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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND

MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS

A TREATISE

ON

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS

BY

Captain W. A. PALLIN, F.R.C.V.S.

ARMY VXTERfNARY DKPARTMENT

With Illustrations

PUBLISHED FOR

THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF LIVERPOOL

BY

WILLIAMS & NORGATE

14 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN
LONDON

At the University Press of Liverpool
No. 54. June, 1904. 500

L9P3

PREFACE

IN the following treatise I have endeavoured to
combine my experiences with that of other
writers on a subject which must be of great
interest to the veterinary profession generally,
especially in this country at the present moment,
and it attempts to give a clear and complete
account of a subject about which there is at
present a paucity of English veterinary literature.
References to the literature on the subject
have been freely made, but I wish to express my
indebtedness to the works of Nocard and
Leclainche, and Tokishige, and also to state that
I am greatly indebted to Professor Boyce in
permitting me to publish my work under the
auspices of the University Press of Liverpool.

W. A. PALLIN

June^ 1904

iw358354

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS

Introduction

IN offering the following small work on this interest-
ing subject to the public, I wish to explain that
although I have not yet published anything about
epizootic lymphangitis, I have nevertheless been collect-
ing data and had some considerable experience of the
disease in various parts of the world since the year 1 899,
when I first came in contact with it at a remount depot
in Northern India, where I had to deal with a very large
outbreak for some fourteen months. Since then 1 have
observed the disease in China in 1 900-1 901, Japan in
1 90 1 in the form of preserved pathological and bacterio-
logical specimens. In India again in 1902, and in
Ireland in 1903 and 1904.

Literature on the Disease

Until quite recently very little had been written
about the disease, at least, so far as English literature is
concerned, and even now, a good clear concise account of
the disease is not yet to be found in any of our standard
books, although the disease has been recognized in
England amongst army horses returning from South
Africa since 1902, and since last autumn in Ireland also
amongst army horses, and recently in London and
other centres in England amongst private animals.
The earliest reports I can find on the subject in English
were made by Moore (in the Veterinary Record ^or 1 896)
who apparently had some cases of the disease amongst
government horses in Bengal in 1894. Evans appears

to have studied the disease in Burma about the same
time, and their experiences are embodied in a pamphlet
edited by Pease in 1897, who gives a detailed account
of Moore's cases, but confounds them with another
disease, viz., 'Ulcerative Lymphangitis.' In later
years the disease has been studied by Lingard in
India (see Annual Report, 1 900-1 901), and quite recently
articles have appeared in the Veterinary Journals by
Holmes, Martin, Brodie-Mills, Hunting, MacFadyean,
Head, Butler, Cranford, and others, and a small note on
the disease also appears in Hayes's Translation of Fried-
herger and Fr'dhner^ Vol. I, at the end of the chapter on
glanders, and Hayes also gives a short account of the
disease in his last edition of Veterinary Notes for Horse
Owners. Since the foregoing remarks were penned, I
find that Law in his new work, recently published, Bow-
hill in his book on Bacteriological Technique, and Williams
in his last edition of Veterinary Surgery, also describe the
disease, but the clearest accounts of it have been written
by the French veterinarians, Ed. Nocard and E.
Leclainche, in their Les Maladies Microbiennes des
Animaux, Vol. II, and by Tokishige in a pamphlet on
Japanese Farcy^ dated May, 1897, and it is from these
two last works that most of the information as regards
the history and early experiments on the disease have
been obtained.

Nature of the Disease

Epizootic lymphangitis is a virulent inoculable
disease, characterized by suppuration of the superficial
and subcutaneous lymphatic vessels, due to the
presence of a specific organism. The disease is observed
almost exclusively in solipeds, but Tokishige reports
having seen it affecting cattle in Japan.

History

The disease has from time immemorial been
invariably confounded with glanders (farcy) and ulcera-
tive lymphangitis, in whatever part of the world it has
appeared, and even with the assistance of mallein and
modern science, veterinarians of nearly every nationality
still continue to make the same mistakes. Since the
commencement of the nineteenth century, about 1820,
French veterinarians have recognized the disease under
the names river farcy, farcin en cul de poiile^ Curable
or benign farcy, a particular form of farcy character-
ized by the appearance of sores exclusively on the skin,
and any attempt that was made to classify the disease
almost always resolved itself into simply recognizing it
as glanders (farcy) of the skin. H. Bouley, in an
article dated i860, recognizes no other diseases resemb-
hng glanders (farcy) except traumatic thrombosis of
the lymphatics and the well-known complications of
strangles and horse pox.

In 1865 Pearson studied the disease in Sweden,
and he declared that the farcy of the north was not
real farcy, but only a form of lymphangitis which
yielded to treatment. Delormi, in 1867, described
several cases of a benign form of farcy, which in no
case terminated in glanders, and he hesitatingly questions
the identity of true glanders and glanders (farcy) with-
out ever suspecting the existence of any other form of
farcy.

The question of the diagnosis was raised again in
1870 by French veterinary officers who observed a
special form of epizootic farcy both in Algeria and
France. Barrier Senior was of the opinion ' That the
Algerian farcy was a particular disease of the lymphatic
system/ and his statement to that effect was almost

immediately challenged by Tixier and Delamotte, who
were misled by the co-existence of glanders amongst
their patients, and they finally concluded that African
farcy was identical with glanders (farcy) and, in this
respect, history has repeated itself over and over again,
as both in India in 1899, and in South Africa during
the recent war, the disease was confounded with glanders,
and in many cases for that very same reason, viz., the
co-existence of both diseases, the one recognized and
the other (being unfamiliar) not recognized until
recently, as a separate disease. In France the unity of
the different forms of farcy was acknowledged, and the
African farcy was considered to be an attenuated form
of glanders (farcy) until 1873, when Rivolta discovered
the organism, viz., a cryptococcus.

In 1 88 1 Chenier wrote an article explaining
definitely the difference between farcy (glanders) and
farcy (lymphangitis), pointing out that the latter disease
only affects the lymphatic system and is not of the
same nature as glanders, and that experimental inocula-
tions of material from animals affected with the disease
never produces true glanders. Finally, in 1883,
Rivolta and Micellone published a paper containing a
precise account of the nature of the disease ; they
pointed out the constant presence in the pus from the
nodules and cords of a particular organism, already
described by Rivolta in 1873, in certain forms of farcy,
and they state that there exists amongst horses a variety
of farcy which may be called cryptococcic,

(i) Because it is produced and develops from a
cryptococcus.

(2) Because the cryptococcus is always to be found
in the abscesses and cords of the farcy.

(3) Because the cryptococcus is also to be found
constantly in isolated pustules or originally

deep seated in the skin and which have not
yet come in contact with the air.
(4) Because inoculated into a healthy horse it
multiplies prodigiously at the seat of inocula-
tion where by degrees it gives rise to, first a
nodule, then a tumour, and then a tumefaction.
They then go on to state that the disease produced by
this cryptococcus is the same as that described by the
Frenchman, Ch^nier, several years before, under the
name of African or river farcy.

Almost about the same time Bassi confirmed
these new discoveries and reported some interesting
clinical observations, and gave an account of some
attempts at experimental inoculations. Since then

* epizootic lymphangitis ' has formed the subject of
several essays by French veterinary officers (namely,
Jaubert, Quiclet, Debrade, Wiart, Peupion, Boinet, and
Chauvrat). Peuch gives a similar description of the
disease, and in 1891 Nocard also found the cryptococcus
in the pus and tissues, and pointed out the diagnostic
importance of the constant presence of the parasite, and
how easily it can be found ; he also called attention
to the existence in some cases of lesions on the mucous
membranes resembling glanders.

Tokishige sat with a special Board of Commissioners
in 1 888, when they conducted experiments on this disease
in Japan, where it has been known for years under the
name of Japanese farcy. They reported having first found
a characteristic bacillus identical with SchDtz-Loeffler's
bacillus, but in 1893 Tokishige found a second
pathological germ which he described as a kind of

* saccharomyces,' and mentioned, at the same time, that
these organisms were found both in horses and cattle
presenting symptoms of Japanese farcy. According to
this writer the disease has been known in Japan under

different synonyms, /.(?., Japanese farcy (Hiso), Pseudo-
farcy (Kasei-hiso), Equine Pox (Hoso), Equine Syphilis
(Kasa), Inundation Fever (Gogue Netsu), Yakume
(duty), Dekime (eruption), Inochitori (fatal), and he
described it as a special kind of skin disease prevailing
amongst horses and cattle, and states that the Japanese
farmers believe that horses, especially foals, must
in the natural course of events contract the disease,
but that having once safely got over it the animal
becomes not only immuned against another attack, but
is stronger and more robust in its constitution and con-
sequently owing to this fallacy are considered more
valuable — a common saying amongst Japanese farmers,
v^^ho have a pony that has recovered, is literally trans-
lated 'my pony has done his duty.' Mention of this
only shows how wide-spread the disease is in that
country. Formerly it was only known in the north-
eastern part of Japan, more especially in Sendai and the
neighbourhood, later on the disease gradually spread over
a wide area towards the south-east, and subsequently it
was found in nearly all the provinces of Japan : their
statistics show a total number of 16,497 cases from
1887-95, ^'^ average of over one thousand cases per
annum. It is said to prevail in low marshy districts and
after inundations, also more in the rainy seasons than
the dry, and more in the cold seasons than the hot.
The ancient history of the disease in Japan is quite
unknown, a description of some form of skin disease
called su or wd which appears to be similar to it is
found in some of their old veterinary literature, which
is mostly translated from the Chinese, but even then,
they (the Japanese) seem to think that the disease therein
referred to was glanders, which they state is very common
amongst Chinese ponies. My own experience in China
in 1 900-1 901 goes to substantiate this statement, as

glanders was found to be very common amongst Chinese
ponies and mules in North China : yet cases of epizootic
lymphangitis were also recognized by me, although I
doubt very much if the Chinese themselves recognize
more than one disease : a veterinary practitioner, whom
I met out there, also only recognized glanders. How-
ever, Tokishige says the disease in Japan can be traced
back many hundred years, and although it was naturally
first thought to have been imported from China and
Korea, the Japanese hearing later of the prevalence of
the disease in Southern Europe and Africa were then
more inclined to think that it came not from China but
from Africa or Europe, and Tokishige, in a footnote,
mentions that Masamune imported Persian horses into
the north-east of Japan (but no date is given).

In India, as already stated, cases were recognized
In 1894 by Moore, under the name of ulcerative
lymphangitis, which, in my opinion, his experiments
go to prove was really epizootic lymphangitis. It
appears to have been well-known in Burma for many
years, but Lingard was the first to recognize the organ-
ism in India, and was of the opinion that the outbreaks
in the remount depots at Karnal and Hapur, in 1899,
originated from mules imported from Italy in the pre-
vious year. But the history of the outbreak in the
Hapur depot, at least, goes to prove that the disease
originated amongst the Indian countrybred horses, as
no cases were recognized amongst the mules until
several months after the disease had broken out amongst
the horses ; there was nothing to show that any of the
mules ever had any symptoms of disease previous to
the cases amongst the horses, and Lingard's assumption
was made simply on the fact that the disease was at
that time known in Italy, but not apparently known to
him to have previously existed in India. My

8

subsequent experience of the disease leads me to think that
it has been in India for years, unrecognized, and con-
founded with glanders. I had personal experience
myself in this very same outbreak of so called unsatis-
factory results with mallein, and 1 am well aware that
many other similar experiences were also reported from
various parts of India, and that in each case the disease
being dealt with, was not glanders but epizootic lymph-
angitis or both diseases co-existing. In many cases the
appearances, both ante-mortem and post-mortem, were
misleading — the (mallein) temperature charts were
occasionally unreliable and appeared at times to be
subject to climatic and local influences.

The disease next appears to have been imported
into South Africa during the war, as although it had
been known in Algiers and Egypt for many years
before that, there is no record of it being in South
Africa previous to the war ; however, seeing how per-
sistently it has been confounded with glanders, it may
have been there all the time unrecognized ; in any case,
there was ample opportunity during the war for the
disease being imported into the country by remounts
from all over the world, e.g.^ Southern Europe and
India, these being known centres of the disease at the
time.

From South Africa the disease, as before stated,
has been imported into England and Ireland by govern-
ment horses returned from the Cape ; the first case
was, I understand, detected at Aldershot, in 1902, and
the first case detected in Ireland was, curiously enough,
recognized by me, at the Curragh in October, 1903, and
outbreaks have now occurred at several centres through-
out England and Ireland.

Geographical Distribution

In France the disease was formerly known in a
number of regions, particularly in the south-east ; it
was first known by the name of river farcy on account
of it being more particularly noticed amongst the
horses employed in towing boats on the rivers and
canals. It spread from the south to the north and
invaded the eastern and central departments, and from
1850 it was confounded with glanders and was dealt
with as such in so far as sanitary precautions were con-
cerned, but new centres kept appearing in the French
cavalry which became infected more or less directly
from horses imported from Algeria, where the disease
was known to exist ; it still exists in Southern France,
and until recently was also to be found in the Maritime
Alps and in Le Var.

In Sweden it is known as ' Norlander Rotz,' and
according to Delarne and Norrland it was formerly quite
common in some provinces. Lindqvist states it still
exists in Finland, and it is said that he recognized the
cryptococcus of Rivolta in 1871.

In Russia, some sixteen cases were reported amongst
horses in 1896, and twenty-six more in 1897, all from
a village in the province of Novgorod ; it is also reported
from the province of Olonetz, where it is more inclined
to take the nasal form, and as a result caused frequent
slaughter of horses considered to be glandered.

In Italy a curable or benign form of farcy has been
known for quite a long time under the names of Naples
or Neapolitan farcy and Mai delVerme^m\d.^2iS apparently
so common that Professor Caparini is said to have stated
at Naples that farcy is a disease so common that people
who are absolutely ignorant about medicine might almost
recognize it at first sight, and 1,200 horses are stated to

B

lO

have been treated for the disease at the Naples Clinique
during the space of five years. Bassi also reports a
number of cases at Turin. In Algiers the disease is
well-known in several regions both amongst horses and
mules.

In Egypt, Bosso reported a number of cases at
Cairo in 1875, ^'^'^ ^ understand that the disease is
still met with there and known under the name of
Saurago, and by the Arabs as ' El djedre,' as distinguished
from glanders farcy, ' Bou-cha K'ar ' or 'Bow-achem.'
The disease is also known in the Dutch Indes (Java and
Bali) under the name of ' Patek.'

Nocard and Leclainche state that the disease is also
known in Gaudaloupe, where they say that it and glanders
decimate the mule population.

Tokishige also mentions having seen the disease
amongst cattle in Japan ; that it is not altogether rare,
and that, although there are some differences in the
symptoms observed in cattle and in the horse, the
saccharomyces appear to be the same.

Zschokke and Nocard also make mention of a
disease affecting cattle in Gaudaloupe, viz., bovine farcy
or farcin du boeuf ; but Nocard appears to have found
that this disease (in cattle) was due to a streptothrix with
which he inoculated guinea-pigs, oxen, and sheep, but
horses, asses, dogs, and rabbits were found to be immune.
Thus this would appear to be quite a different disease from
epizootic lymphangitis in solipeds, and also from that
noticed by Tokishige amongst cattle in Japan.

According to Nocard and Leclainche there have
been no cases of the disease noticed in Central Europe ;
and Tokishige pointed out that there was no mention
of it either in English, German, or American literature.

II

Bacteriology

The ciyptococcus is found abundantly in the mor-
bid tissues and products, partly free in the plasma and
partly enclosed in pus corpuscles, which are often loaded
with ten or even twenty to thirty of them, causing the
corpuscles to be sometimes double or triple their normal
size. It is a slightly ovoid body, one end of which is
generally pointed and the other rounded. It is
characterized by its clearly defined contour and its very
refractile double outline.

It measures about 3 to 4 yw in diameter, and in un-
stained preparations is best seen with a one-twelfth oil
immersion and an Abbe condenser under a maofnification
of not less than eight hundred to one thousand diameters,
particular attention being paid to the regulating of the
light ; in stained specimens the organism can be easily
seen under a much lower power.

The classification of the parasite has been discussed
by several writers on the subject. Canalis puts it in
the group of coccidia, Piana and Galli-Vallerio amongst
the sporozoa, and Formi and Aruch in the blastomy-
cetes, but Tokishige was the first to express the opinion
that it was a class ol" saccharomyces, Marcone being of
the same opinion was anxious to change the name of
the disease then already well-known as epizootic
lymphangitis to sacc/iaromycosis farcminosus(KWolt3.), and
as these two observers both claim to have cultivated the
organism I am inclined to accept their opinion and adopt
their nomenclature.

According to Tokishige the organism is provided
with a thick membrane, the contents of which are more
or less homogeneous and transparent or finely granular,
and usually a coccus-like granule measuring -25 to i /x
in diameter is suspended in it.

12

The granule is either colourless or faintly yellow,
has a strong refractive power, and performs a lively
molecular movement wandering in the contents, and
generally found near one pole. Sometimes also
collapsed semi-lunar cells are found ; these, he says,
are probably old varieties whose contents have been
evacuated.

Although somewhat smaller than the yeast of beer,
Tokishige drew attention to the fact that it was a vege-
table organism resembling the yeast fungus, and
belonged to the order of saccharomyces. Fermi and
Aruch both disagree with him on this, and point out
that it does not ferment sugar.

Staining

This is said by almost every writer on the subject
to be difficult, and even by Nocard himself, who appears
to have been the first to stain the organism. He
recommends both the Gram-Nicolle and Gram-Weigert-
Kuhne methods, but since the disease was first recog-
nized in Ireland, during last October, I have to state
from information gained from an unpublished note
that Mettam was the first to show how easily really the
organism could be stained by either of these methods,
and I may here state that in doubtful cases staining is
invaluable for absolute accuracy and expedience in
diagnosing the presence or otherwise of the organism
in a specimen from a suspected wound or abscess.

Nocard and Leclainche state that carbol-fuchsin
stains the organism after long contact, and they also
mention that Loeffler's methods for staining cilia may
also be resorted to.

Recently the organism has been also stained by the
Claudius method, and for the convenience of my readers

13

the following information regarding the technique of the
best methods of staining the organism are given, together
with the composition of the reagents required : —

(i) Nicolle's Violet —

Saturated solution of gentian violet in 90 per cent.

alcohol loc.c.

I per cent, aqueous solution carbolic acid . .100 c.c.

(2) Nicolle's Thionine —

Saturated solution of thionine in 90 per cent, alcohol 10 c.c.
1 per cent, aqueous solution of carbolic acid . lOO c.c.

(3) Solution for Gram-Weigert-Kuhne's method —

Concentrated solution of crystal violet . . . i part.

Distilled water, to which a few drops of hydrochloric

acid have been added 10 parts.

(4) Gram's Iodine solution (Lugol's solution) —

Iodine i part.

Iodide of potassium 2 parts.

Distilled water 3°° P''»rts.

(5) Kuhne's Iodine solution —

Iodine 2 parts.

Iodide of potassium ...... 4 P^rts.

Distilled water 100 parts.

(6) Counter stain —

Saturated solution of vesuvine (Bismarck brown).

(7) Decolourizing agents —

Alcohol or aniline oil.

(8) Clarifying agents —

Zylol or clove oil.

(9) Mounting agents —

Canada balsam or Farrant's solution.

Gram-Nicolk method.

Make a thin smear of pus from the suspected
wound, ulcer or pustule, on a cover-glass or slide, fix it
in the ordinary manner by passing it three times through

14

the flame, and then proceed to stain either with No. i
or No. 2 solution, leaving it on for about five minutes ;
then run it off, removing the superfluous stain by waving
it for a moment or two in water, and put on the No. 4
solution, which fixes the stain in the organism. After
leaving this on for about two or three minutes, run it
off and treat with alcohol, which takes the stain out of
everything except the various organisms which have
taken it up ; in fact, it will begin to remove it from
the cryptococci also if left on more than a few seconds.
Having now decolourized put on the No. 6 solution (the
counter stain), and after having left this on for about
three minutes run it ofi^, wash in water, and dry. The
specimen is now ready to be examined under the micro-
scope and may be mounted in Canada balsam.

Gram-fVeigen-Kuhne method.

1. Stain with the No. 3 solution for five to fifteen
minutes.

2. Wash In water.

3. Dry with blotting paper.

4. Treat with the No. 5 iodine solution for one
to two minutes.

5. Dry with blotting paper.

6. Decolourize with aniline oil until no more colour
is removable.

7. Treat with zylol, and mount in Canada balsam.
Sections may be stained by this method, but they first
require staining for half-an-hour with lithium carmine
solution (carmine 2*5 to 100 parts of saturated solution
of lithium carbonate). Diff"erentiate in alcohol or hydro-
chloric acid alcohol, then wash in water and proceed as
before,

15

Claudius method.

Stain with a i per cent, aqueous solution of methyl
violet for two minutes, wash and place in a half-saturated
solution of picric acid for one or two minutes. De-
colourize with chloroform or clove oil, then treat with
zylol and mount in Canada balsam.

Note. — In staining this organism the iodine solution
may, with advantage, be made stronger ; in fact, to be
accurate for the Gram-Nicolle method, the solution
should be : — iodine, i part ; iodide of potassium, 2 parts ;
and distilled water, 200 parts.

Also note that when the specimens are treated with
alcohol they are very much inclined to fade, so that if
one wishes to preserve them the methods in which
alcohol is used are not to be recommended, and con-
sequently it will be easily understood that better results
are obtainable with a strong mordant and the use of
aniline oil as a decolourizing agent.

While on the subject of staining, I might mention
that all the stains required can now be obtained ready-
made in the form of tabloids, together with detailed
instructions for use of the same. These preparations
are most convenient and very portable.

Tokishige states that the young saccharomyces,
which are full of protoplasm, easily take aniline stains,
while those which contain fluid plasma never take the
usual bacterial stains, and also that those granules which
are free in the Hquor puris can never be stained.
According to Tokishige the organism is reproduced by
budding. The cells become elongated, and after about
a week they become dilated, the central granule enlarges
and divides into two or more daughter granules of a
faintly yellowish colour and homogenous quality. The
swollen microbe often attains a diameter of 6 to 7 and
even 12*45 '"■ ^'^*^ ^^^ granule 2-5 fx. After a time

i6

the swollen microbe assumes an oblong, cylindrical
or dumb-bell form, and then by partition it is divided
into two, three, or more segments, and finally develops
into a kind of hyphae ; secondary hyphae appear in
the course of time also by budding, and afterwards
tertiary hyphae appear from these.

Plate ! shows the organism as demonstrated by
Tokishige from the so-called Japanese farcy.

Plate II shows the organism from a preparation
prepared and stained by Professor Mettam, of the
Royal Veterinary College of Ireland.

Plate III shows a pustule in varying stages, and
also the lesions in the subcutaneous tissues, from a
photo by Tokishige.

Culture

This is obtained with difficulty. The growth is
always slow, and develops much better in an acid than
alkaline medium, the temperature not appearing to have
any marked effect. Tokishige obtained a growth in
peptonized bouillon, agar-agar, nutrient gelatine, and
on potato.

In bouillon, after seventeen days, a white flaky
deposit, which includes hyphae and cells, makes its
appearance. On agar, after thirty days, the vegetation
first becomes apparent in the form of greyish-white
grains, and in from forty to fifty days a single colony
attains a diameter of i to 4 mm., and becomes distinctly
prominent over the surface of the medium. In a full
grown colony the surface is wrinkled, the colony is very
dense and difficult to dissect with a platinum wire or
crush under a cover-glass.

Microscopically, it consists of conglomerated
masses, composed of hyphae, spherical bodies, and a

I?

number of free granules. The addition of grape sugar
or glycerine to the medium has no influence on the
vegetation.

On nutrient gelatine the vegetation takes place
more on the upper strata, and in fifty-six days some
yellowish-white sandy masses of an irregular shape,
measuring i to 4 mm. in diameter, make their appear-
ance. The gelatine does not liquify except by heating,
when the colony sinks and its growth stops.

On potato the growth is more rapid, and the
colonies are of a light-brown colour, but otherwise
they resemble the growths obtained on agar-agar.

Fluid media may also be used for the cultivation
of this organism, but peptone must be added. Tokishige
states that it neither grows on an infusion of horse
dung or hay, nor in a solution of sugar.

Marcone cultivated the cryptococcus on horse
serum mixed with 2 per cent, solution of agar-agar,
glycerine and cane sugar, and got after fifteen days, at
a temperature of from 2'^°~37° centigrade, some fine
greyish specks making their appearance and slowly
enlarging at several points of the medium ; the growth
then appears to cease and falls to the bottom of the
flask, where it forms a thick uniform, white deposit.

When the culture is old, if the flask be shaken, it
becomes opaque, and does not clear up for some con-
siderable time.

As might be anticipated, the cryptococci or sac-
charomyces are often associated with staphylococci,
diplococci or streptococci, and other organisms, which
are especially met with in the contents of the pustules
and abscesses and in the lymphatic glands.

Plate IV shows a culture made by Tokishige.

i8

Incubative Period

My experience is that this may be put down as
anything varying from three weeks to three months,
and it may extend to six, eight, or ten months, and
even more ; in tact, I have one case on record which
had an incubative period of over thirteen months. I
have also a few cases on record in which the disease
recurred after being apparently cured, but in none of
these did the second incubative period exceed one
month ; still there appears to be no reason why the
incubative period for recurrent cases should differ very
much from that of ordinary ones, and Cranford, writing
from India, records a case which recurred after fourteen
months (Veterinary Record^ June 4, 1904).

In my experimental cases the first symptoms of the
disease (viz., a nodule) appeared after thirty-two days,
with pustules bursting on the fifty-third day ; mode of
inoculation being subcutaneous. Mettam, experiment-
ine^ on the disease, recently, informs me that he did not get
the nodular symptoms until after forty days, that pustules
formed and burst five days afterwards, and that the lesions
had all healed again and disappeared in a couple of weeks'
time after the pustules burst, but that now (ist April,
1904), three months afterwards, the nodules are re-
appearing. The mode of inoculation in this case was
scarification made in two separate places, one on the near
side of the neck which took, and another on the off
quarter which up to date shows no sign of the disease.

Tixier, Delamotte, and Chauvrat by puncture and
scarification got pustules in from twenty to sixty-six
days. Delamotte and Peuch state the period in donkeys
is a month or more.

Wiart gives the period as eight days to five or six
months.

Quiclet has seen it take eighty-nine days to develop,
and Tokishige makes no attempt to specify any time.

19

Symptoms

The symptoms are usually found on the skin, but
occasionally occur on the mucous membrane, and may
extend to the internal organs. I have personally observed
the disease in the following regions, viz. : —

Head — Eyes (conjunctiva), muzzle, nose, face,
cheeks, lips, submaxillary space, orbital process, and
inside the external ear.

Neck — Various parts.

Trunk — Withers, shoulders, back, loins, chest, sides,
flank, croup, quarters, hips, tail, anus, vulva, perineum,
scrotum, and sheath.

Fore and Hind Lmbs — Various parts, from coronet
upwards.

Mucous Membrane — Lining of alae of nostrils,
septum nasi, sinuses of the head, pharynx, larynx, and
trachea.

(i) Cutaneous variety.

In Plates V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII.
taken from photographs of cases observed by the author,
the lesions will be seen in a number of the sites
mentioned.

As will be seen from the foregoing remarks, the
lesions may be found on any part of the body, but they
are most frequently associated with those parts which
arc most exposed to wounds from kicks, contusions,
and harness galls.

Inoculation apparently almost invariably takes place
from wounds, and may therefore develop from the
slightest abrasion.

The disease usually first shows itself at the seat of
a pre-existing wound, or it may develop from a wound
not yet healed ; in the former case, the only thing that

20

is generally noticed at first Is that a small pustule has
broken out on the edge of an old scar, or adjacent to it ;
on closer examination tumefaction is generally found to
exist around the place, and cording and knotting of the
adjacent lymphatic vessels may also usually be felt
so clearly that even from the beginning they may be
frequently seen from a distance. But the time required
for all these various symptoms to develop varies greatly ;
sometimes when a limb is the seat of the disease, the
whole leg may suddenly swell up like an ordinary case
of lymphangitis, and no cording or nodules may be
recognized until the acute inflammation and diflFuse
swelling have subsided. At other times, the corded
lymphatics may be noticed some considerable time
before any pustules make their appearance, and a long
chain of nodules may be seen extending along the
course of the lymphatics of a limb, or, if situated on
the head, neck, or trunk, they radiate towards the
nearest lymphatic glands.

The nodules vary in size, from a pea to a hen's
egg ; they are well-defined, and at first hard and
Indurated, but as the disease runs Its course, they
soften ; the time required for this change Is very
irregular, and principally depends upon the resistance
of the surrounding tissues.

Along the course of the lymphatic vessels affected,
pustules and abscesses are formed, which burst and
discharge a thick, yellow pus, stained with blood ;
the abscesses now continue to discharge, and their
cavities become filled up with exuberant granulations,
which, protruding beyond the surface of the skin (the
edges of which are inclined to become Inverted), form
bright red fungoid (rosette) growths, which bleed easily
when touched, and very much resemble farcy buds.
Wounds which become infected with the disease may

21

either heal up and then break out again, or they
may gradually take on the appearance of the sores just
described.

The buds, ulcers, or sores, by all of which names
they are known, are characterized by their bright red
exuberant granulations and their fungoid appearance, as
well as by their indurated base and well-defined edges ;
the adjoining skin, which is partially inverted, has a
peculiar shiny appearance ; an opening exists in the
centre of the bud, from which the pus, at first creamy,
and afterwards yellowish, oily, and curdled, is continually
discharging.

Careful examination of these buds or sores will
show that they are really quite different from those of
glanders (farcy), and that with energetic treatment they
have an inclination to heal.

The disease is commonest in the limbs, and will
be found in the fore-leg generally extending up along
the fore-arm to the anti-brachial region and point of
shoulder as seen in Plates VI, Vll, and VIJI, or, if it
extends from the elbow (frequently seen as a sequel to
capped elbows), it extends across the caput muscles. In
the hind limbs it has a great tendency to extend along the
inside of the thigh, as seen in Plates IX and X (where
wounds due particularly to kicks are frequently situated),
to the groin, and from thence it may wind round the
back of the thigh or extend along the belly. The
writer has seen an animal with as many as thirty-three
sores, varying from the size of a sixpence to a five-
shilling piece and larger, on one limb. The majority
of cases observed by me in the fore-limb were developed
from broken knees and wounds (principally caused by
kicks) on the inside of the fore-arm ; these cases in
developing extend as a rule, rather deeply seated, up
along the flexor brachii muscle to the point of shoulder,

22

and often exhibit nodules as large as a hen's egg, as
seen in Plate VIII.

Numerous cases of infection after castration and
strangles were observed. Those following castration
were most difficult cases to deal with as schirrus cord
supervened, and the scrotum and sheath became greatly-
enlarged, indurated, and infiltrated with new formations
and multiple abscesses.

Plate XI shows the disease on the edge of the
vulva, and extending to the perinasum, and mammary
gland.

Those following strangles, as seen in Plate XII,
were also greatly protracted, the submaxillary glands
and submaxillary space became the seat of multiple
abscesses, and the disease extended round the jaw to
the cheek along the course of Steno's duct, which also
frequently became involved.

After effecting a cure, numerous chains of cica-
trices may remain, sheaths of tendons, and joints may
also become affected, causing chronic thickenings and
enlargements, and the value of the animals to be
greatly depreciated. Tokishige mentions a large num-
ber of cases occurring in Japan affecting the testicles,
which is accounted for by the fact that the Japanese
seldom or never castrate their horses (ponies), and when
large numbers of them are collected together (such as
in the army) wounds from kicks and scratches on the
scrotum are no doubt very common.

(2) Mucous membrane variety.

Lesions of the disease on the mucous membrane
have been noticed by me in some 7 to 10 per cent, of
cases, e.g. J on the membrane, covering the lining of
alac of nostrils, covering septum nasi and nasal
organs, lining the sinuses of the head, the pharynx,

23

larynx, and upper third of trachea, and also on the con-
junctiva, I am inclined to think that the percentage of
cases observed by me in these parts is probably above
the average, although Tokishige relates quite a number
of cases in which the mucous membranes were the
seat of the disease.

Plates XIII, XIV, XV, and XVI show very clearly
the lesions as they were seen in some of those parts,
and I may here mention that in each case the diagnosis
was verified by microscopical examination, that of
Plate XIII being also tested with mallein gave no
reaction, nor were any lesions of glanders recognized in
the lungs of any of them.

The lesions in the nose have been observed by
me both uni-lateral and bi-lateral, and a tendency for
them to become bi-lateral was noticed to prevail.
Some writers on the subject state that, in contrast to
glanders, the lesions are only found in the lower third
of the nasal chambers. I have noticed myself that
it is certainly commonest only in that portion, but have
ample proof to show that most extensive lesions of the
disease (unaccompanied by glanders) may occasionally
be found in all the nasal chambers, and that they may
also extend to the pharynx, larynx, and trachea.

Nocard and Leclainche state that the lesions in the
nose are almost always bi-lateral, that they may extend
to the pharynx, larynx, and trachea, and, in exceptional
cases, to the large bronchial tubes, I might here mention
that in addition to a few characteristic cutaneous cases
of the disease observed in North China in 1900 and
1 901 amongst Chinese ponies and mules, I also saw in
addition to marked glanders cases, several other cases ot
so-called glanders, showing most extensive lesions on the
nasal mucous membrane very much resembling glanders,
but there was no submaxillary glandular enlargement ;

24

they did not re-act to mallein, and no glanders lesions
could be detected in the lungs or other internal organs
on post-mortem examination. Many of these cases
proved fatal in a very short time, and for want of a
better name I considered that they were a form of
pseudo-glanders ; since then, however, I have seen a
case of epizootic lymphangitis exhibit very similar
symptoms ; the disease running a very acute course,
and rapidly becoming generalized, the animal had to be
destroyed. I often wonder if cases seen in North China
could, possibly, have been of the same nature, or if they
were due to some other organism, e.g.^ some form of
Pasteurella. Anyhow, whatever the disease was, it
caused many differences of opinion, especially amongst
the German veterinary officers. Mallein was, on many
occasions, again blamed for so-called unsatisfactory
results, and few seem to have recognized the possibility
of two diseases, i.e.^ glanders and some other disease
closely resembling it clinically (with which we were
unfamiliar), being present and co-existing in many cases.
The lesions on the nasal mucous membrane are
first noticed in the form of small papules or pimples,
which rapidly form into vesicles and burst, forming a
well-defined ulcer with a raised edge and dug-out
centre as seen in Plates XIII and XIV. They are at
first isolated, but later become confluent, and tend to
extend to the cartilage of the septum nasi, causing the
mucous membrane to become discoloured and greatly
thickened by exuberant granulations, at times forming
a kind of polypus, which interferes with the respira-
tions and causes snuffling. In advanced cases the
cartilage becomes spongy and the nasal bones necrosed.
Enlargement of the submaxillary glands may, but does
not necessarily, as is stated in glanders, accompany nasal
symptoms, i.e.^ it is not constant, and frequently does

25

not occur even in advanced cases ; however, when it
is involved, the gland may be somewhat indurated and
stiff from suppurative inflammation either affecting it or
the surrounding tissues, but it is generally movable and
seldom or never fixed to the jawand knotty as in glanders.

In cases where the conjunctiva is the original seat
of the disease, no symptoms may be noticed externally
for several weeks after the disease has begun to
develop ; but as it spreads towards the edge of the eye-
lid, a slight watery or purulent discharge may be the
first thing detected, and on examination of the con-
junctiva a pale pink, flat, fungoid granulation will be
discovered under one of the lids or on the membrana
nictitans — varying in size according to the age of the
lesion. In one case (Plate XVII) which I observed,
the granulation was about the size of the top of a pencil
when first noticed, and there was no discharge or
outward symptom of the disease for weeks, and it could
only be seen when the eyelid was forcibly inverted.
As the case developed the granulation spread ; as
soon as it began to protrude beyond the edge of the
eyelid the other symptoms then developed fairly rapidly;
there was then profuse discharge from the eye, the
whole conjunctiva became inflamed, and later the
adjacent lymphatic vessels became affected ; the head on
the same side became greatly swollen, the disease
spread towards the orbital process, and the case was
shortly afterwards destroyed. In other cases it continues
indefinitely simply confined to the conjunctiva, or it
may spread down the lachrymal duct to the nose.

When the nasal lesions are slight, there is an
absence of discharge from the nose, but later on a thin
fluid, mucous, muco-purulent, or sanious discharge
develops, presently accompanied by an unpleasant
odour from the breath,
c

26

General Symptoms

Except in those cases where the disease is ushered
in by the ordinary symptoms of acute lymphangitis,
there are very seldom any systemic changes accompany-
ing the disease, at least in its early stages, nor for weeks
or months after it has developed. The temperature
generally remains normal, but in some cases there may
be an inclination to very slight intermittent fever,
which seldom runs above 102°, and only recurs about
every ten days. The appetite is seldom or never
impaired, and except in very advanced cases, which
tend to become generalized, there is no loss of con-
dition ; in fact, the disease seems to thrive best
on animals in good condition in which the lymphatics
are well developed and in good working order ;
however, in deference to the foregoing symptoms,
and those usually described, I have to state that I
have seen the disease, in at least one verified case,
rapidly develop and run a very acute course, in
which the whole system was effected. The case
from which Plates No. XIV, XV, and XVI were
obtained is the one in point. The subject was a five-
year-old Arab trooper, admitted into hospital with
simple fever, temperature 103*4. ^'"^ ^^^ course of a
few days symptoms of purpura haemorrhagica began to
develop, the nose and extremities became oedematous,
and the temperature continued to vary from 103 to
104. The pulse was accelerated, the mucous mem-
branes were injected and presented a few petechiae, and
the appetite was impaired. The case was treated for
purpura, but in the course of about three weeks ulcera-
tions were detected on the pituitary membrane, and
simultaneous with these symptoms a profuse discharge
from both nostrils developed, marked enlargement of

27

the left submaxillary gland (on which side the ulcerations
on the mucous membrane were first noticed) was
also present, but the gland was quite movable. The
body became covered all over with a number of pimples
about the size of a pea, something similar to urticaria, there
being no particular arrangement ; the swellings of the
extremities, particularly the hind limbs, increased, but
cording of the lymphatics was altogether absent, and the
temperature continued to vary from 103 to 104. The case
was isolated with a view to being tested with mallein, but
after ten days, as the temperature remained up, and as
the case was rapidly becoming much worse (being greatly
emaciated, and now almost in a dying condition), it
was destroyed. At this time the ulcerations on the
mucous membranes were extending, respirations were
increased, the profuse dirty, sticky, blood-stained
discharge from the nostrils increased daily ; the pimples
all over the body had formed into vesicles, which had
rapidly broken out and discharged, more particularly
on the backs of the tendons of the hind legs, which
thereby assumed the appearance of an advanced case
of glanders. Microscopical examination of the pus
from the tissues and trom scrapings of the ulcerations
on the pituitary membrane revealed the cryptococci,
but no lesions of glanders could be detected either in
the lungs or in any other part of the body. This case
was more like glanders than any other verified case of
epizootic lymphangitis that I have seen, and, previous
to destruction, 1 had certainly come to the conclusion
that it was a case of glanders, although I already knew
from practical experience that the ulcerations on the
mucous membranes had the typical appearance of the
epizootic lymphangitis, and the submaxillary gland,
although enlarged, was still easily movable.

28

I am indebted to Dr. Lingard for verifying the
diagnosis of this case by microscopical examination of
specimens taken from the nasal mucous membrane,
submaxillary gland, and lungs. I might also mention
that there was no glanders in the corps to which the
horse belonged, and that this proved to be the fore-
runner of a series of other cases of epizootic lymphangitis
in the unit, none of which terminated in glanders,
so I feel convinced that there was no glanders compli-
cation. This case was noticed by me in India during
the hot weather of 1902, and 1 have gone somewhat
into detail to show how much some cases of this disease
may simulate glanders, and how easy mistakes in
diagnosis may occur if the microscopical examination
is not carried out, even by those who may think that
they are thoroughly acquainted with the disease. The
cases referred to as seen in North China amongst
ponies and mules, which I then called pseudo-glanders,
were very similar to the case just described, and are
now thought to be possibly the same, although they
were even much more acute.

Tokishige states that the disease is always of long
duration, and may last for months, and even years ;
that acute cases in the true sense of the word never
occur, and that the disease only assumes an acute
character when it spreads over a large area of the skin,
and also to the mucous membranes lining the respira-
tory track. In the slighter cases and even in many
advanced ones the animal is generally able to do its
ordinary work, but when the nasal symptoms develop
or cutaneous symptoms are far advanced, the animal
quickly falls off in condition, and emaciation sets in,
followed by cachexia and death.

29

Symptoms in Cattle

According to Tokishige, also the following are the
symptoms found in Japan amongst cattle affected with
a disease which he recognized as being caused by the
saccharomyces, in 1890, viz. : —

The nodules are distributed all over the surface
of the body without any particular arrangement,
contrary to those seen amongst solipeds, in which the
nodules are in beaded chains ; they form clearly-defined,
indolent lumps, varying from the size of a hazel nut to
that of a walnut. The development is much slower
than in the horse, and the nodules take three times as
long to come to a head and burst.

In referring to the disease in cattle, care should be
taken not to confound it with a disease found amongst
cattle in Gaudaloupe, known under the name of farcin
du boeuf, and due to a bacillus discovered by Nocard,
and which Metschnikoff describes as a streptothrix.
This disease is only transmissible to cattle, sheep, and
guinea-pigs, but does not affect horses or donkeys.

PosT-MoRTEM Lesions
The corded and beaded lymphatics observed are
simply inflamed lymphatic vessels, with their thickened
walls, their internal membrane is congested, and the
ducts are blocked with thick-clotted lymph mixed with
pus, which is followed by the formation of the abscesses
(pustules) and granulating sores. The affected parts are
found to be indurated and thickened by the formation of
fibrous tissue resulting from the chronic inflammation
set up by the disease. As already stated, the ulcera-
tions on the mucous membrane are characterized by
their round, well-defined, raised borders and dug-out
appearance. They are at first isolated, but later become
• confluent, and have as a rule a great tendency to granu-

30

late, and in advanced and severe cases the mucous
membrane is either greatly thickened or may be stripped
off the cartilage, which becomes gelatinous and spongy,
and both it and bone eventually become diseased.
I have seen the ulcerations extend to the pharynx,
larynx, and upper third of the trachea, and to the
sinuses of the head, and Nocard and Leclainche add
that they may extend to the large bronchi, and that
occasionally specific lesions are found in the lungs.
Tokishige mentions that lesions of the disease are found
in the lungs, but they are very rare, and he points out
that in many incidental cases lesions of chronic pneumonia,
pleuro-pneumonia, and pneumonia are occasionally
found on post-mortem examination co-existing. He
also mentions that in a few cases grey nodules resem-
bling those of glanders are found, but he goes on to
state that when the saccharomyces are present the
lesions are in the form of a lobular pneumonia, con-
sisting of an interstitial cell infiltration around the bron-
chioli and alveoli. He also states havino- found the
disease in the liver and spleen. The lesions noticed by
me in the lungs have been confined to secondary
strangles, abscesses, patches of indurated pneumonia,
and numerous small hard nodules varying from the
size of a pin's head to a pea. These, in many cases,
very much resembled glanders, but they were not
surrounded by a hyperaemic zone ; they were invariably
calcareous and never caseous. Sections of these various
lesions under the microscope never revealed glanders,
and mallein testing and experimental inoculations of
donkeys and guinea-pigs produced negative results.

Encysted parasites were recognized in many of
these nodules, and it was concluded that they (the
nodules) were in most cases possibly due to some
parasite, e.^.^ echinococcus, sclerostomum, etc.

31

Calcareous nodules were also occasionally found in
the liver and spleen ; these were also frequently-
examined and experimented with, but as glanders was
in no case proved, or detected, it was concluded they
were due to other causes, e.g.^ of vegetable or parasitic
origin.

Diagnosis

Under this heading I don't think that I can do
better than quoting first Nocard and Leclainche,
who state that the ulcer of epizootic lymphangitis is
frequently typical, and is characterized by its exuberant
granulations, its bright red colour, its inverted edges,
and its thick creamy discharge of pus, in fact the
appearances are all quite different from those of
glanders, although in old cases they are less
characteristic.

However, as long as any doubt exists as to the
correct diagnosis, it is advisable to have recourse to all
the available experimental methods in order to arrive
at an undisputable conclusion.

Examination of the pus gives a certain and
immediate diagnosis. The cryptococcus is said to be
easily seen without staining with a magnifying power
of 400 to 500 diameters, but personally I like a power
of not less than 800 diameters for unstained specimens ;
the organism is recognized by its size, shape, and
highly refractory double outline.

The parasites are almost as easy to find in a
scraping of mucous membrane or tissue, but are
generally not so numerous there as in material from a
fresh pustule.

Careful mallein testing should in no case be
followed by a re-action, except v/hen glanders is
co-cxistent.

32

An inclination to heal will be noticed in some
of the pustules and sores, especially when energetic
treatment is resorted to.

In the event of suspicious indolent subcutaneous
nodules being observed, diagnosis might be accelerated
by extirpation and microscopical examination of sections
and smears from the nodules. However, I have
no knowledge of this method of diagnosis having
yet been carried out, although in dealing with an
outbreak I have frequently had resort to removing
such suspicious nodules by complete extirpation as a
precautionary measure. At the same time, one must
remember that in dealing with an outbreak every
effort should be made to reduce the number of
wounds to a minimum, so in adopting this as a method
of diagnosis there are many points which require very
careful consideration before it could be generally
recommended.

Differential Diagnosis

I. Glanders (farcy), as has been already inferred,
is the disease with which epizootic lymphangitis is most
likely to be confounded, and the latter may be
distinguished from it (glanders) by the following
points : —

(i) Healthy appearance of the animal generally.
Emaciation and unthriftiness being only
present in very advanced cases in which the
disease tends to become generalized,
(ii) Almost invariable absence of fever,
(iii) Unimpaired appetite,

(iv) Characteristic appearance of the ulcers and
sores, which have an inclination to granulate
and with energetic treatment to heal, and,

33

further, in some cases to heal with practically
no treatment,
(v) The whitish colour and thick creamy con-
sistency of the pus.
(vi) The benign and curable character of the
disease.

(vii) Non-reaction to mallein.

(viii) Inconstancy of submaxillary glandular en-
largement, even in cases when the nasal
mucous membranes are the seat of the disease,
and the fact that even when the submaxillary
glands are enlarged they are not neccssarilly
fixed to the jaw — a symptom which is generally
accepted to be invariably present in glanders,
although personally I have come to the con-
clusion that such a condition is not constant
in glanders either,
(ix) In the nasal variety, the ulcerations in
glanders are generally more extensive and, in
most cases, spread from above downwards,
whereas, in this disease, the ulcerations are
generally less extensive, and are more
frequently found in the lower third of the
nasal chambers with a tendency to spread
upwards ; the discharge is less copious, and
is not in proportion to the lesions found
on the membranes,
(x) The invariable presence of cryptococcus in
the pus and tissues, its size, characteristic
appearance and staining.
(xi) Glanders (farcy) not supervening after experi-
mental inoculation of donkeys, guinea-pigs,
horses, and other susceptible animals,
(xii) The appearance of the culture.

(xiii) The post-mortem appearances.

34

2. Ulcerative lymphangitis. This is a disease
which has been differentiated from the other forms of
lymphangitis by Nocard, and is due to a bacillus dis-
covered by him in 1892, and care should be taken not
to confound it with the disease herein described, as has
already been done by many writers on the subject.

As far as 1 can gather from the literature on the
subject, it is a disease that has only been recognized in
France, although Nocard and Leclainche have a
footnote in their book referring to Moore's cases as
possibly simulating the disease ; but, judging from
Pease's pamphlet on the subject, I am inclined to
think that they were none other than epizootic
lymphangitis, as the cases did not easily yield to
treatment, and experimental inoculations made from
them tailed to produce orchitis in guinea-pigs, a point
which is said to be characteristic of the ulcerative
form of lymphangitis.

Schwarzkoff, in an article in the American Veterinary
Review^ describes some cases occurring amongst the
American horses during the campaign in the Philippines
under the name of tropical ulcers of the horse, which
Nocard and Leclainche also refer to ; the cases were
noticed during the rainy season, and may possibly have
been nothing more than bursatti, or a vesicular eruption
around the coronets, as is often seen amongst horses
running at grass during the rainy season in India.
According to Nocard and Leclainche, the bacillus of
ulcerative lymphangitis is found abundantly in the pus,
it is an ordinary saprophyte, and is easily stained by
Gram's method.

In this disease the sores are also said to
resemble very much those of farcy, but there is an
absence of induration of the lymphatic glands, and
the ulcers and sores easily yield to treatment.

35

Experimental inoculation into the peritoneal cavity
of the guinea-pig produces orchitis in six to eight
days, similar to that obtained in glanders and, tor
that reason, may lead to confusion ; however, the
question is easily solved by resorting to the mallein
test, and also to the use of other experimental animals,
e.g., donkeys. The inoculated guinea-pig very seldom
succumbs to the disease, but it is not uncommon for
one of the testicles to be almost entirely destroyed ; in
ordinary subcutaneous inoculation a large abscess forms
in four or five days, and the adjacent lymphatics become
invaded.

Experimental subcutaneous inoculation of a horse,
mule, or donkey produces an abscess in six to ten
days.

Inoculation with a culture of the organism kills a
guinea-pig in twenty-four to forty-eight hours.

Rabbits resist an intraperitoneal injection of a
culture.

White mice are killed in twenty-four to forty-
eight hours, and a culture of the bacillus can be generally
obtained from the blood.

Pigeons sometimes die four to six days after an
intravenous inoculation, but fowls are refractory.

The organism has very little resistance and is
destroyed at a temperature of 56'^C. in one hour, and at
65°C. in less than a quarter of an hour. And, contrary
to the epizootic form, the treatment is simple — the
disease is less indolent — and if experimental inoculation
and mallein testing is resorted to there should be no
difficulty in the diagnosis.

3. Simple lymphangitis and its sequelae, i.e., suppura-
tive lymphangitis^ due to acute inflammation and septic
infection, is differentiated from epizootic lymphangitis by
the absence of the characteristic symptoms and of the

36

cryptococcus, and the presence of various other
organisms, particularly staphylococci, the streptococcus
brevis, and occasionally the bacillus necrosis. This
disease is invariably easily amenable to treatment,
except when synovial bursa and joints become involved,
but if the case is at all indolent it is advisable, as
a precautionary measure, to examine specimens from
the discharges under the microscope in order to
ascertain as soon as possible what is actually retarding
the healing process.

4. Bursatii. This has already been referred to,
and is a disease seen principally in tropical climates,
especially during the rainy seasons. It is well known
in India and Burmah, and in the United States of
America, where it is known under the name of Leeches.
Cases are also reported to have been noticed in France.
The disease is due to the presence of a form of
mycelium not yet classified, and is characterized by the
appearance of multiple granulating fistulous sores,
which do not suppurate but are accompanied by well
defined tumefaction of the subcutaneous tissues imme-
diately surrounding them, and by the formation of
peculiar hard concretions in the centre of the wounds,
the latter have little tendency to heal until the
concretions, or kunkar as they are commonly called in
India, have been completely removed, and the wound
treated with strong escharotics and antiseptics.

Horses and mules are the principal animals
affected, but cattle are also said to contract the disease.
Should two or more bursatti sores make their appear-
ance, particularly on a limb on the course of the
lymphatics, as they may do, as a sequel to ordinary
suppurative lymphangitis, they may give rise to
suspicions of epizootic lymphangitis, but with the
various means now to hand and the almost invariable

37

presence of the concretions, there should be no difficulty
in arriving at an accurate diagnosis.

5. Botryomycosis is a disease due to the presence
of the Botryomyces equi, which get into the tissues and
bring about the formation of numerous subcutaneous
fibrous tumours, often seen under the saddle and collar.
However, they are easily differendated by the absence of
cording and the fibrous appearance of the nodules, and
by the presence of the specific organism, which is easily
stained with aniline dyes, notably Loeffler's blue.

6. The other diseases, which may be confounded
with epizootic lymphangitis, are practically all those
which are mentioned in the differential diagnosis for
glanders, namely, strangles and its sequelae, variola
equina, foUicular ulceration, stomatitis contagiosa pus-
tulosa, injuries of the nasal mucous membrane, carcino-
mata, sarcomata, actinomycosis, melanosis, and other
new growths, such as subcutaneous fibrous tumours,
warts, etc. : parasitic diseases, especially those affect-
ing the nasal cavity, urticaria, petechial fever, acne
contagiosa, vesicular eruptions on the genitals and
dourine. However, these diseases should be all easily
diagnosed by their characteristics, together with the
presence of their own particular organisms, if due to such,
and the constant absence of the characteristic symtoms
of epizootic lymphangitis and of the cryptococcus.

Experimental Inoculation and Susceptible Species

The disease is common to horses, mules, and
donkeys. Nocard and Leclainche state that mules are
more susceptible than horses, but my experience is that,
given the conditions the same, the suscepdbility of
horses and mules is about equal, and both are probably
more susceptible than donkeys.

Tokishige's experiments go to prove that the
disease may also affect cattle, but I am inclined to think

38

that this requires further corroboration, although he
states that he verified his diagnosis by the presence of
a form of saccharomyces. His experiments with guinea-
pigs were in some cases complicated with glanders, so
are not conclusive, but he failed to reproduce the disease
in rats, hares, pigs, dogs, and cats.

Haubert, Delrade, and Wiart's attempts to repro-
duce the disease in horses failed.

Tixier, Delamotte, Chauvrat, and Peuch reproduced
the disease in donkeys.

Nocard reproduced it in horses, mules, and
donkeys, but failed in cattle, goats, and guinea-pigs.

Rivolta and Micellone succeeded in horses, as
also did Bassi and Venuta, but they failed in goats.

Moore appears to have succeeded in a horse and
failed in guinea-pigs.

Lingard carried out experimental inoculations on
various species of animals in India, but I am not
aware of his final results.

Personally, I reproduced the disease in horses,
mules, and donkeys, but failed in cattle, sheep, goats,
and guinea-pigs, all the usual methods of experimental
inoculation being resorted to, but the best results were
obtained from the inoculation of ordinary wounds. In
all cases attempts to reproduce the disease by ingestion
were followed by negative results.

Recently Mettam reproduced the disease in a horse
at the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland, Dublin, but
also failed in the ox, using the same material.

The inoculatiojis made by the various investigators
of this disease were carried out in the following
different methods, viz. : — scarification, artificial inocula-
tion of wounds and mucous membranes, subcutaneous
inoculations, and by ingestion. All the methods men-
tioned, except the latter, appear to have been attended
with more or less success in the susceptible species, but

39

the results show that infection is really rather difficult,
and may at times fail to reproduce the disease even in
susceptible animals, or it may only show itself after a long
time.

In my experiments carried out in India, the first
symptom observed, after a subcutaneous inoculation
on the sideof a donkey's neck (simultaneous inoculations
having been also made in both nostrils by scarification),
was a small, round, hard, slightly painful enlargement
about the size of a hazel nut at the seat of inoculation on
the neck after thirty-two days ; this remained much the
same for about a week, except that the painfulness
gradually subsided, and there was a slight inchnation for
the swelling to decrease.

On the forty-fifth day the enlargement increased
to three times its previous size, and it became softer
and more painful. On the forty-eighth day it returned
to its original size. On the fifty-third day a small
vesicle was noticed to have broken out on the edge of the
near nostril, leaving a minute ulcer, on a scar resulting
from scarification, just where the skin adjoins the nasal
mucous membrane. On the fifty-fourth day the ulcer on
edge of near nostril had increased in size, and was dis-
charging slightly. Two small ulcers had now developed
at the edge of the off nostril, one of which was almost
on the mucous membrane itself. At the same time the
enlargement at the seat of inoculation on the neck had
become partially divided into two small nodules, one of
which was softening and preparing to form into a
pustule.

On the fifty-eighth day a small chain of vesicles
had broken out along the scar on the edge of the near
nostril, and a pustule had now formed at the site of
inoculation on the neck.

On the sixty-seventh day the enlargement on the near
side of neck had increased, the pustule had burst, and

40

was discharging a thick, yellow pus ; the small ulcers
on the edge of both nostrils were increasing in size.

On the sixty-ninth day a corded lymphatic had
now developed on the near side of the neck, running
downwards from the pustule.

On the seventy-fourth day several corded lymphatics
were radiating from the sore which had now formed on
the neck, and several other pustules were rapidly develop-
ing along their course. There was also a good deal of
discharge from the wound ; and the ulcerating sores on
the edges of both nostrils were increasing in size and
beginning to coalesce. The case having first been tested
with mallein, and, giving no reaction, was now destroyed.
The post-mortem examination revealed that the internal
organs were healthy, and no further lesions of the
disease other than those already described were present.

It occasionally happens that attempts to reproduce
the disease are only followed by one or more subcutaneous
indolent nodules, which after fluctuating up and down
for some weeks or months, finally disappear, leaving
no sign of the disease. These conditions are no doubt
brought about by the active resistance of the tissues,
and the effect of phagocytes. Nocard and Leclainche
state that considerable resistance is made by the tissues,
and that phagocytosis is very active — that the
cryptococci which penetrate beyond the lymph glands
are attacked and nearly all destroyed by the leucocyctes,
but that occasionally the organisms get into the circu-
lation and set up specific lesions in the lungs.

A man is reported to have inoculated himself with
the disease (in the arm) during the early part of an
outbreak which occurred in Bangalore, India, in 1899.
I regret that I am not in possession of the facts of this
case, but I understand that all the symptoms became
well developed, numerous bubos formed along the

41

course of the lymphatics, right up to the arm pit, and
that after suffering pretty severely from the disease for
several weeks a cure was effected.

Another case is reported from South Africa, where
a man attempted to inoculate himself, but failed.
Personally I have conducted both the surgical treat-
ment and post-mortem examinations of several hundred
animals affected with the disease, under various con-
ditions, and have from time to time run considerable
risk of becoming inoculated, but have so far escaped
the disease.

Busse in 1895 observed a saccharomyces analogous
to the cryptococcus of Rivolta in a sarcomatous growth
on the tibia of a woman, but the further investigation
of the case tends to prove that this was some other
organism.

However, although to my knowledge there is no
authentic information forthcoming of a human being
ever becoming infected with the disease, and that
accidental inoculation appears to be unlikely, I think
that until something more definite is known about it
the risk of man contracting the disease is, although
remote, always to be carefully considered and guarded
against in dealing with this disease.

Resistance of the Virus

According to Rivolta and Micellone, it may be
destroyed in a few minutes at a temperature of 80^ C,
but that it resists the action of a 5 per cent, solution
of carbolic acid. My own experience is, that in the
treatment of the cases, carbolic acid is practically
useless, and that the only thing that can be relied on to
destroy the organism is perchloride of mercury, and of
this a solution of not less than i in 250 is recommended.
P

42

Immunity

Tokishige states that in Japan the popular idea
amongst farmers and quacks is that one attack reduces
the predisposition of the animal to the disease, but he
himself says that this is questionable and requires
further investigation.

Peuch, in writing of African farcy and, no
doubt, referring to this disease, states that the predis-
position is diminished after one attack, but most other
writers on the subject have seldom omitted to point
out the likelihood of the disease recurring.

I have personal experience of several cases break-
ing out again after they had been apparently cured, but
must point out that, in all these cases, the disease
developed at the same place in which the original
lesions were present, and in these cases 1 was of the
opinion that the organisms had simply become inert for
the time being, as a result of so many of them being
removed or destroyed bythe treatment, and that gradually
they began to increase and became active again, 1 do not
think that reinfection from external sources was the
cause of their recrudescence, but that simply the cure,
in the first instance, was incomplete, i.e., all the organisms
were not either removed or destroyed, and Nocard and
Leclainche point out that a relapse is to be feared, for
a long time, from small abscesses containing the
organisms, remaining in the cicatrized tissues, which,
breaking out, become a fresh source of infection.

Predisposing Causes

On this point opinions seem to differ.
Tokishige states that the most cases occur in
animals between the age of three and four years, and

43

that it prevails more in low marshy districts than in
mountainous localities, more in rainy seasons than in
dry, and more in cold weather than in hot, but that the
latter is accounted for by the fact that in Japan the
animals are crowded into stables during the winter ;
wounds and contusions are more frequent as a result,
and the modes of infection are, therefore, much easier
under these circumstances. On the other hand,
Lingard goes so far as to say that the disease cannot
exist in cold countries, and mentions that experiments
conducted at Muktesar, India, have shown that a
cure can be affected by removing animals to a high
level, i.e.^ 7}500 feet, and recommends it as a method
of accelerating a cure. Head, writing recently in the
Veterinary Record, states that he had over one hundred
patients at one time suffering from the disease in South
Africa, and mentions that 'a change of air to a high district
helps the case.'

My own experience is that neither climates,
districts, nor seasons have themselves practically anything
to do with the spread and development of the disease,
although indirectly they may, as the various conditions
which are subject to and altered by them, may aid or retard
development, and on reference to the history and
geographical distribution of the disease, it will be found
that these opinions are fairly well substantiated.

General Methods of Infection

The infection may be carried by or on anything —
e.g., vehicles, soil, fences, dust, gates, stables, harness,
horse-clothing, grooming and stable utensils, litter,
fodder, parasites, flies, etc. ; by attendants, and more
particularly by amateur and careless veterinary assistants
and even surgeons — on their hands, clothes, or on

44

sponges, tow, cotton-wool, bandages, bottles and other
pharmacy utensils, twitches, instruments, necessaries,
wound dressings, etc. A few cases may infect them-
selves by contact, or, what is commoner, they may
infect themselves in one or more places additional to that
of the original seat of the disease, more especially on the
lips or mucous membrane of the nose and eyes — by
rubbing and biting, and in these cases generally acci-
dentally, in their attempts to remove flies from a wound
on themselves which is already the scat of the disease.

Cases afl^ecting the conjunctiva, with no external
symptom, save a slight discharge which passes unnoticed
for days, weeks, and even months, are most prolific in
spreading the disease, particularly in India, where the
native attendants go from horse to horse with dirty little
cloths (cAledjarhans) wiping the horses' eyes and noses
and infecting them as they go along — in fact, I attributed
the spread of the disease in one outbreak, which I had
to deal with, to this same cause. As infection,
apparently, only takes place by the inoculation of
wounds, all those conditions which predispose animals
to wounds and abrasions also as a matter of course,
predispose to the development and spread of the
disease. Therefore, transmission is facilitated by
herding and co-habitation of animals, and this explains
why the disease is especially associated with army horses,
more particularly in remount depots, and also amongst
horses belonging to large companies. Anything that
retards the healing of wounds also predisposes to the
spread of the disease, and this fact, no doubt,
accounts for the disease being more prevalent in warm
climates, particularly in the rainy season, and in low-
lying and inundated districts, where flies are very
numerous, and where the healing of wounds is protracted
by exuberant granulations with a tendency to bursatti.

45

V

Therefore, the removal of animals to an elevation has
the advantage of removing those difficulties in com-
bating the disease, and bears out the observations of
other writers on the subject. Experiments carried out
in India proved that the source of infection may be in the
soil, e.g.^ mud from stable floors, some considerable time
after the patient had been removed from the stable.

Treatment

The great secret of success is an early diagnosis
and a thorough understanding of the disease. Destruc-
tion of the virus is the first object to be obtained, and
this having been accomphshed, the parts recently
affected will rapidly heal.

External Treatment

In slight cases, complete extirpation of the tissues
invaded, followed by the application of the actual
cautery and antiseptic dressing, is generally to be
recommended and considered practical, although in
some few cases very good results have been obtained
without these drastic surgical methods, which are,
however, more particularly recommended by French
veterinary surgeons. The risk of re-infection during
operating and the blemishes which remain are the great
drawbacks to this treatment, so that I am inclined to
recommend the simpler treatment of carefully lancing
each pustule when ripe, and using the hot iron, in the
form of small budding irons, together with internal
treatment, in preference to extensive surgical treatment.
Once cording of the lymphatics has developed,
the case is much more difficult to deal with. If,
however, the cording is localized and well defined,

46

it may be possible to have recourse to complete
extirpation ; the modus operandi is as follows : — Cut
down on to the lymphatic vessel, and divide it with the
actual cautery a few inches above the termination of
the cording ; the affected portion of the vessel is then
dissected out and removed complete, with the tissues
and foci from which the disease is developing ; after
which the operation wound is thoroughly cauterized
and treated with antiseptics as in the first case.

In cases where there is diffuse swelling and chronic
thickening, surgical intervention is much more difficult
and less likely to be attended with success. However,
beginning from the periphery, all the affected
lymphatic cords should be laid open and treated as
above described, all abscesses and pustules should be
lanced, their cavities then thoroughly scraped out and
afterwards treated with the actual cautery and antiseptic
dressing.

When operation is decided upon, it must be
carried out thoroughly, and under strict aseptic
precautions, great care being necessary to avoid
re-infection through the operation wound.

Almost every antiseptic and escharotic has been
used in the treatment of the disease, and of those
generally used 1 recommend corrosive sublimate in
strong solutions, not less than 1-250.

Internal Treatment

In this I recommend administrating compounds
of iodine and mercury, both of which seem to have a
more or less specific effect on the disease, particularly
the mercury.

Corrosive sublimate in doses of half to one grain,
in solution or put in the drinking water, or bin-iodide

47

of mercury in doses of three to ten grains daily, in
powder placed on the tongue.

Care must be taken that wounds are not being
re-infected by flies, dressings, etc., or that the patient
does not bite them, or rub his nose or eyes in them ; a
dose of physic should be administered at the outset,
the patient kept on soft feeding and given a little Epsom
salts periodically if thought necessary.

Mortality and Prognosis

From statistics the average mortaUty is about ten
to fifteen per cent., and under favourable conditions the
prognosis is invariably favourable, provided that the
case has not been allowed to run too far before proper
treatment is taken in hand. I always look upon the
prognosis as unfavourable when proper means for
isolation, and strictly aseptic arrangements for energetic
treatment, and an intelligent dependable attendant are
not available.

The prognosis of cases in which the nasal mucous
membrane, conjunctiva, scrotum and sheath (after
castration), joints, or sheaths of tendons are affected, is
generally most unfavourable, particularly those in which
the mucous membranes are the seat of the disease.
As it is most difficult to ascertain the extent of the
disease, the delicate membranes attacked will not stand
the severe treatment required, and finally it is practically
impossible to know for certain when such a case is
absolutely cured of the disease. Therefore very great risk
to the well-being of the community is incurred by keep-
ing such cases under treatment ; in fact, unless the most
thorough and complete arrangements exist for isolation
and treatment, immediate destruction of all verified
cases is recommended, particularly where large numbers

48

of horses are being dealt with. But again, even these
stringent measures are not followed by the success
anticipated, unless every detail of the prophylactic
measures are most strictly adhered to and intelligently
carried out.

Under the most favourable circumstances, the
time required to effect a cure may vary from one month
to six or more according to the extent the disease has
developed and class of case being dealt with.

Prophylaxis

1. In the stamping out of outbreaks and the
prevention of this disease, it is imperative that the
veterinary surgeon employed should have a thorough
knowledge of the disease. He should be thoroughly
acquainted with the appearance of the organism under
the microscope, and he should be able to examine pus
and scrapings from suspicious wounds himself, so that his
diagnosis should be, in every case, quick and absolutely
accurate. Failing this, a specialist on the disease should
be employed to investigate the outbreak, and assist the
veterinary surgeon in charge, and at his inspections, pus
and scrapings from every wound, no matter how slight,
should be examined under the microscope ; and during
his absence, specimens, i.e.^ smears on slides or cover-
glass preparations from any other suspicious cases
which occur, should be forwarded to him for examination
without delay.

2. In a unit or stud, in which the disease has
been recognized, daily inspection of every animal should
be most carefully carried out, and at these inspections
the whole body should be carefully examined, especially
those regions which are most exposed to galls, wounds
(kicks), and contusions. The mucous membranes and

49

submaxillary glands should be examined as for glanders,
and if there is any symptom of conjunctivitis or
discharge from the eyes, the conjunctivae should be
inverted and thoroughly examined ; in fact, in any
case this detail should be periodically carried out. All
old scars and subcutaneous enlargements should be care-
fully noted and watched. The most susceptible regions
should be carefully handled for symptoms of corded
lymphatics, and for this a touch acquired by a practical
knowledge of the disease is a great advantage in
diagnosis. In the inspection of large numbers of
horses, it is a great advantage to have two veterinary
surgeons working together, one or cither side of the
horse, the horses being brought out of the stables and
led up one by one, and walked quietly back to their
stall.

3. The men, and those who are in charge of the
animals, should be carefully instructed in the rudimentary
symptoms of the disease, and they should also be
instructed to immediately point out any animal

I developing swellings, nodules, wounds, or sores, no
1 matter how trifling they appear to be, or from what
they have been due.

4. The use of sponges, both for grooming
purposes, and for dressing wounds, etc., in a hospital
should be discontinued, as also should the small rubbers
used in India, especially for wiping horses' noses and
eyes.

5. All animals recognized as affected with the
disease should be immediately isolated for treatment,
or destroyed and cremated, as the case may be. All
suspicious animals should be isolated separately from
the others until such time as may be required to
accurately diagnose whether they are free from disease
or not, and then treated accordingly.

so

6. In an outbreak, even after the organism has
been recognized, should any case present symptoms
suspicious of glanders, recourse should be had to
mallein testing, and any other means of diagnosis
thought necessary ; in case both diseases should prove
to be co-existing in the one animal, in which case the
combined prophylactic measures for the stamping out
of both diseases must be carried out.

7. Every effort should be made to reduce the
number of wounds, galls, and other predisposing causes
of the spread of the disease to a minimum.

8. The system of having wound dressings in the
hands of amateurs, and also those of shoeing smiths,
farriers, and others, for treating slight cases in the lines,
as has been the custom in our army, as well as that of
many continental powers, should be discontinued.

9. In the treatment of wounds the strictest
asepsis should be observed. Most small wounds and
abrasions are best left alone, and those that require
treatment should be sent to the hospital, where they
should be first thoroughly cleansed with clean cold
water from a stand pipe. The use of tow and cotton
wool should be restricted as much as possible, and when
required a fresh piece should be used for each wound,
and afterwards immediately disposed of by burning.
All wounds should be then dressed with a solution of
perchloride of mercury, strength not to be less than
1-500, applied with a glass syringe, the nozzle of which
should not be allowed to touch the wound. A little
boric powder or iodoform should then be dusted over it
with an insufflator, great care being also taken that the
nozzle of the insufflator does not touch the wound,
which, if thought necessary, is covered with a clean
piece of cotton wool and a clean linen bandage. In the
dressing of wounds great care should be taken not to

51

infect the mouth of the bottle containing the antiseptic
solution by placing tow or cotton against it in order to
saturate them with the solution, but a glazed gallipot
or such like receptacle should be used for decanting as
much solution as may be required to dress just one
wound, after which any that remains should be thrown
away, and the receptacle thoroughly cleaned. Anything
which goes towards reducing the risk of infection is
also recommended ; therefore all wounds should be
covered up either by cotton wool and bandaging, or
what is often much better, gauze. Disinfectants
should be freely used in the stables, which must,
together with their surroundings, be kept clean, and
free from smell ; fly papers may also be used with
advantage when thought practical.

10. Harness and saddlery used on infected cases
should be thoroughly disinfected with perchloride of
mercury solution 1-250, as far as it is practical, or else
they should be destroyed altogether, i.e.^ burnt with the
carcase together with the litter, grooming kit, and
clothing, all of which should invariably also be
destroyed. The clothing of attendants on infected
animals should be thoroughly disinfected, if not burnt.

Periodical disinfection of all the other animals'
grooming kits, stable utensils, etc., is also recommended.

11. The stables occupied by infected animals
should be thoroughly disinfected. The walls, wood-
work, and mangers first singed, then washed down and
scrubbed with perchloride of mercury solution, the
floorings being swilled out with it at the same time,
after which the walls are washed with quicklime, the
woodwork is painted, and the floorings sprinkled with
quicklime. Should the floors consist of mud, or other
permeable material, it is advisable to burn litter over it,
and then remove at least three to six inches off the

52

surface and renew it with fresh material ; the portion
removed being well mixed with quicklime is buried six
feet in the ground, and, if possible, in some waste place
where permeation is least likely to take place.

12. In a stud where an outbreak has occurred it
should be considered infected until at least six months
has elapsed from the date on which the last case was
either separated from the healthy horses or discharged
cured when treatment has been adopted ; further, the
horses of the stud should be kept under observation
{i.e., their movements carefully reported, so that they
are not lost sight of) for another six months.

13. In dealing with outbreaks of this disease it
is advisable to extirpate all suspicious indolent sub-
cutaneous nodules, whether the animal is known to
have the disease or not, as they may possibly contain
the cryptococcus. Having recourse to this method
has the advantage of greatly reducing the number of
animals under observation, and does away with a great
deal of unnecessary isolation of many horses which are
free from the disease.

14. When the disease makes its appearance in a
large stud farm or remount depot, where young stock
have been running out, it is advisable to have all the
animals taken up, and either put in stables or picketed
out in batches of about 50 to 100, each animal being
well clear of the other, so that they cannot kick or bite
one another, and issues should only be made from
batches which have been for at least six to twelve months
clear. All the animals should, after due quarantine,
be issued from the stud, and the stables should then
be all thoroughly disinfected as already mentioned, the
land should be dressed with quicklime, which may
be either left to penetrate itself when the rain comes,
or be ploughed in and the land then cropped. Even

S3

allowing it to run to meadow and then burning it standing,
as can easily be done in a country like India, may also be
resorted to. If none of these measures are adopted,
cattle should be run on it for a year before being
re-opened for horses, mules, or donkeys.

1 5. Finally, the free use of the microscope
cannot be too forcibly impressed upon those who may
have to deal with an outbreak of this disease. Much
time and unnecessary isolation of animals is saved by an
early diagnosis, such as can only be made by the
microscope. Material from suspicious wounds should
be periodically examined, and even in cases when
nothing has been detected at first, further examination
may prove the presence of the organisms.

The disease having been recently scheduled under
the Diseases of Animals Acts in Great Britain and
Ireland, 1 am including the orders of the Board of
Agriculture on the subject, vUe appendix.

PLATES

PLATE 1

Saccharomvces from an abscess (Zeiss Ocul, 4 object, J. Immers).

From a micro-photograph prepared by Tokishige and

Dr. Okura

PLATE II

From a micro-photograph prepared by the author from a specimen prepared

and stained by Professor A. E. Mettam at the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland,

showing a group of saccharomyces clumped together, and also several characteristic

saccharoniyces in various parts of the field, and a large number of pus organisms

which ha\e also taken up the stain. X 800 diameters.

PLATE III

Fis-l.

Piy.2. -d.

Fijf.S.

Fia.i'

■ f ~ - "''—'QfeSBj'^lt

Figs. I to 5 are from drawings by Tanaka. Fig. 6 is from a drawing by Tokishige.

Fig. I, subcutaneous node ; Fig. 2, cutaneous nodes with crater-like opening a ; Fig. 3, fungoid

ulcer ; Fig. 4, saccharomycotic changes in hair follicles and in the corresponding subcutis ;

Fig. 5, transection through cutaneous nodules, a, natural size ; Fig. 6, section

of skin (picro carmine prep. ; zeiss ocul. 2, object a), a, epidermis,

/-/), hair follicles, f, sebaceous gland, ddd, saccharomycotic

herds in the thickened skin and subcutis.

PLATE IV

%.7

Fip. 8.

a.

k.

d. e

1

^ it'

c

<^ " (

:fih

A. ^-

4.

>

F^y.JO. ,,. -y^'-^i

>V. '> &■

.#'

^ r'

CSf

1^. ^

-^rf- /;<.''''

A

k "f

t

■'„^

(wr?

From a drawing by Tokishige.

Fig. 7, different forms of saccharomyces; ; a monogranulated, b with finely granulated contents,

t with two granules, dd semilunar form, e apparently empty,/ with larger granule,

g three cells conjoined, h with bud-like appendix ; i-2 pus corpuscles containing

many saccharomyces, 3 the same with granules, 4-5 connective

tissue corpuscles with saccharomyces.

Fig. 8, colony ot saccharomyces on glycerine agar (about seven months old).

Fig. 9, vegetative form after a fortnight, a original, b swollen, .: spherical form with a number

of granules, d dumb-bell form, e young hyphen, /" extracellular granule.

Fig. 10, the same two months old. Fig. 11, the same more than one year old.

PLATE V

Shows a small typical granulating sore infected \vith the disease on the lip of a mule.

From a photograph taken in India. Diagnosis verified by microscopical

examination and Mallein testing.

PLATE VI

Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred mule, extending (rom the off knee (the

seat of infection) winding up torearm to anti-brachial region. From a

photograph taken in India. Diagnosis verified by microscopical

examination and Mallein testing.

PLATE VII

Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred horse, extending from the knee (the original

seat of infection) up fore-arm to anti-brachial region, as seen in Plate VIII, the

continuation of the lesions in the same animal. Diagnosis verified

by microscopical examination and mallein testing.

PLATE VIII

From a photograph of the same case as Plate VII. Showing nodules in the anti-brachial
region varying from the size of a pigeon's to a hen's egg.

PLATE IX

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Shows the disease in an Australian mare. Affecting the off hind leg, as seen from the

near side — infection having taken place from a cracked heel, extending up and

wmding roimd the leg to groin, pustules having broken out in front of the

hock and inside of the tibia. From a photograph taken in India.

Diagnosis verified by microscopical examination.

PLATE Xr

Shows the disease in an Indian country-bred mule. Extending from the edge of the vulva

(the seat of the infection and originally only a small scratch) to the perinaeum, and

mammary gland. From a photograph taken in India. Diagnosis

verified by microscopical examination and mallein testing.

PLATE XII

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Diagnosis verified by microscopical examination and

mallein testing.

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APPENDIX (I)

APPENDIX

Circular to Local Authorities in Great Britain under the
Diseases of Animals Acts^ 1894 to 1903

Board of Agriculture and Fisheries

4 Whitehall Place
London, S.W.

l^th January^ 1904

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS OF THE HORSE

Sir,

I am directed by the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries to acquaint you that it has been reported to
them that a contagious disease of horses, known as
' epizootic lymphangitis,' has recently been detected in
England and also in Ireland.

The symptoms of the disease are swelling of one
of the limbs, usually a hind one, and the formation on
the swollen member of small nodules which burst and
discharge matter. In this respect the disease closely
resembles ordinary farcy, from which, however, it may
readily be distinguished by microscopic examination of
the matter discharged from the sores, or by testing the
horse with mallein.

The disease being of a very contagious character,
it is important that cases, if any exist, should be detected
at an early stage, and the Board therefore think it
desirable to call the attention of Local Authorities to
the danger which exists in this connexion.

11

The Board consider that the widest publicity
should be given to the fact that every horse with a
chronic ' thick leg ' on which sores are present is to be
suspected of being affected either with epizootic
lymphangitis or with farcy. Horse owners would be
well advised to keep a special outlook for the develop-
ment of such symptoms in the case of horses recently
acquired by them. The Board would be glad to receive
early information as to the existence or suspected
existence of the disease in your district, should such
information be available.

The Board will be happy to supply further copies
of the present circular on hearing from you what
number you require.

I am, Sir

Your obedient Servant

T. H. ELLIOTT

Secretary

The Clerk to the
Local Authority

Ill

ORDER OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE

AND FISHERIES

(Dated 5th April, 1904)

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS ORDER OF

1904

The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, by virtue
and in exercise of the powers in them vested under the
Diseases of Animals Acts, 1894 to 1903, and of every
other power enabling them in this behalf, do order,
and it is hereby ordered, as follows : —

Separation of Diseased and Suspected Animals ;
Notice of Disease

I. (i) Every person having or having had in his possession
or under his charge a horse affected with, or suspected of, epizootic
lymphangitis shall {a) as far as practicable keep that horse separate
from horses not so affected or suspected ; and {b) with all practicable
speed give notice of the fact of the horse being so affected or
suspected to a constable of the police force for the police area wherein
the horse so affected, or suspected, is or was.

(2) Every person licensed to slaughter horses who has in his
possession a carcase of any horse affected with epizootic lymphangitis
shall with all practicable speed give notice of that fact to a constable
of the police force for the police area wherein the carcase is.

(3) The constable receiving such notice shall forthwith give
information of the receipt by him of the notice to an Inspector of
the Local Authority, who shall forthwith report the same to the
Local Authority.

(4) Where the notice of disease relates to a carcase of a horse
that has died or been slaughtered in the district of a Local Authority
other than the Local Authority which received the notice, the latter
shall forthwith inform the other Local Authority of the receipt of the
notice.

IV

Duty of Inspector to act immediate^

2. An Inspector of a Local Authority on receiving in any
manner whatsoever information of the supposed existence of epizootic
lymphangitis, or having reasonable ground to suspect the existence
of such elisease, shall proceed with all practicable speed to the place
where such disease, according to the information received by him,
exists, or is suspected to exist, and shall there and elsewhere put in
force and discharge the powers and duties conferred and imposed on
him as Inspector by or under the Act of 1894 and this Order.

Veterinary Inquiry by Local Authority as to existence of Epizootic

Lymphangitis

3. (i) A Local Authority on receiving information of the
existence, or supposed existence, of epizootic lymphangitis shall
forthwith cause inquiry to be instituted as to the correctness of such
information with the assistance and advice of a Veterinary Inspector,
or of a veterinary practitioner qualified according to the Act of 1894
to be a Veterinary Inspector.

(2) The owner and occupier of any premises on which there is
a horse affected with, or suspected of, epizootic lymphangitis, or the
carcase of any such horse, shall give all reasonable facilities for the
inquiry by the Local Authority under this Article, and any person
failing to give such facilities shall be deemed guilty of an oftcnce
against the Act of 1894.

Prohibition of Movement by Inspector of Local Authority

4. (i) A Local Authority, on being satisfied by an inquiry
under the preceding Article of the existence of epizootic lymphan-
gitis, shall forthwith take such steps as may be practicable to secure
the isolation of any horse affected with, or suspected of, that disease,
and for that purpose an Inspector of a Local Authority may serve a
Notice in writing (in the Form A set forth in the Schedule to this
Order or to the like effect) on the owner or person in charge of any
horse requiring that such horse be detained on or in any field, yard,
stable, shed, or other place specified in the Notice, and after the
service of such Notice it shall not be lawful for any person, while
such Notice is in force —

{a) to move such horse from or out of such place of detention ;

or
(J?) to permit any other horse to come in contact with any horse

to which the Notice applies ; or

(c) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse,
or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that has been in
contact with any horse to which the Notice applies, without
the written permission of an Inspector of the Local
Authority.

(2) An Inspector of the Local Authority, if satisfied that the
movement of any horse to which a Notice applies to some other
place of detention is expedient for purposes of isolation or other
necessary purposes, may serve a further similar Notice on the owner
or person in charge of the horse requiring that the horse be detained
on or in such other place, and thereupon such horse may be moved,
subject to the directions of the Inspector, by the nearest available
route and without unnecessary delay, to such place of detention,
and, when so moved, shall be there detained and isolated in
accordance with such further Notice.

(3) A Notice under this Article shall remain in force until it
is withdrawn by a further Notice in writing (in the Form B set
forth in the Schedule to this Order or to the like effect) signed by
an Inspector of the Local Authority.

(4) An Inspector shall with all practicable speed send copies
of any Notice served by him under this Article to the Local
Authority, and to the police officer in charge of the nearest police
station of the District, and also to the Board.

Provision as to Cleansing and Disinfection

5. (i) Any place in which a horse affected with, or suspected
of, epizootic lymphangitis has been kept, and all utensils, mangers,
feeding-troughs, pens, hurdles, harness, or other things used for or
about such horse, shall, as soon as practicable, be cleansed and
disinfected by, and at the expense of, the owner or occupier of such
place as follows : —

{a) The place shall be swept out, and all litter, dung, or other
thing that has been in contact with, or used about, any such
horse shall forthwith be well mixed with quicklime and be
effectually removed therefrom ; then
{b) The floor of the place and all other parts thereof with which
such horse has come in contact shall be thoroughly washed,
or scrubbed, or scoured, with water ; then
{c) The same parts of the place shall be washed over with
lime-wash or some disinfectant approved by the Local
Authority.

VI

{d) In the case of a field, yard, or other place which is not
capable of being so cleansed and disinfected, it shall be
sufficient if such field, yard, or place be cleansed and
disinfected so far as may be practicable.
{/) Every utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness,
or other thing used for or about such horse, shall, as soon as
practicable after being so used and before being used for any
other horse, be cleansed and disinfected by being thoroughly
washed, or scrubbed, or scoured, with water, and, where
practicable, washed over with lime-wash, or with some
disinfectant approved by the Local Authority.
(2) If any person fails to cleanse and disinfect any place, or
any utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other
thing, in accordance with this Article, it shall be lawful for the Local
Authority, without prejudice to the recovery of any penalty for the
contravention of this Article, to cause such place or such utensil,
manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing to be
cleansed and disinfected, and to recover the expenses of such
cleansing and disinfection from such person in any court of
competent jurisdiction.

Disposal of Carcases

6. (i) The carcase of every horse that was affected

with epizootic lymphangitis at the time when it died or was

slaughtered shall be disposed of by the Local Authority as follows :

(i) Either the Local Authority shall cause the carcase to be

buried as soon as possible in its skin in some proper place,

and to be covered with a sufficient quantity of quicklime or

other disinfectant, and with not less than six feet of earth ;

(ii) Or the Local Authority may, if authorised by Licence of the

Board, cause the carcase to be destroyed, under the inspection

of the Local Authority, in the mode following : The carcase

shall be disinfected, and shall then be taken, in charge of an

officer of the Local Authority, to premises approved for the

purpose by the Board, and shall be there destroyed by

exposure to a high temperature, or by chemical agents.

(2) With a view to the execution of the foregoing provisions

of this Article the Local Authority may make such Regulations as

they think fit for prohibiting or regulating the removal of any

carcase of a horse, or for securing the burial or destruction of the

same : Provided that the power to make Regulations under this

Article shall be exercised only by the Local Authority or their

Executive Committee and shall not be deputed to any other

Committee or Sub-Committee.

Vll

(3) Where under this Article a Local Authority cause a carcase
to be buried, they shall first cause its skin to be so slashed as to be
useless.

(4) A Local Authority may cause or allow a carcase to be taken
into the District of another Local Authority to be buried or
destroyed, with the previous consent of that Local Authority or with
a Licence in that behalf of the Board, but not otherwise.

Digging up

7. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the Licence
of an Inspector of the Board, to dig up, or cause to be dug up, the
carcase of any horse that has been buried.

Powers of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries

8. Any powers by this Order conferred upon a Local Authority
or an Inspector of a Local Authority may at any time be exercised
by the Board or an Inspector of the Board respectively.

Local Authority to enforce Order

9. The provisions of this Order, except where it is otherwise
provided, shall be executed and enforced by the Local Authority.

Weekly Returns of Epizootic Lymphangitis

10. When an Inspector of a Local Authority finds epizootic
lymphangitis in his district, he shall forthwith make a return thereof
to the Local Authority and to the Board, on a form provided by the
Board, with all particulars therein required, and shall continue to so
make a return thereof on the Saturday of every week until the
disease has ceased.

Exemption of Army Veterinary Department and Veterinary Colleges

11. Nothing in this Order applies to horses in stables of
military barracks or camps, if the horses are under the care and
supervision of the Army Veterinary Department, or to horses in
stables of any Veterinary College affiliated to the Royal College of
Veterinary Surgeons : Provided that nothing in this Article shall be
deemed to apply to the carcase of any horse, nor to exempt a Local
Authority from any obligation imposed on them in regard to the
disposal of carcases.

Vlll

Offences

12. (i) If a horse, or carcase of a horse or other thing is
moved in contravention of this Order, or of any Regulation made
under this Order, or of a Notice given under this Order, the owner
of the horse, carcase, or thing, and the person for the time being in
charge thereof, and the person causing, directing, or permitting the
movement, and the consignee or other person receiving or keeping
it i^nowing it to have been moved in contravention as aforesaid, and
the occupier of the place from which the horse, carcase, or thing is
moved, shall, each according to and in respect of his own acts and
defaults, be deemed guilty of an offence against the Act of 1894.

(2) If anything is omitted to be done as regards cleansing or
disinfection in contravention of this Order, the owner and the lessee
and the occupier and the person in charge of any place or thing in
or in respect of which the same is omitted, shall, each according to
and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed guilty of an
offence against the Act of 1894.

Extension of certain Sections of Diseases of Animals Act, 1894

13. Horses shall be animals, and epizootic lymphangitis shall
be a disease, for the purposes of the following sections of the Act of
1894 (namely) :

Section forty-three (powers of police) ;

Section forty-four (powers of inspectors) ;
and also for the purposes of all other sections of the said Act
containing provisions relative to or consequent on the provisions of
those sections and this Order, including such sections as relate to
offences or procedure.

Interpretatioyi

14. In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires. —
'The Board' means the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries:

' The Act of 1894' means the Diseases of Animals Act, 1894 :

' Inspector' includes Veterinary Inspector :

' Carcase ' includes part of a carcase.

Other terms have the same meaning as in the Act of 1 894.

Extent
15. This Order extends to England, Wales, and Scotland.

IX

Commencement

1 6. This Order shall come into operation on the eighteenth
day of April, nineteen hundred and four.

Short Title

17. This Order may be cited as the Epizootic Lymphangitis
Order of 1904.

In witness whereof the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries
have hereunto set their Official Seal this fifth day of April, nineteen
hundred and four.

T. H. ELLIOTT, Secretary

SCHEDULE

Form A

(Article 4)

'Notice to Owner or Person in Charge of Horse Prohibiting Movement

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903

Epizootic Lymphangitis

To A.B. of

I, CD. , of , being an Inspector

appointed by the Local Authority of the [county] of ,

hereby require the following horse, namely :

to be detained on or in \_here describe the field, yard, stable, shed, or
other place where the horse is to be detained] and I hereby require you to
take notice that, in consequence of this Notice and the provisions of
the Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries under which
this Notice is issued, it is not lawful for any person, until this Notice
is withdrawn —

{a) to move from or out of such place as aforesaid the horse to

which this Notice applies ; or
{b) to permit any other horse to come in contact with the horse

to which this Notice applies ; or
{c) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse,
or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that has been in

contact with the horse to which this Notice applies, without
the written permission of an Inspector of the Local Authority.
Dated this day of , 190 .

{SignerT) CD.
The Inspector is with all practicable speed to send copies of
this Notice to the Local Authority and to the police oflicer in charge
of the nearest police station of the District, and also to the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

\_Read the Indorsement on this Noilce]

To be printed as Indorsement on Form A

The Order of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries under
which this Notice is issued provides that if a horse or carcase or
thing is moved in contravention of such Order, or of this Notice,
the owner of the horse, carcase, or thing, and the person for the
time being In charge thereof, and the person causing, directing, or
permitting the movement, and the consignee or other person
receiving or keeping it knowing it to have been moved in contraven-
tion as aforesaid, and the occupier of the place from which the horse,
carcase, or thing is moved, are liable under the Diseases of Animals
Act, 1894, to the penalties thereby described.

Form B

(Article 4)

Withdrawal ofN otic e {Fortn A) to Owner or Person in charge of
Horse Prohibiting Movement

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903

Epizootic Lymphangitis

To A.B. of

I, CD. , of , being an Inspector

appointed by the Local Authority for the [county] of ,

hereby withdraw, as from this day of , 190 , the

Notice prohibiting movement signed by and served

upon you on the day of 5 190 •

Dated this day of , 190 .

{Sig?!ed) CD.

The Inspector is with all practicable speed to send copies of
this Notice to the Local Authority and to the polic; officer in charge
of the nearest police station of the District, and also to the Board of
Agriculture and Fisheries, 4 Whitehall Place, London, S.W.

APPENDIX (II)

XI

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND

(veterinary branch)

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS

1 . There has recently been introduced into Ireland
a contagious disease known as epizootic lymphangitis,
which affects horses, asses, and mules. It has for many
years existed among horses in Italy, and in several other
countries in Europe; it is also prevalent in India and
in some parts of South Africa.

2. The characteristic symptom of the disease con-
sists of a swollen condition of the lymphatics of the skin
on the inside of the hind legs, but the same condition
may also be present on the side of the neck, or on the
body. In most cases small nodules, varying in size
from a pea to a hazel nut, will be found, which eventually
burst and discharge a small quantity of purulent material
containing an organism — the cryptococcus — which is the
cause of the disease.

3. The cryptococcus when microscopically examined
presents itself as an ovid body, with a distinct double-
contoured envelope and highly refractile contents.
Owing to its considerable size and its characteristic form
it is readily detected under a magnification of 400, and to
this end it is not necessary to use any stain. The
organism is easily transferred from the wound of a
diseased horse to a wound on another horse not affected
with this disease, and the most common means of such
transfer is no doubt by the agency of sponges, rubbers,
brushes, or other stable utensils, which have been used
about diseased horses, or possibly by the hands of the
attendant.

Xll

4. From the clinical symptoms epizootic lymphan-
gitis may easily be mistaken for the farcy form of
glanders : it can, however, be differentiated from that
disease by a microscopical examination of some of the
discharge from one of the ulcers, when the cryptococcus,
which is the cause of the disease, will be found ; or by
an application of the mallein test, to which epizootic
lymphangitis does not respond.

5. In all instances where a case of epizootic
lymphangitis is discovered the animal should at once be
isolated, and separate implements should be used
exclusively for the diseased animal.

6. Inasmuch as epizootic lymphangitis does not
ordinarily lend itself to any known curative form of
treatment, the owner would be well advised to slaughter
the affected animal at once in order to prevent the disease
being communicated to other animals in his possession
or charge.

7. As the germs of the disease have been known
to linger about a stable for a very considerable period,
a rigid system of cleansing and disinfection should be
applied to the whole of the stable or other place in which
an affected horse has been kept, and all rubbers, sponges,
brushes, and stable utensils used about affected horses
should be burnt.

MATT. HEDLEY

Chief Inspector

Department of Agriculture and
Technical Instruction for Ireland,
Veterinary Branch, Castle Street,
Dublin, iind March^ 1904.

Xlll

(No. 48)

ORDER OF THE DEPARTMENT

OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNICAL

INSTRUCTION FOR IRELAND

(Dated 2nd May, 1904)

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS (IRELAND)
ORDER OF 1904

The Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland, by virtue and in exercise of the
powers in them vested under the Agriculture and
Technical Instruction (Ireland) Act, 1899, the Diseases
of Animals Acts, 1894 to 1903, and of every other
power enabling them in this behalf, do order, and it is
hereby ordered as follows : —

Separation of Diseased afid Suspected Animals ;
Notice of Disease

I. (i) Every person having or having had in his possession
or under his charge a horse, ass, or mule aftected with, or suspected
of, epizootic lymphangitis shall {a) as far as practicable keep that
horse, ass, or mule separate from horses, asses, or mules not so
aftected or suspected ; and {b) with all practicable speed give notice
of the fact of the horse, ass, or mule being so aftected or suspected
to a constable of the police force for the police area wherein the
horse, ass, or mule so aftected, or suspected, is or was.

(2) Every person licensed to slaughter horses, asses, or mules
who has in his possession a carcase of any horse, ass, or mule
aff^ected with epizootic lymphangitis shall with all practicable speed
give notice of that fact to a constable of the police force for the
police area wherein the carcase is.

(3) The constable shall forthwith give information of the
receipt by him of the notice to

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ;
(ii) An Inspector of the Local Authority ;
(iii) The Local Authority.

XIV

(4-) Where the notice of disease relates to a carcase of a horse,
ass, or mule, that has died or been slaughtered in the district of a
Local Authority other than the Local Authority which received the
notice, the latter shall forthwith inform the other Local Authority
of the receipt of the notice.

Duty of Inspector to act immediately

2. An Inspector of a Local Authority on receiving in any
manner whatsoever information of the supposed existence of epizootic
lymphangitis, or having reasonable ground to suspect the existence
of such disease, shall proceed with all practicable speed to the place
where such disease, according to the information received by him,
exists, or is suspected to exist, and shall there and elsewhere put in
force and discharge the powers and duties conferred and imposed on
him as Inspector by or under the Act of 1894 and this Order.

Vctcrinaiy Inquiry by Local Author ifj as to existence of Epizootic

Lymphangitis

3. (i) -^ Local Authority on receiving information of the
existence, or supposed existence, of epizootic lymphangitis shall
forthwith cause inquiry to be instituted as to the correctness of such
information with the assistance and advice of a Veterinary Inspector,
or of a veterinary practitioner qualified according to the Act of 1894
to be a Veterinary Inspector.

(2) The owner or occupier of any premises on which there is
a horse, ass, or mule affected with, or suspected of epizootic
lymphangitis, or the carcase of any such horse, ass, or mule, shall
give all reasonable facilities for the inquiry by the Local Authority
under this Article, and any person failing to give such facilities shall
be deemed guilty of an offence against the Act of 1894.

Prohibition of Movement by Inspector oj Local Authority

4. (0 ^ Local Authority, on being satisfied by an inquiry
under the preceding Article of the existence of epizootic lymphangitis,
shall forthwith take such steps as may be practicable to secure the
isolation of any horse, ass, or mule affected with, or suspected of,
that disease, and for that purpose an Inspector of a Local Authority
may serve a Notice in writing (in the Form A set forth in the
Schedule to this Order or to the like effect) on the owner or person

XV

in charge of any horse, ass, or mule requiring that such horse, ass,
or mule be detained on or in any field, yard, stable, shed, or other
place specified in the Notice, and after the service of such Notice
it shall not be lawful for any person, while such Notice is in force —
{a) To move such horse, ass, or mule from or out of such place

of detention ; or
{!?) To permit any other horse, ass, or mule to come in contact
with any horse, ass, or mule to which the Notice applies ; or
{c) To remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse,
ass, or mule, or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that
has been in contact with any horse, ass, or mule, to which
the Notice applies, without the written permission of an
Inspector of the Local Authority.

(2) An Inspector of the Local Authority, if satisfied that the
movement of any horse, ass, or mule to which a Notice applies to
some other place of detention is expedient for purposes of isolation
or other necessary purpose, may serve a further similar Notice on
the owner or person in charge of the horse, ass, or mule requiring
that the horse, ass, or mule, be detained on or in such other place,
and thereupon such horse, ass, or mule may be moved, subject to
the directions of the Inspector, by the nearest available route and
without unnecessary delay, to such place of detention, and, when so
moved, shall be there detained and isolated in accordance with such
further notice.

(3) A Notice under this Article shall remain in force until it
is withdrawn by a further Notice in writing (in the Form B set
forth in the Schedule to this Order or to the like effect) signed by
an Inspector of the Local Authority.

(4) An Inspector shall with all practicable speed send copies
of any Notice served by him under this Article to —

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ;

(ii) The Local Authority ;

(iii) The Police OfHcer in charge of the nearest police station of
the District.

Provision as to Cleansing and Disinfection

5. (i) Any place in which a horse, ass, or mule affected with,
or suspected of, epizootic lymphangitis has been kept, and all utensils,
mangers, feeding-troughs, pens, hurdles, harness, or other things
F

XVI

used for or about such horse, ass, or mule shall, as soon as practicable,
be cleansed and disinfected by, and at the expense of, the owner or
occupier of such place as follows : —

{a) The place shall be swept out, and all litter, dung, or other
thing that has been in contact with, or used about, any such
horse, ass, or mule, shall forthwith be well mixed with
quicklime and be effectually removed therefrom ; then
(^) The floor of the place and all other parts thereof with which
such horse, ass, or mule has come in contact shall be
thoroughly washed, or scrubbed, or scoured, with water ;
then
{c) The same parts of the place shall be washed over with lime-
wash or some disinfectant approved by the Local Authority.
{d) In the case of a field, yard, or other place which is not capable
of being so cleansed and disinfected, it shall be sufficient if
such field, yard, or place be cleansed and disinfected so far
as may be practicable.
{e) Every utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness,
or other thing used for or about such horse, ass, or mule,
shall, as soon as practicable after being so used and before
being used for any other horse, ass, or mule, be cleansed and
disinfected by being thoroughly washed, or scrubbed, or
scoured, with water, and, where practicable, washed over
with lime-wash, or with some disinfectant approved by the
Local Authority.
(2) If any person fails to cleanse and disinfect anyplace, or any
utensil, manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing,
in accordance with this Article, it shall be lawful for the Local
Authority, without prejudice to the recovery of any penalty for the
contravention of this Article, to cause such place or such utensil,
manger, feeding-trough, pen, hurdle, harness, or other thing to be
cleansed and disinfected, and to recover the expenses of such
cleansing and disinfection from such person in any court of competent
jurisdiction.

Movement of Horses, Asses, or Mules, etc., with Special Licence

6. Notwithstanding anything in this Order, any horse, ass, or
mule, carcase, or thing may be moved in any circumstance with a
Licence of an Inspector of, or other officer authorized by, the
Department, which Licence will only be granted where the
Department, after inquiry, are satisfied that exceptional circumstances
render the movement necessary or expedient,

xvu

Disposal of Carcases

7. (i) The carcase of every horse, ass, or mule that was
affected with epizootic lymphangitis at the time when it died or
was slaughtered shall be disposed of by the Local Authority as
follows : —

(i) Either the Local Authority shall cause the carcase to be
buried as soon as possible in its skin in some proper place,
and to be covered with a sufficient quantity of quicklime or
other disinfectant, and with not less than six feet of earth ;
(ii) Or the Local Authority may, if authorised by Licence of the
Department, cause the carcase to be destroyed, under the
inspection of the Local Authority, in the mode following : —
The carcase shall be disinfected, and shall then be taken, in
charge of an officer of the Local Authority, to premises
approved for the purpose by the Department, and shall be
there destroyed by exposure to a high temperature, or by
chemical agents.

(2) With a view to the execution of the foregoing provisions of
this Article the Local Authority may make such Regulations as they
think fit for prohibiting or regulating the removal of any carcase of
a horse, ass, or mule, or for securing the burial or destruction of the
same : Provided that the povvcr to make Regulations under this
Article shall be exercised only by the Local Authority or their
Executive Committee, and shall not be deputed to any other
Committee or Sub-Committee.

(3) Where under this Article a Local Authority cause a carcase
to be buried, they shall first cause its skin to be so slashed as to be
useless.

(4) A Local Authority may cause or allow a carcase to be taken
into the District of another Local Authority to be buried or
destroyed, with the previous consent of that Local Authority or with
a Licence in that behalf of the Department, but not otherwise.

Digging up

8. It shall not be lawful for any person, except with the
Licence of an Inspector of the Department, to dig up, or cause to
be dug up, the carcase of any horse that has been buried.

Powers of the Department

9. Any powers by this Order conferred upon a Local Authority
or an Inspector of Local Authority may at any time be exercised
by the Department or an Inspector of the Department respectively.

XVIU

Local Authority to enforce Order

10. The provisions of this Order, except where it is otherwise
provided, shall be executed and enforced by the Local Authority.

Weekly Returns of Epizootic Lymphangitis

11. When an Inspector of a Local Authority finds epizootic
lymphangitis in his district, he shall forthwith make a return thereof
to the Local Authority and to the Department, on a form provided
by the Department, with all particulars therein required, and shall
continue to so make a return thereof on the Saturday of every week
until the disease has ceased.

Exemption of Army Veterinary Department and Veterinary Colleges

12. Nothing in this Order applies to horses, asses, or mules in
stables of military barracks or camps, if the horses, asses, or mules
are under the care and supervision of the Army Veterinary
Department, or to horses, asses, or mules in stables of any Veterinary
College affiliated to the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons :
Provided that nothing in this Article shall be deemed to apply to
the carcase of any horse, ass, or mule, nor to exempt a Local
Authority from any obligation imposed on them in regard to the
disposal of carcases.

Offences

13. (i) If a horse, ass, or mule, or carcase of a horse, ass, or
mule, or other thing is moved in contravention of this Order, or of
any Regulation made under this Order, or of a Notice given under
this Order, the owner of the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing, and
the person for the time being in charge thereof, and the person
causing, directing, or permitting the movement, and the consignee or
other person receiving or keeping it knowing it to have been moved
in contravention as aforesaid, and the occupier of the place from which
the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing is moved, shall, each accord-
ing to and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed guilty
of an offence against the Act of 1894.

(2) If anything is omitted to be done as regards cleansing or
disinfection in contravention of this Order, the owner and the lessee
and the occupier and the person in charge of any place or thing in
or in respect of which the same is omitted, shall, each according to
and in respect of his own acts and defaults, be deemed guilty of an
offence against the Act of 1 894.

XIX

Extension of certain Sections of Disease of Animals Acts, 1894

14. Horses, asses, or mules shall be animals, and epizootic
lymphangitis shall be a disease, for the purposes of the following
sections of the Act of 1894 (namely) : —

Section forty-three (powers of police) ;

Section forty-four (powers of inspectors) ;
and also for the purposes of all other sections of the said Act contain-
ing provisions relative to or consequent on the provisions of those
sections and this Order, including such sections as relate to offences
or procedure.

Interpretation

15. In this Order, unless the context otherwise requires —

* The Act of 1894' means the Diseases of Animal Act, 1894 :

* The Department ' means the Department of Agriculture and

Technical Instruction for Ireland :
' Inspector ' includes Veterinary Inspector :

* Carcase ' includes part of a carcase ;

Other terms have the same meaning as in the Act of 1894.

Extent

16. This Order extends to the whole of Ireland.

Commencement

17. This Order shall come into operation on the twentieth
day of May, one thousand nine hundred and four.

Zhort Title

18. This Order may be cited as the Epizootic Lymphangitis
(Ireland) Order of 1904.

In witness whereof the Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland have hereunto set their Official Seal this
second day of May, one thousand nine hundred and four.

T. P. GILL

Secretary

XX

SCHEDULE

Form A

(Article 4)

ISotue to Owner or Person in Charge of Horse , Ass, or Mule, Prohibiting

Movement.

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903

Epizootic Lymphangitis
To J.B. of

I, CD. , of , being

an Inspector appointed by the Local Authority of the [county] of

, [or being
an Inspector of the Department of Agriculture and Technical
Instruction for Ireland], hereby require the following horse, ass, or
mule, namely :

to be detained on or in \^kere describe the field, yard, stable, shed, or other
place where the horse, ass, or mule is to be detained'] and I hereby require
you to talce notice that, in consequence of this Notice and the pro-
visions of the Order under which this Notice is issued, it is not lawful
for any person, until this Notice is withdrawn —

{a) to move from or out of such place as aforesaid any horse, ass,

or mule to which this Notice applies ; or
{b) to permit any other horse, ass, or mule to come in contact
with the horse, ass, or mule to which this Notice applies ; or
(r) to remove from or out of such place any carcase of a horse,
ass, or mule, or any dung, fodder, litter, or other thing that
has been in contact with the horse, ass, or mule, to which
this Notice applies, without the written permission of an
Inspector of the Local Authority.
Dated this day of , 190 .

{Signed) CD.

The Inspector giving this Notice is with all practicable speed to
send copies of this Notice to

(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ;
(ii) The Local Authority ;

(iii) The Police Officer in charge of the nearest police station
of the District.

\Read the Indorsement on this Notice]
To be printed as Indorsement on Form A

XXI

The Order under which this Notice is issued provides that if a
horse, ass, or mule, or carcase, or thing is moved in contravention of
such Order, or of this Notice, the owner of the horse, ass, or mule,
carcase, or thing, and the person for the time being in charge thereof,
and the person causing, directing, or permitting the movement, and
the consignee or other person receiving or keeping it knowing it to
have been moved in contravention as aforesaid, and the occupier of
the place from which the horse, ass, or mule, carcase, or thing is
moved, are liable under the Diseases of Animals Act, 1894, to the
penalities thereby prescribed.

Form B

(Article 4)

Withdrawal of l^ otic e {Form A) to Owner or Person in charge of Horse,
Ass, or Mule, Prohibiting Movement

DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACTS, 1894 to 1903

Epizootic Lymphangitis

To ^.5. of

I, CD. , of , being

an Inspector appointed by the Local Authority of the (county) of

[or being an
I.-spector of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction
for Ireland], hereby withdraw as from this day of

19 , the Notice prohibiting movement, signed by
and served upon you on the day of '9 •

Dated this day of , 19 .

(5/^^^ CD.

Copies of this Notice are to be sent with all practicable speed to
(i) The Secretary, Department of Agriculture and Technical

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin ;
(ii) The Local Authority ;

(iii) The Police Officer in charge of the nearest police station of
the district.

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