the canal; and I must also make my ° acknowledgments to Mr. Davies and Mr. Meldrum, of the Trust, who have given me very ready and intelligent assist- ance in the inquiry on the spot. The canal is 6000 feet in length. It forms a curve, with 6000 feet as its shortest radius, trending nearly east and west, and roughly conformable to the north shore of Hobson’s Bay. The average distance from the Bay is 7200 feet across the Sandridge flats ; the west end of the canal is 4600 feet below the confluence of the Saltwater and Yarra, and 12,600 feet from the sea extremity of the stone walls, both measurements being taken along the present water- courses. The width of the canal at low-water is 260 feet, and the depth of the exposed excavation prior to the dredgings 20 feet below low-water mark. I may say that there is no appreciable difference between the level of low- water in the Bay and at Falls Bridge. The surface of the ground being about 74 feet above low-water, the total vertical depth of the sections exposed was 27 feet; at one point the depth reached 31 feet. Throughout the canal the appearance and sequence of the beds excavated are as follows:—The floor and the lowest part of the walls to a height of 4 feet on the average consist of a stiff yellowish clay, in which no traces of life have been detected. The greater part of the side walls is formed of a compacted, fine-grained black silt, having an average thickness of 7 feet. Above the silt is a capping of sand, with an average thickness of 164 feet, and reaching to the surface. Both silt and sand contain marine shells. The sections are fairly uniform from end to end of the canal, though the silt drops from 8 feet to 5 feet from W. to KE. Only in one notable depression, to be dwelt on at a later stage, does the silt dip below the floor of the cutting, and in no case does it come within 13 feet of the surface of the eround. The upper surface of the very stiff yellowish clay, as shown in the face of the sides, is roughly horizontal with irregular undulations, whose amplitude never exceeds 3 feet. There is but one marked inequality in the general level, the exceptional depression referred to. The hollow is filled with silt, continuous in bedding with the main mass. The COODE CANAL Vertical Section SAND 2 SILT ie ——— Shells a suemmmemens Arca band 4 Ft Floor of Canal STIFF YELLOW = CLAY Bottom Reached ee “ ae : o rs) iy Lei Displayed wm the Fisherman’s Bend Cutting. 167 average depth below low-water mark of this upper limit of the clay is 16 feet. The bed of the canal is 4 feet lower, and the clay was still found to be present in a channel cut 11 feet deep in the floor for the passage beneath the canal of the Yan Yean main water-pipe. How much deeper the clay extends is not known, but it has thus been traced for 15 feet. Noanimal or vegetable remains have been found in this clay, but Mr. Davies informs me that he has obtained nodular concretions at one point. There is, as we have said, one remarkable exception to the general uniformity of level in the surface of this unfossiliferous clay. This occurs in the form of a linear depression stretching across the canal near the east end. As seen in the floor of the canal, the sharply-defined borders are two parallel lines running across the floor, with a trend N. 30 degs. W., S. 30 degs. E., and making an angle of 45 degs. with the banks of the cutting. The perpendicular distance between the borders is 200 feet, and the distance of the centre of the parallel band from the east extremity of the canal 550 feet. As seen in the sides the sections of the depression are gently sloping curves of slight concavity. This hollow is filled with the black silt, and the shell-layers dip into it with a corresponding curvature. It is evidently, I think, an old channel of the Yarra, or of one of its estuarine branches. Above the clay lies a thickness of about 7 feet on the average, increasing to 10 or 12 feet towards the east end, of blue-black silt, of estuarine origin. The lowest stratum of this silt, resting on the clay conformably to the curvature of its very moderately undulating surface, is a remarkable layer of about 15 inches average depth, crowded with marine shells, all of species still to be found in the Bay. Near the surface of Junction a thin layer forms a conspicuous white band, which, as one stood on the summit of one bank of the canal, could be traced readily by the eye, extending throughout the visible portion of the opposite slope. The usual thickness of this band was 3 inches, but in some places it divided into two, or even three, branches; but these were exceptional, and never occupied a greater thickness than a few inches. It was composed of thousands of speci- mens of Arca trapeziwm (Desh), with a large number of oysters, O. edulis. Both species assuredly lived on the spot, as evidenced by the greater number occurring with the two valves united, and by the presence of multitudes of indi- 168 On the Sections of the Delia of the Yarra, viduals of all ages and sizes. The enormous number of shells crowded into this layer, and the vast areal space occu- pied by it, will be realised by anyone who sees large portions of the new-made ground on the Port Melbourne side of the river covered with the valves of the arcas and oysters. The bed had been previously reached in the river dredgings, but its exact position and dimensions had not been deter- TIME It was suggested to me that the arcas and oysters were all killed by an incursion of fresh water, as the upper limit of the arca bed is apparently definite, and the dense deposit of silt commences above. But as the casts of the shells are of the same silt as occurs in mass above—as marine shells oceur, more or less, throughout the silt, while scattered arcas are to be found, though rarely, amongst the shells of the lower layer of the silt—it is clear that there is no evidence of fresh- water influx. The deposit of shells ceased, probably because the depth of salt-water became no longer sufficient, and the arcas and oysters migrated outwards to deeper waters. The bivalve shells, too, all contain a core of silt, which has con- tracted on drying, so that the silt cast is smaller than the cavity of the shell. This would not have been the case had the shells been filled with mud from above. The oysters are fine specimens of the mud-oyster, often 6 inches across. In addition to these, the two most prevalent forms, I also obtained the following from the lowest 18 inches of the silt :-—Cardium tenwicostatum, Lam.; Mytilus latus, Lam.; Natica conica, Lam.; Cominella ulveolata, Kilner ; Ampul- larina fragilis, Quoy.; Cylichna arachnoides, Quoy.; Philine Angasi, Sow.; Venus levigata, Lam. Tellina deltoidalis, Lam.; Nassa fasciata, Lam.; NV. pawperata, Lam.; Balani, Polyzoa, Driftwood. Several fragments of driftwood were found on the arca’ horizon. One piece was covered with balani. Iam indebted to Mr. Meldrum for pointing out to me one fine trunk, ten inches in diameter, in the part exposed, lying just on the top of the yellow clay. The quantity of wood no doubt indicates the estuarine origin of the silt, and the comparative freshness and excellent state of preservation of the driftwood bears witness to the imperviousness to water of the protect- ing silt. The arca band extends continuously throughout the cutting at about the same horizon. Mr. Davies also noted it at the same level in a slip cut 500 feet north of the canal. Displayed im the Fisherman's Bend Cutting. 169 I have already said that the bed has been met with in the river dredgings, but I have no record of the reaches of the river in which the shells were found. Captain Synnot informs me that when digging out his dock near what is now Langland’s Foundry (close to Wright and Orr’s present dock, and a mile and a half from the nearer entrance to the canal), he came upon shells, and Mr. John Macaulay, who acted as foreman during the construction of the dock, assures Mr. Davies that the shells were those of the “ Blood Cockle,” which is the old colonists’ name for the arca. I can obtain no evidence of shells having been found in Wright and Orr’s new dock. In the river bed the silt ceases, as we go up stream, at about the crossing of the Steam Ferry, at Spencer-street ; at and above this wasa patch of rock which has been removed by the Trust. The rock crops to the surface again at the Falls Bridge, and occurs as more or less of an-obstruction to a point about 300 yards above Prince’s_ bridge. Where the rock is covered above the ferry the covering consists, as far as I can learn or judge, of the yellow clay; but silt may exist as flood deposit, not, I expect, as a strictly estuarine deposit, in the South Melbourne swamps. I had purposed paying a visit of inspection to the cutting for the Yarra embankment, above Falls Fridge, but the water got in, I believe prema- turely, and I was prevented from carrying out my intention. I have not, therefore, been able to ascertain whether the areas occurred here or not. I think not, but, from actual observation, the arca bed has been found stretching to a distance of three, and perhaps five, miles inland from the present shore. I have made inquiries into the present habitats and distribution of the two molluscs characteristic of this bed. Though I have taken considerable pains during my four years’ residence in Melbourne to acquaint myself with the locale and habits of the mollusca of the bay, I have never seen living animals of Arca trapeziwm. I have found live shells thrown on the shore between Brighton and Chel- tenham, and dead shells are frequent on the sands between st. Kilda and Sandridge. I have dredged in Laverton Bay and at Sandridge, but never obtained living specimens; still I believe the animals are living somewhere off Wil- liamstown. Mr. Tope informed Mr. Davies that he had taken the animals alive many years ago near Williamstown ; and Mr. W. Kershaw, ot the National Museum, obtained 170 On the Sections of the Delta of the Yarra, them by wading near the mouth of the river on the Sand- ridge shore. } Rev. J. E. Tenison-Woods, in his “Census of Tasmanian Shells,” quotes A. trapezium as “frequent at Tamar Heads at low water.” But on communicating with my friend, Lieut. Beddome, of Hobart, a high authority on Tasmanian shells, he forwards to me specimens of A. fasciata as being the species abundant among the rocks at Tamar Heads. I have often found A. fasciata in holes in the rocks just below low water at Williamstown, Cheltenham, &c. J think that A. trapezium occupies muddy bottoms, in comparatively deep. water. With regard to the present habitat of the mud oyster, Mr. Bracebridge Wilson writes me that he has dredged them alive in Corio Bay. I have it also from Ernest Myers, a Sandridge fisherman, that they are occasionally to be found in Port Phillip. Mr. Wilson says that the dead shells are abundant in the South Channel, and adds that a fisherman, named Mentiplay, used to dredge live oysters for sale from that locality. The silt is very fine, and is from pressure compact and impervious to water. That this property has been of service in the preservation of the shells is seen from the effect pro- duced upon them when exposed to the action of the river water. I have never found any concretions in the shell- layer in the canal itself. They are frequently brought up in dredging from the river. Mr. Davies obtained them in situ from the shell bed in the slip mentioned as cut some 500 feet from the east end of the cutting. No water came out of the silt until the shell band was reached; then water oozed out in quantity. I have no doubt that this was derived horizontally from the river, and that the access in this way of river water has produced these calcareous con- cretions. The smaller shells, where acted upon by water, have yielded up to it their lime, and this, carried in solution, has penetrated between the grains of silt, uniting them into an excellent “cement.” The heart of the concretions is still dark silt. All stages of the process are visible from the unaltered shells, still distinct in outline, though united into a cluster by a hard cement, until we reach the nodular con- cretion of indefinite shape. In the case of the thinner shells only has the process beencompleted. The thick dense shells of the arcas have in very few cases yet succumbed, but they manifest signs of the initial stages. Displayed in the Fisherman’s Bend Cutting. 171 ‘The silt continues above the shelly stratum for 6—12 feet. Tt consists, no doubt, of the fine mud brought down by the old Yarra, and is almost as fresh, though more consolidated, than that now to be dredged off Williamstown. On burning a small fragment by way of experiment, I found that it formed a red and, I should judge, not very bad brick. No bones of mammals have been detected. I looked very closely for any fresh-water signs, but no Unio or Corbicula rewarded my search. The whole was almost certainly estuarine in formation, thougli the upper part of the silt was generally devoid of animal remains of any kind. The junction plane of silt and sand is distinct. There is no break in the conformity. The lower layers of the sand contain next to no shells. At the east end of the excavation the vertical section of the sand exhibits much cross-bedding, due to play of currents, but I could see no trace of shelis. The sands here were bound together in places by a ferruginous cement, and preserved a vertical face. At the west end, on the contrary, the sands were very loose, and at about the level of present low-water mark (or a foot below) a very good example of an old beach is preserved in the form of a narrow 4—6 in. band, crammed with remains of shells such as one finds nowadays piled on the shore near low-water mark at Sandridge. Dead shells most of them, some bored by Naticas, while some few sand burrowers, as Solen, Pholas, and Mesodesma, clearly lived on the spot. How far this layer of shells extended along the canal [ am unable to say, as the sands of the side-slopes towards the west had, from their incoherence, to be protected and covered by sheet-piling and pitching, even on my first visit to the ground. The west end of the canal is over 2 miles from the present shore of Hobson’s Bay along the river. Up to this shell-band, then, the sands are of marine origin, brought up by currents probably from the cliffs of Brighton, Cheltenham, &c. At Cheltenham the bed of shells occurs at a height of nearly 60 feet, and, as the clifis were rising to this elevation, the wear and tear must have been very great. As the sand spread over the silt, a corresponding immigration of Solens and other sand-inhabiting forms took place. But the uppermost layers of sand have, I believe, not been laid down by water, but been blown in from the shores of Hobson’s Bay. The process is, in fact, still going on where unchecked by vegetation, and where the Sandridge people have stripped the surface of fern it goes on with unpleasant 172 On the Sections of the Delta of the Yarra, rapidity. The actual surface consists of a series of long rolls, whose axes run approximately parallel to the present shore line. In some cases a single roll can be traced continuously for two or three miles. ‘The axes are also at right angles to the prevailing winds, running H.and W. In the established land the ridges are sandy, and grow bracken only, while the hollows in which water has been able to le yield a good soil, often even a solid turf. The silt holds water. In consequence a difficulty was encountered in making the canal, for the surface-waters, accumulating on the top of the silt, emerged as springs or oozed from the sides of the cutting. The vegetation, chiefly bracken, of the surface has formed a certain amount of humus. The atmospheric waters passing through have become sufficiently impregnated with acids to dissolve the iron of the (probably basaltic) sands, and appeared as reddish- brown streamlets, disfiguring and injuring the slopes of the work. Wherever the course of such a runnel is arrested— as where it flows over a tiny fall into a miniature pool—a foam is thrown up, which, from its soapy touch and ochreous colour, reminds one of meerschaum. I made, with the aid of my pupils, a rough analysis of the solid constituent of the foam vesicles, and found that it was a compound silicate of aluminium, with a good proportion of ferrous oxide and traces of ferric oxide, but with no magnesia. The water per- colating through the sand takes up other matters in solution, and, upon evaporation at the free surface exposed to the atmosphere, leaves the solids as incrustations. Such white and yellow patches were here and there conspicuous, both on sand and silt below. The white incrustations consisted of sodium and magnesium chlorides, and the yellow of ferric chloride. The silt forms the greater part of the West Melbourne Swamp, and betrays there also its estuarial origin. Mr. Davies has shown me the skull of a dolphin found 10 feet below the surface at one point, and others have been ob- tained. Mr. Bale, F.R.M.S., has furnished me with a list of ‘diatoms found in the deposits of the West Melbourne Swamp, which are notable for their richness in those organisms. The list is not exhaustive, but includes all the commoner forms, and these, without exception, are proper to brackish or salt water. The species comprised Campylodiscus Demelianus, C. echenéis (= C. cribresus, C. argus), C. clypeus, Synedra gracilis (= 8. pulchella var.), Nitzschia tryblionella (= T. Displayed im the Fisherman’s Bend Cutting. 173: gracilis) var., N. curcumsuta, Melosira Borreri, Lyalodiscus Caltfornicus, Actinocyclus Barklyi, Navicula Yarrensis, N. Smithi, Surirella craticula (so called, = Navicula sp.), E'pithemia musculus. As this is a record of facts, while I have endeavoured to show their immediate bearing and connection, I have ab- stained from any wide speculation as to the past history of the Lower Yarra. I do not think that the depth of the silt is at all an accurate measure of the time that has elapsed since the arcas and oysters lived. Soundings made in Hob- son’s Bay by Mr. Moseley in 1867, 1869, 1871, and 1878, and. by Captain Stanley in 1875, showed that over the western part of the Bay there had been in the eleven years a general deposit of 12 to 36 inches of silt. The area within a radius of a quarter of a mile from Williamstown Pier had, however, not shallowed at allin the period. With variations from an increase of nil to an increase of 36 inches in eleven years we have no grounds for a choice of rate of deposition, nor reason for striking the average. It is advisable, then, to postpone any extensive generalisations until other parts of the delta have yielded further evidence. It is to be hoped that opportunities will be seized as they occur of recording such evidence. Art. XIV.—On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. Cyclochila Australasice, Donovan sp. By A. H. 8. Lucas, M.A., BSc., F.GS. [Read 14th October, 1886. | OF all insects the cicadas have perhaps for the longest period attracted the curious interest of men of all natiuns and on all the continents. It is then nota little singular that there should be any disagreement amongst zoologists as to the precise manner in which these assiduous musicians 174: On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. produce their music. For many years Réaumur’s explana-_ tion of the process, published in 1740,in his Mémovires*, was generally received; but in 1872 Landois published a monograph on “Die Ton-und Stimm-Apparate der Insekten” in the Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschafiliche Zoologie, in which he advanced a novel theory on the subject. I have not been able to obtain access to the original paper, but Huxleyt quotes Landois as contending that “the posterior thoracic stigmata are the vocal organs. ‘These open into chambers, in the walls of which tense membranes are so disposed as to intensify the sound by their resonance.” In this view clearly, then, the sound is a true voice, produced as in man by a modification of the tubes of the breathing apparatus. This is a taking theory. Nor is it so easy for Huropean naturalists, save on their travels, to verify or discredit it for themselves. ‘Thus there is but one tiny British species, and that now only rarely to be found in the New Forest. The European forms cannot compare in size with some of our own, and with many exotic species. The life of the adult insect is a short one, and exotic specimens could not be taken to England to repeat their performances before a scientific jury. - From the habits of the larve, the rearing of cicadas would be attended with great difficulty. Réaumur himself writes {:— ‘“‘Heureusement que ces parties, les plus singulierés de Textérieur de ces mouches, peuvent étre bien vies sur celles qui sont mortes; et que pour les étudier et les disséquer a Vaise il faudroit faire périr les cigales qu’on auroit vivantes; car je me suis trouvé engagé a lecrire leur histoire sans en avolr jamais entendu chanter une, et sans en avoir jamais possédé une en vie.” Anatomy certainly gave Réaumur the clue to the correct theory, but we need also to bring the rival theories to crucial tests by experiment in order to definitively determine between them. I was much exercised, as. every new comer must be, on listening to this noisy Victorian species for the first time in 1883. By dissection and a few simple experiments I made out what I conceived to be the modus operandi, and all my observations agree with the older theory of Réaumur, * Tome 5, } Anatomy Invertebrated Animals, page 438, { Mémoires, tome 5, page 149. On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. 175 and do not confirm the newer theory of Landois. I read a few notes on the subject before the Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria soon after. In later seasons I have repeated and extended the experiments. As attention has been called to the subject lately by Professor Lloyd Morgan*, who from examination of the corresponding species at the Cape of Good Hope has also come to distrust Landois’ explanation of the process, I have thought it well to put on record an account of our green cicada, in which the organs are con- spicuous, and which can be obtained with the utmost freedom at midsummer. As will be seen from the specimens and dissections, the organs are situated in the first two segments of the abdomen in the males, occupying a space about one-third of the entire bulk of the animal. This fact alone shows the importance of the structure to the insect in the struggle for existence. By a comparison with the unmodified segments of the female we find that the sound apparatus of the male has been developed by a specialisation of the terga of the first abdominal and the sterna of the last thoracic and first abdominal segments, accompanied by a remarkable develop- ment of the muscles of the trunk of the same two segments, and a suppression of the muscles of the succeeding abdominal segment. In the anterior membranous slope of the dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment, facing the thorax, a pair of elliptical, sclerous membranes are differentiated, one on each side. These are set obliquely to the long axis of the body, are convex backwards and upwards, and are strengthened with chitinous ridges running from the anterior and inner to the posterior and outer angle. These are the rattle- membranes, by the internal friction of which, of the ridges on each other when in rapid vibration, the sound is originated. These rattle-membranes are protected by a corresponding pair of stout plates which project forwards over them, from what is in the female insect a mere transverse ridge of the abdominal tergum. The ventral modifications are no less remarkable. The confronting surfaces of the metathorax and abdomen, in close apposition in the female, diverge widely in the male, * Nature, Vol. 33, Feb. 18, 1886, p. 369 176 On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. the greater portion of each becoming transformed into a pair of tense, delicate, translucent membranes, which constitute the inferior boundaries of air-spaces. The tension-membranes of the metathorax are the smaller, and look downwards and backwards; those of the first abdominal segment, much larger, look downwards and forwards. A chitinous ridge and band separate the two pairs transversely. In the ventral middle line a short, stout ridge connects inferior medial projections, a blunt spur from the metathorax, and a semi-circular plate from the abdominal seement, andserves for the linear attachment of the great abdominal muscles. Both pairs of these delicate membranes are likewise protected by two large chitinous plates, which arise externally to the legs in the metathorax, and are enormously larger than corres- ponding folds in the female. These plates quite cover in the white membranes. A pair of huge muscles take their origin close together below, along the visceral aspect of the median ridge referred to, and with great antero-posterior extension proceed upwards and outwards, diverging as they rise, to terminate about a quarter of an inch below the rattle-membranes in broad, plate-like, rigid terminals. From these tendinous slips pass to the rattle-membranes. Capacious air-spaces, which act as resonators, are formed by absorption or suppression of peri-visceral and muscular elements in the regions affected. The general boundaries of the air-space are—in front the muscles and viscera of the meso- thorax ; below the two pairs of tension-membranes ; behind the muscles and viscera of the hinderabdominal segments; and above the rattle-membranes. But this space is subdivided into successive resonators as follows :—(1) Antero-lateral recesses, bounded by the rattle-membranes above, the muscles and their terminal plates within, and the anterior tension-membranes below; (2) median recess between the diverging muscles; and (8) the vast drum-like cavities behind the muscles and above the great tension-membranes, excavated at the expense of the normal abdominal contents. The modus operandi is apparently this. The muscles contract, and by their tendons set the rattle-membranes in a motion which is perfectly free. Vibratory motion would have been hindered or prevented altogether by a direct insertion of the massive muscles into the rattle-membrane. The vibrations of the membranes produced by the friction of the horny ridges is communicated to the air of the resona- On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. WET) tors, probably in succession to the subdivisions in the order indicated, and the shrill chirp thus so strangely intensified.* The experiments which lead me to assign these respective functions to the different organs are as follows -— (1.) The sound was produced without diminution of volume in the living insect: (a) When the wings were removed. (6) In the abdomen, when the cephalo-thorax was re- moved, (c) When the hard protecting plates, both upper and lower, were removed. (2.) The sound could be produced, though with somewhat less loudness, by irritating or by artificially working the great muscles while fresh in the separated abdomen. (5.) The sound was almost entirely lost on slitting the rattle-membranes in the otherwise unmutilated animal. The insect worked there as before, but the charm was broken, and its voice was lost. (4.) Vibrations of all the white tension-membranes took place without the sownd, but these always vibrated when the sound was given forth, those of the thorax with greater amplitude. The sound was not affected by even a large rent in the great tension-membranes of the abdomen. Thus these membranes serve probably to give greater freedom of motion to a larger volume of air in the resonators. (5.) The corresponding segments of the abdomen in male and female insects are easily recognisable. In both sexes there are five segments, each of which carries a pair of stigmata on the under surface about midway between the middle line and the margin on either side. The stigmata of the mesothorax are most prominent; they are provided each with a cover, consisting of a pair of valves, which close and open at irregular intervals, apparently at the will of the animal, like eyelids. The stigmata of the metathorax can be seen also with- out any difficulty in situation exactly corresponding to their position in the mesothorax. A bristle can be passed through a stigma into the air-tube without passing into any of the * In a brief note ‘“‘ On the vocal organs of the Cicada,” Proc. L.S.N.S.W., August, 1886, Mr. Haswell accepts Réaumur’s theory. He gives no experi- ment, but adds the idea that the strips of which the great muscles are composed act independently or successively. The American authors, as Packard, are orthodox believers in the older view. N 178 On the Sound Organs of the Green Cicada. air-chambers of the sounding apparatus. I separated the abdomen, produced the skirr in it, and then passed a bristle through the metathoraic stigma for a distance of nearly half an inch along the tracheid. (6.) There was no connection between the times of the rise and fall of the cover for the stigma of the mesothorax and the sounding of the rattle. To work out the question fully we need, further—(1) to trace the development of the organs in the pupa, which is rather difficult to obtain; (2) to compare the adult organs of the Green Cicada with those of the other species of the family. I believe that a graduated series of forms might be obtained in which, as in the successive stages of growth of an individual, we might trace the oradual progression of these singular sound-organs, from simple beginnings to the highly elaborated apparatus of the Cyclochila Australasia. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Fie. 1. Cyclochila Australasice. Male insect, natural size. (a) Stridulating organ of left side. Fig. 2. Side view of same, enlarged. Both pairs of wings have been removed, and also the opercular or protecting plates. (a) Rattle-membrane or stridulating organ; (b) great tension membrane of abdominal segment; (c) tension membrane of metathorax. Fig. 3. View of separated abdomen from before. (@ 6) As before; (m) great muscles; (¢) tendinous slips of same ; (p) opercular plates covering stridulating organs. Fig. 4, View of oreat muscles from behind. 6b m) As before. Fig. 5. Internal view of abdomen divided in longitudinal median section, from the left. (@ 6 m) As before; (0) plate-like terminal of right muscle. I am indebted to my accomplished friend and colleague, Mr, Frank Goldstraw, for the drawings in this Plate. Art, XV.— Descriptions of New, or Inttle-Known, Polyzoa. PART ET: By P. H. MacGiniivray, M.A., M.R.C.S., FLAS, [Read 11th November, 1886.] Family MEMBRANIPORID. Amplhiblestrum argentewm, n. sp. THIS species was described and figured in the Prodromus, of the Zoology of Victoria, Plate 37, as Lepralia trifolvwm. and subsequently referred to Membranipora in Trans. Royal Society, Victoria, 1881. It is not, however, the Membranipora trifoluum of 8. Woods, and, consequently, another name is required for it. The figures already given are quite correct, except that the oral flap in the membran- ous aperture is not shown. I give an amended description. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia variously shaped, elongated, oval or rhomboidal, separated by narrow raised margins ; lamina calcareous, finely granular, occupying about two- thirds of the area; aperture trifoliate, the lower margin straight or slightly convex, the entering angles rather sharp ; two or three spines above, and frequently one close to each angle of the aperture. Ocecia of moderate size, globular, finely granular, sometimes with a narrow, smooth rim. Avicularia rare, between the zocecia, with long, narrow mandibles. | Family ESCHARIDE. Schizoporella rostrata, n. sp. Plate L., fig. 2. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia rhomboidal, separated by narrow, sharply-raised margins, very slightly convex or nearly flat, silvery, with numerous faintly-bordered pores; mouth with a wide shallow sinus in the lower lip,and a minute denticle on each side internally ; an elevated process imme- diately below the lower lip, on the inner aspect of which is an avicularium, with the triangular mandible pointed up- wards. Ocecia large, globular; surface punctate or obscurely perforated. | - Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson. N 2 180 Descriptions of New, Schizoporella pachnoides, n. sp. Plate I, fig. 3. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia elongated, irregular in shape, separated by distinct grooves, with an elevated line at the bottom; surface minutely covered with small elevations, or, from the opening of these, white bordered pores; mouth lofty, horse-shoe shaped, with a wide, deep sinus in the lower lip ; margin thickened, especially below; upper border becom- ing thickened and raised with age. An avicularium with the triangular mandible pointing straight or obliquely down- wards, on a slight elevation below the mouth. Port Phillip Heads. Schizoporella dedala, n. sp. (= S. insignis, M‘G.) In the Trans. Roy. Soc., Vict., 1882, I described a species as S. ansignis, not being aware that the specific name had been a short time previously appled by Mr. Hincks to an African species. Mr. Hincks subsequently described the present species from Port Phillip Heads, referring it to Mr. Waters’ fossil S. conservata, an indentification which is at Jeast doubtful. As the specific name was previously used for another species, I propose naming the present S. dedala, =S. insignis, M‘G.=S. conservata, Hincks (not Waters). Family CELLEPORIDE. Lagenmipora nitens,n. sp. Plate L, fig. 1. Zocecia oblique at the edges of the zoarium, erect towards the centre, smooth; primary mouth circular or sub-circular, with a small oval avicularium at one side ; secondary mouth formed by a tubular peristome, separated by a narrow con- stricting collar; orifice with a spinous process on each side, between which is the original oral avicularium, carried upwards on a semi-spiral tube, widened above, and ending in a clavate projection. Vicarious avicularia broadly spatu- late. Port Phillip Heads, Mr. J. B. Wilson. Of this interesting species I have only a very minute specimen on a piece of shell. It is related to Mr. Hincks’s Phylactella lucida, afterwards referred by him to Lageni- pora; and to his £. spinosa. The manner in which the small avicularium of the primary mouth is carried up on a semi-spiral tube with the growth of the peristome is very or Little-known, Polyzoa. 181 curious, and is precisely similar to what occurs in Leky- thopora hystriz. On the specimen there is a single spatu- late vicarious avicularium, similar also to those of Leky- thopora. There are no ocecia on the specimen. Family IDMONEIDA., Idmonea atlantica, E. Forbes. Two forms of this species occur, for specimens of both of which I am indebted to Mr. Wilson. Of one I have only seen a single specimen, three-quarters of an inch in height. The branches are dichotomous, and spread in nearly the same plane. The zocecia are three to five in a row, the peristomes very long, the innermost the longest. The posterior surface is regularly longitudinally grooved in the growing ends of the branches, the ridges punctate; but in the older parts the ridges and intervening grooves are much obscured by a series of close concentric ridges, similar to those in J. Milneana and wnterjuncta. In the other form (var. tenwis, Busk) the branches are narrower, much more straggling, and the posterior surface has not the concentric ridges. Hornera ramosa,n. sp. Plate L, fig. 4. Zoarium branched, spreading ; branches irregularly in the same plane. Branches rather narrow; anterior surface fibro-reticulate, the zocecia opening in rhomboidal spaces. Zocecia in three to five rows, orifices exserted, the central circular and entire, the lateral elliptical and pointed at one side. Posterior surface grooved, the ridges punctate and frequently separated by Jarge punctations or vacuoles. Ocecia posterior, prominent, surface deeply areolated, frequently crossed by a narrow ridge starting from the aperture, which is nearly lunate and at one edge. Port Phillip Heads and elsewhere. I have some doubt whether this should not be considered a slender variety of H. frondiculata, which again ought possibly to be referred to H. lichenoides. It occurs in small tufts, occasionally attaining a diameter of an inch. The zoarium arises from a spreading, fibrillated, encrusting base, the resulting short stem immediately dividing into two or more. These again divide dichotomously, or give off smaller branches from the sides. The branches sometimes arise irrecularly, and are slightly twisted on themselves, but they usually spread in a more or less flabelliform manner, 182 Descriptions of New, frequently expanding laterally and occasionally having a penniform arrangement. ‘The ocecia are very prominent and deeply areolated. They are occasionally crossed by a carina originating at the nearly lunate aperture ; both ridge and opening are, however, frequently absent. Family TUBULIPORIDA. Inrvpora, n. genus. Zoarium crustaceous, growing on a basal lamina. Zocecia not projecting, arranged in single or multiple series, opening alone the summits or towards the extremities of ridges which usually more or less radiate from a central point; the intervening grooves without cancelli and covered by a punctate, calcareous membrane. The species which I have described as Diastopora lineata and D. fasciculata differ from the true Diastopore in having the zocecia arranged in uni- or multiserial rows or ridges, and opening either along the summits of these ridges or towards their extremities. The intervening grooves or furrows have no cells or cancelli, but are covered by a more or less punctate, calcareous membrane. These differences necessitate the reference of the two species to a different generic group. I was at first inclined to place them under one of D‘Orbigny’s fossil genera, such as Actinopora, Discotubigera, Pavotubigera, or Semitubigera, the characters of which are generally essentially the same; but I think it more advisable to give a new name. In L. lineata the ridges are frequently very much more elevated than in the specimen originally described and fioured, and the zoarium, instead of being circular, is often elongated or irregular in shape. In all these forms the sloping margin of the zoarium, inside the edge of the thin lamina, is occupied by prismatic cells or cancelli, which open all round, and not only opposite the celliferous ridges. The orifices of the zocecia are frequently closed by a punctate membrane. In some specimens of D. fasciculata the ridges and intervening furrows are much more distinct than in that ficured. Family DISCOPORELLIDA. Lichenopora Wilsont, n. sp. Plate I, fig. 5. Zoarium discoid, cupped, the basal lamina free and upturned. Centre depressed, reticulated by narrow, rounded, smooth ridges or fibrille, with narrow, elongated interspaces, or little-known, Polyzoa. 183 at the bottom of which is a punctate membrane; the elevated fibrillee with numerous sharp, straight, or uncinate spines, projecting forwards. Zocecia arranged in radiating lines of single series, erect, very lofty at the central starting point, and gradually diminishing in height to the circum- ference ; mouth rounded, with usually a sharp spine on each side above. Intermediate cancelli numerous, large, irrecular, with numerous minute internal spines. Port Phillip Heads, Mr, J. B. Wilson. The only specimen I have seen of this well-marked species forms a beautiful cupped disc one-third of an inch in dia- meter, the smooth edges of the basal lamina much turned upwards. The central depressed portion is occupied by a peculiar reticulation of smooth, round filbrillee, from which numerous scattered, small, sharp spines project forwards. The zocecia are also very characteristic. Those originating the series from the central reticulate space are very lofty ; they rapidly but uniformly diminish in height. The peri- stome is produced on either side towards the upper part into a fine, sharp process. The cancelli between the zocecial rows are irregular in shape, and lined with minute, sharp spines. Fanily VESICULARUDZ. Amathia inarmata, n. sp. Zoarium much branched dichotomously; the branches articulated, thick ; internodes short, each almost entirely occupied by a single biserial group of zocecia, four to eight in each series, slightly diminishing in height towards the distal extremity. No filiform appendages. This species differs from A. lendigera in the shortness of the internodes, which are each almost entirely occupied by a single group of zocecia. The height of the zocecia is also more nearly uniform. A short time ago Mr. Cosmo Newbery placed at my disposal for examination some marine specimens collected in the Straits of Gaspar and Baly by Captain Worsley, of the telegraph ship “Sherard Osborne.’ ‘hey consisted chiefly of Crinoids, some magnificent specimens of Scalpellum villosum (Darwin), and a few Polyzoa. The last were all from the Straits of Gaspar, in lat. 3 degs. 19 mins. &., long. 107 degs. 17 mins. E., and were obtained from a depth of 17 fathoms. There are six species in all, of which three 184 Descruptions of New, have been previously described. These are Scrupocellaria — cervicornis (Busk) and Nellia oculata (Busk), both well- known, though not common, Australian species, occurring also in the Gulf of Florida, and Retepora tubulata (Busk), dredged by the “Challenger” naturalists off Cape York. Of these new species one, Retepora Worsleyi, is especially interesting, as it consists of narrow, dichotomously-divided branches, without any attempt at the formation of fenestree. Mr. Hincks states (British Marine Polyzoa, page 389) that he is acquainted with a non-fenestrate Retepore, probably from the Red Sea; but, so far as I am aware, no description has yet been published. Family CELLULARIIDA. Scrupocellaria annectens, n. sp. Plate II, fig. 1. Zoarium erect, branches narrow, dichotomously divided, nearly in the same plane. Zocecia elongated, smooth ; aperture elliptical, occupying about three-fourths of the front; margins thickened; an acute spine internally towards the upper extremity, below which is, in the fertile zocecia, a clavate scutum, with a long slender pedicle arching over the aperture; ordinary zocecia destitute of scuta; a zocecium in the angle of bifurcation of a branch, with three short, slender spines superiorly. Ocecia broadly galeate, with a smooth rim inferiorly, and superiorly with several marginal or sub-marginal puncta, or foramina. A small, sessile, lateral avicularium, opening directly upwards at each external upper angle; a sessile avicularium, with acute mandible and usually serrated rostrum below the aperture of each zocecium internally and near the mesian line. Posterior surface finely sulcate; a vibraculum at the base of each zocecium, the seta very long, slender, and smooth; frequently a radical fibre or tube from the base of the vibraculum extending laterally to terminate in a similar situation in an opposite branch; a single vibraculum in the angie of bifurcation of a branch. This species approaches the genus Canda in the manner in which the anterior avicularia are arranged, coming very near the mesian line, although not, as in that genus, placed on a special tract. In structure also they much resemble those of Canda arachnoides. The branches also are frequently connected by cross fibres or tubes attached to the bases of the vibracular cells. The scutum seems to be confined to the ovicelligerous zocecia, and is wanting in the others. or Little-known, Polyzoa. 185 There is usually a larger avicularium at the base of the zocecium in a bifurcation. In the portion figured it is abnormal, being subcapitate, attached more to the side, and with a stout conical process growing from one side. It generally differs only from the ordinary form in its larger size. Family RETEPORIDA. Retepora Worsleyt, n. sp. Plate IL, fig. 2. Zoarium small, consisting of slender, dichotomously-divided branches. Zocecia bi-triserial, smooth, or minutely granular, glassy; peristome produced, fluted, lower lip with a deep notch. In the lateral zocecia the outer edge produced out- wards, and having on its lower margin a sessile, horizontal avicularium, the rostrum terminated by two short, sharp teeth. Posterior surface strongly vibicate, finely granular, and glistening. This species, which I have much pleasure in dedicating to Captain Worsley, differs from all the other described Retepores, in the complete absence of fenestree or reticula- tion, the branches being very slender, dichotomously divided, and with no attempt at anastomosis. The peristome is largely produced, very distinct, and strongly fluted, with a deep mesian sinus. On the lateral zocecia the outer part is produced in a fringed-manner; and there is in the lower lip a horizontal sessile avicularium opening upwards, with the rostrum terminated by two short, sharp denticles, very much in the same manner as is seen in the fenestral avicularia of R. serrata (M‘G.) Altogether the species is most interest- ing, as showing the inconstancy of zoarial as compared with zocecial characters, even in a genus in which the zoarial character is usually so strongly marked. Family IDMONEIDZ. Idmonea Gasparensis, n. sp. Plate IL, fig. 3. Zoarium small, dichotomously divided; zocecia in irregular lines across the branches, usually a central, and one on each side, distinct, punctate; peristome long and _ projecting forwards, obscurely annulatea or annularly and minutely punctate. Posterior surface longitudinally sulcate, and transversely and concentrically rugose; finely punctate; no calcified radical tubes. This species presents the general structure of I. Milneana, D’Orb., and I. interjuncta (M‘G.), but has very few zocecia, 186 Descriptions of New, or Little-known, Polyzoa. only two or three in the diameter of a branch. The zocecia are very long, distinct, and closely punctate, the puncta being elevated inflations, darker in the centre, and frequently perforated. The peristome, which is either annulated or with annular series of minute punctures, projects much forwards. The posterior surface is longitudinally sulcate, and concentrically ridged. There are none of the calcified bundles of radical tubes so characteristic of the other species mentioned. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. PLATE I, Fig. 1. Lagenipora nitens. Fig la. A few zocecia, showing the primary mouths. Fig 1b, Mandible of vicarious avicularium. Fig. 2. Schizoporella rostrata, two young zocecia. Fig. 2a. | Another portion of the same specimen, showing also ocecia. Vig. 3. Schizoporella pachnoides. Fig. 3a. A single zocecium from the same specimen. Fig. 4. Hornera ramosa, natural size. Fig. 4a. Anterior surface magnified. Fig. 5. Lichenopora Wilsom, natural size. Fig. 5a. Section of same, to show height of zocecia, magnified about two diameters. Fig. 56. Small portion, showing part of central reticulation by fibres with spines; part of two series of zocecia, and intervening cancelll. PratrT if, Fig. 1. Serupocellaria annectens, natural size. Fig. la. Anterior surface of branch magnified. Fig. 16. Posterior aspect of same. Fig. 2. Retepora Worsleyi, natural size. Fig. 2a. Anterior surface of branch magnified. Vig. 2b. Posterior aspect of same. Fig. 3. Idmonea Gasparensis,natural size. Fig. 3a. Anterior surface magnified. Fig. 3b. Posterior surface. C.Troedel & C? imp. / P.H.MSG dela Lith. beta ib is oS is Bae Sa SA a ae a as Lede ee yl St a le Ra el te er Sn ia rial Lapras Ui keke imp. C.Troedel & C° PHMSG. ded eLlith Art. XVI—A Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. By P. H. MacGinitvray, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.LS. [Read 11th November, 1886. ] As Professor M‘Coy’s “ Prodromus of the Zoology of Vic- toria,’ in which I am fully describing and illustrating our Polyzoa, is unavoidably slow of publication, and as there are many observers interested in this department of our Fauna, I propose giving a list of all the marine species with which I am acquainted. To make it more useful, the characters of the families and genera, with references to the most readily available descriptions of the species, are given, and a bibliography of the more important works and papers on the subject is added. In preparing this catalogue the materials I have had at my disposal have been specimens collected by myself in Hobson’s Bay and at Port Phillip Heads, a collection made by Mr. H. Watts at Warrnambool and purchased for the National Museum, and others contributed by friends either to the Museum or to myself. I am, above all, indebted to my friend Mr. J. Bracebridge Wilson, for the generous liberality with which he has placed at my disposal large series of new and rare forms dredged at Port Phillip Heads and at Western Port, accompanied by much valuable information concerning them. His contributions to this and, | may add, to other branches of marine zoology as well as botany, have been invaluable, and without his aid, so freely given, this record could not have been nearly so extensive. Mr. Maplestone, for some time residing at Port- land, has materially assisted me by the contribution of speci- mens, some previously undescribed. Baron von Mueller has kindly given me numerous specimens sent with alge from various localities, and I have to thank other friends for their assistance. Besides my colonial friends, I am under great obligations to Mr. Hincks and Mr. Waters for the kindness with which they have sent me many specimens for comparison, and to Miss Jelly for large series of specimens from Europe: and other parts, which have been of great service. 188 A Catalogue of the The list, long as it is (including about 350 species), will certainly be very much added to. The only locality which has really been systematically searched is the neighbour- hood of Port Phillip Heads, which has been dredged by Mr. Wilson and myself. Mr. Wilson has also spent some time dredging in Western Port, principally at the entrance, and Mr. Maplestone has dredged at Portland. The speci- mens from other localities have been collected on the beach. It is hoped that the arrangement followed here will be found, at least, convenient. For the classification of the Polyzoa all naturalists are now agreed that the zocecial characters are of primary i1m- portance. At the same time, the zoarial, when constant, demand consideration, and in the Cyclostomata, owing to the little variety in the structure of the individual zocecia, we are obliged to depend toa great extent on them. Of the zocecial characters, among the Cheilostomata, the prin- cipal are the amount of calcification of the cell-wall, the presence or absence of special pores communicating with the body cavity, the form of the mouth (primary and secondary) with the structure of the operculum, the nature and situation of the ocecia, and the avicularia or vibracula. The form and structure of the mouth, including the oper- culum, undoubtedly afford one of the most constant and easily used means of diagnosis. The structure of the operculum, to the value of which attention was first drawn by Mr. Waters, has already proved of great assistance in the discrimination of the species of Cellaria, Cellepora, Retepora and other difficult genera, and there can be no doubt that much more use will be made of its characters than has hitherto been done. To the presence of special pores on the front of the zocecia much importance must be attached. By special pores I mean the true pores found in the Microporellidee, &c., opening directly into the body cavity. These are to be carefully distin- guished from those which are formed by an outgrowth of the peristome on each side, overarching and meeting in the middle, leaving a pore opening into the peristomial eavity outside the true mouth, as in Porina and Adeonella. . In old or highly calcified specimens of the latter genera it is often difficult or impossible to see the real structure, but an the growing edges the formation of this external or adventitious pore can be easily traced. It also occurs Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. , 189 occasionally in species belonging to other genera, as in Smittia Landsborovii, var. porinoides. Of course both kinds of pore are essentially different and easily distinguished from the fenestres or irregular perforations or depressions, caused by a deficiency in the calcification of the ectocyst, which contribute so much to the ornamentation of many species, and which are frequently filled or even heaped over with calcareous matter. The division of the zocecium into two cavities, as in Steganoporella magnilabris, Chlidona and _ probably Urceolipora, is undoubtedly a difference of great import- ance, although we do not yet understand the real nature of this structure. The ocecia deserve more attention than has hitherto been bestowed on them. There can be no doubt that their being internal and opening by a special pore, or external and superposed on zocecia, or contained in or formed by modified zocecia, are characters which ought to be considered of considerable importance in a natural classification. The arrangement adopted sufficiently explains itself, but there are some points on which a few remarks may be advisable. In the Farcieminarude I have included Busk’s Farci- minaria dichotoma as Verrucularva dichotoma, taking the generic name proposed by Von Suhr, when he supposed it to be an aloa. Mr. Hincks has referred it to /lustrella and there is no doubt that the structure of the mouth very much approaches that of the Ctenostomatous genus, and in fact it evidently forms one of the transitionary species between the two sub-orders. Farciminaria proper shews a decided approximation to the same, the presence of ocecia, however, and, in many species, of avicularia clearly placing it among the Cheilostomata; and I cannot but agree with Mr. Busk in considering that Verrucularia has more affinity with Farciminaria than with any other group. In any case, even if placed among the Ctenostomata, I do not see how it ean be included in the genus Flustrella. In the Membraniporide I have only included forms in which the operculum is incomplete, that is formed by a flap in the membranous front wall without a distinct articulation. The genus Membranipora, as defined in this paper, ought probably to be divided into two; those with the long, incurved spines and the zocecium frequently prolonged below the area, might be separated as Gray’s proposed genus 190 A Cutalogue of the Callopora. Amphiblestrum, although a convenient genus, is not satisfactory. ‘There is a wide difference, for instance, between A pwnetigerum, with only a minute portion of the corners of the area filled by a membranous thickening, and A. argenteum or permunitum, where a large portion is occupied by a calcareous lamina. It would probably be better to refer the latter forms to a distinct genus. [Lama little doubtful about the propriety of my genus Bathypora, but the species is not easily referable to any of the other divisions. In the Microporidce I have included those Membrani- poridan genera having the opercular valve complete and distinctly articulated. They are also all more or less calcareous in the front wall, beneath the generally thick epitheca with which they are covered. To the Microporellidce I have referred all the crustaceous or foliaceous, calcareous forms with distinct zocecial pores. I cannot, however, agree with those authors who. would place the Adeona group in the genus Microporella for the sole reason of the presence of one or more pores. The whole structure is evidently different, and, especially, the ocecia are not external but are modifications of ordinary zocecia. The small articular processes on the avicularean mandibles pointed out by Busk, although peculiar and strongly marked, are not altogether confined to the Adeone, but are still important in this connection as they do not seem to occur in the true Microporelle. I am very much inclined to the view that the Adeonew should take family rank. Hscharipora stellata forms the transition between the two groups. In the Microporellidee I also place the species which I originally described as Lepralia magnirostris, having overlooked the tubular zocecial pore, and which has been referred to the genus Poryina by Hincks. There has been much unnecessary confusion about this genus. It was proposed by D‘Orbigny (“ PaléontologieFrangaise,’ V.432) for erect bilaminate species with a special pore placed behind the mouth at the median or lateral part of the cell, and he took for his types, among living forms, P. Africana (D’Orb.), which he briefly defines, and Hschara gracilis of Milne Edwards. Now, the pore of EL. gracilis, for which and its allies the generic name ought clearly to be retained, is external—v.e., it is formed by the overarching and junction of processes of the peristome, and consequently communicates with the peristomial tube out- side the true mouth. Mr. Waters has already pointed this Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 191 out, and includes #. gracilis in Porina. The other species which Mr. Hincks refers to Porina (“British Marine Polyzoa,” p. 229) certainly belong to the same genus as Lf. gractlvs. The best known, P. borealis, was first described as an Onchopora by Busk, then made the type of a new genus—Quadricellaria—by Sars, and, that having been already used for a totally different set of species by D‘Orbigny, was again referred to another new genus— Tessaradoma—by Norman. The last name is the one which, according to all the rules of nomenclature, ought to be adopted, notwithstanding that it is etymologically incorrect. The large family of the Hscharide I have arranged under three sub-families—Schizoporellonce, equivalent to the Myriozoide of Hincks (whose name I do not adopt, as I am doubtful whether Myriozowm ought to be referred to the group), characterised by the plain mouth, with a sinus in the lower lip, and without any special development of the peristome; Lepraliine, where there is a plain semicircular or subcircular mouth without sinus or special peristome; and Mucronelline, distinguished by the growth of a distinct peristome developed in various ways. I had intended proposing a new genus for my Hschara obliqua, when Mr. Wilson informed me that it was mentioned under the appropriate name of Parmularva in a letter from Mr. Busk, and I have, therefore, adopted his MS name, although I am not aware that it has ever been published. In the Mucronelline, Busk’s genus Adeonella is difficult to differen- tiate from Porina, unless it be that the lower lip of the © primary mouth has a sinus, and of that, except in A. dispar, I am doubtful. The whole appearance is different, and in Adeonella the mandibles have the small articular processes pointed out by Busk. In the catalogue I have throughout referred to my descrip- tions in Professor M‘Coy’s “ Prodomus of the Zoology of Vic- toria,” to the late Mr. Busk’s “ British Museum Catalogue” and “ Polyzoa of the ‘Challenger’ Expedition,” and to the “British Marine Polyzoa” of Mr. Hincks. The reference to the “Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria” are to my own papers. In a considerable number of the references the species will be found under other generic names, especially in those belonging to the divisions of the old genera Membranipora, Lepralia and Eschara. No confusion how- ever, need arise from this. 192 A Catalogue of the The following abbreviations are used :— A.M.N.H.—* Annals and Magazine of Natural History.” B.M.C.—* British Museum Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa,” by Mr. Busk. B.M.P.—< British Marine Polyzoa,” by Mr. Hincks. C.P.—*‘ Challenger’ Polyzoa,’” by Mr. Busk. P.Z.V.—< Prodromus of Zoology of Victoria ;” “ Polyzoa,” by P. H. MacGillivray. The numbers refer to plates. Q.J.M.S.—* Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science.” T.R.S.V.—* Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria.” C.M.—C. Maplestone. H.W.—Henry Watts. J.B.W.—J. Bracebridge Wilson. The reference to friends (as J.B.W. and C.M. &c.) indicate that they were the first discoveries of the species which in many cases have not been found by other observers. With the exception of Lepralia bifrons, every species included. in this catalogue has been examined by myself. TABLE OF CLASSIFICATION. Clas. POLYZOA. Sub-Class I. HOLOBRANCHIA, Ray Lankester. Group A. Ecetoprocta, Nitsche. Order I. GYMNOLAMATA, Aliman. (=Infundibulata, Gervais). Sub-Order I. CHEILOSTOMATA, Bush. Family. AETEID=. Aetea, Lamz. Family, Scrupariip&. Scruparia, Oken. |. Dimetopia, Busk.. Family. RHABDOZOIDA. Rhabdozoum, Hincks, Family. CHLIDONIIDA, Chlidonia, Sav. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 193. Family. CATENICELLIDZ. Catenicella, Blainv. Catenicellopsis, J.B. WV. Claviporella, J2‘G. Calpidium, Busk. Family. CALWELLIIDA. Calwellia, Wyv. Thomson. family. BIFAXARIIDA. Urceolipora, I/‘G. Family, CELLULARIID. Cellularia, Pallas. Amastigia, Busk. Maplestonia, JZ‘G. Menipea, Lame. Scrupocellaria, V. Beneden. Didymia, Busk. Canda, Lamz. | Nellia, Gray. Caberea, Lama. Farcimia, Pourtales. Family. SALICORNARIID. Cellaria, Lame. Family. TUBUCELLARIID. Tubucellaria, D’ Orb. Family, BIcELLARIIDS. Bicellaria, Blaine. Bugula, Oken. Stirparia, Goldstein. Beania, Johnston. Family. FLUSTRID. Flustra, Linn. j Spiralaria, Dusk. Carbasea, Gray. | Craspedozoum, M‘G. EKuthyris, Hincks. | Family, FARCIMINARIIDA. Farciminaria, Bush. | Verrucularia, Von Suhr. Family. MEMBRANIPORIDZ. Pyripora, D’ Orb. Amphiblestrum, Gray. Electra, Zamz. Biflustra, D’Ord. Bathypora, M/‘G. Caleschara, I‘G. Membranipora, Blainv. | Family. Microporip. Thairopora, M‘G. Micropora, Hincks. Diploporella, 4Z‘G. Family. STEGANOPORELLID. Steganoporella, Smit. 194 A Catalogue of the Family. CRIBRILINIDZ. Membraniporella, Smztt. Hiantopora, ‘G. ‘Cribrilina, Gray. Family. MiIcRoPORELLIDS. Microporella, Gray. Escharipora, Smitt. Tessaradoma, Vorman. Adeona, Lamz. Adeonellopsis, 1/‘G. Family. EscHarip2. Sub-Family. Schizoporellinee. Schizoporella, Hincks. Hippothoa, Zama. Parmularia, Busk. Gemellipora, Smtt. Sub-Family. Lepraliine. Lepralia, Johnston. Petralia, 1‘G. Chorizopora, Hincks. Cyclicopora, Hincks. Sub-Family. Mucronelline. Mucronella, Hincks. Bracebridgia, M/‘G. Rhynchopora, Hincks. Porella, Gray. Smittia, Hincks. Adeonella, Busk. Porina, D’Orb. Family, CELLEPORID®. Lagenipora, Hincks. Peecilopora, 1/‘G. Lekythopora, M‘G. Cellepora, Fabricius. Family. REvTEPoRID®. Retepora, /mperato. Family. S&LENARIID. Selenaria, Busi. Sub-Order II. CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk. Family. CRIslID&. Crisia, Lama. Family. IpMonerpa, Idmonea, Lamz. | Hornera, Lama. Family. 'TUBULIPORIDA. Tubulipora, Lama, Liripora, MG. Stomatopora, Bronn. Entalophora, Zama. Diastopora, Johnston. ger Marine Polyzou of Victoria. 195 Family. DiscoPpoReLLip#. Lichenopora, Defranc. Favosipora, M‘G. Densipora, 1/‘G. Flosculipora, ‘G. Family. FRONDIPORIDS. Fasciculipora, D’ Orb. Sub-Order III. CTENOSTOMATA, Bush. Family. FLUSTRELLID#. Flustrella, Gray. Family. VESICULARIIDA. Amathia, Zamz. Group B. Entoprocta, Nitsche. Order II. PEDICHLLINEA, Gervais. Family. PEDICELLINIDS. Pedicellina, Sav. | Pedicellinopsis, Hincks. Clas. POLYZOA, J. V. Thompson. (= Bryozoa, Ehrenberg.) Sub-Class IL. HOLOBRANCHIA, Ray Lankester. Group A. Ectoprocta, Nitsche. Order I. GYMNOLAMATA, Allman. (= Infundibulata, Gervais.) Sub-Order I. CHEILOSTOMATA, Busk. Family. AETEIDA, Zocecia arising from a creeping or free stolon, which is dilated at intervals, tubular, with a subterminal membranous area. No avicularia or ocecia. Aetea, Lamouroux. The only genus. A: anguina, Linn. sp. B.M.C., Part I., p. 31; B.M.P., p. 4; OP. paz A. recta, Hincks. B.M.P., p. 6. A. dilatata, Busk. B.M.C., p. 31. : O 196 A Catalogue of the Family. Evcrateip2. Zoarium erect, free, phytoid. Zocecia uni- or biserial, enlarged upwards, and with an oblique, subterminal, membranous area. No avicularia. Scruparia, Oken. Zoarium composed of tufts springing from a creeping, adherent base; branches originating from the front of a zocecium below the area. Each zocecium arising from that below by an articulated tube at the upper and posterior part. S. chelata, Linn. sp. B.M.C., Part L., p. 29; BM.P., p. 14; CE pie. Dimetopia, Busk. Zocecia arranged in pairs united back to back, each pair looking at right angles to that below; at a bifurcation the zocecia of a pair disjunct, and each giving rise to the first pair of a branch. D. spicata, Busk. B.M.C., Part I.,p. 35; P.Z.V., 46. D. cornuta, Bust. B.M.C., Part 1., p. 35; P.Z.V., 46; CPi . AT, D. Hirsi: M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Family. RHABDozoIDz. Zoarium phytoid, erect; branches consisting of zocecia arranged around an imaginary axis, the base of each branch terminating in a chitinous rod (modified radical fibre), the various rods uniting to form a stem. Zocecia in linear series, each arising from the upper and back part of the one below; an oblique, membranous area above. Avicularia sessile or subcapitate, below the area, or replaced by articulated spines. Ocecia superior, galeate. Rhabdozoum, /Zincks. The only genus. R. Wilsoni, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1882. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Family. CHLIDONIID2. Zoarium consisting of phytoid, erect tufts, arising from a creep- ing stolon ; each tuft formed of chain-like series of zocecia, rising — from the lateral branches of an erect segmented stem. Zocecia two-chambered, all facing the same way. Ocecia inflations of ordi- nary zocecia. Chlidonia, Savigny. The only genus. C. Cordieri, Audowin sp. C.P., p. 8; P.Z.V., 108. ( = Cothurnicella dedala, W.T., = Chlidonia dedala, M‘G.) Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. ESA Family. CATENICELLID&. Zoarium phytoid, erect, branched, segmented, each internode consisting of a single zocecium or of two or three united laterally (except rarely in ovicelligerous cells). Zocecia all facing the same way, front entirely calcareous or membrano-calcareous; mouth situated at the upper part. Catenicella, Blainville. Branches originating from the summits of each of a geminate pair, or rarely from the sides of ordinary zocecia. Zocecia in single series, but at a bifurcation geminate, or each internode consisting of a geminate pair; mouth with simple margins, straight or hollowed and entire below, or with a small rounded notch. a. Fenestrate. Driorica, busk: BMC, Part L., p.6; P:Z.V., 24; CPi ep, 10. C. ventricosa, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 7; P.Z.V., 24; C.P., 10 p. 10. C. urnula, MG. T.R.S.V., March, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. C. hastata, Busk. B.M.€., Part 1., p..7 ;P.Z.V., 24; C.P., p.10. C. alata, Wyv. Thomson. P.Z.V., 24. C. gemella, MG. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. C. amphora, Zusk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 8; P.Z.V., 89; J.B.W. C. plagiostoma, Busk. B.M.C. Part I. ,p- 8; P.Z.V., 24; C.P.,p.11. Var. setosa. C. intermedia, M‘G. P.Z.V., 24. meVibraria, bust. B.M.©., Part.l,,p. 9.5 P!Z.V., 24 + C.P., pit. / ruta, UG. P.Z.V., 24 C. margaritacea, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p.9; P.Z.V., 24. C. Wilsoni, “4G. P.Z.V.,89; J.B.W. C. pulchella, Maplestone. P.Z.V., 89; C.P.,p.13; C.M b. Vittate. 4 formosa, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 9.; P.Z.V., 24. C C C €2 C2 . Hannafordi, WG. P.Z.V., 24. . perforata, Busk. B.M.C,, Part I, p. 10; P.Z.V., 24. . gracilenta, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. - cornuta, Busk. B,M.C., Part I, p. 11; P.Z.V., 24 and 90. C. ringens, Busk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 10. Port Phillip Heads. C. elegans, Busk. B.M.C., PartI., p.10; P.Z.V., 24; C.P., p. 12. C. Dawsoni, Wyv. Thomson. Dub. Nat. Hist. Rev., 1858. C. Buskii, Wyo. Thomson. Dub. Nat. Hist. Rev., 1858; EAN od C. venusta, MG, T.R.S.V., March; 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. C. fusca, U'G. P.Z.V., 90. 198 A Catalogue of the C. crystallina, Wyv. Thomson. P.ZV., 24. C. utriculus, 1‘G. P.Z.V., 89; H.W. C. umbonata, Busk. B.M.C., Part I.,p.11; P.Z.V.,90; C.P., p.13.. C. delicatula, J.B.W. sp. P.Z.V., 107; J.B.W. (= Catenicellopsis delicatula). c. Carinate. C. carinata, Busk. B.M.C., Part I. p. 12; P.Z.V., 24, Claviporella, 12‘G. Branches springing usually from the summits of the zocecia of a geminate pair, but occasionally from the sides of single zocecia. Zececia single or geminate ; usually a large lateral process on each side above, supporting a large, gaping avicularium, occasionally small, altered, or aborted; mouth narrow, arched above, contracted below, and extending downwards as a deep notch, giving the whole a key-hole appearance; usually several blunt, hollow processes above and to the sides of the mouth. ; C. aurita, Busk sp. B.M.C., Part 1, p. 8; P.Z.V., 24. C. imperforata, U‘G. T.B.S.V., July, 1886. C. pulchra, 47‘G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. C. geminata, Wyv. Thomson sp. P.Z.V., 24. Catenicellopsis, J. B. Wilson. Zoarium forming (usually) dichotomously divided, uniserial branches. Zocecia arising from the upper and back part or from the sides of other zocecia; those at a bifurcation geminate and giving rise to two other branches, or a single zocecium giving rise to the first of a series from its side; mouth straight and entire below, arched above, having a stout lateral process on each side, with a small avicularium at the base externally and one or more hollow, blunt processes superiorly. _Ccecium immersed in the upper- most zocecium of a triplet. C. pusilla, J. BW. P.Z.V., 107. Calpidium, Busk, Each internode consisting of a single zccecium, or of a median primary zcocecium and a lateral zocecium, on one or both sides, united side to side with it ; mouth contracted about the junction of the middle with the lower third, its upper margin very prominent and forming a hooded projection. An avicularium on each upper angle of an internode. C. ponderosum, Goldstein, sp. P.Z.V., 107. C. ornatum, Dusk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 15; P.Z.V., 108. Family. CALWELLIIDA. Zoarium phytoid, erect, continuous. Zocecia in pairs joined back to back, those of each pair connected by tubes with those of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 199 next pair but one below; mouth terminal, opening upwards; at a bifurcation each zocecium giving rise to a pair and a new series intercalated into the branches, starting by a pair of zocecia. Ocecia superior. Calwellia, Wyv. Thomson. Zocecial pairs arranged at right angles to those above and below. C. bicornis, Wyv. Thomson. P.Z.V., 46. C. gracilis, Maplestone. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Portland, C.M.; Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Family. BIFAXaRUDs. Zoarium phytoid, erect, continuous, or articulated. Zocecia alter- nate, in two series united back to back and facing opposite ways ; mouth terminal, opening directly or obliquely upwards. Urceolipora, J7‘G. (= Calymmophora, Busk.) Zoarium continuous, irregularly branched. Zocecia springing from the upper and posterior part of those immediately below; a slight ridge on each side, probably indicating a shallow, anterior chamber. Ocecium superior, embedded in the front of the zccecium above. U. nana, J7‘G. P.Z.V., 105. U. dentata, WG. P.Z.V., 105. (= C. lucida, C:P., p. 83.) Family.» CELLULARIIDE. Zoarium erect, branched, continuous, or articulated. Zocecia all facing the same way, in single or multiple series, or in pairs, or arranged around an imaginary axis; partly or wholly open, and membranous in front. Avicularia, when present, sessile. Cellularia, Pallas. Zoarium articulated. Zocecia biserial, oblong or rhomboidal, contiguous, usually perforated behind. Avicularia usually absent. C. cuspidata, Busk. B.M.C., Part 1.,p. 19; P.Z.V., 58; C.P., p. 17. Maplestonia, JZ‘G. Zoarium articulated, dichotomously or irregularly branched, joints annulated. Zocecia uniserial or geminate, imperforate behind. No avicularia or vibracula. M. cirrata, “‘G. P.Z.V.,106. C.M. and J.B.W. M. simplex, ‘G. 'I.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. Scrupocellaria, Van Beneden. Zoarium articulated, dichotomously branched. Zocecia biserial, quadrate, furnished with oral spines ; a sessile avicularium at the 209 A Catalogue of the upper and outer angle, and a vibraculum in a sinus on the outer and lower part behind. | S. cyclostoma, Bust. B.M.C., Part I, p. 24; P.Z.V., 126. S. obtecta, Haswell. P.Z.V., 126; J.B.W. S. scrupea, Busk, B.M.C., Part TI. p. 24; P.Z.V., 126. S. cervicornis, Busk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 24; P.Z.V., 126. S. ornithorhynchus, Wyv. Thomson. P.Z.V., 126; C.P., p. 24. S. reptans, Linn. sp. B.M.C., Part 1, p. 27; B.M.P., p. 52. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. Canda, Lamouroux. Zoarium dichotomously branched ; branches articulated, biserial, connected by transverse chitinous tubes attached at either end to a vibraculum. Avicularia large, situated on a special tract, on the front of the branches, between the rows of zocecia. Each zocecium with a vibraculum posteriorly. C. arachnoides, Lamz. B.M.C., Part I, p. 26; CP. p. 25. - C. tenuis, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Caberea, Lamouroux. Zoarium continuous or imperfectly jointed, dichotomously branched. Zocecia bi-multiserial, quadrate. Avicularia, when pre- sent, sessile on the outer side or front of the zocecia. Vibracula large, on the back of the branches, biserial, each common to several zocecia. C. rudis, Busk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 37. (= Menipea marginata, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Oct., 1884.) C. grandis, Hincks. A.M.N.H., July, 1881. C. Darwinii, Busk. C.P., p. 29; T.RS.V., Nov., 1885. C. glabra, ‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Amastigia, Bush. Zoarium continuous, dichotomously branched. JZocecia bi- multiserial. Sessile avicularia on the sides of the lateral zocecia and in front, No vibracula, but avicularia on the back of the zoarium, one to several zocecia, the mandible pointing downwards and inwards. A. nuda, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 40. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. Menipea, Lamourouc. (Including Emma, Gray, and Bush.) Zoarium articulated or (in one species) continuous. Zocecia bi- multiserial, oblong, imperforate behind. A sessile, lateral avicn- larium (frequently absent), and one or two sessile avicularia (also frequently absent) on the front of the zocecia. No vibracula. M. cyathus, W. Thomson. P.Z.V., 58. M. Buskii, Wyv. Thomson. P.Z.V., 58. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 201 M. crystallina, Busk sp. B.M.C., Part I, p.28; P.Z.V., 58; Pip. 23. M. cervicornis, UG. P.Z.V., 58. M. tricellata, Busksp. B.M.C., p. 28; P.Z.V., 58. M. funiculata, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Didymia, Busk. Zoarium articulated, each internode consisting of a pair of zoccia united side to side. Zocecia all facing the same way; aperture large, occupying the whole anterior surface; at a bifurcation the zocecia not disjunct, and each giving origin to a pair. D. simplex, Busk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 35; P.Z.V., 46. Nellia, Gray. Zoarium erect, articulated, branched. Zocecia quadriserial, front flat or convex at the bottom, with raised margins and large aperture, filled in by a membrane. N. oculata, Bust. B.M.C., Part I., page 18; P.Z.V., 49. N. simplex, Busk. B.M.C., Part I, p. 19. Port Phillip Heads. Farcimia, Pourtales. Zoarium calcareous, erect, branching; stems and branches composed of segments united by corneous joints. Zocecia arranged in series round an imaginary axis, with elevated margins and de- pressed area, which is more or less covered in with membrane. F. appendiculata, Hincks. A.M.N.H., March, 1883. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. Family. SALICORNARIIDZ. Zoarium erect, simple, branched, cylindrical, with the zocecia arranged around an imaginary axis, or lobed and _ bilaminated. Zocecia separated by raised margins, with a depressed surface. Ocecia immersed. Cellaria, Zamzx. ( = Salicornaria, Cuv., Busk, &c.) Zoarium simple or branched, cylindrical, with the zocecia arranged around an imaginary axis. C. Australis, WG. P.Z.V., 49; T.R.S.V., 1884. ( = Salicornaria clavata, Busk. C.P., p. 83.) G-rioida, AG.5, B.Z.V.,, 105: (= 58. simplex, Busk. C.P., p. 88.) C. hirsuta, W‘G. P.Z.V., 49. © sracilis, Busk. B.M.C., Part Lp. 17; P.Z.V., 49; C.P., p. 93. C. tenuirostris, Bust. B.M.C., Part I., p.17; P.Z.V.,49?; C.B,, 92 Deno C. divaricata, Busk. C.P., p. 90. C. bicornis, Bust. C.P., p. 90. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. 202 A Catalogue of the Family. TUBUCELLARIIDA. Zoarium erect, branched; branches cylindrical. Zocecia arranged around an imaginary axis, convex, distinct ; mouth produced into a tubular peristome. No avicularia. Ocecia ? Tubucellaria, D’Orbigny. Zoarium consisting of cylindrical internodes, connected by corne- ous tubes. Zocecia ventricose above and attenuated downwards ; usually a simple, circular, median pore ; surface punctate or reticulo- scrobiculate. T. hirsuta, Busk sp. P.Z.V., 49; C.P., p, 100. T. cereoides, Hllis and Solander. P.Z.V., 105. Port Phillip, 8. Channel, J.B. W. Family. BIcELLARIIDA. Zoarium phytoid, erect and continuous, or adnate. Zocecia con- tinuous, loosely united or disjunct, and connected by corneous tubes, obconic or boat-shaped, wholly or partly open in front. Avicularia, when present, pedunculate, capitate, altered in form or aborted. Bicellaria, Llainville. Zoarium phytoid, erect, branches continuously celluliferous. Zocecia biserial, obconic or turbinate, more or less free above and attenuated below ; aperture directed upwards and forwards, with several articu- lated marginal or sub-marginal spines. B. tuba, Busk. B.M.C., Part L, p. 42; P.Z.V., 59. B. grandis, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 42; P.Z.V., 59. B. ciliata, Linn. sp. B.M.C., Part 1, p. 42; B.M.P., p. 68; P.Z.V., 59. Hobson’s Bay. B. gracilis, Busk. B.M.C., Part L., p. 42. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. B. turbinata, WG. P.Z.V., 59. Stirparia, Goldstein. Zoarium consisting of tufts of celluliferous branches attached to bare annulated or segmented stems. Zccecia biserial, turbinate ; aperture looking upwards and forwards, and with marginal spines. _ S. annulata, Maplestone sp. P.Z.V., 59. S. glabra, Hincks. A.M.N.H.; March, 1883; C.P., p. 35. Lorne, Mr. Wooster. Bugula, Oken. Zoecia bi-multiserial, closely contiguous, aperture very large, directed forwards, the margin not at all or very slightly thickened. -Avicularia capitate, pedunculated, and articulated. B. cucullata, Busk. P.Z.V., 78. B. dentata, Lame. B.M.C., Part I. 3D: 46 ; PAN des Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 203 B, neritina, Zinn. sp. B.M.C., Part I, p.44; P.Z.V., 59; C.P., 4 p. 42. B. robusta, WG. P.Z.V., 78. B. avicularia, Pallas. B.M.C., Barbu Dito ZeNien 7 ols B.M.P., p. 75. Beania, Johnston. (including Diachoris, Dusk.) Zoarium creeping or loosely adnate. Zocecia disjunct, connected by (usually) corneous tubes, erect or decumbent, ovate or boat-shaped, entirely open in front and filled in by a thin ‘membrane. Usually a capitate, pedunculate avicularium, perfect, aborted, or altered in form, on one or both sides towards the upper extremity (in some species absent). B. mirabilis, Johnston. B.M.C., Part L, p, 32; B.M.P..fp. 96; TZN CLG: Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. B. decumbens, M‘G. P.Z.V., 117. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. ; B. Magellanica, Bust. B.M.C., Part L, p. 54; P.Z.V., 46; C.P., 59 B. crotali, Bust. B.M.C., Part, p.54; P.Z.V.,46; C.P., p. 59. B. Wilsoni, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov,, 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. B. spinigera, M‘G. P.Z.V., 46. B. costata, Busk. P.Z.V., 117; C.P. 60. B. conferta, “WG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Portland, C.M. B. intermedia, Hincks sp. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1881. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. B. radicifera, Hincks sp. P.Z.V., 117. Family. FLustTRiIp&, Zoarium expanded, flexible, calcareo-membranous, erect, foliace- ous, ligulate, or spirally twisted round an imaginary axis. Zocecia elongated, separated by raised margins ; front entirely membranous or partially filled in by a thickened membrane. Flustra, Zinn. Zoarium erect, foliaceous or ligulate. Zocecia quadrate, entirely membranous in front, disposed in two layers facing opposite ways ; operculum incomplete. Ocecia immersed. F. denticulata, Bust. B.M.C., Part I. p. 49; P.Z.V., 45; C.P., p. 55. Carbasea, Gray. Zoarium erect, expanded, foliaceous or ligulate. Zocecia entirely membranous in front, disposed in a single layer; operculum incom- plete. Ocecia external, prominent. 204 A Catalogue of the C. dissimilis, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p.51; P.Z.V.,45; C.P., p. 56. C. pisciformis, Buss. B.M.C., PartI.,p.50; P.Z.V., 45; C.P., 57. C. indiviza, Bust. B.M.C., Part L, p. 53; P.Z.V., 45. Var, cyathiformis, U‘G. P.Z.V., 45. C. elegans, Busk. B.M.C., Part Lp. 53; P.Z.V., 45; C.P., p. 56. C. (Flustra) reticulum, Mncks. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1882; T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Euthyris, HZincks. (== Carbasea, part.) Zoarium expanded, lobulate, erect. Zocecia in a single layer ; operculum complete, distinctly articulated. Ocecia external. E. episcopalis, Busk sp. B.M.C., Part L, p. 52; P.Z.V., 45. Spiralaria, Busk. Zoarium a narrow, ribbon-shaped lamina, spirally twisted round an imaginary axis. Zocecia entirely membranous in front, in a single layer, opening on the inner surface of the lamina. S. florea, Busk. P.Z.V., 46. Craspedozoum, 1/‘G. Zoarium erect, in ligulate divisions, uni- or bilaminate, each branch bordered throughout its whole extent by a bundle of radical fibres springing from the bases of the lateral zocecia. Zocecia quad- rate, aperture partly filled in by a thickened lamina. Ocecia ex- ternal. C. roboratum, Hincks sp. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1881. == Membranipora roborata, Hincks.) C. ligulatum, ‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. C. spicatum, 1‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Family. FARCIMINARIIDE. Zoarium erect, branched, membranaceous or corneous ; branches cylindrical or prismatic. Zocecia distinct, arranged around an imaginary axis, almost entirely membranous in front ; mouth incom- plete, projecting. Farciminaria, Bush. Zocecia oblong, elongated, closely contiguous, depressed in front, with raised margins ; mouth close to the summit. Avicularia, when present, sessile or sub-immersed at the bottom or on the front of the zocecia. Ocecia prominent, superior. F. aculeata, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 33. F. uncinata, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Oct., 1884. F. simplex, .U‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 205 Verrucularia, von Suhr. Zocecia elliptical or rounded, convex, bordered by a narrow, chitinous line, alternate in longitudinal series, separated laterally by an intercellular substance. Mouth a little below the summit. No avicularia. Ocecia ? V. dichotoma, Lusk sp. Q.J.M.S., N. Ser. I, 155. (= Frustrella dichotoma, Hincks. A.M.N.H., May, 1884.) Family. MEMBRANIPORID. Zoarium encrusting, expanded, and continuous, or in branched single series, or erect in a single or double layer, membrano-calcar- eous. Zocecia usually (not always) separated by raised margins; front entirely or partly occupied by a large area, which is wholly membranous or partially filled in by a thickened lamina. Operculum incomplete. Avicularia sessile or immersed. Pyripora, D’ Orbigny. Zoarium adherent. Zocecia distinct, thick, calcareous, convex, not separated by raised lines, narrowed below, in branched single series, or forming continuous expansions; a large oblique area in front, filled by a thin membrane. P. catenularia, Jameson sp. B.M.C., Part I., p. 29; B.M.P., p. 1343 -P.Z.V6,106. P. crassa, UG. P.Z.V., 106. P. polita, Hincks. P.Z.V., 106. Electra, Lamouroux. Zoarium encrusting, or filiform and erect, or foliaceous. Zocecia elongated, narrow below, closely adherent together, lower part con- vex, covered with small discs or foraminate; area oval or rounded, occupying the whole width of the zocecium above, deep, with thickened margins; one or more large whip-like spines (occasion- ally replaced by an avicularium) below the margin of the area, and a variable number of short, sharp spines on its circumference. E. pilosa, Linn. sp. B.M.@., Part IL, p. 56; B.M.P., p. 137; PAV; LOG: ( = Membranipora pilosa, Auctt.) E. flagellum, MG. P.Z.V., 106. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Bathypora, 14‘G. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia in longitudinal series, quadrate, separated by raised lines; lower part calcareous, convex, much pro- jecting, smooth, and imperforate; area occupying the whole width of the upper part, deep, membranous, with anarrow, smooth lamina below. B. nitens, Hincks sp. A.M.N.H., July, 1880. (= B. porcellana, ‘G. P.Z.V.,106. — Membranipora nitens, Hincks.) Portland, C.M. 206 A Catalogue of the Membranipora, Blainville. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia with the area occupying the whole front, or with part of the zocecium produced below ; area entirely membranous. a. Front entirely occupied by the membranous area. M. membranacea, Linn. sp. B.M.C., Part IL, p. 56; P.Z.V., 25; B.M.P., p. 140. M. serrata, U“‘G. P.Z.V., 127. Var. acifera, 1G. P.Z.V., 127. b. Zocecium produced below the area; margin of area with a series of incurved spines. ( = Callopora, Gray.) M. inarmata, Hincks P.Z.V., 127. M. pecten, UG. P.Z.V., 127. M. pyrula, Hincks. P.ZV., 127. (= M. lineata, M‘G. P.Z.V., 26.) M. corbula, Hincts. P.Z.V., 127. M. amplectens, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1881. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Amphiblestrum, Gray. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia with the area occupying the whole front, or with part of the zoccium produced below ; area partly filled in below by an additional membranous or calcareous lamina. a. Lamina membranous. A. umbonatum, Busk. B.M.C., Part IL, p. 57; P.Z.V., 26; CaP; p66. A. cervicorne, Push. 9B.M.C:, Part: IL, p. 57; P.Z.Ni; 25%) C.P.3\9).506; . punctigerum, Hincks sp. P.Z.V., 106. . Flemingii, Busk, B.M.C., Part IL, p. 58; B.M.P., p. 162; P.Z.V., 106. . Spinosum, Quoy and Gaimard ? P.Z.V., 127. .Ciliatum, WG. P.Z.V., 25 and 127. .albispinum, IG. P.Z.V., 127. . bursarium, /‘G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. (9A Roselli, WG.) OP ZV), 20% wna SV, uw ec, tooley b. Lamina Calcareous. A. patellarium, Moll. sp.? P.Z.V., 117. A. argenteum, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1886. ( = Lepralia trifolium, 1/‘G. P.Z.V., 27) A. permunitum, Hincks. P.Z.V., 106. Biflustra, D’Orbigny. Zoarium encrusting, or erect, foliaceous, and uni- or bilaminate. Zocecia depressed, elongated, more or less quadrate, separated by much raised, highly calcified, usually crenulated margins ; area par- PPP > Pi Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 207 tially filled in below and occasionally on the sides, by a calcareous, usually granulated, lamina, which generally slopes downwards from the margins. B. delicatula, Busk. P.Z.V., 57. B. perfragilis, MG. P.Z.V., 57. 2B. Lacroixii, Aud. sp. B.M.C., Part IL., p. 60; B.M.C., p. 129 ; BEAN 20. B. papulifera, M‘G. P.Z.V., 106. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. B. bimamillata, 2G. P.Z.V., 106. Portland, C.M. Caleschara, ‘G4. Zoarium encrusting, or erect, and uni- or bilaminate. Zocecia separated by distinct, raised, calcareous margins ; front covered by a thick epitheca, beneath which the calcareous front wall is bevelled to the depressed centre; on each side of the calcareous front is a longitudinal fissure, and across the upper part a thickened bar, leaving a membranous portion above containing the mouth, the operculum of which is incomplete. Ocecia altered and expanded zocecla. C: denticulata, “GCG. P.Z.V.,.483. C-.P., p. 76. Family. MicropPorip&. Zoarium encrusting or free and unilaminar. Zocecia quadrate, separated by distinct, thick, raised margins ; front depressed, cal- careous, beneath a thick epitheca ; operculum complete. Thairopora, J/‘G. ( = Membranipora in part.) Zocecia quadrate, in transverse and linear series; surface uniform, but the sub-epithecal, calcareous lamina sometimes with a transverse fissure; chamber single; mouth straight; a stout, erect, un- articulated process on each side above. Avicularia replacing Zocecla. T. dispar, UG. P.Z.V., 26. T. Woodsii, 7G. P.Z.V., 26. T. mamillaris, Zamk. P.Z.V., 26. i armata, 1G. Ries Vy 13st. T. Jervoisii, Hincks sp. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Sorrento, Rev. Dr. Porter. Diploporella, 1G. Zocecia quadrate, divided into two parts, the anterior depressed, the posterior forming a box-like elevation ; surface beneath the epitheca calcareous, perforated, and in the anterior portion with a transverse fissure; a stout, hollow, unarticulated, calcareous process on each side of the mouth. Avicularia replacing zocecia. D. cincta, Hutton sp. T.R.S.V., April, 1880. 208 A Catalogue of the Micropora, Hincks. Zocecia with the lower edge of the mouth thickened by a cal- careous band; oral spines, when present, slender and articulated. Avicularia at the base of the zocecia. Ocecia external, prominent. M. perforata, MG. P.Z.V., 25, 36. M. coriacea, Lsper sp. B.M.C., Patt 11) p.o%; BsMePsaps ig Var. angusta, UG. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Family. STEGANOPORELLIDA. Zoarium encrusting or free and uni- or bilaminate. Zocecia quad- rate, arched above, separated by thick calcareous margins; divided into two chambers, an upper closed by the thick epitheca, and a lower separated by a perforated calcareous lamina and opening anteriorly by a tubular orifice. Ocecia altered zocecia. Steganoporella, Smtt. The only genus. S. magnilabris, Busk sp. B.M.C., Part IL, p. 62; P.Z.V., 60; C2B spar Family. CRIBRILINIDA. Zoarium encrusting or erect, foliaceous, and unilaminar. Zocecia contiguous or disjunct ; front occupied by a series of ribs converging to a median line, and separated by grooves, which are either closed or perforated ; or with variously arranged large, rounded, smooth- edged foramina. Membraniporella, Smitt. Zoarium adnate or foliaceous. Zocecia contiguous or disjunct ; front closed by a series of flattened, more or less consolidated, cal- careous ribs. M. distans, “‘G. T.R.8.V., July, 1882. Cribrilina, Gray. Zoarium encrusting, or adnateor erect. Front of zocecia with radiat- ing furrows occupied by regular series of perforations, or irregularly pierced by large, more or less rounded, foramina; mouth semicircu- lar or suborbicular, entire below. C. radiata, Moll. sp. B.M.P., p. 185; C.P., p. 131. C. setirostris, MG. T.R.S.V., Oct., 1882. Port Phillip Heads. C. monoceros, Busk. B.M.C., Part II. Dela Pea ee OO C. acanthoceros, U‘G. TR.S.V., July, 1886. Hiantopora, MG. Zoarium loosely adnate, attached by radical fibres. Zocecia with the anterior surface occupied by irregular, rounded foramina; mouth sub-triangular, one or more sharp, calcareous denticles on one side, and on the lower edge of the peristome a large sessile avicularium, with the mandible opening upwards. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 209 H. ferox, MG. P.Z.V., 38. Family. MIcROPORELLID 2. Zoarium encrusting or erect, and uni- or bilaminate. Zocecia with the mouth entire below; front pierced by a single special pore or perforated plate, or by several pores, opening into the periviscerai cavity. Ocecia prominent and external, or modified zoccia. Microporella, Gray. Mouth of zoecium rounded, arched above, straight below; a single zocecial pore or a perforated plate below the mouth. Ocecia external. ME ciliata, Zinn. sp.) B.MCC., VPart, TE} ph 420 [PeZvV., 37; BMP, p.206 7 Pe. ,(ps las, Var. personata, Busk. B.M.C., Part II., p. 74; C.P., p. 137; Bev Pep 20%. Var. umbonata, /‘G. MSS. M. diadema, 1G. P.Z.V., 37. Var. lunipuncta, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Var. lata, “‘G. T.R.S.V. Nov., 1884. Var. longispina, MG. T.R.8.V., Nov., 1884. Var, canaliculata, “‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. (= Lepralia canaliculata, ‘G. P.Z.V.) M. renipuncta, WG. T.RS.V., July, 1882. M. Malusii, Andowin sp, B.M.C., Part II., p. 83; P.Z.V., 36; B.MEP: p. 2k: Cis plat Var. thyreophora, Busk sp. Q.J.M.Sc. V. 172. Var. umbonata, 7‘G. MSS. M. scandens, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Escharipora, Smitt. Zoarium encrusting, mouth arched above, straight below; several stellate, zocecial pores on the front of the zocecia. Avicularian man- dibles without projecting articular points. E. stellata, Smitt. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Tessaradoma, Norman. (= Porina, Hincks.) Zoarium encrusting or foliaceous and unilaminate, or erect and ramose. Zocecium with the peristome produced and turned for- ward in a tubular or subtubular manner; a median tubular zocecial pore. T. magnirostris, 4G. T.RS.V., July, 1882. Adeona, Lama. Zoarium usually erect and bilaminate, continuous or fenestrate ; attached by a slightly flexible stem, composed of radical tubes more Pp 210 A Catalogue of the or less calcified. Zocecia with the mouth subcircular, and one oe several clustered zocecial pores. Ocecia modified zocecia. Avicula- rian mandibles with projecting articular processes at the basal angles. a. Continuous. b, Fenestrate. — ( = Dictyopora, 1/‘G.) A. cellulosa, ‘G. P.Z.V., 47. A. Wilsoni, 1G. P.Z.V., 66. Port Phillip Heads, J.B. W. A. albida, Airchenpauer. Var, avicularis, WG. P.Z.V., 66; J.B.W. A. grisea, Lame. P.Z.V., 66; J.B.W. Adeonellopsis, 1/‘G. Zoarium usually erect and bilaminate, continuous, attached by a rigid base. Zocecia with the mouth subcircular. Ocecia altered zocecia. Avicularian mandibles with projecting articular processes at the basal angles. A. mucronata, MG. P.Z.V., 48. A. foliacea, 1G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Western Port, J.B. W. A. Australis, 1G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. A. parvipuncta, MG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. A. latipuncta, 1G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Family. EscHarip2. Zoarium crustaceous, erect, and uni- or bilaminate or dendroid. Zocecia entirely calcareous, horizontal, entire, or.variously punctured, but without special pores opening into the perivisceral cavity. Ocecia external. Sub-family. ScHIZOPORELLINZ. Lower lip with a distinct notch or sinus. No true peristome. Schizoporella, Hincks. Zoarium encrusting, or erect and foliaceous. Zocecia closely adherent to each other. S. Cecilii, Audouin sp. P.Z.V.,35; B.M.P., p. 269; C.P., p. 161. S. schizostoma, MG. P.Z.V., 38. (1? L. Kirchenpaueri, Heller.) S. circinata, 1G. P.Z.V., 35. S. Maplestoni, 1G. P.Z.V., 35; C.M. S. vitrea, J“G. P.Z.V., 38. ( = also probably L. botryoides, M‘G. P.Z.V., 38.) Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 211 8. triangula, Hincks. A.M.N.H., July, 1881; C.P., p. 167. S. lata, 1G. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. n. punctigera, MG. TRS. , July, 1883. 8. dedala, MG. T.R.S.V., July, 1882, and Oct., 1886. (=S. insignis 1/‘G. non Hincks = S. controversa Hincks, ? Waters.) s. arachnoides, MG. T.R.S.V., Oct.,1882. S. Ridleyi, 1G. T.R.S8.V., Oct., 1862. S. anceps, 4G. P.Z.V., 35. S. latisinuata, Hincks. A.M. N.H., Aug., 1882. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. S. subsinuata, ince A.M.N.H., Oct., 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. S. pulcherrima, MUG. T.R.S.V., -Nov., 1884. S. biturrita, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Oct., 1884. . cryptostoma, ug. T.BS.V. Port Phillip Heads. J.B.W. S. Woosteri, ‘G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Queenscliff, Mr. Wooster. S. hyalina, Zinn. sp. B.M.C., Part II, p.84; B.M.P., p. 271; C.P., p. 148. S. pellucida, NGS ELEN Eee (probably var. of preceding.) S. rostrata, ZG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. S. pachnoides, MG. TRS. V., Nov., 1886. Parmularia, Busk, USS. Zoarium foliaceous, bilaminate, attached by a large, flexible radical tube. Zocecia oblique. P. obliqua, UG. sp. P.Z.V., 48. Hippothoa, Lamourouz. Zoarium adnate. Zcecia distant, connected by creeping tubes so as to form linear series, or partly clustered in small patches. H. distans, M‘G. T.R.S.V., 1868. (=H. flagellum, Manzoni. B.M.P., p. 293; C.P., p. 4.) H. divaricata, Busk. B.M.C., Part I., p. 30; C.P., p. 4. Gemellipora, Simitt. Zoarium crustaceous, or erect and ramose. Mouth horse-shoe shaped or pyriform, with a prominent denticle on each side for the articulation of the operculum ; lower lip with a deep sinus. G. striatula, Sm. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. Sub-family. LepraLunz. Lower lip of mouth entire; no special development of the peri- stome. P 2 212 A Catalogue of the Lepralia, Johnston. Zoarium encrusting or erect, and uni-or bilaminate. Zocecia closely adherent to each other; mouth horse-shoe shaped, usually slightly contracted at the sides; lower lip straight or\slightly hol- lowed. : L. Pallasiana, Moli. B.M.C., Part II., p. 81; B.M.P., p. 297. ( == pertusa,\P:Z:V.; 36.) L. pertusa, Hspar sp. B.M.C., Part II., p. 80; B.M.P., p. 305. L. elegans, M‘G. P.Z.V., 36. L. subimmersa, 1‘G. P.Z.V., 35. L. quadrata, U‘G. sp. P.Z.V., 48. L. bifrons, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Oct., 1884. J.B.W. Not seen by me. L. setigera, Smitt sp. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. Chorizopora, Hincks. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia elongated, more or less distant, and connected by a tubular network ; mouth arched above, straight or hollowed below ; each zocecium surmounted by an avicularium with the mandible directed upwards. Ocecia pyriform, with a small avicularium on the summit. C. Brogniartii, Audowin sp. B.M-C., Part IL, p. 65; B.M.P., 105 eS eA NSS GOS Ones, or Ices C. vittata, WG. P.Z.V., 37. Petralia, J7‘G. Zoarium erect, foliaceous, stony, unilaminar, fenestrate. Zocecia horizontal, distinct throughout the entire thickness of the zoarium, and sharply defined behind; mouth nearly circular, with a sharp denticle on each side below. P. undata, MG. P.Z.V., 63. Cyclicopora, Hincks. Zoarium encrusting or loosely adnate.. Zocecia elongated ; mouth subcircular, turned forwards, with slightly thickened margin. Ocecia prominent. C. longipora, MG. sp. P.Z.V., 116. Sub-family. - MucronELLin 2. Zocecia with the primary mouth entire or (Rhynchopora), with a sinus below ; secondary mouth differing from the primary by the special development of the peristome. Porella, Gray. Primary mouth semi-circular ; secondary mouth with a projec- tion of the peristome below, within or on the edge of which is a small avicularium with a rounded mandible. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 213 Pomarsupiumy MG. isp)) P:ZiV4 13a. TRS» Oct, 1882 pine x C.P., p. 147. P. formosa, 1‘G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. P. concinna, Busk sp. B.M.C., Part II., p.67; B.M.P., p. 323. P. papulifera, CG. P.Z.V. (= ?P. rostrata, Hincks = Mucronella Serratirostris, J/‘G.) Smittia, Hincks. Primary mouth semicircular, with a square denticle on the lower margin ; secondary mouth elongated, the peristome raised on the sides, and leaving a spout-like channel below, in which is usually lodged an avicularium. 8. Landsborovii, Busk. B.M.C., Part IL., p.66; B.M.P., p. 341. Var. porinoides, 1/‘G. MSS. 8. oculata, WG. T.R.S.V., July, 1882 ; J.B.W. S. marionensis, Busk. B.M.C., Part II., p. 67; C.P., p. 152. 8. trispinosa, Johnston sp. B.M.C., Part IL., p. 70; B.M.P. 393 Var, bimucronata, Hincks. A.M.N.H., May, 1884. S. spathulata, WG. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. S. calceolus, W‘G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. 8. cribraria, 1G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Adeonella, Busk. Zoarium usually erect and bilaminate. Zocecia distinct ; primary mouth hollowed or sinuated below ; peristome developing a process from each side below, the two meeting in the middle to leave a round, suboral foramen opening into the throat in front of the operculum. Ocesia modified zocecia. A. dispar, MG. P.Z.V., 48. A. platalea, Busk. B.M.C., Part II., p. 90; P.Z.V., 48; C.P., p- 184. Porina, D’ Orbigny. Zoarium encrusting or erect and bilaminate. Zocecia indistinct, primary mouth subcircular, peristome produced from each side and meeting in the front, leaving one or more suboral pores opening into the throat in front of the operculum. P. gracilis, W/. Hdwards sp. B.M.C., Part II., p. 91; P.Z.V. 48; C.P., 141. P. larvalis, MG. P.Z.YV., 37. Mucronella, Hincks. Primary mouth semicircular or suborbicular, secondary mouth with the peristome of the lower lip much elevated into a projecting mucro. MEtricuspis, Hincks. ) P.Z5V., 1165 C:P., p. 159: Var, munita, W‘G. P.Z.V., 116; J.B.W. 214 A Catalogue of the M. excavata, M@‘G. P.Z.V., 38; (probably var. M. coccinea). M. vultur, Hincks. P.Z.V., 116. M. Ellerii, 4G. P.Z.V., 37. M. levis, UG. P.Z.V., 116; J.B.W. M. diaphana, MG. P.Z.V., 35. M. papillifera, UG. P.Z.V., 37. M. avicularis, 1G. T.R.S.V., March, 1886; J.B.W. M. spinosissima, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1881. Bracebridgia, J/‘G’. Zoarium encrusting, or erect and bilaminate. Mouth subcircular, with an internal denticle ; pezistome raised, thick, vicarious avicu- laria on the free margin of the branches, the triangular mandibles with a projecting articular process at each lower angle. B. pyriformis, Busk sp. C.P., p 155; T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Rhynchopora, “incks. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia closely adherent to each other. Primary mouth transversely elongated, with a sinus in the lower lip ; secondary mouth with a prominent mucro on the lower margin, and an uncinate process immediately above it within the mouth. R. bispinosa, Johnston. B.M.C., Part II., p. 77; B.M.P., p. 385. R. longirostris, Hincks. A.M.N.H., Aug., 1881. R. profunda, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Oct., 1881; J.B.W. (Probably a deeply calcified form of preceding.) Family. CELLEPORID2. Zoarium encrusting or more or less free and uni- or bilaminate, or dendroid, or forming clustered masses. Zocecia (adult) urceolate, irregularly heaped together, the upper parts being free; mouth terminal, sub-circular, or with a straight or hollowed lower lip, with or without a sinus. Lagenipora, Hincks. Zoarium encrusting. Zocecia flask-shaped, mouth subcircular without a sinus. L. tuberculata, 2G. T.R.S.V., July, 1882. L. nitens, 2‘G. T.R.S.V., Oct., 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Lekythopora, 1G. Zoecia flask-shaped or elongated, oblique or erect and crowded ; primary mouth with a deep notch in the lower lip, and a small avicula- rium at one side ; secondary mouth with the peristome produced into a long, tubular orifice, on one side of the margin of which is the avicularium, connected with its original position by a minute semi- Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 215 spiral tube. Ocecia projecting from the front of the zocecia below the mouth, covered by a chitinous or subcalcareous plate. L. hystrix, WG. T.R.S.V., Oct., 1882, and Nov., 1884. Peecilopora, ‘G. Zoarium erect, bilaminate, branched. Zocecia indistinct ; prim- ary mouth with a sinus; peristome commencing on an elevated point with a small avicularium on the summit, finally becoming a tumid, subcircular ring. Ocecia immersed, covered by a perforated plate. P. anomala, “G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Cellepora, Fabricius.* Zoarium crustaceous, adnate, or glomerulous, or foliaceous and partly free, or ramose. Zocecia, in the crustaceous and foliaceous forms, erect and confused in the central parts, decumbent at the growing edges ; one or more rostral processes, usually bearing avicu- laria, in the neighbourhood of the mouth (but sometimes absent), usually numerous other scattered avicularia of various forms, fre- quently raised on calcareous elevations. C. hastigera, Busk. O.P., p. 192. C. diadema, “‘G. MSS.; J.B.W. C. albirostris, Smitt sp. C.P., p. 193. . lirata, “‘G. MSS. fusca, Busk. B.M.C., Part II., p. 88. prolifera, M‘G. MSS. foliata, 1G. MSS. verrucosa, M‘G. MSS. Spicata, 1/‘G.. MSS. muscosa, 4G. MSS. . denticulata, M‘G. MSS. simplex, M‘G. MSS. intermedia, U‘G. T.R.S.V., 1868. . bispinata, Busk. B.M.C., Part II., p. 87. speciosa, UG. P.Z.V., 128. mamillata, Bust. B.M.C., Part II., p. 87. . cellulosa, ‘G. MSS. . tridenticulata, Busk. P.Z.V., 128. longirostris, UW‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. munita, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. megasoma, “‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. serratirostris, UG. P.Z.V., 128. costata, WG. T.R.S.V., 1868. rota, UG. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. Q olololololololololololololelolelolelo *The species of Cellepora which are distinguished only by MSS. names will be described in my next communication to the Society. 216 A Catalogue of the C. Costazii, Audoiun. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. C. platalea, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1884. C. slomerulata, “4G. MSS. C. vitrea, WG. MSS.; J.B.W. C. tiara, MG. MSS.; J.B.W. C. benemunita, UG. MSS. Family. JeETePoRID&. Zoarium calcareous, erect, foliaceous, reticulate or ramose, origi- nating from a contracted base. Zocecia oblique, closely united or immersed, indistinct posteriorly. Retepora, Imperato. Zoarium usually fenestrate or reticulate, carey simply branched ; posterior surface vibicate. R. monilifera, ‘G. P.Z.V., ‘94, 95, 96. Form sinuata, UG. 94, 96. Form munita, Hincks. Var. lunata, ‘G. P.Z.V., 94, 96. Var. acutirostris, MG. P.Z.V., 94, 96. Form umbonata, UG. P.Z.V., 94, 97. R. formosa, MG. P.Z.V., 94, 97. R. carinata, WG. P.Z.V., 94, 96. R. aurantiaca, WG. P.Z.V., 94, 98. R. tesselata, Hincks. P.Z.V., 94, 99. R. serrata, M‘G. P.Z.V., 94, 99. ‘R. granulata, MG. P.Z.V., 94, 99. R. porcellana, “‘G. P.Z.V., 94, 95. Var. laxa, MG. P.Z.V., 94, 95. R. pheenicea, Busk, BM.C., Part ape P.Z.V., 94, 98. R. fissa, ‘G. P.Z.V., 94, 95. aS, marsuplata, Smitt.) R. avicularis, WG. P.Z.V., 94, 95. Family. S#LENARIIDZ. Zoarium more or less regularly orbicular, convex on one side, plane or concave on the other, probably free. Furnished with large and powerful vibracula. Selenaria, Busk. Only a certain number of zocecia dispersed throughout the zoarium furnished with vibracula. The front of each cell so furnished, covered by a cribriform, calcareous expansion ; others arched above, contracted below ; under surface of zoarlum marked with grooves. S. maculata, Busk. B.M.C., Part IL, p. 101. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Marine Polyzoa of Victoria, | 217 Sub-Order II. CYCLOSTOMATA, Bush. 1. Articulata s. radicata. Zoarium free, branched, divided into distinct internodes by flexible joints, attached by radical tubes. Zocecia tubular, calcare- ous, in one or two series. Family. COr1stpa. The only family. Crisia, Lamouroux. Two or more zocecia in each internode, in two alternate series. C. Edwardsiana, D’Ord. B.M.C., Part IIL, p.5; P.Z.V., 39. C. biciliata, WG. P.Z.V., 39. C. setosa, MG. P.Z.V., 39. C. tenuis, WG. P.Z.V., 39. C. acropora, Bust. B.M.C., Part III., p. 6; P.Z.V., 39. C. margaritacea, Busk. B.M.C., Part IIL., p. 6. u. Inarticulata. Zoarium continuous, not divided into internodes, erect, adnate or encrusting ; radical tubes, when present, multilocular and cal- careous. Family. IpMoNEIDA. Zoarium erect, branched, branches distinct or anastomosing. Zoccia distinct, opening on one surface only. Idmonea, Lamouroux. 4 | Zocecia arranged in parallel or subparallel rows, diverging from the mesial line. I. radians, UZ. Edwards. B.M.C., Part III., p. 11; P.Z.V., 68. I. Australis, M‘G. P.Z.V., 68. _L. Atlantica, £. Forbes. B.M.C., Part III., p. 11; B.M.P., p. 451. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Var. tenuis, Busk. B.M.C., Part IIL., p. 11. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. I. Milneana, D’Orb. B.M.C., Part IIL., p. 12.; P.Z.V., 68. I. interjuncta, U‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1885. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Hornera, Lamourouc. *: Zoarium branched, branches distinct, anastomosing, or connected by transverse bars. Zocecia distinct, opening irregularly on one surface. H. ramosa, M‘G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1886. 218 A Catalogue of the H. robusta, 4G. P.Z.V., 118. H. foliacea, MG. B.M.C., Part-L1iP, p49); °P:Z. Vi; 103. | Family. TUBULIPORID&. Zoarium encrusting or adnate, or partially or wholly erect ; when erect, bilaminate or cylindrical. Zocecia tubular, when zoarium erect, opening on both sides. No intercellular cancelli. Ocecium an inflation of part of the zoarium. Tubulipora, Lamouroux. Zoarium adnate, irregularly shaped, frequently lobed or flabellate. Zocecia elongated, tubular, distinct, partially free, arranged in more or less diverging series. . Clavata, @‘G. T.RB.S.V., 1884. . serpens, Linn. sp. B.M.C, Part III., p. 25; B.M.P., p. 453. . connata, U‘G. T.R.S.V., 1884. . pulchra, ‘G. T.R.S.V., 1884. . lucida, “‘G. T.R.8.V., Dec., 1884. . concinna, WG. T.R.S.V., 1884. . corrugata, WG. MSS. Stomatopora, Bronn. Pee eee Zoarium adnate, simple or irregularly branched; branches linear or ligulate. Zocecia in simple series or in more or less regular transverse rows. ( = Alecto.) S. geminata, WG. T.R.S.V., March, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Diastopora, Johnston. Zoarium adnate, discoid or flabelliform, or wholly or partly raised and bilaminate. Zccecia tubular, with an elliptical or sub- circular orifice, crowded and immersed towards the centre, more distinct and partially free towards the margins. D. patina, Lamarck. B.M.C., Part III., p. 28 ; B.M.P., p. 458. D. Sarniensis, Vorman. BMP. 5 (0s 463. D. bicolor, UG. T.R.S.V., ecw 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. D. cristata, 1G. T.R.S.V., May, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. D. capitata, WG. T.R.S.V., May, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Liripora, 1G, Zoarium crustaceous, growing on a basal lamina. Zocecia not projecting, arranged in single or multiple series, forming raised ridges radiating more or less regularly from a central part, opening Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 219; along the summits of the ridges or towards their extremities, inter- vening grooves occupied by a punctate calcareous membrane. L. lineata, 1G. sp. T.R.S.V., 1884. L. fasciculata, M‘G. sp. T.R.S.V., 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Entalophora, Lamouroux. ( = Pustulopora, Bl., &.) Zoarium erect, branched; branches cylindrical or clavate, with the tubular zocecia opening all round. E. Australis, Bust. B.M.C., Part III., p. 21. E. delicatula, Busk. B.M. G. Part I. we 20. Port Phillip ‘Heads, Jibs. E. regularis, MG. sp. T.R.S.V., ibe. 1882. Family. DiscoPoRELLID&. Zoarium irregularly shaped, discoid, cupped and partially free, or stalked, usually with a thin calcareous border. Zoccia distinct, disposed irregularly or in radiating lines, with the intermediate surface cancellate or porous ; or prismatic, of different sizes, and closely packed. Lichenopora, Defranc. Zoarium adnate or partially free, frequently discoid or cupped, usually growing on a basal lamina, with a thin external margin. Zocecia partially free, disposed irregularly or in radiating series, with the intermediate surface cancellated ; peristome usually lacerated or pointed to one side. L. reticulata, MG. T.R.S.V., Dec.,. 1883. L. fimbriata, Busk. B.M.C., Part III., p. 32. (?= L. hispida, fleming sp.) L. echinata, ‘G. T.R.S.V., Dec., 1883. L. pristis, 1G. T.R.S.V., Dec., 1883. L. magnifica, 1G. T.R.S8.V., July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. L. bullata, 1G. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. L. radiata, Audouin sp. B.M.C., Part III., p. 32; B.M.P., p. 476. L. Holdsworthi, Busk. B.M.C., Part IIL., p. 33. Port Phillip Heads. L. Wilsoni, 1G. T.R.S.V., Nov., 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Densipora, J/‘G.. Zoarium encrusting, discoid when young, when older thrown into ridges, the summits of which are fringed by smooth tubercles.. 220 A Catalogue of the Zocecia tubular or prismatic, closely packed, of varying size, with the mouth not projecting. No proper cancelli. D. corrugata, MG. T.R.S.V., April, 1880. Favosipora, 1‘G. Zoarium encrusting, flat or elevated into irregular ridges, the whole surface of which is occupied by zoccia. Zocecia prismatic, closely packed, of various sizes, usually not projecting, but occasion- ally with the mouth produced towards the edges of the zoarium or the summits of the ridges. F. rugosa, “G. T.R.S.V., 1884. - Flosculipora, JG. Zoarium small, pedunculate, the peduncle consisting of smooth tubes or ridges, with intervening cancelli towards the upper part. Zocecia opening on the expanded summit, the peristome produced, dimidiate or lacerated, with numerous intermediate cancelli. F. pygmea, MG. T.R.S.V., July, 1886. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. Family. FRoNDIPORID. Zoarilum massive, stipitate, simple or ramose. Zocecia tubular, connate, continuous from the base, aggregated into fasciculi, open- ing only at the extremities or in regular series at the sides of the branches. No cancelli. Fasciculipora, D’Ord. Zoarium erect, simple or branched or lobate. Zocecia opening only at the extremities of the branches or (in I’. bellis) in one or more regular series below the extremity. F. gracilis, ‘G. T.R.S.V., Dec., 1882. F. bellis, 4G. T.R.S.V., Dec., 1888. F. fruticosa, 1G. T.R.S.V., Dec., 1883. F. ramosa, D’Orb. B.M.C., Part IIL., p. 37. Portland, C.M. Sub-Order III. CTENOSTOMATA, Busk. Family. FLUsTRELLIDZ. Zoarium adherent or erect, gelatinous. Zocecia with a bilabiate orifice. Frustrella, Gray. The only genus. §. cylindrica, Hincks. = F. hispida, var. cylindrica, Hincks. A.M.N.H., May, 1884). Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 221: Family. VESICULARIIDZ. ** Zocecia contracted below, not closely united to the stem at the base, deciduous, destitute of a membraneous area.” Amathia, Lamourouz. Zoarium consisting of a creeping tubular stem and erect filiform shoots, dichotomously branched. Zocecia subtubular, in two parallel rows, continuous or in distinct groups, which are placed on one or both sides of the stem, or wind spirally round it. A. Australis, Tenison Woods. P.R.S., N.S.W., 1877. A. spiralis, Zamz. T.R.8.V., 1880. A. tortuosa, Tenison Woods. T.R.S.V., 1880. A. bicornis, Tenison Woods. T.R.S.V., 1880. A. inarmata, MG. T.R.8.V., Nov., 1886. Group B. Entoprocta, Netsche. Order II. PEDICELLINEA, Gervais. Family. PEDICELLINID2. Polypides borne on a retractile peduncle, united in colonies by a creeping stolon. Pedicellina, Sars. Polypides pedunculate, distributed along a creeping, ramified stolon, the body separated by a diaphragm from the stem and deci- duous ; tentacular crown terminal. P. Sp. Queenscliff. Pedicellinopsis, Hincks. ‘““Polypides cup-shaped, supported on chitinous tubes with a much enlarged base (consisting of an opaque white core, probably muscular, enveloped in a chitinous covering) by which they are attached to an erect tubular stem. Zoarium adherent by means of tubular root fibres.” P. fruticosa, Hincks. A.M.N.H., May, 1884. Port Phillip Heads, J.B.W. 229 A Catalogue of the BIBLIOGRAPHY. Only the more important works, and those especially relating to Australian species, are here included. There are many other valuable papers scattered through various periodicals and transactions of societies, and the Polyzoa are also treated of in numerous works on Paleontology. Allman, J. G., Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa, 1856. On Rhabdopleura, @.J.M.S., 1869. m On Cyphonautes, Q.J.M.S., 1872. Barrois, Recherches sur l’Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 1877. ,, Embryogeny of the Bryozoa; an Attempt at a General Theory of the Development, founded upon-the study of their Metamorphoses, A.M.N.H., 1874. Blainville, de, Manuel d’ Actinologie, 1834. Busk, G., Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, Cheilostomata 1852 to 1854, Cyclostomata 1875. A Monograph of the Crag Polyzoa, 1859. ‘ Challenger Polyzoa, Cheilostomata, 1884. Numerous papers in Q.J.M.S. D! Orbigny, Voyage dans l’Amerique Meridionale, 1839. Paleontologie Francaise, tom. V., 1850—1852. Ellis ‘and Solander, Natural History of Zoophytes, 1786. Etheridge, R., jun., A Synopsis of the Known Species of Australian Tertiary Polyzoa, Tr. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1877. Goldstein, J. R., On some New Species of Bryozoa from the Marion Islands, T.R.S.V., 1882. ,, A New Species of Polyzoa, Jour. Mic. Soc. Vict., May, 1880. Gray, Catalogue of Radiata in British Museum, 1884. Hagenow, Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung, 1851. Heller, Die Bryozoen des Adriatischen Meers, 1867. Haswell, On some Polyzoa from the Queensland Coast, Pro. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1881. 5 On the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa of Port Jackson, do., 1880. y On the Occurrence on the Coast of New South Wales of the Genus Mesenteripora, do., 1883. Hutton, On some South Australian Polyzoa, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, 1877. “S Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca, 1880. Hincks, History of the British Marine Polyzoa, 1880. ,, Numerous papers in the A.M.N.H. and Q@.J.M.S. Johnston, History of British Zoophytes, 2nd edition, 1849. Jullien, J., Remarques sur quelques especes de Bryozoaires Cheilos- tomiens, Bull. de la Societie Zoologique de France, 1881. py) Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. 223 Jullien, J., Bryozoaires du Travailleur, do., 1883. 3 Liste des Bryozoaires recueillis 4 Etretat (Seine Inférieure) par le Dr. Fischer, do., 1881. 3 Note sur une Novelle Division des Bryozoaries Cheilos- tomiens, do., 1881. x Des Bryozoaires d’Eau Douce, do., 1885. Joliet, Bryozoaire des Cotes de la France, Arch. de Zool. exper. et gen. VI., 1877. Kirchenpauer, Neue Bryozoen, Cat. IV., Museum Godeffroy, 1869. " Ueber die Bryozoen-Gattung Adeona, 1879. Lamarck, Systeme d’Animaux sans Vertebres, 2nd Ed., 1835—38. Lamouroux, Hist. Naturelle des Polypiers Coralligénes flexibles, &c., 1816. Exposition Methodique des Genres de l’Ordre des Polypes, 1821. Lankester, On Rhabdopleura, Q.J.M.Sc., 1874. Polyzoa, in Encyclopedia Britannica, Ed. 9. MacGillivray, P. H., Descriptions of Polyzoa in McCoy’s Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, Decades IIJ.—XIII. Numerous Papers in Trans. R. Soc. Victoria. McIntosh, On Cephalodiscus, A.M.N.H., 1882. Manzoni, Bryozoi Pliocenici Italiani, 1869-70. Bryozoi del Pliocene Antico di Castrocaro, 1875. - Supplemento allar Fauna dei Bryozoi Mediterranei, 1871. Maplestone, New Species of Polyzoa, J. Mic. Soc. Vict., Aug., 1879. Milne-Edwards, Recherches Anatomique, Physiologique et Zoo- logique sur le Polypes, 1838. Quelch, On the Ocecium of Spiralaria florea, A.M.N.H., 1883. " On Schizoporella Ridleyi, A.M.N.H., 1884. Ridley, Stuart O., ‘Alert’’ Polyzoa from the Straits of Magellan, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881. ") Polyzoa, Coelenterata and Sponges of Franz Joseph Land, A.M.N.H., 1881. Reuss, Die Fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertianbeckens, 1847. » Die Fossilen Bryozoen des Ostereichisch-Ungarischen Miocans, 1874. Sarz, On Rhabdopleura mirabilis, Q.J.M.S., 1874. Savigny, ‘‘ Iconagraphie des Zoophytes de |’ Egypte,” descriptions by Audouin. Not seen by me. Smitt, ‘“‘ Kritisk fortreckning ofver Skandinaviens Hafs-Bryozoen,”’ Ofversigtaf Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, 1865-71. », Bryozoa marina in regionibus arcticis et borealibus viventia, do., 1867. » loridan Bryozoa, 1872 and 1873. Stolikzka, Fossile Bryozoen aus des tertiéren Grunsandstein dee Orakei Bay, in Voyage of Novara. 9? 99 224, Marine Polyzoa of Victoria. Tenison Woods, On some Tertiary Australian Polyzoa, TRS. N.S.W., 1876. 40 Neozoic Corals and Bryozoa in New’ Zealand, in Paleontology of New Zealand, 1880. ou 12 BS On some new Australian Polyzoa, T.R.S.N.S.W.., 1877. 5 On a new Genus of Polyzoa (HKuktimenaria), Proc. L.S.N.S.W., 1879. are On the Genus Amathia, with description of a new species, T.R.S.V., 1880. a On some Recent and Fossil Species of Australian Selenariade, Tr. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1880. Van Beneden, Recherches sur |’ Anatomie, la Physiologie et Embryo- giene des Bryozoaires qui habebent lacote D’Ostend, 1845. es Recherches sur les Polypes Bryozoaires dela Mer du Nord. Vine, G. R., Report on recent Polyzoa, Rep. of Brit. Association for 1885. Waters, A. W., On the Use of the Opercula in the Determination of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, Pr. Manch Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1879. * On the Bryozoa of the Bay of Naples, A.M.N.H., 1879. i On the Occurrence of Recent Heteropora, Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1879. . Closure of the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Jour. Linn. Soc., 1884. ihe Note on the Genus Heteropora, A.M.N.H., Aug., 1880. an On the Use of the Avicularian Mandibles in the Deter- mination of the Chilostomatous Bryozoa, Jour. Roy. Mic. Soc., 1885. by On Fossil Chilostomata from South West Victoria, ().J. Geol. Soc., 1881. On Fossil Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Mt. Gambier, South Australia, do., 1882. ss On Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Gippsland, do., 1882. ¥ Fossil Bryozoa from Muddy Creek, Victoria, from Gippsland Geol. Soc., 1883. Ns Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Aldinga and the River Murray Cliffs, do., Aug., 1885. 4 On Fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia, do., 1884. Wilson, J. B., New Genus of Polyzoa, Jour. Mic. Soc. Vict., 1880. Wyville-Thomson, New Genera and Species of Polyzoa in the col- lections of Professor Harvey, Dub. Nat. Hist. Rev., 1858. yout up 0] suley7 Qg —: a]¥I9 yaa? auoqsaul7 A] sa00soy Woty AAlYy Hpauayp 32 0 depy lines, 8 S Sil lige 3 if NG a “a J tli A € WV TH 4 OW eo Hd < x 3 (a Nao J 4 rane & ReRoscae NN Ss ky va ep wi, penties ae uos sa ade” %Ge y P oon yIOY BOUAIMET] S al UPO y) yy 4 Y é TM Logue’ PUL) = N 3 Aielpiay Lemay lo puej2sa X Setar No AAMT SAEEUM Wy -) AY Brel aetna (eet ETS 8s a ee, — se pe er seuap Jue0aL 280 fee suis 09 xapuy ees SS ay Ge ee ee | es pehi is 6 YIUL duf) 07 Sa7Ile O —,; a/PIC = SS == Se - - i ee Waitin UOs/ay/ 02 GuoMesIENy WO) Kqueuldopy f2 78807 wcopsayy YJn09 0 doy Bled] Si Yylioe Art, XVII—WNotes on Post Tertiary Strata im South- Western Victoria. By JoHN DENNANT, F.G.S. [Read 11th November, 1886. ] Il— Dune Limestone, Recent. Amonest the prevailing tertiary strata in the counties of Follett and Normanby there are certain deposits of still later age, which, though limited in extent, are, from their mode of occurrence, of great geological interest. They may be arranged chronologically into two distinct sets of beds, the most recent of which will be first considered. If the traveller leaves Portland to go to the pleasant little watering-place at Cape Bridgewater, he is struck by the sight of an outcrop of rock dipping at various angles amongst the consolidated sand dunes through which the road winds. The strata are very abundant along the coast from Portland to the border of the colony, and for many miles farther west in South Australia. They are met with also for a short distance inland, but chiefly in quarries, being usually hidden from view on the surface by a thin covering of drift sand. The only use of the rock is as a rough kind of building stone, where other materials are not available. Churches, schools, &c., constructed of it are generally pointed off with a finer kind of stone, and these have, for bush edifices, quite a passable appearance. Being of a very porous nature, the blocks of stone used need to be thick to avoid damp; but even then this defect renders it undesirable for dwelling- houses. The strata are highly laminated, the weathered edges break- ing off into leaves as thin as flags of roofing slate, with the laminations, of course, always parallel to the bedding planes. These, however, are seldom horizontal, the most characteristic feature of the beds being their constantly changing dip, not only in direction, but also inamount. The highest observed inclination was 30 degs., but between this and 0 deg. almost any angle may be found. Locally the rock is called sandstone, from its coarse appearance, but it is essentially a carbonate of lime, the silica obtained from a sample analysed being as low as 4 per Q 226 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata cent. In composition it perfectly resembles the sand of the coast dunes, a coincidence which it is important to note in discussing the origin of the formation. Between Portland and M‘Donnell Bay there is a fringe of these dunes, or sand hummocks, as they are often called, extending from the sea margin to a distance of from one to three miles inland. Their altitude is considerable, many being 100 feet, and some even exceeding 200 feet, in height. They consist simply of sand, which, first washed on shore by the waves, has then been heaped up higher and higher by strong southerly winds. Within their land and sea boundaries flats and hollows are frequently left, and here pools and small lakes of fresh water are sometimes formed; or, again, the whole space is occupied by a series of smaller dunes, disposed in the most irregular manner. Usually there is no vegetation, and nothing meets the eye but glistening masses of white sand, making a landscape of the most weird and desolate character. The bare dunes of the coast are succeeded for a few miles inland by others, which, in the course of time, have become covered with vegetation ; but their rounded outlines are sti] preserved, giving to the region where they occur an undulating, billowy appearance, the contour of the land being exactly what would result from the gradual upheaval of successive rows of dunes, similar to those now forming on theseashore. As we go farther inland the country becomes less and less undu- lating, until, at a distance of 10 or 12 miles, the level plains of the interior are reached. Although sand is abundant here, there are no dunes, and they were either never formed, or have been since entirely removed. It is most likely that the coast action, which favoured the accumulation of sand into dunes, did not begin to operate till after the elevation of the plain country. Even in some localities where there are _ extensive sand hummocks on the sea margin no inland dunes exist ; but we may easily account for their absence in such places by supposing the shore outline to have been different in former times. There are indeed indications of consider- able alteration in this, particularly in the volcanic region around Portland, where the coast is both broken and pre- cipitous, many bays and headlands having been formed by inroads of the ocean. It is further evident that these changes have taken place since the deposition of the earlier dunes, as ae consolidated remains are plainly visible amongst the cliffs, an South-Western Victoria. An TE Such is the case at Nelson Bay, where a section of the strata is exposed more than 100 feet in thickness, the whole internal structure of the dunes being laid bare. The dip is quaquaversal, and the face of the cliffs presents precisely the appearance that might be expected from a perpendicular cut through a series of hardened sand dunes. At the top the actual rounded outlines of the original dunes are distinctly shown toward the landward side, while the seaward portions have been carried away by the action of the waves and spray. At Cape Grant, a little farther east, and on the western side of Cape Bridgewater, the coast features are exactly similar— viz., ridges rounded on one side, but abruptly terminated on the other by steep cliffs, the inclination of the beds also continually changing. On the peninsula joining Cape Bridgewater to the main- land a still more instructive section of the strata may be observed. Just on the rising ground facing the Bay a land- slip has occurred, by which a consolidated sand dune has been cleft from top to bottom, the two portions being now separated by a widechasm. The rocks on both sides are very hard, and. from weathering, their laminated structure is well illustrated, the edges standing out prominently in thin flags. Their ever-changing dip is, however, the most interesting feature, as, besides being typical of the formation generally, it permits us in this case to trace the former junction of the two masses, for although the dip is so various on either face, ranging from 30 degs. to 0 deg., yet at exactly opposite parts of each itisthesame. The prevailing slope where the break has taken place is towards the severed portion—that is, sea- ward, and to the undermining action of the waves must, no doubt, be attributed the subsidence of such an immense mass of material. It is probable that, in the course of time, the whole of it will yet be removed, leaving then only the upper face as a cliff immediately overhanging the sea. With such an example before us, it is not difficult to account for the sharply-cut cliffs at Nelson Bay and other places on the coast. The fractured sand dune at Cape Bridgewater has been appropriately named “The Cloven Rock,’ and it is pointed out to visitors as one of the natural wonders of this favourite summer resort. The dunes amongst which these bold cliffs occur have existed for some time, as their tops are now clothed with verdure; but if those more recent and still barren mounds on the sea-beach are examined, it becomes apparent that Q2 228 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata their gradual consolidation is producing a similar rock. Thus, at Swan Lake, in the very heart of the drifting sand hummocks, the rock crops out where the overlying sand of a partially consolidated dune has been blown away by the wind, the exposed hardened portions showing the quaqua- versal dip that is so striking in the Nelson Bay cliffs. Indeed, on the very margin of this small lake, minor cliffs have been formed, which are miniature copies of those against which the foaming waves of the Southern Ocean dash themselves. Occasional outcrops of the rock may, in fact, be found in almost any part of the hummock region from Portland Bay to the boundary of the colony. At the Glenelg mouth it is seen in different stages of formation, from solid rock down to that which is so loose and crumbling as to give way at the slightest touch. With the aid of a lens the component parts of the rock can be fairly well distinguished. Little white specks, which run pretty evenly through it, are simply small pieces of shells, usually thin and sharp; but the main mass consists of rounded fragments of corals, bryozoa, &c. It is true that whole shells are sometimes found among the recent hum- mocks, and their absence from the rock might at first sight seem strange; but it must be remembered that the sand is in continual motion, being drifted hither and thither by the force of the wind, and long before consolidation could take place they would be broken into unrecognisable fragments. At Bridgewater and other places where the sand is still unconsolidated, recent shelis are found, not only in hollows, but also for a considerable distance up the dunes. It is not difficult, however, to understand how they came there, since shells are at the present day being deposited on the shifting sand dunes of the beach in precisely the same manner, washed up, no doubt, by the surf during storms. It is evident that these mounds of loose sand can never have been submerged after being once formed, or they would speedily have been levelled by the waves. The same remark may, of course, be made with regard to the inland dunes, while they were yet in the unconsolidated state; and it is probable that a gradual elevation of the coast-line has continued during the formation of the entire series of dunes. There are two minor deposits on the coast which may be mentioned here. At Narrawong, and also near the mouth of the Glenelg, on the landward side of the coast hammocks, am South-Western Victoria. 229 and at a lower elevation than these, a thin stratum of lime- stone occurs, full of shells, exactly like those on the adjacent beach. It isa kind of travertine, which while forming has enclosed the shells left on the low-lying ground. The localities where it has been observed are not now more than 30 feet above sea level. Though contemporaneous with the sand-dunes, it is an independent deposit. In many places near the coast, where from local cireum- stances neither travertine nor sand-dunes have been formed, similar shells are found in the soil or in patches on the surface of the ground. They are chiefly interesting from the additional proof they afford of the upheaval of the land in quite recent times. It is necessary to notice also that in one or two localities narrow ridges of the dune limestone jut out seaward for a short distance, but their presence in such a position may be accounted for, I think, by supposing minor alterations of the coast line to have taken place subsequent to the con- solidation of the strata. Near the Glenelg mouth, two of these outcrops occur within a few miles of each other, only one of which I have had an opportunity of examining closely—viz., that nearest the river. In it the rocks com- mence on the beach, and extend about a hundred yards from the land, when they terminate abruptly. ‘The ridge is not more than 20 or 30 feet high, and a dozen yards in width in any part; nor is it continuous, bare spaces being left here and there, where no signs of rock appear. The second outcrop, as seen from a distance, looks very similar, and both are probably the remains of low headlands, which the waves have almost succeeded in demolishing. That the deposit is not deep-seated is plainly enough demonstrated, when the volcanic country surrounding Cape Bridgewater is examined, as its junction there with the underlying igneous rocks is conspicuously displayed on the face of every cliff. These rocks belong to a lava flow which issued from an extinct vent in the vicinity prior to the formation of the sand dunes. The two sets of beds meet a good way up the cliffs, but not at a uniform level, the surface of the basalt being far from horizontal, while the thickness of the limestone in any place depends, of course, upon the varying height of the original mounds of sand, of which it is a consolidated remnant. The Lawrence Rock, off Cape Grant, is an outlier of the same strata, now separated from the mainland by a channel deep enough for navigation 230 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata by small vessels, and just as on the cliffs of the adjoining | cape, the lower portions consist of basalt, and the upper of limestone. The mode in which the volcanic rocks of this neighbour- hood occur is of special interest, as it enables us to note the relative age, not only of the dune limestone, but also of the underlying sedimentary strata. At the Whaler’s Bluff, Portland, three separate formations are exposed in section— viz., the coralline (miocene) at the bottom, next the oyster beds, and finally the basalt at the top. Here the dune limestone is absent, but as the coast is traced round to the west, it soon appears, crowning the lava on the cliffs at Cape Grant. In no case are the igneous rocks covered by any other deposit, and it is, therefore, the most recent of all. The extinct crater from which the fiery stream proceeded must have been situated somewhere near the sea margin, either on the land, or at a very short distance from it. Skirting Discovery Bay is a series of low cones, extending from Mount Vandyke on the north to Mount Richmond on the south. Now, Cape Bridgewater is itself a volcanic hill, and is, moreover, the most southerly extension of the same line of disturbance, its distance from the last-mentioned elevation being only six or seven miles. An examination of the cliffs at this promontory will prove, I believe, that here we have the source of most of the basalt underlying the dune limestone. The highest point of the cape is 460 feet above sea level, and is found at about a mile from its extremity, close to the cliffs overlooking Bridgewater Bay. By walking along at the base of these, on what is called the “flat rock,’ and looking upwards, we see the internal struc- ture of what is evidently an old volcanic cone completely disclosed. The lowest portions, including the rock on which we stand, consist of stratified volcanic ash, of a greyish brown colour, with angular pieces of basalt, varying in size from minute grains up to fragments as large as a man’s head, thickly scattered through it, the whole being cemented together so firmly as to form a tolerably hard stone. Above it is covered by a layer of ropy, scoriaceous lava, which has welled out of the old crater after the first discharge of lapilli and dust. In places, the ash deposit is almost hori- zontal, but towards one particular spot it shows a gradually increasing inclination up toa maximum of about 30 degs. Just here a vertical dyke of lava, not more than afoot thick, intrudes completely through it, and joins the once molten im South-Western Victoria. 93} mass at its top. Being very dense and compact, it has been able to resist the degrading action of the waves longer than the more friable material on each side, from which it now stands out like a projecting wall. SKETCH SECTION oF CuLIFF AT CAPE BRIDGEWATER. a, Dune limestone; b, basalt; c, volcanic ash; d, lava dyke. On the western side of the cape no ash is visible, the basalt reaching down to the water's edge. The same is the case at its southern extremity, and the centre of volcanic activity must thus have been somewhere on its eastern side. It should be mentioned that at the top of all the cliffs there is the usual deposit of dune limestone, but only up to a height of about 250 feet, that portion of the promontory which still rises by a gradual slope some 200 feet higher, showing no trace of it, the basaltic rocks cropping out instead on the surface. The volcanic mound, therefore, of which Cape Bridgewater is a remnant, was probably formed near the shore, its summit first appearing above the surrounding waves, while the sheets of Java which issued from it were spread out on the sea bottom, their present elevated position being due, of course, to a subsequent steady upheaval of the southern coast; as the rocks slowly emerged b 32 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata from the ocean, deposits of calcareous sand accumulated upon them, which, having consolidated, now remain as stratified beds overlying the basalt. II.—Bankivia Beds, Pleistocene. I have next to call attention to a remarkable fossil deposit on the banks of the Glenelg river, almost midway between Casterton and Dartmoor. Some shells from this neighbourhood were given to me about three years ago, and Professor Tate, to whom they were submitted, pronounced them to be recent and to be represented for the most part by Species now inhabiting the adjoining seas. Subsequent collections included a very few of rather older appearance than the rest, reducing the percentage of living species slightly. It was a great surprise to find such fossils so far from the coast, and I took the first opportunity of visiting the locality and noting the position of the beds. The shells occur in abundance on the very margin of the Glenelg, just at the junction of the Limestone Creek with it, and along the banks of the river as far up as the Old Pieracle station, where a selector now lives named Roscoe, from whom I have received much help in my search for fossils. The deposit appears to cease here, as no shells were found farther north, the bed of the river, as wellas the banks for 40 or 50 feet up, being composed of drift full of quartz pebbles, mica, and nodules of ironstone (limonite). It extends, however, for some distance below Limestone Creek : how far it would be difficult to determine exactly, as the beds thin out gradually. The most notable spots for shells are situated between the places mentioned. The nearest point of the coast is about 25 miles in a direct line from Limestone Creek, but the river meanders along for fully 120 miles before it discharges itself into the sea at Nelson. About halfa mile above the Limestone Creek junction, near a romantic spot known as the Devil’s Den, the bank of the river is a mass of stone containing numerous oyster and other shells confusedly mixed together. Sometimes the carbonate of lime forms a cement by the partial dissolving of the shells themselves. It has made quite a hard stone; but the shells are principally on the surface, standing out clear, and not looking as if an integral part of the stone. A similar rock was mentioned in the first part of this paper as a recent formation at Narrawong, Nelson, &c., the only am South Western Victoria. 233 difference being that in it the enclosed shells are the most common ones of the present sea beach; while iu the Glenelg deposit a few of them are not now found on the coast. The shells at the Devil’s Den occasionally encrust blocks of an older-looking rock, which are scattered here and there on the river banks: their origin will be explained presently. Ata height of about 30 feet from the summer level of the water, there is a mass of conglomerated material, composed of clay, limestone, sand, Mc., full of marine shells. The bank on which it occurs is on the edge of an extensive flat, over which the river sometimes flows in winter. On the left bank of the river, opposite Roscoe's, the margin -of the stream is in places covered by immense numbers of shells, reminding one forcibly of sheltered coves on the sea shore. Bivalves are very plentiful, particularly Pectwncu- lus obliquus, Leda crassa, Chione roborata, éc. The uni- valves are mostly small, but large ones, such as Fasciolaria fusiformis, Voluta undulata, &c., are sometimes found, though they are generally more or less injured by being washed about, either by the river waters, or by the waves of the sea, which deposited them on a former beach. A little higher up the stream, on a hill or point of land cut through by a small creek, a very friable rock crops out, consisting almost entirely of shells, loosely adhering together. Most of them belong to a species still extremely common on the coast—viz., Bankivia purpurascens. So abundant are they in this crumbling rock, that at first sight it seems to be composed of nothing else. They are present in thousands, nearly all quite perfect, and retaining their colour as com- pletely as if just washed up by the tide. Itis from the prevalence of these shells that I have called the deposits “ Bankivia beds.” They are, however, by no means the only shells in the place, as by examining the rock and the debris around, a great variety of species can be found. This is the most interesting outcrop of the fossil-bearing strata any- where on the river. Its position and the fresh appearance of the shells give clear evidence of its being an original deposit. The spot where it occurs les about 60 feet above the river bed, and is the greatest elevation at which I could find shells. The river never perhaps rises so far above its present channel, and the majority of the shells in the low- lying ground cannot come from here, but are derived from less elevated portions of the same strata. Near the same 234 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata place, indeed, there are shell-beds at only half this height, and therefore quite within the reach of tlood waters. The heights to. which floods have risen are known to residents by marks on trees, &c.,and some of these, which were shown to me, must be fully 40 feet above the bed of the stream. The hill, and the other shell-banks in its vicinity, are on the margin of an irregular terrace, which continues all along the river in this part of its course, at a height of from 30 to 60 feet above its bed. In the terrace there are occasional mounds or banks, but it usually forms extensive flats. Through these the river winds. in such a tortuous manner that, to go in a straight line from bank to bank of the gorge, which is sometimes ‘nearly two miles in width, the stream might have to be crossed two or three times. DRIFT SAND _ Tkeyei sa eure & & “a a we q > yw To ot osit : se eS a ye ford S >_> === US!!! “a = Sxercu Section. Lerr Bank or GLENELG GoRGE aT Roscoe’s. It is noticeable that the river frequently hugs one bank for some distance, and then crosses over to the other, so that the flats succeed one another on opposite sides of it. The same thing was observed by Professor Tate as a feature of the Murray*. In some other respects the two river gorges resemble each other, allowing for difference of size. * Transactions Royal Society of South Australia, 1884. in South-Western Victoria. 235- The shell beds, both at Roscoe’s and the Devil’s Den, are always near the main banks of the river, and when found along the one, they are generally absent from the other. I have seen no shells towards the middle of the flats, but these are, for the most part, covered by alluvium and sandy drifts, which conceal the underlying strata. Every flood, however, leaves behind a fresh deposit of shells in the bed, and on the margin of the stream, washed out from the fossiliferous portions of the terrace by storm waters. I am told that when a landslip of the black alluvium takes place, the shells are exposed in great numbers. Beneath the superficial accumulations there are probably numerous beds of shells, not perhaps regularly stratified, but forming banks in various parts. The terrace just described is not, however, the only one. in this part of the river’s course, as between it and the water’s edge there is usually another and much narrower one. This lies about 20 feet below the upper terrace, and extends for 20 or 30 yards only on either side of the river. I could find but few shells in it, and these few were always near the surface, as if they had been simply washed there from the higher ground. The spots referred to as so thickly strewn with shells lie at a lower level still, and are merely the sloping banks of the river channel itself. The shells deposited upon them can, of course, only be gathered when the water is low. The main banks of the river are at a height of from 130 to 160 feet above its bed, and thus from 70 to 100 feet higherthan the upper terrace, the ascent from which to the banks above is often steep, and sometimes even perpendicular. The terraces follow closely the windings of the river, but the topmost banks bound its general course only. The Glenelg flows for about two-thirds of its length through a very wide, as well as deep, valley, though the river itself is but a moderate one. The depth of the gorge is tolerably uniform, but its width varies considerably, being greatest in the neighbourhood of the fossil beds, where it is, as I have said, nearly two miles across. It is about half this width a few miles to the north, and narrows also, though more gradually, to the south of Limestone Creek. With the summit of the Glenelg banks commence the wide plains forming the heath and scrub lands of Follett and South Normanby. Occasionally, there is a gentle rise of 20 or 30 feet before the tableland is reached, though, as a 236 Notes on Post Tertiary Strata rule, the edge of the gorge is quite as high as the country farther inland. The same general level is maintained right down to the coast, interrupted by no other depressions than those formed by the river itself and its few tributaries. The total number of species gathered up to the present time from these beds is 141. Of this number 7 are too worn for perfect identification, and 13 belong to species which have not been metwith before, eitherfossil or living. The known species therefore amount to 121, of which 98 are recent only, while 15 others, besides being recent, are fossil also in other forma- tions. The remaining 8 species occur as fossil only, chiefly in the older tertiaries of Victoria, South Australia, &c. The following table contains a list of the various species, and also their distribution*:— ee Localities where a Fossil, and SS oi 2 Remarks. - 7: etl PS BeBe Species found in Limestone S| IE (S/ Sc Creek beds a) «| & a/c Abbreviations— : 13 [53 || 3 |S | O.T. = Older Tertiary. 3 ia /e|2\5\4/S|a—upper beds, Older "Bg |S ia ze i |N Tertiary. £/8/5/5/%\S |p| b—=lower beds, Older SlolelolClo|o]} . Tertiary. Pina Fle le Kehinodermata— : Goniocidaris ? Be Sallos|loolooloolloollcoliac| Syma orally, Brachiopoda— i Waldheimia sp. : Too! worn for iden- tification. Lamellibranchiata— Ostrea Angasi, Sow. -|*|*|*)..|*]*|Pareora and Wan- ganuisystems,N.Z Gryphaea tarda, Hutton He eal eslisieloolesinsilbe Cmte ise veunisine. (10))5 N.Z. (b). Placunanomia Ione, Gray eee clecal ret etell ers eudl Ones pe ay” Muddy Creek (b). Pecten asperrimus, Lam. ae eile y bifrons, Gray tlt Limea austrina, Tate .. 5 Mytilus Menkeanus, Phil. eal erellieeeyl eo ; : hirsutus, Lam... *)*)*),.1../..| Living alsoin Japan Magellanicus, Lam. * | Living also in South America. Fossilin Pareora and Wan- ganuisystems,N.Z * T wish here to express my great obligation to Prof. Tate, F.G.S., F.L.S. for his kindness in determining for me the species of these shells. I am indebted to him also for much of the information given in the table. im South-Western Victoria. -1O:4.; 8. Austr. 237 Localities where Fossil, and Remarks. -| Living also in New Guinea. -| Living also in Q’sld.. -| Living also at C. of Good Hope. Fossil in Pleistocene, 8S. Austr.,O.T, do. (a), Muddy Crk. (a &b) -| New species. -|0.T., S. Austr. (b), Tasmania (a), Muddy Creek (b) (a); Muddy Creek (a). O.T., S. Austr. (a), Pareora, Wanga- nui, and Oamaru systems, N.Z. .| ? 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