tieyistered for transmissivn by post as a iiuujaziiu. TRANSACTIONS ANH PKOCEEDINGS OV THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE VOL. LII (Nkw Issuk) EDITED AND PUDLISHKD UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE mk^\) OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE ISSUED 9th august, 1 920 Jgfttlliugtoii, |.^. MAKCUS F. iMAKKS, GOVBRNMENT PKINTING OB'FICK WiLJviAM Wesley and Son, 28 Essex Strekt, Stband, Lonpon \\.C j <• NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. /QTo^^^ ^O V uu ; L I 8 f? A R Y ^ NOTICE TO MEMBEBS. X^ »" k5 ' The publications of the New Zealand Institute consist of — 1. Transactions, a yearly volume of scientific papers read before the local Institutes. This volume is of royal-octavo size. 2. Proceedings, containing reports of the meetings of the Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute and of the local Institutes, abstracts of papers read before them and of papers dealing with New Zealand scientific matters and published else- where^ list of members, &c. The Proceedings are of the same size as the Transactions, and are bound up with the yearly volume of Transactions supplied to members. 3. Bulletins. Under this title papers are issued from time to time which for some reason it is not possible to include in the yearly volume of the Transactions. The bulletins are of the ' same size and style as the Transactions, but appear at irregular intervals, and each bulletin is complete in itself and separately paged. The bulletins are not issued free to members, but may be obtained by them at a reduction on the published price. Library Privileges of Members. — Upon application by any member to the Librarian of the New Zealand Institute or of any of the affiliated Societies such works as he desires to consult which are in those libraries will be forwarded to him, subject to the rules under which they are issued by the Institute or the Societies. The borrower will be required to pay for the carriage of the books. For a list of the serial publications received by the Library of the New Zealand Institute during 1919 see p. 534. Addresses op Members. — Members are requested to notify the Secretary of any change of address, so that the same may be noted in the List of Members. '/ MEMORANDUM FOR AUTHORS 0¥ PAPERS. 1. All papers must be typewritten, unless special permission to send in written papers has been granted by the Editor for the time being. 2. The author should read over and correct the copy before sending it to the Editor of the Transactions. 3. A badly arranged or carelessly composed paper will be sent back to the author for amendment. It is not the duty of an editor to amend either bad arrangement or defective composition. 4. In regard to underlining of words, it is advisable, as a rule, to underline only specific and generic names, titles of books and periodicals, and foreign words. 5. 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In ordinary cases twenty-five copies of each paper are supplied gratis to the author, and in cases approved of by the Publication Com- mittee fifty copies may be supplied without charge. Additional copies may be obtained at cost price. TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS OP THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE VOL. LII (New Issue) EDITED AND PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHOKITY OE THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE INSTITUTE ISSUED 9th august, 1 920 MARCUS F. MAKKS, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE William Weslky and Son, 28 FIsskx Street, Strand, London W.C. CHARLES WILLIAM ADAMS. Face p. ru.l OBITUARY. CHARLES WILLIAM ADAMS, 1840-1918. Charles William Adams was born at Bucklands, Tasmania, on the 7th July, 1840. His parents, the Eev. Henry Cay Adams and his wife {nee Maiden), were early settlers in Tasmania. He was educated at the CampbeUtown Grammar School under Dr. W. Carr Boyd, of Trinity College, Dublin. After some experience in land-surveying in Victoria and Tasmania he came* to New Zealand in "1862 and entered the Provincial Survev Depart- ment of Otago, being appointed in 1865 to the Wellington Provincial Survey Department. In 1867 he returned to the Otago Survey Depart- ment, and on the abolition of the provinces in 1876 he was appointed Geodesical Surveyor in the General Government. In 1877, when engaged in latitude observations on the west coast of the South Island, Mr. Adams discovered an error in the British Admiralty Nautical Almanac. His programme included observations to eight stars — four north and four south of the zenith — and at each of three stations Alpha Centauri was one of the stars observed to the south of the zenith. The observations were made in April, May, and June, and when reduced the observations on Alpha Centauri were not consistent with the others. It is to be remembered that the observations were made with a portable field theodolite with 8 in. circles, and not with the large instruments of an observatory. • The difference disclosed was of the order of 12", whilst his probable error of each of the other results was about 1". Mr. Adams thereupon corresponded with the Astronomer Royal (Sir G. B. Airy), Greenwich, and the Government Astronomer (Mr. R. L. J. Ellery), Melbourne, with the result that the error was admitted, and the declination of Alpha Centauri was afterwards corrected. It should be stated that the Nautical Almanac p&sition of Alpha Centauri depended on Herschel's observations at the Cape of Good Hope in 1834-38, and that a small proper motion had been accumulating for about forty years, and, not being taken into account, the position in 1877 was some 11" in error. In 1882 a temporary observatory was built at Mount Cook, Wellington, to prepare for the observation of the Transit of Venus on the 7th December, 1882. -Previous to this event, and in preparation for it, Mr. Adams under- took extensive observations for time and azimuth, and exchanged time signals with the British and other astronomers who observed the Transit of Venus in New Zealand. In 1883 Mr. Adams observed over one hundred pairs of stars with the zenith telescope for latitude at Wellington. In September he visited the observatories at Melbourne and Sydney to prepare for the exchange of time signals by the submarine cable between Sydney and Wellington for the determination of the difference of longitude. The astronomical observations were made and the time signals exchanged in December, 1883. Mr. Adams was the astronomer at the Wellington Observatory, whilst Mr. Russell, Government Astronomer of New South Wales, was in charge at Sydney. viii Obifuary. » Twenty years later another determination of the difference of longitude between Sydney and Wellington was obtained by the Canadian Astronomer, Dr. Otto Klotz, and by Mr. Thomas King, the New Zealand Astronomer, and so accurately was the work performed by all the astronomers that the two determinations differed only some 17 ft. in a distance of over 1,200 nautical miles! Mr. Adams was engaged in other astronomical work mitil 1885, and took part in the observations of the total solar eclipse on the 8th Septem- ber, 1885. In that year he was appointed Chief Surveyor of Otago ; in 1896 he was transferred to Marlborough ; and he retired from the Public Service in May, 1904. His scientific activities were wide and varied. For twenty years he was the editor of the New Zealand Surveyor, and almost every number of that periodical contains some scientific article from his pen. He was a life member of the New Zealand Institute, and was a past President of the Otago Institute. He addressed the Wellington Philosophical Society on " Daylight-saving," a device to which he strongly objected ; but he was an energetic advocate for a permanent alteration of the clock of half an hour, so as to make New Zealand standard time twelve hours in advance of Greenwich mean time. He was connected with the Hector Observatory, and was in charge of the time service during the interval when the Observatory was being moved from Bolton Street to Kelburn. It was during this period that he developed the almucantar method of time observation with a 12 in. transit theodolite. His ripe experience in astronomy was invaluable to the Hector Observa- tory, to which institution he acted as honorary scientific adviser. It is interesting to note that the transit instrument and astronomical clock used by Mr. Adams in 1883 are now in use at the Observatory. The alcove details of Mr. Adams's scientific activities were supplied by his son, Dr. C. E. Adams, of the Hector Observatory ; and whilst the writer, during his twenty-five years in the Lands and Survey Department, knew Mr. Adams through such papers as those dealing with the sag of steel bands and calculations in connection therewith, and other like technical papers, it was not until comparatively recently that he came into personal contact with him, and then it was in an entirely different department of mental activity, the department of poetry and literary criticism, where again his bent of original thought gave value to such acute observations as he occasionally made : this side of his nature is well represented in his son Arthur H. Adams. Those who knew him characterize him as a hard and conscientious worker, methodical and orderly ; a rugged personality, who lived intensely in the present. His life and work taught the lesson — do everything in the best way possible, and by' unremitting labour improve upon it the next time. He was always good company, his tenacious and ready memory supplying him with a fund of anecdotes, so that he was always able to introduce one or more, quite apropos, whatever the subject of conversation. He retained his scientific activities right to the end, and less than a month before he died he read a paper on a novel star atlas before the Astronomical Section of the Wellington Philosophical Society. Mr. Adams died at his residence, Bellevue Road, Lower Hutt, on Tuesday, the 29th October, 1918, from heart-failure, his widow (sister of the late E. T. Gillon) and a family of six (five sons and one daughter) g mi. Johannes C. Andersen. MAJOR THOMAS BROUN. face p. ta.J Obituary. ix MAJOR THOMAS BROUN, 1838-1919. Major Thomas Broun, a member of an old titled Scottish family, was born in Edinburgh on the 15th July, 1838, and died in Auckland on the 24:th August, 1919. Both his father and an uncle (Captain Thomas Broun) were naturalists of considerable repute in their day, and no doubt it was from them that he inherited his scientific tastes. Intended for the Army, he was educated by a private tutor in Edin- burgh, and leceived his first commission at the age of sixteen, during the Crimean War. After the close of that war he accompanied his regiment (the 35th Royal Sussex Infantry) to Buima. Heie the large size and brilliant colours of many of the tiopical insects attracted his attention, arid he commenced to form a collection for the British Museum. But the outbreak of tlie Indian Mutiny in May, 1857, put an end to this project, and his legiment was despatched to Calcutta. Immediately on arrival it was sent to succour the French settlement of Chandernagore, whose existence was then threatened bv a large bodv of mutineers ; and for .services rendered during this expedition he many years afterwards received the distinction of Knight of the Legion of Honour. He served in India during tlie whole period of the Mutiny. He was present at the assault and capture of Delhi, at the relief of Lucknow, and was attached to Lord Clyde's main force through most of his campaigns. He received the Indian Mutiny medal and other decorations. Towards the close of 1861 he was struck down with cholera, and narrowly escaped death. He was invalided home in 1862, and retired from the Army in the same year. In 1863 he married, and after a brief stay in Scotland emigrated to New Zealand. He brought with him letters of introduction from the Duke of Ha;nilton to Sir George Grey, who at once offered him a commission as Captain in the 1st Waikato Regiment, then being formed for service during the Maori War. He served through the whole of the war, partly in the Waikato and partly on the East Coast, and was awarded the New Zealand medal. Shortly afterwards he took up land in the Opotiki district, and remained there for some years. His attempts at farming, however, did not jirove remunerative, and on the advice of the Hon. Colonel Haultain, who, as Defence Minister, was well acquainted with him, he in 1876 accepted educational work under the Auckland Board of Edrrcatiou, and remained in the service of the Board imtil 1888. He was appointed Government Entomologist in 1890, a post which he held for several years. Major Brouu's active work in New Zealand entomology commenced immediately after the close of the Maori War, and continued to within a few weeks of his death. Although he collected a considerable number of Hemiptera and Orthoptera for various correspondents, and had a good working knowledge of most other families, his chief effoi-ts were always .devoted to the Coleoptera. When the writer first met him, in 1875, he stated his desire to prepare a general work on the New Zealand species, and described the preparations he had already nrade iir amassing luaterial and obtaining works of reference. A few years later he applied to the Auckland Institute for assistance in jjirblishing his work. The Institute, having no firnds that it could devote to such a purpose, forwarded ]iis application to Sir James Hector, as Director of the Colonial Museum and Geological Survey. After some little delay the publication of the work X Obituary. was authoiized, and it appeared in 1880. An opinion given by Captain Hutton to Sir James Hector may be appropriately quoted here : " I regard this as a most excellent work, containing 1,140 species, a large part of which are described for the first time. No country outside Europe and the United States has produced such a catalogue." Sir James Hector refers to it as " a monument of the zeal and industry of an aident naturalist." The pubhcation of the Manual not only spurred the author to renewed efforts, but brought to the front collectors in all parts of the Dominion. Five supplementary parts were issued between 1881 and 1893. Seven memoirs of considerable length appeared in volumes 41 to 45 of the Transactions of the New Zealayid Institute, while six Bulletins have since been separately printed. In these publications the authoi has incieased the 1,140 species of the Manual to 3,979 ; and it is understood that much additional manuscript remains in the hands of the Institute. There a^e few countiies, if any, where a single individual has so fuUy and completely described a branch of the fauna equivalent in numbers to that of the Coleoptera of New Zealand. Major Broun devoted himself to his work with a conscientious single- mindedness, and with inexhaustible energy ; and it was not until he had long passed the ordinary span of life that he knew what it was to be tired either in body or in mind. As for his chaiacter, he was mainly distinguished by being thoroughly honest and outspoken ; and, from his naturally inde- pendent spirit and bearing, he was sometimes misunderstood. He had a warm and feeling heart, and to his friends he was a genial companion, full of anecdotes, which he often related with much felicity of expression. T. F. Cheeseman. GEORGE HOGBEN. [•'ace p. xi.] Obituary. xi GEORGE HOGBEN, 1 853-1 920. George Hogben, whose death occurred on the 26th April, 1920, will be remembered for two things : as being one of the most eminent educationists the Dominion has produced, and as being the outstanding pioneer of seismology in the Southern Hemisphere. Born in Islington, London, in 1853, the son of a Congregational minister, he was educated at the Congregational School, Lewisham, Kent (now Caterham School), from 1864 till 1868, and at the University School, Nottingham, where he held a scholarship from 1869 to 1871. (In the interval he was a pupil-teacher in a private school for boys.) He then entered the English Civil Service, and attained the high position of junior auditor in the Accountant and Controller-General's Department. He left the Service to enter at Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1877 and M.A. in 1881, after fighting the battle of the non-conformists with the sectarian conservatism of the old university. He was Mathematical Scholar and Prizeman at St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, with the added dis- tinction of Exliibitioner of the Goldsmiths' Company. While at Cambridge he rowed on the Cam three years for his college, and proved himself a good exponent at cricket and football, besides achieving the distinction of being president of the College Debating Society. After graduating with first-class mathematical honours, he took post-graduate work in physics. He entered the teaching profession as mathematical and science master at Oldenham Grammar School, to which appointment he went immediately after leaving Cambridge. In 1881 he was selected by commissioners in England as mathematical and science master in the Christchurch Boys' High School. , Five years later he was appointed by the North Canterbury Education Board to the position of Inspector of Schools, and he held this post till 1889, when he was appointed headmaster of the Timaru Boys' High School, where he remained for ten years. During all this time he had taken a keen interest in all matters pertaining to education^ being for three years president of the North Canterbury Educational Institute, and in 1886 president of the New Zealand Educational Institute. In 1899 he was appointed to the position of Inspector-General of Schools under the New Zealand Education Department, and he held this post until his retirement in 1915. During his tenure of office were carried .out very many important educational reforms, for most of which he was directly responsible. It has been said by a teacher who was much associated with him, especially in the fixing of the scale of salaries of primary-school teachers, and in the drawing-up of the teachers' super- annuation scheme, " No other man who has ever been associated with the administration of the education system of this Dominion has left a deeper and more permanent impression upon it, nor can any other man of his time lay claim to have done more to further the cause of educational progress than did the late George Hogben." His plans were all most carefully thought out and most thoroughly presented ; he would justify and defend his schemes with skill and vigour, but would accept his occasional defeats with unfailing good spirit. The same teacher has said of him, ■■' He was a 'hard fighter, but a fair fighter, and was absolutely without vindictiveness." This w^s, indeed, one of the most charming features in his character. xii ' Obituary. He represented New Zealand at the Empire Bducational Conference in London in 1907, at the International Conference of School Hygiene, the International Conference on the Teaching of the Deaf, and the International Conference on Moral Education — all in the same year. On his return his valuable report on " Schools and other Educational Institutions in Europe and America " was published as a parliamentary paper. Upon his retirement from the Public Service Mr. Hogben continued to render good service as a member of the Council of Education. He was also a member of the University Senate for some years, and was always radical in his idea of reforms. He was largely responsible for the intro- duction of the degree of Bachelor of Science in Home Science, and this is one of th6 reforms which has already justified itself. His public services were acknowledged by the bestowal of the C.M.G. in 1915. His activity in the educational sphere did not prevent his indulging an original bent in mathematics and physical science. His first contribution to the New Zealand Institute was a paper, read before the Canterbury Philosophical Society on the 7th October, 1886, entitled " Transcendental Geometry : Remarks suggested by Mr. Frankland's paper ' The Non-Euclidian Geometry vindicated.' " His last paper was-" A Note on Eapt Coast Earthquakes, 1914-17," contributed to the Wellington Philosophical Society on the 12th December, 1917. Of his numerous papers published in volumes 20 . to 40 of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, eighteen dealt with earthquakes, and he was the recognized authority on seismology in the Dominion. It should be noted that the last paper from his pen actually published appeared in the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology in the very month of his death — April, 1920. It dealt with the subject he had made peculiarly his own, and was entitled " The Interpretation of a Typical Seismogram." This shows that the keenness of his mental faculties was unimpaired to the last. He was President of the Canterbury Philosophical Institute in 1887. From ] 891 he was Secretary of the Seismological Committee of the Austral- asian Association for the Advancement of Science. For many years he was correspondent for Australasia of the American journal Science. He was a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, and in 1919 was elected one of the original Fellows of the New Zealand Institute. He was a strong advocate of proportional representation, and in September, 1913, read a paper before the Wellington Philosophical Society on " Preferential Voting in Single-member Constituencies, with Special Reference to the Counting of Votes." When some time later the Christ- church City Council held an election under that system he went there to conduct the election for the authorities. During the war he wrote a valuable little paper, which was printed in November, 1916, on " Night Marching by the Stars." Two methods were given, one of which was recommended to members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, who were provided with copies of star-maps and brief directions how to use them. In 1917, when the question of the relation of scientific and industrial research to national efficiency was under serious consideration, a committee (the New Zealand Institute's Scientific and Industrial Research Committee) was set up, and Mr. Hogben was appointed chairman by a unanimous vote. He was a joint author of a report on " The Organization of Scientific and Industrial Research," publislied as a parliamentary paper. The report of the committee, which owed much to Mr. Hogben's care and fairness to Obituary. xiii all views, both provincial and departmental, was adopted by the Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute, and, with slight amendment, by the National Efficiency Board, and was forwarded to the Government. Of his best-known publications, the following might be mentioned : A French text-book, Methode naturelle ; Four-figure Logarithms ; and Notes on the Teaching of Mathematical Geography. Since his retirement he had been revising a Table of Logarithms, and this work is now in the press. Mr. Hogben was happy in his marriage with a daughter of the late Mr. Edward Dobson, C.E., of Ghristchuroh, who, with her two sons, sur- vives him. Six sons were born to them, two of whom died in childhood. Of the four remaining, three gave their services and two gave their lives to the Empire during the Great War ; and there is little doubt that their loss, borne without murmuring, contributed to his final illness. George Hogben was a man of wide reading and scholarship, a thorough and indefatigable worker. He was a true and warm friend, and, through his fairness and broadmindedness, a benefactor to his fellow-men. G. M. Thomson. CONTENTS. Roll of Honour Presidential Address PAGES xxi-xxiii XXV— XXX ANTHROPOLOGY. Art. XII. The Southern Maori, and Greenstone. By H. Beattie XIII. Nature-lore of the Southern Maori. By H. Beattie 45-52 53-77 BOTANY. Art. II. Contributions to a Fuller Knowledge of the Flora of New- Zealand: No. 7. By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S., F.Z.S.. F.N. Z.Inst., Curator of the Auckland Museum . . . . 9-16 III. Descriptions of New Native Flowering-plants. By D. Petrie, M.A., Ph.D., F.N.Z.Inst. . . . . . . . . 17-19 XV. Ranimculus paucifoUus T. Kirk : its Distribution and Ecology, and the Bearing of these upon certain Geological and Phylo- genetic Problems. By A. Wall, M.A., Professor of English, Canterbury College . . . . . . . . . . 90-105 XVI. Helichrysum dimorphum Cockayne — a Hydrid ? By A. Wall, M.A., Professor of English, Canterbury College . . . . 106-107 XXVII. Studies in the New Zealand Species of the Genus Lycopodium : Part IV — The Structure of the Prothallus in Five Species. By the Rev. J. E. Holloway, D.Sc, Hutton Memorial Medallist . . . . . . . . . . . . 193-239 XXVIII. Notes on the Indigenous Vegetation of the North-eastern Portion of the Hokonui Hills, with a List of Species. By D. L. Poppelwell . . . . . . . . . . . . 239-247 XXIX. Notes on the Indigenous Vegetation of Ben Lomond, with a List of Species. By D. L. Poppelwell . . . . . . 248-252 XXX. Notes from the Canterbury College Mountain Biological Station, Cass. No. 7— The Rosette Plants : Part I. By M. Wini- fred Betts, M.Sc. . . . . . . . . . . 253-275 XXXI. Notes on the Autecology of certain Plants of the Peridotite Belt, Nelson : Part I — Structure of some of the Plants (No. 3). By M. Winifred Betts, M.Sc. . . . . . . . . 276-314 XXXII. Pteridophytes of Banks Peninsula (Eastern Portion). By W. Martija, B.Sc. . . . . . . . . . . . . 315-322 Art. CHEMISTRY. V. The Distillation of Waikaia Oil-shale, and G. C. Burton By W. Donovan, M.Sc, VL Stmg-ray-liver Oil. By W. Donovan, M.Sc. XXVI. The Lifluence of Salts of the Alkali and Alkaline-earth Metals on the Solubility in Water of Calcium Carbonate (a) in the Presence of Air free from Carbon Dioxide, (b) in the Presence of Excess of Carbon Dioxide. By E. A. Rowe, M.Sc. 27-29 29 192 32780 XVI Contents. GEOLOGY. Art. XVII. On the Occurrence of Striated Boulders in a Palaeozoic Breccia pages near Taieri Mouth, Otago, New Zealand. By Professor James Park, F.G.S. . . . . . . . . . . 107-108 XVIII. The Tawhiti Series, East Cape District. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.N.Z.Inst., Hector and Hutton Medallist . . 109-110 XIX. The Hampden Beds and the New Zealand Tertiary Limestones. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.N.Z.'inst., Hector and Hutton Medallist.. .. .. .. '.. 111-114 XX. The Tertiary Rocks near Wanganui. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.N.Z.Inst., Hector and Hutton Medallist, and R. Murdoch . . . . . . . . 115-128 XXI. Some Tertiary Mollusca, with Descriptions of New Species. By P. Marshall, M.A., D.Sc, F.G.S., F.N.Z.Inst., Hector and Hutton Medallist, and R. Murdoch . . . . 128-136 XXII. Tertiary Geology of the Area between the Otiake River (Kurow District) and Duntroon, North Otago. By G. H. Uttley, M.A., M.Sc, F.G.S., Scots College, Wellington . . . . 137-153 XXIII. Tertiary Geology of the Area between Wharekuri and the Otiake River, North Otago. Bv G. H. Uttley, M.A., M.Sc, F.G.S., Scots College, Wellington . . ' . . . . 154-168 XXIV. Remarks on Bulletin No. 20 (New Series) of the New Zealand Geological Survey. By G. H. Uttley, M.A., M.Sc, F.G.S., Scots College, Wellington . . . . . . . . 169-182 XXV. Examples of Readjustment of Drainage on the Tararua Western Foothills. By G. Leslie Adldn " .. .. . . 183-191 XXXIII. The Notocene Geology of the Middle Waipara and Weka Pass District, North Canterbury, New Zealand. By Dr. J. Allan Thomson, F.G.S., FN.Z.Inst., Director of the Dominion Museum . . . . . . . . ^ . . . . 322-415 XXXIV. Additional Facts concerning the Distribution of Igneous Rocks in New Zealand : No.' 2. By J. A. Bartrum, M.Sc .. 416-422 XXXV. The Conglomerate at Albany, Lucas Creek, Waitemata Harbour. By J. A. Bartrum, M.Sc. . . . . . . . . 422-430 ZOOLOGY. Art. I. Some New Zealand Amphipoda : No. 1. By Charles Chilton, M. A., D.Sc, LL.D., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Member Roy. Soc N.S.W., F.N.Z.Inst., Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, N.Z. 1-8 VII. Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . 30-32 VIII. Illustrated Life-histories of New Zealand Insects : No. 1. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., F.N.Z.Inst. . . 32-34 IX. New Lepidoptera. By Charles E. Clarke . . . . . . 35 X. Lepidoptera of Auckland and the King-country. By Charles E. Clarke .. .. .. .. .. .. 36-41 XI. Notes and Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. By Arthur Philpott . . . . . . . . . . 42^4 XXXVI. On some Examples of New Zealand Insects illustrating the Darwinian Princij)le of Sexual Selection. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., F.N.Z.Inst. .. .. .. .. .. 431-438 XXXVII. Leaf-mining Insects of New Zealand. By M. N. Watt .. 439-466 Contents. xvn MISCELLANEOUS. Art. IV. The Food Values of New Zealand Fish : Part 1. By (Mrs.) pages Dorothy E. Johnson, B.Sc. in Home Science . . . . 20-26 XIV. The Mission of the " Britomart " at Akaroa in August, 1840. By Johannes C. Andersen . . . . . . . . 78-89 PROCEEDINGS. Annual Meeting of the Board of Governors Wellington Philosophical Society Auckland Institute Philosophical Institute of Canterbury Otago Institute Manawatu Philosophical Society 469-485 485-488 48^-493 493-495 49&^97 497-498 APPENDIX. New Zealand Institute Act and Regulations Hutton Memorial Medal and Research Fund Hector Memorial Research Fund Regulations for administering the Government Research Grant Carter Bequest New Zealand Institute — List of Officers, &c. ^ . . Roll of Members Serial Publications received by the Library of the Institute List of Institutions to which the Publications of the Institute are presented 501-506 507-509 509-510 511-512 512 513-517 518-533 534-537 538-543 Index 544 LIST OF PLATES. Charles William Adams Major Thomas Brown George Hogben FOLLOWS PAGE vi viii G. V. Hudson — Plate I— Figs. 1-9. Adult, pupa, and larva of Limnophila sinistra, Melanostoma decessum, and Gnophomyia rufa . . . . . . . . 34 A. Wall— Plate IL- — Ranunculus paucifolius in sihi, showing five leaves and root . . 90 Plate III— Fig. \. R. paucifolius, showing six leaves . . . . . . . . 90 Fig. 2. R. paucifolius, in situ . . . . . . . . ... 90 Plate IV. — liocality where R. paucifolius is found ; from south-east . . 92 Plate V. — Same locality, from north-east . . . . . . . . 92 P. Marshall and R. Murdoch — Plate VI— Figs. 1-10. Tertiary Mollusca . . . . ' . . . . . . 128 Plate VII— Figs. 11-14. Tertiary MoUuscai .. .. ... .. ..128 Plate VIII— Figs. 15-17. Tertiary Mollusca . . . . . . . . . . 136 Plate IX— Figs. 18, 19, 21. Tertiary MoUusca . . . . . . . . 136 Plate X— Figs. 20, 22, 23. Tertiary Mollusca . . . . . . . . 136 G. L. Adkin — Plate XI— Fig. 1. " The Heights " basin, looking north-east . . . . . . 186 Fig. 2. The valley of the Waireka Stream, looking east . . . . 186 J. E. "Holloway — Plate XII. — Lycopodium ramulosum .. .. .. ..218 Plate XIII. — Lycopodium ramulosum . . . . . . . . 218 Plate XIV. — Lycopodium ramulosum . . . . . . . . 218 Plate XV. — Lycopodium ramulosum . . . . . . . . 218 J. A. Thomson — Plate. XVI. — View looking down the Waipara River towards the limestone gorge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Plate XVII— Fig. 1. Looking down Birch Hollow, Middle Waipara . . . . 344 Fig. 2. Grey muddy sandstones with saurian concretions, Waipara River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 XX List of Plates. J. A. Thomson — continued. Plate XVIII— Fig. 1. Cliff of lower (concretionary) Waipara greensands Fig. 2. View of the upper part of the Weka Pass Plate XIX— Fig. 1. Cliff of Weka Pass stone, overhanging Amuri limestone , Fig. 2. " Fucoids " in the Weka Pass greensand . . : . Plate XX. — View across Waipara River below hmestone gorge . . Plate XXI— Fig. 1. SjTacline in the main Mount Brown limestone Fig. 2. cuff in Weka Pass Stream, below railway-cutting Plate XXII— , Figs. 1-11. Eleven species (nine new) of Rhizothyris . . .^ Plate XXIII— Figs. 1-11. Eight species (seven new) of Rhizothyris Plate XXIV— Figs. 1-15. SjDecies of Rhizothyris, Pachymagas, and Terebratrilina Plate XXV— Figs. 1-14. Species of Neothyris and Pachymagas Plate XXVI— Figs. 1-18. Species of Pachymagas and Waiparia . . - . . Plate XXVII— Figs. 1-9. Species of Pachymagas and Neothyris J. A. Bartrum — Plate XXVIII— Fig. 1. Quartz -norite, Cleddau-Hollyford Saddle Fig. 2. Dolerite, Silverdale, Auckland Fig. 3. Basalt, Ti Point, Whangateau . . » Fig. 4. Basalt, Ohakune ballast-pit Plate XXIX— Fig. 1. Granodiorite Fig. 2. Banded dioritic gneiss Fig. 3. Dolerite showing lath-like form of feldspars Fig. 4. Trachyte W. N. Watt— Plate XXX— Figs. 1-10. Species of Parectopa . . rOLLOWB PAGE 344 344 344 344 358 358 358 368 368 368 368 380 380 416 416 416 416 424 424 424 424 440 NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE. ROLL OF HONOUR SHOWING MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE WHO WERE ON ACTIVE SERVICE DURING THE WAR. Name. Available Details of Service. E. H. Atkinson C. M. Begg Val. Blake F. K. Broadgate P. W. Burbidge W. H. Carter L. J. Comrie V. C. Davies W. Earnsliaw C. J. Freeman C. Freyberg J. G. B. Fulton H. E. Girdlestone H. Hamilton ^C. G. Johnston G. W. King E. Marsden D. McKenzie H. M. Millar W. L. Moore T. D. M. Stout R. M. Sunley W. M. Thomson H. S. Tily H. Vickerman C. J. Westland Wellington Philosophical Society. Lieutenant, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. ' Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps Lieutenant, Canterbury Infantry Lieutenant, N.Z. Engineers Sergeant, 34th Specialists. Canterbury Infantrj'. Sergeant-Major, 36th Reinforcements. Regimental Sergeant-Major, 1st N.Z. Rifle Brigade Engineer Lieut. -Commander, R.N. N.Z. Rifle Brigade. Lieutenant, West York (Prince of Wales's Own) Regiment. Corporal, 10th Reinforcements. Company Sergeant-Major, Wellington Infantry Sub-Lieutenant, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Lieutenant, 1st N.Z. Rifle Brigade . . Lieutenant, N.Z. Tunnelling Company. Major (temp.), N.Z. Engineers . . Trooper, Wellington Mounted Rifles. Sergeant,. N.Z. Engineers' Divisional Signalling Company. Captain, N.Z. Field Artillery Lieut. -Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps . . Corporal, Specialists. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Sergeant, N.Z. Field Artillery. Major, commanding N.Z. Tunnelling Company Corporal, N.Z. Machine Gun Corps. C.B., C.M.G. Died of sickness. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Ealled in action. M.C. ; mentioned in despatches. Mentioned in de- spatches. D.S.O. D.S.O., O.B.E. ; mentioned in despatches. F. L. Armitage S. B. Bowyer R. Briffault P. H. Buck Rangihiroa) S. Cory-Wright (Te W. J. Crompton . . F. N. R. Downard G. Fenwick Auckland Institute. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Gunner, N.Z. Field Artillery. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Major, N.Z. Medical Corps Captain, N.Z. Engineiers, Divisional Intelligence Officer 1st Battalion, Otago Regiment. Lieutenant, N.Z. Rifle Brigade. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. D.S.O. M.C. XXII Roll of Honour. Roll of Honour — continued. Name. Available Details of Service. R. H. Gunson G. H. Hansard D. Holderness R. T. Inglis C. W. Leys K. Mackenzie H. A. E. Milnes W. R. B. Oliver G. Owen A. C. Pnrchas E. Robertson C. B. Rossiter T. C. Savage Rev. D. Scott H. L. Wade F. Whittome Auckland Institute — continued. Lieutenant, Motor Boat Reserve. Sergeant -Major, 33rd Machine Gun Corps. Lieutenant, N.Z. Engineers. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Lieutenant, Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. . Lieutenant, Auckland Infantrj' Regiment . .' Corporal, Canterbury Infantry. Lieutenant, N.Z. Rifle Brigade and N.Z. Engi- neers. Major, N.Z. Medical Corps.' Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps Chaplains Department, N.Z. Expeditionary Force. Captain, Auckland Mounted Rifles. Corporal, N.Z. Rifle Brigade. Killed in action. Died of sickness. H. Acland G. E. Archey J. W. Bird F. J. Borrie F. M. Corlvill , William Deans A. A. Dorrien-Smi A. Fairbairn H. D. Ferrar C. E. Foweraker F. G. Gibson J. Guthrie W. Irving L. S. Jennings H.Lang E. Kidson G. Maclndoe P. S. Nelson F. S. Oliver H. V. Rowe Sir R. H. Rhodes A. Tavlor G. T. Weston F. S. Wilding J. P. Whetter A. M. Wright th Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Field Artillery. Sergeant-Major, Instructional Staff. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corj^s. Captain. Captain, Canterbury Mountecl Rifles. Major. ' " ' Captain. Trooper, N.Z. Mounted Rifles. Corporal, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Cajitain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, Otago Regiment . . 2nd Lieutenant, N.Z. Rifle Brigade Captain, Royal Engineers. Signaller, Otago Infantry Brigade . . Private, Canterbury Regiment Sergeant, Headcpiarters Instructional Stalt". Sergeant-Major, Headquarters Instructional Staff. Colonel, Red Cross Commissioner. Captain, N.Z. Veterinary Corps. Lieutenant. Canterbury Regiment. Captain, N.Z. Field Artillery. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. S. C. Allen R. Buddie L. E. Barnctt F. C. Batchelor Rev. D. Uutton A. Mackie E. J. O'Neill Otago Institute. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Surseon, H.M. Ships "Crescent," ' land," and " Warwick " Lieut. -Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps Lieut.-Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps. Chai)lain, N.Z. Expeditionary Force. Sergeant, N.Z. Expeditionary Force Lieut.-Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps . Cumber- Mentioned in de- spatches. C.M.G. M.M. C.M.G., D.S.O. Name. Roll of Honour. Roll of Honouk — continued. XX 111 Available Details of Service. T. R. Overton H. P. Pickerill R. Price E. F. Roberts S. G. Sandle F. H. Statham W. D. Stewart W. A. Thomson R. N. Vanes #D. B. Waters H. F. H. Whitcom be Otago Institute — continued. Lieutenant, N.Z. Pioneers. Lieut. -Colonel, N.Z. Medical Corps . . Major, Otago Infantry Captain, Royal Engineers. Major, N.Z. Expeditionary' Force. Major, Otago Infantry Lieutenant, Otago Infantry. N.Z. Machine Gun Corps. Lieutenant, N.Z. Expeditionary Force. Captain, N.Z. Tunnelling Corps. Gunner, N.Z. Field Artillery. O.B.E. Killed in action. Killed in action. E. C. Barnett D. H. B. Bett A. A. Martin J. Murray H. D. Skinner W. R. Stowe H. F. Bernau J. P. D. Leahy E. F. Northcroft E. G. Wheeler G. T. Wilhams F. A. Bett Manawatu Philosophical Society. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Captain, N.Z. Medical Coi-ps. Major, N.Z. Medical Corjjs Lieutenant, Auckland Infantry. Private, Otago Infantry . . Major, N.Z. Medical Corps. Hawke's Bay Philosophic A. Institute. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Major, N.Z. Medical Corps. Corporal, 41st Reinforcements. Corporal, Wellington Regiment. Wellington Mounted Rifles Nelson Institute. Captain, N.Z. Medical Corps. Killed in action. D.C.M. Died of sickness. Note. — The roll is as complete as it has been found possible to make it. Editor would be glad to be notified of any omissions or necessary amendments. The PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. The following is the presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute, at Wellington, on the 30th January, 1920, by Dr. L. Cockayne, F.R.S. :— Gentlemen op the Board of Governors of the New Zealand Institute, — First of all it is my sorrowful duty to record the great loss which the New Zealand- Institute has experienced since our annual meeting last year through the death of two of our foremost members — Major T. Broun and Mr. T. W. Adams. A full account of Major Broun's scientific activity will appear in the next volume of our Transactions ; here I need only express my admiration of our accomplished member's services to science — services, indeed, that have laid an enduring foundation in a domain of New Zealand zoology virtually unexplored prior to his investi- gations. Regarding my esteemed friend Mr. T. W. Adams, I have already recorded in the last volume of our Transactions my high appreciation of his pioneer researches in New Zealand forestry and their extraordinary economic value. The influence of such men must be felt for many years ; their place in our scientific circle will be hard to fill. But if the past year has brought its sorrows, as must all years, joy has also come in the safe return after the hardships and perils of war of most of our members who so willingly set forth to serve their King and country. To those who fell, and whose laurels won on the field of battle are entwined with those gained in the peaceful path of science, has gone forth long ere this both our deepest grief and most fervent admiration. You will see from the report of the Standing Committee that the Roll of Honour is now completed, and wiU be printed in this volume of the Transactions. The scientific year just concluded will, I feel convinced, be looked upon, in time to come, as the most important for the New Zealand Institute since its reconstruction in 1903 — or, indeed, perhaps since its foundation. This wiU be for the reason that two important advances have been made — the holding of a Science Congress and the founding of the Fellowship. So successful was this Congress, notwithstanding the many unforeseen diffi- culties which stood in the way, that it was proposed to make it a biennial function. There is no need for me to give any details regarding the proceedings, since such have appeared in two special numbers of the Journal of Science and Technology/, where also some of the papers read at the Congress are printed. It has been decided to hold a second Congress at the beginning of next year in Palmerston North. The idea of the Congress was not new, since such meetings were provided for in the New Zealand Institute Act of 1903, but for its successful inauguration full credit must be given to that very active body, the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. Without doubt these gatherings will do a great deal to bring the Institute into touch with the non-scientific public, and in this lies no inconsiderable part of their value* XX vi Presidential Address. Regarding the papers read at the Congress, a considerable portion were such as in the ordinary course of events would have come before the affiliated branches. This, it may be hoped, wiU be remedied in the future, and that the papers submitted will be more on the lines of those of the British Association. Nor need a comparison on the basis of population make this appear a vain statement, for New Zealand possesses far more problems purely her own to be solved than does Great Britain ; indeed, for many years to come, abundant material for researches, novel in character, will be at the disposal of our scientific men. A great agricul- tural centre, such as Palmerston North, is a fitting place indeed for the second Congress. At the Christchurch Congxess agriculture was a great feature, thanks in part to the strong support of the Department of Agriculture, and in part to a gathering of the agricultural instructors of the Dominion being held at the same time. No time should be lost in making preparations for the event, so this question will come before you to-day. The matter of the Fellowship of the New Zealand Institute demands more than a passing word. First, it must be pointed out that the election of the Original Fellows took place in October last, the election being made by a special committee — consisting of the Hon. Gr. M. Thomson, Professors Chilton and Easterfield, and myself (the convener) — which was appointed at your annual meeting last year " with power to act, to determine the method of election of the remaining Original Fellows, and to carry out the election." As I was likely to be away from Wellington at the time of the election, I delegated my powers to Professor Easter- field, and obtained Mr. Ewen's assent to his acting as returning officer. To both these gentlemen I must record my grateful thanks. As soon as the election was concluded Mr. Ewen sent me the names of those elected, and I, as President of the Institute, informed by wire each successful candidate of his election. I also wrote to the Secretary of each of the affiliated societies giving the result of the election. Later, the names of all the Original Fellows were published in the Government Gazette. There are now twenty Fellows of the New Zealand Institute, who represent nearly every branch of science pursued in the Dominion. As to the merits of the election it is not for me to express an opinion, but I may be permitted to say that as an ex officio Fellow I feel it a great honour to be in such distinguished company. Although the election was carried out in a certain manner agreed upon by the special committee, that is no precedent for future elections — the occasion was unique. It is for this meeting to decide in what manner the voting, &c., for candidates is to take place in future elections, both by the Fellows, in the first instance, who select eight candidates from the nominees of the affiliated societies, and, in the next place, by the Governors, who are to select the four Fellows from the eight selected candidates. Regarding these eight, and bearing in mind the number of persons qualified for the Fellowship at the present time, it may be confidently expected that each of them will be amply qualified for the distinction, and that as years go on the status for such qualification will rise. And now a few words as to the history of "the movement which led to the establishment of the Fellowship. The first suggestion of a class of members other than the ordinary members, whose admission to the societies is a matter of form, was** put forward by Mr. G. V. Hudson a Presidential Address. g xxvii considerable uiimber of years ago, but no exceptional qualifications were to be demanded. Nothing more was said on the subject until the year 1910, when I talked over the matter with many of my scientific friends, all of whom agreed that the suggested Fellowship should be difficult of attainment and so be a very high distinction indeed. My reasons for the estabUshment of such an honour were — (1) that in other countries the universities conferred honorary degrees on scientific workers, whereas the University of New Zealand did not confer such, under the mistaken notion that they would detract from the value of the ordinary degrees ; (2) that there were certain men in New Zealand whose years of unremitting labour in science would apparently never receive recognition ; (3) that the establishment of a Fellowship worthy of being won would lead to that competition which is a law of nature and brings out the best in every sphere of life ; (4) that more research would be undertaken and the number of those carrying out research increase, to the benefit of science. Agairtst the proposal there was urged by some that there were the Hutton and the Hector Medals, as also certain Empire distinctions available for our best men. On the oth.er hand, the above medals are limited in their application — some sciences do not receive recognition ; while, as to Empire distinctions, so few come to New Zealand that they are almost negligible. A.11 agrfeed that, in order to make the Fellowship sufficiently difiicult to acquire, the number of Fellows must be limited to comparatively few. The proposition was not taken up, and no more was said on the matter until Dr. J. Allan Thomson brought out in January, 1917, an ambitious scheme for reform of the Institute, containing, i^iter alia, a proposal for the creation of Fellows. Dr. Thomson's proposals were referred to the affiliated societies to consider, and at the succeeding meeting in January, 1918, their replies having been received, a committee consisting of Mr. G. Hogben, Dr. Thomson, and myself was set up to draw up a Fellow- ship scheme and refer it to the incorporated societies. We accordingly considered the matter carefully, drew up a scheme, referred it to the societies, made certain changes in our draft in conformity with their suggestions, and brought our amended scheme before the Board of Governors in January, 1919. Each clause was carefully discussed by the Board, and, with a few alterations and additions, the scheme which we submitted was adopted. The only point of importance which was rejected was the proposal that a certain number of Fellows should be elected " for eminent service to the nation in any capacity," but such Fellows were not to " exceed one-tenth of the total number of Fellows." After considerable discussion, this proposal was rejected ; but, as the regulations stand, the Fellowship can be given for research or distinction in science — i.e., it is possible for Fellows to be elected who have done no research whatever. This gives a wide-enough door, so it "is unlikely that any one really deserving the honour will be left in the cold. As for research, it must be clearly understood by the affiliated societies and electors that this does not refer merely to research accomplished in New Zealand. All research carried on outside New Zealand, even if published long before the candidate was a member of the Institute, must count as the present regvdations stand. Before leaving this question of the Fellowship, it cannot be too widely known both by scientific men and the general public that the letters " F.N. Z.Inst." attached to a person's name is no empty title, but that it means far more than does the degree of Doctor of Science of any University, xxviii ., Presidential Address. for it is a guarantee that the holder is a scientist of exceptional merit, who has prosecuted research of a high class, and usually for a long period. This degree, if I may so call it, should rank in professional circles, and in the Civil Service, equally with the highest University distinctions, which, as I have already explained, it far outstrips. As time goes on it will be as difficult to obtain as the Fellowships or Memberships, as the case may be, of British, European, or American academies. A matter which comes up yearly for your consideration is the question of finance. Thanks to the enlightened policy of the Hon. G. W. Russell with regard to science, for some years past we have received a special grant for research — but more of this later — and at the last meeting of this Board he promised us £500 for our ordinary expenditure at once, and that he would make provision for yearly adding a similar sum to our scanty income. When the Hon. Mr. Russell resigned, his successor, the Hon. J. B. Hine, arranged that the Institute should receive the additional £500 to its income, and was most sympathetic regarding this becoming a permanency. It will lie with this meeting to see what steps it is now necessary to take in order to increase our income permanently from £500 to £1,000 per annum, and it will be necessary also to act quic^fly. Even when we reach the latter scale we shall be by no means well off. The' publications and ordinary expenses will absorb, at a low estimate, £700 yearly. There is coming before you the question of appointing a j3aid official to" assist the honorary officers of the Institute. In considering such an appointment it is clear that our other financial responsibilities must be carefully borne in mind. There have been for some years certain important bulletins on the moss flora by Mr. H. N. Dixon awaiting publication, as also others by the late Major Broun, while others, again, too lengthy for the Transactions are also in sight. At the same time, the Hon. Secretary's work has increased greatly of late, but possibly an assistant at £100 would be sufficient for this branch of our work. A matter to come before the meeting is the election of some one for the important post of Editor. This comes about through the resignation of Dr. C. A. Cotton. No one can regret more than myself this resignation. During his long editorship Dr. Cotton has improved the annual volume to no small degree, given sound critical consideration to the papers, and, in short, has filled the difficult position most admirably. One of the phases of our activity concerns the research grant. It is this, in part, which has added to the burdens of the Hon. Secretary. It has also directly added to our financial burden. This has come about through our inability to use any of this grant for purposes of publication, which falls upon our slender income. Time and again has the Institute published the results of non-subsidized economic research, but in the case of that which is subsidized the subsidy cannot be used to pay for publication. Cases, too, have occurred where the economic aspect of the subsidized research has been nil, but some purely scientific side-issue has emerged and been pub- lished in our Transactions. In short, except for its stimulation of research, the grant is a dead loss to the Institute. But does this grant really stimu- late research ? I doubt it greatly ; indeed, I am not sure that it is not a hindrance. For the research must have — nominally, at any rate — an economic bent. Nor is this all, but the offer conditionally of money leads to research made to order ; whereas the subject of a research should not be sought, it should come unbidden, it should be an inspiration. Then there is drawn that vicious distinction — I can call it by no lighter word — Presidential Address. xxix between pure and applied science. It is " applied " science to add by methods of plant-breeding one more variety to the hundreds of varieties of turnips which are in horticulture or agriculture. It is " pure " science to seek by experiment with the vilest weed, it may be, for information yet unknown, which may advance man's knowledge of heredity — an advance which well might pave the way towards highly benefiting cvilization as a whole. Yet our research grant in, its present form would encourage the turnip-breeder but not the worker in experimental genetics. Nay, this last term, if added to the application for a grant, would at once damn the application, for the final word rests not with the Institute but with the Minister. No, if we are to have a research grant which would justify the spending of public money, let it be given unconditionally. Surely a body such as the New Zealand Institute is to be trusted ! Several outside matters have occurred during the past twelve months which are of interest to the New Zealand Institute. Not the least of these is the actual launching of the Cawthron Institute, in the first place through the judgment of the Supreme Court approving, with a few trifling exceptions, the scheme drawn up for the Trustees of the estate by the Cawthron Commission ; and in the second place through the appointment of Professor Easterfield as the Director. I feel assured, gentlemen, that you will applaud the appointment of a colleague of such long standing, and will feel, as I do, that the success of the Cawthron Institute is assured. It is also satisfactory to learn that the Cawthron Institute has acquired an excellent temporary home in the City of Nelson, where its scientific operations can commence and where they can be carried on until a building worthy of the high aims of the founder be erected on the Annesbrook Estate. Several important scientific publications are either jiow ready for the press or have appeared. There is the Hon. G. M. Thomson's work — the labour of many years — deaUng with acclimatization in New Zealand : this is completed, and has been sent to England. Mr. T. F. Cheeseman has contributed an important paper on the vascular flora of Macquarie Island as one of the reports of the Mawson Antarctic Expedition, which contains a philosophical essay on the origin of the isolated band of plants of that island — a worthy supplement to his scholarly essay in The Suhantarctic Islands of New Zealand. The first volume of the Manuals of the Board of Science and Art has just appeared, and other volumes are in contemplation by the Hon. G. M. Thomson, Dr. C. A. Cotton, and Mr. Elsdon Best. Such a series dealing with New Zealand natural history has long been wanted. Returning to our own afiairs, an index of our Transactions from volume 40 onwards is urgently needed. If the hoped-for additional income is assured, this should be taken in hand without delay. Then there is the perennial question of the library ; but little can de done under the present circumstances. The method of printing your President's address each year may seem a small matter, but it is hardly upholding the dignity of the Institute to tuck it away in small print in the Proceedings ; still less should that position be accorded the more weighty addresses delivered at the Science Congress. Surely these presidential addresses should commence the annual volume. Turning now to the widest matter of all which confronts us as a scientific body with scientific obligations, that matter beyond all others which con- cerns our country in common with all ptirts of the Empire — the period of reconstruction now commencing. Soon after war broke out, even in the XXX Presidential Address. hour of victory, and not least at the present time, one hears preached on all sides by those in every grade of society the crying need for more science, for more and more research. This word " science " is, and has been, in the mouths of the people as never before. But if one converses with the non-scientific it quickly comes to light that the research they desire is not at all the research of the scientific man — that long painful groping for the truth which he knows but too well. To them the man of science — neglected for so long, if not despised — is now a wizard who with but a touch of his magic rod (science, the .omnipotent, ever at his beck and call) can, in the twinkling of an eye, solve any problem that is put before him. " Ask and thou shalt receive " might be the motto. On every side are the triumphs of science ; but how few indeed are aware that all date back for long years, the crowning glories of research after research — many of such researches apparently most useless, most trivial. Is the public prepared to find the wherewithal to pay for such " trivialities," or is the scientific man only to be called in at the last moment to find some economic appHcation of his previously unpaid labours ? What is the duty of the New Zealand Institute ? Is it not to get into closer touch with the people, to teach them the true meaning of science ? The scientific man in the past has been too imbending, too little concerned with those not his colleagues. Science can surely be popularized without loss of dignity. Prosperity, successful reconstruction, these depend in no minor degree on the intimate acquaintance of the men of science and their non-scientific brethren. TRANSACTIONS. TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTE Art. I. — Some New Zealand Amphipoda : No. 1. By Charles Chilton, M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., C.M.Z.S., Hon. Member Roy. Soc. N.S.W., F. N.Z.Inst. ; Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, N.Z. [Read hefore the. Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 1st October, 1919 ; received hy Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued separately, 4th June, 1920.] During recent years many additional facts have become known with regard to the Amphipoda of New Zealand through the investigation of collections from the various Antarctic and other expeditions. As circumstances are not at present favourable for the publication of a comprehensive review of the group, it is proposed to issue, under the title given above, a series of notes briefly detailing some of the new facts, and giving references to sources where additional information can be obtained. It will be seen that frequent use has been jnade of the MS. notes and drawings and of the specimens placed in my hands by the Hon. G. M. Thomson ; in several cases these are most useful for elucidating points in connection with some of the earlier records of Amphipoda from New Zealand. The names of authors followed by a date in parentheses refer to the list on page 8. Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson). Figs. 1 to 5. Pherusa novae-zealandiae G. M. Thomson, 1879, p. 239, pi. 10 C, figs. 2, 2a-c. Pherusa neo-zelaniea G. M. Thomson and Chilton, 1886, p. 148. Panoploea dehilis G. M. Thomson, 1880, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 3 ; G. M. Thomson and Chilton, 1886, p. 150. Acanihozone longimana (part) Delia Vaile, 1893, pp. 604, 620. Oradarea longimana Walker, 1903, p. 56, pi. 10, figs. 77-89 ; Stebbing, 1906, p. 727; Chevreux, 1906, p. 54; Walker, 190f, p. 32. Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae Stebbing, 1906, p. 294 ; Chilton,^ 1909, p. 621 ; Chilton, 1912, p. 488 ; Chevreux, 1913, p. 143. There has been considerable confusion in connection with this species, and it seems desirable to support the synonymy given above by the following historical account. In 1879 Mr. G. M. Thomson published his first paper dealing with New Zealand Crustacea. In it he described several new species, including Pherusa novae-zealandiae from Dunedin, of which he gave a brief descrip- tipn and figures of the whole animal, of the gnathopoda, and of the telson (1879, p. 239, pi. 10 C, fig. 2). The only work of reference on the Amphipoda available to Mr. Thomson at that time was Spence Bate's Catalogue of the Amphipoda in the British Museum. The amount of dissection and minute examination that is necessary to distinguish between allied species was not then realized, and 1— Trans. 2 Transactions. it will be seen from what is recorded below that Mr. Thomson's description was a composite one based on specimens belonging to more than one species. In the next year Mr. Thomson described and figured another new species under the name Panoploea debilis, also from Dunedin Harbour, the genus Panoploea being new and including P. debilis and P. spinosa, another new species described at the same time (1880, p. 3). In 1882 I had identified specimens collected at Lyttelton Harbour as Panoploea debilis G. M. Thomson, and later on was able to compare them with specimens from Dunedin named by Mr. Thomson and to ascertain that they were identical with his species. This species proved to be moderately common in New Zealand seas, and was long known to New Zealand workers under the name Panoploea debilis G. M. Thomson. In 1893 Delia Valle placed the species in the genus Acanthozone as a doubtful synonym of Acanthozone longifnana (Boeck), a species which is now placed under the genus Leptamphopus, and remarked that Pherusa novae-zealandiae G. M. Thomson seemed to coincide with Panoploea debilis G. M. Thomson. In his account of the Amphipoda Gammaridea in Das Tierreich, Stebbing (1906, p. 294) includes both Pherusa novae-zealandiae and Panoploea debilis under the name Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson), but without making any reference to the differences in the descriptions of, the two species as given by Thomson. In 1903, before Stebbing's Das Tierreich Amphipoda was published, Mr. A. 0. Walker, in his account of the " Southern Cross " Antarctic Expedition, had described and figured a new genus and species, Oradarea longimana (1903, p. 56), and in the appendix of Das Tierreich Amphipoda Stebbing quotes this species and says of it " strangely like Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae " (1906, p. 727). In 1906 Chevreux recorded Oradarea longimana Walker from Flanders Bay and other localities in Graham Land visited by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1903-5 (1906, p. 54). In his account of the Amphipoda of the National Antarctic Expedition, Walker in 1907 records Oradarea longimana from Coulman Island and other localities visited by the expedition, and in a footnote referring to Stebbing's remarks points out that his species differs from Thomson's description of Pherusa novae-zealandiae '' in having only the first two pleon segments dorsally j)roduced into one tooth, instead of the two posterior segments of the mesosome and two anterior of the pleon produced into two teeth ; also in t^ie upper antennae having an appendage " (1907, p. 32). In 1909, in the account of the Crustacea in the Snbantarctic Lslands of New Zealand, I followed Stebbing in considering Panoploea debilis to be the same as Pherusa novae-zealandiae, and recorded the species under the name Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson), from Carnley Harbour, in Lord Auckland Islands, and after comparing it with Walker's description came to the conclusion that Oradarea longimana Walker was identical with Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson), as Stebbing had suggested, the differences pointed out by Walker being apparently due to individual variation or to errors in the descriptions (1909, p. 621). In his account of the Amphipoda of the second French Antarctic Expedition, 1908-10, Chevreux adopted this view, referred specimens from Petermann Island to Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson), and gave a few further particulars of the s])ecies. This species was collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition at South Orkneys, and was recorded by me in the account of the Amphipoda of the expedition under the name Leptamphopus novae-zealandiae (G. M. Thomson) (1912, p. 488). Chilton. — Some New Zealand Amphipoda. 3 Though I have all along been convinced that Stebbing was right in combining Panoploea debilis G. M. Thomson with Pherusa novae-zealandiae G. M. Thomson, it has been a little difficult to understand the differences , in the descriptions of these species, and how it was that Mr. Thomson came to describe the same form as two different species in two successive years. In January, 1914, in the collections of the Dunedin Museum, I found a bottle labelled " Pherusa novae-zealandiae G. M. Thomson, Dunedin ; Type," in the handwriting of the late Captain Hutton, who was Curator of the Museum at the time when the species was first described, and through the kindness of Professor Benham I have been able to make an " examination of its contents. The bottle contained altogether ten speci- mens, all more or less imperfect ; seven of them are without doubt the species common in New Zealand and long known under the name PanojjJoea debilis G. M. Thomson. All of these specimens ha.ve lost their antennae except the peduncles, but the character of the gnathopoda, of the pro- jection of some of the segments into dorsal teeth, and of the uropoda and telson, leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species. Of the other three specimens, two, one of them imperfect, are small examples of Parad.exam.ine pacifica (G. M. Thomson), which have apparently been included by accident, and are of no importance in the present discussion. The remaining specimen, which is the largest of the lot, and of which the head and anterior part of the peraeon are missing, is a specimen of a different species altogether, Panoploea spinosa G. M. Thomson, which is no longer considered congeneric with Panoploea dehilis and is placed by Stebbing in a different family. It seems evident that these specimens had been grouped together owing to the fact that in all of them some of the segments are produced posteriorly into dorsal teeth and that a portion of the original description of Pherusa novae-zealandiae had been ]3ased on the specimen of Panoploea spinosa: e.g., the statement that "two posterior segments of the pereion and two aifterior segments of the pleon produced dorsally into two teeth," and " three last pairs of pereiopoda much longer than the preceding ; their coxae with comb-like teeth on their posterior margins"; also, '"third seg- ment of pleon with the sides produced posteriorly, and ending abruptly in a serrated margin." The characters thus quoted agree well with this specimen of Panoploea spinosa, and some of them are indicated in the figure given by Thomson in describing Pherusa novae-zealandiae. These points do not show clearly in the very small figures accompanying Mr. Thomson's published paper, for " instead of lithographing the plates, the draughtsman traced them on to a large sheet, from whence they were photo-lithographed " (see Stebbing, 1888, p. 500), and in the process they were so much reduced that many of the points shown clearly in th« original drawings cannot be made out. Mr. Thomson has, however, given me the tracings of the originals, and in the tracing of the figure of the whole animal of Pherusa novae-zealandiae it is evident that the dorsal teeth, the basal joints of the posterior peraeopoda, and the hind-margin of the third pleon segment have been drawn from the specimen of Panoploea spinosa, and not from the genuine Pherusa novae-zealandiae. " The other characters have been based on the specimens really belonging to Pherusa novae-zealandiae, and the description is therefore composite, being based on more than one specimen, as is shown by the statement that the posterior margin of the third segment of the pleon " is almost smooth in young specimens," the " young specimens " being the genuine Pherusa novae-zealandiae, and quite different from the Panoploea spinosa which was confused with them. 1* 4 Transactions. It is therefore evident that Panoploea debilis (G. M. Thomson) is indeed the same as Pherusa novae-zealandiae G. M. Thomson, but was thought to be different owing to the errors in the original description and figures ; and that the differences pointed out by , Walker between his Orudarea longimana and the description of Pherusa novae-z^alandiae are due to the fact that the original description was based on the examination and confusion of two different species. The history of this species has perhaps been detailed at tedious length, but it is interesting as another example of the necessity of examining type specimens, whenever they are available, in order to settle disputed points, instead of trusting too greatly to published descriptions and figures and relying too much upon their accuracy. The exact generic position of this species is a little doubtful, owing to the fact that in the group to which it belongs there are so many genera much alike and distinguished by characters which are perhaps not all of generic importance. It will be seen that the species was first placed under Pherusa, then under Panoploea, next under Acanthozone, then under Oradarea (a genus specially created for it), and finally under Leptamphopus. In Das Tierreich Amphipoda there is only one other species, L. longimana (Boeck), placed in this genus, and that was originally described by Boeck under the genus Amphithopsis. If we compare the species under consideration with the generic characters of Leptamphopus as given by Stebbing (1906, p. 293) it is found to agree in most points. The first point mentioned, however, " Body not acutely dentate," requires some modification, for in this species the last segment of the peraeon and the first two of the pleon are dentate ; again, in the generic characters it is stated that there is no accessory flagellum, though Walker describes and figures one in the specimens of this species obtained from Cape Adare, and his observation is confirmed by Chevreux, and there is certainly a minute accessory flagellum in a specimen in my collection collected at the Softth Orkneys by the " Scotia " Expedition. On the other hand, there is none in the New Zealand specimens nor in the northern species L. longimanus (Boeck). In the mouth parts there is nothing that appears to me specially charac- teristic of the genus, which seems best recognized by the long slender gnathopoda and the entire telson. Most of the characters of Leptamphoptcs are the same as those of Djerboa Chevreux, but in that genus the telson is deepty cleft. The following brief description will be sufficient to distinguish L. novae- zealandiae from the northern species, L. longimanus : — Back rounded, peraeon segment 7 and pleon segments 1 and 2 each produced postpriorly into a dorsal tooth. Antennae subequal, slender, about as long as body. Antenna 1 with second joint of peduncle produced on each side into a short subacute lobe, a minute accessory appendage present in Antarctic specimens but not in those from New Zealand. Gnathopod 1 with carpus and propod subequal, narrow-oblong, palm short, oblicpie. Gnathopod 2 much longer and more slender, carpus and propod elongate, linear, with small tufts of setae on their posterior margins, propod longer than the carpus, palm short, oblique. IJropods 1 and 2 with outer brancli much shorter than the inner; uropod 3 with basal joint acutely produced on inner side, outer branch not much shorter than inner, both lanceolate, slightly flattened and broader than in uropods 1 and 2, inner branch with an elevation or ridge on its upper surface near the inner margin. Telson tapering slightly, extremity broadly rounded or truncate, sometimes a little irregular, and with one or two minute setae. Chilton. — Some New Zealand Am'phipoda . Length of New Zealand specimens, about 9 mm. ; Antarctic specimens, up][to 12 mm. or more. Colour greyish or light-brown, made up of dark dots or stellate markings. Distribution : New Zealand (Dunedin Harbour, Lyttelton, Akaroa, &c.) ; Cape Adare ; Coulman Island ; McMurdo Strait ; Petermann Island ; Flanders Bay ; Port Charcot ; Orkney Islands : probably circumaustral. Leptamphopiis novae-zealayidiae. 'J Fig. 1. — Fir§t gnathopod. Fig. 3. — First uropod. Fig. 2. — Second gnathopod. FiG. 4. — Second uropod. Fig. 5. — Third uropod and tekon, showing ridge on inner branch of the third uroi^od. This species very closely resembles P. longimanus (Boeck), a species found in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, the chief difference being that in P. longimana no segment of the body is produced into teeth. The Antarctic specimens appear to differ constantly from those occur- ring in New Zealand in the presence of a minute accessory appendage on the upper antenna. Both Walker and Chrevreux remark on the variation in the dorsal teeth of the body-segments in Antarctic specimens of different sizes ; all the mature New Zealand specimens seem to agree in having the last peraeon and first two pleon segments produced into teeth. I 6 Transactions. » As I have previously suggested (1909, p. 621), the small side lobes at the end of the second basal joint of the upper antenna, which were first noticed bv Walker, appear to be for the support of the rest of the antenna, allowing it to move freely in a vertical plane but not from side to side. In a similar way there is a slight hollow or depression on the upper surface of the inner branch of uropod 3 formed on the outer side of the ridge mentioned above, and into this the outer branch fits closely when it is not in use (see fig. 5). Analogous structures will probably be found in other Amphipoda of similar habits. Ampelisca eschrichtii (Kroyer). Ampelisca eschrichtii Chilton, 1917, p. 75. In the Index Faunae Zealandiae two species of Afupelisca are put down as found in New Zealand, A. chiltoni and A. acinaces, both described by Stebbing in the report on the " Challenger " Amphipoda. In the paper quoted above I attempt to show that these are only forms, of the species long known in Arctic seas as A. eschrichtii Kroyer, and that A. macrocephala Liljeborg should also be' considered as belonging to this species. The species is widely distributed both in Arctic and in Antarctic seas, where it may attain a length of 34 mm. In intermediate seas it is represented by forms of smaller size^ in which the distinctive characters of the species are less evident. Urothoides lachneessa (Stebbing). Urothoe lachneessa Stebbing, 1888, p. 825, pi. 57. Urothoides lach- neessa Stebbing, 1906, p. 132. This species was described from specimens obtained from Kerguelen Island by the "Challenger "' Expedition. I have a specimen, washed on to the shore of Stewart Island and sent to me by Mr. Walter Traill, that I feel confident belongs to the same species. The specimen had been dried and somewhat shrivelled, but by mounting it in dissected form sufficient of the appendages can be made out to render the identification pretty certain. The first and second gnathopods, agree closely with Stebbing's figure except that in the first the propod is narrower. The first, second, and third peraeopods are also closely similar. The fourth and fifth cannot be distinctly made out, but appear to agree except in having fewer setae. One of the uropods also can be seen to agree with Stebbing's figure. This appears to be the first specimen that has been seen since the original ones were taken by the "Challenger."' Parapherusa crassipes (Haswell). Harmonia crassipes Haswell, 1879, ]). 330, pi. 19, fig. 3. Parapherusa crassipes Stebbing, 1906, p. 383 ; Chilton, 1916, p. 199, pis. 8-10. This is a species widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, and for some time there was an uncertainty as to its systematic position. It seems, however, rightly placed under the genus Parapherusa in the family Gammaridae, to which it was assigned by Stebbing. A full account of its external structure and of the marked sexual dift'erences is given in the last of the references quoted above. Eurystheus haswelli (G. M. Thomson). Maera haswelli G. M. Thomson, 1897, p. 449, pi. 10, figs. 6-10. Wyvillea haswelli Stebbing, 1899, p. 350, and 1906, p. 648. In Mr. Thomson's collection are two im])erfect specimens labelled " Maera haswelli G. M. T., Bay of Islands, 8 fathoms," which are y^resum- ably co-types of his species. These are identical with specimens from Chilton. — Some Neiv Zealand Amphijjoda. 7 Akaroa and Lyttelton obtained years ago, and provisionally labelled as an undescribed species of Eurystheus. Stebbing in 1899 placed the species under Wyvillea, a genus of doubtful validity, and retained it in the same position in 1906. The species is, however, quite evidently a Eurystheus, and comes near to E. dentifer (Haswell) ; the third side plate in the male is produced anteriorly below that of the second gnathopod in the same way as described for Paranaenia typica Chilton (1884, p. 259), a species which Stebbing considers a synonym of Eurystheus dentifer (Haswell). In addition to the Bay of Islands specimens I have others of E. haswelli from Lyttelton ; Akaroa ; Longbeach, near Otago Harbour ; Stewart Island ; Chatham Islands ; and also one from Port Jackson, New South Wales, sent to me in 1918 by Professor W. A. Haswell. Eurystheus crassipes (Haswell). Maera crassipes Haswell, 1880, p. 103, pi. 7, fig. '2. Eurystheus crassipes Stebbing, 1906, p. 612. I have specimens from Wellington and Auckland Harbours that evi- dently belong to this' species, which was described from Port Jackson and Jervis Bay in Australia by Haswell ; it is well characterized by the large size and breadth of the fourth peraeopod, and has rightly been placed in Eurystheus b}^ Stebbing. The species has not hitherto been recorded from New Zealand. Eurystheus chiltoni (G. M. Thomson). Maera chiUoni G. M. Thomson, 1897, p. 447, pi. 10, figs. 1-5. Eurys- theus chiltoni Stebbing, 1906, p. 617. Eurystheus longicornis Walker, 1907, p. 35, pi. 12, fig. 21. This species was described by Mr. Thomson from specimens dredged in the Bay of Islands. I have a specimen from Mokohinou, found by Mx. C. R. Gow on seaweed at a depth of 25 fathoms. I think there is no doubt that E. longicornis (Walker) is the same species ; the descriptions agree generally, and the drawing given by Walker of the second gnathopod of the male agrees well with my specimen from Mokohinou and also with co-types of Mr. Thomson's species which I have been able to examine. Walker's specimens were collected at the winter cpiarters of the " Discovery " in McMurdo Strait during the National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-4. Eurystheus dentatus (Chevreux). Gammaropsis dentata Chevreux. 1900, p. 93, pi. 12, fig. 1. Eurys- theus afer Chilton, 1912, p. 510, pi. ii, figs. 30-34. I have a few specimens of Eurystheus that I have had some dif&culty in identifj'ing. I find, however, in the better -developed specimens that the lower margin of the first side plate is distinctly dentate, as described and figured by Chevreux for the species named above, and the general agree- ment in other characters shows that they must be referred to that species. In the New Zealand specimens, both in the male and the female, the gnathopoda are more elongated and slender than those figured by Chev- reux, but in others from the Kermadec Islands which seem to be otherwise the same the gnathopoda are stoutei/ and like those of Chevreux' speci- mens. The New Zealand specimens are certainly the same as those from Gough Island collected by the " Scotia " Expedition that I referred with much hesitation to E. afer Stebbing in 1912, and in two the merus of one or more of the last three pairs of peraeopoda is expanded in the same way ■ as it is in one of the Gough Island specimens, though not c[uite to the same extent. 8 Transactions. The terminal segments of the pleon are dentate as in E. thomsoni Stebbing, to which I was at first inclined to refer my specimens, and, indeed, the two species may possibly prove to be identical ; in the meantime, however, I have not been able to satisfy myself on this point. Chevreux' specimens were from the Azores. It should be remembered that another, quite different, species from Alaska was described under the same name b}^ Holmes in 1908 ; for this Stebbing has suggested the name alaskensis (1910, p. 613). The specimens that I refer to E. dentatus (Chevreux) are from Cook Strait ; off Cape Saunders ; Stewart Island ; and the Kermadec Islands. If I am correct in my identifications, it is also found at Gough Island and at the Azores. Paracorophium excavatum (G. M. Thomson). CorojjJiium excavdtum G. M. Thomson, 1884, p. 236, pi. 12, figs. 1-8. Paracorophium excavatum Stebbing, 1906, p. 664 ; Chilton, 1906, p. 704. This species was described by Mr. Thomson from specimens taken in Brighton Creek, near Dunedin. Since then it has been found in several localities around the New Zealand coast where the water is more or less brackish, and also in the fresh-water lake Rotoiti, in Auckland. In 1918 some amphipods were sent me from brackish water in Brisbane River, Queensland, where they had been collected, along with the destructive wood-boring isopod Sphaeroma terebrans Bate, by Dr. T. Harvey Johnston, and these prove to belong to the same species. The males are distinguished from the females by a lobe on the end of the penultimate joint of the peduncle of the lower antenna, and by a differently shaped second gnathopod. The form originally figured by Thomson is an immature male. I have redescribed the species and given an account of the development of the sexual characters in a paper which will shortly be published in the Queensland Museum Memoirs, vol. vii. The occurrence of the species in brackish waters in New Zealand and also in northern Australia is of considerable interest. List of Authors quoted. Chevreux, E., 1900. Res. Campagnes scientifiques par Albert i'''' de Monaco, Fasc. 16. 1906. Exped. Antarr.t. franraise, 1903-5, Amphipodes- ■ 1913. Deuxieme Exped. Antarct. francaise, Amphipodes. Chilton, C, 1884. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol.' 16, p. 259. — - 1906. P.Z.S., 1906, pp. 702-5. 1909. Subant. Islands N.Z., Crustacea, pp. 601-71. 1912. AmphiiJ. Scottish Nat. Antarct. Exped., Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.. vol. 48, pp. 455-519. 1916. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. IS, p. 199. 1917. Jour. Zool. Research, vol.' 2, p. 75. Dell A Valle, A., 189.'}. Faxma u. Flora Goljes von Neapel, Monogr. 20, Qammarinu Haswell, W. a., 1879. Rroc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., vol. 4, pp. 319-50. 1880. Loc. cit., vol. 5, p. 103. Stebbing, T. R. R., 1888. Rep. " Challenger " Amphipoda. 1899. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, vol. 3, ]). 350. -- 1906. Das Tierreich Antphipoda. 1910. "Thetis" Amphipoda, Mem. Austral. Mus., iv, pp. 567-658. Thomson, G. M., 1879. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 11, pp. 231-48. 1880. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. 6, pp. 1-6. 1897. Loc. cit., 'ser. 6, vol. 20, pp. 446-51. Thomson, G. M., and Chilton, C, 1886. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 18, pp. 141-59. Walker, A. O., 1903. "Southern Cross" Amphipoda, Jo%ir, Linn. Soe., vol. 29, pp. 37-64. 1907. Amphipoda, Nat. Antarct. Exped., 1901-4. vol. 3, pp. 1-39. Chbeseman. — Contributions to Knowledge of Flora of N.Z. Art. II. — Contributions to a Fuller Knowledge oj the Flora oj New Zealand: No. 7, By T. F. Cheeseman, F.L.S., F.Z:S., F.N.Z.Inst., Curator of the Auckland Museum. {Read before the Auckland Institute, 22nd December, 1919 ; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued separately, 4th June, 1920-] Colobanthus Muelleri T. Kirk. Dry ground near the verge of sea-cliffs, Manaia, Taranaki ; Mrs. F. Mason! I am nbt aware of a more northern locality on the western side of the North Island. Plagianthus cymosus T. Kirk. Mr. Phillips Turner informs me that this species occurs in the valley of the McLennan River, a branch of the Tahakopa River, which flows into the sea about twenty miles south of Catlin's River, Otago. The locality is not far from the sea, and it would be interesting to ascertain whether both P. betulinus and P. divaricatus are to be found in the vicinity. In the Illustrations of the New Zealand Flora (vol. 1, pi. 21) I have hinted at the probable hybrid origin of the plant. Gunnera arenaria Cheesm. Moist sandy places on the coast near Manaia, Taranaki ; / Mrs. F. Mason/ Not previously recorded between New Plymouth and Patea, but probably always to be found in damp places on sand-dunes of any extent. Eugenia maire A. Cunn, So far as I am aware, no one has recorded the presence of pneumato- phores in Eugenia maire. They were first brought to my notice by Mr. Colin Stewart, late of Mangatai, Mokau, who supposed that they were connected with the remarkable floating roots of Freycinetia Banksii, mentioned farther on in this paper. The mistake is a very natural one to make in a wooded swamp, where the roots of both species are almost inextricably mixed. As Eugenia is plentiful jn swampy gullies at Birk- dale, near Auckland, I induced Mr. F. S. Fisher, a resident in the locality, to make a careful seaix'h, which resulted in proving that the pneumato- phores were abundant in most suitable localities. At a later date I visited the district under Mr. Fisher's guidance, and was able to prepare the following notes. The pneumatophores of Eugenia maire rise from the ordinary roots of the tree, and reach a height of 9 in. to 18 in. above the level of the ground. They are about |- in. in diameter at the surface of the ground, seldom more, and are rigidly erect, and usually fasciculately branched. The ultimate shoots are ^— | in. in diameter, cylindric, faintly constricted here and there. They somewhat resemble the branches of Salicornia in 10 Transactions. appearance, but are not jointed, and are much more stiffly erect. Thev are obtuse and frequently swollen at the tip, spongy or corky, but are* always furnished witli a hard woody central axis. The young and growing part of the pneumatophore is usually coloured a reddish pink. When old and apparently ceasing to perform its duties as an air-breather the outside layers die, ' and are thrown off in thin whitish flakes. No pneumatophores were noticed bearing leaves ; but many of them give off thin slender shoots which turn downwards at an acute angle and, entering the ground, assume the appearance of true roots. The contrast between the stiffly erect true pneumatophores and the thinner branches all turning sharply downwards is very remarkable. It is much to be desired that some one would work out the anatomical peculiarities of these curious structures. Aciphylla Cuthbertiana Petrie. I have to thank 31 r. James Speden, of Gore, for an excellent suite of specimens of this distinct species, collected on The Hump, near Lake Hauroko, at an elevation of about 3,000 ft. Coxella Dieffenbachii Cheesem. Mr. E. R. Chudleigh informs me that until comparatively recent years Coxella. was fairly abundant on the north-east to north-west slopes of Cape Young (Mairangi), on the north side of Chatham Island, and may still linger there. Originally the plant was more or less abundant on the whole of the cliffs of the northern side, but has been destroyed by sheej) in all localities to which they can gain access. Angelica rosaefolia Hook. Sea-cliffs near Manaia, Taranaki ; Mrs. F. Mason ! Not previously recorded anywhere on the coast-line south of New Plymouth. Panax Edgerleyi Hook. f. ■ ' I am indebted to Mr. \V . Martin, of Christchurch, for a specimen of this, gathered in forest at Akaroa. It is not mentioned in Mr. Laing's valuable paper on the '' Vegetation of Banks Peninsula," nor in the earlier lists of Raoul and Armstrong. At the same time, considering its distri- bution elsewhere in New Zealand, it is precisely one of those species that might be reasonably expected to occur. Gnaphalium Lyallii Hook. f. Damp places on sea-cliffs near Manaia, Taranaki ; Mrs. F. Mason! As this handsome plant has been gathered northwards at Opunake by the late Mr. T. Kirk, and to the south at Waingongor© by Dr. Cockayne, we may assume that it is probably abundant on the Taranaki sea-coast to the south of Cape Egmont. Cotula coronopifolia Linn, Var. integrifoUa T. Kirk is certainly nothing more than a starved diminutive form. On the railway reclamations on the foreshore of Auck- land Harbour it has appeared in immense abundance during the last two or three years, chiefly in places where water has stagnated in winter or Cheesbmak.— Conf776w^?'ons fo Knoivhdge of Flora of N.Z. 11 spring. The ordinary f6rm of the sj)ecies, which is abundant in the same Icoalit)^ when growing in good soil and plentifully supplied with moisture has numerous branching stems, creeping below but ascending at the tips, and has an average height of from 5 in. to 10 in. From that it passes imperceptibly into much smaller states, in which the stems are unbranched, the leaves linear and entire, and the flower-heads much smaller and solitary, thus constituting the so-called variety. When seeds are abundantly pro- duced, and the surrounding area is unoccupied, multitudes of seedlings appear, so closely packed and so reduced in size as to resemble patches of moss when seen from a little distance. The individual stems, in such cases, are often not more than | in. in height, bearing 2 or 3 minute leaves, and with a solitary flower 1 mm. in diameter. A patch of these seedlings, measuring 2 in. by IJin., contained no fewer than 313 separate plants, the tallest of which was under 1 in. in height. Another piece, cut out of a patch some yards in extent, and measuring 1-| in. by 1 in., contained 213 separate plants. A yard square, if covered in a similar manner — and several such instances were observed — would contain at least half a million plants. Dracophyllum Townsoni Cheesem, 3Ir. James Sjjeden, of Gore, sends me specimens of this, gathered at an elevation of 3,000 ft. on The Hump, near Lake Hauroko. Mr. Speden informs me that he frequently observed leaves over 2 ft. in length, thus equalling those of D. latifolium and D. Traversii. None of the specimens of D. Townsoni sent to me by its discoverer has leaves much over 12 in., but Mr. Townson informs me that possibly small specimens were selected for convenience of carriage. Mr. Speden's plant has the peculiar decurved lateral panicle of D. Townsoni, but he saw no branched specimens. Solanum aviculare Forst. var. albiflora Cheesem. n. var. It has long been known that although this species ordinarily produces purplish flowers, yet occasionally white-flowered specimens are seen ; but no one seems to have observed that in such cases the colour of the stems and of the veins of the leaves is also affected. As far back as 1880 I noticed that in white-flowered sjDecimens observed by myself at Buckland the aspect of the plant was somewhat different from that of the purple-flowered variety ; and at various times since then the same thought has occurred to me, but I failed to carry the inquiry any further. Early in 1915, however, Mr. W. Townson observed that the white-flowered variety was by no means rare near Pukekohe (Auckland District), and was induced to pay a little attention to it. He ascertained that not even one single white flower is ever produced on a purple-flowered plant. He also established the fact that on a white-flowered plant the leaves are pale green, and much thinner and more delicate in texture, so that the whole plant has a more slender and graceful appearance ; and the stems and veins of the leaves are pale-greenish or yellowish-green. On the other hand, the plants with purple flowers have coarser leaves, and the veins of the leaves and the stems are purplish or brownish-purple. Mr. James Graham, 'of Patumahoe, has also investigated the matter. He informs me that, having noticed several plants Nyitli white flowers on the earthworks of the Waiuku railway, he collected a number of seeds f.nd had them sown in the Patumahoe School garden. About thirty plants 12 Transactions. were raised, all of which have the thin leaves and yellowish veins of the white-flowered variety. All the plants that have flowered up to the present time have borne white flowers. The facts thus collected by Mr. Townson and Mr. Graham may be taken as a satisfactory proof that the white - flowered plant constitutes a stable variety, "coming true" from seed, and well worth distinguishing by a varietal name. Atriplex Billardieri Hook. f. Sandy shores of Matakana Island, between Tauranga and Katikati ; a few plants only ; T. F. C. This plant is singularly rare, and is seldom seen in any quantity. I am not aware that it has been gathered in any locality on the western side of either the North or the South Island. Pimelea Gnidia Willd. Mr. W . Townson has forwarded specimens gathered on the summit of a lofty hill between the Kauaeranga River and the Hihi Stream, Thames. This is at least 150 miles from the nearest part of the Ruahine Mountains, the most northerly locality previously known. Tupeia antarctica Cham. & Schl. I am indebted to Mr. B. E. Sixtus, of Umutai, on the western flanks of the Ruahine Range, for specimens of this, parasitic on Olea Cunrmig- hamii, which is quite a new host so far as my own knowledge is concerned. Dactylanthus Taylori Hook. f. ' Mr. W. Townson, so well known from his fruitful botanical explora- tion of the Westport district, but now resident at the Thames, has been fortunate enough to discover this remarkable plant in great abundance in the elevated forest district lying north-east from the town of Thames. So far as I can judge, this is a continuation of the locality where it was observed by the late Mr. T. Kirk in April, 1869 (see Trans. N.Z. hist., vol. 2, pp. 94-95). Mr. Townson informs me that it can be observed for several miles along what is known as " Crosby's Track," and that he is acquainted with at least six separate stations. In all cases the host was Scheffiera digitata, as is usual in the northern portion of the Auckland Provincial District. The rhizome attains a considerable size, the largest seen weighing over 6 lb. As the result of the examination of very numerous specimens Mr. Townson has definitely proved that the mature plant is monoecious, the male and female spadices being produced on the same rhizome, and often side by side. The male spadices, however, are the more numerous. All observers have pronounced the flowers to be highly fragrant, but dis- agree as to the nature of the perfume. Mr. Townson states that it resembles that of a "ripe rock-melon," but he also says that "like many perfumes, it may also pass into a bad smell wlien too concentrated." He also remarks that on one occasion he " kept a large rhizome for a considerable time in a back room, where it gradually expanded its flowers. The scent was so attractive to flies that all day long it was surrounded by a little crowd of them." No doubt this points to the fertilization of the plant through insect agency. The flowering season appears to last, at the Thames, from the middle of March to the middle of April. Cheeseman. — Contributions to Knowledgt of Flora of N .Z . 13 Urtica ferox Forst. Mr. T. H. Trevor has discovered another locality for this sjiecies in the Bay of Islands County, a few miles distant from the Ngamahanga wahi-tapu mentioned in my last contribution to this series {Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 51, p. 89). This makes it probable that the plant may be observed in other stations north of Auckland. For a new southern locality I am indebted to Mr. A. Allison, who informs me that it is not uncommon at the base of the Paeroa Range, between Waiotapu and Orakei-korako. Freycinetia Banksii A. Cunn. 1 am not aware that any one has recorded the presence of curious floating roots in Freycinetia Banksii. My first acquaintance with them was derived from a fragment forwarded by Mr. B. C. Aston last February, which was collected by Mr. Sidney Fry in the Totara Creek, a small tributary of the Mokau River, junctioning with it about eighteen miles above its mouth. This fragment presented several unusual features, and I was consequently glad to avail myself of the kind assistance of Mr. Colin Stewart, at that time residing in the locality, for obtaining a copious supply of specimens. These consisted of slender roots, often several feet in length, in which the central axis is firm and solid, but the cortical tissue very loose and open. These roots are copiously branched, the ultimate divisions being very numerous and filiform. The outstanding peculiarity of the roots, however, which at once attracts attention, is that they are regularly girdled, as it were, with conspicuous spongy or corky whitish rings. These give the roots a very remarkable appearance, so that Mr. Fry, their original discoverer, describes them as " wavina; about with the disturbing currents like so manv worms, their brown segmented forms, with the whitish sheaths encircling them at intervals, giving them the appearance of ringed worms." Mr. Colin Stewart, in endeavouring to find the origin of the roots, con- sidered that he had traced them to a tree \^hich I have identified as Eugenia maire, the branches, leaves, and pneumatophores of which he sent. But this I believe to be a very pardonable mistake. A lengthened search at Birkdale, in a swampy district where both Eugenia and Freycinetia are abundant, and in which I had the assistance of Mr. F. S. Fisher and ]Mr. John Bishop, resulted in showing that while it was comparatively easy to connect the floating roots with Freycinetia, and the pneumatophores with Eugenia, all attempts to trace the floating roojs to Eugenia failed. The exact use of these " floating roots " in Freycinetia must remain doubtful until their anatomical structure has been investigated, but in all probability they may be looked upon as " breathing-roots." Juncus scheuchzerioides Gaud. This is one of the species added to the florula of Macquarie Island by Mr. H. Hamilton, during the stay of a portion of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition on that island during the years 1911-13. It is a true circum- polar plant, having been recorded from the Auckland and Campbell Islands, Antipodes Islands, Fuegia, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, the Crozets>. and Kerguelen Islands. 14 Transactions. Scirpus aucklandicus Boeck. This also has been collected on Macquarie Island for the first time b}' Mr. H. Hamilton. Its existence thereon might have been safely predicted, seeing that it is the most common species of the genus on the islands to the south of New Zealand. It has also been recorded from Tasmania and from the isolated Amsterdam Island, but both these localities require fuller confirmation. Carex trifida Cav. Fringing swamp-holes on flats at West Point, Macquarie Island ; H. Hamilton ! Apparently not common, for Mr. Hamilton remarks on his labels that it was seen only in the locality quoted above. The geographical distribution of the species is given in the Manual. Triodia macquariensis Cheesem. " Apparently perennial, tufted, often forming dense patches, smooth and glabrous. Culms numerous, erect or geniculate at the base, 6-12 cm. long, leafy to the base of the panicle. Leaves equalling the culms or longer than them, rather narrow, 1-2 mm. broad, deeply striate, quite glabrous, flat or involute, margins thickened, tips obtuse, callous ; ligules broad ovate, thin and membranous ; sheaths unusually long, much broader than the blades, sometimes as much as 5 mm. across, smooth, pale, and mem- branous. Panicle narrow, glabrous, 2-3 cm. long ; branches few, short, erect. Spikelets 6-15, 3-5-flowered, 6-7 mm. long, the lowest flower sessile at the base of the spikelet, the upper usually remote from one another. Empty glumes unequal, the lower half to two-thirds the length of the upper, glabrous, oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved. Flowering-glumes ovate or broadly ovate-oblong, rounded at the back, not keeled, 5-nerved, glabrous or very faintly pubescent on the nerves, minutely 3-toothed at the tip or irregularly erose. Palea broad, 2-keeled, the keels ciliolate. Lodicules 2, acute. " Hah. — Macq.uarie Island, rocks and cliffs near the coast ; H. Hamil- ton ! (1912-13). " Mr. Hamilton remarks that this is a common coastal grass, found in crevices in bare rock or on the cliffs. Some of his specimens are plentifully mixed with Tillaea moschata or Colobanthiis muscoides, both plants common in littoral situations. Scraps of Callitriche antarctica are also present. Its discovery adds another species to the list of those endemic in Macquarie Island, of which three species are now known — Deschampsia penicillata, Poa Hamiltoni, and Triodia macquariensis. I have found it a puzzling plant to place. It differs from Poa principally in the flowering-glumes being rounded on the back, and minutely 3-toothed (or irregularly erose) at the tip. It agrees with Atropis in the flowering-glumes being rounded on the back, but differs in habit, and in the 3-toothed tip of the flowering-glume. Although not a typical Triodia, it must be kept in the vicinity of the New Zealand T. australis." The above has appeared in my memoir on " The Vascular Flora of Macquarie Island," published in the Scientific Rep)orts of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. I reproduce it here to draw fuller attention to the species, which may occur in the islands to the south of New Zealand. Festuca erecta D'Urville. Macquarie Island, not uncommon on rocks near the sea ; Dr. Scott, A. Hamilton! H. Hamilton! This is the plant described as a new specie^ Cheeseman. — Contributions to Knowledge of Flora of N.Z. 15 by Mr. T. Kirk, under the name of F. contracta {Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 27, p. 353). Kirk had only two very indifferent specimens to deal with ; but, fortunately, Mr. H. Hamilton secured a fair number of specimens. An examination of these proved that the plant was either very closely allied to the Fuegian and Kerguelen Festuca erecta D'Urvillei or positively iden- tical with it. There being no authenticated specimens of F. erecta in New Zealand, I applied to Dr. Stapf, of the Kew Herbarium, with the view of having a comparison made. This he has kindly done, with the result of proving that the Macquarie Island plant is identical with F. erecta. This is practically a circumpolar species, having been recorded from Fuegia, Falkland Islands, South Georgia, and Kerguelen Island. Cyathea medullaris Swartz. 1 am not aware that any actual measurements of the height of this species have been published. In books it is usually given as " from 10 ft. to 40 ft. high," but it certainly attains a much greater height. With the view of putting some definite information on record, I induced Mr. E. Le Roy to measure the height of two fine specimens growing in a ravine on his property at Birkenhead, He informs me that the smaller of the two is 39 ft. to the crown ; the other one being 46 ft. to the crown, and 50 ft. to the top of the fronds. As I have seen taller specimens, we can safely conclude that it occasionally reaches between 60 ft. and 65 ft, in height. Dicksonia squarrosa Swartz. Mr. Le Roy has also been kind enough to measure the height of two specimens of Dicksonia squarrosa. The higher one measured 23 ft. 8 in. to the crown, and 27 ft. to the top of the fronds ; the other proved to be 19 ft. 6 in. to the crown, and 21 ft. to the top of the fronds. Nothochlaena distans R. Br. The late Mr. H C. Field, in his book, Ferns of New Zealand (p. 88, and pi. xxviii, fig. 4), alludes to a supposed new Cheilanthes collected by Mr. A. C. Purdie near Dunedin. The description given is inconclusive, and the figure does not show sufficient detail to enable the generic position of -the plant to be made out. In default of any specimens I consequently did not allude to it in the Manual. Rather more than a year ago, however. Professor A. Wall forwarded a specimen of a fern collected in clefts in basaltic rocks at Diamond Harbour, a bay of Port Lyttelton, suggesting that it might prove to be Mr. Field's plant. In this view I concurred, but as the specimen showed no signs of sori it was impossible to fix its systematic position. Professor Wall has now forwarded an ample series of specimens in all stages, proving, as he says, that the plant is only a shade form of Nothochlaena distans. It usually occurred in deep crevices entirely shaded from the sun, and is consequently not so rigid nor so well covered with linear scales as the typical state, which .is frequently seen in dry situations in the Auckland lava-fields. In the ramification of the frond, and in the position and character of the sori, the two plants are practically identical. Naturalized Plants. Eschscholtzia californica Cham. This plant, which is sparingly naturalized as a garden escape, appears to be poisonous to stock, judging frojn the following particulars sup- plied to me by Mr. T. H. Trevor, of Pakaraka, Bay of Islands. He 16 Transactions. removed the fence from an abandoned garden, exposing a few plants of the Eschscholtzia. A bull running in the paddock ate a few leaves and was seriously affected, but ultimately recovered. The plants were then grubbed up and destroyed, and no further symptoms were noticed among the cattle. Unfortunately, it was not observed that a large numbei of seedlings had appeared in the neighbourhood of the old plants, so that when a number of lambs were placed in the paddock they were at once affected, half a dozen dying within an hour. At first they appeared to be silly, then lost the use of their limbs, and died frothing at the mouth. Psoralea pinnata Linn. Mr. R. Waters sends me specimens of this from the neighbourhood of Dargaville, where it is said to be spreading fast. I have also observed it by roadsides at Birkdale, near Auckland. The only previous record is Waipvi (see Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 46, p. 8). Chrysanthemum coronarium Linn. This well-known garden-plant has appeared as an escape from cultiva- tion in several localities near Auckland. It has also established itself on the railway reclamations along the side of Auckland Harbour. It is a common plant in the Mediterranean region, extending southwards to the Azores, and has often appeared as a naturalized plant in Britain.^ Senecio spathulatus A. Rich. This species, which is allied to the New Zealand S. lautus Forst., has appeared in great quantities on the Harbour Board and railway reclama- tions fringing Auckland Harbour, and is fast making its way into waste places within the City of Auckland itself. It has probably been accident- ally introduced from Australia, where it is known from several localities, and particularly from "sandy shores in Port Jackson" (Sydney Harbour). I am indebted to Dr. Maiden, of the Sydney Botanical Gardens, for asking his assistant, Mr. Cheel, to make a special report on my specimens of the plant, with which I have been somewhat puzzled. He informs me that, although it comes under the circumscription of *S. spathulatus as defined by Mr. Bentham in the Flora Australiensis, all the New South Wales specimens, as well as all my own, have pubescent achenes and 2-nerved involucral bracts, thus agreeing with the description of S. anacampserotis DC, and differing from the type description of S. spathulatus, which is said to have the fruit "linearis striatus' gkiber." Mr. Cheel considers it to be an open question whether S. anacampserotis should not be re-established as a species. J uncus acutiflorus Ehr. Moist gullies at Pukeatua, "West Taupo County ; D. Petrie ! I am indebted to Mr. Petrie for specimens of this species, which has not been previously noticed as introduced into New Zealand. I understand that the specimens were identified by Dr. Stapf, of the Kew Herbarium, Festuca fallax Thuill. and F. dura Host. I have also to thank Mr. Petrie for specimens of these two plants, which have been identified by Dr. Stapf under the names given above — in the case of the second one with some little doubt. In a broad sense they would doubtless be treated as forms of the widespread F. rubra Linn. Petrie. — Descriptions of New Native Flowering-plants. 17 Art. Ill — Descriptions of New Native Flotvering-plants. By D. Petrie, M.A., Pli.D., F.N.Z.Inst. [Read before the AncHand Institute, 22nd Decemher, 1919 ; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued separately, 4th June, 1920.] Pittosporum Matthewsii sp. nov. Planta P. virgatae T. Kirk affinis ; differt foliis confertis, maturis lineari- oblongis subacutis glabris a marginibus undulatis ; capsulis longioribus subacute obovatis, ± 1-8 cm. longis, circa 1cm. latis, valvis duabus nee canaliculatis nee latere depressis atris undique lacunosis. A small compactly branched tree, 20-25 ft. high, with black bark. Juvenile state : Branches and twigs slender, the latter closely covered with greyish-white pubescence ; leaves rather closely placed, patent, narrow- linear, + 2 cm. long, i 2 mm. wide, subacute entire or slightly waved at the margins, glabrous or nearly so, little coriaceous, somewhat recurved at the edges when dried, midrib evident below, rather obscure above, the upper surface dark green and polished, paler below ; very young leaves brownish-green and more or less closely clothed with white semipubescent hairs ; petioles very short *and slender. Mature state : Twigs more or less closely scarred by the bases of the fallen leaves ; leaves rather closely placed, linear-oblong or narrow obovate- oblong, + 4 cm. long, 5-8 mm. wide, subacute, glabrous except the sub- floral which are closely covered with brownish-yellow tomentum, moderately coriaceous, entire, flat or more or less wavy at the margins (rarely obscurely sinuate-dentate near the tips), the lower surface paler with conspicuous dark-red midrib and veins, above more or less polished with midrib obscure and veins obsolete, edges slightly recurved when dried ; petioles very short and slender. Flowers terminal, solitary or in compact umbels of 6 or fewer, rather small, + 7 mm. long ; peduncles not longer than the flowers, densely clothed, as are also the sepals, with brownish-yellow tomentum ; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute ; petals dark red, narrow-cuneate, obtuse, sharply recurved over the tips of the sepals ; pistil as long as the flower, pilosely pubescent below the style. Mature capsules subacutely obovate or sub- pyriform, + 1-8 cm. long, about 1cm. broad above the middle, obtuse or broadly subacute, shortly apiculate, glabrous, 2-valved, the valves nearly semicircular in cross-section and neither grooved nor ribbed, black- pitted all over. Hah. — Kennedy Bay, Coromandel Peninsula : H. B. Matthews ! The close placing of the leaves, their linear-oblong outline, and the distinctive size and shape of the mature capsule clearly distinguish this species from P. virgatum. I have seen nothing to indicate any variation in the form of the juvenile leaves, but as I have not seen the plants growing I cannot be certain that such variation does not occur. Uncinia longifructus (Kiik.) Petrie sp. nov. U. laxe caespitosa v. + diffusa ; culmi 12-20 cm. longi filiformes teretes stricti glabri leviter canaliculati. Folia peranguste linearia plana v. + complicata tenuia flaccida longe vaginantia vix canaliculata, carina subtus conspicua. Spiculae breves pauciflorae -t 1 cm. longae ± 5 mm. latae ; 18 Transactions. pars mascula brevissima ; glumae anguste lanceolatae acutae tenues pallide virides, leviter 3-nerviae, a marginibus late scariosae, mox decidual. Utriculi 5-6 mm. longiplano-convexi peranguste elliptici aenei politi, nervis duobus baud conspicuis distantibus a latere convexo percursi ; rhacbeola utriculum dimidio superans ; nux oblonga triquetra apice leviter annulata. Laxly tufted or spreading more or less freely by slender stolons. Culms 12-20 cm. long, filiform, terete, strict, smooth, slightly grooved, clothed for one-third their length by the sheathing leaf -bases, equalling or exceeding the leaves. Leaves very narrow linear, flat or slightly folded, thin and flaccid, smooth (the edges towards the tips only slightly scabrid), long-sheathing hardly grooved, midrib evident below. Spikelets short and few-flowered, + 1 cm. long including the bristles, and about h^f as wide ; female flowers 3-4 (rarely more) ; male part very short, of 2-3 flowers ; stamens 3, long. Glumes narrow-lanceolate, acute, thin, pale green, rather faintly 3-nerved along the middle of the back, with broad scarious edges, the lateral nerves vanishing below the apex, soon falling away from the broad cupular expansions of the rhachis on which they are seated. Utricles 5-6 mm. long, very narrow elliptic, more or less plano-convex, greenish- brown, polished, with two rather faint distant nerves near the edges of the convex face, broadly stipitate below, very gradually narrowed above into a long acute beak ; bristle 1\ times as long as the utricle. Nut oblong, triquetrous, slightly annulate at the base of the style. Hah. — Open beech forest, Routeburn Valley, Lake County, at 2,300 ft. ; End Peak, Lake Hauroto, J. Crosby Smith ! Clinton Valley, Lake Te Anau, in open bush. Kiikenthal has made this plant a variety of U. feneUa R. Br. It is easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters :^ the thin flat flaccid long-sheathing leaves, the much longer culms, and the greatly longer and narrower plano-convex greenish-brown polished utricles. The length of the utricle of U. tenella is given as li lines by Bentham and as 3 mm. by C. B. Clarke, and its shape is altogether different from that of the plant here described. Kiikenthai gives the length of the utricles of U. tenella as 3.^- mm., and those of his variet}' longifructus as 6 mm. He also states (incorrectly) that C. B. Clarke always found only two stamens in the male flowers of U. tenella. Note on Uncinia tenella R. Br. Specimens of an Uncinia collected by Dr. Cockayne and myself at an elevation of about 4,000 ft. on Kelly's Hill (Taramakau River), Westland, belong, so far as I can judge, to this species, the typical form of which has not so far been recorded from New Zealand. These closely match specimens of Brown's plant from (1) Southport (Tasmania), (2) Upper Yarra (Victoria), and (3) the Dandenong Ranges (Victoria), given me by the late- Sir Ferdinand Mueller. In the Kelly's Hill plant the stamens were 3 in the few male flowers I could spare for dis- section. In one of the Southport plants there were 2 stamens in three of the male flowers, and 3 in two other flowers. Bentham found only 2 stamens in the flowers he examined. Mr. C. B. Clarke says the stamens in the specimens seen were 2, at least most frequently — " saltern saepissime." The utricles of the Kelly's Hill plant difl'er in no respect from those of tvpical U. tenella. Mr. Cheeseman {Manual, p. 800) considers the Kelly's Hill plant intermediate between U. tenella R. Br. and U. nervosa Boott. What U. nervosa may be no one knows definitely. Bentham remarks that Petrie. — Descriptions of New Native Flowering-plants. 19 it was founded on a single specimen, and refers it to U. compacta R. Br. Mr. C. B. Clarke ranks it as a variety of the latter. The U. nervosa in Cheeseman's Manual seems to me in no way closely related to the Kelly's Hill plant. The figure of Boott's species in Flora Tasmanica is a poor one, and affords little help' in identifying it. Uncinia caespitosa Col. var. collina var. nov. Rhizoma late stolonifera culmos plurifoliosos plerumque diffusos edens. Culmi foliaque quam in typo breviores. Folia culmis breviora vel eos aequantia, 10-20 cm. alta 4-6 mm. lata, plana suberecta coriacea, in apices incrassatos longe productos abeuntia. Spiculae 4—8 cm. longae + 8 mm.' latae, subclavatae, supra densiflorae, infra floribus laxioribus ; glumae femineae utriculis nonnihil longiores ; nux elliptico-oblonga. Hab. — Mount Hikurangi (East Coast), at 4,800 ft. ; Ruahine Mountains, at 3,500 ft. : B. C. Aston ! Tararua Mountains (Mount Holdsworth), 3,200 ft. This is a very distinct-looking form, and has considerable claim to specific rank. It forms • large open somewhat sward-like patches, and never grow^s in distinct tufts, as the typical form usually does. Carex secta Bootb var. tenuiculmis var. nov. Var. C. virgatae Sol. habitu subsimilis ; a planta t5^pica differt culmis gracillimis baud raro filiformibus, foliis tenuibus perangustis flaccidis complanatis vel apicem versus concavis (costa media parum conspicua) 40-60 cm. longis culmos aequantibus vel excedentibus ; inflorescentia 6-15 cm. longa simplici + pendula spiculis plerumque remotis parvis pauci; floris sessilibus praedita vel a parte inferiore breviter ramosa (ramis paucis brevibus indivisis) ; rhachide pergracili vel filiform! ; utriculis breviter stipitatis vel paene astipitatis. • Hab. — Damp localities in eastern and southern Otago : D. P. Damp localities in the Hanmer and Castle Hill districts. North Canterbury. : Arnold Wall ! Damp localities in Chatham Islands : L. Cockayne ! W. R. B. Oliver ! I am indebted to Professor Wall for drawing my attention to this interesting plant, which I had unwittingly placed in the same species-wrajDper as C. virgata. From this it differs entirely in the structure of the utricles. A*hand-and-eye examination will hardly disclose its true position. The Chatham Island specimens show only immature utricles, but I think their identity with the mainland plant cannot be doubted. They also show remarkably long leaves that greatly exceed the culms. Poa novae-zelandiae Hackel var. Wallii var. nov. A forma typica differt foliis coriaceis ± complanatis et a marginibus mvolutis incrassatisque muticis ; panicula breviore folia baud vel vix excedente, a parte inferiore foliis ± abscondita ; spiculis majoribus hand compressis ; glumis florigeris latioribus trinerviis acutis hand incurvatis subcoriaceis ; palea breviore ac latiore. Hab. — Mount Miromiro (Amuri County) : A. Wall ! Top of Mount Kyeburn (Maniototo County) : H. J. Matthews ! Mount Pisa (Vincent County). The present plant appears to be confined to wet shingly stations, and ranges in altitude from about 3,500 ft. to 5,000 ft. or 6,000 ft. At the higher altitudes the plants are very dwarf. 20 Trarisactions. 'Art. IV. — The Food Values of New Zealand Fish: Part I. By (Mrs.) Dorothy E. Johnson, B.Sc. in Home Science. Communicated by Professor J. Malcolm. [Eead before the Olago Institute, 9th. December, 1019 ; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued separatehj, 4th June, 1920.] In all countries where procurable, fish should be made an easily accessible article of diet — i.e., it should be both plentiful in quantity and reasonable in cost ; but, so far, the greatest possible use has not been made of the bountiful supply in New Zealand waters. Beyond the investigation of the composition of frost-fish and oysters by Malcolm* no attempt has been made to estimate the food values of New Zealand fish. Recognizing the necessity for the prosecution of research in the Dominion, the New Zealand Government placed funds at the disposal of the New Zealand Institute, which enabled that body to make a grant to Professor J. Malcolm for the investigation of the chemistry and food values of the New Zealand fish. This paper outlines the work done in that connection. The aim has been to ascertain — (a.) The percentage composition of the edible portion of the fish investigated. (6.) The caloric value of the fish (by calculation), (c.) The percentage of waste in the fish as bought. (d.) From the point of view of cost, to arrive at some conclusion as to the comparative values of the fish as an article of diet. Methods. The fish were obtained from Dunedin retail fish-dealers, with the exception of one " baby " groper, which was sent from the Portobello I'ish-hatcheries, and a sample each of mullet and snapper, which were sent from Auckland by boat. With the larger fish, from ^ lb. to 1 lb. was purchased, as would be done for home consumption. Wherever possible three samples, bought at difl'erent times, were analysed, but this was not always possible. In a few instances there is some doubt as to the exact variety of fish bearing a commonly known name : e.g., " sea-bream " is applied to two or three different varieties of fish,f and exact identification would have been difficult owing to the fish being for the most part obtained in slices. It is likely, however, that in such instances the dift'erences in composition would not be very marked — probably less than the difference between individuals of the same variety. (I.) Percentage of Edible Material and Percentage of Waste. Skin, bones, &c., were separated from the muscle, and the two portions, edible and non-edible, weighed. The flesh was finely minced and well * Trans. N.Z. hid., vol. 44, pp. 265-69, 1912. f Private information from the Hon. Ct. M. Thomson. Johnson. — Food Values of Neiv Zealand Fish. 21 mixed. Then, after a portion had been set aside for the estimation of the water and protein percentage, the rest was spread in thin layers on glass plates and dried, either over a low-temperature water-bath or in an oven maintained at 52° C. Some oxidation of the fat was unavoidable in this process. The dried material was minced again, passed through a fine sieve, and the larger pieces ground in a coffee-mill. The whole powder was carefully sifted and stored in a bottle. In the case of tara- kihi 1 and mullet 1 further oxidation of the fat was noticeable in that part exposed to the light. (II.) Percentage of Water and Solids. This was carried out in a hot-air oven at 65°-70° C, the average of three estimations per sample being taken. (III.) Percentage of Protein. The total nitrogen was estimated on fresh material by the Kjeldahl method, 0*2 N solutions of acid and alkali being used. The protein was calculated as total nitrogen multiplied by 6-25, and the average of two estimations per sample taken.* (ly.) Percentage of Fat. The dried powder from (I) was extracted with sulphuric ether in a Soxhlet extractor. After twelve hours' extraction the solvent was evapo- rated somewhat, the mixture filtered, the remainder of the ether carefully evaporated, and the oil finally dried for three hours or more at 52° C. The figure in the tables is the average of two estimations. (The water percentage of the powder was estimated, to obtain the amount of fresh material represented.) (V.) Percentage of Ash. This was carried out in the usual way with the dried material from (II) in a Davy's crucible furnace. The longer method of extracting the chlo- rides with distilled water after the first charring, and adding the residue after evaporation to the ash, was used at first but discontinued, as the results from the shorter method were found to vary but little from those of the longer method, and the greater accuracy seemed unnecessary, as the protein and fat estimations could only be approximate. (VI.) Calculations. ■ From these results the following figures were calculated : — (1.) Calories per cent., using the factors 4-1 large calories per gramme of protein and 9-3 large calories per gramme of fat. . (2.) The cost of 1,000 calories, and of 100 grammes of protein. (3.) For purposes of comparison the composition of milk, meat, and eggs was taken as given in Hutchison's Food and Dietetics. Results. The results are shown in, the following tables (I-VI). * The use of this figure (6-25) is not quite satisfactory, as the proper factor to use with fish proteins requires investigation. 22 Transactions. Q W m < < CO O O CO O Ph o H C5 •«! EH :z; H o o M o w CO \A m O 00 O O O CO CO no ^ ^ C^ uo »o Ol CO J • •5* 05 UO LO CO CO CO (M ^ CO CO Th CO Tj< in CO o o ■ ob (Ti 05 O: OO 00 05 C5 02 03 O O Ol 03 Cl C3 Cl Eh C5 05 03 O O, 03 OS O C5 05 O O 05 05 I-H Ol Ol' Ol (N t-- on 00 O 00 -^ o o CO « 1* t- O CO -*l CO Cl * r-H 0 o t> 00 CO t~- c~ o O >0 CO "^ o 01 ii lO o 03 05 lO O OO »Cl t- o CO lO t- o CO CO CO ^H o o OS ■* 00 (N CO tC O (M >0 CO I — 1 o o Tt< O t)< »0 -* CM CO •§« (M cq (M cq iM CO CO CM ca cq c^ CM Cl Cl ai^ 1 * * 1 F^ o o <-> CO ^ t- CO O CO (M t~- CO CO o O »Ci t- CO o r^ -U in o i-H O -* CO 1—1 Tin (M 05 CO ^ (N o t^ CO CO 00 o tJH rt ^ O «3 to t^ O CO CO t^ -^ c- l> t- l> t> t^ c^ t^ C^ 1> CO CO t- t- t- t- t- I> t- t3 o > o> I-H Oi O^ Oi 0:> Oi <^ ^H I-H 1 — 1 I-H t — i ^H 05 05 I-H Oi Ol Oi Ol Ol Ol ^H f-H F-H r—t 05 I-H Cl I-H o a l> t~ 00 00 03 00 O O O o I-H o o f-H O -H ^ O O pH' 1 CO o r-H 00 --H O O 00 ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^^ -^^ ^ ^^ ■v^ ■^^ \ ! ci rl M ^^ C^l p-i (M CO O) r^ 00 CO CM CD CO -H 00 00 o I-H Oi wH CM ^H i—< Cl Cl I-H a i • • • • - • '. CO • . . . • ■ cu ■ g. 1 c O a o 1 Iz; o '-3 o CZ3 e CO ^ c^* . . . r " 1^ '^ CO o CO 1 .§> & |=~ P -2 1 1 O f^ lis ft, OQ C ^ 1 1 * * •aatnioads ^ C^l CO ^ oj rt ^ S g o 1 o Johnson. — Food Values of New Zealand Fish. Table II. 23 Name of Fish, &c. Kind of Sample. Price. (Pence.) Weight. ' (Grammes.) Edible. (Percentage.) Waste. (Percentage.) Groper 1 Slice 4 322 82-92 17-08 ?j 2 ?> 6 ■ 316 94-62 5-38 99 3 99 6 271 97-05 2-95 Baby groper 1 ?> 9 283-5 87-32 12-68 ?' 2 Whole . . . 3,742 3931 60-69 Sea-breaia 1 '.'. Slice 15 553 87-05 1295 Crayfish 1 Tail 2 228-5 3320 66-80 99 •1 )> 3 83 79-50 20-50 97 3 '.'. Whole . . 6 680 31-18 68-82 Snapper 1 >> 17-5 1,544 4437 55-63 99 2 >> 30 2,735 3956 60 44 Mullet 1 >» 18 1,240 , 6331 36-69 Tarakilii 1 9f 30 1,895 51-44 48-56 5> v2 .^ •• 9* 9 520 53-46 46-54 Blue cod 'l Slice 21 744 47-44 52-56 Kiugfish 1 > J 12 498 73-30 26-70 >j 2 ?9 15 561 78-25 21 75 Tnimpeter 1 '.'. Whole . 18 909 50-82 49-18 Moki 1 99 18 1,159 50 12 49-88 >J 2 Slice 15 572 78-32 21-68 Egg .. One 1 2 50 88-00 12-00 Beef .. Steak • ' 12 454 100-00 Milk .. ■ • Pint 3 586 100-00 Table III. 1 Name of Fish. Calories per 100 Grammes of Undried Edible Material. Cost of 100 Grammes Protein. (Pence.) Cost of 1,000 Calories. (Pence.) Groper 1 7-3 2 . 96-39 105 26-8 :^ . 11092 11-8 20 6 Baby groper 1 10278 19-8 344 0 5? *^ • 102-56 Sea bream 1 119-51 160 25-9 Crayfish 1 100-59 115 26 1 9 99 ^ 85-96 22-9 52-9 3 . 10373 127 27-1 Snapper 1* . 90-38 12-4 28-3 81-51 14-6 23-8 Mullet 1* . 172-89 9-0 133 Tarakihi 1 . 167-45 15-6 17-4 99 -^ • 11164 160 290 Blue cod 1 85-40 31-7 69-7 Kingfish 1 . 116-93 17-6 28-1 2 . 11947 17-2 28-6 Trumpeter 1 110-20 ■ 20-1 353 Moki 1 . 9356 16-2 33 1 2 . 104 96 18-3 319 Eggs at 2s. per dozen 15833 329 29-5 Beef at Is- per pound 137 25 12-6 191 Milk at 3d. per pint 7000 146 73 * Auckland prices. 24 Transact ions. Tablb IV.— Showing Fish in Order OF Fat Content. Per Per Cent. Cent. Taiakihi 1 10 30 Crayfish 3 130 Mullet 1 10 09 Moki 163 Kingfish 1 4 32 Blue cod . 0-90 J» 2 4 10 Crayfish . 0-72 Sea-brcam 1 4 25 Snapper . 0-60 Groper 3 3-40 Crayfish 2 . 0-52 Trumpeter 1 3 31 Snapper 2 . 0-42 Moki 2 3-21 Tarakihi o 3 05 Groper 4 2 93 Egg • • . • . 10-50 Baby groper 2-32 Meat (beef) . . . 5-50 Groper 2 1-90 Milk • . 4-00 Table V. — Showing Fish in Order of Caloric Values. (Total calories per 100 grammes fresh material.) Per Per Cent. Cent. Mullet 1 .. 172-89 Crayfish 1 . 100-59 Tarakihi 1 . 16745 Gro2)er 3 9639 Sea- bream 1 . 11951 Moki 1 93-56 Kingfish 2 . 119-47 Snapper 1 . 90-38 1 . 116-93 Crayfish 2 8596 Tarakihi 2 . 111-64 Snapper 2 . 81-51 Groper 3 . ] 10-92 Blue cod 1 '.'. '. . 85-40 Trumpeter- 1 . 110 20 Moki 2 . 10496 Crayfish 3 . 103-73 Egg . . . 158-33 Groper 4 . 102-78 Beef . . . 137 25 Baby groper . 102-56 Milk . . 70-00 Table VI. — Showing Fish in Order of Cost of 100 Grammes Protein. Groper 1 Mullet 1 Groper 2 99 3 Crayfish 1 >? 3 Snapper 1 ?5 2 Tarakihi 1 J J Sea-bream 1 Moki 1 Pence. Pence. 731 Kingfish 1 17-22 8-96 >» 2 17-56 1045 Moki 2 . . 18-27 11-80 Groper 4 19-78 11-49 Trumpeter 1 2011 12-66 Crayfish 2 . . 22-98 12-35 Blue cod 1 31-66 14-64 15-61 15 95 Beef • • • • . . 12-60 15 99 Milk • * • • . . 14 62 1621 Eggs . . 32 94 Discussion. The following points are noticeable : — 1. The percentage of water and of solids shows much the same varia- tion that similar analyses* of American and European food fishes have shown. Further, the analyses exhibit the fact that a high fat value goes with a low water percentage, the protein percentage fluctuating but little from the mean of 19-69. In the process of fattening, therefore, the water, * R. Hutchison, Food and the Principles of Dietetics ; Clark an*) Almy, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 33, p. 483, 1918. Johnson. — Food Values of New Zealand Fish. 25 not the protein, is replaced by fat. In a fattv fish there is an absolute gain in nutritive value though a decrease in digestibility. For example, — ■ . Fisb. Water Fat Protein Percentage. Percentage. Percentage.' Blue cod 79-70 0-90 18-79 Kingfish 75-65 4-32 18-72 Groper 76-10 3-40 19-34 Mullet . . 69-43 10-09 13-29 Snapper ^ . . 69-23 10-30 19-71 2. Table IV shows the fish in order of fat content, which is the usual order oi classification for dietetic purposes. There is considerable variation from tarakihi (sample 1) with 10" 30 per cent, to snapper (sample 2) with 0-42 per cent. One noticeable fact, however, is the difierence between two samples of the same variety of fish, even when bought at short intervals from each other. For example, — » Fish. Date of Purchase. Fat Percentage. Tarakihi 1 . . 2 Moki 1 .. 2 13th October, 1919 22nd November, 1919 . . 28th October, 1919 10th November, 1919 . . 10-30 3-05 1-63 3-21 This question needs to be investigated further before definite comparison can be made of the fat content of various fish. It may be a question, say, of metabolism or of seasonal variation. 3. Table V shows the caloric values. The figures represent the total calories per 100 grammes of edible material. The presence to any great extent of fat increases the caloric value considerably, as will be seen by comparing Tables IV and V. Mullet 1, tarakihi 1, kingfish 1 and 2, sea- bream 1, groper 3, and trumpeter 1 occupy almost the same positions at the head of each table, and compare quite favourably with egg, beef, and milk. 4. The cost of the fish, as shown in Tables II and VI, is the price actually paid as for home consumption. For comparative purposes the cost of 100 grammes of protein has been calculated. It will be noticed that there is considerable variation in price for the same variety of fish ; fish being a perishable commodity, and the supply being erratic owing to weather conditions, the fluctuations of the market are considerable. Fish. Date of Purchase. Price. Groper . . 5) J3 16th July, 1919 30th July, 1919 28th August, 1919 . . s. d. 0 8 per pound 1 0 •16 The price,, therefore, is not necessarily indicative of the food value. This is also apparent'from the fact that 100 grammes of protein can be obtained from groper at 7|d., mullet at 9d., kingfish at Is. 6d., but from blue cod the cost is 2s. 8d, Hence the popularity of the last-named fish has little 26 Transactions. to do with its food value,, but probably has considerable influence on its price. Also, a chemical analysis does not take into account such qualities as delicacy of flavour and texture, which, appealing to a buyer, exert an influence in increasing the amount he is willing to pay. 5. Table II also points out that in dealing with fish the element of waste must be considered in comparing the cost. When bought in slices the average waste is one-sixth of the total weight, but with whole fish as much as one-half tends to be lost. There is also a further loss on cooking, but that hds not been dealt with in this investigation. 6. iThe methods used in ascertaining the percentage of protein give the maximum figure, since part of the total nitrogen will b^ contained in extractives and gelatin substances. As a source of protein, therefore, a fish containing 19 per cent, protein has really not the same value as meat or egg with 19 per cent, protein. But, without considering this factor, with beef at Is. per pound the corresponding prices for fish should not be greater than the following : — - Per lb. Per lb. Groper . . 8Jd. instead of Is. 2d. \ Kingfish . . TM. Is. Ud. Tarakihi . . 5id. to 7id. 7M. Average Blue cod . . 3id. Is. Od. y price Sea-bream . . 9d. Is. 3d. paid. Snapper . . 3d. 5id. Mullet .. lOd. 6d. i These figures point to the high prices prevailing for a food that is naturally plentiful, and seem to indicate a state of artificial scarcity in the market. Another point which is very apparent in making these calcu- lations is that the amount of waste (from a food point of view) is an important determinant in comparing prices : e.g., compare groper and king- fish. From the analyses (calories per cent.) the edible portion of kingfish is superior to that of groper in the proportion of 118 to 105 ; but the waste is 24 per cent, with kingfish, and only 7 per cent, with groper (slices). Therefore (compared with beefsteak at Is. per pound) the housewife can afiord to pay 8|d. per pound for groper, but only 7id. per pound for kingfish. Name. / ! i ■ Calories ' Waste Maximum Price (Percentage). (Percentage). per Pound. 1 Kingfish .. .. .. 118 Groper . . . . . . i 105 24 7id. 7 8id. It is necessary to point out, however, that these deductions are based on twenty samples (eleven kinds), and more complete investigation may make modifications necessary ; but it is noticeable that in many salient features the results concur with those of wider investigations carried out in other countries. Besides acknowledging, with thanks, the constant help I have received from Professor J. Malcolm — to whom, indeed, the initiation of this research is due — I have also to thank the Council of the University of Otago for the use of their laboratories and apparatus. All the expenses incurred have been defrayed by a grant from the New Zealand Government, through the New Zealand Institute. Donovan. — Distillation of Waikaia Oil-shale. 27 Art. V. — The Distillation of Waikaia Oil-shale. By W. Donovan, M.Sc, and G. C. Burton. [Read before the WeUingtov. Philosophical Society, 3rd Decemhey, 1919; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; i-'isued separately, 4th June, 1920.] The following paper embodies the results of an investigation of the pro- perties of Waikaia shale, conducted at the Dominion Laboratory during 1918, at the request of the Director of the Geological Survey. . Eight representative samples were received from various bores put down by the Waikaia Shale Company. Proximate analyses were made, and also distillation tests, to obtain the yields of oil and gas. The results were : — No. Fixed Carbon. Volatile Hydro- carbons. Water lost at 100° C. Ash. Sulphur. Crude Oil (Gallons per Ton). Gas (Cubic Feet per Ton). 1 9-60 3342 7-78 49-20 2-30 235 2,000 2 17-20 4374 10-13 28-93 2-93 37-0 3,400 3 17 2.5 42-67 8-63 31-45 3-40 Not distilled. 4 20-80 46-87 9-83 22-50 3-40 48-0 4,000 5 20-75 51-42 10-78 1705 3-08 460 4,000 6 18-30 46-65 15-70 19-35 3-20 38-0 3,800 7 1765 51-45 1040 20-50 3-07 35 0 3,500 8 17-70 47-35 13 75 21-20 3-06 42-0 4,000 Note. — There was not sufficient of No. 3 for a distillation test to be made. A composite sample, made by taking equal weights of the above eight and mixing thoroughly, was examined in greater detail. The proximate analysis was — Fixed carbon . . . . . . 17-10 Volatile hydrocarbons . . . . 43-03 Water " . . . . . . . . 10-42 Ash ... .. .. .. 29-45 100-00 Total sulphur per cent. . . 3-05 An ultimate analvsis yielded — Hydrogen . . 5-64 Carbon . . 39-55 Nitrogen . . 0-30 Sulphur . . 3-05 Oxygen . . 22-01 Ash . . 29-45 100-00 On distillation there was obtained — Crude oil equivalent to 38 gallons per ton of shale ; ammonium sulphate equivalent to 8 lb. per ton of shale ; gas equivalent to 4,000 cubic feet per ton of shale. The sjjecific gravity of the crude oil was 0-96. 28 Transactions. The oil was redistilled Below 200° C. 200°-250° C. 250°-300° C. 300°-350° C. Above 350° C. Residue . . Loss into the following fractions : — 7-0 (naphtha). 11-5 ) 14-0 18-0 41-0 6-0 2-5 100-0 burning-oils, lubricating-oils. The distillate above 350° C. contained 14-2 per cent, of paraffin of melting-point 58-5° C, equivalent to 22 lb. paraffin per ton of shale. If all the fractions were collected in the same vessel they would give once- once-run shale-oil, 91-5 per cent, (equivalent to 34-75 gallons per ton of shale). The fuel values of this and of the crude oil were determined in the calorimeter, together with a crude oil from the Orepuki Shale-works, year 1903, and crude Taranaki petroleum, received in 1906 (No. 562). The sulphur was also estimated at the same time. The results were : — Waikala Shale. Crude Orepuki Shale-oil. Crude Taranaki Petroleum. Crude. Once ruu. Calorides per gramme British thermal units per pound Evaporative power per pound in pounds of water at 212° F. Total sulphur per cent. 9,470 17,046 17-67 1-80 10,032 18,058 18-72 1 76 10,339 18,610 1929 179 10,713 19,283 1998 021 A good fuel-oil should not contain more than 0-5 per cent, of sulphur. The yield of ammonium sulphate, 8 lb. per ton of shale distilled, is low. It would be increased if the distillation were conducted in the pre- sence of superheated steam, as is usual in working practice ; but even if all the nitrogen were recovered in this form it would not exceed 28-3 lb. per ton. The gas from the distillation had the following composition : — Carbon dioxide . . . . . . 18-3 Oxygen Carbon monoxide Methane Hydrogen Nitrogen 1-0 14-3 37-3 22-3 6-8 100-0 were not determined, would be partly (Sulphur compounds, which included in the carbon dioxide.) When purified from carbon dioxide the composition would be :— Oxygen . . . . . . . . 1-2 Carbon monoxide (CO) . . . . 17-5 Methane (CH J . . . . . . 45-7 Hydrogen . . . . . . . . 27-3 Nitrogen . . . . . . . . 8-3 100-0 Donovan. — Distillation of- Waikaia Oil-shale 29 Calorific value, gross, in calories per cubic foot . . . . . . 1529 5, net, in calories per cubic foot . . . , . . 1375 „ gross, in British thermal units per cubic foot . . 6111 „ net, in British thermal units per cubic foot . . 5456 (Gas measured at 15-5° C. and 762 mm.) There would be about 3,250 cubic feet of such gas per ton of shale. The calorific value is approximately the same as that of good coal-gas. Summary. Waikaia shale would yield on distillation the following products per ton : 38 gallons crude oil, equivalent to 34| gallons once-run oil ; ammonium sulphate, 8 lb. ; gas free from carbon dioxide, 3,250 cubic feet. After fractional distillation and refining the oil would give the following products per ton, allowing 10 per cent, for impurities and loss : Light oil (naphtha), 2-5 gallons ; burning-oil, 8-8 gallons ; light lubricating-oil, 6-2 gallons ; heavy liibricating-oil, 12-0 gallons ; paraffin, 20 lb. (The amount of light oil would probably be increased by scrubbing the gas evolved with a suitable medium oil, to dissolve the light hydro- carbons that escape condensation.) The shale appears to be very similar to Orepuki shale. ^ Art. VI. — Sting-ray-liver Oil. By W. Donovan, M.Sc [Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 3rd Decewher, 1919 ; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued sejmrately, 4th June, 1920.] Mr. Hoyle, of Thames, conducted some experiments in the extraction of oil from sting-ray livers, and a quantity of about 8 oz., which he obtained from the liver of a single fish, was examined at the Dominion Laboratory in September, 1918. The sting-ray was probably Dasyhatis brevicaudatus (Hutton). The oil was compared with cod-liver oil, with the following results : — ■ Cod-liver Oil. 0-923-0-930 182-187 137-167 1-4800 0-6-2-6 42-9 The oil was free from rancidity, and quite palatable. It contained some " stearine," which made it cloudy at low temperature, and which, in the case of cod-oil, is usually removed by cooling and filtering. If the present sample were similarly treated the product would scarcely be distinguishable in appearance or composition from good cod-liver oil. Sting -ray- liver Oil. Specific gravity at 15-5° C. . 0-927 Saponification value 189 Iodine value . 156-5 Refractive index at 15° C. . 1-4796 Unsaponifiable matter (per cent.) . 3-7 Hexabromides (per cent.) . . 45 30 • Transactions. Aet. VII. — Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidoptera. By E. Meyrick, B.A., F.R.S. Communicated by C Y. Hudson, F.E.S., F.N. Z.Inst. [Read before the Wellinyton Philosophical Society, 3rd December, 1919 ; received by Editor, 31st December, 1919 ; issued separately, 4th June, 1920.] I AM again indebted to the kindness of my esteemed: correspondent Mt. G. V. Hudson for the material on which the following descriptions are based. . Crambidae. Orocrambus ventosus n. sp. $. 26-27 mm. Head, palpi, and thorax blackish, mixed with brown hairs. Abdomen dark fuscous irrorated with pale greyish-ochreous. Fore- wings elongate, posteriorly dilated, costa hardly arched, apex obtuse, termen slightly rounded, little oblique ; dark fuscous, suffusedly mixed with brown, especially on posterior half, somewhat lighter on post-median area, veins on posterior half more or less obscurely indicated with whitish scales ; a very obscurely indicated angulated darker trai\sverse line towards termen : cilia grey, tips white, with a tendency to obscure whitish bars on veins. Hindwings grey, becoming dark grey towards termen : cilia ochreous- grey-whitish, with grey basal line. Mount Arthur, 4,200 ft., in January (Hudson) ; two specimens. Pyraustidae. Scoparia ciserodes n. sp. o. 17 mm. Head grey sufltusedly mixed with white. Labial palpi 2, dark grey, base whitish, apical edge mixed with whitish. Maxillary palpi white, basal half dark fuscous. Thorax grey irrorated with white, a streak of blackish irro ration on each side of back. Abdomen grey- whitish. Fore- wings elongate, narrow at base, posteriorly dilated, costa anteriorly straight, posteriorly gently arched, apex obtuse, termen rounded, rather oblique : light grey irrorated with white, with some scattered blackish scales ; a short fine blackish median longitudinal line rising from a small white spot at base ; lines indistinct, whitish, first slightly curved, direct (rubbed), second obtusely angulated in middle ; small cloudy dark-grey spots on costa beyond middle and at | ; orbicular and claviform indicated by some scattered blackish scales, discal spot represented by a slight 3-armed blackish mark, posterior arm edged beneath with pale ochreous ; two or three dashes of blackish irroration towards upper part of termen : cilia whitish, with subbasal series of well-marked grey spots. Hindwings 1^, grey-whitish : cilia whitish, with very faint greyish subbasal line. Porirua, Wellington, in January (Hudson) ; one specimen. An incon- spicuous insect, yet quite distinct from anything else. ^ . , _, Tortricidae. Tortnx sphenias Meyr. Mr. Hudson has pointed out to me that this species (originally referred by me to Cnephasia), of which he has sent a second specimen from Dunedin, is very close to fer,vida, and suggested that the two are identical. This Meyhick. — Descriptions of New Zealand Lepidopfera. '31 second specimen has veins 6' and 7 of hindwings separate ; in the original type they are unmistakably stalked, but it now appears probable that this was an individual abnormality, and the presence of a costal fold (a dis- cordant character in Cnephasia) and the specific affinity to fervida indicate that the species should be removed to Tortrix. After careful comparison with my seven specimens oi fervida, however, I entertain no doubt that the two species are distinct ; apart from superficial colouring, in which there is certainly some variability, the ciliations of antennae in ^ are obviously longer and more fasciculate in fervida, and the terjnen of forewings in that species is distinctly less oblique than in sphenias. Oecophoridae. Borkhausenia compsogramma n. sp. (J. 13-15 mm. Head, thorax, and abdomen dark purplish-fuscous. Antennal ciliations 1. Palpi grey, second joint sometimes partially suffused with whitish-yellowish. Forewings elongate, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; dark violet-fuscous ; markings ochreous- yellow suffused in disc with fulvous-orange, an^ with some scattered blackish scales on their edges ; an oval blotch extending over basal fourth of dorsum ; a narrow irregular rather oblique fascia from costa before ^, not reaching dorsum ; a transverse fasciate blotch from costa beyond middle, and another inwardly oblique from costa at f , both directed towards but not reaching a spot on dorsum before tornus ; a streak along termen throughout : cilia fuscous, base scaled with ochreous-yellow along terminal streak. Hindwings and cilia dark grey. BuUer River, in December (Hudson) ; two specimens. At first sight extremely like chrysogramma, but on comparison the markings are seen to be quite differently arranged. Izatha amorbas Meyr. This species has an elongate pale-yellow blotch extending beneath median third of costa of hindwings, sometimes nearly obsolete, and not noticed in my description, but in an example now sent from Dunedin it is conspicuous. Lyonetiadae. Hectacma crypsimima n. sp. ^. 10 mm. Head grey mixed with whitish and blackish. Palpi dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous slightly speckled with whitish. Abdomen dark fuscous. Forewings elongate, rather narrow, costa gently arched, apex tolerably pointed, termen hardly rounded, extremely oblique ; bronz}^- brown, irregularly speckled with whitish except in posterior part of disc, with some scattered blackish scales ; a very oblique blackish wedge-shaped streak from basal parjb of costa reaching half across wing ; oblique blackish wedge-shaped spots from costa before middle and towards apex, and one from middle of dorsum ; a small round blackish apical spot : cilia grey, whitish-tinged round apex, with two blackish lines. Hindwings and cilia dark fuscous. Wellington, in February (Hudson) ; one specimen, " taken on black Fagus trunks." 32 Transactions. TiNEIDAE. Mallobathra perisseuta n. sp. ^. 15 mm. Head, palpi, thorax, and abdomen dark fuscous. Antennal ciliations 2|^. Forewings elongate, posteriorly slightly dilated, costa gently arched, apex obtuse, termen obliquely rounded ; 6 present ; fuscous, anterior half of costa suffused with darker fuscous ; a dark-fuscous quadrate spot on middle of dorsum, preceded and followed by suffused whitish blotches : cilia fuscous. Hind wings with 6 present ; rather dark fuscous : cilia fuscouS; Dunedin, in October (Clarke) ; one specimen. Art. VIII. — Illustrated Life-histories of New Zealand Insects : No. J. By G. V. Hudson, F.E.S., F.N.Z.Inst. [Read before the Wellington Philosophical Society, 3rd December, 1919 ; received by Editor ,^ 9th December, 1919; issued separately, 4th June, 1920.] Plate I. The present article is the first of a series I hope to publish from time to time on the life-histories of New Zealand insects, which to the best of my belief have not previously been recorded. The subjects will not be selected in any systematic order, but the life-histories will simply appear as they are worked out in the field. Preference will, however, be given to those orders of insects where the least is known regarding their habits, and the species dealt with will therefore mainly belong to the so-called '' neglected orders." Hence species belonging to the better-known orders of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera will be excluded from the scope of these papers at present. Illustrations will be given with each paper, which it is hoped will enable any naturalist to recognize the insects in all their stages. Such structural descriptions as may be given will be extremely brief, as it will necessarily devolve on specialists in each order to give fuller details when the study of the "neglected orders" is taken up in real earnest. In the meantime the present notes and illustrations may be useful in arousing interest and in presenting the subject in an intelligible form to the general student of nature. Order DIPTERA. Familv Tipulidae. Gnophomyia rufa. (Plate I, fig. 7. (S.) Tipula rufa Huds., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 27, p. 294. Gnophomyia rufa Hutton, ih., vol. 32, p. 39. This large and very handsome species of crane-fly, or " daddy-long-legs," may be found occasionally in dense forests in the Wellington and Nelson districts. It is very possibly a generally distributed species, but precise Tbans. N Z. Inst., Vol. LEL. Plate I. G. V. n. del Fig. 1. — Limnophila sinistra. s . Nat. size. Fia. 2. — Pupa of L. sinistra. Magnified. Fig. 3. — Larva of L. sinistra. Magnified. Fig. 4. — Larva of Mdanostoina decessum. Mag- nified. Facep 32. i Fig. 5. — Mdanostoina decessum. s ■ Magnified. Fig. 6. — Pupa of M. decessum. Magnified. Fig. 7. — Gnopkomyia rufa.