,j_ Postgraduate Sc'iooT

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PINLEN, JAMES RENDELL (M.S., Physical Oceanography)

Transport Investigations in the Northwest Providence
Channel. (June 1966) Abstract of a Master's Thesis
at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by
Associate Professor William S. Richardson.

This thesis describes a short investigation of
the circulation pattern in, and volume transport
through the Northwest Providence Channel. Measure-
ments were made on the 20th, 21st and 22nd of March
1966 along a transect between Lucaya and Little
Isaac, Bahama Islands. Such measurements included
direct transport and surface current determinations
using free-drop instruments and a highly accurate
navigation system. A current meter and tide gage
were also installed on both the north and south shores
of the channel to provide additional information on
the nature and influence of the tides.

Results of the investigation showed that two
major flows existed in the channel. An easterly
directed movement was taking place throughout the
southern section and in the upper (above 275 meters)
layer of the central section representing an off-
shoot of the Florida Current. A westerly directed
movement occurred throughout the northern section and
in the lower (below 275 meters) layer of the central
section. This latter flow was evidently the result
of a westerly component in that portion of the North
Atlantic Gyre east of the Bahama Islands. The tides
in the channel were found to be semi-diurnal and acted
to modulate both flows.

FINLEN, JAMES RENDELL (M.S., Physical Oceanography)

Transport Investigations in the Northwest Providence
Channel. (June 1966) Abstract of a Master's Thesis
at the University of Miami. Thesis supervised by
Associate Professor William S. Richardson.

This thesis describes a short investigation of
the circulation pattern in, and volume transport
through the Northwest Providence Channel. Measure-
ments were made on the 20th, 21st and 22nd of March
1966 along a transect between Lucaya and Little
Isaac, Bahama Islands. Such measurements included
direct transport and surface current determinations
using free-drop instruments and a highly accurate
navigation system. A current meter and tide gage
were also installed on both the north and south shores
of the channel to provide additional information on
the nature and influence of the tides.

Results of the investigation showed that two
major flows existed in the channel. An easterly
directed movement was taking place throughout the
southern section and in the upper (above 27 5 meters)
layer of the central section representing an off-
shoot of the Florida Current. A westerly directed
movement occurred throughout the northern section and
in the lower (below 275 meters) layer of the central
section. This latter flow was evidently the result
of a westerly component in that portion of the North
Atlantic Gyre east of the Bahama Islands. The tides
in the channel were found to be semi-diurnal and acted
to modulate both flows.

OUOtEY KNOX LIBRARY
NAVAl POSTGRADUATE SCHOOi
MONTEREY CA 93943-5101

THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI

TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTHWEST
PROVIDENCE CHANNEL

BY

M
James Rt Finlen

A THESIS

Submitted to the Faculty
of the University of Miami
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Science

Coral Gables, Florida
June 1966

Ufc

TV

THE UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science

Subject

Transport Investigations in the Northwest
Providence Channel

James R. Finlen

PREFACE

Much time and effort had gone into instrument
design, the ship positioning system, field techniques
and computer programming before the idea for this
investigation was ever conceived. It is largely to
the people responsible for this fundamental research
and those contributing to the development of this
work that this section of the thesis is devoted.

The financial support for this study was
entirely provided by the Office of Naval Research
under a recurrent grant for the investigation of the
Gulf Stream System.

Dr. William S. Richardson, Associate Professor
of Physical Oceanography was the principal instrument
designer and instigator of the measurement techniques
employed. In addition it was Dr. Richardson who sug-
gested and supervised this investigation, so that
primary thanks must go to him. Further acknowledg-
ment to the other members of this group are due

iii

William J. Schmitz, for his assistance in familiar-
izing the author with the basic techniques, estab-
lishing the computer programs and for his general
assistance with the data reduction; Fred White for
his assistance in performing the field work; and
Fred Koch and Carla Cangiamila for their assistance
in the data reduction.

The author also wishes to thank his thesis com-
mittee for their constructive guidance in the prep-
aration of this thesisi Dr. William S. Richardson,
Dr. Eugene F. Corcoran, Dr. Leonard J. Greenfield,
Dr. Russel L. Snyder and Dr. Thomas J. Wood.

James R. Finlen

Coral Gables, Florida
June 1966

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES viii

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY 1

OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT 10

DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT 12

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENTATION . 19

A. Free Instrument Technique 19

B. Navigational System 20

C. Time-Tempera ture-Depth Recorder ... 23

D. Current Meter 26

E. Tide Gage 29

RESULTS 32

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 47

CONCLUSIONS 51

APPENDICES 54

LITERATURE CITED 106

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Page

I. Summary of the net total transport

for the Northwest Providence Channel . 44

II. 175 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 20 March

1966 56

III. 17 5 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 21 March

1966 58

IV. 17 5 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Little

Isaac to Lucaya transect of 21 March

1966 60

V. 17 5 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 22 March

1966 62

VI. 350 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 20 March

1966 64

VII. 350 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 21 March

1966 66

VIII. 350 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Little

Isaac to Lucaya transect of 21 March

1966 68

VI

TABLE Page

IX. 350 meter-instrument transport and

surface current results for the Lucaya

to Little Isaac transect of 22 March

1966 70

X. Bottom-instrument transport and surface
current results for the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect of 20 March 1966 ... 72

XI. Bottom-instrument transport and surface
current results for the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect of 21 March 1966 ... 74

XII. Bottom-instrument transport and surface
current results for the Little Isaac to
Lucaya transect of 21 March 1966 ... 76

XIII. Bottom-instrument transport and surface
current results for the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect of 22 March 1966 ... 78

XIV. Summary of transport measurements in

the Florida Straits 88

vii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE Page

1. Chart of the Northwest and Northeast
Providence Channels showing the trans-
port, tide and current measuring
locations 13

2. Depth profile of the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect across the Northwest
Providence Channel 16

3. The research vessel AUSTAUSCH and ship-
board Decca Hi-Fix positioning equipment

(receiver and transmitter) 21

4. The time-, temperature-, depth recording
instrument and associated mid-depth and
bottom release mechanisms 24

5. The current meter and mooring employed

in the Northwest Providence Channel . . 27

6. The tide gage and anchoring gear employed

in the Northwest Providence Channel . . 30

7. The westerly (295°T) component of surface
current vs. distance across the Northwest
Providence Channel 34

8. The westerly (295°T) component of trans-
port vs. distance across the Northwest
Providence Channel for the entire water
column 36

viii

FIGURE Page

9. The westerly (295°T) component of trans-
port vs. distance across the Northwest
Providence Channel for the upper 350
meters 38

10. The westerly (295°T) component of trans-
port vs. distance across the Northwest
Providence Channel for the upper 17 5
meters 40

11. The westerly (295°T) component of trans-
port vs. depth at stations 1 through 7
across the Northwest Providence Channel 42

12. Time-series plot of current direction
from the south shore current meter
installation Northwest Providence

Channel 80

13. Time-series plots of current direction,
current magnitude, westerly (295°T) com-
ponent of current magnitude, and south-
erly (205°T) component of current magni-
tude from the north shore current meter
installation Northwest Providence

Channel 82

14. Tide curve from south shore tide gage
installation at Little Isaac, Northwest
Providence Channel 84

15. Time-series plot of transport in the
Florida Straits from the Key West to
Havana cable data 100

16. Time-series plot of transport in the
Florida Straits from a 12 month series

of dynamic calculations 102

ix

FIGURE Page

17. Time-series plot of transport in the

Florida Straits from a one month series

of direct measurements . 104

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

In approaching the study of water movement with-
in a hundred miles of the southeast coast of the
United States one must necessarily consider the
influence, either direct or indirect, of that portion
of the Gulf Stream System which passes through the
area. Such is the case with an investigation of
water transport in the Northwest Providence Channel,
and it is with a brief discussion of the Florida
Current that this thesis should appropriately begin.

While transport values for the Florida Current
taken from past works have varied over a wide range
of values, most recent information obtained by direct
measurement, Schmitz and Richardson (1966), indicates
that a representative figure is between 30 and 35
million cubic meters per second. Transport values
per se, and measurement techniques have been dis-
cussed to some length and included in this thesis as
Appendix B. In addition to some mean transport

figure, an essential characteristic of the Florida
Current is a rather substantial transport fluctuation
which varies in a complex manner. There exists a
wealth of literature; Pillsbury (1890), Parr (1937),
Murray (1952) , Wagner and Chew (1953) , von Arx, et
al. (1954, 1955), Werthein (1954a, 1954b), Stommel
(1957, 1959, 1961, 1965), Broida (1962, 1963, 1966),
von Arx (1962) , and Schmitz and Richardson (1966)
speculating upon the nature of the seasonal changes,
tidal modulation and long period fluctuations. A
detailed discussion of these theories would be out of
context with the subject of this thesis but time-
series plots of transport through the Florida Straits
(Figs. 15-17 of Appendix B) have been included to pro-
vide a quick insight into the relative magnitudes and
time intervals involved with these fluctuations.

Relevant to understanding the total transport of
the Florida Current is the question of what possible
contribution is made from an easterly direction, by
water passing over the Bahamian Platform. Smith (1940)
found that sluggish currents existed over the shallow

bank, and that the direction of these currents was
controlled very largely by local wind conditions. A
cursory inspection of an appropriate chart leads to
the conclusion that, even in the summer with the
predominating south-easterly winds, the total con-
tribution of waters flowing over the Banks is insig-
nificant in relation to the Florida Current. Since
the Bahamian Platform is cut by only two major chan-
nels one need only consider these as possible routes
for some significant transport contribution.

One of these possibilities, the Old Bahama
Channel, has a very definite transport limitation
imposed by its relatively small cross-sectional area.
At one of the more restricted sections of the channel
the profile is found to be some 15 kilometers wide
and a maximum of 500 meters deep. Considering the
relatively high dissolved oxygen values (4.0 to 4.5
ml/L) found in Old Bahama Channel, Smith (1940) and
Wagner (1956) concluded that the water is supplied
from the Sargasso Sea and that movement was taking
place to the northwest. Wtlst (1924) , using data

4

collected by Pillsbury in 1889, calculated that the
maximum possible transport through the Old Bahama
Channel was about 2 million cubic meters per second.
More recent results obtained by Chew and Wagner
(1958), Hela, et al. (1954, 1955) and Wagner (1955b,
1956) indicate that only a portion of the surface
waters can be found to be flowing to the northwest
at any one time. This provides additional evidence
that little contribution to the Florida Current is
to be made through the Old Bahama Channel.

The Northeast and Northwest Providence Channels
provide the second major easterly opening between the
Atlantic and the Florida Straits. Here we find that
the channels even at their narrowest points are at
least 33 kilometers across. In the Northeast
Providence Channel soundings range between 1400 and
4000 meters. The greater portion of the Northwest
Providence Channel has depths in excess of 900 meters
with a shoaling towards the sill at the western end.
A deepening of this sill on the north side of the
channel provides a connection with the Straits of

Florida as deep as 800 meters. Based upon cross-
sectional area alone it seems that some significant
transport might take place through the channel .

In a manner similar to that cited for the Old
Bahama Channel, Smith (1940) and Wennekens (1959)
used salinity-temperature, oxygen-density and inor-
ganic phosphate-density relationships to identify the
water mass below 300 meters in the Providence Channels
as having originated in the western Sargasso Sea.
Furthermore, hydrography on the eastern side of the
Northern Straits of Florida indicates that this water
mass is actually entering the main flow of the Florida
Current. Stimson (1966) has substantiated these find-
ings with identical results.

Surface currents in the Northeast Providence
Channel, as depicted in the Sailing Directions for
the West Indies are variable, but with an easterly
set of 1 knot frequently experienced after a period
of northerly winds. The set experienced in the cen-
ter of the Northwest Providence Channel is usually
slight while near the reefs, relatively strong tidal

currents are set directly on-to and off-of the banks.
Schmitz (1962) provides data from a single 33-hour
anchor station at the western edge of the channel.
Ekman current meter readings taken at the surface,
10 meters, 50 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters, 300
meters and 400 meters all indicated a flow taking
place out of the channel into the Straits with a
mean surface current of approximately 30 centimeters
per second. As reported by Schmitz, an inertial or
diurnal periodicity could possibly be read into the
results of the surface current direction. Consider-
ing the location of the anchor station (Lat. 26°19'N,
Long. 79°04'W) it appears conceivable that these
results could be contaminated by cross-stream com-
ponents of the main flow passing through the Straits.

Broida (1966) reported the results of 12 three
and four station hydrographic transects taken at one
month intervals across the western end of the North-
west Providence Channel. Any deductions to be drawn
from this data should be made in the light of the
critique on dynamic calculations presented in

Appendix B. Broida's results seem to substantiate
the idea of a slow (less than 1 knot) westerly flow
below 200 or 300 meters. The core of this flow
appears to be fairly centered in the middle of the
channel and at depths between 200 and 400 meters.
Each sectional transport value computed from a pair
of hydrographic stations was quite evidently phase-
biased by the tides. Total transports computed from
these sections present a confused picture with the
net values varying between a westward flow of 2.14
million cubic meters per second and an eastward flow
of 3.27 million cubic meters per second. While
Broida's work represents a long period of time an
insufficient sampling rate precludes any appreciation
for the influence that the moon's declination has
upon the results.

In view of the scant conclusions to be drawn
from this series of hydrographic transects, no dis-
cussion will be made of the 8 random but similar
hydrographic transects made by the University of
Miami's Marine Laboratory prior to 1962.

8

Hydrographic stations made from the privately owned
vessel, Vicca across the Northwest Providence Chan-
nel in October of 1961 at 78°18'W longitude while
not being suitable for a transport determination, do
indicate a strong westerly flow below 200 meters
passing through the northern sector of the channel.
Looking at the bottom topography of the Northwest
Providence Channel such an asymmetric flow would
appear quite logical.

Assuming that some significant westerly flow is
taking place through the Northeast and Northwest
Providence Channels, it is pertinent to consider the
water circulation as it exists to the East of the
Bahamas. Wagner and Chew (1953) after making a GEK
survey in this area found no evidence of an organized
surface current associated with the Antilles Current.
Day (1954) using information available from deep-
water hydrographic stations made in 1947 and the
recorded recoveries of 94 drift bottles, concluded
that surface waters in this region move in a gener-
ally southwesterly direction, and that the Antilles

Current appears at depth and varies in transport
greatly from one time to another. Wertheim (19 54a)
suggests that the seasonal strengthening or destruc-
tion of the Bermuda-Azores High may act as the agent
controlling transport of the Antilles Current.
Wertheim' s suggested "switching process," while being
an attractive hypothesis, implies a surface movement
which is not in agreement with Day's conclusions.

10

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT

Based on the foregoing information, some very
general conclusions were drawn concerning water move-
ment in the Northwest Providence Channel. First, one
was led to believe that a predominantly westerly flow
was taking place below 200 meters. While the diurnal
tidal terms might be inferred as being dominating
from Schmitz's current meter work in the channel,
this is not in agreement with the clear semi-diurnal
response exhibited at tide stations in the adjoining
area of the Straits. Second, the flow picture for
the upper 200 or 300 meters was confused, and was most
likely the result of wind and tide induced currents
having been superimposed on a slow westerly movement.
It also appeared likely that large transport fluctu-
ations in the Straits of Florida had some influence
on the circulation and transport as had been monitored
in the western part of the channel. Summarily, the
conclusions to be drawn concerning the absolute volume

*

11

transport through the Northwest Providence Channel
were very questionable, although intuitively one
might expect this figure to be less than 5 million
cubic meters per second.

With these conclusions in mind, a field experi-
ment was designed to provide a clearer insight into
the water flow in the Northwest Providence Channel.
The main objective of the experiment, however, was
to collect more definitive data concerning the abso-
lute volume transport. In addition to this main
objective, the experiment was programmed to collect
tide and current data which when taken in conjunction
with the transport information could provide informa-
tion on the tidal response in this area.

12

DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT

Several considerations played a role in the
selection of the transport sampling transect illus-
trated in Fig. 1. Hi-Fix signal strengths and
desirable base line angles dictated an area of oper-
ation at the western end of the Providence Channels.
From a logistics standpoint it was most desirable
that one end of the transect terminate at some point
convenient to replenishment facilities necessary in
a small power-craft's cruising operations. Although
not critical to the performance of the transport
investigation itself, it was further desirable that
both ends of the transect terminate as near as possi-
ble to some site suitable for installing a tide gage.
Shorter transects lying to the west of that actually
chosen, and meeting all of the above conditions, were
disregarded in an effort to have the sampling sta-
tions as removed as possible from any misleading con-
taminations from the Florida Current.

13

Figure 1. Chart of the Northwest
and Northeast Providence Channels
showing the transport, tide and
current measuring locations.

14

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Lacking any conclusive evidence that the major
portion of the flow in the channel was to be found
concentrated within a limited area, it was decided
that sampling stations along the transect would be
equally spaced with an interval of 10 kilometers.
Fig. 2 illustrates the horizontal and vertical dis-
tribution of the transport measurements. The employ-
ment of two free instruments in the upper 350 meters
at the deep stations was based upon results of pre-
vious work in the Florida Current where approximately
75 per cent of the transport was found to take place
in the upper half of the water column. The results
of Broida's dynamic calculations for the Great Isaac
to Settlement Point hydrographic stations also indi-
cated that by far the greater portion of the transport
occurs .above 350 meters.

In addition to the direct transport measurements
it was decided that the use of two current meter-tide
gage combinations be included in the investigation.
Such installations were to verify the nature of the
tides and determine the tidal influence on the steady

16

Figure 2. Depth profile of the
Lucaya to Little Isaac transect
across the Northwest Providence
Channel.

17

(SW0H1VJ) Hld3Q

18

state flow in each area. Due to pressure sensing
limitations, the tide gages were restricted to water
depths of less than two meters. For this reason and
the need for a sheltered location, the south shore
tide gage was installed on the southern side of
Little Isaac in about 1.3 meters of water. The south
shore current meter was bottom-moored in 100 to 150
fathoms of water in order to have it removed from an
expected tidal set on-to and off-from the Great
Bahama Bank. Not having to consider such an effect
on the north shore, the current meter was moored in
less than 25 fathoms of water, just a few hundred meters
from transport station number 1. The site for the north
shore tide gage was selected at the eastern side of the
Lucayan harbor breakwater in about 1 meter of water.

19

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE AND INSTRUMENTATION

Free Instrument Technique

The free instrument technique is a method where-
by one is able to compute the magnitude and direction
for a surface current, an average current over the
sampled depth and a volume transport per unit width
of water column. Critical to these computations are
a highly accurate navigational system and a time-
temperature-depth recording instrument which can be
made to sink to some preselected depth, release its
ballast weights and return to the surface under its
own positive buoyancy. The basic concept underlying
the transport computation is presented in the follow-
ing equation:

v dz= RD/t

where T is the volume transport per unit width and
to the sampled depth D, R is the horizontal separation
between the drop and surfacing points and t is the

20

total time of the run. From this, one may note that
the accurate ship positioning system is necessary to
determine R, while the function of the free instrument
is to record the quantities D and t. While the navi-
gation system and the free instrument are discussed
in the succeeding sections, the technique will not be
dealt with any further as it is identical to that
described by Richardson and Schmitz (1965) .

Navigational System

Perhaps the essence of the transport measuring
technique is the Decca Hi-Fix (Survey) System which
provides an exceptionally high degree of positioning
accuracy. In this respect the Hi-Fix System has
demonstrated a standard deviation of 0.015 lanes or
approximately 1.1 meters in distance.

The system consists of a mobile master station
shown in Fig. 3, located aboard the Institute's 43
foot research vessel Austausch (also shown in Fig.
3) and two slave stations located respectively at
Boca Raton, Florida and the Institute of Marine

21

Figure 3. The research vessel
AUSTAUSCH and shipboard Decca Hi-
Fix positioning equipment (receiver
and transmitter) .

22

23

Science on Virginia Key. In operation, the
Austausch periodically (repetition rate of 1 second)
interrogates the two shore-based stations. Inter-
rogation consists of a continuous wave, 1.7 mega-
cycle signal which is time shared between the master
and each of the two slave stations. As in all CW
electronic positioning systems signal phase compari-
son between the master and slave stations is required
for range determination. The phase comparison pro-
vides a precise measure of the fractional part of a
lane (one-half wave length) between the master sta-
tion and each shore station. A record of the total
number of lanes existing to each slave station is
continuously displayed on the master receiver at all
times.

Time-Temperature-Depth Recorder

The time-temperature-depth recorder or " free
instrument" shown in Fig. 4 was used in conjunction
with the Hi-Fix System to obtain all transport meas-
urements and surface currents. Briefly, the

24

Figure 4. The time-temperature-
depth recording instrument and
associated mid-depth and bottom
release mechanisms.

25

26

instrument consists of a 16-mm camera that takes
time lapse pictures of a bourdon tube pressure gage,
an electric wrist watch and mercury thermometer all
housed in a 150 cm long aluminum pressure case. The
instrument and the associated release mechanisms
have also been described by Richardson and Schmitz
(1965) , and it is to that paper that the interested
reader is referred for additional information.

Current Meter

The current meter used during the investigation
along with the associated mooring gear is illustrated
in Fig. 5. General design criteria and mooring tech-
niques have been described by Richardson, Stimson and
Wilkins (1963) . Modifications to the basic design
include the relocation of the Savonius rotor to the
upper end of the instrument and the replacing of the
encoded film recording with time lapse pictures of
an electric wrist watch, a mercury thermometer, a
magnetic compass dial, a vane relative bearing dial
and a rotor counter. A 16-mm camera installation

27

Figure 5. The current meter and
mooring employed in the Northwest
Providence Channel.

28

3 LARGE RUBBER
MARKER FLOATS

800' SECTION OF 3/16" NYLON

10 PHILLIPS FLOATS

-RICHARDSON CURRENT METER

T

far , hg(

-20' SECTION OF 3/8" NYLON

10' SECTION OF SWING CHAIN

77^

3-50* SASH WEIGHTS CONNECTED'
WITH 2' SECTIONS OF
SWING CHAIN

29

identical to that used in the free instrument makes
up the recording section. The film was advanced by
a 1/10 RPM, 6-volt d.c. motor which provided a
sampling every minute and 2 5 seconds.

Tide Gage

The tide gage and the method of anchoring are
illustrated in Fig. 6. The sampling section of the
tide gage consists of a bourdon tube with its dial
calibrated in inches of water and an electric wrist
watch. The camera installation is also identical to
that used in the current meter providing time lapse
photographs every 1 minute and 2 5 seconds. The
resultant 16-mm film records from either the tide
gage or current meter are then read at desired
sampling intervals for composing some form of graphic
results. Other than end-caps the pressure cases for
all three instruments just described are inter-
changeable as evidenced by the similarities of Figs.
4-6.

30

Figure 6. The tide gage and anchor-
ing gear employed in the Northwest
Providence Channel.

31

-MARKER FLOAT

32

RESULTS

Four separate transport transects across the
Northwest Providence Channel were carried out during
the period 20-23 March, 1966. The first measurements
took place on the 20th of March and included a full 7
station transect and the installation of the tide
gage and current meter on the south shore of the
channel. Following the tide gage and current meter
installations at the north shore on the morning of
the 21st, a transect with transport measurements
taken at every other station was accomplished in a
southerly direction. The third transect took place
during the afternoon of the 21st and again included
the full 7 stations across the channel this time from
south to north. The final transect which included
only the first 4 stations took place on the 22nd of
March but was discontinued when only half way through
due to rough sea conditions.

Tabulated transport and current results for

33

individual instrument drops have been grouped by
depth category and transect date and included as
part of Appendix A. Results from the shallow-drop
(175 meters) instruments are presented in Tables
II-V. Mid-depth (350 meters) instrument results are
presented in Tables VI-IX and the bottom-drop instru-
ment results make up Tables X-XIII. No results were
obtained from the shallow drop at station 2 on the
22nd of March due to improper servicing of the instru-
ment. Three transport graphs Figs. 8-10 represent
the westerly (295°T) component of transport for the
three different vertical layers; the shallow layer 0
to 175 meters, an intermediate layer 0 to 350 meters
and that for the entire water column. A summary of
the net total transport representing all four trans-
ects is given in Table I.

Westerly (295°T) components of surface current
versus distance across Northwest Providence Channel
are shown in Fig. 7. Current meter records for the
north shore installation are presented in Fig. 13 in
Appendix A. The current meter moored in deep water

34

Figure 7. The westerly (295°T) com-
ponent of surface current vs. distance
across the Northwest Providence Channel.

35

T= LITTLE ISAAC
A= GRAND BAHAMA

A— - 025°(T)

36

Figure 8. The westerly (295 T) com-
ponent of transport vs. distance across
the Northwest Providence Channel for
the entire water column.

37

220 -,

025"(T)

T = LITTLE ISAAC
A = GRAND BAHAMA

38

Figure 9. The westerly (295°T) com-
ponent of transport vs. distance
across the Northwest Providence Channel
for the upper 3 50 meters.

39

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Figure 10. The westerly (295°T) com-
ponent of transport vs. distance
across the Northwest Providence Channel
for the upper 175 meters.

41

*- 025 "(T)

T= LITTLE ISAAC
A = GRAND BAHAMA

42

Figure 11. The westerly (295°T) com-
ponent of transport vs. depth at sta-
tions 1 through 7 across the Northwest
Providence Channel.

43

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44

Table 1. Summary of the net total
transport for the Northwest Providence
Channel.

45

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46

on the south shore while offering a complete direc-
tion record illustrated in Fig. 12 did not produce
information on the current's speed. Satisfactory
functioning of the instrument's components before
and after the mooring leads one to conclude that the
malfunction of the Savonius rotor must have been due
to blocking by some form of debris while the instru-
ment was operating at depth. Such an obstruction
might very likely have been due to some drifting sea
weed or even part of the mooring tackle used in the
rig itself.

A smoothed time plot of the tide data for the
south shore is presented as Fig. 15 in Appendix A.
Here the installation site proved to be satisfactory
as the noise level proved less than "£3 inches. Due
to a malfunction of the wrist watch in the north
shore tide gage, a resultant time plot of tide data
from that instrument was not developed; although
information on the tidal amplitude was recovered.

47

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

The results show that the transport in the
northern section of the channel was essentially all
in a westerly direction. The middle section of the
channel demonstrated an easterly flow at the surface
with a westerly flow below 275 meters. An easterly
flow at all depths was found at stations in the
southern section of the channel. This is easily
recognized in the plots of transport versus depth
for the various stations given in sequence (Fig. 11) .
While there appears to be a tidal modulation of the
transport at all stations, data collected from the
two current meters precludes a periodic flow-reversal
in both the north and south sections. Furthermore
the transport results showed a net westerly transport
out of the Northwest Providence Channel making a sig-
nificant contribution to the Florida Current. Com-
paring the westerly components of transport in the
entire water column, Fig. 8, with that for the upper

48

350 meters, Fig. 9, one finds by far the greater
portion of the total transport takes place above
350 meters. The two measurements made at station
5 on the 20th of March have been disregarded in
plotting the transport curves Figs. 7-9 since their
results seem almost unquestionably to be in error.
An analysis of the data collected during these meas-
urements indicates that the Hi-Fix positioning equip-
ment had likely slipped one or several lanes during
the course of that particular station.

Both current meters show what are essentially
steady flows, each in a single general direction.
The word "essentially" is used because the current
meter record for the north shore indicates one com-
plete directional reversal occurring during a period
of approximately 2 hours. No corresponding altera-
tion is noted in the record for the south shore, and
while no explanation is offered for this occurrence
in the north it is clearly of a non-tidal nature.
Surface currents show maximum values within 20 kilo-
meters of either shore and reversal of direction

49

roughly half-way across the channel. On the south
shore of the channel the flow is predominantly in a
direction of 130 degrees and an indication of a semi-
diurnal periodicity might be read into the first half
of the current meter record (Fig. 12) . The north
shore instrument exhibits a predominant flow in a
direction of 240 degrees, with no readily discernable
periodicity evident in any part of the record (Fig.
17) . It is interesting to note that both predominant
flow directions are within 10 degrees of the trends
of the north and south shore 100 fathom curves.

Tidal signatures show that the semi-diurnal terms
are the dominating constituents. The tides at Little
Isaac are in-phase ("tlO minutes) with those predicted
for the Miami Harbor Entrance. While the clock mal-
function in the north shore tide gage prevents an
accurate determination of the phase relationship
between the north and south shores of the channel, a
phase difference of less than 10 minutes can be
deduced from the installation time and frame rates
of the instrument. The tidal amplitude for both

50

shores is 18 inches for the period investigated.

51

CONCLUSIONS

It is recognized that the results of this inves-
tigation represent only a three day-period. As such
they can not be considered as depicting the steady
state condition. On the other hand, the author
would not expect to find a drastic seasonal change
in the induced overall circulation pattern or a
change in the net transport by an order of magnitude.

From the transport, current and tide measure-
ments made during this investigation, an inference
may be made concerning the overall circulation in
the channel. Results show this general circulation
to be a product of bottom topography, a westerly com-
ponent of flow from the area east of the Providence
Channels, the Florida Current, a tidal modulation
and prevailing wind conditions in the immediate
locality. More specifically, one can suggest a basic
westerly flow through the channel being directed
along the northern half of the channel and greatly

52

influenced by the channel's bottom topography (note
the 500 fathom curve in Fig. 1) . The Florida Cur-
rent, on the other hand, entering a divergent sec-
tion of the Florida Straits develops a strong
easterly component which is able to predominate in
the much shallower southern section of the channel.
This easterly directed flow would not be expected to
continue on through to the eastern entrance to the
Northwest Providence Channel. Rather it would eddy
counter-clockwise in the area northwest of the Berry
Islands and become assimilated by the basic westerly
flow. This particular aspect of the circulation
would be greatly influenced by the bottom topography,
since the 500 fathom curves encompass nearly the
entire width of the transect between the Berry
Islands and the southwestern tip of Great Abaco
Island. In the central section of the channel, the
westerly flow probably dominates in the deeper waters
(y 275 meters) while the surface waters are influ-
enced by the south shore branch of the Florida Cur-
rent. Both the easterly and westerly directed

53

portions of the channel's circulation gave indica-
tion of what appears to be a tidal modulation. The
relatively small number of absolute measurements
made is not conducive to further speculation along
these lines.

54

APPENDICES

55

APPENDIX A

TRANSPORT, CURRENT AND TIDE DATA
COLLECTED IN THE NORTHWEST PROV-
IDENCE CHANNEL.

56

Table II. 17 5 meter-instrument
transport and surface current
results for the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect of 20 March 1966.

57

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58

Table III. 175 meter-instrument
transport and surface current
results for the Lucaya to Little
Isaac transect of 21 March 1966.

59

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60

Table IV. 17 5 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Little Isaac to Lucaya transect of
21 March 1966.

61

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62

Table V. 17 5 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Lucaya to Little Isaac transect
of 22 March 1966.

63

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64

Table VI. 350 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Lucaya to Little Isaac transect of
20 March 1966.

65

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66

Table VII. 350 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Lucaya to Little Isaac transect of
21 March 1966.

67

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68

Table VIII. 350 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for the
Little Isaac to Lucaya transect of 21
March 1966.

69

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70

Table IX. 350 meter-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Lucaya to Little Isaac transect of
22 March 1966.

71

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72

Table X. Bottom- instrument trans-
port and surface current results
for the Lucaya to Little Isaac
transect of 20 March 1966.

73

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o 2
^ u

Pi w
M Q
Q ^

< CO

Pi w
i-l Q

Q n^

fa <;
p pi

CO H

fa <;
p c2

co H

74

Table XI. Bottom-instrument transport
and surface current results for the
Lucaya to Little Isaac transect of 21
March 1966.

75

O

vD

o

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CM

o

vO

CM

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vO

CO

o

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t— I

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00

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on

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1

.

CM

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i—i

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in

CO

r^

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00

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in

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co

r^

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. — 1

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i— 1

pi

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in

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m

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\£>

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1

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go

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z

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fa

p

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fa

w

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w w

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cj in

cj m

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O Pi

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z

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Q

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l-l H

fa CM

fa o

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fa w

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P

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<

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fa

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w cj
2 w

z •

w o

fa o

fa CJ

z

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<

U

<ti O

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CJ 2

cj c

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p p2

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2 m

<; m
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H

O

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<

<g cj

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23 co

M Q

pa on

CO

P

CO fa

s

2 v-/

P ^

2 w

Q ^

co H

co H

H cm

H O

76

Table XII. Bottom-instrument transport
and surface current results for the
Little Isaac to Lucaya transect of 21
March 1966.

77

r-v

•*

<t

<t

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CM

lO

i—i

, — i

00

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co

co

i — I

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rv.

rv.

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i—i

LO

ON

r~

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.— i

in

rv.

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o-

CM

i—i

LO

CM

<f

•*

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CM

i-H
1

m

nO

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CM

LA

O

ON

LO

o

00

CM

00

vl-

•

•

Csl

vO

CNl

oo

ro

co

CM

ON

CM

LO

CO

CO

lO

NO

rv.

CO

LO
CM

i—(
CM

LO

CM

NO

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1

r~-

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i—l

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CO

ON

o

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v}-

i-H

[v.

CM

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m

•

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i— 1

<f

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<t

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, — |

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nj

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fa

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fa

w

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U LO

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fa

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w o

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u

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o O1

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li

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5 «

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H

o

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M Q

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fa

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2

s ^

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CO H

CO H

Eh cm

H O

78

Table XIII. Bottom-instrument trans-
port and surface current results for
the Lucaya to Little Isaac transect
of 22 March 1966.

79

r-~

o

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en

NO

00

NO

NO

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in

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CM

o

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in

on

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2

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fa <N

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<

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w

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l-l Q

lg

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to fa

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80

Figure 12. Time-series plot of current
direction from the south shore current
meter installation Northwest Providence
Channel.

81

tF oo & vd

~ 3nyi S33a93a

^ <->

82

Figure 13. Time-series plots of current
direction, current magnitude, westerly
(295°T) component of current magnitude,
and southerly (205°T) component of cur-
rent magnitude from the north shore
current meter installation Northwest
Providence Channel.

83

3nai S33H93Q

oas/wo

03S/W0

oas/wo

u. cc
O cc

cc
o

cc
cc

to o

ID "- LLJ

OlOUJ

_> LU h-

LlJ O LlJ

\— a. cc

<r> s tr

uj o =>

S <_5 O

° O

JQ fe LU

§°s

>- I— w>

— I z .
CC LU t—
UJZZ
I O LlJ
I— Q. CC

350:

O O ^5

84

Figure 14. Tide curve from south
shore tide gage installation at
Little Isaac, Northwest Providence
Channel.

-H

85

-H

<c

5

m o

O

CNJ

<■ o
»o-0'

CVJ 0

-6-80

o

cc
o
o

Z LU <I
\ O Q 1—

o i±J o
q. 3: q.

<i- io
cc o z

h- o <*
xSa
tuin i-

-90

8

Sin

(S3H0NI) 1H9I3H H3JLVM

86

APPENDIX B

WATER TRANSPORT IN THE STRAITS OF FLORIDA

I. A review of transport data
for the Straits of Florida.

II. A critique of transport meas-
urement techniques as applied
to the Straits of Florida.

III. Time-series plots of transport
in the Straits of Florida.

87

I. A review of transport data for the
Straits of Florida

Estimates of transport of the Florida Current
presented in the literature during the past 50 years
have understandably differed. Nevertheless this data
presents a range of values which when taken in the
light of measurement techniques (Part II of this
Appendix) develops a general picture. A summary of
this transport data, presented in Table XIV indicates
that the volume transport through the Straits of
Florida ranges from approximately 16x10 to 41x10
cubic meters per second. What relative percentage
of this transport range may be attributed to observa-
tional errors, investigational techniques or actual
volume fluctuations remains a moot question. From
this, one may conclude that besides the rough general
picture most benefit is to be derived from the rela-
tive fluctuations in the time-series data. For fur-
ther consideration of this last point, three time-
series have been included as part III of this
Appendix.

88

Table XIV. Summary of transport
measurements in the Florida Straits.

89

TRANSPORT
(106M3/SEC)

DESCRIPTION OF
TRANSPORT VALUE

CHRONOLOGY

MEASUREMENT SITE

MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUE

LITERATURE CITED

24.2

7 CURRENT METER STATIONS
(PILLSBURY DATA)

FEB -MAY
1887

REBECCA SHOAL -HAVANA

CURRENT 4 DEPTH
CALCULATION

WUST (1924)

25.6

SINGLE HYDRO SECTION
(BACHE DATA)

MAR. 1914

FOWEY ROCKS -GUN CAY

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

wtJST (1924)

GREATER
THAN 30

24 HOUR AVERAGE FROM TWO
HYDRO STATIONS AND EXTRA-
POLATION TO SHORE

APR. 1937

FOWEY ROCKS -GUN CAY

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

PARR (1937)

27.8

MEAN VALUE OF 4 DIFFERENT
HYDRO SECTIONS (5-7 STATIONS)
WITH EXTRAPOLATION TO SHORE

MAR. 1934-
MAR. 1938

REBECCA SHORE-HAVANA

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

MONTGOMERY (1941)

23.0

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 36 DAILY
AVERAGES

1952

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

WERTHEW (1953)

40.5

SINGLE GEK TRANSECTS

DEC. 1952

MIAMI - BIMINI

GEK METHOD

HELA, et.al. (1954)

35.0

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 99 DAILY
AVERAGES

1953

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

WERTHEIM (1954)

25.7

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 12 GEK
TRANSECTS

1953

MIAMI - BIMINI

GEK METHOD

HELA, et.al. (1954)

24.9

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 52 DAILY
AVERAGES

1954

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1957)

23.2

SINGLE HYDRO SECTION OF 8
STATIONS

FEB. 1954

PALM BEACH -
SETTLEMENT POINT

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

WAGNER (1955a)

25.4

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 38 DAILY
AVERAGES

1955

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1957)

19.8

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 9 HYDRO
SECTIONS

1955

VARIOUS SECTIONS

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

CHEW, et.al. (1957)
WAGNER (1955a)
WAGNER (1957a)
WAGNER (1957b)

24.8

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 82 DAILY
AVERAGES

1956

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1957)
STOMMEL (1959)

25. 1

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 6 HYDRO
SECTIONS

1956

VARIOUS SECTIONS

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

CHEW, et.al. (1957)

25 8

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 52 DAILY
AVERAGES

1957

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1959)

36.0

SINGLE HYDRO SECTION

APR. 1957

KEY WEST - HAVANA

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

CHEW, et.al. (1957)

39.9

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 49 DAILY
AVERAGES

1958

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1959)
STOMMEL (1961)

32. 3

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 5 DAILY
AVERAGES

1959

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

STOMMEL (1961)

40.0

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 48 DAILY
AVERAGES

1960

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

BROIDA (1962)

35.6

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 32 DAILY
AVERAGES

1961

KEY WEST - HAVANA

CABLE POTENTIAL

BROIDA (1962)
BROIDA (1963)

17.9

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 13 HYDRO
SECTIONS

HAY 1962-
MAY 1963

MIAMI - BIMINI

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

BROIDA (1966)

16.8

ANNUAL AVERAGE OF 12 HYDRO
SECTIONS

MAY 1962-
MAY 1963

PALM BEACH -
SETTLEMENT POINT

DYNAMIC CALCULATION

BROIDA (1966)

36.4

AVERAGE OF 2 TRANSECTS

AUG. 1964

MIAMI - BIMINI

FREE DROP INST.

SCHMITZ, et.al. (1966)

30.1

AVERAGE OF 2 TRANSECTS

OCT. 1964

MIAMI - BIMINI

FREE DROP INST.

SCHMITZ, et.al. (1966)

35.9

AVERAGE OF 2 TRANSECTS

APR. 1965

MIAMI - BIMINI

FREE DROP INST.

SCHMITZ, et.al. (1966)

32.4

MONTHLY AVERAGE OF 23
TRANSECTS

MAY -JUNE
1965

MIAMI - BIMINI

FREE DROP INST.

SCHMITZ, et.al. (1966)

90

II. A CRITIQUE OF TRANSPORT MEASUREMENT
TECHNIQUES AS APPLIED TO THE STRAITS
OF FLORIDA

Transport measurements of the Florida Current
have been made employing one or a combination of
several basic measurement techniques. Five of these
are discussed briefly here, in order to provide a
better appreciation for the absolute values of trans-
port presented in part I of this Appendix.

DYNAMIC CALCULATIONS

Since this method has provided the bulk of the
information on transport of the Florida Current, the
inherent difficulties involved should be carefully
considered. Noting the time necessary to transit the
Florida Straits and carry out the hydrographic sta-
tions (sometimes as much as 16 hours) one can easily
visualize a number of factors influencing the results
First, there is the question of tidal phase changes
with the accompanying fluctuations of density struc-
ture and mass transport discussed by Parr (1937) .

91

Secondly, there is the question of a more random
oscillation of the density structure connected with
the passage of internal waves and possibly periodic
oscillation of a tide induced internal seiche,.
Stommel (1965) made the point that the dimensions of
the channel at Miami and the existing density struc-
ture appear to favor a resonance in a cross-stream
semidiurnal internal seiche.

The navigational technique must also be con-
sidered as inaccuracies in station positioning leads
to erroneous computed currents. Even the time of
positioning relative to the actual tripping of the
sample bottles can result in a considerable error.
Recent work with the Hi-Fix System in the Miami-
Bimini transect indicates substantial drift of the
ship during the course of executing a single station.
Station spacing is also critical to the transport
measurement and presents a problem which has not
always been carefully considered. Early transport
measurement associated with the Antilles Current and
mentioned in connection with the Northwest Providence

92

Channel might have been influenced by this particu-
lar consideration.

Extrapolation of data from end stations to the
sides of the Straits obviously must be accepted with
a certain degree of doubt. Montgomery (1941) points
out that few hydrographic stations taken prior to his
report reached near the bottom so that considerable
uncertainty was involved in extrapolating the surfaces
of specific volume anomaly to the edges of the Straits.

To the author's knowledge all dynamic calculations
with reference to the Florida Straits have been car-
ried out under the assumption that there is no cross-
stream horizontal pressure gradient existing at the
bottom. While direct measurements by Richardson and
Schmitz (1965) have revealed that only 10% of the
northerly transport exists in the bottom 30% of the
Straits, such an assumption may not always be valid.

The final point to be made concerning this meas-
urement technique is that the geostrophic equilibrium
which is fundamental to the technique might not
strictly hold when applied to the Straits. Von Arx,

93

et al. (1954) pointed out that during a concurrent
time period, while large transport fluctuations have
been observed at the Key West-Havana section and at
Onslow Bay, only small variations in the density
field had been observed at an anchor station east of
Miami. Here we might speculate that the equations
of motion for the Florida Current must include an
additional term or terms besides those included in
the geostrophic equation.

G.E.K. CALCULATIONS

Briefly, this method equates the total transport
to the mean current velocity times the cross section-
al area of the current. The mean current in turn is
determined by the set of the recording vessel minus
the GEK's velocity, uncorrected for a K factor. This
K factor is the ratio of the actual current to the
current computed from the electrical signal measured
with the GEK. This method by Malkus and Stern (1952)
was discussed with specific application to the Florida
Straits by Wagner and Chew (1953) .

94

Inherent difficulties in the method as origin-
ally applied are: first, the actual ship's set
across the current could not be accurately determined
and secondly, the cross sectional area of the. Florida
Current not accurately determined. Besides these
technical difficulties the reliability of these meas-
urements is likely to remain low simply because they
depend upon the evaluation of small differences be-
tween large quantities, and upon a subjective esti-
mate of the proper limits of integration. Since a
zero wind drift is rarely fulfilled in the Straits of
Florida errors are induced into the integrals neces-
sary for the transport determination. Since the time
this method was first applied by the Marine Laboratory
both technical difficulties have been cleared up.

ELECTROMAGNETIC CABLE MEASUREMENTS

Cable measurements employ the same basic prin-
ciple as that used in the GEK. Briefly the motion of
a conductor (salt water) in a magnetic field leads to
an induced potential difference in the water at right

95

angles to its direction of motion. This technique
of transport measurement assumes the bottom to be
flat and non conducting and the horizontal variation
of the earth's magnetic field to be negligible.
Wertheim (1954) discussed the ambiguities related to
these assumptions. His calculated potential-to-
transport conversion factor of 25.6 was selected by
neglecting the effects of bottom conductivity and
irregular bottom topography. If these assumptions
are not negligible, erroneously low results are
caused by the bottom conductivity and erroneously
high results by irregular bottom topography.

TIDE GAGE CALCULATIONS

While absolute transport values have rarely, if
ever been presented upon the evidence of tide gage
reading alone, this method has often been applied in
substantiating fluctuations indicated by other trans-
port measuring techniques. As pointed out by Stommel
(1954) the chief difficulties in utilizing tide gage
data are twofold. First, with the information

96

usually available, it has been impossible to make
proper allowance for that portion of the slope of
the water surface produced by the direct stress of
local windover the continental shelf. Secondly,
unless some definite information is available con-
cerning the vertical distribution of velocity, the
cross stream slope which is related only to surface
velocity can only give an approximate value for total
transport. Montgomery (1941) pointed out that, while
the agreement between sea level differences and total
transport appeared poor, a close correlation may be
seen between transport of water having temperatures
warmer than 23°C and the sea level difference. Taken
in this context and with atmospheric pressure correc-
tions applied, this technique may still prove important
in supplying corroborating evidence for transport
fluctuations.

FREE INSTRUMENT MEASUREMENTS

Other than directly measuring the current vel-
ocity and depth distribution from anchored stations

97

across the Straits, the free instrument technique
exists as the only direct measurement for computing
volume transport. This technique described by
Richardson and Schmitz (1965) calculates volume
transport per unit width of water column from meas-
urements of run time, depth and horizontal deflec-
tions of a freely falling instrument. While accur-
acy and precision limitations discussed by Schmitz
and Richardson (1966) are imposed by ship position-
ing, instrumental, observational and computational
errors, the technique remains the best method of com-
puting absolute transport values. Because of this
and the inherent difficulties involved with the
indirect techniques, the author feels that much
greater weight should be placed upon the free instru-
ment results for absolute values, while results from
the indirect methods, particularly the continuous
ones, be used to study fluctuations.

98

III. VARIATION OF TRANSPORT IN THE
STRAITS OF FLORIDA

Three time-series are presented here to empha-
size the wide ranges and rapidity of fluctuations of
transport through the Straits of Florida. Figure 15
represents nearly 10 years of information collected
with the electromagnetic method at the Key West and
Havana cable stations. Each plotted value represents
the average daily transport for the particular day
indicated. Transport values used in developing this
plot were taken from Stommel (1957, 1959, 1961) and
Broida (1962, 1963). Figure 16 represents 13 months
of information collected using dynamic calculations
from the Miami to Bimini and Palm Beach to Settlement
Point transects. Each plotted value represents the
results of a single transect taken during the indi-
cated month. Transport values used in developing
this plot were taken from Broida (1966) . Figure 17
represents 23 days of information collected using the
free instrument technique at the Miami to Bimini or
South Cat Cay to Sands Key transects. Each value

99

represents the results of a single transect taken
on the indicated dayr values from Schmitz (1966) .

100

Figure 15. Time-series plot of trans-
port in the Florida Straits from the
Key West to Havana cable data.

101

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103

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105

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LITERATURE CITED

107

Broida, S. 1962. Florida Straits transports t April
1960-January 1961. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and
Carib., 1_2 (1), 168.

1963. Florida Straits transports: May 1961-
September 1961. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib.,
13 (1): 58.

1966. Validity of geostrophic calculations on
the Florida Current. Doctoral Dissertation,
(in preparation)

Chew, F., Wagner, L. P. and R. C. Work. 1957. Heat
transport of the Florida Current. University
of Miami Mar. Lab. Final Rept . No. 57-21: 39 pp.

Chew, F. and L. P. Wagner. 1958. University of Miami
Mar. Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 58-3: 55pp.

Day, C. G. 1954. A note on the circulation in the
region northeast of the Bahama Islands. Woods
Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rept., No. 54-4.
(Unpublished manuscript) . 6 pp.

Hela, I., Chew, F. and L. P. Wagner. 1954. Some

results of the Florida Current Study. University
of Miami Mar. Lab. Rept. No. 54-7. 100 pp.

1955. Some results of oceanographic studies in
the Straits of Florida and adjacent waters.
University of Miami Mar. Lab. Rept. No. 55-1:
24-27.

Malkus, W. V. R. and M. E. Stern, 1952. Determination
of ocean transports and velocities by electro-
magnetic effects. Jour. Mar. Res., 1_1 (2):
97-105.

Montgomery, R. B. 1941. Transport of the Florida
Current off Habana, Jour. Mar. Res., 4 (3):
198-220.

108

Murray, K. M. 1952. Short period fluctuations of the
Florida Current from geomagnetic electrokinecto-
graph observations. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and
Carib., 2 (1) : 360-375.

Parr, A. E. 1937. Report on hydrographic observations
at a series of anchor stations across the Straits
of Florida. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Coll., 6
(3) : 1-62.

Pillsbury, J. E. 1890. The Gulfstream- A description
of the methods employed in the investigation,
and the results of the research, 459-620. Report
of the Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey.

Richardson, W. S. and W. J. Schmitz, Jr. 1965. A

technique for the direct measurement of trans-
port with application to the Straits of Florida.
Jour. Mar. Res. 23 (2): 172-185.

Richardson, W. S. , Stimson, P. B., and C. H. Wilkins.
1963. Current measurements from moored buoys.
Deep-Sea Res., 10 (4); 369-388.

Schmitz, W. J. 1962. Current measurements Northwest
Providence Channel. University of Miami Cruise
Rept. No. G-6225. (unpublished manuscript).

1966. On the dynamics of the Florida Current.
Doctoral dissertation. (in preparation).

Schmitz, W. J. and W. S. Richardson. 1966. A prelim-
inary report on Operation Straight Jacket.
University of Miami Mar. Lab. Tech. Rept. (in
preparation) .

Smith, C. L. 1940. The Great Bahama Bank. I. General
hydrological and chemical features. Jour. Mar.
Res., 3 (2) : 147-170.

109

Stimson, J. H. 1966. Inorganic phosphate-sigma t

curves as a water mass indicator in the Straits
of Florida. (in preparation) .

Stommel, H. 1957. Florida straits transports, 1952-
1956. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and carib., 1 (3):
252-254.

1959. Florida Straits transports: June 1956-
July 1958. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 9
(2): 222-223.

1961. Florida Straits transports: July 1958-
March 1959. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib.,
11 (2) : 318.

1965. The Gulf Stream. 2nd ed. Berkley and
Los Angeles, University of California; and
London, Cambridge University. 248 pp.

U.S. Navy Department Hydrographic Office. 1936.

Sailing Directories for the West Indies, Vol. I,
Section A, H.O. No. 128. Washington, Government
Printing Office.

von Arx, W. S. 1962. An introduction to physical
oceanography. Reading and London: Addi son-
Wesley. 421 pp.

von Arx, W. S., Bumpus, D. E., and W. S. Richardson.

1954. Short term fluctuations in the structure
and transport of the Gulf Stream System. Woods
Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rept . No. 54-76.
(unpublished manuscript) .

1955. On the fine structure of the Gulf Stream
Front. Deep-Sea Res., 3 (1): 46-65.

Wagner, L. P. 1955a. The heat transport in the

Straits of Florida. University of Miami Mar.
Lab. Semi-Annual Rept. No. 55-27: 1-36.

110

Wagner, L. P. 1955b. Studies in and around the Old
Bahama Channel. University of Miami Mar. Lab.
Semi-Annual Rept . No. 55-27: 56-59.

1956. Hydrography in the Cay Sal Bank Region.
University of Miami Mar. Lab. Semi-Annual Rept.
No. 56-15: 1-19.

1957a. An analysis of the salinity and current
patterns from the Miami-Bimini sections. Uni-
versity of Miami Mar. Lab. Serai-Annual Rept. No.
57-9: 4-10.

1957b. A note on the oxygen patterns of the
Miarai-Bimini sections. University of Miami Mar.
Lab. Semi-Annual Rept. No. 57-9: 11-41.

Wagner, L. P., and F. Chew. 1953. Some results of the
Florida Current Survey. University of Miami Mar,
Lab. Tech. Rept. No. 53-9: 53 pp.

Wennekens, M. P. 1959. Water mass properties of the
Straits of Florida and related waters. Bull.
Mar. Sci. Gulf and Carib., 9 (1): 1-52.

Wertheim, G. K. 1953. Studies of the electrical poten-
tial between Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba.
Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rept. No. 54-68
(unpublished manuscript) .

1954a. Studies of the electrical potential be-
tween Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba No. II.
Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst. Tech. Rept. No. 54-
68. (unpublished manuscript).

1954b. Studies of the electrical potential be-
tween Key West, Florida and Havana, Cuba. Trans
Amer. geophys. Un., 3_5 (6): 872-882.

Wust, G. 1924. Florida and Antilles Current System.
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and univ. Berlin, N.F., Reihe A: Geogr.
-naturwiss., Heft 29. 70 pp.

VITA

Lt. James Rendell Finlen, USN was born in
Brooklyn, New York, on February 9, 1936. His parents
are Marcus Anthony Finlen and Jean Rendell Finlen.
He received his elementary education at Watkinson
Episcopal School, Hartford, Connecticut and his sec-
ondary education at Oneonta High School, Oneonta, New
York.

In September 1953 he entered Rensselaer Poly-
technic Institute in Troy, New York. In June 1955 he
left Rensselaer to enter the U.S. Naval Academy,
Annapolis, Maryland. Upon graduating in June, 1959
with a B.S., he was commissioned as Ensign in the
U.S. Navy. Subsequent naval service included two
years of destroyer duty with the Pacific Fleet fol-
lowed by three years of submarine duty in the Atlantic
area of operations.

In September 1964 he was admitted to the Gradu-
ate School of the University of Miami. He was granted

the degree of Master of Science on June 12, 1966.
Permanent address; 36 Main Street, Oneonta,
New York.