wae 2 Ass ry Saye ‘. vette sh AMS yah oe Funes Sn lenge 308 IOs WARK rn PPS hd 4 iS Bay ) wie % + favs ‘i et te ke ee ee Pee pene ae oN St saneoss ree me spa dunnautyy” Yeti PAMSEEN Doe She’ Horan A y, RADU r if Leen »" = Caz) i, ‘1S ORS TIBRARY OF Ss ‘Ale E NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE Cea § Aa FF i399) ane” Ot ; > ee in le een Si <= me pene riche he minh ase voter ouere Bs — Trees, Fruitsand Flowers ——_ 0 k——_— MINNESOTA. 1902. EMBRACING THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FROM DECEMBER 1, 1901, TO DECEMBER 1, 1902, INCLUDING THE TWELVE NUMBERS OF “THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST’ FOR 1902. EDITED BY THE SECRETARY, A. W. LATHAM, OFFICE AND LIBRARY, 207 KasoTa BLOCK, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. Official Stenographer, A. G. Long, Excelsior, Minn. ONES SOE. MINNEAPOLIS: HARRISON & SMITH CO., PRINTERS. 1902. i a Be , Pave Wire oS Sil eA (oy Pe rah peas irl ‘ , 7 er a q ys / ~ » ry Crim FG hi te ; , in iY * f ee ee THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 30. JANUARY 1902. No. 1. Hi LIBRARY lography, NEw vork “EANICAI GARDE i’ CHAS. M. LORING, MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. The early years of the subject of this sketch were spent in Portland, Maine, where he was born of good New England stock. Locating at Chicago in 1856, he became a partner of B. P. Hutch- inson in wholesale business until failing health influenced him to seek another climate, when he secured a situation with D. Morri- son in Minneapolis during the year of 1860; soon after, however, joining Loren Fletcher in the general merchandise trade. From 1868 to 1894 he was engaged in the milling business; and, since then, has been president of the Morgan Machine Co., of Rochester, New York. Mr. Loring’s energy, business qualifications, public spirit and affability led to his being chosen for many posts closely connected with the general well-being of the community in which he lives. We note his name among the city council from 1870 to 1873; as or- ganizer of the North American Telegraph Co., serving as its presi- dent from 1885 until his resignation in 1897; first president of an improvement association existing here in early times; member of the Court-House Commission; president of the Board of Trade in 1875; president of Chamber of Commerce from 1886 to 1890; presi- dent State Board of Commissioners for securing Minnehaha Park; president of Board of Park Commissioners from 1883 until his res- ignation in 1893; for several years a vice-president of National Board of Trade; recently, president of the American Park and Out- door Art Association, and now president of the Minnesota State Forestry Association. He has always been treasurer of Lakewood Cemetery Association, and is one of the trustees of Washburn Me- morial Orphan Asylum. 2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Loring’s activity and unselfish efforts in movements per- taining to civic welfare and embellishment in the city of his adop- tion are recognized and appreciated by all who sympathize with such labors and estimate the results at their true significance, both in the present and future. His earliest effort in securing park property is not generally remembered. It related to the triangle now occupied by the old City Hall, which through his persuasion was deeded to the city by the different owners; and the council was also persuaded to vote funds for a suitable fence. From that date, 1864, he has been indefatigable in striving to secure land and per- fect a park system, which is already counted as one of the main at- tractions of Minneapolis. A natural taste in this direction has hap- pily been fostered and cultivated by extensive travels, both in this country and foreign lands, when keen observation, love of nature and intercourse with those of kindred minds have all contributed to render this pursuit a veritable passion. Mr. Loring was one of the early members of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, and one of the committee which re- vised its earlier constitution, and enjoys contrasting those former days with the present importance and success attending this organ- ization—a success which appeals to him in every way: as a citizen of Minnesota, a lover of the country, a believer in farming pursuits, an admirer of fruit and flower culture and an ardent advocate of enlightened forestry. Mr. and Mrs. Loring are both life members of this society. OFFICERS, I9O2. On OFFICERS, 1902, MINNESOTA STATE HORTICUL- TURAL SOCIETY. PRESIDENT. PUR eR GHMCHOASE Ar ners tis Chak tera ee ae ¢ Hutchinson VICE-PRESIDENTS. Pirst ;Coneressional District.2.. s:8.foc8 Jonathan Freeman, Austin Second Cougressional District: . 00.620: C, E. Older, Luverne Third Congressional District Mrs. A. A. Kennedy, Hutchinson Fourth Congressional District.......... W.-J. Tingley, Stillwater Fifth Congressional District ; A.D; Leach, Excelsior Sixth Congressional District......... Frank Mesenburg, St. Cloud Seventh Congressional District.......... J. L. Adams, Glenwood SECRETARY (AND LIBRARIAN EX-OFFICIO). ANNs. Sheu EAT «scenery a os Si SUSaes, sss Syeye ste payne Minneapolis, Minn. Office and Library, 207 Kasota Block. TREASURER. DSSS TARA ESTER pe ge an ea oR ar Excelsior EXECUTIVE BOARD. (The president and secretary are members ex-officio.) Wyman Elliot, (Chairman), 2 years................ Minneapolis SUES UESSIS REZ] (27h oe ng Ran re eg Sg ea Dover REET CWS SVGATS 4.5, 355 5) 35 visis Satscshaceie ce acsnlet a Noel a Faribault Meee VEGI OT: SB MGAESicos carat tines suai ea auaelehai< Bee ae Montevideo PaO fay CaX@eM 1, VEAL wa ese ore sacar 3 “ace ataecers St. Anthony Park MEMES SVCD Gy BV CAN 2s. ites acern Maglaburssagereh ahora OLS © s Albert Lea ASSISTANT LIBRARIAN. : Be eCurner, Essex: andy27th, Ave (SE fale ec Se Minneapolis (The assistant librarian has charge of the surplus reports of the society, which are stored at Pillsbury Hall, State University. A part of the reports are stored in Horticultural Hall, at the State Experiment Station, in charge of Prof. S. B. Green.) SUPERINTENDENTS OF TRIAL STATIONS. Pte RAGED son he ePhcn naar ae bia 2 wise chat e ppeettier da ee eed Owatonna rr Me Ratko Ne iv Ne Peat Ve Recast ELD Cely ce ocd Windom OM. ord, (plums: and snaall’ fruits)». 222) .o. Minnesota City Ree et Moy iiatly Capplesy so. tears natch moet aaa eee 2 bess Excelsior RMT AERIS! hte ti, Se ek ee ee ata ys Stars La Crescent Mame DON CL iSite Bcpakn eiialceevs( in ais Onna He eae Iga > Montevideo GSP eMC K SUACIEG - Li. kc waleet wie api dicta wud atcteree 2 Sauk Rapids RAMI aNtl A SOMME YMC sate). haya aoe eretage Bic agesie Osta hicks See as Viola ThAMNS a TBE 3 AAI IM ee Pe a MER at fPLRES been Pleasant Mounds PC OWLES fore not coy esa de hr yg try ein Oe paTate wore gH West Concord 4 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1902. FRUIT LIST. Clarence. Wedge Saints ore ake eta Leper pane Albert Lea Nga AIL O WS, Situs tim cya ett Seach rant nie tee afore ae Faribault Prof: S. BieGreett? so 62 2 eae oe... aT SSS Abithemyaieas SEEDLING FRUITS. QPP ALON ee atce mace tne Liane 3) eae eRe een Minnesota City IF OW.) Ramya Paitin cote anette oe es he eg eee nee ee Austin Peak Se BevGreencinsy. Ghia soe oe eee eee St. Anthony Park ORNAMENTAL LIST. Pred Nitssbautiners 2.122 sonic tee pe epee hans wegen eee St. eeu Be He Natter: oo e5..5 en eo ee ee Sess Block,” Minitedpians Ih MIG VOR tee Pie Os Le eee ee See eee een key, Montevideo NOMENCLATURE AND CATALOGUE. Glarence W edee Saye te ene eee eee oe een ee Albert Lea PHOS OMe Mom GOMl: ase gins Tele KN A iS aha St. Anthony Park Preis Ne is Elansetiy 46a eee eee toes seeks Brookings, S. D. LEGISLATURE. , Vigan lli@ey, Maat: ee AN tan ttek waracows ty, hts eater Minneapolis leslndenuroed masa otae wesc s eeine ea eras Glen etree Lake City AG IRA Bigs ae Ae AR Ls PEI Ta EO 9 GER cee Ce URIS One eee Dover NVC EP eniGeGeaste Sart, cotta te ace Sade ane np eee re Hutchinson PP anOye ne VVe- Wl pill AVIS tocte trae cp gal tay eta a atte eee St. Anthony Park PCAN he A cette eaitan | eee yes wane hoes re ate cele atte tO aage Me oe Minneapolis PUBLICATION. Profs? B: Green... 00 e eS. eee e St a a MUS Asieatet clge) EAU fo) aaeamec ie, Manns Seems oem donne ph Sale trvenncriacertaate Minneapolis NWN serbia finders ese lok, 20 ER aren cele wee ers ae ear hata Minneapolis GIDEON MEMORIAL KUND. WW yin iotes. oe) ng eae aie ee ornare Minneapolis Protigs.( Bis Gteent 215. aia 3 dae eee eee St. Anthony Park AG WW lca bhamags (esi 3. heat cle Basar Seema eaees Minneapolis PACKAGES AND MARKETING Re Ay Wire lity 2 tog Pas jpop) teksten te co alist elbe idle ee ae Eureka eva) Tometellowy ss. \isar ecu gey ste lake cutets ba petals aaa Sauce Minneapolis Wir? Widinioyer 403.50 sicracsasc! 4 Sete geese oheieuams decal ene Dresbach ANNUAL MEETING, IQOI, MINN., HORT. SOCIETY. 5 ANNUAL MEETING, 1901, MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The thirty-fifth annual session of our society was held in the lecture rooms of Plymouth Congregational Church, Minneapolis, the same place where the association met the year before. In its general features the gathering corresponded very closely to that of the previous year. Its appointments were similar, and the officers presiding were the same, and the program, as usual, covered a variety of topics, each session being confined as nearly as possible to various phases of one subject. The session differed, . however, in one respect materially from the year before, and that is in the matter of attendance. The first session of last year’s meeting found 140 present, and at the first session this year there were 225. This comparative difference continued throughout the meetings. As the gathering of the year before was the largest the society had ever held, the one just closed is also now considered the largest. With a membership of over 1,000 and the attendance at the annual meeting ranging from 200 to 300 at each session, the organization may fairly be considered very successful. The fruit exhibit filled the two rooms adjoining prepared for that purpose and made a beautiful show, the plates shown running up into the hundreds. The special feature of this exhibit was the show of seedling apples, to draw out which unusual premiums had been offered and in such a way that each variety of merit was cer- tain of securing a premium. The result of this was an exhibit of twenty varieties of early winter seedling apples and fourteen va- rieties of late winter seedling apples. Amongst them were some very handsome apples and also some of very decided, merit and value as commercial varieties. The result of this show of seedlings as apparent in the division of premiums allowed will be found in the list of premiums following this report. A number of visitors were present with us as usual, among whom may be noticed the names of: J. L. Herbst, Secretary Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, Sparta, Wis. Z. K. Jewett, Sparta, Wis. A. J. Philips, West Salem, Wis. Charles G. Patten, Charles City, Ia. C. H. True, Secretary N. E. Iowa Society, Edgewood, Ia. Dr. F. M. Powell, representing Iowa State Society, Glenwood, Iowa. Prof. N. E. Hansen, Secretary S. D, Society. All the officers of the society for 1901 were re-elected without Opposition. 6 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. In looking over the various sessions of the society, the one which seems to the writer to have been of the largest interest to those in attendance was the session Friday forenoon, covering the subject of “Commercial Orcharding.” An observer has stated, and I believe with truth, that the attendance on that occasion was the best representative horticultural audience ever gathered at a sim- ilar meeting in our state. The program, with the exception of a few of the shorter re- ports, was fully completed, and with a single exception every as-— signment on the program was ready in its place. The meeting closed with a feeling that the work of the session was most happily finished. The last hour was occupied with short speeches, two- minute talks, songs and recitals of personal experiences and anec- dotes, winding up with “Auld Lang Syne,” in which the large au- dience joined, taking hold of hands and singing together in a hearty chorus. So closed the thirty-fifth session of our society. The banquet should receive special mention, since, as usual, it stands near the head of the entertaining features of the meeting. The program was as follows: Toastmaster, Pres. W. W. Pendergast. t.” (Grace. Rev. T. E. Arcuer, Minneapolis. Brothers in affliction—the legal luminary and the tree pedlar. A. B. CHOATE, Minneapolis. ho 3. “Truth crushed to earth will rise again.” CLARENCE WepcE, Albert Lea. Was the garden of Eden really located in Minnesota? Pror. Wm. Rosertson, St. Anthony Park. Song, Roy UNDERWOOD. s 6. ’Tis better to be sinned against than sinful—The commission merchant a propitiation for the sins of many. : : Levi LoncreLLow, Minneapolis. >. The liviest thing on record—A Minnesota spring from the nurseryman:s standpoint. J. P. AnprEws, Faribault. 8. The Minnesota State Horticultural Society—We toast ourselves with becoming modesty. FRANK YAHNKE, Winona. 9. The Gopher and Badger lie down together—on occasion. { A. J. Puittes, West Salem, Wis. 10. Song. J. M. Unverwoop, Lake City. 11. The Men's Auxiliary—what we are coming to. ; G. F. Braton, Minneapolis. 12. Things horticultural and otherwise in countries not our own. ’ Rev. T. E. Arcuer, Minneapolis. 13. “In Memoriam”—a finger board pointing the way to duties unperformed. : OLIver Gipss, Prescott, Wis. The speeches being impromptu and of a character especially en- tertaining rather than horticultural, are not reproduced in our pub- lication. An orchestra furnished suitable music. That we had a good time is the testimony of every one who had an opportunity to know anything about it. 4. In search of truth Von x PREMIUMS AWARDED, ANNUAL MEETING, IQO!. Oh PREMIUMS AWARDED, ANNUAL MEETING, 1901. COLLECTION OF APPLES. Exhibitor. Premium. Amount. Jewell Nursery Co., Lake City....First.......... $6.00 J. A. Howard, Hammond. Second... ...... 4.00 Wi. Les Parker,) Marmineton, (o:.o Thirds. . siete *s WITrst. fo cose. -50 ONEETY 01510 Rae Uae oP a ee eee : SECON Gec cnc > 20 IMinimes Oe ct -ealetecnsie te ees H. H. Pond, Bloomington. MAN acca eh yates eee D. Cook, Jeffers. Charlamio tiene naire skeet ne Grundy ioe ccna olhenlceine a JUGS OMS ee ers cyotaleinagetoters tacoisraisesve fs GLOSS o:aac icicles tecoe tsa hy Pride of Minneapolis ......... Thos. Redpath, Wayzata. IPGGrless) ik cnisiats cacotles eho is END eral tee. 2 te tie eacieleiacsiotne ‘- BEN MDaAVISE aashpsattnse erie ane Wm. Oxford, Freeburg. WV UOT oe aolars totale eaters clcesteteyete M3 Northwestern Greening ...... fs se OxtondsOrancewr-eete oeeceee re) MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Varieties, Exhibitor. Premium. Amount. MAnMESO Tas ryt ce > te coche wide ele Ss W.I1,. Parker, Farmington. HIPSt: eens 50 Northwestern Greening ..... Hs BMrstaccctete 50 Wiad bre yal aer striate citeiccewtre emirates gs Hirst. eee 50 arly sStrawiPeryye cme dee sce ve oe Wirstas)) 4 ee 50 Miineinial: sens cakes oo te cs Seconda eee 25 Wal DriG ee is mccrclaian ceatacel oes ss Seronda. sue 25, MELOLSICY \ Seuan seer teste cleceim cian A. A. Day, Farmington. IDS t.... soe 50 Mellow Sweet! sicewscce oesee a Pitstecn cee 50 SOWVGLELT euts/schergestilarne weiccdemacroucinaios J. A. Howard, Hammond. ENTS eee 50 GiG@eoneas. cc srapratlaaeiccne re Ls Winstone 50 ELAS! tis coe sctomeroneiow Aah rameter ose ie Second........ 25 OME TIS iis > siete ste sot aac ere $F Birsti<.. eee 50 WC aii Tiyews Ws Recetas a BPirstiiae ue 50 Paumbss Cid eran a.cateasseeerse + Hirst... “eee 50 Beni awa Sie..ccataorisah oe eee ss Birst. 5 :.seeeee 50 IB ery TD AVAS) Tapkepitha sate aroiel ce lolo's re O. C. Meaker, Excelsior. Seconds. 25 Mellow SWeCE sania. t acecteaciocs nels J. A. Howard, Hammond. Second: iy... 25 SANIT) fees apres nb ceils wake i Furst; <)0cee 50 PATEL OTM ONES aecirsinie e's cco heros ere bee ins ty. ycsette one 50 RROUNeS ME Ip pinbeiee nee seen a Mirstncnea see 50 Beecher’s Sweets... scc0eeces os BPirstcc cae 50 Gilbernte se. Nacteck.ch. sbi a EP insts. cosa 50 IRS) 0). Sar Os COM Oe RET IGEN i Hirst=... eee 50 Rollins Meroliti cupric. qusesciis ide Hirst<: Access 50 SUE NL aK Eee ter, eA oor ee ss IDS t...cSneee 50 Charlanioy wacdeone: serena Second........ 25 IMG Mialhonsasoteo tse tow a Second: -eaeeee 25 IANA A SO ey erate ea ana Beran te Hg Seconda 25 Mannesotas sarscn secre + ceictmee seine ve Seconds. 25 RSter aie. ciency aatuibels cic raccver ch . Burst: tener 50 DUCHESS fs tiacenieniateisls te bist site seein es Second........ 25 Wintel crc eisine qene tiie te ieeite gu BTS. cee 50 Red FAstrachamganne.2 -50 PA NOTSAG Sees Sq GREATS eT ete eee ss We CCONG aa aac dae .25 PESTNUSTIN Fi cta tral aatietste se ols v8 woseddea Wie li. Parker, sPanminstons 227. irSters.s. 50 Patten’s Greening ............ ss POPP EUTS Cty Weeks st 50 Repka. IWalenkay oes ccse scone * fer VUTEC eyo iterastiets = -50 LDS ec poniee eters ea oon hawe sioierde® oe eT LESi o.s otecied .50 VP UTI EBA eae Reise leic isle cere ole chats * oe ECONO ee eee 25 SR ERULENToteet ears ee iane oce Bef oe Jo Re Cummins, SWiashburiee. ..c elESts en. ce ace 50 PREUILCTI SE, scrap nctnavsn sits wets eee be Frank Yahnke, Winona. Eee SECON Ges wae ss ay MalimanvSWeet osc. ov vane eis 53-97 Envelopes for magazine............... hey GA end oh Sis ae shes Se OS 51.70 Rishon ior pacres (An.. Meeting)... o.oo wisec eke ds ce tb sls one eee 4.50 penser ye SopETaTAS S LUMOTA Ls wali. 5 stk ow Weve em mane s eles sietok nts 12.34 (VIR. Sv Cay SUERTE RES MA Uae ed Ok ange ORR 6.15 HimMetISes (SUINMEn MICELINIO, TOG2 2.555 ales ous vas naiole d oop bie x(ray ta Sve 6 ee 11.67 STEGER CHOICE fo 50 ohare feces Ha ceinie Rhacchege Sok ew Suaasehd gi aid evr x a ape pect de 4527 MRE I OOMS TLC eS host catia Soe dseie.vey Ro aaa os PA aac t alee pata sabe 0 Ee 20.81 /ASRISTENUGS ST CHITIN ROtGs Gm So arn E Om OOM eros oo Sno ersrnarn oe 38.07 Ea eer Ate ENT Sh E irs Firs cis) SUG ATCO Bh Sith Sas whe kha cee hsl eins 4.00 $1,287.66 GENERAL FINANCIAL STATEMENT. IQOT. MotaleReCeIpisno ty OMIGORLOO Metres aiciier rete eer e) stacey cas Pep eias(outets: tinesto\ Recid-trom, Soctety: CreaSuretc,.. sacc< cts eters is aces oe $960.70 Weews:: Reed trom Society Treasurer 0200. irae os oe ile eA 326.96 Deposited in Hennepin County Savings Bank............ 540.14 $3,084.48 Total Expenditures from office in I901....:.........:.... $1,287.66 meet. Paid. to psociety+ | reastirer j2.n. Moet 5's Sere ees eee 843.65 Bale On lian Gey sewsptas sects Setomas how acl aras ea eto Ls 5 See nes 053.17 $3,084.48 . GIDEON MEMORIAL FUND. sp VS SULA MPO DTS cya s @ Roe hs PR de eS ER $99 . 00 AMO (tex endeds LONGAtE. 2 se vckiee tists wees bree bis Se al shels bee cre oa Ooo 10.03 Even Tie agned sece Ue conic erica sets Ce Nieman cus h ib octsys Met uals: soe) eave ays $88 . 97 I shall not weary you with references to the largeness of the horticultural developments in our state during the past year or the most encouraging prospects which are before you; these things will be touched upon at length undoubtedly by other officers of the ie) MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. society, and in the main are well known to the members of the organization. We have doubtless every reason to be encouraged with the outlook in the work of the association, and shall be able from the advanced position we occupy to increase in a large degree, no doubt, the efficiency of our work in the future. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1901. 1900. DecsnAl IQOI. Beby 920: itinewe2o: Sepia: 1900. IDee, sf 3 ey Te 10. II. IQOI. March 1. une we. 20. Sept. I Deca 2 A, B. LYMAN, EXCELSIOR. Receipts. Balancexonviiand samen seen nr eee es A. W. Latham, Receipts of Secretary’s office, Jigiors ALeielin wo IDIEeH yale Wolelo)s Jago bobo sec eoa on Melo State Treasurer, semi-annual allowance....: 750. A. W. Latham, Receipts of office from Dec. Pe NOOO toy Neu IKOy Iholing Goo adouscoe uu. 843 State Treasurer, semi-annual allowance..... 750. Disbursements. Order No. 87, Exp. Secy. office from June Z2O:tOy DEC: ' 35) TOGO Many. sever enteled lane Crum $363. Order No. 88, Secy. Salary 4th qr., I900.... 225. Order No. 89, Premiums winter meeting, 1900 IIo. Order No. go, H. M. Lyman, Treas., Salary Order Nowor Je Sa blanch xspakexse boarder eaiSe: Order No. 92, G. W. Beach, Rent Congrega- tional Church for Annual Meeting........ 60. Order No. 93, A. W. Latham, Salary Ist. qr. 510.0] CEM RIES Pa ERNE bares mI oe Nah ie 225 Order No. 94, A. W. Latham, Salary 2d qr. DOOM page Veta ae sitet ea a ele ceutaerepoetenns eee 225. Order No. 95, Exp. Secy. office from Dec. 3, TOGO) LOM) UNE TOM TOOIA es ae eR Terra 960. Order No. 96, Secy. Salary 3d qr. 1901..... 225. Premiums summer meeting, IQOI............ 78. Balancevonmlhanmdhacrten tie wren eased teers 959. $3,473. .65 00 oOo -00 $762.44 $2,710.70 $3,473-14 LIST OF FRUITS. 19 LIST OF FRUITS. Adopted by the Minnesota State Horticultural Society, Dec. 6, 1901, for the guidance of planters in Minnesota: APPLES. Of the first degree of hardiness for planting in Minnesota: Duchess, Hibernal, Charlamoff, Patten’s Greening. Of the second degree of hardiness: Wealthy, Longfield, Te- tofsky, Malinda. Varieties for trial: Okabena, Peerless, Repka Malenka, An- isim, Yellow Sweet, Kaump, Brett, Blushed Calville, Northwest- ern Greening, McMahon, Wolf River, Yellow Transparent. CRABS AND HYBRIDS. Best for general cultivation: Virginia, Martha, Whitney, Early Strawberry, Minnesota, Sweet Russet, Gideon No. 6, Brier Sweet. Varieties for trial: Dartt, Pride of Minneapolis, Crampton’s No. 3, Lyman’s Prolific, Faribault. PLUMS. Best for general cultivation: DeSoto, Forest Garden, Weaver, Cheney, Wolf, Rollingstone, Wyant, Surprise. Most promising varieties for trial: Ocheeda, New Ulm, Stod- dard, Mankato, Aitkin, Brittlewood. GRAPES. In order of their ripening: Moore’s Early, Worden, Janesville, Brighton, Delaware, Agawam, Concord. RASPBERRIES. Red varieties: Turner, Marlborough, Cuthbert, Brandywine, Loudon, King. Black and purple varieties: Ohio, Palmer, Nemaha, Gregg, Schaffer, Older, Souhegan, Columbian, Kansas, BLACKBERRIES. Ancient Briton, Snyder, Badger. CURRANTS. Red Dutch, White Grape, Victoria, Stewart, Long Bunch Hol- land, North Star. GOOSEBERRIES. Houghton, Downing, Champion. 20 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. STRAWBERRIES. Pistillate: Crescent, Warfield, Haverland. is Pega Bederwood, Enhance, Lovett, Splendid, Mary, yde. . ; NATIVE FRUITS. R Valuable for trial: Dwarf Juneberry, Sand Cherry, Buffalo erry. DISCUSSION. Mr. R. H. L. Jewett: The report specifies “first degree of hardiness” and “second degree of hardiness.” Is that the only requisite? If that is so there are some other trees left out. Why ees Peerless left out of the first and second list and put in for - trial: Mr. Clarence Wedge: The Peerless is not disparaged at all by the committee as to its hardiness, but it is put in with others of a similar degree for trial on the trial list. It has no stigma of lack of hardiness. Mr. O. F. Brand: I would like to inquire of the committee why the Patten’s Greening is on the first list and the Peerless left off. The Patten’s Greening has never passed through a trial winter as a fruiting tree in this state. There was only one tree outside the state, and that was not a bearing tree, in 1884. I do not know any- thing about the Patten’s Greening in the state, but I do know some- thing about the Peerless, because the original tree had borne nine bushels of apples in 1884, the year before the hard winter, and in 1886 it had eleven bushels. In 1884, the Patten’s Greening had never borne more than two bushels of fruit, taking Mr. Pat- ten’s word for it. It has only a few leaves on it, and you can see every apple on the tree, and it makes a great showing of fruit; but the Peerless has many leaves and hides its fruit, and it looks as though there were but a few apples on the tree. I think this com- mittee is doing an injustice in keeping out varieties like the Peer- less and Okabena from the first list and putting them in the trial list, varieties that have beeen planted as long and extensively as _ they have. Prof. Green: We discussed very carefully this year the mat- ter of putting the Peerless and Okabena on the list of first degree of hardiness. Mr. Brand asks why the Patten’s Greening was put on. It was put on two years ago because in the opinion of the com- mittee and in the opinion of the society it had proved hardy enough to warrant it. The reason why the Peerless and Okabena were not put on this year was simply because the committee did not want them to be in the segond list, and they were not quite ready to put them on the first list. The second list is of “the second degree of hardiness,” and we felt it was better for those two apples to stay where they are, and for next year the committee proposed this: that instead of having our fruit list made up as it is now, which I do not like, to take up those varieties one by one and give a dissertation of LIST OF FRUITS. 21 each one, stating its merits. We did not feel that there was time to do it this year and have the society go over the list carefully. We had seen enough in our own minds, and while we felt that the Oka- bena and Peerless did not have as good a position as they ought to have we did not feel like putting them on the second degree of hardiness list, and we did not have time to carry out the idea sug- gested. We agreed to give them a better place next year. Mr. O. F. Brand: I would very much like to have the commit- tee add those few words to the report, that the Peerless and Oka- bena do not occupy the position they merit. Prof. Green: I would not want to put it in just those words. I think we should be willing to state that the Peerless and Oka- bena have been so well tried that they should have a better position than on the trial list. Mr. R. H. L. Jewett: I know of other trees that have died when the Peerless has come through without a bud being in- jured. I thought the question of hardiness was the main question, as indicated by the report of the committee. Mr. Clarence Wedge: It seems to me this is all going in in a very good form, as our reporter has taken down the whole dis- cussion. The idea is to keep that list clean with as little comment as possible, and another year we propose to put a little more time upon it, and at that time we will endeavor to give the Peerless everything that it deserves in every way. Mr. Wyman Elliot: I think if we attempt to take up each va- riety by itself and discuss it we will not get through with the fruit list this afternoon. I think it is a very good and satisfactory list. I can criticize some things, but I am willing to forego that and accept the list as it is. Late Strawberries for Home Use.—Geneva March, Jowa.—The strawberry season may in a great measure be prolonged by uncover- ing at different periods and having the latest varieties planted on a northern slope. But there is yet another way. Take a bed that has ‘borne fruit early, and before all the small berries are off, mow the vines and let them lay about three days, then burn the patch over. In a few weeks it should be green again with the fresh sprouts, and then due attention should be given to fertilizing and watering. The plants must be kept growing from the start. In about two months, or about Sept. 1, the second crop may be picked. It will not be so plentiful as the first, but of good quality. It may be necessary to cover the vines with canvas if early frost threatens—Orange Judd Farmer. 22 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PACKAGES AND MARKETING. (Adopted at Annual Meeting, 1901, Minnesota State Horticultural Society.) Your committee met with a like committee from the commis- sion merchants of the city, consisting of Messrs. Palmer, Collins, and Gamble. We unite in recommending the sixteen quart berry crate filled with quart boxes for plums such as DeSoto, Rollingstone, Forest Garden and varieties of similar size; the California plum package for Surprise, Hawkeye, Stoddard and similar large sizes, which latter should be carefully picked, packed and faced. The commission men are not favorably disposed toward a bushel crate or box for apples for the Minneapolis market and ad- jacent territory—except possibly in seasons of great scarcity. We recommend the use of new barrels of standard size for all apples. When filled these should be faced at each end and honestly packed with sound, smooth, uniform fruit. Unsound fruit and culls are practically worthless on any market. Red crab apples, such as Hyslop and varieties of similar sea- son, size and color, are always in demand at good prices, with the supply decreasing while the demand is on the increase. Crab apples should be double faced. Duchess sell and handle best when of about full size and but par- tially colored, and will net the grower more money at that size than a crop of fully matured fruit sent to any distant market, especially in seasons of abundance. The Wealthy apple commands the best price of any Minnesota apple and is always in demand. Sugar barrels, boxes and other second-hand packages are dear at any price when compared with new, clean apple barrels. The bushel basket with board covers, which will cost about 15 cents each in quantities, makes a very desirable package ,for apples shipped to a country trade. Tomatoes and other perishable vegetables afford no profit to the grower when shipped to the Twin City markets. Clarence Wedge, Chairman. Dewain Cook. A. K. Bush. Wyman Elliot. ANNUAL MEETING, MINN. STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 23 ANNUAL MEETING, 1901, MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. G. W. STRAND, SECRETARY. The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the Minnesota State For- estry Association was held in Minneapolis Thursday afternoon, Dec. 5, 1901, in joint session with the Horticultural Society. There was a large attendance, and more interest was manifested than for some time past, which was indeed an encouragement to those inter- ested in forestry matters. Pres. C. M. Loring called the meeting to order, and spoke briefly on forest destruction and its consequences, and of the oppor- tunity Minnesota now offered if the government could be prevailed upon to act and place the forest areas still in its power under a practical forestry system. Following this, a resolution was intro- duced and adopted, petitioning our congressmen to look into this matter. “The Present Status of the Park Question” was ably given by Mrs. Florence Bramhall, of St. Paul, showing that she had and was giving the subject much thoughtful study. Prof. S. B. Green spoke in favor of the establishment of “A Special Course in Forestry in the University,” which he demon- strated the necessity of, and believed it would be instituted in the near future. The secretary’s report showed that owing to lack of funds not much work had been attempted or accomplished by the association during the year; but that it was still in position to and could be of great service in aiding to obtain the establishment of a rational system of forestry for the state, even as a voluntary organ- ization. A committee of three was appointed to draft suitable resolu- tions as a mark of respect and tribute to the memory of our for- mer co-workers, the late Capt. J. N. Cross and John S. Harris. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, Chas. M. Loring, Minneapolis; Secretary and Treas- urer, Geo. W. Strand, Taylors Falls; Vice-Presidents—rst Dis- trict, Wm. Somerville, Viola; 2d District, C. E. Older, Luverne; 3d District, O. F. Brand, Faribault; 4th District, W. P. Allen, St. Paul; 5th District, S. M. Owen, Minneapolis; 6th District, Asa Paine, Carlton; 7th District, O. A. Th. Solem, Halstad; Ex- ecutive Committee—Wyman Elliot, Minneapolis; A. W. Latham, Minneapolis; Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park; Prof. F. iy Tucker, St. Anthony Park; D. T. Wheaton, Morris. 24 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL. SOCIETY. PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS, MINNESOTA STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. C. M. LORING, PRESIDENT. Gentlemen of the State Forestry Association :— It is little more than forty years since Minnesota was admit- ted to the sisterhood of states, and then the population was less than that of the city now clustered around its largest waterfall. The inheritance which came to this people was one so rich that its value could hardly be appreciated. In area it was larger than that of the six New England states, and equal to that of England and Scotland combined, embracing fertile prairies, grand rivers, beautiful clear water lakes surrounded with groves of hardwood timber, and at the head of the waters of the great river which extends to the ocean, and along its tributaries, forests of pine and other valuable timber which seemed so vast as to be inexhaust- ible. The value of these rich possessions soon attracted to the state emigrants from various sections of our own and other coun- tries, and along with the development of our agricultural and man- ufacturing resources, as is usual in all countries, the destruction of the grand forests began in the most reckless and profligate man- ner, continuing until the present day; and now, in alarm at the inevitable result of this wanton destruction, thoughtful citizens are striving for ways and means to avert the disaster which has be- fallen other peoples through the same scurce. Citizens of other countries and other states have witnessed their streams run dry, lands that were once fertile become arid plains through floods at one season and lack of moisture at others, and efforts which have met with a very small degree of success made to reforest the de- nuded territory. Is it not better for us to preserve and econom- ically use what little timber we have left than to wait until it is all gone and then endeavor to grow more? Our national and state governments have permitted the destruc- tion of our valuable forests to go on, notwithstanding the knowl- edge of the experience of older countries and older states, and the necessity for their preservation for the protection of our agricul- tural interests, the foundation of every nation’s prosperity. Prof. Cleveland, in his work on Forest Planting, quotes the fol- lowing from Marsh’s “Morn and Nature;” “Sir John Herschel enumerates among the influences unfavorable to rain, absence of vegetation, especially: of trees, saying: ‘This is no doubt one of the reasons for the extreme aridity of Spain. The hatred of a Spaniard toward a tree is proverbial. Many districts of France PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS. 25 have been materially injured by denudation; and on the other hand, rain has become more frequent in Egypt since the more vigorous cultivation of the palm trees.’ ” Barth says on the same subject: ‘“The ground in the forest, as well as the atmospheric stratum over it, continues humid after the woodless districts have lost their moisture; and the air charged with the humidity drawn from them is usually carried away by the winds before it has deposited itself in a condensed form on the earth. Trees constantly transpire through their leaves a great quantity of moisture, which is partly absorbed again by the same organs, while the greater part of their supply is pumped up through their widely ramifying roots from considerable depths in the ground. Thus a constant evaporation 1s produced which keeps the forest atmosphere moist even in long drouths, when all other sources of humidity in the forest itself are dried up.” Another author says: ‘The rainless territories in Peru and North Africa establish this conclusion, and numerous other ex- amples show that woods exert an influence in producing rain, and that rain fails where they are wanting—for many countries have by the destruction of the forests been deprived of rain, moist- ure, springs and watercourses, which are necessary for vegetable growth. In Palestine and many other parts of Asia and North- ern Africa, which in ancient times were the granaries of Europe, fertile and populous, similar consequences have been experienced.” Savignat arrives at this conclusion: “Forests on the one hand diminish evaporation; on the other they act on the refrigerating causes. The second scale of the balance predominates over the other, for it is established that in wooded countries it rains oftener. and that, the quantity of rain being equal, they are more humid.” Boussingault, after examining this question with much care, remarks: “In my judgment it is settled that very large clearings must diminish the annual fall of rain in a country.” ‘ Some writers dispute the assertion that the total annual quantity of rain is increased or diminished by the destruction of the woods, but a very large majority strongly affirm that the rainfall is greater in wooded than in open countries. None dispute the fact that forests act as a reservoir and cause an even distribution of the water, thereby preventing floods and droughts. The following passage occurs in a report to the legislature of Massachusetts in 1846: “The importance of forests as furnishing material for shipbuild- -ing and numerous other arts is so obvious that it must occur to / 26 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. every one; and yet there is danger that in. many places, from false motives of immediate economy, no provision be made for the wants of future generations.” Notwithstanding this warning, made public through the leg- islature of one of the states, the general government contintied permittmg speculators to get possession of its valuable timber lands at nominal prices, knowing full well that they were taken for the sole purpose of denuding them of their forest growth. It is fifty-five years since that warning was sounded, and it is within that period that the states of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota have been robbed of the timber which should have been held by the government for the use of the people. We of course realize that there could not have been that material devel- opment of the country we have witnessed within the past half century were it not for the timber which has been worked into so many forms for our use and comfort, but had there been greater care exercised in cutting and the young growth protected the man- ufacturers of Ohio and Indiana would not now be importing hard- wood lumber, and the states of Michigan and Wisconsin would not have so many idle mills and deserted towns. We have examples in this, and in European countries, of for- est protection and economical disposition of timber by govern- ments and individuals. There are farms in many states having “woodlots” which for a hundred years or more have been a con- stant source of supply to their owners, and yet there is no appa- rent diminution in the quantity of standing timber. There is no doubt that timber can be profitably cultivated on lands unsuited for agricultural purposes, but this requires years of care. Never in the history of the world was there such a demand for lumber of all kinds as now, and this demand is constantly increas- ing, while the supply is steadily decreasing. The largest demand for any one purpose is that for the manufacture of wood boxes or packing cases, which is almost double that for buildings. It is plain to see the inevitable end if something is not done to protect the forests we have left and to. reforest the denuded ands. The state of New York sold its lands in the Adirondacks at prices ranging from eight to fifteen cents per acre, and is now re- purchasing it, after the valuable timber has been removed, at one to one and a half dollars per acre, for a forest reserve. Pennsyl- vania also has awakened to the necessity of preserving the forests, and has created a “Forest Commission,’ which has already pur- chased several thousands of acres for the same purpose. Our own PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS. 2] state is, in a small way, trying to save our timber from destruction by fire, but our legislators and representatives in Congress do not seem to realize the greater danger which threatens us through the present method of cutting it, or to understand the magnitude of the question. But, thank God, we have a president who does, and through his influence we may succeed in securing legislation that will stop the destruction of our valuable heritage. In his message he treats of this subject so forcibly and concisely that this address cannot close more fittingly than with the following quota- tion, which furnishes another proof of our chief executive’s com- mon sense and justice: “Public opinion throughout the United States has moved stead- ily toward: a just appreciation of the value of forests, whether planted or of natural growth. The great part played by them in the creation and maintenance of the national wealth is now more fully realized than ever before.” “Wise forest protection does not mean the withdrawal of forest resources, whether of wood, water or grass, from contributing their full share to the welfare of the people, but, on the contrary, gives the assurance of larger and more certain supplies. The fun- damental idea of forestry is the perpetuation of forests by use. Forest protection is not an end of itself; it is a means to increase and sustain the resources of our country and the industries which depend upon them. The preservation of our forests is an imper- ative business necessity. We have come to see clearly that what- ever destroys our forests, except to make way for agriculture, threatens our well-being.” * * * * * 2 * * x * “The forest reserves should be set apart forever for the use and benefit of our people as a whole, and not sacrificed to the short-sighted greed of a few.” Don’t Cultivate Too Deep.—Experiments at several experiment stations have shown that too deep cultivation is injurious to corn. The first cultivation should be rather deep, but during subsequent workings the ground should be stirred as little as possible. Simply pulverize the crust and kill the weeds. The roots of the corn extend laterally but a few inches beneath the surface, and when the culti- vator shovels expose or tear through them, injury is done the plant. The object of cultivation should always be kept in view: To estab- lish and maintain a dust or soil mulch and to kill the weeds that would rob the corn plants of food and moisture. 28 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL MEETING, 1901, IOWA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A. W. LATHAM, DELEGATE. The writer had the pleasure of attending the annual meeting of the Iowa society, in the capacity of a representative of this asso- ciation, the regularly appointed delegate being unable to go. It was a pleasure especially appreciated on account of the fact that this is the first meeting of a state society, other than our own, at which he has been present. Going down Tuesday, Dec. toth, I was in attendance at the meetings of the r1th and 12th inst. The 13th inst. is included in the program, but was occupied by the busi- ness meeting of the board of directors. The program on Tuesday contained cne paper on the subject of apples which I was sorry to have missed, as it was really the only paper having reference to apple culture in the program, and this was a source of regret to me, as I was in hopes to get much information in regard to Iowa orcharding. A part of Tuesday was taken up, I understand, in considering the organization of a “Park and Forestry Association,’ which organization was perfected Wednesday morning. The special work of that association is largely included in the work which our own society is itself doing; forestry as we understand it in Minnesota being the care and renovation of forests instead of planting new forests, which would especially interest our neighbor state. Headquarters for those in attendance at the meeting was at the Kirkwood Hotel, in the heart of the business district, and one mile from the State Capitol, in which the meetings of the society were held. The society has very elegant quarters in the Capitol building. For an office, the room is large, being, I should estimate, some twenty-five feet wide by forty feet long, and proportionately high, although the proportions are so good that the office does not seem very large. The room is richly ornamented and provided with handsome cabinets around the walls containing a fine society library, wax models of fruit and vegetabies, some cases of insects, etc. Besides the wall cabinets, there are a number of table cabinets containing wax models of apples also. The room when used as an office must be very pleasant and companionable, and one of which the society may well be proud. A very creditable show of late keeping apples was spread in the corridors of the basement, perhaps 300 plates, although this is simply an estimate. I noticed very few of our favorite apple, the Wealthy, there, but a good show of Jonathans and a number ANNUAL MEETING, IOWA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 29 of varieties of northwestern origin. There was no special exhibit of seedlings that I noticed, though much attention is being paid to seedlings, I judge, as the society is doing considerable systematic work in connection with its trial stations in the way of making crosses in the fruit blossom, and is working on a regular plan of operation in connection with this hybridizing. It is yet too early, I judge from a report made by Mr. Patten on this subject, to fore- shadow results, but this is evidently a rich field in which to exper- iment. The State Agricultural College was very largely represented in the program. The State Entomologist, Prof. H. E. Summers; pro- fessor of horticulture, Homer C. Price; and his assistants E. E. Lit- tle and A. T. Erwin; Prof. L. H. Pammel, the botanist; president of the college, W. M. Beardshear; the chemist, Prof. J. B. Weems; and five ladies from the college as follows: Miss Charlotte M. King, Miss Mary A. Sabin, Miss A. Estella Paddock, Miss M. Ethelda Morrison and Miss Addie L. Knight, whose official rela- tions to the school I did not know and could not find on the pro- gram, with the exception noted later. The assistance of these trained minds, as you would infer, added very much to the strength and interest of the program. About fifty were in attendance at the meeting on Wednesday forenoon. At other sessions the num- ber varied from fifty to eighty-five, which latter figure was ap- proximately the capacity of the room. M. J. Wragg, the president, makes an excellent presiding off- cer with his hearty way of speaking, and carries the meeting along very: pleasantly. The secretary evidently had a very well-sus- tained plan for the meeting, and I judge him to be a very satisfac- tory officer. It is a very good test of this to say that the Executive Board at their annual session advanced his salary from $800 to $1,200 a year. He gave a very interesting talk, accompanied by charts, on the subject of the comparative rain supply and forest tree growth, with the conclusion that Iowa is hardly a natural forest country, as the statistics showed the rainfall to be too light. I heard a similar view expressed by another speaker before the meeting, but in conversation with the members, I doubt if that view generally holds with the society. I had opportunity to make a few notes as anything especially striking suggested itself to me, though in the cases of a number of the papers the topics were of such a general character that it re- quired more space than I could give to them to try to bring away the pleasant and interesting things that were said. I will give briefly here a few of the memoranda taken: \ 30 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Prof. Emerson, of Nebraska, spoke of the inadequacy of irri- gation to supply sufficient moisture needed during the time of the blowing of their dry, south winds, carrying the inference that a shelter of some kind from the force of these winds was necessary to supplement the water of the irrigating ditch. This is a valuable point for the Minnesota horticulturist to remember also. Mr. W. A. Burnap presented the subject of organizing local societies, and his conclusion was similar to that at which we have arrived, that local and neighborhood societies organized on a social plan are most likely to succeed, and result in longest life. Silas Wilson, in a report as a delegate of the Missouri annual meeting, spoke of the great apple display there, and I was pleased to hear him say, as a gist of a long consideration of the subject, that they recommended the cultivation of orchards. Dr. F. M. Powell, who was the delegate from the Iowa Society to our own state meeting, made a report of his observations here, and said as many pleasant things of the Minnesota Society as we could wish. He spoke especially of the “Women’s Auxiliary” meeting, and the interest manifested in cur gatherings, as. well as the large attendance. Prof. Little read a paper on tomato culture which was very practical. I noticed that he suggested that the grower should save his own seed from selected specimens in order to improve the variety, as well as increase its earliness. In reply to an inquiry, he said that the best tomato at the station was the “Best of All.” Tomatoes in field culture yield from 100 to 500 bushels per acre. Dr. Powell read a paper on the subject of school gardens sim- ilar to the one read at the Minnesota meeting, which will appear later in our monthly. In discussing the paper Prof. Pammel said that “nature study was run into the ground” by lack of training of the teachers, and he strenuously advocated the study of botany in our public schools and taking the scholars into the woods and fields to make them familiar with the common things. Prof. N. E. Hansen thought that in addition the study should be made practical in the way of teaching the scholars how to bud and graft, and to do other similar common things connected with horticultural work. Secretary Barnes, of the Kansas Society, advocated the set- ting apart of five acres for school grounds, to be used in connection with practical educational work. Miss Sabin, Prof. of Domestic Economy at Ames, gave us a talk on matters connected with analysis of fruits and vegetables, illus- ANNUAL MEETING, IOWA STATE HORT. SOCIETY, 31 trated with bottles containing proper proportions of the elements found in a number of different articles of food, which assisted in fixing the thought presented. Without stopping to say why, I simply note that she said that potatoes should be cooked with their jackets on, and that breakfast foods are often under- cooked—that is, not cooked until the starch is done. Charles G. Patten presented his report as delegate to the Amer- ican Pomological Society. I note he pointedly condemned the new organization created there, called the Hybridizers’ Congress, and intended to do a part of the work which in his judgment should be done in connection with the Pomological Society. Mr. A. F. Parsons read a paper on “Horticulture in the Ideal School,” which, as its title indicates, was somewhat in the ideal region. These schools must be in the center of a large enough territory so that they may be divided into departments. The teach- ing must be done as far as possible in connection with the illustra- tion of actual things and the practical things of every-day life. There should be experiment and model grounds on a suitable scale. Mr. Parsons presented a very complete picture of how the thing should be done, and I found it a pleasing one. Prof. Price spoke of the educational and experiment work of the Agricultural College, and said that there are no short courses at that school; all the students are four-year students. There are seventy-five in the first year course this year. For ladies there are special classes in floral culture and home decoration. In experiment work he said that the sand cherry used as a plum stock was not especially encouraging. For a cover crop in the nursery and fruit garden he recommended first oats, which even as a heavy covering was found to be sufficiently decayed to be out of the way of spring cultivation. He made a plea for an appro- priation of $25,000 for the experiment station, $5,000 of which should be for horticulture, especially in connection with plant- breeding work to develop good apples and experiments in cold storage. There was so much interesting matter in this report that the writer finds it impossible to cite all of it. Mr. F. W. Taylor, lately in charge of the horticultural depart- ment at the Buffalo Exposition, was before the meeting. He is to have the same department at the St. Louis World’s Fair. He spoke of the probability of horticulture occupying a part of the agricultural building to be erected there, containing thirty-six acres and to be the largest building of its kind in the world. Con- siderable sentiment developed in favor of a separate building for 32 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. horticulture, but did not materialize in the shape of a protest at the last. The secretary in his report recommended a law to regulate the sale of nursery stock, and evidently the Iowa people are going through something the same experience that we have in Minne- sota over this problem. We hope they may find a legal way to right some of the objectionable features of the present method of disposing of nursery stock. P, F. Kinne talked of “Timber and the Windbreak.” He placed green ash first as of most value, and recommended planting 4 by 4 feet, 2,700 trees to the acre, mixing in other varieties however, to be thinned out within ten years for fuel. Such a growth would attain a height of thirty-five feet in seventeen years. In the dis- cussion it developed that the catalpa and red cedar are not always found hardy in Iowa, and those experienced in the matter recom- mended getting seed from the north. Silas Wilson, in a paper on “Renewing the Vineyards,” recom- mended planting vines of the Concord group, in holes two feet wide, dug in the bottom of deep furrows, to get the roots well down for winter protection. Mr. Wilson urged re-planting of vine- yards killed in 1898 and 1899. A use for grapes of special value, the making of unfermented wine, was referred to, and Mr. G. B. Brackett, the U.S. Pomologist, stated that in its manufacture grape juice should not be heated above 160 degrees, heating to the boil- ing point killing the quality. Seasonable notes by J. R. Sage, director of the Iowa Weather Service, contained the important fact that in the late drought less suffering was experienced in the lee of a grove or hill under clean culture and in fields that were under-drained with tile. Time here forbids enlarging on the above vitally important facts. W. M. Bomberger, in a paper on forestry and orcharding, stated that fruits succeeded better surrounded by a belt of evergreen, evidently laying considerable stress on the fact of their resinous qualities, their nearness also being a source of production to the orchard. He recommended planting of fruit trees and evergreens in alternate rows. Peach growing in central Iowa is becoming a financial suc- cess on the part of the few who are giving it attention. A paper by M. J. Graham suggested cutting young peach trees back to two feet when planted, and planting in the fall and covering with earth; the next fall cutting back, and cutting back each fall after fruit- ing. Much was said about varieties, but my notes on this point ANNUAL MEETING, IOWA STATE HORT. SOCIETY. 33 e are quite obscure. The planting of the seed of what are called the “persistent seedlings” was recommended by some, as not requir- ing grafting to secure good fruits. Dean’s Orange was given as the name of one of these persistent varieties that was successful. Mr. M. K. Fluke, of Davenport, spoke of the pecan nut tree found growing wild along the Mississippi river to some distance north of Davenport. .Trees grown from seed taken there were growing thriftily in northern Iowa. He recommended them for shade trees, as well as for fruit. Your delegate was most hospitably entertained, being made an honorary member immediately upon entering the meeting, and receiving the kindest of courtesies. “How we do it in Minne- sota?”’ was one of the questions asked him, and was answered with due modesty. The interest of the meeting was very much increased by the presence of Prof. R. A. Emerson, professor of horticulture at Lincoln, Neb., Prof. N. E. Hansen, whom we all know as the hor- ticulturist at the South Dakota Agricultural College, Secretary W. H. Barnes of the Kansas Horticultural Society, G. B. Brack- ett, U. S. Pomologist, who spent a day at the meeting, and D. C. Converse, of Ft. Atkinson, Wis., representing the Wisconsin State Society, whose acquaintance it was my sincere pleasure to renew. The Iowa society is a very successful institution, and is stead- ily developing along a certain line in methods of its own which are giving valuable results, and from which very much may be looked for in the future. We extend to them cur heartiest greetings in their laudable efforts. Failure of the Stringfellow Method.—The experiment of H. M. Stringfellow, of Texas, of cutting off the roots and setting the stub in a hole driven by a bar, has proved a failure. Most of the trees have died from one cause or another, and less than 300 are left from 1,000 set in February, 1900. Owing to lack of side roots there was nothing to anchor the trees and the wind soon loosened them. The ground, not being plowed or put in good tillage condition, soon dried out, and with the extreme dry weather following the trees soon be- gan to die. Hereafter Mr. Stringfellow will leave more top root and some side roots in setting, but will still continue a closer system -of pruning than most practical horticulturists believe wise —Orange Judd Farmer. 34 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. SEEDLING PLUMS. PROF, E. S. GOFF, MADISON, WIS. (Wisconsin Horticulturist.) What is a seedling plum? That all my readers may understand what we mean by “seedling plum,” I explain that a seedling plum tree is one that grew from a plum pit instead of from a graft or a bud, as the nursery plum trees are commonly grown. ‘The important difference between a seedling plum tree and a plum tree grown from a graft or a bud is that the seedling tree will not often be of the same variety as its parent, while the tree grown from the graft or bud will be, with rare exceptions, practically of the same variety as the one from which the graft or bud was taken. Since the seed- ling is generally different from its parent, it has a chance of being better than its parent, and this is why it is important to grow seed- lings. By saving the very best of our seedling native plum trees and growing seedlings again from these, we will certainly be able to improve this fruit. Our chances of being able to improve our native plums are greater than they would be of improving the European or the Japanese plums, because our native plums have but recently been introduced to culture; hence, their improvement may be said to have only just commenced. From what varieties should we select our seed? This is an im- portant part of our subject. Our native plums—especially of the American class—need improving in tree as*much as in fruit, and we can no longer afford to work toward better fruit only. The desirable qualities of our native plums will occur to all who are much acquainted with them. 1 would rate these in nearly the order named, beginning with uniform productiveness, following with size and quality of fruit, vigor and strength of tree, health of foliage, color and keeping quality of fruit, thinness of skin, size of stone, etc. The variety, be it named or not, that possesses the largest number of desirable points and the fewest undesirable ones, is the best one from which to save seed. We can hardly exercise too much care in choosing our parent variety. . The most promising field for improving the native plum is doubt- less through hybridization of different species. The Americana and Chicasaw species cross freely and so do the Americana and the Triflora, or Japanese, species. An excellent way to secure hybrids in large numbers, with very little trouble, would be to plant groups of the two species it is desired to cross at a distance from all other plums and then to save and plant all of the pits from these groups. If the trees of the two species are in bloom at the same time, the pits will produce a large proportion of hybrid trees. Our SEEDLING PLUMS. . 35 native plums are infertile to their own pollen, and if we plant only two varieties in each group, the plums that grow on the native trees, at least, will be hybridized. How shall we grow seedlings? After making several trials, we have had best success by packing the pits from the ripe fruit in a box or barrel with plenty of moist sand, placing the receptacle in a cool cellar until winter and then setting it out doors in a place that is sheltered from the sun, leaving it there until spring. Very early in the spring sow the seeds thickly, about one-half inch deep, in well prepared loam, in rows three and one-half feet apart, and cover the planted rows with fence boards to prevent washing and keep gophers away. As soon as the seed leaves begin to appear above ground remove the boards. No further attention is needed until autumn except to keep the ground well cultivated and free from weeds. It is well to take up the plants late in autumn and bury them in the ground in a well-drained place. This insures protection from mice, rabbits and from heaving of the ground. Whether they are taken up in the fall or not, they should be transplanted the next spring, either to their permanent place or in other nursery rows, where they are given more room. ; We have had seedling plum trees bear well the third season from the pit, but as a rule they will not bear much until the fourth year, and some will not bear until the fifth year. Does it pay to grow seedling plums? From our experience the fruit from seedlings from the best named varieties will average better in size, quality and quantity than that from named varieties taken as they run. The seedling trees are also less expensive, while the chances of securing an improved variety give an added interest to the work. Judging from our experience, an orchard of seed- ling plums, grown from the choicest varieties only and given the best care, will prove a profitable investment from the market value of the fruit produced. Of course, an orchard of the choicest named varieties, planted after testing them on the ground, would prove much more profitable than the seedling orchard. In conclusion, I would remind you that the progress we may hope to make in improving the native plum will depend chiefly upon the number that are engaged in the work. This work should not all be left to the experiment stations. It is doubtless true that the largest number of improved varieties of fruit have come from the efforts of amateurs. We have but one experiment station, but we have thousands of farms that can and should grow plums. I am glad that some premiums have been offered in our society and at our state fair for the best seedling plums, and I hope these may aid in awakening an interest in this important subject. 30 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. WHAT IS THE BEST APPLE FOR MINNESOTA? E. H. S. DARTT, OWATONNA. Editor of Horticulturist: It is very essential that the people of our state should have a correct answer to this question. A great many have decided er- roneously, I think, that the Wealthy apple is the best. That is be- cause they do not know about the Peter. I have Mr. Gideon’s catalogue of 1887, and the following is a copy of what he says about the Peter apple: “We take pleasure in calling the attention of all lovers of fine fruit to what we consider the best apple ever grown. Origin, Wealthy seed, and in form, size and color an exact duplicate of the parent, but differing in flavor and season, keeping from four to six weeks longer. It is what after testing Col. John H. Stevens pro- nounced the best apple ever introduced since Adam and Eve left the Garden of Eden. The fruit adheres well to the tree, and in tree is a little hardier than Duchess or Wealthy; yet we would not recommend it as far north as some of our extra hardies, though it stood top-grafted 1884-5 where it made four feet of growth and bore apples the following season near by the Wealthy and some of the most hardy Russians that failed to bear an apple, though of longer standing and having borne fruit in previous years. At the Iowa State Fair in 1886 the Peter apple was pronounced by the judges to be superior to the Wealthy in every respect.” Mr. Gideon sold the Peter and several other new seedlings to Bardwell and Haviland, of Fort Dodge, Iowa. These gentlemen kindly donated a liberal supply of scions for trial on the Owatonna Tree Station. It has received a very thorough and extended trial and is certainly of great prospective value. On account of the similarity between the Wealthy and the Peter, it is likely that the two varieties have become badly mixed. The trouble of distinguishing between the two is perhaps the rea- son why our society classes both varieties as Wealthy. It is cer- tainly too bad that the best apple in the state should not appear on our fruit list. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON OBITUARIES. 37 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON OBITUARIES. LYCURGUS R. MOYER, CHAIRMAN. Since last we met death has come very near to us, and has taken from our midst some of our best and most loved members. _ While our last meeting was in session came the announcement of the death of the eminent landscape architect, H. W. S. Cleve- land, a life member of this society. He has left an endearing memorial of his work in the Minneapolis public parks, and in plan- ning the grounds of the School of Agriculture. Soon afterward another life member, William Mackintosh, passed away, full of years and honors. Then we were obliged to chronicle the death of another faith- ful member in the loss of Mr. R. H. Buttermore, of Lake City. On March 24, 1go1, the grim messenger came to one whom we had learned to look upon as the father of this society, John S. Harris, and bade him cease from his labors and enter into his reward. This society has already placed on record a formal recog- nition of his eminent services to horticulture, and of the loss that we all personally feel. On May a2tst, 1go1, that eminent scientist, Prof. Otto Lugger, the friend of the horticulturist, was called to lay down the work he loved so well—all unfinished as it was. This society adopted ‘formal resolutions expressing its appreciation of his invaluable services at its summer meeting. In August this society was called upon to mourn the death of Captain Judson N. Cross, of Minneapolis, a busy lawyer who yet found time to interest himself in tree planting, in city parks, in forestry and in horticulture. As president of the Forestry Asso- ciation and as member of the State Forestry Board, he labored long and earnestly to induce the people of Minnesota to make some effort to preserve some remnant of the great northern for- ests before it should become forever too late. Such men can be illy spared, and his loss will be long felt. In October came the announcement of the death of L. H. Wil- cox, of Hastings, formerly a member of the executive board of this society, and an enthusiast in the culture of small fruits. These and doubtless others, whose names have not come to your committee, have passed on, leaving their work unfinished. It is for us who remain to take it up, to continue it, until Minne- sota shall become a great fruit state, until her forests are pre- served and protected, until every town and hamlet shall have its public park and garden, and until every home is surrounded by trees and flowers. ecretary’s (Yorner. STRAWBERRIES 1N MINNESOTA IN NOVEMBER.—A correspondent tells of strawberries an inch in diameter picked from a bed in Glenwood, Minn., on the 6th of November. Who can make a better record than that? CHANGE IN THE IOWA DELEGATE.—In the inability of the regularly ap- pointed delegate to attend, the secretary went as a substitute to the Iowa state meeting. A brief report is to be found in this issue. The Iowa people are most hospitable and gave him a cordial welcome to the finish. WHAT THE CONSTANCE Hort. CLUB ARE DOING.—‘‘The school house ground has been graded and seeded to lawn this summer. Next spring we intend to plant shade trees, evergreens, shrubs and flowers around the school house, and perhaps it will be an object lesson in horticulture and improvement of the home yard for this neighborhood.’’ ANNUAL MEETING SOUTH DAKOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY— Meets in the Auditorium at Sioux Falls, S. D., Jan. 21-23. Lycurgus R. Moyer, of Montevideo, is our accredited representative, but it is hoped that other members of our society, especially of those living near the state line may be able to attend. CRAB SEEDLINGS FOR DISTRIBUTION. —“The Horticultural Division of the Experiment Station offers 12 Pyrus baccata seedlings, one year old, to all members of this society who will send ten cents. This is done so that this stock shall have a wide trialin this state. All remittances should be made to Prof. S. B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn.’’ These are of special value for budding or grafting, preferably at the crown. ANNUAL MEETING, WIS. STATE Hor’. SociETY.—The regular winter meet- ing of this society will be held at Madison, Wis., February 4-7. Mr. Wyman Elliot has been selected as representative of our society on that occasion. In thirty-four years’ connection with the Minnesota society Mr. Etliot has never attended a meeting of another similar state society in this capacity. He should enjoy this one and give us a good report. Do You WANT PAPERS OR REPORTS?—There is quite a collection of agri- cultural and horticultural papers and a few reports of other societies, mostly with paper covers, in this office for distribution to the members. A package of these will be sent by express to members who apply for them, in the order in which the application is received. If you make an application and do not receive an early response, you may expect something later at some indefinite time. WIL, You SEND A NEW MEMBER IN 1902?—The annual membership at January Ist stands at 397 as against 370 at the same date a yearago. Would you like to aid the society, benefit your neighbor and increase your library by sending in some new members? Please read carefully what the society folder says in regard to premiums for new members and send for as many of the folders as you can use to advantage in your neighborhood. They will be sent you by mail. SECRETARY'S CORNER. , 39 MINNESOTA STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—This society is to hold its annual meeting in St. Paul, Jan. 14-16. A program has been prepared. We note that horticulture is to be represented in it by Prof. E. S. Goff, the horticulturist at the Wisconsin State Experiment Station. Pres. Cooper will deliver his annual address the last day of the meeting, to be followed by the election of officers. OLD MEMBERS WHO HAvE Not RENEWED their subscription by paying the annual membership fee for 1902 and are receiving this magazine are requested to communicate promptly with the secretary, as the number of magazines we are allowed to publish is too small to permit their sending out except to those who are intending to renew theirmembership. But neither you nor the soczety can afford to have you drop out ! DELEGATES TO OTHER STATE MEETINGS.—At a recent meeting of the exe- cutive board the following delegates were appointed: J. M. Underwood, Iowa State Hort. Socieiy, meeting at Des Moines, Ia., December 10-13. Jonathan Freeman, Northeast Iowa Hort. Society, meeting at Rockford, December 17-20. L. R. Moyer, S. D. State Hort. Society. Date and place unknown. Wyman Elliot, Wisconsin State Hort. Society, Madison, February 4-7. List OF THOSE SENDING NEW MEMBERS IN DECEMBER :— GEG: Wi ORGATIG. 5 Sie. sba vincent ot ih) ee Me Machel) ci teccee os ai 4 Nee MAG VITAE te. eto ia\'edoteiein evale ciate Air ELE CHE Y.-S sa) Sarre loins Bier ee 2 Mins MEV Ker ISVOGi Tc sc. biclee os 22 soho ter NG PAEISE A i. vord . chases the kease Sls te 1 ORAW HSA WYED of aid aa See slows Lo jet njerabek: ose. eis ena oT 1 Henry, Gerdsen. 262.5 0).ca 0. ce shee Leu iMirsGeosSmiithis A. ce:lietctenecine 1 IWaeW akendergast tou. wes wares. Sit sep AeA tena 3c) Je siavowarelnisls 6 EI UT Oe Se a eee Eten AMO w tie etn te ete 5 Sa cles whee a Pe I WAtLe Sai ee) tee Mes ae Wiaae gelrup.qeassisy) sein Arai 2 GES MOAN C5 od ws eerie eh lations Daye Mi vAadersoine sis ds sci an We Giese Se 1 A. K. Bush, Farmers’ Institute... 14 Emil Bruess......... Rei A bioraae's 1 ee PIPE E in isons Wale kdis wig ia’a satin Ue eM yan Ty IG nso nite, «ss bie boo foe if PROGRAM of the ninth annual meeting of the Southern Minnesota Horticul- tural Society, to be held in the Armory, Spring Valley, Wednesday, Thurs- day and Friday, January 15, 16, 17, 1902. Wednesday, 1:30 p. m.—A Comparison of Past and Future Interests of Horticulture in Southern Minnesota, L. W. Allen, Spring Valley; Some of the Benefits from our Horticultural Societies, State and Local, Mrs. Jonathan Freeman, Austin; Membership in our Society and How to Obtain it, Mr. Guil- ford, Dubuque, Ia Reports of delegates. Wednesday Evening Session, 7:30 p. m.—Address of Welcome, Mayor: Spring Valley; Response, Jonathan Freeman, Austin; Road to Failure with the Potato Crop of 1901, E. F. Peck, Riverview Farm, Austin; Lessons from the Drouth of 1901, F. W. Kimball, Austin; The Garden of Eden, R. Parkhill, Chatfield; The Surroundings of a Country Home, Mrs. C. L. Hill, Albert Lea; Select Reading, Jonathan Freeman, Austin; Paper, A. E Brent, Cresco, Ia. Opening Session, Thursday, 9:30 a. m.—President’s Address, J. C. Hawkins, Austin; Plums,” Jens Jensen, Rose Creek; Bees and Horticulture—Their a 40 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Relations Mutual, F. A Ticknor, Austin; Cherries, J. C. Hawkins, Austin; General Farming, Nursery and Fruit Growing as a Combination, Clarence Wedge, Albert Lea; Strawberries and ‘My Island,’’ M. Hansen, Albert Lea; Paper, G. A. B. Howells, Spring Valley. Thursday Afternoon Session, 1:30 p. m.—Plants, Shrubs and Flowers for the Park or Lawn, Mr. Guilford, Dubuque; Seedlings, Clint L. Luce, Albert ea; To Guard against Root-Killing in the Apple Orchard, O. W. Moore, Spring Valley; Flax, with Specimens, Mrs. O. N. Olberg, Albert Lea. Every lady attending this session will be given six choice bulbs of Gladiolus. Thursday Evening Session 7:30 p. m.—Program for this session will be under the auspices of the entertainment committee at Spring Valley. Friday Morning Session, 9:00 a. m.—lIllustrated Talk on Grapes, R. C. Livingston, Spring Valley; Carnations, P. Clausen, Albert Lea; Melons as a Field Crop, L. P. Lord, Owatonna. DEATH OF HENRY M. LyMANn.—This occurred at his home two miles south of Excelsior at an early hour Saturday morning, January 4th. The funeral takes place Monday Pp. M. Mr. Lyman had been ailing some weeks, not being able to attend the late annual meeting, but no special danger was apprehended till near the last. His loss will be sincerely mourned. At the time of his death he was conducting a trial station at his home. He had achieved marked success as a grower of valuable seedling apples, Lyman’s Prolific Crab being only one of many probably valuable varieties of his origination. THE DEATH OF J. ‘fT. FURBER, OF MADELIA, MINN., is announced. The deceased had been a member of this society continuously for the past ten years. The writer had no personal acquaintance with him and does not now recall his attendance at any of our meetings, but he was fruitful in influence for the good of the work of the society which has left its mark, and as opportunity offered he served us. This society is fortunate in having many such helpful friends, who are making records of such honorable service. Mr, Furber passed away at the ripe age of eighty-one years. B. S. HoxIk, OF EVANSVILLE, Wis.—Died Dec. 5,1901. For six years he was secretary of the Wisconsin State Horticultural Society, immediately preceding Ex-Secretary A.J. Philips. He had been president of the Wisconsin Forestry Association since its organization. He was a man of force and zeal and did much work of a practical sort for the advancement of the art he loved. DEATH OF THOS. MEEHAN.—The death of this eminent botanist and horti- culturist is announced as occurring at his home in Germantown, Philadelphia, Nov. 19, last. His had been an exceedingly useful life, a large portion of which he gave freely to the good of his fellow man. He will be especially remembered at home on account of his connection with the development of the local park system. DEATH OF GEORGE LaBBITr.—The death of George Labbitt occurred on December 11th at his home in Lake City, Minnesota. Until recently and for a good many years Mr. Labbitt was a member of the Horticultural Society, but of late his name has uot appeared upon the roll, as I understand, on account of his health. He was always interested in the work of the society. . yyy A 2 x (‘ased az1soddo 339) “STIVM SLI do ONIMOUD INNVNIHONY SISHOTHINY “AUMALTADIYOY AO IOOHDS VLOSHNNIJY ‘AMOLINUOG .SIYID THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 30. FEBRUARY, 1902. No. 2 Trial _Stations. ANNUAL REPORTS, DEC. (901. CENTRAL TRIAL STATION, ST. ANTHONY PARK. PROF. SAMUEL B. GREEN, SUPT. The frontispiece accompanying this is a view of the girl’s dor- mitory at the Minnesota School of Agriculture and shows the growth of Ampelopsis Engelmanni. This is a form of the common Virginia creeper of our woods which clings to brick work or other rough surfaces. For such places it is a great improvement over the common form, as it requires no especial care in training. It is not quite so pretty as the Japanese ivy, but it is perfectly hardy and on this account should be better known in this state. The small hedge surrounding the lawn in the foreground is made of red cedar. The past season has been one marked by no unusual changes in the work of the horticultural division of the university farm. The orchards, small fruit plants and the plants on the campus came through last winter in good shape and have made = satisfactory growth, although some crops were somewhat injured by the severe drouth of midsummer. A veterinary building, a building for the curing of meats and the addition to the girl’s dormitory are among the improvements here this year. This has changed the plan of the campus somewhat and will necessitate the laying out of new roads and a considerable amount of grading and planting. The publications of this division consisted of a class bulletin dis- cussing the economical features of the proposed park near Leech Lake. Work has progressed satisfactorily upon the revision of “Forestry in Minnesota,” which was provided for by appropriation over a year ago, and it will go to press in January. A bulletin is now in press the subject of which is “Horticulture and Prairie For- 42 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. estry at Coteau Farm.” This embraces the results of our experi- ments in that section along these lines for seven years. There is also in press a bulletin entitled “Outlines of Laboratory Work for Greenhouse Students.” This is in an entirely new field, and its purpose is to show what can be done by students in the greenhouse in the winter in learning the practices which underlie horticulture. There have been received by the division the following ma- terial: From Royal Palm Nursery, collection of citrus fruits and other tropical economic plants for greenhouse culture. J. M. Thorburn & Co., Japanese larch seed. Department of Agriculture: Scions of fourteen varieties of Swedish apples. Scotch pine seed from France. Scotch pine seed from Riga, Russia. Norway spruce from Russia. Pyrus baccata seed from Russia. Japanese larch seed. Seed of Gymnocladus from China. Cryptomeria Japonica. From N. K. Fluke, Davenport, Iowa: Collection of scions of twenty-two kinds of his most promising seedling crabs. Collec- tion of four kinds of plum scions. Collection of blackberry hybrids. McNary & Gaines, Xenia, Ohio: One Opalescent apple tree. Henry A. Dreer, Philadelphia: Collection of cannas, thirteen varieties. Henry G. Dunsmore, Olivia, Minn: Scions of double flower- ing apple. A. E. Hart, Vermont, Ill.: Twelve apple seedlings. W. Niemetz, Luga, Russia: Scions of seven varieties of hard- iest Russian apples. Cucumber seed. Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Ia.: Ames plum. J. B. Rogers, Newark, N. J.: One Newburg Muscat grape. Frank Yahnke, Winona, Minn.: Two trees Homer No. I apples. Two trees Homer No. 2 apples. F, J. Empenger, Bederwood, Minn.: Minnetonka Iron Clad Giant seedling raspberry. A. Clark Tuttle, Baraboo, Wis.: Three Repka Malenka apple. Three Tuttle’s Winter. R. H. L. Jewett, Faribault, Minn.: Strawberry, C. F: J., and twelve other kinds. L.: H: Olds, Clinton; Wis.: ‘Potatoes; Dakota six) Weelke Bovee, Early Michigan. Miss Emma V. White, Minneapolis, Minn.: Kochia scoparis. A. O. Haymaker, Earlville, O.: Haymaker raspberry. Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass.: Dwarf Chinese banana. Prof. N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. D.: Watermelon seed of “Our Earliest Russian.” Andorra Nurseries, Philadelphia, Pa.: Ilex crenata. Experiment Farm, Indianhead, Assa.: Dr. Reider raspberry. J. A. Hunt, Northfield, Minn.: One peck potatoes, said to be a cross between the Pearl of Savoy and Thorburn. CENTRAL TRIAL STATION. 43 C. S. Harrison, York, Neb.: Seven kinds of new peonies, one peppy, two phlox; seed of Pinus ponderosa, abies concolor. R. S. Peterson & Co., Chicago, Ill.: Specimens of fifteen varie- ties new, very hardy ornamental plants. ‘ W. E. Fryer, Mantorville, Minn.: Plants of Warfield straw- erry. A. D. Barnes, Waupaca, Wis.: Berlin apple, Rose apple. From Arnold Arboretum, one barrel crab apples. Wm. Oxford, Freeburg, Minn.: A very fine plum of the Miner type. Ripens by the middle of June. - E. H. Fay & Son, Portland, N. Y.: Two Chatauqua climbing currants. In addition to the receipts mentioned some nursery stock and garden seeds of standard kinds have been purchased for general - planting. A portion of the garden which for several years has been used for strawberries and vegetables was this year sown to clover to im- prove the condition of the soil. We expect to break it up in the autumn of 1902. The small fruit crop was fairly good, although somewhat short- ened by the drouth of early summer. Strawberries were most injured by the unfavorable weather. Plums were a fairly good crop, and our orchard produced as much as could be expected for the off year. The new apple orchard which was planted out two years ago has done much better than we expected and is now in very nice condition. The land between the trees is used for strawberries and nursery crops. The seedling orchard planted seven years ago this year pro- duced fruit for the first time on about twenty varieties, and of these there were a large number of late keeping apples. These seedlings were grown from the Duchess and Hibernal, hand pol- linated with some of the hardiest, long-keeping sorts. This work was done at the home of Andrew Peterson, at Waconia. The seed was started in the greenhouse. Special attention has been paid the past year to the raising of Pyrus baccata seedlings, and all the seed that could be obtained has been planted, and from it we have raised about 12,000 seedlings, which will be distributed to nurserymen and others for experiment purposes the coming spring. About 20,000 plum seedlings have been raised. Those with the most promising foliage, about 100 in number, have been selected for fruiting, the rest will be sold for plum stocks. One hundred and fifty seedlings have been raised from the Compass Cherry, and these show the foliage of the sand cherry and the plum. 44 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Five hundred high bush cranberry seedlings have been raised. These were saved from plants selected from the woods for their large and abundant fruiting qualities. This seed generally lies over for one year in the ground, but the seed that we planted last spring started during the wet weather of the latter part of August and the 1st of September, and while they did not push out of the ground, they made a root growth of perhaps four inches. This is something new in our experience with this plant. I am inclined to think, however, that the seedlings are in good shape for starting next spring. We are waiting with much interest the result from this the second generation of this plant from seed on our grounds, for we think there may be a chance to greatly improve its produc- tiveness by such careful attention as we are giving it. If the seed sOwn a year ago grows well, next spring we ought to have at least 5,000 seedlings. About 11,000 buffalo berry seedlings have been raised, several thousand of which will be planted on the grounds with the idea of selecting the best, and the balance will be sold to the nursery trade. Nineteen hundred Russian olive seedlings have also been raised. The Beta grape is of much promise, and we are propagating it for distribution, but this year have also raised about 200 seedlings from it. About 2,000 hand crosses were made between the best of our plums and the sand cherry and Compass Cherry. Fifty apple and plum trees have been grown in boxes and are in the cellar this winter. These are to be started in the green- house in April so that the work of crossing the plums and apples, and of the plum on the sand cherry, can be done by hand under conditions which we can control. In April our students are away, and we then have plenty of room to spare in the greenhouse, and if this experiment should prove an advantage it can be made with- out especial increase in expense. Twenty pounds of apple seed have been saved from the hardiest varieties for planting for seedlings next year. Our potatoes have done only fairly well the past year, and were lessened very much in yield by the drouth ; nevertheless the results were valuable and will be reported on later in a bulletin on this subject covering the reports of the behavior of this crop for the last three years. We have about 100 seedling potatoes, some of which are quite promising and have been distributed to our sev- eral stations for trial. CENTRAL TRIAL STATION. 45 Five hundred Russian cherry seedlings have been raised and so have 600 seedlings of the Japanese lilac, which is a very beauti- ful tree lilac having large snowy panicles, which are in bloom about the 2oth of June. It is perfectly hardy here, and the seed which we have sown is of our own raising. Ginseng—The inquiries in regard to this plant have been quite numerous in the past year. It should be more generally known that the plant grows very slowly and that thus far few if any have made any money in cultivating the plant for its root in a commer- cial way. But the money which has been made in it has come from the sales of the seed and the one-year-old roots, many of which have been bought by amateurs and others interested in the sub- ject of growing this plant. We began experimenting with this about ten years ago, with roots bought from the indians in Otter Tail county. These plants made a fair growth, but were killed out ‘in the drouth of 1894. Last spring we planted 200 two-year-old roots grown from North Carolina seed, but they have made only a very small growth the past season. We have just bought a small quantity of Japanese ginseng seed. ‘This plant is said to be fully as good as the American and nearly as salable. Later on we hope to be able to report on it. EUREKA TRIAL STATION. Cc. W. SAMPSON, SUPT. Grapes and all small fruits came through the past winter in fine shape. Grape vines have pretty much recovered from the root- killing of two years ago and bid fair to yield a large crop the com- ing year. Campbell’s Early fruited this season and is all that has been claimed for it. In growth and foliage it is as vigorous and healthy as the Concord, ripening earlier, with Moore’s Early. Its bunch is large and shouldered; berries large and black with a beau- tiful bloom; flavor rich, without foxiness; flesh a little meaty, sweet to the center, with small seed, parting freely from the pulp; skin thin but tenacious; hangs to the vine without dropping its ber- ries and remaining in sound condition until severe frosts strip its foliage. It is really an improved Concord. fies The McPike grape is also another very promising new variety, but has not fruited with me yet. I hope to report on the fruit an- other year. The vine is very vigorous with healthy foliage and -a strong grower. The Dracut Amber is a very promising variety for general cul- tivation in the garden. Vine very vigorous, healthy and hardy; 40 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. bunch large and long, compact, often, shouldered; berries large, round; skin thick, of pale red color; a little foxey with nice flavor. I would recommend it for family use only. Lady—One of the best early white grapes. It is free from mildew, requires a good fertile soil to bear well, but will over-bear if not trimmed. By reason of its early ripening it is specially adapt- ed to northern localities where the Concord does not always ma- ture. It ripens with the Delaware. In color is light greenish yel- low, covered with white bloom. Seed few and small; skin thin; pulp tender; flavor very sweet. Although extra early in ripening, it is late in starting its buds in spring, and thereby escapes the evil effects of late spring frosts: Apples were a very late crop indeed. Plums bore a heavy crop and brought from $1.00 to $2.00 per bushel. Strawberries were a good average crop of fine berries. Red raspberries about two- thirds of a crop, but brought a very nice price, making the re- turns as much as if there had been a big crop and a low price. Cur- rants and gooseberries were a good fair crop. LA CRESCENT TRIAL STATION. FRANK I, HARRIS, SUPT. This station, as you all know (and no one realizes this fact, more forcibly than the writer), received an irreparable loss in the decease of the former superintendent, my father, the late J. S. Harris, so well and favorably known to you all. Fully expecting that the station would be abandoned I made no preparation for continuing the experiments under way until after the summer meeting, when I received official notice from your sec- retary that I had been elected his successor. For this reason because of the multitude of other duties devolv- ing upon me, and all demanding a share of my limited time, this my first annual report is not as full and complete as I should desire, and will doubtless prove disappointing to many of the members as well as to myself. Could we have known in advance that so soon would my fa- ther’s life work be completed, how different it might have been! Living under the same roof for twenty-seven years and within a stone’s throw for nearly twenty more, partners in business for twenty-five years, my advantages were favorable, and I now realize that they were sadly neglected. But while our interests were largely mutual, my attention had been absorbed in the struggle for an existence, and my interest in the work principally as a means for —T > rs oe _ LA CRESCENT TRIAL STATION. 47 keeping the wolf from the door, while his was a labor of love and his desire to benefit:mankind. Another serious drawback is found in the fact that no one thor- oughly understands his plans, and much of his work is lost and will have to be done again by others. Trusting the members will pardon these explanations, I will proceed to report briefly the work accomplished during the past season. The past winter (1900-1901) being an exceptionally mild one but little if any damage was sustained in the orchard. Small fruit, notably raspberries, were severely injured and this, too, without regard to protection, so that I am convinced the damage was caused by a late fall growth and immature canes. A few sickly trees died during the drouth and will be replaced with standard varieties the coming spring. It was not a “bearing year,” but little fruit was expected and—right here—a serious mis- take was made by not continuing the thorough spraying of.all bear- ing trees. The improvement in quality of fruit on trees so treated the previous year was so marked that there can be no question as to results, and at the comparatively high prices of fruit caused by a general scarcity the labor would have been well rewarded, besides helping to exterminate the “bugs” for next year’s benefit. A good many of the trees in the new trial orchard, mentioned in the last report of this station, fruited for the first time, but ow- ing to poor quality the merits of but few varieties could be de- termined without further trial. Destructive wind and hail storms also shook off more than half the crop, but in spite of these draw- backs some 200 bushels of apples were harvested and sold. at re- munerative prices. The plum crop was better than expected; quality fair but size small. Many of the newer varieties fruited, and a number of them have merit, but I neglected to keep the record. The peach trees mentioned in the mid-summer report matured three bushels of superior fruit and that, too, without winter protection. Several pear trees also bore fruit, but the “small boy” harvested most of it before thoroughly ripened. As the small fruit was reported upon at summer meeting I will only add that the Warfield strawberry sustained its reputation as the most profitable market variety but was injured considerably by drouth. The Loudon raspberry also jumped to the front again, both as a shipper and table berry with me, but with others, includ- ing my nearest neighbor, they were voted a failure. I conclude | that they are all right except during wet weather and on heavy soil. 48 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cuthberts were badly injured but bore a half crop. Blackberries promised a good crop but were injured by drouth. Best variety as usual was Ancient Briton. Grapes yielded a fair crop of good quality, the best varieties being Worden, Moore’s Early, Brighton, Niagara and Concord. Campbell’s Early came into bearing for the first time, and I am well pleased with it. Delawares were poor. Concord proved best seller in large quantities. During past few years the orchard has suffered for want of pruning and thinning on account of the poor health of the former superintendent. Considerable work has lately been done in this line, notably in the removal of every alternate tree in the Russian orchard and thinning out the remainder, and an improvement in quality of fruit is expected and will be reported on at the next an- nual meeting. MINNESOTA CITY TRIAL STATION. O. M. LORD, SUPT. Spring setting of apple trees not before tested here: From W. S. Widmoyer, 2 M Cross, 1 Beecher’s Sweet, 2 Rol- lin’s Prolific, 2 Rollin’s Pippen, 2 Windsor Chief, 2 Sops of Wine. From C. G. Patten—1 Patten Greening, 1 B. T. Sweet, 1 Briar Sweet No. 2. From Cowles.—2 Meader’s Winter. From Wilfert—Scions of Wilfert apple, Emily cherry and Wil- fert plum. Two scions from Bates, of Stein’s winter apple seedling. From State Experiment Station—-1 McPike grape, 25 Rath- bone blackberry, 25 Pyrus baccata, 6 Russian olive, 10 Abies con- color. With two or three exceptions these are growing and doing well. The bearing apple trees at this station bore little fruit this year. There was, however, a fair crop of Repka Malenka, Walbridge, Northwestern Greening and Longfield; and also Virginia and Shield’s crabs. Some young trees, seedlings of the Wealthy, bore very well. The Wealthy, Golden Russett, Fameuse, Hibernal, Duchess, Peerless and others had no fruit worthy of mention. Plums—There are of bearing age nearly 100 varieties, fifty of which bore well this year, though some kinds were hurt by drouth. Among the new kinds bearing for the first time this year the Ames’ Hybrid gives most promise. Cherries were a good crop, the Wragg yielding the most and best fruit. MINNESOTA CITY TRIAL STATION. 49 Though little attention was given to grapes, the Concord yielded well. Delaware, Moore’s Early, Worden, Lindley, etc., had no fruit. Currants were very fine this year, the old Red Dutch and Victoria giving large yields. Of gooseberries Pearl was the only kind that bore. Blackberries. The Briton, Snyder and Badger gave a medium crop, shortened somewhat by the drouth. Red raspberries. Cuthbert and Turner were root-killed and had to be plowed up; the Loudon was unbkurt. All varieties of black raspberries were killed—a condition that has not occurred at this station before. The following list of strawberries has been retained as among the best tested here: Crescent, Brandywine, Bissel, Wm. Belt, Mary, Gardner, Splendid, Bederwood and Warfield. Mr. W. L. Taylor: Was the Nemaha killed? Mr. Lord: The Nemaha was killed with the others. I be- lieve I had all the varieties in the catalogue on the place except the Older. They were all root-killed; the tops looked all right this spring, but they were all root-killed. Mr. Wedge: I want to ask about the Ames’ Hybrid plum? Mr. Lord: That was the name given it by Prof. Budd when he sent it. Mr. Wedge: What is it like? Mr. Lord: It is a cross between one of the Japan varieties and the Americana. It is a very fine plum. It is a perfect freestone, large in size, and the tree is a fine grower. Mr. Underwood: Do you know what was the cause of the root-killing of your raspberries? Mr. Lord: I have not the least idea of the cause, Mr. Under- wood. Mr. Underwood: Was it not due to the drouth? Mr. Lord: No, I think not. Mr. Dewain Cook: Was it not on account of the cold weather? Mr. Lord: I cannot give an opinion because I have none. I simply don’t know. Mr. Underwood: Were they mulched? Mr. Lord: Some were, and some were not. Mr. Underwood: Was the ground wet or dry when it froze? Mr. Lord: I thought they went into winter quarters in good condition. The ground was rather moist. You will remember Mr. Harris reported that his raspberries were killed, and he thought it was owing to the late growth in the fali. I was never more sur- prised in my life, because it never occurred to me that there was anything wrong with them, and I had no means of knowing why they were killed; but they were all so effectually root-killed that I had to plow them up. ; Mr. Underwood: How many did you have? 50 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Lord: I had four acres of them. Mr. Underwood: Did they bear the year before? Mr. Lord: The black raspberries bore a heavy crop. Mr. Burtzlaff: My experience was that the year before they bore a heavy crop, and I do not believe they had time to mature and go into winter quarters properly. I believe that was the rea- son they root-killed. : Mr. Vollenweider: How old were your bushes? Mr. Lord: They were set at different times; the youngest were three years old. Mr. Yahnke: Did your raspberries start to bloom the fall previous? Mr. Lord: No. Mr. Yahnke: I had some red ones that did. Mr. Lord: I never prune my raspberries till the spring, and the way the bushes looked I supposed I was going to have a big crop. Mr. Underwood: Was there much thawing and freezing of the ground? Mr. Lord: Yes, considerable; more than usual. Mr. Underwood: I believe the evidence bears out what the gentleman said, that the heavy fruiting of the vines weakened the vitality of the vines; then, on account of the excessive rains we had late in the fall, they began growing again. As you will remember, we had an abundance of rain, and it kept everything growing— and they went into winter quarters in a weakened condition. I think perhaps that explains it; also, the alternate thawing and freezing may have had something to do with it. I will say that we never had so much root-killing as we had that winter. The pre- vious winter the thermometer went down to 50 degrees below, and we did not lose a tree, but that winter the trees were ripened; but this past winter, the time this loss occurred, there was an excessive rain and a consequent late growth with alternate freezing and thawing during the winter, and I think we may trace the cause of the root-killing to those conditions. Mr. Elliot: The conditions with the raspberries were similar to those found in the orchard. The trees in the orchard did not shed their leaves, but they held right on until after it froze up. I want to ask Mr. Lord whether he pruned out the old wood after the fruiting season? Mr. Lord: Not in the raspberries. I never do that; I prefer to let the old wood and everything remain to help hold the snow. What puzzled me most was that all the failures I had ever had were with the tops only; but I found the canes in good condition in the spring, and I thought I was going to have a big crop, but when I came to examine them they were dead. I must say as Mr. Under- wood says, “perhaps” this did it. MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. SI MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. LYCURGUS R. MOYER, SUPT. Licium halimifolium is hardy and vigorous but spreads badly by creeping rootstalks, so as to become a nuisance. Its red fruit toward autumn is more showy than its rather inconspicuous lilac- colored flowers. Lepargea argentea (buffalo berry) has made itself at home in our shrub border. It is the earliest shrub to bloom in the spring, opening its rather inconspicuous flowers about April 2oth. Its silvery foliage looks best before a background of dark foliaged trees. The pistillate bushes are abundant bearers of bright colored berries. At this writing, Nov. 12, the bushes are still covered with them, dried and cured. The bees frequent the buffalo berry blos- soms, and it is likely that they assist in the fertilization of the flowers. Pistillate bushes at a distance of several hundred feet from pollen-bearing bushes produced this year a full crop of fruit. Elaeagnus argentea (Russian oleaster) continues to make a good record. The older trees are now about twenty feet in height. The flowers have a pervasive perfume; the leaves are larger and more whitened than even the buffalo berry, and the shrub is hardy on the bleakest and most wind-swept prairie. The fruit is insipid and inconspicuous, but remains on the tree nearly all winter, Morus alba Tartarica (Russian mulberry) has become pretty well established with us now. The older trees ere about sixteen feet in height and produce annually immense crops of rather taste- less fruit. The berries are dearly loved by all fruit-eating birds, and as long as the mulberries last the cherries are safe. The birds take the entire crop of mulberries and make no complaint zs to the quality of the fruit. Spiraea Van Houttei stands at the head of spring flowering shrubs with us. The flowers are of a pure dazzling white, and are produced in such profusion as to bend over the branches and give the shrub a “weeping” effect. The half-tone following shows how the shrub succeeds on the prairies of western Minnesota. There are other good spring-flowering spiraeas, such as Spiraea hypericifolia and Spiraea trilobata, but the color of their flowers is rather greenish. Where there is room for but one spirzea it is best to plant spiraea Van Houttei. Spiraea sorbifolia, a Siberian species, is with us a thrifty lai ge- growing shrub producing fine panicles of white flowers early in summer. The leaves resemble thosé of the mountain ash. It is a valuable and interesting shrub for prairie planting. 52 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Closely related to the spiraeas is the nine-bark (Opulaster opul- ifolius), one of the most desirable shrubs at Montevideo. It grows to a height of from six to eight feet. When in bloom in June the shrub is completely covered with its spherical flower clusters, to be followed later on by its equally showy reddish seed pods. The golden-leaved form does not seem to be quite so hardy as the typi- cal species. Spiraea Van Houttei at Montevideo Trial Station. Russian Mulberry in the back ground. Buffalo Berry at the right. The native Spiraea salicifolia, common in wet places, does well with us in the shrub border, and responds to cultivation by pro- ducing larger flowers than it does in its wild state. ‘these reports have universally testified to the great value of the different species of Philadelphus for prairie planting. In one of the early reports from this station the opinion was advanced that the least hardy species on trial was Philadelphus coronarius. This species has since been given good cultivation, all dead branches being removed, with the effect of giving the shrub a new lease of life. With us it is the earliest species to bloom and is much the most fragrant. MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. 3 un There is much confusion in the nomenclature of the garden forms of Philadelphus. It seems likely that the variety sent out by Prof. Budd as 144Vor. is a form of Philadelphus pubescens. It is a very desirable variety. A recent writer on the genus regards the form known as Philadelphus speciosus as a synonym for Phil- adelphus laxus. Philadelphus grandiflorus is united with Philadel- phus inodorous, while Philadelphus speciosissimus becomes a form of Philadelphus zeypheri. This last species is only moderately rampant in growth, but it produces large white flowers in the greatest profusion. Philadelphus microphyllus was planted by us in a rather shady position, and it has not done very well. We shall remove it to a more sunny location. With us the latest Philadelphus to bloom is Philadelphus Gordonianus. Swiss Mountain Pine at the Montevideo Trial Station. The bush honeysuckles continue to give us great satisfaction. They are all very hardy. Lonicera Tartarica in its several forms seems to be at home on the prairies. The bright pink-flowered form received from Prof. Budd as Lonicera splendens is one of the best. It is now known as Lonicera Tartarica speciosa. The form 54 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. with small white flowers sent out by him as Lonicera gracilis is now known as Lonicera Tartarica parvifolia. Lonicera Ruprechtiana is another vigorous bush honeysuckle, producing attractive white flowers and red fruit. Lonicera Morrowi is of similar character, equally hardy, but not of so robust a habit. The bush honey- suckles are much used by landscape architects for their showy fruit, but on the prairies where fruit is yet scarce the berries are all taken by the birds as fast as they mature. Picea Pungens at Montevideo Trial Station. Populus Siberica Pyramidalis at the right. Lonicera Sullivantii, received at the station as Lonicera flava, does very well as a climbing shrub, reaching a height of six or eight feet. Its pale glaucous leaves and bright red fruit, persist- ing until late in the season, make it a striking object. Itis a native species and very hardy. Acer ginnala (Manchurian maple) has grown to the height of about sixteen feet. It is now blooming and bearing fruit. The wings of the seeds are finely colored and very beautiful. These MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. 55 shrubs vary greatly, some having dark green leaves and others light colored variegated leaves. Seventeen years ago'there was planted at the station three speci- mens of Pinus montana, the Swiss mountain pine. One of the trees has made an upright growth and is now about twelve feet high, resembling in some way a Scotch pine. The other two are dwarf, round headed trees, not more than seven feet in height. No conifer that has been planted at Montevideo stands the winter bet- ter, the foliage always being a bright green. For prairie plant- ing it appears to be the hardiest of pines. Its low, dense growth makes it a most attractive object in the shrub border at all seasons of the year. The Colorado blue spruce (Picea pungens) has been growing at the station for twelve years. It is a thrifty, hardy tree, but not a very rapid grower. The foliage sometimes browns during severe winters. roo The Montevideo Trial Station in winter. White Spruce at the left; Swiss Mountain Pine, Red Cedar and European Larch at the right. The white spruce (Picea Canadensis) has been growing at Mon- tevideo for thirteen years. The group shown in the cut is that species. The group consisted of thirteen trees when set; it is thirteen years old and consists of thirteen trees now. Thirteen is not an unlucky number, and the white spruce is a good tree. Our experience with it would go to prove that there are no safer trees of any kind. None of them failed, and they are all healthy, thrifty trees now. 56 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLEASANT MOUNDS TRIAL STATION. J. S. PARKS, SUPT. The past season has been an off year in the fruit crop here. Apples bore heavily last year; this year they are resting. Plums and small fruits were about half a crop. Trees have made a satisfactory growth of well ripened wood. The soil has about the proper amount of moisture to take the trees through the winter in good condition. During the extremely hot weather in July fire blight affected several varieties of hybrids and caused much dropping of fruit and injured the quantity and quality to a serious extent. Insects have never -before troubled our fruit, but this season several varieties have made their appearance and warn us that heroic treatment will be necessary hereafter. Encouraged by recent developments we are trying again several of the half-hardy varieties of apples, plums, pears, etc., that in our early planting all died. The Walbridge, that a few years ago died down nearly every winter, is now doing well and giving us a liberal amount of good keeping, poor quality of fruit. The Snow is of the best quality we have, and trees appear hardy. The Wealthy is overbearing and short lived apparently on that account. A variety we call Canada Red is giving good satisfaction as a long keeper of fine fruit; tree appears hardy and worthy of general introduction. Of forty or more varieties of long keeping seedlings and un- named apples that are being tested, some are of creat value and will be reported on hereafter. The Wolf River remains the best all-around apple we have. The tree is hardy and out-lasting the Duchess or any other trees of same age on our grounds, the fruit selling more readily and at higher prices than any other fall variety we have. This season they sold readily at $1.75 per bushel at home, while the best other kinds sold for one dollar. During a recent trip to New York, Vermont and Canada we found several promising varieties of apples that we propose to in- troduce and try top-worked here, and believe some will prove a grand acquisition to our already long list of choice, hardy varieties. \ SAUK RAPIDS TRIAL STATION. | 57 SAUK RAPIDS TRIAL STATION. MRS. JENNIE STAGER, SUPT. Although we had a very dry spring, our strawberries being heavily mulched bore exceedingly well; raspberries not as well as usual ; currants a small crop; and gooseberries a large one, although the fruit was not as large as usual. We had very few plums and few apples. We lost most of the seedling evergreens planted this spring, but with few exceptions all other ornamental and fruit trees came through all right. The season of growth was short, and whether they have matured enough to go through the winter even with a heavy mulch remains to be seen. VIOLA TRIAL STATION. WM. SOMERVILLE, SUPT. I have been experimenting with fruit trees in Minnesota for the last forty years. As fruit growing was an experiment to within the last few years, so I bought almost every variety that came along, and I have more than 100 varieties, more than I wish I had. This year we had a small crop, yet very good for an off year; perhaps five or six hundred bushels. Many of our trees were heavily loaded, and many had few or none. The Hibernal, Longfield and Duchess seedling No. 8 had heavy creps; the Duchess, Wealthy and all the Thompson seedlings, of which I have ten varieties, all bore a reasonable crop. They have come to stay with me. We had a ready sale for all we grew for seventy-five cents to $1 per bushel. Our small fruits had a fair crop. Plums very good. Raspber- ries were very good, especially the Schaffer. Our grapes were almost an entire failure. An average crop of cherries of the Mor- ello and Early Richmond. WINDOM TRIAL STATION. DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. The winter of 1900-1 was unusually mild, the coldest being only 16 degrees below zero. Early snows drifted in among our trees and shrubbery, continuing there during the winter; consequently no root-killing to trees occurred. The following stock was received at this station the past spring and except where noted has done very well: From Andrew Wilfert—Some scions of the Wilfert apple. 58 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. From the State Farm.—Ten red cedars, twenty-five jack pines and some concolor; also some seedlings of elms, hackberry, eleagnus, caragana and Pyrus baccata; three Senator strawberry plants and a collection of flowering shrubs and greenhouse plants. The red cedars were alternated in a row with the jack pines. The cedars are now all alive, but the pines all died. The Senator strawberry proved to be a vigorous grower and seems to be a per- fect flowering Warfield. From C. E. Older, of Luverne, Minn., a lot of Brandywine strawberry plants and twenty-five De Soto plum trees on their own roots. From E. D. Cowles, of Vermillion, South Dakota, ten Oleson plum trees and twenty-five Forest Garden plum trees, all on their own roots. From Wyman Elliot, ten Royal Wolf plum trees on their own roots. From H. A. Terry, of Crescent City, Iowa, the following varie- ties of plum trees: Terry’s De Soto, Legal Tender, Pearl, Lottie, Ames, Champion, Admiral Dewey, Admiral Schley and Bomberger. Our plum crop on the whole was fair, although the late bloom- ing varieties did not amount to much. Owing to midsummer drouth, the fruit was generally undersized. We had some heavy rains, which began on Sept. 8th, and about all plums that were not ripe at that date cracked so badly as to be worthless. The gouger and curculio were not as numerous as usual, owing we think to the effective work in destroying them the previous season. Our earliest plum was an unnamed freestone of the Weav- er type, from Manitoba. It was ripe Aug. Ist. About ten days later the Aitkin was ripe, followed a little later by the Cheney and other early varieties. The plum rot was, as usual of late years, bad, and the fruit of many seedlings was a total loss. Some varieties appear specially susceptible to the rot. Unfavorable soil and imperfect ciculation of air seems to aggravate the disease. The following varieties have from several years’ test proved practically free from the rot under the various conditions I have grown them, namely: Rollingstone, De Soto, Wyant and Cheney; while on the other hand the New Ulm, lowa, Wood and Mankato have proved extremely suscepti- ble to the rot, and under unfavorable conditions it has destroyed the entire crop of those varieties. The varieties that have given the best satisfaction the past sea- son were the De Soto, Wyant, Rollingstone, Wolf, Cheney and Stoddard. The Wolf and Stoddard, from young trees, sold for two dollars per bushel. The other varieties sold at from one dollar to WINDOM TRIAL STATION. 59 one dollar and fifty cents per bushel. The largest variety we fruited was the Bursota. It is promising. Altogether we had about 150 bushels of plums. Our strawberry plantations are now in a promising condition for a crop next season. The early part of summer was very hot and dry, but the last half of August, all of September and October was fine growing weather for them. The strawberry worm re- tarded the growth of the plants early in the season. These worms have bothered us several seasons during the past fifteen years, but only in those seasons when either by mulching or snows the plants were covered early in autumn, This was an off season for the apple and crab. We fruited about eighty-five varieties, and had about 250 bushels of the fruit. We had a little blight early in July that affected about all varieties that were sheltered by trees on the south and west, but no serious damage was done, and it only lasted a few days. The foliage of the trees was better than for several years past, and the leafhopper was correspondingly less. The codling moth has not yet got a foothold in our orchard, but the apple scab was noticeable in many parts of it. The Yellow Transparent was the earliest to ripen, followed closely by the White Astrachan, Tetofsky, Champagne Pippin, Juice White and others. The Blushed Calville fruited for the first time; the fruit does not ripen early enough to be classed among the extra early varieties and is rather small to compete in the mar- kets with the Duchess. Our main crop consisted of the Wealthy, Duchess and Hibernal, and from the ready sales of the Hibernal for a cooking apple Iam more than ever impressed with its value for this section. Of good sweet apples we have the Champagne Pippin, which is promising as an extra early, good eating apple, and Reipka Reis- laye, or Sweet Reipka, which is of the season of the Wealthy or a little earlier. The Sweet Russet is also in demand as a good eat- ing hybrid. Of other than sweet apples the following have proved to be of excellent quality for eating out of hand: Utters, Gideon, Peerless, Peter, Wealthy, Rollin’s Pippin. Our largest varieties were Patten Greening, McMahon White, Little Hat and Antonovka. Of the late keepers the Malinda is so far in the lead, and the fruit does not blow off the trees. The Cross apple is a success, but we have not tried keeping them. Grandmother and Skalanka Bogdanoff, as I have them 60 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. from Prof. Budd, are identical and promise to be keepers, but owing tc some weakness of the blossoms have so far proved shy bearers. We have some promising apples that in season appear later than the Wealthy, and I will name a few: McMahon, Gideon, Compton No. 1, Hotchkiss, Grundy, Judson, Thompson and An- tonovka. We have others not mentioned, but as yet they have not promised much. In the crabs the Martha would take the lead as to the quality of the fruit, but it does not bear anything to speak of. The Vir- ginia crab does well, and everybody admires the fruit. It bears a light crop every season. The Florence bears a heavy crop on alternate seasons. The fruit is very desirable, is of medium season and only lacks keeping qualities. Early Strawberry is our earliest crab; it bears heavily only on alternate seasons. Compton’s No, 3 fruited on about a dozen trees. The scab was worse on this variety than on any of the others, part of the fruit being entirely worthless from scab. Of hybrids the Whitney bears each season and sells well. My two trees of the Sweet Russett bear annually, and it is in great de- mand for eating out of hand. The Minnesota also bears annually, but nobody wants it for a crab; it only sells well when apples are scarce, One Russian pear tree, 392, set the spring of 1886, bore quite a few specimens. I omitted to mention that the Breskovka has proved to be a valuable early apple, coming about one week earlier than the Duchess, and bears a good crop every season. As to conifers I have found that it is about useless to plant them on the open prairie here unless:some means is provided to protect them somewhat from the severe winds that prevail here during the winter. With this protection most of the desirable evergreens seem to succeed here. The exceptions so far noted are the white pine, which only makes a feeble growth and is not hardy, and the Norway spruce, which is also not as hardy as desirable, although I have some very fine specimens growing. The jack pines I have not been able to get well started. The red cedar transplants the easiest and seems adapted to the wet alkali soil on the highest and driest soils; the Black Hills spruce holds its green color the best of all and is probably the hardiest evergreen I have. The following conifers are doing very well here: Scotch pine, Austrian pine, white spruce, black spruce, Black Hills spruce, Douglass spruce, concolor, blue spruce, red cedar (Juniper Vir- giniana), red cedar (Rocky Mountain juniper) and arbor vitae. A WINDOM TRIAL STATION. 61 tree of the silver cedar, received from Clarence Wedge, spring of 1900, is doing nicely and is admired by all who view it. A few general notes on the behavior of trees at this station, and I will close. The apples and crabs do the poorest on the highest lands and best on the more nearly level land. This is owing no doubt to the lack of sufficient moisture and a greater liability to root injury on the higher land. Blighting varieties blight most on the higher lands. A windbreak on the south and west of an orchard is very important in keeping the fruit from blowing off the trees. Plums do best on the higher lands; there is quite a lot of alkali in the soil of my lower land, and even when well drained and heavily manured the plum trees do not do well in that kind of soil. MEADOW VALE TRIAL STATION. (PRIVATE STATION.) A. W. KEAYS, SUPT. The results of our work the past year are very encouraging. Several of the new varieties of apples bore this year for the first time. Those on hardy roots gave the finest specimens, and the trees also made the best growth. Trees on common seedling roots have not done well since the winter of 1900, and although grow- ing slowly I think they will not recover from the shock. We must have a hardier root than the common seedling; rooting from the scion will not do. In this part of Minnesota a few will root, but they are not reliable, and several of the scion roots kill as easily as the seedlings. Our Charlamoff root grafts of 1896 on hardy roots again bore this year twice as many apples as last, and every apple was per- fect. We took first prize at the state fair on them. It has been stated by many fruit growers that scions from bearing trees will fruit earlier than those from trees that have not borne, but the Charlamoff trees from which those scions were cut for root grafts of 1896 have not fruited yet. Some of those hardy roots were planted in the most exposed part of our grounds in a row with several others supposed to be hardy, but they were all frozen out except those hardy roots, and they are growing finely. Where the seedling roots were protected by mulch they were not injured, but where they were exposed they were killed. By actual tests here about one seedling in one hun- dred stood the winter of 1900 without mulch protection. This part of our orchard was not protected by snow nearly all winter. One seedling of Patten Greening came out in fine condition. I examined some of the large peach orchards of Michigan in October last and found they had protected the roots of their trees 62 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. with a mound of earth two feet high and five or six feet across, and the trees were in splendid condition and bearing large crops of very fine fruit. Those not protected showed some injury from root-killing. Would it not be a good plan to so protect our seed- ling roots until we have trees on roots that will need no protecticn? I visited many of the apple orchards in the east and found many of the old orchards failing. Some have been cut down, and many that are left do not pay for the land they occupy. Very few young trees have been planted in the last twenty-five years. I also noticed that the orchards which were properly cultivated produced fine, large apples and were paying the owners well, but the neglected orchards gave very little good fruit, mostly a lot of inferior, un- salable stuff that was a loss to the grower. Blight. I noticed several years ago that Transcendent crab on its own roots never showed any blight, but all Transcendents on seedling roots blighted very bad, and I had to grub them out. I never have had a trace of blight on any Transcendent on its own roots, although blight has been very bad all over this section on the Transcendents. I think the blight is caused by uncongenial stock. We have several thousand seedlings of Pyrus baccata and the hybrids, which we are using for stocks for the large apples. We shall make a thorough test with them in many different ways to de- termine their adaptability as stock. Our work with them so far is very satisfactory. I am also trying the wild crab as stock, and the results are better than I expected. This crab grows wild here and seems better than those farther south, the fruit being larger. We have added twenty-five new varieties of apples to our or- chard the past year, mostly to try their hardiness and some to produce pollen to cross for new seedlings. Most of the apple trees ripened their wood early and went into winter with plenty of moisture in the soil. There is no doubt we will make many mistakes in carrying for- ward this work, but we are determined to keep everlastingly at it with the expectation of finding something that will be of value to us up in this cold north; we realize that we will have to work this problem out ourselves. Prof. N. E. Hansen, South Dakota, sent us fifty plents Prunus Besseyi for trial. Prof. S. B. Green sent fifty P. baccata, fifty Acer ginnala,; besides apple scions for our experimental work. Quite a large number of new specimens are to be added to our collection this year. Plums again bore heavily this season; the Cheney, Rockford and Wyant bore an immense load on the young trees. Ocheeda Se = 7s | ie MEADOW VALE TRIAL STATION. 63 bore a good crop, and the fruit is of good quality. Surprise did not kill back the past winter and bore this season. Several of the varieties on trial are not bearing satisfactorily and will be grubbed out and replanted after another year’s trial. Several new plums will be planted in the spring. Compass Cherry is a good fruit, bears a large crop and bears every year; can be eaten from the hand, makes a good pie and is valuable for canning and sauce and can be dried like other cherries. It is perfectly hardy. It is of no use on Prunus pumila stock here. I have had the best success with Prunus nigra stock. There may be other stock that would be as good as this. I have them on their own roots, but they have not fruited yet. I think Ponderosa pine will make one of our best evergreens. It grows very thick in the bottom and makes as good growth as the Scotch pine and is always a beautiful light green. The arbor vitae does well here, fully as well as the red cedar that are native here. Those from Illinois have all died; they seem to be tender here. We have added a miniature park, using for the purpose a piece of land occupied by the usual farm rubbish piles, showing what can be done with a few trees, shrubs and flowers and a little work. In traveling through the country I noticed a school yard that was nicely graded down. The people are planting the ground with trees, shrubs and flowers; they have it nicely laid out with a walk and driveway with flowers on one side and trees on the other. They have a playground on the opposite side of the school house, which will be surrounded with a row of ornamental trees. This is quite a curiosity and so different from the usual school yard, which is a very dilapidated looking place, the yard strewn with wood and sticks, fences broken down, no trees for shade or flowers to please the eye. A good reason why children do not like to attend school. I hope to see in the near future the school grounds a miniature park. Nothing would be better than to educate the children in the care of flowers, shrubs and trees. It would be a pleasure to them, and this education would remain with them in after years, and they would grow up to be men and women with a taste for the beautiful in nature. I want to say a word in regard to our timber land. Where will our supply of timber come from in a few years if our remaining forests are allowed to be destroyed? The time will soon come when we will have to plant forests for our supply of wood. In this immediate vicinity, taking the past twenty-five years, fully one- half cf the standing timber has disappeared. The country is fast 64 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. settling up, and the timber has to be cut away to make room for other crops. Fires are continually burning up the young growth. Thousands of acres that were formerly covered with thickest of young trees, have been swept away by the fire. The remaining timber lands are mostly being pastured, which soon kills most of the larger trees, especially on the higher land. The tramping of stock packs the soil, and the rains do not enter the ground but run off, and the trees soon die from lack of moisture. There are pieces of timber land where one-third of the trees are already dead from this cause. There are large tracts of rather light sandy and stony land and also some that is too hilly for cultivation. Such lands could be planted to forest trees and made to produce a good crop of tim- ber. There are varieties of trees that do well on such lands. Many farmers have to buy their wood at the present time, and wood is cheap compared with the limited supply, but it will not long remain so under present conditions. ANNUAL MEETING, 1901, MINNESOTA BEE-KEEPERS’ ASSOCIATION. DR. L. D. LEONARD, SEC’Y, MINNEAPOLIS. The annual meeting of the Minnesota Bee-Keepers’ Association was held Dec. 4 and 5, 1901, at Minneapolis. It was a-very inter- esting and profitable meeting to the members present. It was un- fortunate that no stenographer was provided for, as a number of interesting talks were made which as far as publication is concerned are a dead letter. Mr. William Russell, president of the assaciation, called the meeting to order. The first business was a report of the commit- tee appointed last year to look after the adulteration of honey in this state. The committee has kept in touch with the Dairy and Food Commission of the state and has urged, in season and out, the necessity of obtaining samples of honey and having them’ an- alyzed and reported upon and the seller and manufacturer warned if the goods were not as represented. This has been done in a number of cases this year, as well as in several years past, and although there has heen little prosecution, the moral effect seems to be growing, and there is not by any means the proportion of adulterated honey sold now as has been in the past. This mat- ter of adulteration is one that must be constantly looked after by somebody, and in the end is bound to be stopped. During the year the Minnesota State Fair Association built a new and spacious building at the state fair grounds, and ANNUAL MEETING, IQOI, MINN. BEE-KEEPERS ASSOCIATION. 65 through the efforts of a committee from the Bee-Keepers’ Asso- ciation a considerable space was allotted to honey exhibitors— in fact, all that was needed. This was highly appreciated by the bee-keepers, as heretofore the space has not been half large enough. The exhibits of honey at the fair in September were very fine— in fact, one of the most attractive features. It was under the direct supervision of Mr. F. C. Erkle. Probably the most important action taken at the meeting was the joining of the National Bee-Keepers’ Association in a body. Every member of the Minnesota Bee-Keepers’ Association who is in good standing now becomes a member also of the national association. Now the National Bee-Keepers’ Association has for its objects two prominent features; first, the intellectual and moral advancement of the bee-keepers who are its members; second, the protection of such members in their legal rights as bee-keepers. This last means that when a bee-keeper who is a member is at- tacked and persecuted by any one whomsoever on account of his bees, he wil! be defended by the association, and the bills paid out of the treasury. This action of the association ought to bring in every man in Minnesota who keeps bees, and who in conse- quence is liable to get into trouble on their account. The dues are only one dollar per year, which includes dues to both associa- tions, and entitles the member to this protection. Send $1, and your name and address immediately to Mr. L. E. Day, treasurer, Clinton Falls, Minn., and he will do the rest. The following officers were elected for the coming year: President, Mr. Wm. Russell, Minnehaha Park. First vice-president, Mr. G. A. Forgerson, Rosemount. Second vice-president, Mr. G. H. Pond, Bloomington. Third vice-president, Dr. Mary McCoy, Duluth. Secretary, Dr. L. D. Leonard, Syndicate Block, Minneapolis. Treasurer, Mr. L. E. Day, Clinton Falls. Executive Committee—Mr. H. G. Acklin, chairman, St. Paul; Mr. Van Vliet, Farmington; Dr. E. K. Jacques, Robbinsdale. Insect Powder Plant.—Persian daisy, Pyrethrum roseum, when dried and pulverized is a powerful agent for driving away insects. It can be grown from seeds like any other feverfew, and the blcoms can be cut and dried at home with decidedly less expense than the powder can be bought.- The seedlings may occupy prominent bor- ders in the flower garden or fill entire beds. Also the same culture that suits vegetables will make the daisy yield abundantly of the use- ful blooms.—G. T. D. 66 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ANNUAL MEETING, 1901, NORTHEASTERN IOWA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. JONATHAN FREEMAN, DELEGATE, AUSTIN. In company with J. C. Hawkins; president and delegate from the So. Minn. Hort. Society, your delegate reached Rockford on the evening of Dec. 16, finding several of northern Iowa’s work- ers in horticultural lines at the Beebe House. The evening was pleasantly and profitably spent in becoming acquainted and conferring with several of the horticultural war horses of the district. The following forenoon was improved by making acquaintances in the hotel lobby, and finally gathering at the cosy Baptist church building, the place of meeting of the so- ciety, where some time was utilized in further conference, arrang- ing and examining exhibits. The efficient secretary, C. H. True, was promptly on hand, making all possible efforts necessary for a successful meeting. His exhibit was fine and instructive, consisting of home dried apples, several varieties of nuts, and a splendid showing of tree sections, including twenty apple varieties, six plums and thirty native woods. It must have required much labor and care. It was very interesting to both the old amateur and the youth. I believe the exhibit was handed over to the Rockford high school. The number of fruit exhibits was surprisingly small, but the few specimens were good. The duties of the fruit committee were not onerous. The meeting of the society properly opened Tuesday afternoon, with President Reeves in the chair. The reports of the district directors, as a whole, were in the same line, and largely a duplicate, in experience and observation, of those of our own vice-presidents in the southeastern portions of the state. Within the limits required, it will be impossible to give a full report of papers and discussions, unless it be dry as dust; hence I will only note a few salient points as they may appear to the writer. The greeting and response by Dr. L. Brown and W. H. Guil- ford were happy and permeated with good will and good sense. Rev. C. Marshall, who, as age is slowly creeping forward, is giving less time to the ministry and more to horticulture, gave a pleasing and polished address, full of the “Perplexities of a Be- ginner.” The president, Elmer Reeves, of Waverly, in his annual address, which was concise, definite and forcible, referred to many requi- /4 ANNUAL MEETING, IQOI, NORTHEASTERN IOWA HORT. SOCIETY. 67 sites; among them trimming, fighting insect enemies and proper packages for delivering fruit. Prominent mention was made of preliminary efforts in the direction of forestry in Iowa; of the “Wealthy apple fund,’ and words of kind remembrance of Messrs. Gardner, Speer and Dartt, who were not able to be present because of physical infirmities. Messrs: Eugene Secor, C, G. Patten, C.: H. True; A: E. Bentz, G. A. Ivens and Clarence Wedge in their usual quiet manner gave their candid suggestions and advice on “The Coming Winter Ap- ple,” “Care of Nursery and Orchard,” “Traps and Spraying,” “Small Fruit Lot,” “Grape Growing,” and “The Austrian Pine,” as follows: Malinda, N. W. Greening and Walbridge recom- mended; clearly revealing the necessity of far better care on the part of nurseryman and farmer; illustrated by trap for moths; traps versus spraying; tree paint, and its merits, as claimed by J. W. Flackler, of Ely; persistent watchfulness and cultivation; distant rooting of runners give the weakest plants; strong defense of grape culture, notwithstanding the cheap price of eastern raised grapes; giving a concise history of the merits of the Austrian pine in con- trast with other pines in southern Minnesota. Of course, when J. S. Trigg, Edson Gaylord, W. H. Guil- ford, W. A. Burnap, J. R. Waller and “Apple Tree’ Barnes get the floor on “Orchard Enemies,” “Improved Methods,” “Market- ing Fruits,’ “Horticultural Stumbling Blocks,” ‘Ideal Garden,” and “Barnes’ Address” you may look for “rattling of the dry bones,” and some instructive music by the “horticultural band:’ Remedies and preventatives against enemies; white wire netting; wood protectors; thick planting on southwest; don’t pasture; no blue grass; mulching; cultivation; poisoning rabbits; and currant bushes on the southwest, or towards 2 o’clock sun; northeast location; no protection; hardy roots; head and graft toward the 2 o’clock sun. Let birds have poor, wormy cherries; cut stems of fruit when picking; several pickings; and plant more cherry trees to stand off the birds. Lack of faith; want of action; wrong location; wrong varieties; wrong handling and planting; wrong cultivation; pruning; protec- tion and marketing. : Rows straight and long for cultivation; yearly manuring; hang tomato vines in window for ripening; and shoot poultry depredators as wild game. Received gold medal at Buffalo; spray three times; thin apples; alternate rows of different kinds of trees; dynamite the ground 68 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. for planting—a valiant defender of Wisconsin in all its mighty efforts to compete with Lowa and Minnesota. Mrs. J. R. Waller and Mrs. William Smyth, of Rockford, read fine, able and instructive papers-on “Preserving Fruit for Home Use,” and “The Culture of Flowers.” { At one session, through the kindness of G. A. Ivins, all present had the privilege of sampling that beautiful, large, bright red apple, the “Arctic.” Its several claimed merits are being highly extolled, especially its keeping qualities, by the few who seem to be ac- quainted with it, both east and west. C. G. Patten gave a brief and intelligent report of fruit exhibits at the Pan-American exhibition, and also made an impressive plea for home and country decora- tion with our native trees. — E. H. S. Dartt, of Minnesota, was not able to be present, but sent a concise and explicit paper on “Public Parks.” On Wednesday evening the citizens of Rockford gave one of the very best amateur musical and literary programs that the writer was ever privileged to enjoy. It was an entertainment indeed. On Thursday evening after business was completed Mr. Guil-. ford instructed us for a time with an interesting talk on “Plants, Shrubs and Flowers for the Park or Lawn.” The Minnesota representatives are impelled to refer to their royal treatment by the officials of the society, and the citizens of Rockford. They were greatly honored in being entertained most generously at the cheerful and well equipped home of one of Rock- ford’s old and prospered merchants and his estimable wife. We were also privileged in visiting the editorial “den” of J. S. Trigg, where the weekly three-columned digest of “Farm, Or- chard and Garden” is prepared and sent broadcast over the land in hundreds of papers, enlisting the attention and instructing and encouraging at least 2,000,000 readers. Mr, Trigg has recently purchased twenty acres of apple orchard of L. B. Dumbolton, who will soon return to the home of his youth, at Oswego, N. Y., to follow fruit culture there. The above orchard is about five years from planting, consisting largely of Wealthy and Patten Green- ing. Horticulturists are considerably interested in the outcome of this venture by Mr. Trigg, and so is he, as we would infer from his many forceful and pertinent questions asked of those who read papers before the society. / ANNUAL MEETING, 1902, MINN. STATE AGRI. SOCIETY. 69 ANNUAL MEETING, 1902, MINN. STATE AGRICUL- . TURAL SOCIETY. OLIVER GIBBS, MINNEAPOLIS. The State Agricultural Society and Stock Breeders’ Associa- tion (in joint session) closed another successful three-day annual meeting, at the capitol in St. Paul, Thursday noon, January 16th The program as rendered, differing slightly from the one pre- viously announced, was as follows, with lively discussions of the addresses and papers: Address by Governor S. R. Van Sant. Paper on the growth and development of the state agricultural resources, by E. D. Childs, of Crookston. Paper by S. L. Mocre, general freight agent of the Northern Pacific railway, on the stock raising industry of Minnesota from the standpoint of a railroad man. Address by M. F. Greeley, of South Dakota, on the develop- ment of the sheep industry, and by Prof. A. M. Soule, of Tennes- see, on the relative conformation sought in beef and dairy cattle. Supt. O. C. Gregg, of the Farmers’ Institute, spoke on the im- provement of Minnesota cattle, and Prof. W. M. Hays, of the School of Agriculture, on the breeding of animals for intrinsic qualities. Prof. Soule also read a paper on the influences affecting the economic production of beef. On Wednesday afternoon the societies listened to an interest- ing address by Mrs. Bramhall, of St. Paul, on the forestry reserve question, and voted to indorse her plans by sending their resolu- tions thereon to the Minnesata senators and representatives in congress. Prof. E. S. Goff, of the Wisconsin School of Agriculture, read a good paper on tillage as a preventive of drouth. The star effort of the day program was reserved for the last, and that was the address of Farmer A. P. Grout, of Winchester, drawings of the several types of profitable and unprofitable cattle, on the hoof and as dressed beef. Mr. Grout was the only speaker who succeeded in turning the entire audience to his view of the subject; even the chairs in the assembly hall all turned that way. It was a great scoop for Farmer Grout among so many learned pro- fessors of agricultural science. Wednesday evening, the 15th, the boys and gir's of the agri- cultural school, Dean W. M. Liggett presiding, gave an enter- taining program, as follows, receiving a handsome testimonial of their proficiency in the applause of the audience at the time, and 7O MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. in resolutions complimentary to the school, passed the next morn- ing: Bridal,Chorus, by Cowen. &> ¢ -gtoesley mac eel: School Chorus Keedine ive) Stock 2.07... jc H. A. Ludke, Willow Creek, Minn. Value of Orchard and Garden Products to the Home.... Np SMEG eee RAP oad gC Ralph C. Miller, Bloomington, Minn. The Housekeeper’s Week. Miss Mabel A. Wells, Monticello, Minn. Retaining Mertility on-a (Gramm: Marmot) piscine St Re aa Cs yd bianer mn eaeae J. N. Holmberg, Renville, Minn. SLCHI OE 4 2, Waka els Wc ore paar og een ase ener Boys’ Glee Club The Blending of Foods.....Miss Mary B. Koch, Litchfield, Minn. Producing Forage under Conditions of Drouth............ SOA hs DMR cl eaeaR ate P, Ahes E. H. Riley, St. Cloud, Minn. Thursday morning was devoted to the passage of a lengthy series of resolutions, the hearing of reports, and finally to the elec- tion of officers, with the following result: OFFICERS. Bresident: C. W. Cosgrove, Le Sueur; vice presidents, C. R. Smith, St. Paul; B. F. Nelson, Minneapolis. BOARD OF MANAGERS. N. S. Gordon, Crookston; J. C. Curryer, St. Paul; L. D. Baird, Austin. Hold over members, W. M. Liggett, St. Anthony Park; J. M. Underwood, Lake City, and W. G. Sawyer, Partridge. Prof. Thomas Shaw, secretary of the Stock Breeders’ Asso- ciation, sprang an agreeable surprise by distributing his annual report, containing all the papers and addresses of the last annual meeting of the two societies, held a year ago; and Secretary Ran- dall another one by having a corps of stenographic reporters on hand to take down the impromptu addresses and discussions of the present meeting, which are to be printed, together with all the papers and reports, for distribution to the members. Any other person can get a copy by sending him a request by postal card or otherwise. Remember the secretary’s address, E. W. Randall, Hamline, and be sure and send for the full report. Its value will be very great to all reading, thoughtful farmers or students of agriculture. The Horticultural Society was represented by Pres. W. W. Pendergast, Ex-President J. M. Underwood, Secretary Latham, Wyman Elliot, Prof. S. B. Green, and others, either as members or as speakers in discussions. A feature of the governor’s address, gratifying to horticul- turists, was his statement that Minnesota seems to be coming to the front as a fruit producing state, in addition to her triumphs in a ANNUAL MEETING, 1902, MINN. STATE AGRI. SOCIETY. 71 / stock raising and dairying, as indicated by her immense state fair exhibit of apples, grapes and plums. a In this connection it may not be amiss to state that Minneap- olis and St. Paul handled last year 230,0co barrels of apples and 600 car loads of other deciduous fruits; and the two dozen or so orchards in the state showing crops of 500 to 2,000 bushels of apples each, do not as yet, with all the smaller orchards, cut much figure as against the enormous totals that the market demands, so that for some time to come there is not much danger of over- home production, perhaps never will be, for our apples are of such beauty and quality as to out-sell any of the shipped-in sorts when- ever offered. Instance, our Wealthy, now extensively grown in Washington and Oregon, are all snapped up there in the home markets, not a barrel of them allowed to go east for the general markets the past fall or winter; so the local commission men in Minneapolis and St. Paul tell me. ANNUAL MEETING, 1902, SOUTHERN MINNESOTA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. MRS. C. E. BRAINERD, SEC’Y. ALBERT LEA. The opening session was called to order. Wednesday, Jan. 15, at 1:30 p. m., with the president in the chair. The program was carried out just as printed. The papers were interesting and instructive, and after each paper a general discus- sion followed. A motion was made and carried that a vote of thanks be extended to Mrs. Jonathan Freeman for her most excel- lent paper, which Mr. Freeman read on account of his wife’s ill health. The Wednesday evening session abounded in good things. The address of welcome by Burdette Thayer, and the response by Jon- athan Freeman, were both eloquent and convincing. The paper by E. F. Peck, entitled “Road to Failure with the Potato Crop of 1901,’ convinced the people that Mr. Peck knew just what he was talking about. R. Parkhill, the “poet” of the society, gave some original verses entitled “The Garden of Eden.” Mrs. Hill’s paper, “The Surroundings of a Country Home,” was practicable and well handled. Mr. Bent, of Cresco, Iowa, read an entertaining paper, which brought out a good discussion. The subject was “Tree Planting and Fruit Growing.” Thursday morning we listened to papers by Jens Jensen, F. A. Ticknor, J. C. Hawkins, Clarence Wedge and H. Hansen. The subjects were all of much interest to fruit growers. Jens Jensen's knowledge of plums is worth a great deal. Mr. Ticknor’s hobby is the interesting one of bees and horticulture. Mr. Wedge is too 72 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. well known to waste any printers’ ink upon him. Mr. Hansen, the strawberry man, gave a paper on strawberries that was full of solid facts. Thursday afternoon was a perfect feast, and a delight to every one present. The subject, “Seedlings,” by Clint Luce, editor of the Albert Lea daily paper, was an artistic creation of ideas and sug- gestions of how to raise and care for seedlings. Mr. Moore read a paper entitled “Root-Killing in the Orchard,” which brought out the best discussion of all the subjects presented. Mrs. Olberg, of Albert Lea, gave an entertaining paper on flax. She had flax spin- ners with her, which interested the audience very much. There were a large number of ladies present, and Mr. P. Clausen, of Albert Lea, addressed them on the cultivation of carnations. Evy- ery lady present that afternoon was given six choice gladiolus bulbs from the Wedge nursery. Thursday evening the society was entertained by the home people of Spring Valley. The program consisted of instrumental and vocal music, essays and short speeches. The address by A. J. Philips, of West Salem, Wis., was full of wit and humor. He gained many friends, who will always be glad to welcome him whenever he comes. Friday morning Mr. Livingston gave an illustrated paper on grapes. Then came the general routine business of the society, after which we were adjourned to meet in one year. It was conceded by all present that this meeting was the most successful and the best attended of all the meetings of the society. Much credit is due O. W. Moore for its success. The display of fruit by Clarence Wedge, J. C. Hawkins and Mr. Jensen was a great attraction. OFFICERS FOR 1902. President—O. W. Moore, Spring Valley. Secretary and Treasurer—Jonathan Freeman, Austin. _ Vice-President, three years—B. A. Seelye, Preston, Fillmore county. Vice-President, two years—E. F. Peck, Austin, Mower county. Vice-President, one year—Mrs. C. E. Brainerd, Albert Lea, Freeborn county. ag COMMITTEE ON SEEDLINGS. Three years—B. N. Shaddock, Highland, Minn. Two years—C. Morgan, Forestville. One year—Gco. Prescott, Albert Lea. FRUIT COMMITTEE. Three years—L. O. Higby, Spring Valley. Two years—L. W. Allen, Spring Valley. One year—Jens Jensen, Rose Creek. THE POLLINATION, OF ORCHARD FRUITS. 73 THE POLLINATION OF ORCHARD FRUITS. PROF. F. A. WAUGH, BURLINGTON, VT. The pollination of orchard fruits as a practical question in orchard management began to be discussed only about ten years ago. A great many hints had been thrown out here and there previous to that time, but no general theory seems to have been suggested until the date of which I speak. The need of cross-pol- lination was recognized by the fruit growers themselves, prob- ably first with the native plums; and the fact that they are gen- erally self-sterile was plainly set forth by Professor Bailey in his Bulletin No. 38 of the Cornell Experiment Station, which was the first satisfactory study we ever had of the plums native to America. The first scientific study of these questions, however, was made by Mr. M. B. Waite, of the Department of Agriculture at Washing- ton. His work was done chiefly with pears, although he experiment- ed to some extent on apples. Briefly, he showed that many varieties of pears requiré cross-pollination, and that many others yield larger and better fruit when they are cross-pollinated. The publication of Mr. Waite’s results, along with many other things, contributed to incite popular interest in this subject, and to induce a number of experimenters to take up the question in many ways, from many sides and with many fruits. _ My own work has been done chiefly with plums, and, although I was preceded in this field by many other experimenters, some of whom secured substantial results from their work, I think it is not immodest to say that my experiments were the first ones of special importance dealing with plums. What I have to say here is necessarily based largely on my own experiments and practical observations in the field. But I shall not confine myself to the plum, and I shall try not to neglect the results brought out by scientists and practical horticulturists in all parts of the country. . THE PROBLEM STATED. The facts with which we have to deal are briefly stated as fol- lows: Many varieties of orchard fruits, especially plums, pears and apples, do not bear satisfactory crops when standing by themselves. Some do not bear at all. The trees of such varieties require to be mixed with trees of other more or less closely related varieties, or they require to be grafted with a mixture of two or more varie- ties. This general condition is summed up by saying that such fruits are self-sterile, and, as we shall see, the problem of self-ster- ility is the one with which we have chiefly to deal. 74 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ABNORMAL AND DEFECTIVE BLOSSOMS. As soon as this matter began to be observed the fruit growers and experimenters both found that a great many plum blossoms are imperfect. In the majority of such blossoms the pistil, or female organ, from which the fruit itself directly develops, is defective; sometimes it is entirely wanting. It is evident that a blossom having no pistil cannot produce a plum, and it is at least fair to suppose that any defect in the pistil renders the chance of fruit-bearing much smaller. Considerable attention was given, therefore, eight or ten years ago, to this part of the subject. It was found that in some cases all the blossoms on a tree were so deficient as to make fruitage impossible. Yet such cases were so rare, and the cases of comparative deficiency so unimportant, that altogether these considerations threw very little light on the ‘gen- eral orchard problem of unfruitful trees. While studying these plum blossoms to get a better knowledge ~ of their deficiencies, many curious abnormalities were brought to light. In some plums the male organs matured before the female organs (at least, such was stated to be the case, although I have never observed this phenomenon). In a great many blossoms the female organs matured in advance of the male organs. In some cases the pistils were longer than the stamens, and in other cases the stamens were longer than the pistils. Such variations had been observed in other species of plants and’had been found of the highest significance in explaining the pollination of those species. It was necessary, therefore, that the early investigators of the native plums should have looked for some explanation of the prob- lems in hand in these abnormalities. At the present time it must be said that they have thus far explained nothing, and it now seems probable that they throw no light on the practical questions in- volved. SELF-STERILITY. Self-sterility, then, plain and simple, seems to be the main issue. In the ordinary typical case the plum tree bears an abundance of blossoms which are for the most part perfect, having all of the organs, both male and female, normally developed, and yet being incapable of fruiting by itself. The pistils simply refuse to be fertilized by the pollen from the same flowers or from other flowers on the same tree, or even from other flowers on other trees of the same variety. The first practical question which naturally arose was as to the extent of this self-sterility. Some varieties were thought to THE POLLINATION OF ORCHARD FRUITS. 75 be self-fertile, although some were shown to be self-sterile. A great deal of work has been done in determining the character- istics of varieties in this regard. It is now possible to find in various books and bulletins more or less complete lists of the varieties of plums, pears, apples, grapes and other fruits in com- mon cultivation classified according to their self-fertility or self- sterility. JI will not stop to present such lists here. It will be suf- ficient for the present to say simply that it has been found that plums are very largely self-sterile, cases of self-fertility being altogether rare; that a majority of pears tested show more or less self-sterility, and that the same is true of apples. Perhaps a quar- ter of the apples in common cultivation are totally self- sterile, another quarter are practically self-sterile and a third quarter need cross-pollination for the best results. There has been some objection made to this summary way of classifying varieties according to their self-sterility or self-fertility. It has been said by the critics that these qualities do not belong specifically to the varieties, but rest upon many external and more or less incidental conditions. Self-fertility, these critics say, varies with the season, climate, locality, age and vigor of the tree, etc. While there is undoubtedly some truth in this view, it may be well to notice that for the present it rests almost purely on speculative reasoning. Nobody has made a satisfactory experiment to prove any of these supposed variations, and for the present these criti- cisms, though very interesting, may safely be discarded. At any rate, the question is of small practical importance, as we shall see further along. THE REMEDY—MIXED PLANTING. The remedy for all this unfruitfulness has already been named, viz.: the mixing of varieties either by planting several together or-by grafting two or more into one tree. This is such a sim- ple and easy matter, and the risks of self-fertility are so great, that it seems an altogether unjustifiable practice now to plant large blocks of apples, pears or plums of any single variety. There are, indeed, to be found many orchards of solid blocks of certain varie- ties through the country which bear fairly well or even abundantly, but they are exceptions. Solid planting is always risky, and there are enough risks in the fruit business without taking any gratu- itous ones, It has been objected by a few extensive fruit growers that mixed planting is really troublesome. They say it is easier to handle a 70 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. block of a single variety, both in cultivation and in picking the fruit, and that unless mixed planting is shown to be absolutely neces- sary such advice as we have been driving toward in the foregoing discussion is dangerous. Personally, I think these men minimize the dangers of solid planting, and magnify the difficulties of mixed planting. If one were to plant a hundred and sixty acres in any class of fruits he would hardly want to put the whole area to one variety, even though that variety were Ben Davis apples. If two or three varieties are to be planted it is just as easy to put them into strips a half mile long and three or four rows wide as it is to put them into two eighty-acre blocks. I think that the general opinion of practical fruit growers will bear me out in this. Attention should be called at this point to the fact already men- tioned, that many varieties which are not strictly self-sterile bear more and better fruit when suitably cross-fertilized. In many cases this amounts to a great deal. Particularly when larger and better looking fruit is secured, as is often the case, it has a direct influence on the cash account, and this is the supreme test in all experiments. The difference between No. 1 and No. 2 apples is not more than a half-inch in the measure of their diameters, but it is apt to be more than a half a dollar in the measure of their selling prices. If proper cross-pollination will put twenty per cent more of the apples in any orchard into the first grade barrels, then cross-pol- lination had better be looked after. MUTUAL AFFINITIES OF VARIETIES. When the experimenters first began to tinker with these ques- tions they were all apparently possessed of the feeling that striking mutual affinities and distastes existed amongst the varieties of plums, pears, apples, etc. The notion was, for instance, that though Hawkeye might fertilize De Soto well enough, it still might be of no value whatever in fertilizing Weaver or Miner, Ocheeda or Rollingstone. Several of us inquisitive chaps spent a long time, therefore, in prying into the private affections of our friends in the orchard. It must be said that if they had any such private pre- dilections they kept them well to themselves. All the teasing lit- tle experiments yet performed have failed to bring out more than what would make a good society scandal for a sensational New York daily. At the present time it seems fairly certain that these special proclivities cut no figure with the practical orchardist— at least not in the present stage of our pomological development. One variety will pollinate almost any other variety, providing that the two blossom at the same time. THE POLLINATION OF ORCHARD FRUITS. ae BLOSSOMING PERIODS. In fact, this question of blossoming at the same time turned out to be of more practical consequence than many of the more beautiful and recondite theories of the laboratory horticulturist. There are so many varieties of plums, and they belong to so many different species, with qualities so highly diverse, that it is very easy, taking it by and large, for one variety to miss another in its blossoming season. Further south this study of blossoming sea- sons is very important, but for districts as far north as Minnesota and Vermont it is of much less consequence. The entire blos- soming season is much shorter here, and, moreover, we do not cultivate so many species. The various classes of plums which extend the blossoming season so greatly in the central and south- ern states are almost unknown in our orchards. it is a question which the practical grower needs to keep in mind, but which he need not lose much sleep over while he lives in the salubrious climate of Minnesota. AGENCIES OF POLLINATION. Before leaving the subject it is almost necessary that a word should be said regarding the means by which the pollen is carried from one tree to another. Most persons have supposed that this was done largely by the wind, and out on the plains, where wind is plenty and cheap, that view has very naturally taken strong hold. The only difficulty with it is that it does not agree well with the facts in the case. The pollen of apples, pears and plums is usually gummy, sticky, viscid, adhering to whatever it touches, and not inclined to move about in the wind. Of course during those de- lightful spring days at plum blossoming time, when the wind occa- sionally blows with a force equal to the business of moving a stone fence, it is not unreasonable to suppose that even the sticky and unwilling pollen might be moved somewhat out of its tracks. Still one will see that the pollen masses would cling together, and would soon lodge on the ground rather than on the pistils for which they were meant, and that the whole business would be poorly and inefficiently done. The real work of scattering pollen, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, is done by the bees, especially the wild or cultivated honey bees. The gummy, mucilaginous pollen sticks to them, the hairy surface of the insect body being specially suitable for sticking purposes, and the bee passes. from tree to tree laden all over with yellow fertilizing material. Cases have been called to 78 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. my attention in which it seemed doubtful about the bees really having done the work, and I do not wish to assert that they are’ the only salvation for the self-sterile apple, pear and plum trees. Nevertheless, their importance has been greatly under-estimated hitherto, and I think we can afford to give them greater consider- ation in the future. GENERAL RULES FOR MIXING. A question which is very commonly asked is this: “How far apart should varieties stand for the best results in cross-pollina- tion, and how should they be placed with reference to one another?” When it was supposed that the wind was the principal agent in cross-pollination it was usually recommended to plant the varieties in rows east and west, so that the prevailing south wind of the spring season could carry the pollen northward across the rows Perhaps such an arrangement is still the best, since the wind prob- ably has some influence in certain cases, and since the bees also may travel more or less with the wind. With varieties which are distinctly self-sterile—and this is especially true of plums—not more than three rows of one variety should be planted next to one another. When a large plum tree is in full blossom it presents an extensive field for the activities of even the most able-bodied bee. A bee is apt to get his load from two or three such trees and go home to the hive. He may, therefore, spend all his time on the Stoddard rows, without get- ting across to the rows of Surprise waiting next in order. For myself, I should think that in handling plums, alternate rows would be more satisfactory, giving just a single row to each variety. With apples and pears I should feel perfectly safe in putting two, three or even four rows of a single variety, but more than that I should regard as infringing on the limit of safety. CONCLUSION. In concluding this talk I feel like drawing a moral for more general application. It seems to me that the problems connected with the pollination of orchard fruits have been pretty well worked out, the difficulties have been thoroughly fought over, and fairly satisfactory conclusions have been reached in all the practicai questions involved. We are ready to go on to something else. Thus the questions come up one by one. Each generation has its own problems and its own difficulties, which it has to meet undet new conditions, and until one problem is solved a new one cannot be taken up. We have to do our part for the progresive develop- THE POLLINATION OF ORCHARD FRUITS. 79 ment of horticulture, and it is much to the credit of the Minnesota Horticultural Society that it has been so strong a mover in the advancement of civilization along pomological lines. One thing more: The men who have taken this question up on the practical side, and who have examined it thoroughly in their own orchards, have received a far larger benefit than they anticipated at the outset. They have been able not only to dis- cover practicable means of making their trees more fruitful, but they have had a deeper insight into the whole broad knowledge of pomology. They have been made better horticulturists in every way. They have grown more into love with their calling through coming into closer contact with their trees and vines. No man can take up the investigation of any one question in his own orchard and follow it out earnestly and honestly without having his views broadened in every direction. And I may close by pre- senting the still plainer fact that no man can broaden his views on these subjects without becoming a more efficient cultivator of the soil, making more money out of his fruit, being a better horticulturist and a better citizen. THE ‘‘GIDEON MEMORIAL FUND’’ INSPIRES TO RHYME.—A contributor to this fund works off his surplus enthusiasm in the following rhymes, which, as he suggests, limp a little on ‘‘club feet,’’ but in sentiment are sound: THE WEALTHY APPLE AND “GIDEON’S BAND.” “Of all the known fruits, the apple is king,” We've always heard that the poets do sing. It’s too vast a theme for man to grapple, This beautiful, red cheeked, Wealthy apple ! Gideon, the famed originator, Takes high rank as public benefactor, A “living monument”’ we now will raise, That “students in agriculture’’ will praise. Unlike Gideon of old, with unstained hand Our Gideon led a more peaceful band. Pomol’gists of the world his works adore, “School of Agriculture,’’ opes wide her door. Students of all coming generations, Who are subject to many privations, Will gather inspiration from our gift, As our good yearly prizes they do lift. Harbor View, Fla., Jan. 1, 1902. —Sam Bucus. _Gecretary’s ®orner. APPLE SEED FOR DISTRIBUTION.—Prof. Green has a quantity of apple seed, saved from different varieties of apples which ripened at the Experiment Station last summer, and will send it out to applicants for a small charge, a package of one ounce for ten cents, intended to cover the expense. Address, Prof. Samuel B. Green, St. Anthony Park, Minn. PLENTY OF WINTER APPLES.—“We are going to have plenty of winter apples as soon as they can be propagated and put onthe market. We expect to have plenty of apples to use every winter without having recourse to cold storage when our apple trees bear. The day for saying that we cannot raise winter apples in Minnesota is past, for there are lots of winter apples raised all over the country, and some of them are pretty good eating.’’ S. D. Richardson. REPORTS OF MEETINGS IN THIS NUMBER.—The report of the annual meeting of the Northeastern Iowa Horticultural Society, by the delegate, Jonathan Freeman, is to be found in this number; also reports of the recent meetings of the Minnesota Bee-Keepers and the State Agricultural Society. Please note them. A report of the Wisconsin Society’s meeting, to be held Feb. 3-6, will appear in the March number, by our delegate, Wyman Elliot, and of the So. Dakota meeting by L. R. Moyer. Grow NATIVE GRAPE SEEDLINGS.—“‘Why not our grape hybridizers who really want to give the cold North something truly ironclad in the way of hardy roots and tops for our coming choice new cultivated grapes, work from our best wild western native grapes? I do not remember seeing a native grape injured in the top or root by the hard winter of 1899-1900, which killed nearly all vines of our cultivated sorts. Let everybody help grow choice new ironclad native grape seédlings.”’ F. K. Phoenix. THE WEALTHY A “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST.’’—A Colorado exchange has the following, which will be of interest to growers of this fruit: ‘The worst insect of all is the codlin moth, against which the apple growers must wage continual warfare. A novelty in apples, however, is to be found far up the valley about Salida and Buena Vista. At an altitude of six and seven thousand feet wormless apples of two varieties can be grown—the Wealthy and the Yellow Transparent. The spring frosts are so severe as to kill the insects, yet these two hardy varieties of apples can withstand the frosts.”’ RESOLUTIONS ON DEATH OF J. S. Harris.—The following resolutions were unanimously adopted at the late annual meeting of the Northeastern Iowa Horticultural Society: “Resolved that this society joins with its sister societies of Minnesota in mourning for the death of that earnest worker, valued citizen and true man, Mr. J. S. Harris, late of La Crescent, Minn., and with them we extend our heartfelt sympathy to his immediate friends and family for this, their and our great loss.’’ A HorTIcuLtuRAL CLUB AT CONSTANCE, MINN.—A club has lately been organized among the farmers living about Constance, Minn., entitled “Farm ers’ Horticultural and General Improvement Club.’’ The name sufficiently indicates the purpose of the organization. The active membership at pres- ent stands at ten, and the society has allied itself with the state organiz- ation. The president is John P. Ness; secretary, Fred Johnson. There ought to be a hundred such organizations in our state. They would be found ex- ceedingly helpful and a source of much social enjoyment as well. Ad- dress the secretary for suggestions for the formation of such organizations if you are interested in forming one in your neighborhood. LATE OF EXCELSIOR, MINN. THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 30. MARCH, 1902. No. 3. In Memoriam, HENRY M. LYMAN. DIED JAN. 4, 1902, AGED 73 YEARS. Henry Martyn Lyman was born in Easthampton, Mass., Sept. 13, 1828, being of English ancestry, a descendant of Richard Ly- man, who came to America in 1630. Mr. Lyman received his edu- cation in the public schools and at Williston Seminary, in FEast- hampton. At the age of fourteen his father died, and he, with the assistance of his mother and older brother, carried on the New England farm. In 1850 Mr. Lyman landed at Taylor’s Falls, Minn., remaining a year and a half, after which he returned to his old home in Massa- chusetts. In the spring of 1853 he again set his face toward the west, landing at St. Anthony, Minn. Here he purchased an ox team, a wagon and some lumber, and drove west, landing on the afternoon of May 18th at the present site of the Lyman home- stead, in Chanhassen, Carver Co., Minn. He set up the few boards he had brought with him against his wagon and called that home. Shortly after he built a log house of tamarack, broke land and raised vegetables, grain, etc. He returned to Massachusetts in the fall of 1855, and was married to Martha C. Pomeroy, of Southamp- ton, April 13, 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Lyman now came west to try their fortunes in the new territory, taking up housekeeping in the little log house, pre- viously built by Mr. Lyman. Many will remember Mr. Lyman as being postmaster for a num- $2 MINNESOTA, STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ber of years, having one of the first postoffices in Carver county, He was clerk of the first election held in this section of the coun- try. Mr. Lyman was very much interested in fruit growing. He probably planted the first apple tree in Carver county, bringing with him six small apple trees and seeds, which were planted in the spring of 1853. These trees not being adapted to Minnesota climate were killed in the winter of 1856. In the year 1867 he planted seeds from apples of hardier varie- ties, originating many valuable seedling trees, one of which, the ‘“Lyman’s Prolific’ has a spread of over forty feet, and has borne as much as thirty bushels of fruit at one time. From ‘ Wealthy” seeds that he planted in 1876 there are now growing many varieties of large type of apples of good quality, wnich have cap- tured leading prizes at the state fair and winter m-etings of the State Horticultural Society for a number of years. Many varieties are good keepers. He was also very much interested in the growing of evergreens, having one of the best evergreen windbreaks in the country. Many evergreens of his early setting tower over fifty feet high. ; Mr. Lyman is survived by his wife and three sons, Albert H., and Frank J., of Excelsior, and Arthur B., at the old homestead. He was a devoted Christian, being an active member of the Con- gregational church of Excelsior, of which he had been a member since its organization. Mr. Lyman became a member of this society in 1891, and the same year a society trial station was located on his grounds, which he continued to operate as superintendent, making annual report thereof till his death. In 1900 he was appointed treasurer of the society for that year, but declining re-election, his son, Arthur B., was elected his successor and still continues to hold the office. As a horticulturist, Mr. Lyman has left a most honorable record, * and the good he did in the direction of creating a pomology adapt- ed to this comparatively new country will undoubtedly perpetuate his name long after those who knew him personally have passed away. We honor and love him, and his memory is that of one who fought well the battle of life and achieved success in its highest sense. Vice x Presidents’ eports, 1901. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT. JONATHAN FREEMAN, AUSTIN. The a this report, whether good or bad, is my own; but I have been assfsted by two leading horticulturists in the district in the listing of names of those who would probably answer communi- cations, and in the suggestion of questions. The report will largely consist of information outside of my immediate knowledge, as kindly rendered by others. A list of nine questions was printed in circular form, and, with more or less of my own handwriting, was mailed to sixty different persons within the district. Thirty-three acknowledged its receipt, and inclosed from part to a full answer and a review of the year’s experience within the field of observation. I highly appreciate the spirit and the efforts made upon the part of those who answered. Because of infirmities and little practice in writing on the part of some, I well know it required great determination to fulfill my request ; but their efforts are highly appreciated, as they were enabled to record some of the most vital facts for the interest and benefit of our work. Question 1. Are the older orchardists continuing their past interest in the work, as illustrated by proper care of the old trees and plants, and in planting more space to the best of the old varieties and the well tried of the new? “Many of the first orchardists of the district have been gathered to their ‘long rest’ to receive the reward of the faithful, but ali con- tinued loyal to our horticultural interests, in caring for the old orchards and planting new ones.” Some, still living, possess their former interest in fruit-growing, properly caring for the old trees and plants, and extending their bounds by planting more of the 84 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. best of the old and new varieties. Quite a per cent of the older men are discouraged, and neglect is manifest; while a few are com- pletely disgusted and doing nothing in the line of fruit culture. Question 2. What average annual per cent of new men are planting more or less fruit trees and small fruits? And what average annual per cent of increase in the purchase of trees and plants by all? Also what is true of the purchase of forest and decorative trees and shrubs? A fair per cent of younger men, sons of the first settlers, as they come to maturity, are planting and manifesting considerable interest. A large per cent of the new men, coming from other sections, are thus doing, resulting in an annual increase of trees and plants pur- chased, of from fifteen to seventy-five per cent. In the eastern part of district many forest and decorative trees are taken from the nat- ural forest, but to the west they are almost entirely purchased from the nursery; and the annual increase of sales are from ten to one hundred per cent, largely because of the manifest necessity of shelter belts for protection, not only from the wintry blasts “but for the shielding of fruits from hot winds, sun-scald, etc.” Question 3. What six varieties of apples for the past six years have proved the most remunerative in their order pef tree for selling in the markets within your reach? Votes: Wealthy, 28; Duchess, 25; Patten Greening, 10; Long- field, 9; Malinda, 6; Northwestern Greening, 5; Hibernal, 6; Fa- meuse,~5 5 Haas, 6;-Anisim, 3;“Peerless,-2; Tetoisky, 3: Uttemuae Walbridge, 2; Transcendent, 6; Early Strawberry, 2; Whitney No. 2O, 2: Question 4. Please give the best six varieties each of apples and “crabs and hybrids; four each of plums, cherries, strawberries and currants; three each of raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries and grapes for general planting. Apples: Wealthy, 22; Duchess, 19; Longfield, 10; Patten Greening, 9; Northwestern Greening, 7; Malinda, 7; Peerless, 4; Hibernal, 4; Tetofsky, 4; Utter, 3; Nelson, 2; Okabena, 2; Wal- bridge, 2; Anisim, 2. Crabs and Hybrids: Whitney No. 20, 12; Martha, 12; Early Strawberry, 10;.Minnesota, 10; Transcendent, 8; Virginia, 7; Sweet Russett, 5; Florence, 3; Briar Sweet, 2; Dartt, 2; Hyslop, 2. Plums: De Soto, 18; Wyant, 12; Rollingstone, 10; Forest Garden, 7; Surprise, 10; Cheney, 6; Stoddard, 5; Wolf, 3; Weaver, 3: (Gaylord, 2./Ocheeda;<2: Cherries: Early Richmond, 9; Wragg, 9; English Morello, 5; Ostheim, 4; Montgomery, 3; Compass, 2. Strawberries: Bederwood, 15; Warfield, 13; Crescent, 9; Splen- did, 6; Enhance, 3; Haviland, 3; Lovett, 4; Clyde, 3; Brandywine, 2 Currants: Red Dutch, 12; White Grape, 7; Victoria, 5; North ~ Star, 4; Long Bunch Holland, 4; White Dutch, 2; Cherry, 2. Raspberries: Loudon, 14; Cuthbert, 6; Gregg, 5; Older, 6; VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 85 Turner, 4; Marlboro, 3; Ohio, 2; Philadelphia, 2. Blackberries: Ancient Briton, 13; Snyder, 8; Stone’s Hardy, 3; Badger, 2. Gooseberries: Houghton, 7; Downing, 6; Red Jacket, 3; Pearl 3. Grapes: Concord, 11; Worden, 9; Moore’s Early, 4; Brighton, 5; Delaware, 4; Janesville, 3; Campbell’s Early, 2. Question 5. Of the newer varieties of plums, what have proved the most desirable? Surprise, 14; Aitkin, 2; Ocheeda, 2; Brittlewood, 2; Stoddard, 2. Question 6. What late keeping apple seems likely to become most popular? N. W. Greening, 9; Malinda, 9; Repka, 3; Walbridge, 3; Patten Greening, 2. Question 7. What have been the special drawbacks or hindrances in fruit culture during the past year? “Drouth, continued intense heat” mentioned by a large majority. “Late frosts, insect enemies, weeds and insufficient cultivation by several. “The cut worm” mentioned. “Inability to obtain reliable help, over-production of the year 1900 and the sale of worthless stock from the east and south by gangs of tree sharks.” Question 8. What new thing has impressed itself upon you the past season ? “That orchards should be cultivated as often as corn. Of two orchards of mine, one in grass and one with cultivation, forty cents per bushel difference in quality, and better yield, in favor of culti- tion.” “That we must irrigate and have an irrigating plant.” “Constant surface cultivation.” “Late keeping seedling apples.” “Patten Greening and Loudon impress me favorably “Spraying a necessity.” “That Minnesota ought to make an effort to supply the immense demand for Wealthy apples in the western states.” “Absolute: necessity of thorough cultivation.” “General farming and commercial fruit-growing wil! not do together, as one or the other will likely be neglected.” “Cultivate more, cultivate early, stir the soil. Keep the grass and weeds down. Go slow on the new kinds. Let somebody -else try them first.” “The Compass Cherry and Surprise plum.” “That in grafting Compass Cherry on plum stock, it reduces the cherry flavor of the fruit. I think by grafting them on cherry that it will be much better.” “Left my blackberries up last winter without cover. Was much impressed with the shortness of the crop; decided wouldn’t do it again.” “Spray, mulch and prune; then no trouble raising apples.” “Tf farmers cannot do something to make perfect fruit, the tree > ry 86 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. business will be dead. I note that apples from old trees are the worst. The Stone, a late blossoming variety, was the most perfect.” “What about spraying? Will it actually save the apple, or is it a fake : rote “The great increase of insect enemies of fruit, fruit trees, small fruits and shrubs, and the great need of a thorough extermination all along the whole line.” “Will have to spray fruit trees if we want the whole fruit, for the birds don’t seem to get up early enough around here to catch the worms that make the hole i in the apple.” “Sooner or later we have got to spray to get clean fruit, and the railroads ought to give us better accommodations in handling our fruit.” “Cut worms may be successfully controlled by the liberal use of bran moistened and sweetened and poisoned with Paris green, and persistently scattered over the ground infested.” Question 9. What are the indications of a crop for the coming season? “Good, good, good, plenty of moisture, abundance of fruit buds, prospect of an abundant crop next year,’ expressed by a great ma- jority. “Fair growth of wood and well ripened,” by several. “Strawberries and-raspberries are much reduced in vitality and not promising,” by a few. “Plums moderate; gooseberries and currants are likely to do about as usual,” mentioned. From the best information gleaned from the district it appears: that all fruits in every section, with few exceptions, have yielded from nothing to fifty per cent of an average crop, and that the sales have commanded from good to high prices. REMARKS. “Twenty years ago planted hundreds of trees; all killed. Young men are continuing to plant.” “Many orchards have been set in the past few years, but are not fruiting as yet sufficiently to form an opinion. They are generally well cared for and are looking well. Ina few years we will be able to make an intelligent selection.” “My experience is, that to have apples every year the trees must be fed. Mine are manured every year, and I have a fair crop very year. The Wealthy is the apple for the northwest, large, good color, and, if picked with care as soon as it begins to color, will keep as well as most winter fruit in ordinary farmers’ cellars.” “Have one hundred new varieties of apples in cellar.” “Old orchardists more interested because thev realize an in- crease of money value. Cherries, a dead letter. Grapes, nit.” “Have just returned from a trip through four townships in my» own county; were raising some fruit in one township, a very little in another, but I did not see an orchard in the other two “T think the Peerless a much more hardy tree than the Wealthy and better fruit.” VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIRST CONG. DIST. 37 “Duchess have paid the best because orchards are oldest, but Wealthy is in best demand and brings highest price. Newer varie- ties of currants and gooseberries are coming to the front.” “The Transcendent crab is the very best for commercial pur- posess. The Morello cherry is the best and only cherry raised here successfully. Has fruited over thirty-six years. Have picked and sold 237 bushels in one season. Seedling apples of finest quality: Leona, season July; Alling, season June; Long John, April to May.” “If a tree gets damagd by a cold winter, cut back all limbs in spring, so that the top is not more than half size.” “T have many varieties on trial, but as yet they have not been proven. Am more and more of the opinion that the list to advise to the general planter should be kept low. The large cultivator or grower is himself better able to judge than the society can tell him, for undoubtedly he has or will give it study. Recommend only the old and sure ones. Better for the majority to plant two or three varieties and be sure, than many and failure.” “In my long experience, have tried at least 120 varieties of apples, and can now recommend not more than twenty varieties that I would set for:an orchard, if age permitted. Patten Greening is a large and a fine apple, but falls from the tree too soon. Long- field is a good bearer, but fruit is too small for market purposes. The Anisim, though a beautiful color yet too small. The Mc- Mahon, unless near market and carried like eggs, they bruise. Would now set an orchard in the following proportions: Five Red Duck, 5 Glass Green, 5 Gilbert, 5 Yellow Sweet, 25 Wealthy, 15 Duchess, 20 Thompson, 10 Repka, 10 Malinda. Crabs or hybrids: Sweet Russet, Gideon No. 6 and Martha.” The facts and experiences as rehearsed in the thirty-three com- munications have been of great interest and benefit to me, and hope they may be the same to many others. Why are the reports so meager and discouraging pertaining to the cherry? -It is a fruit that I especially love, and why is it not a success in the western half of the district? What is the force of suggestions made by a few that commercial orcharding and general farming cannot be successfully followed, as a rule, by the same party? Is it not one of the forceful reasons for the present disparity of fruit culture upon the prairie and upon the hill and bluff sections? Evidently, this is worthy of consideration at all horticultural meetings. Also, from the many references in the communications, we seem to be following closely our eastern neighbors in the apparent neces- sity of “spraying.” The President: You spoke of the grafting on the sand cherry. Will the graft have anything of the vigor of the sand cherry? Mr. Freeman: I cannot tell anything about it; these answers are all from my correspondents. 88 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.- The President: I would like to ask Mr. Underwood that same question. Mr. Underwood: I have never tried it, but I suppose it would very likely. The President: Would the sand cherry take with the Morello cherry? Mr. S. D. Richardson: I have tried the cherry on the sand cherry but with little success; however, the plum will grow very readily. The President: But you did get the cherry to grow on the sand cherry? Mr. Richardson: .Oh, yes; out of one or two hundred I got perhaps half a dozen. The President: Well, that would be sufficient for the purpose of experiment. Mr. C. H. True (lowa): I understood Mr. Freeman to say that the Peerless was regarded as a more hardy tree than the Wealthy. Is that his own opinion or that of his correspondents? - Mr. Freeman: Nearly all of this comes from my correspond- ents. Mr. True: Well, is that your opinion? 2 Mr. Freeman: No, sir; I have not had the experience. Mr. True: I thought it would not agree with the experience of others. I am simply seeking for information to take back to my constituents. / VICE-PRES. REPORT, SECOND CONG. DISTRICT. C. E. OLDER, LUVERNE. The fruit crop in the southwestern part of the state the past season was only fair, owing to the midsummer drouth and late spring frosts. Although there was a great diversity in yield both in location and variety, still, with the exception of the apple crop, which had its off year, we have no reason to complain. In our part of the district plums were a failure, on account of the late frosts in the spring. In the upper part of the district, near Windom and above, there was a fair crop of plums and some of most excellent quality and quantity. In the southern and western part strawberries were a splendid crop and prices good, but the drouth, setting in at that time, short- ened the crop and reduced the size of the berries as well as the ptice. The dry weather after bearing nearly or quite ruined the beds and generally injured the growth of the new planting. As there are very few pieces having a gocd stand of plants, I lock for higher prices for strawberries another season. | — os Se VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, SECOND CONG. DIST. 89 Currants and gooseberries were fairly good when trimmed up and mulched, as they should be in the spring. Only a few varieties of raspberries withstood the drouth enough to make a crop. The Turner, planted in a grove under the trees, bore a good crop; Older, grown in rows in the open between two shelter belts, bore nicely to nearly the close of the season; Kansas ‘about half a crop, under the same conditions; and Loudon almost a failure, with Columbias entirely dried up without ripening a berry. Being an off year for apples, there were very few, but what there were brought good prices. The Martha crab blossomed very full, and the late frost killed every bloom, when other vargeties like the Wealthy, Duchess, Whitney, Virginia, etc., were only partially injured. This may indicate that the Martha ‘il not stand as much frost without injury as the other varieties in the blooming period. The Wealthy seems to hold its own as the leading apple. All varieties have made a good growth and have ripened their wood nicely for winter. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FOURTH CONG. DIST. W. J. TINGLEY, STILLWATER. I am pleased to say that the outlook for the future of horti- culture in my locality is very encouraging. Fruit trees came through the winter in good condition, with the exception of some varieties that made a late growth; in the fall of 1900 those were damaged some on the tops. Apples showed very little bloom, and after the frosts of May 23rd and June 7th, our prospect for an apple crop was blighted. Nevertheless, the show at the Stillwater Street Fair was very fine, fully equal if not excelling the state fair in quality, but of course not in quantity. It was very noticeable that the apple booth was the leading feature of the fair, and many expressed surprise that such fine apples could be raised in Minne- sota, and could hardly believe that most of them were raised within a radius of ten miles of the city of Stillwater. The varieties most prominent were Wolf River, Okabena, Wealthy, Duchess, Hiber- nal, Patten Greening and others | did not know the names of. Crab apples: Whitney, Martha, Hyslop, Transcendent, Briar Sweet and Florence. On my farm the Duchess apple did well on the low land, the frost seeming to have had less effect on these than on any other va- riety. In orchards that I visited, the oe and Martha crab bore the best. The plum crop was light on an ea but in some places go MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. some varieties bore heavily. With me the Cheney, Forest Garden and a yellow plum I brought from Dakota, bore heavily; these three varieties the frost did not appear to have damaged. The heavy bearing, I think, was due to the treatment the trees re- ceived. Where the trees bore heavily they had been manured and cultivated, or heavily mulched with straw and manure. Rolling- stone, Wolf and Weaver appeared to be damaged the most by frost. There are a great many other varieties growing, but I did not see them fruiting this season to any extent. Raspberries were a fair crop this season, and with the good price brqught it made the successful berry grower happy. Loudon is being planted quite extensively and is well liked. Turner is grown to some extent, and we like it for the home. Cuthbert has been our best yielder, where the canes were laid down and covered. The blackcaps are not grown to any extent, as they require winter protection. Columbia is doing well and is a great grower, but is not much planted as yet. The strawberry crop was light, and the berries small but good in quality. Bederwood, Warfield and Brandywine did well with us. Grapes were a fair crop and ripened well. Currants were a good crop, and with us the best varieties were Stewart Seedling and North Star. Evergreens are being planted to some extent. Our farmers are commencing to pay more attention to beautifying their homes. Scotch pine, white spruce and red cedar seem to be the most de- sirable varieties for our location. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIFTH CONG. DISTRICT. A. D. LEACH, EXCELSIOR. The fruit crop in this district, so far as I have able to learn by observation and inquiry, was not up to the average. ; Raspberries were badly injured in some localities, from lack of snow to cover the ground during the coldest part of the winter, but prices were good, and most of the fruit growers with whom I have talked had no complaint to make with the outcome of the crop. Strawberries, as a whole, were a poor crop. Some were injured by the winter, and all were injured more or less by the late cold spell in the spring. In most cases the crop was a failure so far as profits to the grower were concerned. There were some excep- tions in very favorable localities; one that come under my obser- VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIFTH CONG. DIST. gI vation was at Mr. Shuman’s, at Christmas Lake, where a very satisfactory crop was harvested. Currants were a good crop and paid well-where the currant worms were carefully looked after. Gooseberries were a fair crop, but were somewhat affected by the mildew unless they had been carefully sprayed with the Bor- deaux mixture. As a whole, plums were a good crop, and prices satisfactory for the best kinds—and it does not pay to grow any others. The Compass Cherry, which is much thought of by some, espe- cially for canning and jelly, came near being a failure on account of the late cold spell and the birds. Blackberries were a light crop, owing principally to drouth in July, which injured them in size and quality as well as in quantity. APPLES. During the month of August I visited a number of the best orchards in this vicinity, to satisfy myself as to the crop prospects and to learn what I could of the different methods of cultivation and their success, and to examine for myself some of the new seed- lings of promise which are being brought before the public. First I visited the orchard of Mr. H. M. Lyman. I found the orchard looking well and making a fine growth. The crop of apples as a whole, was small, but many of the young trees were heavily loaded with fruit—notably the Patten Greening, which the owner afterwards told me netted him $1.50 per bushel in Minne- apolis. Two loads brought $150.00 net cash. Mr. Lyman has a number of promising seedlings. Notable among them is a red sweet, which promises to be hardy and is of fine quality; he also has some late keeping seedlings that are attractive both for size and quality. Next I visited the orchard of William Sarver. ‘The young part of this orchard was bearing well. The old trees, with here and there an exception, were not full. Mr. Sarver is blind, but he has not lost interest in his orchard. He has about 1,100 trees ina young orchard that look very promising. His wife has the care of the trees and selling of the fruit, and is a genial and wide-awake horti- culturist. I also visited the orchard of Mr. F. J. Peterson, at Waconia. His trees were well filled with fruit—much fuller than in any other orchard I visited, but not so full as I have seen them before. Here I also noted some fine seedling apples that promise much, and also a tree of the Minnesota crab (so-calléd) that is one of the finest Q2 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. apple trees I have ever seen in the state. I was surprised when Mr. Peterson told me they had never sprayed their trees. I missed the old gentleman much, for this is one of the families which to know is to love and respect. ; I also visited the young orchard of Mr. O. H. Modlin; near Excelsior; it contains 1,000 trees, 600 Wealthy and 400 Patten Greening. It is one of the many promising young orchards in this vicinity. Mr. Modlin is a thorough horticulturist and will succeed if success is to be had. I next visited the young orchard of Mr. H. W. Shuman, one mile south of Excelsior, and was shown over the grounds by our genial Mr. Wyman Elliot. The orchard is on a large hill, or, rather, around it. Friend Elliot led the way from the house, down across a hollow, then up that hill at a 2:40 gait. Having arrived at the top, I was formally introduced to his experimental work, which, to say the least, was worth climbing that hill several times to see. Seedling apples and plums galore, clean and thrifty. He told me much about this work—too much for my old head to re- tain, but you will undoubtedly reap the results of this labor in many new varieties added to our list of hardy plums and apples. From here we circled down the hill, paying more attention to the orchard. The trees were thrifty and promising, and many of them, though quite young, were well filled with fruit. A plant is being put in here for irrigation, which I shall watch with much interest. My own orchard bore a light crop, about half as many apples as last year. The fruit was under size as compared with other years, which was the case in all the orchards I visited. My Duchess trees were well filled, as were the Patten Greening, and the Peerless were fuller than ever before. My oldest University, received from Mr. Patten in 1892, had four bushels of fruit on it this year. They are fine, smooth apples of medium size, bright, golden yellow color, and fair to good in quality. The tree has shown no signs of blight. It is of spreading growth and appears to be very hardy and a handsome orchard tree. The apples are keeping in fine condition to the present time. My apples netted me from $1.50 to $2.00 per bushel this year. There was no blight to speak of, the Transcendents showing very little if any in this vicinity. Grapes were a satisfactory crop, and prices were better than usual. It is self-evident that in the fifth district apple culture is in- VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIFTH CONG. DIST. 93 creasing beyond anything we have ever had. I have lived in Min- nesota forty-four years, and in traveling about the district I was very forcibly struck with the number of orchards being set out. What the outcome of this tree planting will be we cannot tell yet. They say this climate is moderating from year to year, and that we are not going to have any more hard winters, but I am not fully satis- fied upon that score. Mr. Elliot: In speaking of Mr. Sarver, the blind man, I wish Mr. Leach had gone a little further into details in regard to that orchard. I had the pleasure of visiting Mr. Sarver this past sum- mer about the time the Duchess was ripening, and I was very much interested in what he has done. He is a blind man, cannot see a particle. When he goes out to his orchard he has to be led by some one, or else he has to take some familiar path. The help they have on that place of eighty acres consists of only three small boys, the oldest about sixteen. Mrs. Sarver is an ideal woman for a horticultural man to have. Mr. Sarver said to me, “We have eight hundred trees in our young orchard, and I have been over those trees three times on my hands and knees to take the weeds out of the rows.” They have crops between the rows. He went over that orchard three times on his hands and knees. Last spring he rigged himself for spraying, and the orchard was sprayed five times. They sent some apples to the Pan-American, and the superintendent told me they were the finest lot of apples sent from this state. There was not an imperfect apple in the lot, and the Duchess were extremely fine. The trees were not as full this year as last, neither were the Wealthy, but they had a remarkably fine crop of fruit. Mr. Underwood: I would like to ask Mr. Leach whether his orchard is thoroughly cultivated. Mr. Leach: The young part I keep thoroughly cultivated. The old trees, the Wealthy which killed down in the winter of 1884-5, have grown up and are now bearing three or four bushels to the tree. They are set only twenty feet apart, and the limbs touch. I seeded it to clover, but I mow the clover and rake it up around the trees so it has killed the grass about as far out from the trunk as the top extends. I keep the ground free from weeds by mulching with green grass, and I also use some barnyard mulch every year, spreading it under the trees. Mr. Underwood: If young trees that are not doing anything need thorough cultivation, that is, doing nothing but growing, don’t you think that a bearing tree, bearing its burden every year, needs cultivation as much as a young tree? Mr. Leach: Well, there is a difference in this way: I prefer to cultivate my older trees that are bearing by mulching rather than plowing up the ground. Many of us cannot do the work our- selves, we have to depend upon somebody else, and if I were to -put almost any man into my orchard he would ruin the trees. I believe if the trees are kept well mulched and the mulching is O4 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. worked into the ground every spring, you will eet as gocd results, and the ground will be in better condition to gather the fruit than it. would be otherwise. Then another thing, the older the tree gets the more roots it has, and the more you ‘cultivate the more injury you do to the roots, but if the trees are cultivated while young you can cultivate up to them without injuring the roots. Mr. Underwood: I do not want the impression to get out from this society that the old tree can be left to itself. I do not want the idea to go out that old trees can be left to themselves, and my ex- perience does not conincide with that of Mr. Leach that mulching will take the place of cultivation. Mr. Leach: I do not cultivate the old trees with the team, be- cause I cannot get in on account of the limbs. The most of the trees are not far enough apart so a team.can be driven through with a wagon. I consider that my trees are equally weil culti- vated as | cultivate them as though they were treated like my young trees. They are clean from weeds for a radius of six to eight feet, and the ground is thoroughly worked. Mr. Underwood: The roots of the trees go out further if they are twenty feet apart. I claim the bearing trees need every foot of the room, six or eight feet is not enough. They should have all the room there is, and there should not be a weed or any grass or clover grown in the orchard. Mr. Leach: I shall have to differ somewhat with Mr. Under- wood. All the success I have attained has been in the orchard seeded down when the trees came well into bearing. Mr. Underwood: I venture to suggest that if you had taken care of your trees as you ought your trees would have borne more than they did. Mr. Leach: I don’t know that I have any fault to find with my trees; I was satisfied anyway. Mr. Gibbs: Speaking about young trees, we often find in the fall after the ground begins to freeze it cracks, and that opens up the soil to exaporation just when the moisture should be conserved. They way I overcome that is to take my wheelbarrow and put about half a load of fine manure over those cracks; that stops the waste and helps the trees to get through the winter without suffer- ing. Mr. Elliott: I think that could be done with the harrow and cultivator. Mr. Gibbs: But I do this after the ground is frozen; it could not be harrowed or cultivated after it freezes. Mr. Underwood: If you were to cultivate before the ground is frozen you would not see any cracks. Mr. Yahnke: Both gentlemen are right. (Laughter.) I want to say that when we were first married I told my wife that when we were both of the same opinion she was right, but if we differed in opinion, I was right. (Great laughter.) The gentleman says he likes mulch; but then he says his orchard is in such condition that the only thing he can do is to mulch, while the condition of Mr. Underwood's “orchard is such that it is better for him to cultivate. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, FIFTH CONG. DIST. 95 You pay your money and take your choice. If the old tree needs food for its roots, it will go twenty feet from its trunk and further to find plant food for that bearing tree, and you have got to give it moisture in some shape. Moisture is the most essential feature if the tree is to bear fruit, but at a certain time of the year we have , got to take this moisture away. There is a time when the tree starts fruit buds, that is about the middle of the season, and if you give it too much moisture it will not set fruit buds. You have got to know what time your fruit tree needs moisture and what time it does not. In the spring time you get the most moisture, just at the time when the tree needs it most, when it is growing, but when July comes we ought to check it a little. Now if you cultivate your trees in July it will hurt the fruit buds. I would rather have the orchard in weeds, I would rather cultivate it again anew. In some localities where there are steep side hills and the rain washes the ground away, it is better to have some grass or let it grow to weeds before the rains come, or have a strip between the rows seeded down. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, SIXTH CONG. DISTRICT. FRANK MESENBURG, ST. CLOUD. The fruit crop during the past season was not as good as it might have been, owing to the late frost and the drought in July. My strawberry crop was a failure, on account of frost and too much rain during the picking time. My plants lcoked fine in the spring, but the berries were of inferior quality, and the yield was light. The crop of the Stager Fruit Farm, at Sauk Rapids, was good, and above the average in both quality and quantity. Beder- wood, Warfield, and Brandywine are the most satisfactory varieties of strawberries for this locality. Raspberries were an excellent crop. The Turner’ appears to stand the winter better than other varieties. Gooseberries and currants did well, and plums and crab apples nearly as good. Grapes fruited well. Spring planted evergreens did not do well, and a great many trees died. VICE-PRESIDENT’S REPORT, SEVENTH CONG. DIST. J. L. ADAMS, GLENWOOD. Small fruits and berries did as well as could be expected with the very dry weather we had here in May and June, with very lit- tle rain in July and August. The late rains helped the vines and apple trees so they are looking nicely now. Although the raspber- ries have not thoroughly hardened their wood, I think they will come through the winter all right. The Turner, Loudon and Older are the favorites around here, as they do not need much petting. 96 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have visited a number of people who are trying to raise apples around here, including Mr. Mickelson, who, I think, has the largest orchard in the county. He has over 100 trees, about fifty of which bore this year. They are looking finely. He cultivates and has a north slope on the lake shore. His favorites are the Peerless, Wealthy and Duchess, although he has a number of other kinds. One Duchess bore so heavily he had to prop up the limbs. Among others I visited, the Duchess and Wealthy were the favorite trees, although some liked Peerless, and others the Anisim, according to the nursery they bought from. But from observation and small experience, I should say the Wealthy, Duchess, Peerless, Longfield and Whitney in the order named were good enough for us. MEETING OF THE PENINSULA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. O. M. LORD, MINNESOTA CITY. I had the pleasure of attending the fifteenth annual meeting of the Peninsula Horticultural Society, which includes Delaware, Mary- land and a part of Virginia, at Berlin, Jan. 6-8. Berlin, Md., is six miles from Ocean City, on the Atlantic coast, a prominent summer resort. The railroad from Philadelphia runs nearly the whole length of Delaware, the south part of which is almost a continuous peach orchard. At Berlin is one of the largest nurseries in the district, owned by Harrison Bros., who kindly gave me a carriage ride over the grounds, the most of whichare devoted to peach and pear trees. Peaches and the Keifer pear occupied a large share of the at- tention of the society. The only part of the program of interest to us was the handling, the package and transportation. Greater care in handling the fruit was especially emphasized, and the universal package of five-eighths bushel baskets was shown to be, from mar- ket reports, not equal to the Georgia oblong crate. The evi's of discrimination in freight rates were presented and discussed in a manner which we can duplicate at any meeting. Strawberries are largely grown here and are a profitable crop. No profit in grapes. The whole peninsula is well adapted to sweet potatoes, and‘a strong impetus has been given to their culture by the Department of Agriculture in making several shipments to Eu- rope, which brought double the price obtained at home. This fact soon drew out a spirited discussion in regard to handling the crop, and methods of storage and manner of packing for shipment, the outlook for the crop in future being very promising. PENINSUAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Q7 The Maryland College exhibited 150 varieties of plums, which attracted much attention, but there were only twenty plates of ap- ples shown and a few pears. Every little town has a cannery for peaches, tomatoes, pears and corn, and the clashing of interests be- tween growers and canners were very hard to reconcile. The plums, which were in glass, were put up by Mr. Kerr, of Denton, who had 250 varieties at the Baltimore meeting of the state society. I spent two delightful days. at Mr. Kerr’s place and tasted Japan plums, chestnuts, walnuts and a great variety of fruits that I had never seen. The visit impressed me with the wonderful possibilities of fruit growing in this region, though they labor under the same difficulties that confront us with insects and fungous dis- eases. SOME THOUGHTS BY AN AMATEUR ON OUTDOOR IMPROVEMENTS. MRS. FLORENCE BARTON LORING, MINNEAPOLIS. The mental notes from which I shall glean today cluster about the home. The house itself does not come within my province further than this—when building, one ought to consider fitness. As we all know, one style of architecture may be perfectly adapted to seashore or mountain, and be actually absurd for the purpose of a town house. An appropriate and picturesque country home may lose half its attraction on a city residence street; and in the former instance the natural surroundings, while in the latter the character of thoroughfare and size of lot, will lead to still further distinctions and modifications. The house once decided upon, what is the first outdoor im- provement to be attempted? Obviously, the planting of trees, un- léss happily present. As some one wittily said, “Large trees will not come to us: we must go to them—and a good way to have trees at once is to plant them a long time ago.” And how frequently the early settlers abused this opportunity of having fine trees at once! Cutting down bur and scarlet oaks ruthlessly, turning beau- tiful oak openings into deserts, a vandalism which caused their suc- cessors many a sigh of regret. So much has been said, and is like- ly to be said, regarding planting, that I will only hazard a few ideas in this connection, and these from my own standpoint. A street with no vegetation on its borders, either in parking or lot, is indeed a sight for “glorious grief or solemn mirth!” But why should the ornamentation be always trees and so many of them? 98 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Conditions vary for wide residence streets or large lot. Nothing can supplant noble trees; though, even then, to my mind, fifty feet is none too great a distance between each specimen—for experts ad- mit both vista and sky-line are rendered equally as effective through this method as by closer planting, while we all know the value of sufficient light, air and nourishment for each tree, and the necessity of sunlight for humanity. And, here, a side thought. Why not more diversity? A strang- er would sometimes judge, trusting his eyes alone, that no tree but the elm would bear transplanting in the West! And to continue my queries, why render narrow streets or small lots, where the dwellings are crowded together brick-fashion, dark and breathless by close lines of trees? Beauty is oftentimes secured by variety, and utility as well as health is always to be considered in home environment. Then, why not, in such situations, resort to trees which never attain large growth, like the’ hackberry or flowering shrubs, for ornamentation? Habit alone is lacking. Once estab- lish the custom, and lot owner, park commissioner or city author- ity would treat low-growing trees or effective shrubs with the same recognition that their more stately kin generally receive. Before departing from this especial theme allow me to avow, as an amateur, my doubts regarding the advisability of trees on certain business streets, even if it were possible to create a general and imperious demand for them. With further explanation, this will not seem such rank heresy, even to the most impassioned tree lover. If the possibility of ultimate growth and importance could be surmised and seriously considered by those who plan village thoroughfares, then, indeed, might we easily have tree-bordered business streets in towns and cities. For, with avenues from 130 to 200 feet in width, room would be secured for traffic, wide foot- ways and a parking liberal enough to produce healthy tree growth. But this ideal state of things seldom exists—and, viewing hard real- ity, what encouragement is given for tree planting in business sec- tions by comparatively narrow roads, with their pavements and stone sidewalks? And, in this connection, one is reminded of the famous “Unter den Linden,” which, despite its width, disappoints most tree lovers, for it does not require a trained eye to discover these trees protest, in their dumb way, against the environment imposed upon them. And loyal Germans, incredible as it may seem, acknowledge that constant re-planting is necessary in this, their most noted avenue. It. reminded me of a flower, placed in a maiden’s hair, falling a THOUGHTS BY AN AMATEUR ON OUTDOOR IMPROVEMENTS. 99 sacrifice to bedeck a beauty less perfect than its own. So much, by way of protest. Now, a few words of admission. In a suitable climate, certain species of palms lend themselves cheerfully to the decoration of business thoroughfares, reaching great perfection with little space or care, and giving a most distinguished appearance to the section adorned by their presence. Again, in more northern climes, care- fully selected indigenous shrubs would accommodate themselves to similar conditions. And, moreover, my objections cannot apply to village streets, where it is always possible to have the more thickly populated portion of such towns ennobled by large and beautiful trees; nor to the residence portion of a city, nor the suburbs of a large metropolis, as in all these instances there can be no differ- ence of opinion. I cannot refrain from adding my grateful tribute to the influence wrought in our own city by men like Col. John H. Stevens, Capt. Ed. Murphy and the late Hon. W. S. King. These men wrought by example as well as precept, planting trees with their own hands, making various improvements and giving land; and when one’s speech has a basis of deeds upon which to rely the listener is never wholly indifferent, while the most finished oratory has no lasting influence when unaccompanied by personal worth or earnest work. : “Who never doubted, never half believed: Where doubt, there truth is—'tis her shadow,” yielding opportunity for any one to de- cide the matter according to individual preference, and such is the present situation among landscape architects regarding enclosed areas for homes. An authority recently wrote thus: “Border plan- tations along the street property lines tend to enclose an estate and secure a degree of privacy and seclusion, and it is probable that in the future these plantations will be more common. The open- ness of front yards and lawns, now so prevalent, is possibly due to the national spirit of democracy; but if so, it is paradoxical when found in a country whose people are also noted for their love of home.” In my judgment the last few words stand at the parting of thé ways in this discussion. Shall the town or city gain in beauty, with corresponding loss to the individual owner, or shall the gen- eral whole yield some of its present advantages, as years pass by, to the natural requirements of the home-maker? England an- swered this question generations ago; but the exaggeration of her reply makes few converts to division lines in our land, where in- accessible stone walls and lofty hedges find no advocates. But it is my belief that many who embrace the park system eagerly when 100 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY applied to public grounds or cemeteries are becoming dissatisfied with its too-open policy when connected with their homes. If this be so, not many years will elapse before American ingenuity will grapple with this problem, and by judicious management of light wooden, wire or iron fences, low tasteful walls or dwarf hedges, solve it—to the national satisfaction, at least; and when so-called private grounds really compass privacy, the unselfish workers for public breathing places will find support for the establishment and maintenance of public parks, squares, play grounds and sim- ilar privileges from unexpected quarters—people will be alive to those necessities who are now both dumb and blind. An ethical question arises, also. Would not boundary lines, denoting private ownership, increase the respect of children for that ownership? Two years ago at a convention of the American Park and Outdoor Art Association, one of the most EARLY TOMATOES IN THE OPEN GROUND. T, T. BACHELLER, MINNEAPOLIS. If I understand my topic, | am expected to state what I have learned from experience about growing tomatoes in this climate out of doors, and producing mature fruit earlier in the season than the normal or average date of its ripening. My experience in this line is limited, but my success thus far has certainly given suffi- cient satisfaction to pay for the endeavor. During the season of 1900 I was marketing limited quantities of very handsome tomatoes in advance of other local outdoor grow- ers, so far as I could learn. The price obtained was such that I wished the quantity were greater. I kept no record of dates, but I know by concurrent events that we were doing considerable pick- ing by the last half of July, and that our first ripe fruit was secured shortly after the Fourth. In the latter part of January, 1901, we sowed several kinds of seeds in a small window box, simply to test their vitality. The lot included two varieties of tomatoes, Acme and Dwarf Champion. When the plants were well started we decided to try and save the tomatoes until warm weather, and so pulled up the others. When from one to two inches high the young plants were transplanted to fill the entire space, and the number was reduced by pulling out the weaker ones from time to time. Most of the remaining plants made a very robust growth, and when averaging eight or nine inches in height we decided to give them the better accom- modations of a hotbed, then just ready for them. Each plant was placed in the center of a quart-sized strawberry box, the boxes were closely packed in order in the frame, and enough dirt put ‘ 284 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. in to cover them to the depth of fully two inches. When the plants were too high for’ the frame we placed another 12-inch board on top, and our memorandum shows that by April 29th the foliage was pressing against the glass and the first blossoms were in evidence. The plants had also been allowed considerable fresh air on warm days, to harden them for the next and final change. The transplanting to the open ground occurred about May 1oth, into a sheltered spot on the south side of the barn. Here, again, a number of very slim, delicate plants were rejected, as not show- ing sufficient vigor to promise satisfactory results. The setting was quite deep, in some cases covering six or eight inches of the stalks. No pruning was done at that time, nor were the plants trained or tied up at any time thereafter, excepting as necessary to keep them off the ground. About sixty-five plants made up the collection, and they had been held back as much as possible in their growth up to this time; but from this time on we did all we could to hasten their development. Every night for two or three weeks the plants were carefully covered, each one having a gunny sack drawn down over it, sup- ported on stakes. Later in the season, in caring for more than a thousand plants before danger from frost was past,we found o‘her methods of protection, simpler and more effective. Now for re- sults: I find these entries in my diary: June 27th—Picked the first ripe tomato. July 1st Took six pounds of choice tomatoes to the city. July 11th—Today Yerxa paid me $2.25 for 18 pounds of toma- toes; very smooth and handsome. Further items of this kind might be taken from my cash book, but I think I have given sufficient proof that early tomatoes can be grown in the open ground if started properly. Comparing this record with the published report of experiments with fifty-six varie- ties tested in one season at the New Hampshire State Experiment Station, I find reason to call my first products “early.” Their rec- ord of first pickings is as follows: . From one kind, July 8th; from three varieties, July 16th; one the 18th; ten, the 24th; one, the 27th; seven, the 29th. The first fruits of twenty-three kinds came in July, and of thirty-three varie- ties from Aug. Ist to 21st. Average date for the entire lot, Aug- ust 2nd. In my unprofessional experiment I have established a record which I expect to beat in the future. EARLY TOMATOES IN THE OPEN GROUND. 285 The President: Mr. Bacheller has given New Hampshire rather too much credit. Their experiment station has been re- moved to the extreme southern part of the state. They are on the 43rd and we are on the 45th parallel. I will say in regard to this paper that for the last few years I have driven stakes—ordi- nary stakes, cut in the woods—fifteen inches apart, and set the tomato plants about the first of June. I tied them to the stakes twice, once about two feet above the ground and once, near the top, and in that way it has been much more satisfactory than letting them lie on the ground. I think I would have got a few more tomatoes if I had planted in the usual way and allowed them to spread out more, but it is more handy to gather the tomatoes where they are just about opposite the breast, and they are smoother and better in every way than if they are allowed to run, and they are cleaner and less liable to rot than if sprawling on the ground. I have had ripe tomatoes in June, but only a few—three or four perhaps on one vine—and then they began way back in the begin- ning, and the rest of the crop is not a particle ahead of those that were started at three inches high in June. So I have given up trying to do anything more than that. I start them at the usual time and set them out about the first of June. Mr. C. H. True (Iowa): “I do not know when I ever felt so much at home in such a large company of people as I have since ‘coming into your midst this week. I have never been able to visit this society before, I was never in your city until last Monday. I met many old time friends here that I have not seen for years, and when they learned I was to attend this meeting they sent word to me that I should come right to their homes, but I have not visited any of them yet. I have been so interested in these meetings that I have not taken pains to look them up. I presume I will have to remain over until Monday for that purpose alone. I have felt much and enjoyed much and learned much in these few days I have spent with you. I have my note book full from cover to cover. When | I go back to Iowa I shall not know where to begin or where to leave off. I shall be glad to be able to report the progress you are making and the good time I have had here with you. I feel very grateful for the many acts of courtesy and kindness that have been shown to me while I have been wlth you in these meetings. I gained facts and information here that I think I shall carry with me all through life, and this information will be a great help to -me in my work.” 286 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ADAPTATION OF SCION AND STOCK FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT. A. J. PHILIPS, WEST SALEM, WIS. This is a subject which can be discussed in a very few words. Experience and observation, too, have taught me that the main point in adaptation consists in having the stock and scion as nearly equal in size as possible, so that their powers of assimilation are as near alike as may be; by that I mean that their powers to furnish and utilize sap food be nearly the same. This I find makes a stronger growth, heals over much quicker and makes a more perfect and solid union than where stock and scion are not adapted to each other, and I find that the better the adaptation in these respects is, the more marked will be the improvement in the fruit. I can show trees where the grafting was done many years ago in limbs so small that the scion had to be inserted within one inch of the body of the stock. The adaptation was so perfect that the body now has grown over the scion, and it is hard to detect where the grafting was done. The main point—in fact, I think the only practical point—to be made in improving fruit by grafting, after we consider adapta- tion, consists in using the most vigorous stock that we can find, as I find many failures caused by using some of the slow growing, weak varieties. I am of the opinion that among the large lot of seedlings in the orchard of the late Peter M. Gideon there will be found some fast growing, vigorous, square-shouldered varieties that will make excellent stocks for top-grafting, even though the fruit may not be desirable. So well am I satisfied of this that on a visit there after his death I found several that I tried to obtain scions of for this very purpose, but his son said he had then no authority to let them go. This is good work for some of the young horticulturists, of which | am happy to see so many in attendance at this meeting. This looks very encouraging for the future success. of your society. Mr. Brand: Where do you get your scions? Mr. Philips (Wis.): I get them from my own trees. The man that tells the last story generally has the better chance. I had been bragging right along that my grafts had made a bigger growth than those of any other man in the state, eight feet one inch, but Mr. Wilfert came in here yesterday and said he grew one eight feet ten inches. You cannot get that growth unless the scion and the stock are adapted. Our society abused the Walbridge. It is the best apple we have in the state today. It keeps well and the tree is hardy, but we put it out of our hardy list years ago. . Mr. Lord: We understood you once to say it was thrown out on account of quality. , ADAPTATION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF FRUIT. 287 Mr. Philips: Well, I guess it was. Kellogg had prepared a ~ resolution to throw the Walbridge out, and he came to see me on his way to the winter meeting with the resolution in his pocket. I[ said to my wife, “You make just as good a pie as you can out of the Walbridge.” Kellogg likes pie. He took dinner with mé, and after he ate a piece of pie he said it was the best pie he ever ate, and he ate another piece. I told him it was made from the Walbridge. He said he didn’t believe it. But he believed my wife, and he took out his resolution, and in one place in his report he said that the Walbridge in some particulars was one of the best apples growing. (Laughter.) I graft it on the Virginia because the Virginia has more vigor and strength than the Walbridge. That is the reason the Wealthy does better on the Virginia; the Virginia has more root power. . Mr. Taylor: Where you have grafted on the Virginia and the Martha have you noticed any difference in the amount of fruit? Mr. Philips: I have not used the Martha much; it crotches. I want something like the Virginia or the Hibernal, with horizontal limbs. Now I have seen some Northwestern Greening trees that had three barrels of apples on, but they crotched so badly that the limbs broke off. I have the Utter bearing on seven different stocks. The Utter bears better on the No. 20 and the Virginia than it does on any other variety with me. I have it on the Duchess. The Vir- ginia is a heavy bearer, and so is the Hibernal, and they are both good stocks. Mr. Wedge: I would like to ask Mr. Philips whether the fruit he showed at Milwaukee was grown on a top-worked tree. Mr. Philips: Yes, I top-worked a number of varieties for that purpose. The McMahon I did not top-work to get hardiness; it is hardy enough, but I did it to get nice fruit. Mr. Wedge: Was the majority top-worked? _ Mr. Philips: Yes, the majority of the fruit in our own show was top-worked. Mr. Wedge: I thought it might be well to state to the society that I happened to be in attendance at the Wisconsin state fair, and there were there some very large displays of apples, but Mr. Philips was way ahead of anything that was shown there in quality ; I would not say in number of varieties, but I believe he was ahead there; but it was a large, smooth, handsome display of fruit. I thought if that fact would do anything towards the improvement of fruit it was worth something. Mr. Jewett: Have you noticed whether it makes any difference whether a scion is grafted low down or far out on the end of the limb as to whether it makes a good union or not. I spoke with Mr. Patten about that matter, and he said the nearer the graft was to the stock the better union it would form. I am going to graft four or five hundred trees next spring, and if there is anything in it I want to make use of it. Mr. Philips: I vary that according to the size of the limb I graft in. If that limb is very small I cut in pretty close. I geta good union. If it is larger I cut a little further out, sometimes a 288 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. foot. I get a spreading top. Go a little further out, and you get a better top and just as good a union as you do close to the tree. Mr. Jewett: I have noticed in many instances that the top- worked tree makes a better growth than the same variety of tree in the next row does on its own stem. There seems to be something in the stock that gives additional vigor to the growth of the tree. Mr. Philips: I have been doing this work a great many years, and since I have used the Virginia I do not think there is a tree in the orchard that has outgrown it. : cis Hansen: Do you still stick to the Virginia as the best of all? Mr. Philips: Yes, sir; I do. It is the best of all. I use the Virginia because I think it is the best, and I use the Hibernal be- cause I think it is the next best. I got some very good growth last fall on the Hibernal. THE FARMER AND HORTICULTURE. - C, H, TRUE, SECY. N. E. IA, HORT, SOCIETY, EDGEWOOD, IA. The farmer is the nurseryman’s best customer. Doubtless the farming communities appropriate ninety per cent of all the products of our nurseries. Seventy-five per cent, at least, of this amount is literally wasted. Take the patronage of the farmers of our land off the list of customers, and our commercial nurseries could not long survive. For this and other reasons the nurseryman should be especially interested in the farmer’s attempts to make a profitable use of the trees and plants that have been placed in his care. When we take into account the immense amount of trees and plants that are an- nually dealt out to the farmers of our country by the commercial nurseries of the northwest through their agents, and then as we pass over and through our great states and note the absence of orchards of any comparative value, while many farms are totally destitute of what ought to be considered a necessity in the matter of fruit supplies for the family, such conditions not only call forth astonishment but also excite regret and pity in behalf of the planter and his family in the loss sustained and in the disappointment aris- ing out of misdirected effort, as well as from the results of wanton negligence. The earnest solicitations of an agent for an order, from a farmer customer, wherewith to replenish the losses sustained in a former bill of stock, was met with this reply, “I have spent hundreds of dollars since opening this farm for fruit trees and plants, and right over yonder (pointing to a clump of scraggy, dead and dying trees in one corner of a hog lot) is all that I have left for my money and THE FARMER AND HORTICULTURE. 289 my pains, and the pains are not all past yet. Mister, I have made a vow that I will never invest another dollar in nursery stock while I own this place. The fact is, had I saved the money that I have squandered in such investments it would be sufficient to buy all the fruit my family could use during their natural lifetime. I am wholly discouraged along this line.” But the agent is not discouraged for he has so frequently met with this same complaint and has so often found such conditions a fine opening for a deal that he is rather pleased to meet with so little opposition ; and after the usual rehearsal retires from the scene, congratulating himself on having secured another forty dollar order. This has been the farmer’s way, and this is only one case among many hundreds of like nature. There seems to be a peculiar fascina- tion associated with the work of tree planting and fruit growing that makes it difficult for one who has once tasted the fruits pro- duced by the labor of his own hands to confess himself defeated in his attempts to supply himself with this pleasing diet, and so he tries again and again. Past experiences have proven that the ordinary farmer is not a success as a horticulturist. If this were necessarily so, tlere would be less room for encouragement and hope; but it is not. Hts mis- fortunes have not proceeded wholly from his ignorance. To say that the man of agriculture is less intelligent than other men who pursue different avocations would be to cast unjust reflections upon the capabilities of too many here present. There is one primary cause for his failures to make the business of fruit growing a success, namely, neglect; and not a few honest men when closely questioned have confessed to this fault. This neglect may be attributed to three principal sources, or reasons, namely: lack of time, want of knowledge and lack of interest. The American farmer is a busy man, and it is but natural for him to give the best of his time, thought and energies first to the cultivation of his farm crops and the care of his stock. The little attention de- voted to his orchard and fruit lot is given when the soil is too wet ~ to till and at other odd spells. He has been informed that fruit trees and plants will not thrive without thorough cultivation and close attention better than will his crops of grain. He does not believe this, however, for his shiftless habit has proven this theory false. The ordinary farmer does not recognize the products of his orchard as being necessarily a part of the farm crop. And yet the farmer wants fruit; he enjoys it; his family require it; but he is not always willing to give the time necessary to obtain it. From lack of time he fails to study the conditions requisite to the needs 290 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of a paying orchard, as does the practical orchardist. From want of knowledge he is unable to apply the principles governing the .habits of trees, their qualities and productiveness. To him a tree is a tree. All trees seem much alike to him. He does not take into account such matter as location, soil, conditions, manuring, prun- ing and general cultivation. If he has adopted anv regular methods likely as otherwise they have been wrong methods, such methods as are illustrated in the practice of one of my neighbors during the past season, who having heard that the pruning of fruit trees would increase fruitfulness, put the theory in practice by beginning with the lowest branches and making a clean sweep of everything as high up as he could reach with an ax, leaving the entire bodies of his trees bare and naked and with no protection whatever to the open wounds caused by the removal of limbs two to three inches in diameter. The very systetn by which he had thought to bring about a good result has proved a lasting injury and in the end will be the ruina- tion of his little orchard, that had already commenced to bring him fair returns. But he had carried out his idea of pruning. When the inquiry of our farmers shall be, how much labor can I put upon my orchard with profit to myself rather than how can I secure a crop of fruit with the least expenditure of time and effort, then will his success multiply, and his failures decrease propor- tionately. The practice of making up losses to the customer either free of cost or at half price we believe has, all things considered, worked to his disadvantage. This plan doubtless was first adopted by some dealer with the view to securing future orders, since it affords the seller an opportunity to call upon the patron an indefinite number of times. Under such a system the careless planter is more liable to neglect the performance of his duty than would be the case if he were left without recourse upon the nurseryman. Not infrequently do disputes arise between buyer and seller in reference to the con- ditions upon which stock failing to grow should be replaced, and occasionally the law has been called upon to settle the differences. I cannot imagine why the farmer is not under as much obligation to stand one-half of the loss that might accrue from the ravages of cholera among a lot of pigs purchased of him by a neighbor farmer as the nurseryman is to make good the loss of nursery stock during a drouthy summer or frigid winter. From my standpoint of reason- ing the nurseryman has done all that reason and justice requires of him when-he has placed in the hands of his customer a thrifty and healthy tree or plant, true to name and adapted to its environments, and this is where his responsibility should cease and that of the purchaser begin. THE FARMER AND HORTICULTURE. 291 The question, how to supply the farmers of our land with a practical knowledge of horticulture and with instructions suited to their needs, and how to induce them to heed such knowledge and instructions, has been one of frequent mention and consideration at the annual meetings of our different horticultural societies. We believe that much of this information might be furnished direct from the nurseryman to the planter by means of a simple circular contain- ing plain and brief directions for the planting and future care of what has been procured from the nursery, said circular to accom- pany each bill of goods when delivered. By increasing knowledge, _ we stimulate interest, and when sufficient knowledge has been gained and interest awakened, more time will be devoted to the werk of horticulture among our farmer friends, and less complaints and failures will be the result. Mr. Lord: I simply want to call attention to one point in the paper in regard to giving instruction in the setting of trees.and the care of the ground. I[ have a relative living on the Detroit river, Michigan, who is a merchant, and he bought a farm on the river and thought he would invest in fruit. He said to me two years ago he did not know what in the world to do with his trees. He could not get a suitable man to take care of them, and he did not know ‘where to apply. I said to him, “Let me give you a little advice. Send to the state university to Prof. Cook to send a student down to trim up and put your trees in order.” He wrote mea year afterward that he had taken my advice and had achieved remark- able success. So I want to say to these farmers, send up to the university and get the young men to help you out. Mr. Yahnke: Yes, or send the farmer to the university. The President: The speaker was right about one thing, al- though it was contrary to the general opinion. He said knowledge must grow in order to take an interest in anything. The person who is to take that interest must first know something about that subject, and as he learns a little more he will become more and more interested; and as he is determined at the outset that he will know something about it, and as he begins to learn something about it, he will begin to want to know a little more; and he k2eps cn in- creasing and increasing his knowledge as long as he keeps on study- ing. Mr. Jno. Freeman: “Although one of our own number I feel I cannot keep still, although I did not say much outside of our scheduled program. I enjoyed this meeting very much, and I felt a year ago that I could not have received more enjoyment from a similar meeting than I did then. But I have received much more instruction and been much more interested in this session than in the one a year ago.” 292 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PRUNING AND PLANTING TREES. A DISCUSSION. H. V. Poore: What shall we do to get the people interested? They don’t care anything about it when they don’t get an apple. I do hope we can do something to give them some encouragement. When they get hold of these things then they will do something in return for their neighbors, and then will come the flowers and other things of less practical utility; they will improve and ornament their grounds, and they will look on another side besides that of dollars and cents. It is a great pleasure to eat choice fruits, and it is those that I produce myself that I value the most. But my neighbors have not been as successful; they have been more intent upon pro- ducing dollars and cents. We have a large state, we have a beau- tiful state, we can make large and beautiful exhibits that will at- tract attention all over the country; we can find them all over the state, but you go to a farmer’s house and there is no fruit on the table, but instead he buys his fruit in town. We should try to find out where the mistake has been made in telling the farmers how to do it. I have heard them say not to cut off any branches, but it is just as well to cut the branches all off. If you don’t cut off the branches the tree may start well, but the wind will come along and blow it over. When I plant trees I cut off all the branches and make a stick of it, and I have beautiful trees. Mr. S. D. Richardson: I have lived in Minnesota since 1856, and I have had some experience in tree planting. I used to live in Martin county, and on the farm where I lived there is a large grove. It is just as I said yesterday, one man will say one thing, and another man will contradict it. This man cuts off everything, while I have set out thousands of trees without cutting off a limb, and I have been as successful in tree planting as any man in Minne- sota. I have set out thousands of trees. There is a right way and a wrong way of doing things. One man will do one thing and half do it, and another man will do a thing and do it right. When I lived out there in Martin county I bought fifty apple trees, and I hired a man to set them out for me. He wanted me to show him how. I told him anybody could set out trees. He dug a little hole with the spade, and how he managed to dig so small a hole with that spade is a mystery to me yet, but when I found him he had rolled the roots all together and was going to stick the tree into that little hole. I could not tell what the result would have been. That June the grasshoppers broke loose, and they ate everything that came in their way. In the fall I did not have any apple trees to amount to anything. PRUNING AND PLANTING TREES. 293 Mr. O. M. Lord: Mr. Richardson’s experience calls to mind some of my own. I received some trees last spring from Mr. Mitchell, of Cresco, Iowa. Most people have a habit of cutting off the limbs of trees when they set them out. I thought I would adopt Mr. Mitchell’s plan and not cut the tops back. I set them out with a good deal of care. I had rarely planted a tree without using the knife, and I must say those trees did not give me the satisfaction they did when I cut the tops back severely. I talked with Mr. Patten this morning, and he said he did not believe in that, he believed in trimming them pretty severely. Mr. Howard stood by, and he said it depends upon the season. He said we had a dry season, and if I had cutback the trees severely I would have been all right. He said my trees should have been cut back severely in the tops. That is the plan he adopted. You can pay your money and take your choice. (Applause.) Prof. Hansen: Just a word on the trimming question. I think we may put the case in this way, that the trimming should not be done all over, the growth in some shape should be left en- tire so that an outlet may be afforded for the sap. If you cut it all over, there is no outlet for the sap, and it is likely to ferment and cause trouble. If you leave on all of the top, and there are too many limbs, you will have trouble in that case also, and the general practice in this country and in Europe is that you should leave part of the top rather than cut it back all over. I do not know which is the right way or the wrong way; I always trim the roots and then trim the top back half way. I do not’believe in severe prun- ing, and I do not believe in leaving the full top on, onlv partially SO. ; Mr. Gibbs: I have had at least fifteen or twenty years of ex- cellent success in planting fruit trees, and I would choose a tree with as good a root system as possible and then break off the big blade of my jack knife. Mr. C. M. Loring: What is to be done when doctors dis- ° agree? I have never had any experience in planting fruit trees, but I have had a great deal of experience in planting shade and orna- mental trees. I can give you some experience in that regard that to me has been very valuable, and, I think, to some of my neigh- bors. In the city of Washington the trees were planted by three of the best arboriculturists in the United States, if not in the world. The venerable William R. Smith planted over one hundred thou- sand trees, and the loss was less than one-half of one per cent. I planted in this city a row of trees along the street, and my neighbor continued the planting. He would not wait for his trees to grow, 294 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURALSOCIETY. so he planted them with the tops; my trees were cut back and lived, and his died. The next year he did as I did, and every one of those trees are alive. The trees were trimmed to a pole. The Board of Park Commissioners of Minneapolis has planted over ten thousand trees, all of which were “poled.”” The loss has been less than one per cent. Understand me distinctly, you cannot take up a tree and cut off one-half or three-fourths of the roots and then expect that tree to grow, unless a portion of the top is taken off. I have not had the experience that your president has had in the planting of fruit trees, and all I can say to the gentleman who planted the trees without cutting back, and they all grew, is, that they must have been very small trees. If you go to the woods and pull up small trees you get all the roots, and they will live, but when you take a tree of three or four inches through and do not head them in you cannot make them live in this dry climate. I should regret to have the endorsement of such a method as the gentleman advocates go out from this society. As I have said, perhaps with small trees it may do, as nature strives very hard to keep the trees growing. When you come to take up and replant large trees I do not believe it is possible to leave the tops on and have the trees grow. Mr. Poore: The average farmer seeks the largest tree he can get for the money, and, as stated, the smaller the tree the larger the proportion of roots you can get. I consider the root of the tree the life of the tree. I do not believe it is possible to take up a tree without cutting off a number of roots. In transplanting the ever- green you have a large percentage of fibrous roots. The life of the tree being in the roots, you must cut the top if you cut the roots. Mr. S. D. Richardson: The nurserymen do not handle large fruit trees. Trees three to four inches in diameter we have nothing to do with. We handle trees two to four years old, and they are not very large. Nurserymen handle small trees; they do not get enough money for large trees. Mr. H. C. True (lowa): There is a vast difference between cutting back and pruning a tree. The greatest difficulty I find in the caring of apple trees is that they almost invariably form too much top: The farmer will ask the question, Shall we cut back the tree? I generally recommend cutting back to a certain extent. Where we cut back the whole top of the tree, it always forms new branches and makes too large a top. I have seen farmers go to work and cut off one-half of the limb of each tree and then, in af- ter years, of course, the branches will increase and spread, and it PRUNING AND PLANTING TREES. 295 will need severe pruning again in order to secure the proper top. If the top is too heavy cut out some of the branches and lessen the number of branches, rather than cut the top off and leave the stock exposed. I think that is much the better way, the more ° successful way. Many of our farmers do not seem to understand the difference between cutting back a tree and pruning it. Mr. Frank Yahnke: There is in this matter a good deal of | the principle of “pay your money and take your choice.” A farmer ought to understand how to plant a tree, how to trim and when to trim. It is not reasonable to suppose that every tree can be trimmed alike. A tree with many branches and the branches close together, ought not to be pruned back, but the branches ought to be cut out, whereas a tree with but a few branches that will stand thickening, ought to be trimmed by shortening in, so as to increase its branching. We ought to take notice of these things and under-- stand the nature of the tree. The main thing is to plant young trees, and young in the top. If a surgeon has to take off a leg, he does not cut an arm off also. Where we have to cut off roots of a tree I do not think it is advisable to cut the limbs off too. The planting of young trees cannot be advocated too much or too strongly. When a tree gets to be three years old it is too old to be transplanted successfully. [I think a two-year-old tree is worth fifty per cent more than a three-year-old tree, and seventy-five per cent more than a four-year-old. You lose the greater part of the roots of a three-year-old tree. If that tree is taken up at two years old you can get most of the roots, and if they are well packed and care is taken in shipping, and they are put in the ground in the same condition in which they were dug, there will not be a loss of one per cent. Thev should be set’in the same way that they stood in the nursery. Set the north side on the north side and the south side on the south side in planting.. Any- nody who has ever planted trees will know that the south side looks redder and the north side greener. The tree has got different - wood on the north side from what it has on the south sii. and when you plant you must plant in the same way it stood before. Mr. O. M. Lord: I would like to know whether anybody has ever paid any attention to that. Mr. C.M. Loring: I have not, but I thoroughly believe in it. Mr. Yahnke: I always practice it, and I scarcely ever lose artree: Mr. Seth Kenney: I would like to ask Mr. Loring whether he practices trimming back the different kinds of evergreens? 296 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mr. Loring: All evergreens, as we know, must be handled in a different manner and are, in fact, entirely different from decidu- ous trees. An evergreen receives much of its sustenance from the ‘air and less from the roots than the deciduous trees. We often see a large tree grow right out of the rocks and wonder where it gets its sustenance. It gets it from the top. We have planted a great many ornamental trees, and when we ask our gardeners to cut them back to make them more beautiful they rather resent it and do not wish to do it. If anybody would go to Lakewood Cemetery they will see trees that were properly planted and cared for, and they are beautiful trees, the limbs growing clear down to the ground, as all evergreens should. These trees were sharply headed in. Prof. Hansen: I think Mr. Loring’s plan is just the one that should be followed with shade trees. At the beginning of this discussion we were speaking about fruit trees. About cutting back shade -trees to a pole when setting them out—I think they will suffer with sun scald of the stem. The stem stands there without any protection, and during the first season it becomes bark bound and sun scalded. We find that the protecting of the stem some- what with a hay band is very essential to the health of the tree. The President: I think that is true of some kinds of trees, like the box elder and the cottonwood. I never knew an elm or an ash to be injured on the south side by the sun. I went out with a neighbor at one time to get some elm trees to plant around our homes, and when we got through at night there was one large tree, about as large as my wrist, with one little root on it, the others having been split off accidentally. The first thing my neighbor did was to throw that tree away, and then he said we would divide the others. He said I should take first choice and he the next. I took my choice and he his, and then I picked up this one with the little root, took it home and planted it, and it stands in front of my house today. I cut it off five or six feet, cut it square off, left nothing but a pole, but in the course of a month it began to push out little buds, and it grew wonderfully, and I really think that tree was as good as any one of the lot I set out. It has grown right along without any set back from that time to this. Now, a word in regard to the wind blowing them over. I believe in thorough pruning when setting out the tree, but I also believe in setting them from six to eight inches deeper than they originally stood in the nursery, which, I think, will avoid that blowing out by the wind. If you get a tree down deeper than it was in the nur- sery row and then stamp it down well all around, the wind will only shake the upper part of it, but it will not disarrange the roots at all, unless you get a very heavy tree. ” GATHERING CROP FROM THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. 297 GATHERING THE INCREASING CROP FROM THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. W. S. WIDMOYER, DRESBACH. To gather the increasing crop of apples from the commercial orchard, one must have the proper tools ready in good season. These consist of baskets or bags to pick in, ladders of various lengths to reach the fruit, and if one packs his own fruit he will need a sort- ing chute, barrels, heading press and hatchet, head lines and extra hoops. Ladders for use in the orchard. For gathering the common round half bushel splint basket, with drop handle, is the most convenient. They should be lined inside with burlap to prevent the fruit from bruising. The picking bag is a common grain bag with a stiff wire around the open end and a wide strap fastened at the top and bottom to carry it with. The strap is put over the shoulder, the open end of bag in front, which leaves both hands free to work with. I prefer the basket except when picking in the tops of tall trees, when the bag is most conveni- ent. For ladders, the common step-ladders do very well for the lower limbs but are not the thing for the higher branches. For these a single stick ladder is used a great deal in the “Ozark” region. My objection to them is they bark the trees too much unless handled very carefully. About the best ladder for this work is a narrow 298 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. step-ladder with a single back brace, and side braces at the bottom. This can be placed in the branches much better than the common step ladder. Sorting table or chute. The sorting chute consists of a table about eight feet long, and four feet wide at the upper end and three feet at lower end. The lower end is made narrower still by putting in corner pieces which extend back about one third. way on each side, thus leaving a space of only eight or ten inches for the apples to pass through into the barrel. These corner pockets, or bins, can be used to put the facers in while sorting. The sides of chute should be about six inches high all around, except the eight or ten inches at lower end. The chute should be just high enough at the lower, or narrow, end to set a barrel under, the wide end being four to six inches higher, so the apples will roll towards the barrel, the small and poor ones being picked out as they roll along. About three feet of the wide, or up- per, end, where the apples are poured in, should be covered with burlap, with some hay or leaves underneath to prevent brusing the fruit. The center of chute should be made of one inch slats with spaces between them of three-fourths of an inch, to let leaves and dirt fall through. At the lower end should be a piece of heavy tick- ing or ducking, three feet wide and six feet long, to let the apples roll into before dropping into the barrel. This cloth is thrown over the barrel, leaving it slack in the center, and when there is a peck or half bushel of apples on this apron they are let down in the barrel without bruising them. When ready to pick, two men with a team and low wagon take a load of empty barrels and distribute them between two rows of trees as thickly as necessary, so the pickers will not have to carry the fruit so far. After the second load of empty barrels they take GATHERING CROP FROM THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. 299 the full ones to the chute, which is set at some good place near the center of the orchard. A platform wide enough to hold two rows of barrels is better than a box. There should be a two inch piece around the edge of platform to keep the barrels from sliding off. A packing. crew consists of four or five men, and it will take four to six pickers to keep them going, according to how thick the apples are and how close they are sorted, fifty bushels being about an average day’s work for each picker. We find that women and girls make good pickers for the lower branches ; for getting up on the ladders, and especially around in the tops of trees, we have boys and young men, as they do not break the branches as much as heavier men. The pickers are instructed to handle the fruit as carefully as possible, as any bruised specimens are not taken as No. 1. The pickers empty the apples into the bar- rels very carefully, putting the basket down in the barrel before turning out the fruit. Sometimes the pickers carry the apples to the sorting chute. If so, they usually take eight rows, setting the chute in the center of a square containing sixty-four trees, thus doing away with the team and two men; but the team is much to be preferred, as there is always ‘more or less time wasted in changing the chute from one location to another. In conclusion will say that it will keep a man busy to look after a crew of this size, as careless pickers will leave considerable fruit, or bruise it so it will not go for No. 1; besides they sometimes break branches off the trees unless closely watched. Mr. C. L. Blair: I have had some little experience in packing fruit. My method may not be the best, but from my experience this method suits me better than any I have tried. I hire, for instance, five or six girls, and instead of using baskets I use sacks that hold a half bushel. A girl can put one of these sacks over her shoulder and get on her stepladder to pick, and if there are any apples that are not perfect they are put in baskets, that I call No. 2, and which I sell at home. I set my station in the most shady place in the or- chard, to which place the girls bring their baskets, and then I have a man there to head up the barrels. The bottom of the barrel is faced, and all the apples are put in carefully, so they will not be bruised. By this method four or five girls will pick as fast as a man can head up the barrels, and we generally get from twenty-five to thirty barrels headed up with five girls and one man working. In that way it is not very expensive. That makes two loads a day to take over to the depot. About 180 barrels a week is what we get off. I find it is not very expensive to handle fruit in that way. We use a stepladder, a style of ladder that stands twenty-two feet high, and there is now and then a girl that will climb to the top of any ladder. 300 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. It is quite an advantage to have a man help the girls move the lad- ders. This method I have found to be the best in handling the Duchess. In the season of the Duchess, it is right in harvest time, when men are engaged in harvesting and threshing, and male help is quite expensive, while girls you can get for about 75 cents per day, and they generally do the work as well as men. This is the best method from my standpoint. The President: In putting in the facing it is the custom in Minnesota to put the smaller apples on top so that the customer who buys will be agreeably disappointed to find that they get better as they go down through the barrel. (Laughter.) Mr. Underwood: The last speaker uses the same method we have adopted in picking and packing apples. I have only one sug- gestion to offer in the matter of ladders that might be found to be an improvement. You can have ladders fixed so they will have two wheels under them in the form of a wheelbarrow, or in the form of a little cart, and you will only have to pick up the handles and move it around the tree. It is a ladder resembling the kind they use in Cali- fornia to pick oranges. Last summer we had carts made of buggy wheels, making a sort of push cart, and placed the ladder right on it. It has handles just like a push cart and makes a very convenient arrangement. Mr. Beckley: I can see how they pick the apples from the cen- ter of the tree, but what do they do with the apples on the outside limbs that they cannot reach with their hands? Mr. Underwood: You can run those ladders up to any tree I have ever seen in Minnesota. Mr. J. S. Parks: I have made two or three ladders that are very cheap and convenient. Friend Philips has made one by cutting two small poles and bringing them together at the top. That makes a convenient arrangement to run up between the branches and even out on the branches. It can be handled very easily. Mr. A. J. Philips, (Wis.): The end of the ladder will rest against a branch in the top, and I put a cross piece in the top so any one can stand on the top and reach all around. It is made of 2x4 stuff. It is the nicest arrangement I have ever tried. Mr. Lord: How long are the side pieces ? Mr. Philips: They vary in length. I have one ladder on which the side pieces measure twenty feet. Mr. Parks: I make mine of black ash poles I have growing in the grove. They are a little narrower at the top, about an inch and a quarter in diameter, but they are very strong. Mr. Philips: I make that piece at the top just wide enough for a common shoe so I can step on either side of the ladder. Mr. C. E. Older: We use an extension ladder like a fireman’s ladder. Mr. A. D. Leach: We use a ladder that is easy to make. I procure a straight tamarack pole about eighteen feet in length and about four inches in diameter at the butt and two at the top. With. a rip saw I rip that pole to about nine feet from the top and put in a bolt and washer to prevent it from splitting further. Then I lay it » GATHERING CROP FROM THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD. 301 on the ground and bore holes for the steps with a two inch auger. Then I spread the bottom three feet wide and spring in all the steps except the last one next to the bolt, which I let run through seven or eight inches on the side; then above the bolt pieces are put through all the way to the top. That can be readily set against a limb in any shape without being interfered with. It stands very firm, is easy to climb and is light to handle and it suits me better than any ladder I have ever used. I think you would like it if you were to try it. It is just as handy to use as a farm ladder; it will adapt itself to the ground because the top can be turned in any direction. Mr. Brand: We have two of those platform ladders on wheels. We use two wheels and let two pieces project back two feet for handles and have our platform built two feet high. The ladder is on the back end of the platform where we can get up. We can take that platform and run right up to a tree with it, and we can place it so we can reach all around from the top. Then we have small ladders, stepladders, which we can use on top of that platform if there are any other apples we cannot reach. Then we also have a ladder made very much like Mr. Leach’s, only the rungs are grooved in and notched and they come to a point at the top, and at the point the edges are bevelled off so it makes a complete point that you can shove in anywhere in the tops of the trees. That is a very handy ladder. Hon. C. M. Loring: “I became a member of this society some thirty-six or thirty-eight years ago. I saw the people come together year after year struggling with this problem of how it would be possible to raise apples in the state of Minnesota. All of us spent a good deal of money. We sent to nurseries in different parts of the country and got apple trees, but many gave up because they thought all their efforts would end in failure. A few of these gentlemen kept on trying to raise fruit, they spent thousands of dol- lars in their experiments, and now at last their efforts have been crowned with splendid success. Through the efforts of these gentle- men succor has come to us, and we have now passed the point where successful apple growing is any longer an experiment. I was told by some gentleman that we raised in the state of Minnesota some- thing over 500,000 bu. of apples this year, and if that is the case it is astonishing. Now we want to turn our attention to producing com- mercial fruits.” Mr. C. E. Older: “There is nothing that I enjoy more than at- tending these meetings. I always appreciate the kindness that is shown me, and I hope we may have a more successful year follow- ing this meeting than we had last year or the year before. We are down in the southwestern part of the state, but we feel just as much interest in the work of the society as they do in any part of the state.” rial tations. MIDSUMMER REPORTS, 1902. CENTRAL STATION, ST. ANTHONY PARK. PROF, S, B. GREEN, SUPT. The very favorable winter and spring have left the horticultur- al work of the experiment station in excellent condition. The campus never looked as well as now, and there has been very little loss of any kind from winter injury. Continuous rains during the time when plums were in flower are probably responsible for the fact that we shall have no plum crop this year. With us this is not so much to be regretted, as our trees have been bearing continuously and too heavily for a number of years, and this will give them an opportunity to recover and be in good shape for the next season. The apple trees which bore heavily last year are without fruit this. We shall, however, have a small crop of this fruit. Currants and gooseberries blossomed well but were injured by the late spring freeze, and are rather a short crop. Strawberries are unusually good. Our Ancient Briton blackberries, which were killed out two years ago, have recovered this year and promise to give us a good crop. Both red and black raspberries are heavily loaded with fruit. Our seedlings have come along very well, and the outlook is that we shall have this autumn from fifty to sixty thousand Pyrus bac- cata to spare.» We also have good stands of buffalo berry, Russian olive, sand-cherry, plum, and high bush cranberry. Of seedlings of Beta grape and seedlings of best native sorts, we must have five thousand, which is rather more than we have room for fruiting. LA CRESCENT TRIAL STATION. : 303 LA CRESCENT TRIAL STATION. FRANK I. HARRIS, SUPT. After another exceptionally mild winter it was somewhat sur- prising to find both grape vines and raspberry bushes badly injured, but this is again attributed to a late fall growth and immature wood. No injury was observed in the orchard except that blossom buds were killed on peach trees. Never in the history of the station was there so good a prospect for a full crop of fruit and seldom has the realization been more disappointing, except in the case of straw- berries. Plums blossomed profusely, but scarcely any fruit set and _but little of that remains, and that little is of poor quality. A bo- nanza crop of apples was looked for after last year’s failure, and the outlook never was brighter at blooming time, but continued cold and wet weather caused more than three-fourths the crop to drop soon after setting, and the remainder are liable to become cooked on the trees for the want of foliage protection, caused by blight, which never was so universal, both as to number of trees and varieties affected. While the outlook is not as flattering as hoped for a good stand remains on some varieties, and the quality is a great improvement on last year’s grade. This is largely attributed to a liberal use of the spray pump, and the results would undoubtedly have been more manifest under different weather conditions. To use the spray pump every day for two weeks and allow it to rain every night is not a good combination for best results. As if to make amends for damage sustained in the orchard, nature did her best in the strawberry patch, and the result was a good crop of this luscious fruit. While on some new beds the yield and quality were inferior, on the two-year-old beds the yield was enormous in some instances. The market was also in prime con- dition, and the man who had a bearing bed reaped a just reward for his toil. As usual, Warfield proved the best money maker and Bederwood the most profitable pollenizer, but good results were ob- tained with the Splendid, Clyde and Brandywine. Rough Rider proved disappointing as to yield, but in quality and firmness good. Among the best of the newer varieties that have come to my no- tice I would mention the Livingston, a staminate variety, said to be as prolific as the Warfield, and I can personally testify to the merits of its fruit, which is good every way. Winter protection of raspberry canes is not practiced at this station, and, as a result, the crop was a meager affair. Cuthberts suffered most, but Loudon was also badly injured. The black caps were somewhat better but altogether a slim crop. The Columbian 304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. came into bearing and appears to be very promising. Yield and quality of fruit ahead of either Gregg or Nemaha and apparently — hardier than either. The cherry crop hardly sufficient to give the birds a taste. Currants bore a good crop, but the bushes were badly stripped of foliage by worms. The vineyard looked like a cemetery till the middle of May, but did finally come to life, except the Brightons, which were killed to the ground. Campbell’s Early was also so bad- ly injured that no fruit will mature this season. Only a small crop was expected, and less will be harvested, as grape rot has put in appearance with disastrous effect. MINNESOTA CITY TRIAL STATION. O. M. LORD, SUPT. The winter being mild, all fruits apparently wintered in good condition. The month of March was unusually dry and warm, caus- ing buds to start on some varieties, which were injured or killed by the cold in April or May. Soft maple and cottonwood trees were particularly affected, so as to produce no blossoms. Also some ap- ple, cherry and plum trees bloomed profusely, but the blossoms were remarkably deficient in pollen. Whether this was caused by the weather conditions referred to or from having produced a large crop last year, or from some other cause, it is difficult to say. What little pollen there was the rain and high wind effectually destroyed before maturity. Wealthy, Longfield, Hibernal and Duchess apples now promise a good crop. The strawberry crop, where uninjured by hail, has been a fair one. For some unknown reason the Wm. Belt and Bederwood, though very large and fine last season, have rusted so as to be of no value this year, though placed in alternate rows with Warfield, Brandywine, Dayton, Mary and others, that were not affected. Currants are a full crop. Black and red raspberry canes are drying up, with shriveled fruit, but the young canes are making a heavy growth. It is generally believed that raspberry canes were injured by the drouth last year. The season has been very favorable for all newly set trees and plants, but blight upon the apple trees is much more prevalent than last year. Several varieties of apples and plums not heretofore tried here have been top grafted into bearing trees, and the scions set have made a-heavy growth. MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. 305 MONTEVIDEO TRIAL STATION. LYCURGUR R. MOYER, SUPT. The winter of 1901-2 was exceptionally mild, and yet it proved to be a hard season for all sorts of trees and shrubs. A hot, dry summer—the hottest for years—had been succeeded by a moist, growing autumn. Shrubs and trees that had lost their leaves in August began to grow again in October, and went into winter with the new foliage still clinging to them. When spring came there was much dead wood in the shrubbery. The Eastern nine bark (Opulaster opulifolius) suffered severe- ly, and on flat, level lands was entirely killed. It seems likely that the prairie nine bark (Opulaster intermedius) ought to be intro- duced into cultivation to take its place. Prunus Maackii suffered to some extent, and even the very hardy Russian almond (Prunus nana) was injured somewhat and gave less bloom than usual. The Russian Mulberry (Morus alba Tartarica) was killed back rather more than usual and is producing only a very moderate crop of fruit. The Manchurian maple (Acer ginnala), growing in a crowded border, was some- what injured but is producing a full crop of its showy fruit. Clumps of choke cherry (Prunus Virginiana) were wholly killed. The last European larch (Larix decidua) gave up the fight, and the balsam fir (Abies balsamea), which had long played a losing game, turned yellow and died. The white spruce (Picea Canaden- sis) showed some injury, more so than did the slower growing blue spruce (Picea pungens). Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga Doug- lasi1) is holding its own well and seems to be about as hardy as the blue spruce. A spiraea received from the Iowa Agricultural Gilles under the name of Spiraea hypericifolia, and from St. Anthony Park under the name Spiraea oblongifolia appears to be Spiraea Pikowiensis. The flowers are greenish white, but it blooms very early and is very hardy. The mountain ash spiraea (Sorbaria sorbifolia) is a beautiful, vigorous shrub, blooming at about the end of June. Spiraea An- thony Waterer is holding its own very well, and is in bloom at the present writing (July 15). Its corymbs of deep pink flowers are very showy: We have discarded all the Russian poplars as being unworthy of cultivation, with the exception of Populus balsamifera inter- media. This seems to be a hardy, slow growing tree and possesses some merit for ornamental planting. Populus nigra is still doing very well and is of somewhat slower growth than the cottonwood. 306 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Catalpa speciosa is becoming better acclimated here and is this year very luxuriant, blooming profusely. The wayfaring tree (Vi- burnum lantana) bloomed this year for the first time. Its flat cymes are quite beautiful and are produced somewhat earlier than those of the snowball. Its stellate-pubescent foliage has a velvety effect, and the general appearance of the shrub is quite pleasing. It seems to be quite hardy in well drained locations and is readily propagated from layers. Polyganum Sieboldi has been growing at the station for several years. It is a rampant grower, spreading by underground root- stalks and maintaining itself without much cultivation. It reaches the height of about three feet, producing large tropical-looking leaves. A clump of it is very effective. Another hardy perennial that pleases us much is the old fash- ioned blue larkspur. It grows to a height of about four feet, and its tall blue spikes are a marked feature of the hardy border. An early spring flowering perennial that pleases us much is the Virginia cowslip (Mertensia Virginica). It blooms in April, pro- ducing a profusion of blue flowers, and like other natives requires but little care. We are harvesting a fine crop of raspberries—Columbian, Car- oline and Golden Queen. We lay them down and cover them with earth in the winter. Currants are producing a larger crop than usual, and goose- berries have done better than for years. The plum crop is a failure; and there are but few apples. Hibernal, Wealthy, Duchess, Blushed Calville and Sweet Russet are producing a few apples. Blight has been very prevalent, originating on Transcendent and Yellow Si- berian and spreading to the rest of the orchard. PLEASANT MOUNDS TRIAL STATION. J. S. PARKS, SUPT. Trees and plants came through the winter in fine condition and have made extra large growth the present season, with no loss to mention except from blight. Apple trees have blighted worse than ever before—very few varieties have escaped. Tallman Sweet, Wealthy, Bradley crab and many others are nearly as bad as the Transcendent—even the Wolf River, that never lost a leaf before, is considerably affected. The Pyrus baccata, that can stand so much cold, can not stand our blight. Half of our seedlings of this crab are dead to the ground, and some grafts that I put on at the crown this spring have died from blight below the graft. PLEASANT MOUNDS TRIAL STATION. é 307 The fruit prospect is not very favorable. Apples dropped con- tinually; then a wind storm took off half, leaving but a light crop. Plums blighted at blooming time—curculios took the balance. Raspberries, strawberries and all other small fruit are yielding sat- isfactorily well. The season has been very favorable for planting fruit trees, and large quantities of all kinds have been planted this season in this vicinity; and agents are taking large orders for future delivery, showing a renewed interest in fruit raising among the people. WEST CONCORD TRIAL STATION. / FRED. COWLES, SUPT. I cannot give a very satisfactory report at this time on the stock sent me, as the trial station was just placed on my grounds last spring, but everything set out has done well. The stock re- ceived was Russian olive, juneberry, Pyrus baccata, high bush cran- berry and buffalo berry. It has been an ideal spring to set out stock. We have just finished harvesting strawberries, the best crop for a number of years. I have been testing several new varieties of strawberries. Aroma: a good size; color bright red; fairly produc- tive; will try it another year. Mayan’s Favorite: too light in color and too soft; will discard this one. Senator Dunlap: medium size; good color; will give it another year’s trial. I have found no berries equal to the Warfield, Lovett, Splendid and Enhance. The rasp- berry crop is almost a failure here this year. The varieties that do the best are Loudon, Older and Shaffer’s. Apples as a general thing are not a very good:-crop. Blight seems to be in the old orchards very badly, though it has shown but little on my grounds. Plums blossomed full, but on account of too much rain at the blossoming time little fruit is set. The Compass has some fruit. WINDOM TRIAL STATION. DEWAIN COOK, SUPT. July 12, 1902.—The plum crop is almost a failure, continued rains throughout the blooming period being probably the catise. The apple crop is also light, and the heavy winds of July 5 and 11 blew most of the few we did have off the trees. Blight made its ap- pearance earlier than usual, and was quite bad early in June. Strawberries did not seem to be fertilized as well as usual, and the crop was rather light. Heavy and frequent rains have been the rule; in fact, we have had almost too much rain for all kinds of trees. 308 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. MINNESOTA’S INTEREST IN FORESTY. GEN. C. C. ANDREWS, CHIEF (FOREST) FIRE WARDEN. 5 “Germany,” said Prince Bismarck, “can organize a vast army because she has enough educated men for commissioned officers. It will not do for any of her neighboring countries to say they can do the same, for they cannot.” So Minnesota by her natural advan- tages of climate and soil can do more in forestry than most of her sister states. Rain and sun do not fail; and in scattered localities she has in the aggregate about 3,000,000 acres of hilly, rocky or sandy soil on which coniferous forest will permanently flourish. If these three million acres were to be planted in the next eighty years, an equal proportion annually, at the end of that period and forever after, the state would derive from her forests a net annual revenue of $3,000,000, representing a capital of $100,000,000. The great benefits to our state from such forests over and above the magnificent revenue in money would be: first, a regular supply of lumber, which will be very much needed when its popula- tion shall be 4,000,000 or more; second, the prosperity that comes from a multitude of laborers receiving steady wages in the forests and in the manufacture of lumber; and, third, those general bene- fits where the non-agricultural lands of a country are well forested, such as good roads in the forests, sustained water supply in streams, amelioration of climate and beauty of landscape. The state will have to purchase a portion of these three million acres of non-agricultural lands in order to put them in forest, and a beginning should soon be made. But, probably 2,000,000 acres of these lands now belong to the United States; and it is not unlikely that our Minnesota delegation in Congress could have them granted to our state for forestry purposes. The lands would first, however, have to be examined by the United States geological survey to de- termine what subdivisions are unsuited for general agricultural pur- poses. The United States geological survey can make such exami- nation without any further legislation. Those who feel an interest in the matter could properly write to their senators and representa- tives in congress on the subject. This, briefly, is but one view of Minnesota’s interest in the science of forestry. Mr. Seth Kenney: “I have come to the conclusion that if a man wants to be in the line of progress he wants to join the horti- cultural society.” GINSENG AS A GARDEN PRODUCT. 309 GINSENG AS A GARDEN PRODUCT. HAROLD SIMMONS, HOWARD LAKE. The cultivators of ginseng who have written or said anything about this novel industry agree that the thing of prime im- portance is to observe and adopt methods and conditions found to exist where the plant grows wild. A sandy loam, something that will not bake, is the ideal condition for growing ginseng; but an ordinary garden soil that will produce good vegetables will grow ginseng, when well spaded, with good short manure worked in at the rate of one barrow load to twelve square feet if the ground is ordinarily rich, will make an excellent bed. Shade of some kind is essential. I think artificial shade is preferable to natural shade from the trees, as it is hard to get the right amount of shade and sun- shine too; it is either too much or too little of one or the other; while by using lath or brush on frames, one can adjust it until it is satisfactory. It can be grown incidentally with gardening or farming, as it requires very little attention. Though no real cultivation is prac- ticed there may be something to do in the way of pulling out sprouts and weeds. The cultivation in fact should consist of thorough mulching in the fall season, or at the time of planting. All weeds should be kept down. Unleached wood ashes is the best fertilizer to use. Each autumn after the plants die down a top dressing of some good fertilizer should be applied. In starting a garden or plantation of ginseng, plant the seeds in rows about six inches apart and the seed about an inch apart in the row. Transplant the roots at two years old to four inches apart each way, there to remain until it is desired to dig for market. If starting with roots, set them four inches apart direct. If one can procure the wild plants it is much the cheaper way of starting, but takes longer to obtain results, as the plants under cultivation develop the root much quicker and yield seed much more prolifically. Supposing we have one square rod set aside in the garden for ginseng and have it stocked with roots planted at four inches apart each way as stated, there will be eighty-one roots to the square yard or 2,470 to a square rod. Roots of four years’ growth will average from ten to fifteen cents each—when dried for market, at present prices ; consequently the 2,470 roots, valued at the lowest estimate (ten cents each) gives a return of $247.00 for one square rod. It takes from three to five years to grow a crop of marketable roots, which will no doubt deter a general rush into the culture of ginseng as a business, but the inducements are such as to lead enterprising people to cultivate this valuable plant. BLO MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The President: Ginseng! that was what saved us for two years at Hutchinson. The first year the grasshoppers came, the second year a hailstorm took everything we had, and the third year ginseng was our salvation. Then it sold at from five to six cents a pound, but now the price is up to its weight in silver, and seeds- men tell us we can make wonderful profits by raising it in our gar- dens. One of my neighbors has done something with ginseng. He has been about four years raising ginseng. He has forest condi- tions, having his ginseng garden established among the trees on the east side of the buildings. There are many different kinds of trees growing there such as one finds in the forest, and after so long a time I think the largest ginseng roots he has are about one-half the size of a lead pencil. I think in the course of about fifteen years he may get a crop of ginseng. All those that I have talked with tell me about the same thing. One man who has been in the ginseng busi- ness a great many years buying it, says he wishes they would keep right on trying to grow it so he could buy it, but he does not see any future for it. Ginseng all goes to China. The Chinese will work for $2 per month on their farms where we have to pay $20 per month. I am told they have the best soil in the world for the growing of ginseng. They have the cheap labor, the natural soil, the home market, and it is a grand one too, and if any one can raise ginseng in the garden it seems to me it is the Chinese that ‘can do it. This is not a conclusive argument, but it is something we can think of before we invest in ginseng seed at four or five dollars per ounce. Mr. McColly: I cannot say much in regard to the ginseng business, but I know that a man who expects to grow ginseng must have considerable patience before he will get any. money out of it. But there is as much money in it as there is in any plant that grows. I have experimented for a couple of years on my own ac- count to see what could be done with the plant, and as far as I have been able to handle the plant I have had very good success. I have started with the wild plants and they have made a very good growth; they have made a larger growth than they do in the wild state. The seed crop has grown wonderfully. I dug down to the roots this fall to see what the prospect would be another year, and I was surprised to find the growth the roots had made, and the bed is much larger than it was a year ago. I have only a few hundred plants. I was at Howard Lake visiting this fall, and I saw Mr. Simmons’ garden. He has a fine little plantation. Of course, it is small, but it is only a question of time when there will be a large number of men growing the plant. It is possible in time to over- do it, but I believe there is money in it for the man who goes into it early. Mr. Eddy: Mr. Simmons is a friend of mine. He has a very fine beginning. He had a great deal of trouble in starting right. There are little things about ginseng that have to be learned. He says his four year old roots are twice as large as in the wild state, and cultivated plants will produce one hundred seeds to one or two in the wild state. He is selling seed and roots both, and I believe GINSENG AS A GARDEN PRODUCT. 311 he would make a success of it if he should ship it to China, but he has a demand at home for all the seeds and roots he can raise at the present time. Mr. J. F. Empenger: I have been in the business for about two years, and I have had success from the start. I have planted from the roots, because I could not get any seed. The wild seed did not come up. It takes eighteen months for the seed to germi- nate. . Because it does not come up the first year many give up try- ing. I find it can be handled just as easily as a cabbage plant. I have not dug any yet so I cannot tell how large they have grown in two years time. There is money in the business at $5.50 per pound at home: There is certainly money in selling the seed, and there ought to be money in it when you can sell both the roots and the seed. Mr. Rolla Stubbs: There is a neighbor of mine who com- menced experimenting two years ago with a small bed. What he planted two years ago is coming up nicely, and he planted more seed this fall. He is making for it the natural conditions it finds in the timber. A shady location with sandy soil is the best place. He is experimenting for his own benefit to see what can be done with it. The young plants are coming up very nicely. The President: Cultivation in time will work surprises. The burden of my thought so far has been that I have not heard of any one selling the plants, and I cannot get over the fact that the Chinamen do not raise it with all their facilities. They say it brings its weight in gold in China. Mr. C. B. Waddell: My father has been experimenting four or five years with ginseng in Illinois, and I thought it was a streak of insanity cropping out in the family, but I must write home that there are some here taken the same way. (Laughter.) Mr. Bush: I think it compares favorably with the Belgian hare craze. When you could sell them from $15 to $500 it-was very profitable, but when the craze died out you could not give them away. Mr. Ditus Day: “I am one of the oldest members of the so- ciety. [I can remember the first meeting we held thirty-five years ago. I want to say that it rejoices me to see the growth of this so- ciety. Thirty-five years ago!—and there are very few of them left. I joined the society at the first meeting, and they met then in this city. I have enjoyed this meeting more than any I have ever at- tended. I am an old man now, but I hope I have done some little good. »I am not a nurseryman, only a farmer, but I have produced one apple that is one of the best in the state.” Prof. Green: “I would like to hear from a man who always has good apples and has done much for horticulture in this state, but who has never said anything at these meetings. I refer to Mr. William Oxford.” (Applause. ) - 312 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PARKS FOR THE SMALLER TOWNS. F, H. NUTTER, PARK ENGINEER, MINNEAPOLIS. This subject that has been assigned to me, “Parks for the Smaller Towns,” marks a change in public opinion. A few years ago it was considered preposterous for any but the larger cities to have parks. Perhaps it came about from the fact that Central Park in New York, and the parks in Paris had many artificial adornments, sttch as terraces, bridges, fountains, etc., which the photographer took as his subject, and so the idea came to be enter- tained that the principal function of a park was to furnish a location for those artificial adornments. In all those cases we know that the artist overlooked the great central feature of these parks. Olmsted, the elder, has emphasized the fact for years that the public park achieves its highest purpose only so far as it affords a chance for quiet rest among the beauties of nature. Now in these later days a change has come over the public mind. Things that twenty-five years ago were considered luxuries for the rich have now become necessities for all householders, so parks, once the luxury of the larger cities, have become the necessities of the smaller municipali- ties. Now, it being conceded that a park is a desirable feature of any municipal household, the first thing to be considered is the selection of the site for the park. This park may be intended for ordinary park purposes, or it may be attempted to combine a play ground with it, though I think this will prove a mistake unless the area is extended, for the noisy games of the young people will not be ac- ceptable to the older ones. So we will strike this feature out. In many of our villages and towns this question of site has already been settled by reserving in the platting of the‘town a small square or block in the center around which the farmers hitch their teams while they do their marketing, and on the fence of which they perch while they discuss matters of farm,.state and church. Other com- munities have no site, and one must be acquired. In many towns and villages you may see tracts of land that are an eyesore and are perhaps used as common dumping ground. Still this very location may be the ideal one for a park, and if it is devoted to that purpose it will add to the health and prosperity of the community and become the center of attraction. It is perhaps not generally considered that a stranger can frequently see opportunities which the inhabitant by long acquaintance and familiarity overlooks. These sites, of course, where they are selected for their fitness, may not conform to the streets as they are laid out. It is one great difficulty that the park PARKS FOR THE SMALLER TOWNS. 313 makers and cemetery makers have to contend with, that everything is laid out in checkerboard lines without regard to the esthetic side. So it may be that in order to secure the location desired we will have to disregard the surveyed lines and rearrange them in conformity with the contours of the grounds. Very often a village plat might have been arranged in the beginning so that these park sitet would have been provided and much useless expense in street grading avoided. I recall one small city in this state where diagonally through the village flows a small stream in a wooded ravine. The streets cross the ravine, and the people have hung the ends of their stables over the brow of the bluff and when high water comes in the spring the scavenger work is attended to, and the lake is there to receive the refuse. A little thought in the laying out of that village would have made that ravine a center of beauty, and the lots and streets along the banks would have afforded frontage for the most attractive residences. All that was overlooked, however, which with a little additional expense would have made this the most beauti- ful portion of the village. The treatment of the site, of course, is the next question that naturally arises in this connection. I think I can safely say this, that it is always wise not to attempt too much. If we have an ordinary square or city block some artificial feature may be intro- duced, and all the rest should be a setting for it. A fountain or foliage bed might be the central feature of the design. A lawn should also be provided with plantings of flowers and shrubbery— but one great danger is the tendency, as has already been remarked, of overplanting. I remember visiting a city in Iowa a short time since, and while waiting for the train I looked over the city park of four or five acres, which had been “improved.” These improve- ments consisted mainly in planting it so it appeared like a young forest, and they were continuing the work by planting some elms in a diminutive lawn that was still left in the center of the park. If we have one of these natural sites great care must be taken not to obliterate any of its native attractiveness. Artificiality must be kept in the background, and pains taken not to interfere with the natural beauty. In closing I would like to say a word in regard to what I have already referred to, and that is the question of close planting. Of course, we hear it preached that the windbreak must be planted thickly (and it is generally thought necessary to plant close in our parks), but still it is a dangerous expedient to adopt, and you may be 314 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sure that no one will have the nerve to undertake to apply the rem- edy when it is demanded. I could name a city in this state where I think if some “‘vandal hand” went through and swept it almost en- tirely clear of its present street trees, in twenty-five years it could be made almost ideal in its beauty, whereas now as time advances it can only go on from bad to worse. . THE NURSERYMAN’S PART IN LANDSCAPE ADORN- MENT. O. F. BRAND, OWATONNA. It is true that in some respects the nurseryman occupies a place before the public paralleled by that of all tradesmen, although in many respects the field of his operation is wider and his responsibili- ties greater than in’ most other occupations. He is in a position where his advice is constantly sought and sometimes followed. There are but few fields where better advice is needed than in landscape adornment, in the attempt to make the home surroundings at once useful and attractive. A few hints may be given from which broader ideas may be drawn and so help to obviate serious, expen- sive and oft-times irreparable mistakes. In most cases the advice given is by way of suggesting improvements to those grounds on which some work has been done. To give added beauty to all land- scape scenery where possible and advisable is the nurseryman’s work. I would not have the nurseryman take the field and work of the landscape gardener where there are men of that profession, but as a matter of fact except in large cities there are no landscape gardeners in this country ; so the nurseryman, so far as recommenda- tions are concerned, has to attach that profession to his own. The man who has the natural ability of a first class landscape gardener added to that of a good nurseryman is in a position to accomplish great good in landscape adornment. He can and should materially assist in aiding the public to obtain a maximum of land- scape beauty for a minimum of expense. To secure this much de- sired object it is not necessary that there should be a large outlay of time or money, for numerous instances are not wanting where $100.00 judiciously invested in flowers, shrubs, trees, vines, labor and paint have added more than ten fold to the selling price of the property. In order that the nurseryman may fully perform his duty along this line two things are essential: First, he must furnish to his customers the proper stock to be planted; second, he must be competent to instruct them not only how to plant, but also how to best arrange that which they plant so as to produce the best results in contrast effects, THE NURSERYMAN’S PART IN LANDSCAPE ADORNMENT. 315 While the operative details in this business are so many and so varied, depending so much on surrounding conditions as to for- bid the laying down of specific rules in an article of this length, still we will name some things that may be done and some that should not be done. Ist. We should try to impress on the minds of our patrons that the best scenic effect is produced by contrast effect—sharp con- trast of colors. ; 2d. Large growing trees should be planted forty feet apart or more. The nurseryman should not recommend the planting of Scotch pine and Norway spruce where other evergreens can be successfully grown; should not advise planting trees or shrubs so as to obstruct a view of the buildings, nor tall growing shrubs anywhere on the lawn nor along drives—except in’ shrubberies; nor shrubs that bloom all at one season; or trees or shrubs liable to become breed- ing grounds for injurious diseases or insects—and except for wind- breaks should not recommend the white willow or cottonwood where the sugar maple and linden can be grown. In fact, the use- ful only, other things being equal, should give way to those which combine beauty and utility. Where it is necessary to use tall, grow- ing shrubs for screen he should not recommend lilacs if high bush cranberry can be had. He should not advise straight roads, drive- ways or walks in grounds where curved lines would produce a better effect; he should advise the planting of sugar maple, soft maple, American linden and, in smaller quantities, cut-leaved maple, Schwedler’s maple, ash, cut-leaved weeping birch, American and European mountain ash, shell bark hickory, black walnut, butternut, European larch, white spruce, blue spruce, concolor, white pine, Austrian pine, balsam fir, dwarf mountain pine, Douglas spruce, American arbor vitae and silver cedar. He should advise groves of deciduous and evergreen trees—where possible with irregular out- lines, with here and there small clumps of deciduous trees, not leav- ing out one of the varieties that produce beautiful autumn leaves. He should recommend large, well kept lawns where possible to have them, on and around which should be seen all of our hardy flower- ing shrubs, climbing vines, climbing roses and hardy roses. Me should recommend LARGE MASSES of perennial and herbaceous flowers. In fact, in floriculture the impress of his work should be decidedly marked. For early flowering, beds of white tulip with yellow or scarlet or crimson borders, or beds of scarlet and crimson tulips with a 316 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. single row of white for a border, should be seen around a score of homes where one is seen now. Moss pinks should greet the passer- by. For the latter part of May and early June tree pzonies, with their gorgeous colors, and all through June and into July selections from the long list of more than 700 distinct varieties of herbaceous ponies, should be made to show forth the marvelous beauty and enchanting loveliness of God’s new creations. The Great Father of all life has brought forth these new things, wonderful in beauty and loveliness for the use of man, and the nurseryman should see that they are used in larger quantities, both singly and in clumps and in large masses of a single color. In the first half of the nineteenth century it was true that the rose was the queen of flowers. It is no longer true. The new crea- tions in ponies do not hold a second place. It is today the queen of flowers. . Large beds of coleus and of geraniums should be marked feat- ures. A large oblong bed of yellow coleus, with a border of sin- gle row of very dark color, produces a fine effect. In all arrange- ments of flowers, shrubs or trees, sharp contrast of color should be the rule. . | For midsummer and autumn flowers the perennial phlox should be used in large numbers. These are also new creations, more than one hundred fine varieties having been brought out during the past twenty years. Their effect on the lawn is pleasing and lasting. During a trip east several years ago, of the things seen none made a more lasting impression on my mind than the beds of perennial phlox on the grounds of Elwanger & Barry, and a single clump seen on a well kept lawn at Burlington, Vt. The space allotted me is filled and in closing let me say, that if the nurseryman carries out the suggestions herein contained, when he passes to the life beyond he will feel that the world has to some little extent been made more beautiful and happy because he has lived in it. Mr. Wm. Oxford: “I am not much of a speaker, but I have grown fruit for a number of years, and I always try to raise the best fruit. I joined this society a number of years ago, and I always take great interest in reading the monthly magazine. I thought it was my duty to come up here, and I must say I enjoyed the meet- ings very much, and hereafter as long as I live I shall expect to at- tend.” ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. 317 ORCHARDING IN MINNESOTA. E. H. S. DARTT, OWATONNA. I planted my first orchard in Minnesota in 1869, and have kept right at it ever since, and have probably planted more than 10,000 orchard trees, two-thirds of which are dead. About twenty-five years ago I planted an orchard of 2,500 trees. It was mostly on a northern slope. I puta windbreak on the south and west, that trees might protect each other. I planted them twelve feet apart each way. Every fifth tree in every fifth row was Scotch pine, making pines sixty feet apart all through the orchard. The holes were dug the fall before, and trees were set very early. Some holes were half full of ice. I think every pine grew and of 1,600 apple trees set that year only four trees failed to grow. I set in this orchard about 800 Duchess, 800 Wealthy, 200 Tetofsky, 200 Haas and 50 trees each of Orange, Maiden’s Blush, Quaker Beauty and Minnesota crab; also a strong sprinkling of other varieties of apples and crabs. The winter of 1884-5 killed to the ground every Wealthy and Haas and many of the other varieties. ‘This is the reason why I said the Wealthy was not hardy enough for Minnesota Most of the dead trees were dug out and replaced largely with Duchess. This was a sad mistake, for the Wealthy trees left soon sprouted up and commenced to bear and are now the most profitable trees in the orchard, while the Duchess, though profitable at first, are now of little value for market purposes.- I have sold five bushels for a dollar and hundreds of bushels have rotted on the ground Enough Duchess have died from sunscald and root-killing to keep trees from crowding till about five years ago. I then com- menced cutting out the pines to make room for apple trees, and to cut Duchess where crowding other varieties. I am also top-graft- ing alternate Duchess trees with Wealthy and Peter, which take well on the Duchess as a stock. I have girdled this orchard with a view of checking growth and producing fruit, but girdling is not to be depended upon alone for thinning out the orchard—-branches should not interlock, and I recommend the liberal use of the axe. Next year will be the bearing year, and I shall remove the fruit on a lot of my Duchess trees and girdle the first of July for fruit the next year, for I know there is money in the Duchess when the other fellows do not have any to sell: I do not know how much of the $500 received the past season came as the result of girdling. _Geeretary’s %orner. PRESENT MEMBERSHIP OF THE SOCIETY. — The last membership, entered on July 29, brings the list of the society for 1902, including life memberships, to 1214. This is high water mark for the Minnesota Horticultural Society. HAvk You MADE YOUR ENTRIES FOR THE FAIR? — If not, please look the premium list over and do this at once. Plan now for whatever you hope to do in connection with the fair aud make the entries accordingly. If later develop- ments require a change it can of course be made. There is no enterprise in which previous preparation pays better than in exhibiting fruit at the fair. Aside from the advantage to the exhibitor to make early entries, it is alsoa great convenience to the office management of the fair, who are always over- whelmed with such work at the last moment. BEREAVEMENT IN THE FAMILY OF JUDGE lL. R. MovER.—Great sorrow has come into the family of our esteemed fellow member in the death of his son, Waldo K. He wasa very promising young man of 22 years, with whom the writer had a pleasant personal acquaintance. At the time of his death he had completed his third year in the State University. Judge Moyer has a large acquaintance in this society, from his earnest work with us these many years, and his membership in the Executive Board for almost as longatime. He is assured of our profound sympathy in this affliction. THE FRUIT OUTLOOK. — Reports coming into this office the latter part of July indicates a marked decrease in the probabilities of a good apple crop in Minnesota this year. Rain and wind, and perhaps other climatic causes suf- ficiently occult, are in the main the causes of this. The trees are making a fine growth however and, aside from the effects of an unusually severe attack of blight, are undoubtedly making preparation for a suitably remunerative crop in the future. The large sales of nursery stock for fall delivery as reported from the nurseries of the state show the faith of the people in the ultimate suc- cess of fruit culture with us notwithstanding this temporary discouragement. NOTE THE STATE FAIR REGULATIONS. — There have been a few slight changes in the regulations of the horticultural department of the state fair from the previous year. Every intending exhibitor should read these over carefully and thoroughly inform himself. To comply with these regulations with exact- ness will increase very much the probability of success in securing awards. The rule requiring all exhibits to be in place and fully completed before the fair opens, at nine o’clock, Monday morning, will be adhered to as heretofore with rigid exactness, No fruit, except as noted in the premium list, can be placed upon the tables after that hour. The exhibitors have co-operated with entire willingness in the enforcement of this regulation and with most satis- factory results. SECRETARY'S CORNER. 319 Have You EVER EXHIBITED FRUIT AT THE STATE Farr? — If not this will be a good year to begin. You will not only receive some recompense for your trouble, but you will enjoy the opportunity to display your fruit alongside of that of other growers, and also meeting them. Most of the exhibitors, and especially the larger ones, spend the greater part of the week at the fair, and the opportunity to talk with them on this subject will be a very valuable one. If you are not able to attend the fair personally, and are willing to dis- play your fruit there, please write to Secretary Latham in regard to it in good season. State fair premium lists can be had upon application to E. W. Ran- dall, Secretary, Hamline, Minn. ABSENCE OF THE SECRETARY. — Callers at the office of this society during the last three weeks in July, up to July 29th, were disappointed to find the office closed. The secretary has been enjoying himself amongst the hills of New England in the scenes of his early life, not revisited before in forty-two years. He was glad to be able to go and not unhappy to be back again to greet the friends and workers at home. ‘The office will be found open now as usual, and especially i in the forenoons it is the purpose of the secretary to be on hand except in some unavoidable cases. The rule is — usually in afternoons; always in forenoons, with necessary exceptions. Come in and see what is do- ing — and remember that after all it is equally “your work’? which is making the society such a force for good in the our chosen field. FRUIT FOR THE WINTER MEETING. — Arrangements for storing fruit for preservation for this meeting have been made, as referred to in another note in this ‘‘Corner.’’ It is our ambition to make this exhibit the best of all, and to this end we invite the help of all our membership. Premiums will be offered, as before, for named varieties of fruits, and the members are urged to save good specimens of any kinds they may have, and if they have not good facilities for keeping them at home send them to the cold storage provided. Shipping tags to be attached to packages for this purpose will be furnished by the secretary in any quantity desired. A special effort is to be made to secure a large exhibit of. fall and winter seedling apples. The premium offered for them will be di- vided pro rata as last year, so that any exhibitor of a fruit of some commercial value will be sure of a share of the award. Don’t fail to save specimens of any good seedling apples in your possession. THE PROFESSORSHIP OF HORTICULTURE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCON- sin. — A successor to the lamented Prof. E. S. Goff in the Wisconsin Agricul- tural College and Experiment Station has been found the person of Prof. E. P. Sandsten. The horticulturists of Minnesota have a special welcome for the newcomer from the fact that he is a graduate of the Minnesota School of Agri- culture and also later from the full course in horticulture and forestry furnished by our state university, having taken his degree in 1895. An experience of some years in the management of the farm and garden at the Red Wing train- ing school, and further study in his line in Colorado and at Cornell, have added to his fitness to fill this position. Mr. Sandsten is a young man thirty-five years of age, a native of Sweden, and is well versed in several modern languages. We expect him to succeed in the difficult position he has taken, and extend to him a hearty greeting and best wishes from the horticulturists of Minnesota, 320 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ~ CoLD STORAGE FOR EXHIBITION FRUITS. — Arrangements, similar to those of late years, have been made for storing early ripening fruit for exhibition at the state fair, and later ripening for the winter meeting of this society, with A. Booth & Co., No. 205 North 5th St., Minneapolis. Fruit forthe state fair will be placed in a temperature of about 40° Fahrenheit, which it is believed is suit- able for keeping so short atime. Fruits for the winter meeting will go intoa colder room, about 35°. As heretofore, exhibitors are urged to forward ex- hibition fruits to this storage as fast as they ripen, sending by express prepaid. All fruit so stored for the state fair will be delivered at Horticultural Hall there free of charge for storage or transportation there on Friday afternoon preced- ing the opening of the fair, in ample time for the exhibitors to arrange their displays. No expecting exhibitor should hesitate to avail himself of these facilities, which will decrease very much the inconvenience and expense of get- ting fruit to the fair, and increase correspondingly the probabilities of getting early ripening fruits on the table in good condition. Each specimen sent should be wrapt separately in paper, and all those of the same kind placed in a sack by themselves suitably labeled. Do as much of the sorting and arranging for the various entries as possible at home, which will decrease the labor to be done on the ground. Every package sent to this storage should have attached one of the printed labels prepared for this purpose. Send at once to the Secre- tary Latham for a supply. Under no circumstances put fruit for the state fair and winter meeting in the same package. Fruit for the winter meeting will be held till that time and delivered at the place of meeting on the day before its opening, also without expense to the exhibitor. ““FORESTRY IN MINNESOTA’”’ REVISED. — The revision of this popular work, by Prof. Samuel B. Green, horticulturist of the state experiment station, which was referred to some time ago in the Secretary’s Corner, is now an ac- complished fact, and the book is ready for distribution. As with the first edi- tion, its use is especially intended for the forestry department of the Minnesota University. The changes and enlargements which have been made are such as are intended to add to its value especially in this direction. The first edition is in use as a text book in a large number of agricultural colleges and other schools of the country, and the new issue will have undoubtedly a still larger demand. It is a book of 400 pages, very handsomely gotten up and fully illu- strated, a book that would sell easily, considering the size and style of printing, for $1.50, but as it has been printed by the State University it is offered for the cost of publication. {[t can be had upon application to the author, Prof. S. B. Green, addressing him at St. Anthony Park, Minn., and enclosing thirty-seven cents. This edition covers all the ground reached by the first one, but much ~ improvement will be found in the classification and in a considerable extension of the first part of the book, which is devoted to elementary forestry. This takes up the subject of forest tree culture, both in the forests and on the prai- ries, including forest regeneration, propagation of forest trees, forest protection, mensuration, wood and its uses, forest economics, and includes, in fact, a very full treatment of all the problems relating to this subject. There follows this a description of the native Minnésota trees, and then a list of the forest trees of the United States, with a very convenient glossary anda fullindex. The book will be found exceedingly useful to amateurs, as well as to those who are taking up the subject in a technical way. This edition of ten thousand copies will be soon exhausted. Hvery member of the society should make application at an early date to be sure of securing a copy. (‘9¢¢ a8ed 39S) ‘C-$88T NI NOILISOdXH SNVH’INO MHN LV AWTIdSIC LINAA VLOSHNNIW ei Vi Me ; THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 30. SEPTEMBER, 1902. No. 9 emorial A[our, (ANNUAL MEETING, Dec. 1901.) IN MEMORIAM: JOHN S. HARRIS, WM. MACKINTOSH, JUDSON N. CROSS, PROF. OTTO LUGGER. The President: The exercises of this hour will awaken a train of sad reflections in the minds of all the members of this society. We were all or nearly all acquainted with these men, earnest work- ers in the horticultural society, these men who have left us during the year. Still we are glad to render this last sad tribute. We feel it is a duty incumbent upon us, and it is something we are glad to do. The exercises were opened with a funeral march rendered on the piano by Prof. Rudolph. The President: I will call upon Prof. Green to speak upon the characters of the various members of the society that have passed away during the year, and the loss to the society and the loss to the state. Prof. Samuel B. Green: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society: These four names whose lives are the special subject of this hour are very dear to me. I have been severely stricken during the past year in that I have lost four good friends. They were all high minded men, they were all strong men. They were all men of broad character, working for the up- building of their fellowmen. They are all men of whom it can be said, the world is better because they have lived in it. Mr. Owen, I understand, is to speak especially of the work of Mr. Harris, and Judge Hicks of the life of Capt. Cross. I wish, however, to refer to these myself. Mr. Harris was a very dear friend of mine, and I have missed him in so many ways since he left us. At this meeting and at the summer meeting we have all missed him, his genial, kind ways, his helpful ways, and he had a place in Minnesota horticulture that it seems as though we had no one else to fit into. He was eminent as a pomologist, he had a national reputation; he was known as one of the best authorities on pomology in the north- western states. He was looked upon as a very valuable man as judge by the different societies and was sent for on such occasions. His impartiality was a fine trait. When he had to say unkind things, or had to say the truth, which was a little rough sometimes, 322 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. he did it in the kindest way possible. I do not wish to dwell longer upon him, but I just refer to him briefly, as I know Mr. Owen will take up the work of his life and do it so much better than I can possibly do it. Judge Hicks is to speak upon the life and work of Capt. Cross, but I have been asked to speak of his work in connection with Min- nesota forestry. When Capt. Cross took hold of the forestry movement in this state we had a new impulse. The forestry sentiment of this state and of the whole nation has been hard to crystallize. For years we had a forestry department, but it lacked crystallizing sentiment, it lacked some way of fixing the thought of the public, it lacked some- thing that was practical, that could be done. We had enough essays of a general nature, what we wanted was something to crystallize the sentiment of the people, and that was where we needed a good lawyer. And that is a service that Capt. Cross has performed for this state; he was a pioneer. The law which he drew up establishing a forestry reserve board in this state is a model of its kind. It is referred to frequently in a very complimentary way by other sections of the country. It is an-admirable document, an admirable law as he drew it up; but the legislature took out the most valuable part of it. If it could have been passed as he drew it up it would be a greater blessing than it is today, and I believe the time will come when the people of the state will use foresight enough to demand that the orig- inal bill be carried out and not the one today on the statute book, which is good as far as it goes, but has the power cut out that has spoiled the intent of the law. I believe the time is coming when we will want to do something better. But this is a great work that Capt. Cross has done. For a number of years he was president of the forestry association, and with his legal knowledge he was a wonderful help to it. He was always in favor of the forest fire law and frequently spoke in favor of it before legislative com- nuttees, until now it would be a very difficult matter to repeal it. At one time sentiment was so weak that the legislature passed a law repealing it, and nothing stood in the way but the hard work of Capt. Cross. His work was especially valuable because he brought his le- gal talent to bear upon the forestry question when legal talent was specially needed, and it was the legal talent of a pure, ripe mind, the mind of a lawyer of experience. It has been a great benefit to us so far and will be a greater benefit in the future. Dr. Lugger was an associate of mine in the University of Min- nesota for something over thirteen years. We started together in the School of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota when there was no school of agriculture, when the name of the agricul- tural department of the University of Minnesota was a byword, a contempt. It was not considered worthy of notice, the farmers had no time for it, it was the laughing stock of the people generally. That agricultural department has grown until today there is no ag- ricultural department like that of the university, or any agricultural college that has a better experiment station than the state of Minne- sota. That has come about through wise management on the part of the board of regents and the support given to the work by the MEMORIAL HOUR. 323 © foresight of the people of the state of Minnesota; it has come also through the work of the loyal faculty of the School of Agriculture, and Dr. Lugger by his work throughout the state did much to make the experiment station a thing of vital interest to the farmers of ' Minnesota. In the early days it was the entomological department that brought the experiment station favorably before the people of the state by reason of the subduing under Dr. Lugger’s manage- ment of the grasshopper pest in Otter Tail county. ‘ Dr. Lugger was a good friend of mine. I used to love to go in and talk with Lugger. I say “\Lugger,” because we always spoke of him as Lugger. He was a German by birth and came to this coun- try to avoid military service. He had a military training and soon found a position and was noted for the thoroughness of his work. He was first with the United States survey, then with Riley, and then came out here. His work was thorough; he was a man of wonderful versatility, and he had a wonderful fund of information. He was a man with a national reputation. If I ran across anything "I did not know I talked with Lugger. I knew I could get some- thing out of him, and the people of the state appreciated him so much that his fund of information was constantly being drawn upon from every quarter of the state. I want to refer also to William Mackintosh. I knew him in Mas- sachusetts about twenty-two or twenty-three years ago. I knew the family very well indeed. He came west for the health of his family. He was always known as a progressive man in agriculture, a man who was always in favor of education. He was interested in the agricultural societies of Massachusetts. He had charge of some of the best farms in the state of Massachusetts, and his work was al- ways of a progressive nature. He was known for his genial nature, always ready with a joke and a good turn, and I know that many here who knew him as a good friend will miss him. He was not a man to push himself to the front, but his quiet ways will be missed by all who knew him. Speaking about educational matters, he was one of the first to bring his son to the school of agriculture. I feel that I have taken more time than I ought ‘to have taken, but it is simply because my heart is full. I would like to talk about the merits of these men, whom I can see almost as plainly as if they were before me today, I feel I could talk about them a long time. I feel that we have met a great loss, the state has met a great loss in the death of these people, and our society does well to honor their memory. Mr. S. M. Owen: Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen of the Horticultural Society: I shall not attempt to speak of the life and history of Mr. Harris. It seems to me that it would be a work of supererogation at this time, for you all knew him so well, even if we had the time to do so. I rather choose to give to you some of the fruits of calm and deliberate reflection of my own that are born of the relations of many years’ standing that I had with this man. I[ love more to talk of him as he was, as he appeared to me during the years I knew him than to engage in anything in the way of histori- cal reminiscences or recollections of him. 324 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. JOHN S. HARRIS, THE MAN. ( An oration. ) S. M. OWEN, MINNEAPOLIS. At this hour of commemoration—a holy hour it should be— there is a realization of an existing void here, of a vacuum that nature, with its traditional abhorrence of such a condition, refuses to fill, that was never before felt in the councils of this society. A personality is missing today that never was missed before upon a similar occasion. He, who was a god-father at the birth of this society, who was a loving and tender nurse in the weakling days of its infancy, who was an elder brother helping to direct its steps into paths of influence, power and usefulness as it grew into youthful virility, and who was a proud parent when this, the child of his love and solicitude, had developed into vigorous maturity, giving promise of long life and of perennial beneficence, is for the first time, absent from the roll-call of our membership. This causes the void, produces the vacuum, creates a vacancy that refuses to accept a new tenant. This absent one is our grievously lamented guide, counsellor and friend, our highly esteemed and beloved fellow member and brother, John S. Harris. Never before absent, never truant or tardy even; and nothing but the cold and sapless hand of death, beckoning him the other way, could make him so now. Throughout its long life every meeting place of this society has been a Mecca to him whose memory we now commemorate, and this society has been the shrine in the Mecca before which he bowed in love and adoration to the god of fruit and flower that he loved to worship. Unlike the ordinary pilgrim devotee, he did not bring his faith alone to this shrine, but he brought works to prove that his faith was well founded. He had the faith of the most enthusiastic zealot, but it was not the faith of mere proclamation. He brought here the evidences of his own and others’ achievements to prove that his faith was not built upon the sands, but, rather, upon the rock of demonstrated truth. Mr. Harris believed that, “Tf faith produced no works, I see That faith is not a living tree. Thus faith and works together grow, No separate life they e’er can know.” His faith in the ultimate adaptation of fruits of required char- acter and quantity to this region was one of his many rare and admirable qualities. I recall my first interview with him. It was after a winter that had so devastated orchard, vineyard and berry patch in this state, that it almost seemed like a notice served from MEMORIAL HOUR, JOHN S. HARRIS. 325 the great Court of Courts that further efforts in fruit growing here would be futile. Years of time and labor, a vast sum of money in the aggregate and hopes that had been growing stronger and stronger, until at last they seemed to have reached a long and pa- tiently waited for fruition, were suddenly buried in one frozen grave! Perhaps no victim of that disaster felt the loss it involved more keenly than Mr. Harris did. But though it may have depressed it did not discourage him. In the bright lexicon of the vocabulary of his faith there was no such word as fail! Though contending with the icy waves of adversity and tossed from crest to crest by the blasts that had shattered the hopes of thousands, he was supported by the life buoy of conviction that the law of adaptation to environ- ment is God’s law, and all that is needed to make it effective is faith- ful, tireless, undismayed executives of the law, of which, my lament- ed friend, John S. Harris, was one. During that first evening with him he talked long, ably, and with the earnestness that makes common words eloquent, of how that necessary adaptation to our environment was to be accom- plished. In those days a new hope was just becoming buoyant in the fruit grower’s breast. Ice-armored Russia was sending to us her frost proof children of Queen Pomona. Surely, Russia’s produc- tions, the survivers of her frosts, snows and blasts, would survive and flourish in Minnesota’s comparatively mild climate. But my mentor on that never-to-be-forgotten evening, SO many years ago, gave emphatic voice to the conviction that the fruits of the future for this region would not be immigrants but native and to our manner born. It is not cold alone but climatic and soil conditions peculiar to ourselves that all our products must become adapted to before their ultimate possibilities will be realized here. This was his theory then, he talked and wrote voluminously about it since, and all the time the logic of events and the processes of nature were confirm- ing him, and it was because he was thinking and working along natural lines. His ways were ways of pleasantness and truth be- cause they were nature’s ways. It was this quality of head and heart that caused a prominent member of this society to say, during the last state fair, probably the first one ever held in the state that he did not attend: “We miss Mr. Harris continually. His knowledge of fruits was so com- plete that any disputed point regarding name or variety could be referred to him with the confident assurance that it would be cor- rectly adjudicated.” This was because his knowledge was based upon fundamentals. Experience, observation, memory, long and 326 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. effective study and thought, had so thoroughly grounded him in the details of his art that his opinion upon any matter concerning it might with much reason be called oracular. But Mr, Harris was not a student of nature in her manifestations of fruit and flower alone; he saw and understood her through the birds and smaller animals of her creation. He loved these living creations; and he loved them wisely, not too well. If he had to slay any by reason of naturally predatory habits, he did it kindly and regretfully. Considerate of plant and tree, of fruit and flower, of animal and bird, he could not be other than considerate of his fellow beings, and so he was! Our departed brother was ever influenced by a broad and en- during interest in the great cause of fruit development in this lati- tude. The plants and trees that he sent out for distant planting must be the best as to quality and so handled in packing and shipping that they would thrive abundantly, bless the planter with good har- vests of fruits, and thereby encourage him to grow them more plen- tifully and inspire his neighbors to do likewise. That aspiration was a more potent influence with him than the making of his own reputation or saving his customers a few dollars or cents. When he saw inexperience, ignorance, or deceit, misleading or defrauding the buyers of nursery stock, it was not the sacrificed money on the one hand or the manifestation of dishonesty on the other that aroused his righteous wrath, it was thought of the disastrous effect such practices would have upon the fruit growing industry of this region. We love our brother the more truly, we cherish his memory the more warmly by reason of the difficulties that ever beset the pathway of his achievements. Such men as he are never rich. Though poor, they are among the world’s choicest philanthropists; yet theirs is a philanthropy that is not heralded in the sensational headlines of newspapers. The men who cause fruits to grow where none have grown before are not exalted while living, nor are cloud piercing monuments erected to them when dead. These things are for those who have acquired great fortunes, who have attained high official position in civil life, or those who have scarred the earth with ten thousand ghastly graves where no grave was seen before. Mr. Har- ris knew, and you his fellow workers know, that the applause of the world was not for him, nor is it for you. He wrought within the limitations of humble surroundings and of scanty means. It was not the world’s applause that he aspired to, but his fellow’s better- ment. He knew that his epitaph would never be chiseled on lofty shaft, nor his praises sung under vaulted roof by choir and organ. MEMORIAL HOUR, JOHN S. HARRIS. 327 But he wrought none the less assiduously for all that. He took great pride in his work, and it was a commendable pride. He was proud in the belief that his were works that would live, and bless while they lived, those who would come after him. Epitaph in sculptured stone he may not have, but one is graven upon the trunk and stem of every tree and vine that he induced others to plant and taught how to care for. His praises may not be sung in cathedral grand, nor in the chambers of the great, but in grove, orchard and vineyard that he inspired the growing of the nesting birds will sing his praises with sweeter note, and for countless years to come! He was not an educated man in the sense that familiarity with school and college curriculum imply, but he had natural intellectual gifts of a high order. His mind was clear and analytical. Problems that confronted him in his chosen work he solved as if by intuition. His theories were based upon reason, his philosophy was the best test of the soundness and conservativeness of his judg- ment. “His convictions were clear cut and easily transmitted to others, because his courage of them gave others confidence in them, and because they rested largely upon his own demonstrations. For one without a high education, and with no culture but that of self, Mr. Harris had wonderful ability as a writer. His style was at once easy, smooth and simple. He never found the least diff- culty in makin himself clearly understood, and through all his writings there ran a vein of candor, sincerity and mastery of sub- ject that impressed the reader that he was perusing the words of a teacher upon whose instructions he could confidently rely. The eulogist or biographer of Mr. Harris need have no fear of finding aught to mar his subject if he crosses the threshold of his home and iearns the story of his private life. His geniality, his courtesy, his fidelity and consideration for others were not qualities for display in public or among strangers; they were parts of his ‘life, and in no place did he live them so truly as in his own home; their luster was never brighter than when shining in his own family circle. His not luxurious but picturesque home on the lofty banks of the Father of Waters; its surrounding trees, vines, shrubs and flowers; the tools he wrought with, the books he read, the table he wrote upon, the spirit of his presence through and over them all, will amply justify pilgrimages by friends and disciples for many years to come. And the story of his home life that may perchance be heard there will enlarge the admiration and love of the pilgrims. Loyalty to friends, to neighborhood and state was a part of his nature. After visiting sunnier climes, after a long visit to his native Ohio, or from any other protracted absence, he would return 328 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. with warmer love for his Minnesota home, where the best years of his life were spent, and where the sun of attraction was as great and the bud of promise as large as in any other spot on earth. Of vices Mr. Harris had none. And if he had frailties or weaknesses of any kind they were the trademarks of nature testify- ing that none of her human productions are perfect in all respects. If he was weak in anything or anywhere, it was a trivial, harmless weakness. It was not a great fault, but rather a trifling misfortune. But his strength, immeasurably the larger part of him, was always the strength of usefulness, of helpfulness and of many-sided virtues. And now, our beloved brother, since you have passed the por- tal that leads to the solving of the great and, we believe, the glori- ous mystery of death, your character, your works, your achieve- ments have become hallowed memories and sacred realizations to those you left behind; they wreath the brow of your glorified spirit with the immortelles of their love. For your faith, zeal and industry while of us, you are admired. For what you accomplished in the work to which you were so ardently devoted, you are hon- ored. By the example you were of what integrity of purpose, un- daunted courage and loyalty to friends and convictions may accom- plish, you contributed to the world’s enrichment. By your many good offices in promoting the cause of this society, you made it your eternal debtor. For the many attributes of your nature that make remembrance sweet, we will lovingly cherish your memory while we live. I do not feel justified in closing this unworthy tribute without testifying to my remembrance of and love for the other translated members of this society, who are remembered and revered on this occasion. Friends of mine they were, too, and I fain would speak such words of them as their work and character deserve. And not only of those whose names and virtues are mentioned here today, but those who preceded these last ones into the ranks of the great majority. But while I may not speak of them, I may join you in crowning the memory of each with chaplets of remembrance and affection. As this society calls the roll of its dead, it has reason to be proud of the contributions it has made to the spiritual hosts; and the , imagination need not be strained to see our brother, after he had “eathered the drapery of his couch around him and laid down to pleasant dreams’—awaking on the shining shore of the “Better Land” we all believe in, and there greeting, with the ready smile and genial manner we are so familiar with, the old friends and ¢o- laborers of his well spent earth life. MEMORIAL HOUR, JOHN S. HARRIS. 329 The President: Now there will be an opportunity given for any- one to speak one minute on any one of the four whose names appear on the program, or of all four together. We would like to have him occupy just a minute in saying what he has thought of these men, what anybody would wish to say on an occasion like this. Mr. Oliver Gibbs: Fellow members, I feel as though I could not let this occasion pass without adding my own words to help make up the record of the life of Mr. Harris. I could not say what I wish to say in one minute. I| will not undertake to traverse the ground covered so ably, properly and eloquently by Mr. Owen, but I wish to call attention to a few of the characteristics of Mr. Harris which made him what he was. He was the best all round worker we had in our society. The portrait we gave him four years ago is now smiling down upon us. First, Mr. Harris was a man who could do any amount of work that to another one would seem impossible. Second, he knew that the only success in life was to undertake to do anything just as well as he could do it. Hence he was always thor- ough in his work. When we gave him a subject to investigate, his report will show without exception that he returned an encyclo- pedia on the subject so far as his time and opportunity would permit. Another thing was his dogged perseverance in pursuit of knowledge. Another was his alertness to catch everything that came to his at- tention. You remember how he used to sit here with his note book and put down everything of interest, not content with our usually very accurate report, but he always kept his own notes for reference. Do you remember the very last words he spoke at this meeting? One member said he thought the old members should be more retir- ing and not take such a prominent part, but finally he concluded the better way was to work away as long as they could. “Yes,” said Mr. Harris, partly rising from his chair, “and die with our boots on.’ Mr. President, the ink was scarcely dry upon Mr. Harris’ last work upon an agricultural paper here before we heard he was dead. The very last horticultural report contained his name; “he died with his boots on.’’ He took them off when he was ready to leave this shore, but he put them on in the morning when he reached the other side, and that impression tells me that he is at work on the other side the same as he always was here. Mr. S. M. Owen: I want to say, Mr. President, that it seems to me something should be said of this most excellent man, Capt. Jud- son N. Cross, upon this occasion. He was not so well known to you as was Mr. Harris, but he ought to be better known to you, a great deal. He was a man of most charming personality; then, too, he was’ a man of infinite patience and invariable courtesy. He pos- sessed geniality and kindness, but the chief quality that should en- dear him to all of us who are engaged in promoting the cause of fruit and flower, plant and tree, is the fact that he found within his . busy and exacting avocation, that of a lawyer, plenty of time to give thought and work to the cause that we hold dear. Prof. Green has said that Capt. Cross did this great work for the forestry interests of this state at a time when we needed legal talent to help along in that work, but it was not legal talent alone that Capt. Cross brought into that work, his heart was bound up in it over all. He felt the 330 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. need of a different administration, a different treatment altogether of the forest interests of this country, and impelled by that thought, by that love of a great cause, he did this work. He did it not be- cause he was a lawyer; he did it in spite of the fact that he was a lawyer and that the claims of his profession were making very heavy drafts upon him all the time. It is not alone in forestry outside of his avocation that he did good work. We have in this city a mon- ument to this disposition of his to do for the public regardless of what his avocation might be or his exactions; the best control of the liquor traffic in a city | ever saw in my life is in Minneapolis. It is not ideal, by no manner of means, but the limiting of that traffic to a portion of the city is, | say, the best control of the liquor interests I ever saw in any city. That is the work of Capt. Cross. You go into his church circle, go into his social circle, go where you will, there you will find the usefulness that came from the vigor and the strength stirred by the earnest and honest conviction of a desire to do the best he could while he was on earth for his fellowmen, for his state, for his country. I have known many men, of course, in my long life, I have been intimately acquainted with many of them, but there were some things about Capt. Cross that attracted me to him in a different way than | have ever been attracted to any other man. There was some sort of magnetic influence there that, when you came within its radius, you felt that at least you were in the presence of a man; a man in everything that that word should imply. Excuse me, Mr. President, but I felt impelled absolutely to say these few words that many of you might know what kind of a man this society, this community, the country had lost in the sudden and untimely death of Capt. Cross, cut down as he was without a mo- ment’s notice, cut down in the prime of his life and in the midst of his greatest usefulness. Mr. C. M. Loring: I did not intend to say anything on this occasion; I did not come prepared to say anything because I un- derstood the program had been prepared, but I feel that as some of the speakers are not here I must say a few words both of Capt. Cross and my friend Mr. Harris. Thirty-eight years ago I became acquainted with Mr. Harris, and two years after I had the honor of entertaining him at my house. I never had a guest who was more interesting. He was quite ill at the time, yet he was always so pleasant and so thought- ful about the house, and all his thoughts seemed to center upon what he could do for the improvement of this association. At that time we were just struggling along; everything seemed to be a failure, but he was full of hope. We had purchased trees and shrubs, as we all had to purchase them, from places so far south that when they were brought to this country they were almost invariably winter-killed. But Mr. Harris was full of hope. He said we would yet raise apples in Minnesota, and he predicted that Minnesota would sometime be the finest fruit state in the union. But time went on, and many dropped out discouraged. I see many about me, members of this society, who were largely buoyed up with the hope that was bubbling up from this man’s good nature, and as MEMORIAL HOUR, JOHN S. HARRIS. 331 a result of this hope and encouragement which he held out we see today this grand showing of fruit in the next room. I must say one word in regard to my old friend, Capt. Cross. I was introduced to him on the day he arrived in Minneapolis. I became well acquainted with him immediately, and I have been honored by his considering me a friend as I| certainly did him. He was a member of the first board of park commissioners. He was indefatigable in his work. He had the enthusiasm of a man who loved nature, and the fact that we have one of the most beautiful _ parks in the southern part of the city is due to his foresight. He came to me and asked me to go with him to see a little lake in the southern part of the city, and at that time there was not one house about it. There was only one little farm house at the head of the lake, but not a street was laid out and not a house was near the border of that lake. I walked with him to this lake, and all the time he was telling me what it would be some time in the future, what his faith was in the future of the city; and he filled me with so much enthusiasm that at the next meeting of the board of park commis- sioners, through his introduction of the subject, the city of Minne- apolis secured that now popular portion of the city known as Pow- derhorn Lake Park. I will only add that when Capt. Cross died I lost a personal friend, the city lost one of the most public spirited of its citizens, and we shall mourn his loss for many years. The President: I was very glad to see that door open and see Judge Hicks come in after we had given up seeing him, because I know there is no one in the world that knew Capt. Cross better than did Judge Hicks, and we should have lacked just what he is ready to give us to round out these exercises here this afternoon. Judge H. G. Hicks here spoke at some length of the personal work and worth of Capt. Cross. _ The President: I want to give time for each member who wants to say a word to say that word now. We have all seen from what has been said that Diogenes, if he had been here before these men whose loss we so deplore passed from our ken, he would not have had to light his lantern to seek for a man; he could have found him right here in this society. Let us have more like them. But I would say do not take any one of them for a model. He who un- dertakes to follow servilely any one else as his model is sure to fail. But let their lives rather be a stimulus to us who remain to do as noble things as they did and devote our lives to something that will be of tse when we are gone. When they were speaking of Mr. Harris, when Mr. Owen was speaking of Mr. Harris’ style of writ- ing, about his simple earnestness, clearness, how everybody could un- derstand what he said, and the character that ran through the whole of it, I wanted to add the forgetfulness of self that you noticed everywhere in his writings, in his presence, in his talks, in everything connected with the man. He never forgot his ideal, he never for- got the conditions that he had in his mind as being necessary to the great success of the undertaking which he was laboring for. That always stood before him like a beacon light. He did not think 22 ane MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of doing anything better than anybody else. I do not think the idea ever entered his mind; he did not think of surpassing others, but he thought to himself: What can I do to bring us all a little nearer to the goal that we all have in view? If there is any one that feels moved by the spirit to say a word let him do it. Mr. A. J. Philips (Wis.): As a resident of an adjoining state I want to add just a word of tribute. I consider it an honor as a horticulturist, as a friend of Mr. Harris and as a friend of Dr. Lugger to say a word. I have thought since I came into this room that if the arrangement of the services of this hour could have been left with Mr. Harris he would have had it just as it is at this meet- ing. I thought he would have placed his picture where it is now, surrounded by an arch of evergreen, the emblem of immortality, and all his old friends present. I think everything is just as he would have liked to have had it. While you have expressed the feel- ing of the great loss you have met as a society and individually, we feel this loss no less on the other side of the river. When we wanted a man to judge our fruit, who we thought would do it honestly and with impartiality, we could think of no better man than Mr. Harris, and we had him for years until he declined to serve any longer in that capacity. Prof. Lugger often came over to our state. He was a social, genial, whole-souled man as well as a man of great ability. I had a black insect devastate my trees one year, and I described to him what happened to my trees. Before I had concluded he said, “I know what you mean; I have got him here, I will show him to you.” He found him in the second drawer of his cabinet, the exact insect that caused the trouble. In the death of these men we have met a loss as well as you. Mr. O. F. Brand: I wish to say just one word in reference to these old friends. Of course, anything we can say will not add to or detract from their merits, and all we can say is in praise of their | noble characters. I liked all three of these men. Mr. Harris, Capt. Cross and Dr. Lugger were all men that I admired. I knew Mr. Harris since 1866, and I want to say of all three of them that what they did they did well. Making a Windbreak.—‘The trees to be used for a windbreak should be planted only on the side from which the prevailing or in- jurious winds blow, not entirely around the orchard. The kind of trees used will depend on the character of the winds to be excluded, the contour of the land and the kinds which thrive best in that par- ticular section. If the wind is strong, but warm and moist, such as that coming over a large body of water, the windbreak should be of deciduous trees, such as maples, poplars and willows. The object in this case should be to merely break the force of the wind, not to keep it out of the orchard entirely, since it is injurious simply be- cause it is strong. GROWING STRAWBERRIES AND STRAWBERRY PLANTS. 333 GROWING STRAWBERRIES AND STRAWBERY PLANTS. B. T. HOYT, ST. PAUL, Growing strawberries is one business and growing plants another. I will try to touch on both. Those of you who grow or have grown strawberries know how nice it is to see the large, luscious fruit ripening on the vines. To pick and eat one’s own berries or have a fresh dish of berries is way ahead of shop worn stock, which sometimes has begun to sprout. It seems strange that more people do not grow their own ber- ries, and especially the farmers. No wonder there has been such a rush of young folks from the country to the cities. There are hun- dreds of farms without a sign of a fruit tree or bush. But these conditions are bound to change. People are beginning to open their eyes to the fact that Minnesota will and can grow as good fruit as any state, and better than a great many~ Perhaps one of the greatest drawbacks to the farmers has been that, either through neglect or poor plant stock, they have failed and given up trying to grow fruit. Too often plants from old fruit- ing beds are used for planting. Some make a specialty of buying up old strawberry beds, which are exhausted, to send out plants from. This class of men can supply any named variety from these old beds. After trying these plants no wonder people give up. Growing strawberries is not so difficult as some imagine, if the person starts right, then furnishes the proper conditions. To get the very best results one should first join the Horticultural Society, which only costs $1.00. Mr. Latham will take your money. Then get the best plants obtainable from newly set beds, one year old; set them in good soil which has been well prepared or any good garden land; then give them good cultivation, pinch blossoms off and keep weeds down. The better care the plants receive the better returns one can expect. Don’t think that to stick plants into the ground is all there is to berry growing. There are many good varieties of strawberries and many poor ones, but each person has his favorite. One of our veteran strawberry growers said that it did not matter so much about the variety as it did the man that grew them. There are several systems of growing berries for fruit, but in dry seasons if plants are growing in hedge rows or hills we find that they withstand the drouth much better than in the matted row. Most people allow the plants to mat too thickly, and when the drought strikes them the plants sap one another, and the berries dry up for lack of moisture. If plants are set eighteen to twenty- four inches apart in the row, let two runners from each plant fill up 334 _ MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the spaces equally, which leaves six or eight inches between plants ; if to be cultivated with a horse, have rows three or three and one-half feet apart. All other runners should be clipped off as fast as they appear, and plants will stool up to an immense size. In this way each plant sends its roots out in every direction in search of plant food and can be depended upon to mature a good crop. The whole surface can then be cultivated and mulched, which also has a ten- dency to retain much more moisture than by the other systems. After good cultivation has been given the first season the plants are mulched and prepared for winter quarters. Win- ter covering is very essential. Perhaps the material most com- monly used for that purpose is straw, but marsh hay is good, or anything that will protect the plants from freezing and thawing and is free from weed seeds. There are several ways of propagating strawberry plants, but I will give but one along the line we are working. A strawberry plant, although a small affair in itself, has the power of doing great things if handled properly and given the re- quired conditions. It has been our aim to try and improve the va- rieties of strawberries we are propagating the same as animals or fowls are improved. In order to do this we secure the best plants obtainable to start with, of the standard varieties. A plant is like a young animal, and needs the proper care from the beginning to get the best results. If a calf gets a setback when young, it never wholly recovers from the effects. The same applies to a plant. Although it may grow, it will not be profitable. Cultivation, plenty of plant food in the soil, early planting, when there is plenty of moisture, and restricting blossom bearing, are all very important factors. We make our standard high in selecting plants to propagate from, and no second plants go—only to the dump. In the propa- gating patch runners are layered by hand and not too closely to- gether, as the plants need sunlight to get best results, and they also need plenty of rootage. When plants are layered the parent plant is then relieved, and the new plants have a better chance to become established and mature before fall. We cultivate after every rain and often during dry weather, with the “Planet Junior” 12-toothed cultivator, with pulverizer attachments, which leaves the ground as level as a floor and the soil fine as can be made with a cultivator. There is also a runner cutter attachment, which clips runners when growing berries in hedge row or by the hill system, and we also use it late in the season to clip the last runners off, as they are poor, weakly plants. GROWING STRAWBERRIES AND STRAWBERRY PLANTS. —335 In the fall plants are covered carefully the same as for fruit bearing, because more plants are damaged from freezing and thaw- ing than from any other cause. Plants are dug with a six-tined fork in such a manner that the crowns are not damaged, and roots not exposed any longer than ab- soiutely necessary. They are then culled out, trimmed, tied in -unches of twenty-five, labeled and packed in moss ready for ship- inent. SCHOOL GARDENS. F. M. POWELL, M. D., GLENWOOD, IOWA. Whatever our natural endowment may be, environment princi- pally makes up our character. When we consider how varied our surrounding conditions may be, the adage,—‘No two persons are exactly alike,’ does not seem strange. Pedagogy has been struggling for centuries past to determine the correct route to mental development and character. Theories,— often called fads,—are frequently being heralded by the school mas- ter, but it is not positive that they clearly and fully meet the re- quirements, for the reason that to us there continues much mysticism surrounding our plastic or developmental period. “Child Study” has been the advance cry in educational circles for years past. This study has confirmed advanced opinions in favor of manual training and nature study for the young. This paper aims to illustrate or support the introduction of “School Gardens” as a part of the child’s school curriculum, which we consider as being in harmony with the views generally expressed regarding this natural training process. Before speaking definitely on our subject, let us notice briefly what is being done in Europe in this line. In the annual report of the commissioner of education for 1897-18098, I find an interesting historical report of Dr. Carl Rutland, on School Gardens in Europe, indicating the extent to which they are introduced as an aid to rural school work. In part he says:—‘As early as the beginning of the fourteenth century, in some cities of Italy, for instance, in Salerno and Venice, institutions were found in which plants from all parts of the world and every climate were cultivated for the purpose of in- struction and the promotion of science.” * * * He further states that in Germany also a great zeal for botanical gardens has been noticeable since the close of the 16th century. Their estab- lishment is usually simultaneous with the foundation of universities. At present no German seat of higher learning is without such a 336 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. garden, which furnishes the material for instruction in botany and serves in many ways for experiments with agricultural plants. “Sweden has made the widest extension in the development of the school gardens. Scarcely any public school building there is found without such a garden. Thirty years ago 22,000 children were instructed in horticulture in Sweden. There are many gar- dens in Belgium, where a large part of the population depends up- on truck gardening, the result of which is attributed primarily to the school garden and the extensive knowledge of horticulture among the people. France also is doing much work along this line, there being 28,000 elementary schools, each with a garden attached. Many communities in Switzerland are giving attention to school gardening, and they are gradually increasing in number. The gov- ernment encourages them in this work. “The law in Austria prescribes instruction to be given in agri- culture in all normal schools, and ordered the establishment of school gardens in villages, for the purpose of aiding agriculture, and provides also that instruction in natural history be connected with work in school gardens. Mindful of the pedagogical and economical importance of school gardens, the school authorities of Austria aided the establishment and maintainance of these gardens and paid much attention to proper plans, so that Austria has been able to overtake other civilized countries in that particular feature of education. “The flourishing fruit culture of Bohemia can chiefly be attribu- ted to the instruction which the inhabitants have received in the school gardens attached to local public elementary schools. “The system adapted and successfully applied in Possneck, in Thuringia, the birthplace of Froebel, is referred to as a typical Eu- ropean application of the methods in question. Here the pupils come every day to weed, water, hoe, train or otherwise attend to and reap what they have sown. Parents come there to promenade and to en- courage and help their children. In addition to the beds for vege- tables, the garden contains a tree nursery and sections for industrial plants, hemp, flax, wheat, corn, rye, etc. Collectively these coun- tries have now not less than 45,000 elementary schools with school garden equipment.” . In the face of these facts, it seems strange that during all this time nobody thought of establishing gardens for lower schools. Commenius, it is true, expressed the desire that every school have a garden in which the pupils could delight their eyes in seeing trees, flowers and herbs. He saw in the school garden a means of awak- ening and nourishing the desire to learn. Also Pestalozzi, so enthu- siastic for youth and popular education, demanded that children SCHOOL GARDENS. 337 should be engaged in work in gardens and fields; but this demand was dictated by purely pedagogical considerations. The real garden movement for children, is due, I believe, to the kindergartners. They recognized the value that Froebel attached to a garden where the children might work. He said:—“Let your child plant his own garden, gather his own harvest of fruit and flowers, learn through his own small experience something of the in- fluence of the sun, dew and rain, and gain thereby a remote present- iment of the reciprocal energies of nature and a reverent feeling for the divine life and law expressed in nature.” In harmony with the foregoing, it appears to the writer, that kindergartners could advantageously devote more time to nature study, and less to occupation gift work and rhyme singing. So far, comparatively little progress has been made in the way of introducing school gardens in the United States. It is evident, however, from reports in educational journals, magazines and news- papers, that our country is being awakened on the subject. As stated in a previous paper by the writer, New York has made considerable progress in nature study :—gardening, horticulture, floriculture, etc., for the young. The stimulus emanating from Cornell University, under the direction of Prof. 'L. H. Bailey, has resulted in giving this school feature an impetus that grows in strength yearly. Much progress has been made in a number of schools in and adjacent to Boston. Prof. Henry Lincoln Clapp has been promi- nent in assisting this part of the school work. In one of his articles, he mentions successful gardening being done in connection with the Curtis and Swan schools, also in Trenton, and one in Bath, Maine. The teachers’ reports of their experience with pupils who work in these gardens are full of interest, indicating the benefit to be de- rived from this part of their school work. I quote the following from his report for 1899:—“A considerable amount of such work in con- nection with our public schools, especially in the west, would make young people more contented and successful in farming, and keep them from rushing into the cities to become clerks, conductors and genteel non-producers.” I should mention that the school gardens at Dayton, Ohio, un- der the supervision of the National Cash Register Co., were among the first to make tangible efforts in this country to develop school gardens. In these gardens, the factory furnishes tools and employs an experienced gardener who instructs the pupils in methods of planting, culture and harvesting. Seven years ago, work of this character was commenced at the Glenwood Institution, and has been since kept alive annually with 338 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. continued improvement. Indicating what is being done here, and to bring out clearly what a school garden is, I quote in part from our teachers’ reports for this year: ; Primary Class: In a lesson preparatory to working in the school garden, eight kinds of seeds were shown the class, and each member given an opportunity to name them. The seeds were radish, lettuce, onion, beet, peas, beans, corn and oats. Two children recog- nized six of the eight, one recognized five, another four, and the rest from one to four. By one, lettuce seeds were said to be tea. By an- other, radish seeds were called potato seeds. Another “seeker after truth” put a small black seed into his mouth and quickly said “that’s onion,’ and afterwards it was a favorite pastime to taste those black seeds and be sure of the onion flavor. All had a vague impression that if you wanted lettuce, you planted lettuce seed; if radish, radish seed; if potatoes, potato seed; but from lack of actual experience there was very little definite knowledge. A circular piece of ground seventy feet in diameter had been given us for a garden. This was divided into sixteen beds, and as there were thirty-two children in the class, two children entered into partnership for each bed. They were to prepare the soil, plant the seed, care for the growing plant and reap the harvest in their own particular bed. As work progressed, notes were kept by the children. On the first page, I find this written:—“*On Monday, April 22, our gagden was ploiighed and harrowed. Tuesday morning it was divided into beds, and paths were made. Tuesday afternoon, April 23, we all went to the garden to plant seeds. One bed of potatoes was planted ; the beets for seed; the oats, the sweet peas and asters. On April 29, Willie and Valentine planted cucumber seeds. Ray and Harry plant- ed beans. Hattie and Bessie planted zinnias. On another day, May and Mamie planted corn, Mary planted dianthus seed, Harold plant- ed marigolds, balsams and bachelor buttons, and Anna planted nas- turtiums. The report goes on to show the interest manifested by the children in watching the growth of their plants, and also speaks of their harvesting vegetables. On May 2oth, ten dozen radishes were gathered and sent to the schoolrooms as treats. Later the dining room tables were graced from the children’s gardens. One day there were as high as twenty-two dozen radishes taken from their garden to the dining room. On Sept. Ist, when the children aad teachers had returned from their vacation, the garden was visited, and many of the children wanted to begin making garden again. It was ex- plained to them that fall was approaching and winter was coming, SCHOOL GARDENS. 339 so that it was not proper to make garden again until next spring. They were all interested, however, to examine the results of the summer’s growth. One little fellow remarked,—‘Oh, Miss Bar- ton, come here! Do look! I have found some corn! Yes sir, some sure enough corn!” The boys begged for some ears to tale to their chickens, and it was granted them. They cut the fodder aiid fed it to the horses. The teacher remarks that,—‘‘One year’s work has inade them more keen in observation and in appreciation of all na- tute and, I believe, more thoughtful.” The garden has furnished material for drawing and painting lessons; field products will be made the basis for many winter studies. Beets will furnish lessons on sugar industry; tomatoes will introduce the subject of canning fa tories ; wheat will be followed through the harvesting, threshing, milling and baking processes. Bulbs, annuals and perennials will also receive attention. The kindergarten school also had their garden. I quote in part from their teacher’s report: “What kind of seed did we plant? Why, there was lettuce, radish, squash, cucumber, corn, beets and beans. All the corner beds were planted in flowers. As the little plants grew, the time for hoeing and weeding began. The intelli- gence in using garden utensils, and their skill in handling them was a surprise to me. Not a weed lived there to disturb the grow- _ ing plants. Soon we had a good sized bed of lettuce and radishes ready for use. These, with the help of bread and butter, served as refreshments at many a kindergarten party, and made a fine lunch when we walked in the woods. Some of them found their way to the kitchen to be prepared for the children’s and teacher’s tables.” The report contains many interesting incidents, which can- not be inserted here on account of space. I quote further, however, from this report. The teacher states: “After having these experi- ences with the children, | was more deeply impressed than ever before with the importance for educational purposes of the close and intimate acquaintance to be obtained with nature at first hand with real things and materials, through the actual processes of their manipulation and the knowledge of their social uses and necessi- ties. No number of object lessons, gotten up as object lessons, for the purpose of giving information, can afford even a shadow of a substitute for acquiring an acquaintance with the plants of the farm and garden as actually planting them and caring for them. “T cannot tell fully of the satisfaction and delight that came to many little hearts during those days of such close communion with nature. How many lessons of helpfulness were learned, and to how many opportunities came for self-expression, when all other 340 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. avenues seemed closed. I, as teacher, felt the true significance of Froebel’s words, when he said, ‘Come, let us live with the chil- dren.’ After the vegetables and seeds were gathered and put away, one little fellow asked, “Will we have a garden next year, Miss Roby?’ ‘Yes, Ernest.’ “Qh, it is so long to wait, I’m afraid you'll forget it.’ ” It is well to remember that entomological studies may be very appropriately carried along with garden work. Bees perform a very useful labor by conveying pollen from flower to flower. Butter- flies and other winged insects afford an interesting study. Even the common toad, that inhabits the garden, furnishes valuable study lessons for children. Insect pests that are a menace to gardening can also be intelligently studied in connection with the garden exer- cises. It is a common observation that children are inclined to loiter around school buildings and mar the walls. To obviate this, several years ago I planted annuals, perennials and shrubs around our cot- tages, ten feet from the walls out. The result was an attractive - border around the buildings, an attraction for the children and an absolute protection to the walls of the cottages. And by these means nature lessons from the wall gardens are permanently fixed in the mind. There is a daily companionship with living and growing things that express power and vitality. The companionship with a plant, as with a bird or an insect, means more than the feeling for the plant itself. Impressions made react on the individual. The forces of nature impinge upon the child from every side, and he responds at once to their touch. Animal, plant, mineral, river,. sunbeam, mountain, physical and chemical change, are all matters of equal and absorbing interest to him, and if left to himself, he will, as a rule, inquire as freely about one as the other. It is through natural science that we find direct means of introducing the child to its. earthly habitation. The principal life and happiness of an individual is dependent upon his knowledge of the things about him, his knowl- edge of their relations to each other and himself. Concepts must come through actual contact with the things, through the medium of the senses. Children deal principally with the concrete. It is a pleasure to note that the pedagogical forces are taking hold of this field of instruction, so that now there are many school grounds enlivened by forestry, floriculture and garden adornment. I need not go into detail as to implement equipment, size, location, etc., for the garden. Begin the work, and needs will suggest what to provide, and the equipment will follow. It is not the main object SCHOOL GARDENS. 341 _of a school garden to have the boys work as apprentices to the gardener’s craft, although they may later follow it for a livelihood. Prof. W. M. Hays: A year ago I began to do a little experi- menting. with rural school gardens, trying to arrange them on a simple plan of nature study, but to include some of the practical things of value in the garden. This is not so easily carried out. These plans have been tried in various school gardens with varying success. There has been one planted in this city, at the Horace Mann school, which is one of the more successful ones. Something can be done in this way, but we want to come to the understanding that our schools shall take up this work for themselves, and in that way get the teachers and children in the habit of using them. The ‘problem is not a problem for the teacher of the school room alone. It is a problem coming up in many peculiar ways. It so happened that last winter I was interested in getting some legislation through the legislature. At the last moment a bill was passed appropriating $2,000 for the purpose of introducing agriculture in our schools. The bill contemplated the making of experiments in certain schools, and I was named as chairman of the committee to formulate plans to work this out. I believe something will come out of it, but it is more difficult than we had supposed. It is the opinion of the committee that this money cannot be better expended, at least a part of it, than in providing libraries for teachers from which they can get some definite information on certain subjects, and then by using charts that can be hung on the wall, comparatively cheap charts. The state superintendent concurs in this plan, so that the teacher can get her information from her own text books and use these charts for illustrating and explaining to the pupils in their experiments and observations. If the course outlined is followed, the teacher can tell the pupils a number of -interesting things, can show them some things their eyes have not seen, and by means of these charts can induce them to bring these things into the class room, and ‘in this way carry on practical instruction. She can not only interest them in the wild things that will appeal to them, but she can include also the practical things of the field, the garden and the orchard, and the dining room and living room. This is an undertaking that is generally considered wise. I feel certain that most of our teachers in the schools find these practical things are not so remote in the knowledge of the country boy and girl as is the fact to the city children whether a certain seed is wheat or barley. These little things about nature had better be taught in the city, but when: we come to the country children I have come to believe that we are to carry them a new insight of things that can be done, teach them a little something of what it means to get into the better way of doing things. These ideas are not so remote from them. They will get more out of them than is represented by the mere labor. We have a peculiar situation in Minnesota because of our school of agriculture. That as a type of school has proven the most suc- cessful type for building up of farm life of any school in the world— and I speak advisedly, for I have visited a great many schools in 342 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Europe and America—because there is no secondary school in the country or in any country that has done so much to build up a school system upon such a type, a type which I hope will multiply in great numbers. In some respects the problem is much easier in teaching these practical things in city schools than in country schools. There is better organization, but we are attempting to organize country schools. I believe consolidation will help to solve the problem in our country schools. Consolidation may mean too much the taking of the country school into the village and making an academic high school of it. . Now just a word in regard to the subjects to be taken into the country school. I will only suggest these matters for you to con- sider. Suppose Prof. Green and the entomologist and Miss Shep- herd, the teacher of cooking, were to prepare such a paper, for in- stance, on the subject of the apple. Prof. Green could tell all about its origin, the planting, the grafting and its care; the entomologist could tell how to get rid of the insects that prey upon it, and Miss Shepherd could tell some valuable things about cooking the apple. These things are not so remote from the country children as we might think, and you would be surprised to know what some of our pupils could teach in the last year of the college course. Another subject that might be taken up is flowers, and something about crossing wheat, the growing of wheat, the rotation of crops, and Prof. Snyder could take them through the milling process, Miss Shepherd could take them through the cooking process, and in this way a very interesting little booklet could be made for the teacher. The problem is with the teacher. How are we going to in- terest them? It looks now as though the main effort should be made through the county institutes. I have talked from the stand- point that suggested itself to this committee, and this committee and the dean of agriculture are open to your suggestions. Mr. O. M. Lord: The remarks of Prof. Hays brought to my mind an object lesson that occurred to me last season. While the fruit was ripe, the plums, apples, grapes and other fruit, I had a couple of visitors from Chicago, three or four of them. Among them were two very bright, active, intelligent girls of about twelve years of age. I will not attempt to describe the delight and the re- marks of those children in viewing the grounds about my premises. Neither of them had ever seen an apple growing upon a tree, a grape upon a vine or a plum upon a tree. They had tasted those fruits in Chicago, but had never. seen them growing, and had not the least idea how they grew, and it was an object lesson to me I never expect to see repeated in this country. It was impressed upon me what a deplorable condition exists in the education of a good many of our city children, and it impressed me also with the value of the teaching in our agricultural schools where they come in con- tact all the time with the practical applications of this knowledge. Mrs. M. M. Barnard: I was especially interested in Prof. Hays’ remarks in regard to the agricultural school, for I feel deeply interested in that, and I have been especially interested in school gardens, and I only wish that such a garden as Prof. Hays’ model SCHOOL GARDENS. 343 garden might be placed in every school in the cities and country both. There is just one problem that has troubled us in town in regard to school gardens, and that has been the lack of room. I have known of some instances where children have taken the great- est interest in planting a school garden, showing great skill in their work, and those children have been punished because they stepped on a flower bed. So I think if in our towns we could have more room to overcome that difficulty it would help to solve the problem. Dr. F. M. Powell (Iowa): Just a word or two in reply to the lady that has just spoken. Where the teacher has a right concep- tion of what a garden should be, it is remarkable what they will do. I think the kindergarten work cannot accomplish it all, but it is remarkable what they do accomplish by taking that small bit of ground, fertilizing it, shaking up the ground and doing their little planting. I recognize the embarrassment the lady spoke of, but a beginning will have to be made in some way until the people know the value of such instruction, and after that there will be no trouble. If parents once understood the importance of the work, or that it is of enough importance, they would provide the ground. The pio- neers will have to work it out under, perhaps, rather embarrassing circumstances. This little border I spoke of, it is remarkable what that has done. It has been there for seven years now. I simply mention this as a successful way, and almost any teacher can find some little corner to make this start. Prof. Hays: We have found out a few things in regard to these little gardens. It is better as a rule not to use too much land. A space of two rods square is ample. Six feet square will do nicely if it is well prepared. The more important suggestion is this: Do not try to have the work done right off. If necessary fertilize the land; haul manure on if the land is poor. Take away all the sod and get the land in nice shape and make it succeed, so that the crops will be an encouragement to the pupils. The great trouble is to get some ore to stay by it and look after it. Windbreak for Orchards——“A windbreak is anything which breaks the force of the wind. In many cases an orchard may be sheltered by placing it on the leeward side of a hill. But there may be many good reasons for planting an orchard in an exposed site, so that it becomes an important point to afford it protection from trying winds. “A windbreak is always desirable whenever the orchard is ex- posed to the full sweep of strong, dry or very cold winds. If the orchard is habitually exposed to strong winds, which break down the branches, blow off the fruit and make it disagreeable to work in, it should have a windbreak. If an orchard is exposed to drying winds, which not only suck up precious moisture from the soil, but also increase evaporation from the trees, thus increasing the danger of injury from cold in the winter ; then, also, a windbreak is a profit- able investment.’’—Professor S. W. Fletcher. 344 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. PLANTING AND CULTIVATION OF THE APPLE; PLUM, AND CHERRY. A. W. KEAYS, ELK RIVER. (Read before the Horticultural Club of Constance, Anoka County, Minnesota. ) For an orchard I would select good, rich soil, where I would plant my garden. Plant the trees not closer than sixteen feet apart. I should plant the rows twenty-five feet apart. The rows would be better to run north and south; they would protect each other from the sun. I dig off a foot of the top soil, making my hole three or four feet across and two feet deep. I throw away the bottom soil, using only top soil to set my trees. Put in a little top soil, and lean your tree a little to the southwest, and the sun will not strike them so fairly and cause sunscald, and our hardest winds come from the southwest, which will make them lean in the opposite direction. I always set my apple trees ten inches deeper than they grew in the nursery, if the soil is not too low, and plums and cherries three inches deeper. . I like a short body for the trees; two or three feet is best; the trees do better in this part of the state with the limbs low down. Leave six or eight inches of the hole that you do not fill up. It will hold the rains in the summer and make the trees root down deep; in the fall fill up the hole before it freezes and bank up the trees a foot higher than the level of the surrounding ground. This will protect the trees from mice in the winter, and the water must not stand around the body of the tree; it might freeze and crack the bark. Be careful and straighten out the roots nicely, and cover them with some fine soil; then press the dirt down carefully and firmly all around the tree, leaving the soil loose on top. Stir the soil around the trees every week with a garden rake and hoe and do not let weeds and grass grow near the trees—it is poison to the trees. I grow all my garden in rows among my trees, and cultivate with a horse. Do not grow corn near your trees, it saps the ground too much. You can plow the land in the spring, using one horse near the trees. I cover the land with fine dressing late in the fall, which puts it in fine condition for the garden in the spring. When the trees begin to bear give them a liberal supply of dressing ; they require it to bring their large crops of fruit to._ma- turity. The fruit will be much larger. Wood ashes is a good fertil izer to spread around the trees in the summer when the fruit is small. PLANTING AND CULTIVATION OF THE APPLE, PLUM, CHERRY. 345 The following spring after you have planted your trees remiove the dirt you put in the holes in the fall, so they will hold the rains the following summer. The orchard must have good, clean cultivation, and you will find that your trees will make a fine growth each year and you will make fruit growing a success. What would you say of the man that would plant a field of corn and never cultivate it during the summer, but let it grow up to weeds? He could not ex- pect as good a crop of corn as if he gave it good cultivation. Give your fruit trees good corn cultivation, and you will be surprised how they will grow and how quickly they will give you good crops of apples, plums and cherries. When you are planting do not forget to plant a few evergreens ; mix them in among your fruit trees; they will be a protection to the trees. Put a few in the front yard, and a row around the buildings, and in years to come you will never regret it. John P. Ness: Is the apple tree borer destructive here? A. W. Keays: The flat headed apple tree borer scarcely ever does any damage in this part of Minnesota, but during the past summer they have been quite numerous in this section, the only time I have seen them for several years. The trees should be ex- amined just at the ground. They work under the bark, leaving dark lines. You will find borings which look like sawdust around the bottom of the tree. Dig out those dark lines with a small pen- knife, and you will probably find the borer. If it has eaten deep into the wood use a small soft wire and yoti will soon punch and de- stroy it. I killed a large number the past summer when they were small and before they had done any damage to the trees. Question: What are the best plums for this section? A. W. Keays: The four best plums we have fruited to cover the season, and are healthy, hardy, productive, large and of good quality, are Akin, Cheney, Gray and Wyant. We have sixty varie- ties on trial, but several have not fruited yet, and we will perhaps have to change the list. Question: Is it a good plan to mulch our apple trees through the summer? A. W. Keays: I have tried this plan and think it is a bad plan. I find it brings the small fibrous roots to the surface, and our severe winters will certainly injure the roots. I prefer clean, shallow cul- tivation. My trees do best under this treatment and have not been injured by the hard winters. 346 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. AN APPLE GROWING EXPERIENCE IN KANDIYOHI COUNTY. (Extracts from a letter from C. H. Engen, Norway Lake.) “In the spring of 1888 I planted one hundred Wealthy trees, of which twenty-six died, fourteen are sick, and the other sixty are very healthy. The death of these trees was caused by mice and rabbits. The same year I planted twelve Haas; ten died of sunscald, while the other two are barely living. I also had six Longfield, of which four died, caused by mice and sunscald. Twelve Okabena, all are dead ; eighteen Thompson Seedling, only four are living; six Patten Greening, all died; six Malinda, only one living; six Hibernal, all died. I am certain of the fact that most of them died because I did not take good care of them and did not protect them from mice and rabbits. Haas, Okabena, Thompson Seedling and Malinda apple trees—I do not believe they will do well for us here. “The same year I planted the following named crabs: Twelve Minnesota, seventy-five Whitney, six Martha, six Virginia, eight Early Strawberry. All the above named trees have shown them- selves to be good trees, as there has only died eight Whitneys, and all the others are healthy. “T suppose you would like to know of my experience with apple trees. I began in 1870 with six dozen trees. At that time I thought that the best place for fruit trees was the warmest place I had on my farm, and therefore I planted them there. The next thing I did was that I wanted trees with a high crown. The trees were Transcendent, Hyslop and Duchess, but most of them died of sunscald. I had better luck with the crabs, and I have nine Tran- scendent, and although they have blighted some they have yielded from six to twelve bushels a year. The Hyslop and Duchess are dead. I have since that time planted a few trees each spring, and I have now about four hundred trees, of which about two hundred and fifty last fall bore fruit. I got one hundred and twenty bushels of crabs, one hundred and sixty bushels et ten bushels Duchess and ten bushels of different kinds. “TI have not had very good luck with Duchess of Oldenberg, as they have a high crown and are liable to sunscald. The best trees I have are Wealthys, with branches about a foot or a foot and a half from the ground. “The soil here is a black loam, one to two feet deep, with a clay subsoil which is very hard. “T have had the experience that it is best to cut off a tap-root which grows straight down and is too tough to bend; but if a tree has branching roots, then I consider it a good tree. AN APPLE GROWING EXPERIENCE IN KANDIYOHI COUNTY. 347 “T believe that the soil here heaves in winter and tears the roots apart ; but this is not so when there is a sandy subsoil. “T do not believe that I have lost a single tree from drouth after it has stood a year; but the principal things we have to fight here are mice, jack-rabbits and sunscald. “We have in this county mostly Scandinavians, and they have had very little experience here, but want to plant trees the same way as they did in the old country, which will not do well in this climate. Another drawback to more extensive planting is that so many people are fooled by buying stock from Eastern nurseries. I believe that there are many good places for orchards in this county, and that success is sure to come as soon as they get the theories from the old country out of their heads. “T got a man named C. J. Rustad to plant his trees on the north slope, north of the woods. His trees are doing remarkably well, and he has not been bothered by mice, rabbits or sunscald.” SETTING TREES FOR WINDBREAK AND FRUIT. A. A. DAY, FARMINGTON. In the year 1861 I planted a lot of black locust seeds for a be- ginning, and set them out on this farm in the spring of 1864, while I was home on furlough from the war. It was the biggest fool trick I ever did. They have been a nuisance and a thorn in the flesh very frequently ever since. No! do not set out a locust. The spring of 1866 I began setting a windbreak and fruit trees. I set first white willows around eight acres for a building place, fruit, etc. Inside of the willows I set cottonwood, soft maples, elms, box elder ash, lombardy poplars, cherry trees and others. Then I set white willow on three sides of 100 acres and used them for fence some years; but they took too much land, and we have been making wood of them and other trees we did not want for twenty years. They have furnished a large share of our fuel for fifteen or twenty years. If I was to commence again, on a new prairie farm, I would set for windbreak white willow, elm, maple, white ash and cherry, and mix in evergreens. The cottonwood is too large; they are in the way. The box elder seeds too much. I have now standing about fifty large cottonwoods, twenty-five to thirty inches in diameter (some of them) ; fifty soft maples, nearly as large but not as high, and many smaller ones; fifteen or twenty elms, not as large but large enough. I have 100 or more box elders. This variety does not grow so large, but it scatters seed all over the farm. One can be digging box elder roots all the time and not get them all. I planted the seed and raised a few black walnuts and 348 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. white walnuts ; they are not real hardy, but have fruited many years. I have one bitternut tree—we used to call it pig hickory east—I set out in an early day, and it is strong and healthy. I think it would do to mix in for windbreak. Within this windbreak I set an orchard of over 300 apple trees. I presume I set near a thousand in all. As they died out I filled in and kept it full, until about fifteen years ago I began to neglect my orchard and went south for my health. I noticed in the discussions last winter there was an apparent disposition with some to reject everything that had not done well with them. My brother Levi’s farm joins me on the west, and brother Ditus’ is one mile west and one-half mile south. I would like to show you the difference in the three orchards. My orchard has a gentle incline both south and north; Levi's is level; Ditus’ slopes to the south. The same variety of apple trees does not do as well with me as with either of my brothers. For example: I have tried to grow the Orange crab, but they all die before or soon after fruit- ing. Ditus has had them in abundance for the last fifteen or twenty years. Levi’s do better than mine. With some other varieties it is the same; they have stayed and done reasonably well with Ditus, and have been dead and gone for many years from my orchard. My soil is blue clay for forty feet before reaching sand or sand rock, Levi’s is clay of different depths, with sand veins or more or less sand drainage; Ditus’ is deeper soil with more or less sand veins, CEC mete: FRUIT AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. JAS. MCMILLAN, SUPT. I was in charge of the fruit exhibit of Minnesota at the Pan- American. I want to say to you that Minnesota was “in it” in more ways than one. It was in it in butter and in fruit. We took the majority of medals. When we consider that Minnesota was known but little in the east as a fruit-growing state, and when we con- sider on the other hand that Minnesota put up the best fruit exhibit at the Pan-American, which statement is justified by the gold medal we received, the people in the east think more of Minnesota than they did some time ago. Our fruit exhibit was a revelation to them, and [ want to say this, that-I could have taken orders for two hun- dred and fifty carloads of Wealthy apples. That may seem a strong statement, but I was not in the commission business, neither did I think I could procure that number of carloads, yet I think it was safe to say I could have taken orders for two hundred and fifty carloads. The Minnesota fruit was a surprise to all. The Wealthy FRUIT AT THE PAN-AMERICAN EXPOSITION. 349 apple is not only propagated in our own country, but in other coun- tries, and I think the highest compliment that could be paid our society was tendered one day when the exposition officials were in- vited to Toronto to meet the Duke and Duchess of York. On the way over one of the Canadian officials called my attention to an orchard growing on the Canadian side and said that four-fifths of the trees were Wealthy. That speaks well for Minnesota. Our apples and our grapes as a whole produced more of a sensation at the Pan-American than the product of any other state. Had we started in a little earlier we would have taken the Wilder medal for varieties, but as it was it went to Oregon. Many other states had magnificent exhibits, but there were not many apples. Mr. Van Deman himself told me in comparison all the way through there was nothing that could come up to Minnesota fruit in flavor and quality. I was very much surprised almost every day to have people meet me on the grounds and ask if there was not a possi- bility of getting just a little basket of those Minnesota apples. That speaks volumes for us. I thought it might be of interest to you, gentlemen, to know how our state was regarded as to its fruit, and I thought it was my duty to come here and tell you what Minnesota has done in that direction. We are the only state that took the gold medal on fruit, so Minnesota has done a great thing for her advancement at the Pan-American. Medals awarded on Minnesota fruit at the Pan-American Ex- position : 1 Gold Medal—Display of fruit. ' 2 Silver Medals—Display of apples and grapes. 6 Bronze Medals—Display of apples and plums; display of grapes; display of apples; display of Wealthy apples; display of apples and grapes; display of apples and grapes. . 8 Honorable Mentions—Display Wealthy apples; display Wea- ver plums; display apples; display apples; display apples; display Concord grapes; display Duchess grapes; display Delaware grapes. 350 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. BIOGRAPHY OF J. S. B: THOMPSON. On the 30th of May last passed one of the pioneer fruit grow- ers of the West, in the person of J. S. B. Thompson, for many years a resident of Grundy Center, lowa, where now his remains lie buried. Mr. Thompson is known in this region as the originator of the Thompson Seedlings, though it is probable that this honor should be equally divided with his wife, as she procured on a visit to her fath- ers home in New York in 1861 the seeds from which the orchard was grown. Her father owned a valuable seedling orchard, and it was seed from selected fruit from this orchard that was afterward planted in Iowa with such notable results. J. S. B. THOMPSON. During the first few years of the growth of these trees Mr. Thompson was serving his country in the First Iowa Cavalry, from 1862 to 1865. The year following his return home the most valu- able of these trees were transplanted to the site where they now stand, many of them being fifteen inches and upwards in diameter. These trees have been very generally planted in this’state, and it will not be necessary to refer to them specifically by name. Mr. Thompson at the time of his death was seventy-four years of age, having been born in Madison county, New York, in 1828. The year 1860 found him a resident of the state of Iowa, after hay- ing lived a few years en route in Illinois. His life was passed as a BIOGRAPHY OF J. S. B. THOMPSON. 351 \ farmer and pioneer fruit’ grower in the state of his adoption. At the time of his death he was in Oregon, having purchased a farm there two years previous, drawn there doubtless by his interest in fruit growing and his desire to exploit it in a more favorable field. He is survived by his wife and several children. GROWING THE APPLE IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY. A. W. LATHAM, SEC’Y. The last ten days in June this year I spent with the Farmers’ Institute Corps, visiting various points in the Red River Valley not over fifty miles distant from Crookston. On the way there I stop- ped over a day at Fargo and visited the North Dakota Experiment Station, the horticultural department of which is under the charge of Prof. C. B. Waldron. As this article is to deal specially with apple trees in the region referred to I will not speak of other mat- ters except in a general way to say that small fruits of most kinds succeed fairly weil in the Red River Valley except where alkali is found, though of course they need a little more winter protection than at points farther south. At Fargo I found no apple trees of any size, a few a short time planted and showing the effects of a rigorous climate. Judging by my observations there, I was hopeful that at Crookston and at points farther down the valley I might find some varieties of crabs, and was not at all prepared for what I did find. The initial efforts at apple growing at the Crookston State Ex- periment Station, of which Mr. T. A. Hoverstad is superintendent, have so far not been very successful, owing, in my judgment, prin- cipally to two causes inherent in the existing situation, too much al- kali in the soil and too little protection from the fierce winds of that level and open prairie country. These obstacles can and are being met, the first by selecting locations on the farm that use shows con- tain a minimum of alkali, and the second by the rapid growth of the effective windbreaks that are being grown on the north and west sides of the Station property, as a part of the general experiment work. The introduction of seedling native plums as a feature of these windbreaks is a somewhat novel idea which it would be well for other prairie planters to copy. It is delightful to come across them here and there in the groves, well laden with fruit; and they appear to thrive well in contact with other young growing trees, even though considerably shaded. 352 ; MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The most northerly point visited was Argyle, a small town fifty miles north of Crookston, and about the same distance from the Manitoba line. On the places of H. L. Melgaard and his broth- er there I-found some very healthy apple trees, planted some six years and generally bearing fruit, of the Hibernal, Charlamoff, Duchess, Wealthy and Ostrekoff varieties ; and also Patten’s Green- ing, Anisim, and University, which had not fruited as yet. There were also trees in bearing of the De Soto, Forest Garden, Wyant and Aitkin plums. On these grounds also were a large variety of ornamental shrubs, roses, etc. The apple trees were not struggling for existence, but were healthy and. vigorous. The Red River Val- ley, as our readers must know, is a level plain, without timber, ex- cept a thin fringe along the banks of the streams that run into the Red River, and usually a very good belt of timber along the Red River itself. The places referred to at Argyle were fairly well protected from winds in all directions, though there was nothing like any for- mal windbreak or close protection around them. But incidentally, being in the village, there were many trees and buildings that broke the force of the winds. At Halstead, about forty miles south of Crookston, on the open, flat prairie, | found a most interesting orchard on the place of Rev. O. A. Th. Solem, an old resident of the valley, and for many years a member of this society. Without being able to state exactly, I judge there were from seventy-five to 100 trees in his orchard, the oldest having been planted about ten years. They were Hibernal, Patten’s Greening, Duchess, Arctic, and a number of varieties of crabs. The oldest of these trees had attained a normal size for their age, and were very healthy and vigorous trees, not fruiting very much, as I saw them, but, I understand, had borne a good crop the year preceding. Trees a little younger of a number of other varie- ties of apples were doing well and promised practical results. This. orchard is exceptionally unfavorably situated, it would seem, as it is entirely open to the north for a long distance, a mile or more, at. least, and devoid of any kindof protection, giving a tremendous- sweep of wind in that flat country. But it is unusually well protect- ed on the south by a row of deciduous trees near by, and a few rods away by other rows of deciduous trees interspersed with ever- greens, making a very close windbreak at that distance. In this arti- cle I am not making special reference to crab apples, though many varieties of these were found at all the points referred to, my pur- pose being to show the condition of the pyrus malus, the common apple, found growing in this northern region. GROWING THE APPLE IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 353 At St. Hilaire, a town on the banks of the Red Lake River (and probably it would be proper to speak of this as being outside the Red River Valley, as the country there is no longer a continuous dead level, although it is situated only some thirty miles from Crook- ston), 1 found a very interesting orchard of eight or ten years’ planting, covering in an open way two or three acres. The varie- ties grown here were practically the same as those heretofore re- ferred to, both of apples and plums, and there were also plenty of small fruits, and quite a nice vineyard of Concord grapes, which I BEARING APPLE TREE, ON FARM OF JULIUS PLETH, St. Hilaire, Red Lake County, Minn. was informed usually ripen there. These trees stand on what seem- ed to the writer a southwest slope. They are fairly well protected in all directions by timber sufficient for the purpose of a windbreak, and the trees were healthy and vigorous, as well as hardy. Some were fruiting, but not very much this year. They have, however, borne well in previous years, I was informed. What was a great surprise to me there was a small orchard in the midst of dense woods, perhaps a third of an acre, full of apple trees from ten to twelve feet high, making a very vigorous growth indeed. Amongst them was the Tetofsky, looking healthier than I remember to have seen it in this region in many years. 354 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The most important find in the way of mature fruit trees was in Crookston itself, on a steep northeast slope of the bank of the Red Lake River, flowing through the heart of town, on the place of a Mr. B. Sampson. There were a number of apple trees growing on this place, of varieties with which neither Mr. Hoverstad, in whose company I visited this orchard, nor myself were familiar, and hence probably not as hardy as the varieties previously named. These trees seemed to be very hardy, and some of them I might say were entirely so, although they were not large for their age, and Mr. A VIEW IN ORCHARD OF MR. BERNARD SAMPSON, IN CITY OF CROOKSTON. Sampson informed us they had been planted there more than twen- ty years. In common with other apple trees of the valley they were not bearing much fruit this year, but in previous years had been us- ually productive. The presence of these healthy apple trees at these different points in the valley, and of varying ages, growing under what seem- ed quite different circumstances, would seem to point with consid- erable certainty to the probability of successful apple tree culture in that region under certain conditions. Besides these special 1n- stances noted, the writer saw many other healthy trees, mostly younger, however, and not so especially notable. While the loca- tions of these orchards are in many respects radically different, there were common conditions that seemed to hold vital relation to their GROWING THE APPLE IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY. 355 success in that severe latitude. In each case there was a sufficient protection on the south side of the orchard. In at least one case there was none whatever on the north, and in other cases the north and west protection was an indifferent one, but in each case there A TWENTY-YEAR OLD APPLE TREE IN ORCHARD OF MR. BERNARD SAMPSON, CROOKSTON, MINN, was this south protection, and generally also on the west. It seems to the writer that this is a very important point in connection with fruit growing in that region, and indeed, from the opportunities of observation that have come to me, I judge, in all parts of the state. A good protection on the south and southwest from the drying 356 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. winds of both summer and winter appears to be a most necessary prerequisite for the successful culture of the apple in this climate. There is much to be said along this line, but it may be out of place in this article, which is only intended to describe what is doing in apple culture in a region generally thought to be most unfavor- ably situated for this industry. It was certainly a great surprise to the writer to find there such unexpected and favorable results. It must not be inferred from the encouraging facts noted above that the future of apple growing in the region referred to is assured. Far from it! Those who plant this fruit there must do it with caution and be prepared for probable failure, at least until the conditions are more fully studied, understood and applied. But the outlook is cer- tainly hopeful and the probabilities of success strong enough to war- rant the most persistent and careful effort. In the meantime if the reader is interested in this ‘work, let him not fail to become and con- tinue a member of the Minnesota State Horticultural Society and get the great advantage of the experience and counsel of its large and practical membership, who are all in a sense also experimenters. LESSON FROM MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBITS. OLIVER GIBBS, MINNEAPOLIS. I have analyzed the report of the fruit exhibit at the Minnesota State Fair of 1901, as given in the October Horticulturist, and find some interesting facts and figures, which are herewith furnished, together with a comparison or two with former records: State Fair Fruit Exhibits, 1901— INUIKSEr yen) ExMIbItiMe Ss ch. alls resi eG ecm eee 10 Farmers and-amateurs. exhibitimes. . esr. e etter 44 Total, numbet.cot exhibitors? ss.) ete = sae 54 Number of named ‘varieties of apples.-........2...2. 290 Number of named varieties of crabs and hybrids...... 41 I Number of named varieties of native plums........ gl ss Number of named varieties of domestica and Japan 109 oh 3 Rae AER SISA 9 PE Ne cuir Sl es Ac 2% Percentage of crabs and hybrids to all apples, about... 12% Number of plates of fruit— Apples, including crabs and hybrids.............. 2,364 PU tiRAS: sussieen Fice Sesiee ee yes eae eee ale neko neta ee ee se 515 Grapes: (2h Bate ca ts hens, |e cies orga gieslcaah on etnlee een Pe rete ariegs 454 Peaches and *pearss: <5 jai. otse teeter eke eer eee I 3,348 I do not find a list of the varieties of grapes exhibited. LESSONS FROM MINNESOTA FRUIT EXHIBITS. 357 ‘ To show the progress of fruit culture in Minnesota, as indi~ cated by exhibits at fairs and expositions, I have little data at hand, but will give you what I have. At the annual meeting of the State Horticultural Society in December last, there were thirty-two exhibitors, of whom six were nurserymen and twenty-six were farmers and amateurs. They were awarded premiums on fifty varieties of named apples and four- teen of crabs and hybrids; the total number of plates being about 1,000, of which a large number were unnamed seedlings. Now, having in mind the state fair figures, that being a Sep- _ tember exhibit: September 12, 1883, when we won the Wilder medal of the American Pomological Society, at Philadelphia, for the best exhibit of apples and grapes for all North America, we showed only 140 varieties of apples, forty-eight of which, or a little over thirty-four per cent, were crabs and hybrids, and thirty varieties of grapes. This exhibit was all collected after the 12th of August. With two weeks more time we might have gotten together perhaps two hun- dred varieties of apples in all; but taking the number as it was, the advance from 140 varieties in 1883 to 331 in I9OI is, to say the least, encouraging, and the reduction of percentages of crabs and hybrids to apples from 34 per cent in 1883 to 12% in 1901, is cer- tainly remarkable as showing the present confidence of our people that they do not have to restrict their apple growing to the under- sized crabs. The smaller percentage of crabs and hybrids grown is due to the fact that the growers have of late planted the best varieties of them from choice, to get a certain desirable crab quality which they want for home use and for which the market has in- creasing demands. ; Right here we will take a glance at one more back number: At the New Orleans Exposition in 1884-5, although we had only about one hundred varieties of apples that we could show in the winter we massed about 200 bushels, 100 bushels being very fine specimens of our Wealthy,—sixty bushels being always in sight at one view. But so little was generally known, even among our own people, of what our state was growing then, that a party of railroad men living in St. Paul and Minneapolis, headed by one of the general passenger agents, said to me, with his finger laid to his nose: “This is a grand exhibit, but of course we know these apples were never grown in Minnesota,” whereas they were not only all grown in the state, but the most of them within twenty-five miles of his office. 358 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have found in the rooms of the State Historical Society at St. Paul a photograph of the Minnesota fruit exhibit at New Or- leans, taken about a month earlier than the one reproduced in a previous report, together with a lot of partial views of the same which come into view in photographs of other departments of the state collective exhibit; and through the courtesy of the executive board of that society was enabled to secure their transfer to the Minnesota State Horticultural Society. (The photograph of the New Orleans fruit exhibit from this state, referred to above, is reproduced as frontispiece in this num- ber.—Sec’y.) The tall figure in the center is a plate glass colored transpar- ency representing both sides of the Wilder medal of 1883. The whole exhibit was 9x36 feet in area. The light colored space at the right end was where Mr. Gould’s beautiful little cranberry marsh in natural growth and fruitage was put in a few days after the photo was taken. AESTHETIC EDUCATION. PRES. W. W. PENDERGAST, HUTCHINSON. (A talk.) There is no tax so heavy in this state and in all of the northern states of the country as the tax for education. There is no tax that is paid so willingly as that tax. Now to make this money go the farthest, to make it of the most value, it is absolutely necessary that we know just exactly what we want to do. We talk a great deal about methods in education. Methods of what? Before we make them full methods, before we go far, we must learn what these methods are capable of doing. The prevalent idea has been for thousands of years that education is an accumulation of facts, | may say useful facts, useful information. It seems to me that this is all a heresy. We need some facts as the foundation for the superstructure which we are about to build, but education itself is a growth, and it is a growth along three different lines, the physi- cal, the intellectual and the moral and xsthetic. As we are im- pressed with things that happen about us we grow. If the impres- sion is a good one it causes growth; it leads us to a higher plane. We constantly go up to a higher plateau, and none of these different things must be neglected, the physical, the intellectual and the moral and esthetic. I am now going to speak about the moral and esthetic. If we send our children to school, and the surroundings are all pleasant and beautiful, their lives will grow to something better and higher. AESTHETIC EDUCATION. 359 If the grounds about the school house are in a wretched condition, an eyesore to the passer-by, the tendency will be to drag them down- ward to the level of their surroundings, just exactly as it is in our attempts with improvement in fruit. We must keep struggling to get up to something better. We must have an ideal of something better we want. That thousand dollar prize gives us an idea of what we want in the apple line, and we must strive to have that ; that must be the result of our effort. So in our schools we must have a high . ideal. We must see the beauty, we must see it in our surroundings, we must see it in the character of the teacher, and then it will be seen in the character and behavior of the pupils of the school. That is just all it is, just the thought I want to throw out. Education is a growth and not an accumulation of facts, growing stronger every way, and by and by we shall come just as near to the limit as possible. That painter, you know, who painted the boy, the most beautiful ob- ject he had ever seen, he painted his picture because he came nearer his idea of angelic perfection than anything he ever saw, thirty years afterward picked up out of the gutter a wretched drunkard and took him to his room to paint his portrait as a companion picture of the other, because he was in the other extreme ; and when he got through he asked the name of the man, and, behold, it was the same name as that of the little four year old whom he had found thirty years before in that pleasant little country home. Now there is a limit to the height we can reach. Some say there is absolutely no limit. We are human, we cannot go up to God in this world. On the other hand, there is a limit to the depth to which we may sink. We may never, though we do our worst, we never can get quite down to perdition in this world. But those two points are a vast distance apart, and it should be our part in our schools to bring every one who enters our schools as nearly as possible to the highest point obtain- able. (Applause. ) When Blight Strikes——‘In watching our orchard I have no- ticed that our Tran.and other varieties of crab are always struck by blight during those heavy electric storms of thunder and lightning. I have noticed this to be true in other seasons, when we have had heavy electric storms.”—C. L Blair, St. Charles. _Seeretary’s ®orner. A WORD FROM A VETERAN —‘‘In spite of young tornadoes I am harvest- ing a quarter crop of apples. My hybrid, the Dartt, as you call it, is pleasing me; trees well loaded, quality fine. Its greatest fault is size — too large as a crab and too small as an apple.”’ E. H.-S) DART A SUCCESSFUL FRUIT GARDEN.—‘‘We are having a splendid crop of fruit this year. Strawberries have a big crop. The product from one-third acre sold for $165.00. Duchess and early varieties are selling for $1.25 per bushel.’’ There are many other such. THE AUGUST NUMBER WAS VERY LATE.—A series of untoward event connected with the mechanical part of the work of publishing our monthly were to blame for the very late issue of the August number. Once in a while ~ “a cog slips’’ in the best geared machinery. A SucCESSFUL SEASON.—The Minnetonka Fruit Growers’ Association, representing the north shore of Lake Minnetonka, have made sales of fruit this season in excess of $43,000. The crops of its members have been good and prices high. The fruit growersin that region are happy. ‘THR SHELTER BELT IS NECESSARY?”’ —These are the concluding words of a recent letter from Seth. H. Kenney, of Morristown, hin wich he describes the devastation in his orchard from wind storms this summer. There are other reasons why a shelter belt on the side of the orchard from which the wind storms come is a good thing. ‘Think about it. Next spring is a good time to plant one. MAGAZINE OF ARBORICULTURE.—This is the title of a new Magazine de- voted to the general subject of tree culture,to be published by the International Society of Arboriculture,of which General Wm. J. Palmer, of Colorado Springs, Col., is president and John P. Brown, of Connersville, Ind , is secretary. The initial number will be issued September 1st. The subscription price, (including membership in the society) $2.00, may be remitted to the secretary. PRoF. F. A. WAUGH GoEs To Mass, —Prof. Saml. T. Maynard, for these many years professor of horticulture at the Massachusetts Agricultural College, has severed his connection with that institution, and Prof. F. A. Waugh, of the Vermont Agriculture College, takes the place vacated. Both these names are very familiar to us as advanced thinkers and workers in this field. Prof. May- nard’s plans are not announced. We understood that Wm. Stewart, heretofore assistant horticulturist in the Indiana school, takes Prof. Waugh’s place in Vermont. ‘Z06T ‘9 ‘deg ‘Avpanjeg ueyxV, ‘MIVA ALVLG VLOSANNIF “LIVH TVAALINOMAOH AO MATA THE MINNESOTA HORTICULTURIST. VOL. 30. OCTOBER, 1902. No. 10. HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1902. A. W. LATHAM, SEC’Y. The display of fruit in this department was larger in quantity than that of last year, and also surpassed it in size of fruit and gen- eral appearance. When the character of the season is considered the results may be called extraordinary. The summer of 1902 will long be known for the severity and frequency of its storms, the ef- fects of which are very marked, especially in the orchards. Very few orchards have escaped their devastations, and hail marks are common on most orchard fruits. Even fruit selected with great care for exhibition was in many cases too plainly marked from this cause. The lateness of the season also was another drawback. If the exhibit could have been made ten days later the show would have been much more brilliant in yellows and reds, which that much more time would have given to Minnesota apples. As it was, with the exception of the Duchess and a few other early varieties, the uniform tint was a crude green. Notwithstanding these me- teorological drawbacks the show was a magnificent ‘one, and re- ceived only compliments, and no criticisms. The total number of plates of fruit shown in the hall was 3,761, divided as follows: apples, 300; plums, 295; grapes, 454; compass cherries, three; peaches, one, and pears, six. There were four ex- hibitors in the sweepstakes apple class, aggregating in all 250 plates, ranging from forty-one to seventy-five, the latter being the maximum number allowed. In the class of professional collections of apples, there were five exhibits, aggregating 290 plates, the highest number shown by any one competitor being ninety-one. In ama- teur apple collections there were seven exhibitors, aggregating 270 plates, ranging from eighty-three to thirteen. The grape exhibit this year was comparatively light on account of the lateness of the season, exhibitors disliking to show green fruit, and also because of the devastation by hail, which was quite general throughout the 362 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. grape growing region of Lake Minnetonka. The plum exhibit was also light, there being very few in the state. The exhibit was, how-. ever, much in excess of what was anticipated. The principal professional apple exhibitor was F. I. Harris, son of the late J. S. Harris and owner of his fine experimental orchards. In the amateur class Wm. Oxford led with eighty-three varieties, many of them very fine specimens. The list of exhibitors was little changed from a year ago, though there were a few who stayed away on account of the unsatisfactory condition of their fruit. The Wil- liam Somerville orchard, at Viola, has changed hands during the year, the exhibit being made this year by the present owner, J. W. Lufkin. ALASKA | VEGETABLES ‘A. H.BRACKETT. EXHIBIT OF ALASKA VEGETABLES. The season was especially favorable for the Mycological Club, and their show of mushrooms was an object of great interest to the crowds who stood around their tables. Fifty dollars was divided amongst the members of the club who participated in the display. The show of plants and flowers by the florists was equal to any exhibit they have ever made. This occupied the benches around the room, making the horticultural exhibit as a whole a bower of beauty. There were three nursery exhibits in the hall, the Jewell Nur- sery Co. occupying the same space as last year with a striking de- sign in which they used the same foundation as they did a year ago, surmounted by a tower veneered with apples inlaid with high bush cranberries. It was a beautiful conception and attracted at- HORTICULTURE AT THE MINNESOTA STATE FAIR, 1902. 363 tention from every passer by. The other commercial exhibits were from the Minnetonka Nursery Co. and C. P. Nichols, of Northfield, occupying each a corner of the hall. We were fortunate in having with us during most of the week three professors of horticulture; from our own state, Prof. S. B. Green; from North Dakota, Prof. C. B. Waldron; and from South Dakota, Prof N. E. Hansen. Professors Hansen and Green acted as judges of apples, assisted by others who were present. The list of awards following tells the story of the display in full. On Thursday afternoon an assortment of garden vegetables was put on exhibition, sent from Skaguay, Alaska, by express, just a week before toa day. They came largely from the garden of A. H. Brackett, an old member of the Minn. State Horticultural Society, whose interest in the state of his birth seems not to have abated as a result of some years residence in Alaska. The cut accompanying shows the extent and nature of the exhibit. They attracted much at- tention, and some suspected they were really grown nearer home, but they came from Alaska as stated on the card pinned above it, just the same. Through the courtesy of the Great Northern Ex- press Co., the exhibit was brought through in the shortest pos- sible time and without expense in transit. THE POSITION OF AN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST. PROF. F. L. WASHBURN. State Entomologist, St. Anthony Park. Not long ago a friend of mine (an economic entomologist) in answer to my question, “What do you think is the most important point in the education of an economic entomologist?” replied, “The ability to put himself in the position of a farmer.” It seems to me that he hit the nail squarely on the head. And it is one of the most important,and one of the most difficult things in the work of an entomologist to be able to look at questions regarding insects which are devastating the crops or the orchard in the same light that the farmer does. It is this very point which explains the hesi- tancy of an agriculturist or a horticulturist in accepting the advice of an economic entomologist. They say, and with some reason, “Your advice is very good, but your knowledge has been attained either in the laboratory or from books or from casual study in the field. In giving advice you have nothing at stake in dollars and cents.’ Perhaps the orchardist and the farmer carry this criticism of an economic entomologist too far, because the entomologist of 304 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. today studies the economic side. The practical side is fully as im- portant as to know simply what will kill an insect or check its rav- ages. If he does not know this he is an entomologist without be- ing an economic entomologist. You might almost call him an ex- travagant entomologist instead of an economic entomologist. There is too great a tendency on the part of the farmer, and to some extent, though not so much so, on the part of the orchardist, to depreciate the advice coming from an experiment station. They are too wont to say, “Oh, those chaps are full of book learning,”— at least that has been my experience in parts of the west. I be- lieve, however, that in this locality that is a thing of the past, and the orchardist and the entomologist appreciate each other’s position fully and learn from each other very much that is of mutual advan- tage. At the same time I will admit it is one of the hardest things in the world for an entomologist to put himself completely in the position of an orchardist or a farmer. I believe, however, that by a generous co-operation on the part of these two, excellent results may be obtained. Let the farmer cultivate books more, let the en- tomologist cultivate farm work more. To illustrate some of the difficulties which are to be overcome by careful study, I mention certain questions which all the time present themselves to the en- tomologist. A certain insect attacks the grain; what is it going to cost to treat the large tract of grain so as to eradicate the pest? Or, is the injury caused by the insect of sufficient consideration to war- rant the expenditure of material and labor? Or, is not the attack a temporary one? Or, is not the remedy to be applied worse for the grain than the attacks of the insect? The same question will apply in the case of the orchardist. Ap- ples may be slightly attacked by some insect eating the surface (I do not refer to the codlin moth), or a few leaves early in the season may be slightly eaten or crumpled (I do not refer to the tent cater- pillar) or may show evidence of being affected by some small mite. The orchardist, always solicitous for his crop, writes to the econ- omic entomologist to know what to do, and it is a delicate ques- tion for the latter to decide just what to say. Whether to say, spray at once, or whether to say the injury is notsufficient to warrant spec- ial treatment, or whether to say the insects’ attacks will soon cease and the tree will not be seriously affected. The great difficulty of the entomologist, of ALL scientific men in fact—I will not say ALL but of a large number—is the desire to pub- lish. This is a genuine weakness which must be overcome before we make the best progress. A desire to get out something new, to anticipate his fellow workers in the same field, urges many a scien- THE POSITION OF AN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST. 365 tist to go off at half cock, to use a slang expression, after which he generally has plenty of time to repent of his rash utterances. The more I come in contact with the heavy men in science, the more I am impressed with the extreme care and the great patience that they show in going over a problem again and again before ven- turing to express an opinion. Like the fable of the youth search- ing for truth, they struggle onward, surmounting obstacle after obstacle, and the work ends with their only finding possibly part of - the truth. Some of these problems are fascinating, the struggle itself is fascinating if taken up in the right spirit, and if he can by years of work add but a slight contribution to the world’s sum of knowledge, he has achieved a signal victory. Let us compare, if you will, the position of a scientist in an ex- periment station’ with one in a university; whether the scientist be a horticulturist, agriculturist or veterinarian or, what interests me much more, an entomologist. In the university a biologist, whose work may be said to approach that of the entomologist, can take up any problem which attracts him. If he pleases to study the development of the sturgeon, or the method of fertilization of some kinds of orchids, or the physiology of nerve muscle under cer- tain conditions, he can follow out his bent to the full extent of his pleasure; but in the case of the economic entomologist problems of all kinds are fired at him. He cannot choose. He must study and conquer these problems of the day or to a certain extent fail in his work. It is not for him to say “I should like to spend my time studying the development of that larva, or the gradations in color of that butterfly or the metamorphosis of that beetle’; but serious problems representing, as you know, many thousands of dollars are all the time pushing themselves into his notice. For that reason it seems to me the position of an economic entomologist, with all the fascinating features which it offers, is a most important and a most difficult one, one requiring consideration from the orchardist and not criticism. I note on your program that I am down to say something about strawberries. Strawberries are all right (with cream and sugar), and I always like to see a good crop. I hesitate, however, to take up a discussion of the numerous pests which attack the strawberry. I feel that this body of practical men and women have worked so much in the strawberries that what I might say would be like car- rying coals to Newcastle. Furthermore, as you know, I am a new- comer in your state, and, while I lived some years ago in Minne- apolis, I have for thirteen years been living on the Pacific coast, 366 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and I do not propose, as intimated at the beginning of this talk, to speak hastily on any point nor to express my opinion, intending it to carry weight, until I have thoroughly studied the question pre- sented. I might say, however, in a general way, that among the pests attacking the strawberry there are two which stand out with some prominence. One, the strawberry root borer, in its larval form is a pinkish caterpillar half an inch long which bores in the crown of large roots of the plant. In June about this time it changes to the pupa, and late in this month a small dark gray moth emerges, laying its eggs in July, in the crown of the plant. The plants wither and die as a result of the injury. A general remedy suggested is to dust the plant with air slaked lime or soot, but this is only a partial relief. The only way really is to take up the infest- ed plant, burn it and plant a new one. Interesting to note in connec- tion with this plant, though there is possibly a mistake in supposing it to be the more interesting, is the peach twig borer; for both are. known under the same name Anarsia lineatella, and they resem- ble each other closely, but evidence is not lacking to show that they are not the same. Some interesting information along this line may shortly be expected from the California Experiment Station. By peach twig borer you will understand that I do not refer to the peach tree borer. The second pest is the strawberry crown borer. This is a beetle that deposits its eggs in June and July on the crown. The larva, or grub, bores in the crown until it is full grown, one-fifth of an inch, white with a yellow head, transforming in the root. The beetle emerges in August. The beetle is brown, about one-sixth of an inch long. The best known remedy is to dig up and destroy the infested plants. As to insects attacking and eating the leaves, I think I am safe in saying they may be killed by spraying the leaves (this must be done long before fruit is ripe) with Paris green or hellebore in water. As I write this the insect question suggests itself in connec- tion with robins and other birds eating the fruit. It is trying to the strawberry grower to find that fruit which could be marketed has been practically destroyed by the birds. The question is what shall we do about it? Shall we shoot the birds as our enemies, or shall we cultivate them as our friends? One of the most interesting as well as one of the most difficult questions is this very point. My personal opinion is that if the birds nest in the vicinity of the garden they consume enough injurious insects when feeding their young (and, as you know, the number that they take to their young in a day is almost incredible) to more than pay for the fruit they con- THE POSITION OF AN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGIST. 367 sume. The actual solution of this question is one which calls for at least a year, probably two years, of careful study upon the habits of one bird, because one season’s conditions may cause the food habits of the bird to differ from its habits during the following season. The question as to whether beneficial insects are consumed, as well as the injurious forms, must also be considered. The actual market value of the fruit eaten is another point. Why cannot the horticul- turist and the berry raiser become entomologists? Let me suggest that each one of you, not only because it is a question of dollars and cents to you, but because to any one who loves nature there is a certain aesthetic pleasure in it, make a study.of these questions: What insects are friends? What are foes? Is that bird to be wel- comed or to be destroyed? UPS AND DOWNS OF STRAWBERRY CULTURE IN MINNESOTA. WM. LYONS, MINNEAPOLIS. I cannot tell why our secretary should honor me with a request to write a paper on this subject, when I have often told all I knew about strawberry culture, unless it was to show his respect for a pioneer strawberry grower, or he may have thought me too good natured to refuse a task that could hardly be imposed upon another at this busy season of the year, or perhaps he thought my wild the- orizing might create a little wholesome discussion. But no matter what it was, I realize that in compliance with his request I assume a most difficult task, since everybody wants new ideas, new plans and new theories. Now this whole ground has been gone over time and again, each one telling the same old story and in the same way, but perhaps the new members coming into our horticultural family require just such instruction and advice as would be stale and un- interesting to the older members. We horticulturists are always ready to give freely the informa- tion which costs us dearly. In the part of Hennepin county that I have lived in for more than thirty years, all the berry growers that have continued to raise “Countess” and “Crescent” strawberries have succeeded, while all who depended on the new and larger varieties have failed. The only people who made money out of the new varieties were those who sold plants. This is my experience of the “ups and downs of strawberry growing” in my part of the country. I drove through the strawberry region last spring for informa- tion, stopped at a great number of places and asked “What vari- 368 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. eties are you planting?’ The answer was, “Countess and Crescent with a few Bederwood.” They grow their plants separately, but mix them in the basket. When planting they hardly ever have a failure, and sometimes very large crops. Only two days ago I was on the Minneapolis mar- ket, where I met several growers with loads of berries. One man had twenty crates of “Countess and Crescent.” They sold for $2.00 per crate. Close by was another man with two crates of the largest berries on the market. He got $2.25 per crate. Each one had two acres in berries, and that was a fair test of how they were going to yield. Last season was hot and dry. “Countess” and “Crescent” made a full matted row, while the big varieties withered and dried up in the hot sun. Every one can see where the “ups and downs” are in this case. Some ten years ago I prepared three acres of good land which had been well manured and planted to potatoes the year before. I ploughed eight inches deep and planted early in the spring. I set several varieties which had done well for two years before, but mostly the Bederwood, and gave them the best of culture all season. In the fall it looked the best of any bed I ever raised. The foliage was immense. I covered them with rye straw for the winter. Early in the spring they were all alive, but, alas! the Bederwood was struck with a rust or blight, and soon it spread to all the other varieties, and I lost my whole crop. There were two dead furrows the length of the field, and at the bottom of them I picked about one hundred quarts of small berries. I concluded that nature had taught me a lesson, that it was not necessary to go to so much ex- pense to grow berries. Had this field been planted to Countess and Crescent I would have sold several hundred dollars worth from it. Strawberry experts tell us to plough deep and subsoil, and make the ground as mellow and loose as possible. That is all right if you want plants for sale, but all wrong if you want fruit. Again they will tell you to cut off all the first runners until some time in August. Here in Minnesota it is generally always dry at that time, and no runners can catch. I save the first runners and cut off the last. I have tried a good many new varieties. While some proved extra fine, the majority were worthless on my soil. Those new varieties have caused me more failures than all the droughts and frosts put together, so I will try these high priced varieties very sparingly hereafter. The Clyde is the only new berry I have triedin the last ten years that I find is worth growing. They have many defects, but some — UPS AND DOWNS OF STRAWBERRY CULTURE IN MINNESOTA. 369 of them can be overcome if given the right kind of treatment. Grown in matted rows some seasons they lack foliage to protect the berries-from the hot sun. I have had them blistered and scalded until they were horrible looking things. Give them hill or hedge culture, and you will have rank, heavy foliage that will protect ber- ries from sun and rain, and the berries will be firm, large and will go on any market in fine condition. I would say to the beginner in berry culture to go slow until you have gained some experience, as it is generally the bright side of berry growing one hears through the papers. The disappointments are seldom or never published. While I have been fairly successful in growing berries, I could write several pages of disappointments. TREES AND FRUITS IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY. (A Communication from Rev. O. A. St. Solem, Halstad.) In regard to trees I would recommend will say, that all of our wild growing trees here are good. The elm first. For a quick growing windbreak the box elder is very good. The plum ought to be planted as a windbreak and a fruit-bearing tree. Every home ought to have several hundred plum trees in the yard. Select the best from the woods, the basswood, ash and the hackberry. Of imported trees I would recommend the Eup. white birch and Eup. larch. I plant the trees for windbreaks two feet apart in the rows, and rows eight or ten feet apart, the same kind of trees in each row but not more than one row of one kind. Evergreens: American white spruce, red cedar, Norway spruce, Scotch pine, Picea pungens, Douglas’ spruce, American arbor vita and the white pine, all nursery grown. I do not recommend wild evergreens. A stockman will not recommend scrub stock. He will always talk blooded stock, and a nurseryman will also recommend nursery grown stock. I have tried both. s Apples: Hibernal, Patten’s greening, Duchess and Arctic. Crabs: Virginia, Martha. Have discarded the Transcendent on account of blight. Raspberries: Hansell, Turner, and Caroline for yellow. Currants: Victoria, Red and White Dutch, White Grape, Prince Albert. Gooseberries: Houghton. 370 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I have found the above named varieties after several years ex- perience to be profitable. Have tried other varieties with more or less success. Yes, the jack rabbit can be combated. I have not been bother- ed with him for several years. One way is to place a half bushel of oats in a heap near an outbuilding to feed the rabbits on. Then wait about a month and on a nice clear evening with bright moon- shine hide in the outbuilding with a good shotgun and lots of shells. Do not leave the building to pick up the rabbits until through shooting. One evening I killed ten. I have also buried steel traps in the oats or on the outside of the oats, fastened to a chunk of wood. Several of my apple trees have just commenced to bear. I ex- pect a fair crop of apples this year. My trees look very healthy, and the whole orchard is in a nice condition. IN MEMORIAM, DR. T. H. HOSKINS, NEWPORT, VT. Died June 26, 1902, aged 74 years. Dr. Thomas Henry Hoskins of this town, who died recently, was well known in former years as a horticultural and agricultural writer of repute. He had been practically dead to the present world . for over three years by reason of the failure of his once brilliant mind. Born in Gardiner, Me., on the 14th of May, 1828, he was seven- ty-four years of age some weeks previous to his death. He leaves a widow and one child, wife of Rev. J. B. Spiers, pastor of the New Jerusalem church in Contoocook, N. H. His father, Henry Box Hoskins, a paper manufacturer, was one of Gardiner’s most highly respected citizens, repeatedly serving his city as treasurer, mayor and member of the legislature. Coming from a stock of sterling integrity and great mental ability on his father’s side (his great- grandfather was William Henry Hoskins, a merchant of Boston, and acting commissiary in the Revolutionary war, whose remains now rest in the vaults of the historic Old South Church of that city), his antecedents on his mother’s side were no less worthy. It was on his grandfather’s farm that Dr. Hoskins imbibed the love for the soil which he always retained. He early showed a fond- ness for newspaper work, owning, editing, and printing a paper of IN MEMORIAM, DR. T. H. HOSKINS. , 371 his own at thirteen years of age. He received his academic educa- tion at the Gardiner Lyceum, In 1849, at twenty-one years of age, he started for California in company with other young men of his city, but, not liking the manners of his companions, he left them and finally located in Louisville, Ky., where he remained nearly thirteen years. He engaged in the drug business, first as clerk, then as partner, and later studied medicine in the medical department of DR. T. H. HOSKINS, Late of Newport, Vt. the University of Louisville, at the same time carrying on a mar- ket garden just outside the city. Graduating at the head of a large class, he became assistant pro- fessor of anatomy, translated French and German works for the university, and practiced his profession until in 1861, just before the war, he removed to Boston. Here he remained several years, being surgeon to several institutions, one of the physicians of the Boston Dispensary for four years, also engaged as an editorial writer on the Boston Courier, and as lecturer in Dio Lewis’ school. 372 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. In the winter of 1865-66 he received a severe spinal injury by a fall on the icy pavement, which incapacitated him for further prac- tice of his profession and, for many months, for anything whatsoever. He came to this town to recuperate his health, became enamored of the locality and decided to remain and experiment in hardy fruits for the cold regions. He began to establish a nursery at West Derby, Vt., about 1868, experimenting very carefully with many varieties. It required not only money, but courage, patience and experience to solve, as he finally very largely did, the problem of tree fruits for northern New England and lower Canada. In the selection and introduction of ironclad Russian fruits, including apples, pears, plums and cherries, of various qualities and seasons, he was associat- ed with J. L. Budd, professor of horticulture in Iowa University, and Charles Gibb, of Montreal. The latter made two trips to Russia in pursuit of new varieties, and shared his spoils with the doctor. He gave to the public the Yellow Transparent (Russian) and the Scott’s Winter (native) vari- eties of apple, and in his seed business, which he conducted until 1899 an auxiliary to his nursery and market garden, he originated and propagated several varieties of vegetables. In 1870 Dr. Hoskins started the Vermont Farmer at Newport, and after two years removed it to St. Johnsbury, where it was con- ducted four years with himself as editor and Royal Cummings as publisher, reaching a circulation of 4,000. He then sold his in- terest to Mr. Cummings. He was a popular member of the State Board of Agriculture, and for many years was in demand as a speaker at horticultural meetings in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine and Massachusetts. Always a public-spirited citizen wherever he resided, he was one of the founders and first contributors to the Newport public li- brary, and the first president of the library association. Extremely versatile, he had poetic, artistic and histrionic talent, an extraor- dinary command of language and gift of expression, combined with a strong love of humanity. With all this he was possessed of great industry and a systematic and orderly disposition. He may be forgotten by all but a few, but his work will remain an important contribution to progress along the lines where his work lay, and his life is yet another example of the truth of the words of the poet: | “Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And departing leavé behind us Footprints on the sands of Time.” —Express and Standard, Newport, Vt. OWATONNA TRIAL STATION, AUGUST, I902. 373 OWATONNA TRIAL STATION, REPORT MADE AUGUST, 1902. E. H. S. DARTT, SUPT. There was nothing remarkable about our last winter. No root- killing and very little blight has appeared, and that mostly on Rus- sian varieties. The more than 500 varieties originated here have been selected because of their vitality and freedom from blight, and to avoid blight we must not plant blight-carrying kinds. Alternate rows were girdled last year about July first. There was a full bloom, but apples dropped badly, so that the crop now remaining is very light. I am certain now that spraying prevents dropping. I have been largely in the apple business more than fifty years, twenty years in Wisconsin and the last thirty-two years in Minnesota. My experience will no doubt be beneficial to the rising generation. I have been spraying for several years. Last year trees blossomed so lightly that I thought it would not pay to spray at. all, but I concluded ~to ‘spray my ‘largést..of- chard of about 2,500 trees. I used one-fourth pound of Paris green to fifty gallons of water at a total expense of less than one cent per tree. Apples were smooth and salable and netted me not less than $500. I have another orchard of 500 Duch- ess. This I did not spray. Apples dropped badly, and I gathered about ten bushels, which were of little value on account of being ill shaped and knotty. I think I would have saved $100 per day by spraying this orchard also. This year promised to be the bearing year. There was a full bloom, and I sprayed the large orchard as usual, and but for the very hard winds I would have a good crop. As it is, I think I will get 1,000 bushels, perhaps a quarter crop. I preferred that the Duchess orchard should not bear this year, preferring a crop next vear instead. My belief is that if we remove the fruit these fruitful years and girdle we will get the fruit the following year. It is a great deal of work to remove fruit by hand, so I sprayed a part of this orchard at blossoming time with salt at the rate of four quarts to 50 gallons of water; this killed most of the blossoms and a little of the foliage, and I think the chance very fair for crop next year. Girdling need not be done on very productive kinds like Duchess. The apples on the part of this orchard not sprayed dropped bad- ly, and wind has taken off most of the remainder, so that this part of the orchard is also in good condition for next year’s crop, and I conclude that with plenty of wind and insects we need not spray with salt to thin fruit. It will be thin enough. 374 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Among the great number of seedlings that have been produced here and brought into very early bearing by girdling nothing won- derful has appeared, though I have several varieties that compare favorably with the Wealthy in size and quality and keep much longer. ROSES: THEIR SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES. J. M. UNDERWOOD, LAKE CITY. Ist. Sunlight—The first requisite is plenty of sunlight. It will not do to plant them in a shaded place, for the sun is needed to warm the soil and stimulate the root system; it is needed to ripen the wood for the long sleep of winter, and in blossoming time to furnish the warmth that distils the delicate perfume and to impart the beauty of coloring that places the rose on its throne as the queen of flowers. 2nd. Moisture-——The next most important requirement is mois- ture. This can only be made certain by some provision for irri- gating the ground during the dry periods. It can be taken from the water system of the town, or a good and cheap plan is to have a tank or reservoir filled from a well by a windmill. Water should be applied by thoroughly soaking the ground so that it is full of moisture, much as a hard rain of several hours would do it. When in bloom the blossoms should not be showered too much, but the water should run on the ground in little ditches from one bush to another until it has taken up all that it will. The time to irrigate is before the ground is dry and suffering from thirst. Do not spray the surface of the ground and imagine that the roots have had enough. Be liberal when you do water them and then let them go until they need more. Usually the ground is wet enough early in the spring ; but it is sometimes dry at that season, and the roots need a wetting the first thing after they are uncovered. During the month of October do not water the ground, but allow the growth to stop and the wood to ripen for winter. 3rd. Soil——The ideal soil for roses is a good rich clay loam. They will do well in sandy soil if a little clay and plenty of rich ma- nure is mixed with it, and it is then generously watered. They will not do well in hard clay that is impervious to water or in gravel that drains it all away. 4th. Cultivation—This is very important, for it helps to stim- ulate the action of the roots by quickly imparting to them the food ROSES. 375 and drink that is applied to the ground. After fertilizers are ap- plied they should be cultivated in; and when the ground is irrigated it should be allowed to dry a little on the surface and then stirred to make it fine and loose so as to prevent evaporation and drying out.- Surface cultivation should be given the ground at least once a week, from the time the bushes are uncovered until October. 5th. Protection—In late fall, before severe freezing weather sets in, choose a dry time to cover. the bushes. See that the ground is thoroughly wet so that the roots will not dry out during the winter, for it will bea long time before they will have another chance to take a drink. In wintering roses the main thing is to keep the bushes dry. I have found the best way to do this is to first make a bed of dry straw or leaves for the bushes to lie on. It should be six or more inches deep. Bend the bushes over and lay them gently on the bed and cover them with two feet of dry straw, making it highest in the middle, much like the roof of a house. Then cover the straw with boards. Short pieces can be nailed to a ridge pole and to a strip at the lower end, making it quite steep so as to shed water easily; or, boards can be used horizontally, by commencing at the base of the straw on each side, lapping the boards an inch and using enough nails to hold them in place. A narrow board at the top can hold the two sides together. Put boards at the end to keep out the wet and to hold the straw in place. Leaves or hay can be used in place of straw. Do not uncover in the spring until freezing weather is over, but uncover before they start their growth. Where there is danger from mice, place poisoned grain where they will get it. 6th. Planting.—The best time to plant is in early spring, before the bushes have started to grow. If they are on their own roots, they should be set two to three inches deeper than they grew in the nursery; if they are budded roses, they should be set four to six inches deeper. Mud the roots in thick mud before planting and set them very firmly. 7th. Pruning.—Keep all old or dead branches cut out; and with budded roses be sure to keep all sprouts from the roots cut back deep in the ground, or they will take all growth from the top and cause it to dwarf and die. In the spring, prune the tops back to about four feet and cut off all the tops that look black or dry back to the fresh buds. 8th. What to Plant—If one is careful to keep back the suckers, a budded rose will make the best growth and prove the best to blossom; and some roses are such poor growers that they can be grown successfully only by budding them on Manetti stock. 376 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Roses on their own roots are usually preferred, for if they live there will be no doubt as to their quality. They are produced by taking cuttings from the new growth and rooting them in sand. It is necessary to do this in a greenhouse. oth. Diseases and Insects.—As in everything else the old saying “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure,” holds good in this case. The best way to prevent disease in rose bushes is to give them good cultivation and do all that is necessary to secure a strong, vigorous growth. Disease always attacks the weak more quickly than the strong; and this fact must be carefully borne in mind, thorough cultivation is absolutely necessary in combating the ravages caused by disease and insects. | Sudden changes of temperature may cause mildew, and it can- not be prevented as it can in the greenhouse. Dusting the bushes with sulphur will assist in preventing it. Keep up the cultivation, furnish moisture, and as the weather grows warm again the plants will revive and outgrow the disease. The Red Spider—Is most likely to attack the bushes when it is dry and warm. They are very small and are not discovered until they have become numerous. The bushes begin to look unhealthy, and the leaves have a sickly appearance and will begin to drop off unless the insects are killed before they have reached the last stages of disease. They can be controlled by spraying with cold water and keeping the bushes quite damp. Morning is the best time in which to do it, and the under part of the leaves require special attention. The Aphis—Can be controlled by spraying with tobacco water. The Rose-Thrip.—A very small white fly or midge that is found on the under side of the leaves; can be destroyed by spraying with tobacco water. This also acts as a preventive of this pest. The Rose Bug—lIs a beetle which attacks the buds before they: have had time to develop, and eats out the center. A poison to de- stroy these would need to be so strong that it would necessarily in- jure the plant; so the only alternative is to pick them off and destroy them as potato bugs are destroyed. Fortunately but few localities are troubled with this pest and persistent effort will abate the nuis- ance. The Rose Slug—Is the most troublesome of all the pests that molest our outdoor roses, but a knowledge of the habits of its pro- genitor will enable the grower to eradicate it quickly. It is the larva of the saw-fly. This fly comes from the ground during the latter part of May when the rose foliage is reaching good form. The fe- male deposits its eggs in incisions made in the leaves on the under side. These eggs hatch in from 12. to 15 days, and the little grub ROSES. 379 emerging therefrom at once begins to eat the leaves. They are light green in color. An early application of white hellebore sprinkled on the bushes in the early morning while the foliage is damp is a good remedy. For all of these pests it is. best to be ready and give them their medicine before they have had time to do much damage or in- crease in numbers. “The early bird catches the worm.” roth. Varieties—In our climate Tea Roses are not hardy, but they will furnish beautiful flowers to those who are willing to under- take the necessary work and light expense requisite to grow them successfully. Some of the June and Moss roses are desirable and the Hybrid Perpetuals are very fine. The following list will be found reliable and desirable: Cinnamon Rose: An old time favorite. Coming at a season when outdoor roses are scarce, its irregularity of form is willingly overlooked, and its appearance is greeted with kindly spirit. Old Blush: Double, and a delicate blush pink. Very fragrant. It is so old that it is quite a novelty nowadays. The Wild Roses: There is quite as great a variety in the shades of red among these as in the cultivated double varieties. In habit of growth they appear as low trailers, medium bushes and as climb- ers. The flowers should never be cut, but left to mature fruit, as the . bright-colored haws are very ornamental, remaining on all winter. Scotch Roses: Natives of England and Scotland; mainly desir- able for their hardiness, Stanwell’s being one of the best. Stan- well’s Perpetual: Blush, medium size, double, delicately scented, foliage very small, nine to eleven leaflets; dark reddish brown wood, numerous small spines. A hybrid which blooms in the autumn. JUNE ROSES. : Magna Charta: Pink suffused with carmine; full globular; foliage and wood light green with numerous dark spines. A frag- rant, excellent rose. Madam Plantier: Pure white, above medium size, full. Pro- duced in great abundance early in the season. Foliage rather small. Seven leaflets. One of the best white roses for hedges and for massing in groups. Harrison's Yellow: Golden yellow; medium size, semi-double ; generally has nine leaflets; a freer bloomer than Persian Yellow. Persian Yellow: Bright yellow ; small, nearly full, well formed, small foliage; faintly scented like the Sweet Brier; seven leaflets. The wood is chocolate brown in color, armed with numerous brown thorns. It is the finest of all hardy yellow roses. RUGOSA ROSES. Rugosa Alba: Single, pure white flowers of five petals ; highly scented; a splendid shrub. Rugosa Rubra: Flowers single and of a most beautiful bright rosy crimson, succeeded by large berries of a rich rosy red color and a great addition to the ornamental character of the plant. 1378 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Madam G. Bruant: One of the first of the new race of hybrids. In the bud state the flowers are long and pointed ; when open, semi- double, pure white and fragrant, and produced freely in clusters at intervals throughout the summer. Exceptionally hardy and vig- orous. MOSS ROSES. Salet Moss: Light rose, medium size, flat form, fairly good buds, very free bloomer. Crested Moss: Deep pink colored buds, surrounded with a mossy fringe and crest A fragrant and very beautiful rose. Comtesse de Murinais: White, tinged with flesh. Vigorous grower. Princess Adelaide: Vale rose, medium size, not very mossy, but good in bud and flower; dark foliage which is often variegated. Foliage strong and vigorous. Glory of Mosses: Pale rose, very large, full flat forms, not attractive in the bud. The foliage is very large. CLIMBING ROSES. Prairie Queen: Rosy-red, frequently with white stripes, me- dium or large size, double, foliage large, five leaflets, quite deeply serrated. Crimson Rambler: Flowers are a bright, cheerful shade of crimson, and the great size of the clusters make it especially attrac- tive. The flowers are double, about the size of a cherry blossom. A beautiful sight for about a month. A rapid grower. White, pink and yellow ramblers are very pretty, but not quite so hardy as above. Baltimore Belle: Pale blush, changing to white; strong grower. Gem of the Prairie: Rosy-red, occasionally blotched with white; large flat flowers, slightly fragrant. Seven Sisters: Blush, tinged and striped with various shades ; small or medium sized. HYBRID: PERPETUAL KOSES: General Jacqueminot: Brilliant crimson, not full, but large and effective; fragrant and of excellent hardy habit. Paul Neyron: Deep rose color, good tough foliage, wood rath- er smooth ; by far the largest variety in cultivation. A free bloomer ; very desirable as a garden rose. ‘ Alfred Colomb: Carmine-crimson; large or very large, full; of fine globular form, extremely fragrant; green wood with occa- sional pale green thorns. Foliage large and-handsome; a grand rose; the most useful in its class for general cultivation. Clio: Flowers large of fine globular form, flesh color, shaded in the center with rosy pink; growth vigorous, handsome foliage, one of the best roses. Ulrich Brunner: Brilliant cherry red, a very effective color ; flowers of fine form and finish, carry well upon the plant. Petals of great substance; plant vigorous, hardy, and resists mildew. ROSES. 379 Baroness Rothschild: Light pink, sometimes shaded with rose, large or very large, cupped form, very symmetrical, without frag- rance. ‘The wood is short jointed, thick, light green, armed with occasional light green thorns. One of the hardiest, but does not propagate from cuttings. A very distinct, beautiful rose, free bloom- ing, and greatly valued both as an exhibition and a garden sort. Anne de Diesbach: In color the mc.t lovely shade of carmine ; very large double flowers, fragrant. One of the hardiest. A very desirable garden rose. John Hopper: Bright rose with carmine center; large and full, semi-globular; light green thorns; stout, bushy growth. . vie sieteneiope-areleie cre ties stele © sce-ela 1.00 Bee elt UES eld SOLES COI Lactate hi cio cletetare tors crass leur ele tee ers anere’ sb eTielia nD eee LO WADE Gs p EV ATITI OMG s. «.cvn cere etereie eiereree,chounte,s, a" ciGves stele oe ei» .50 Fameuse— REEVE YING VV ALT OTL A oe: aso ate. ase a duchnge epee wel ePabdhaile save eta. ves prosviel eve 1.00 ie Wises Konno S Fe weahootare xo leper a COGIAL. Reece koe ORAL sie Hip lemed edie iso bs OOS CME vie ciel crcic a carey thelarare teenie ob aye achieve eyere ers .50 Golden Russet— Racin hess Veen eat VV ETN OED cos ta occ, sua. cl wie arse, saalan eleva wre rena aie cieusrehellete 1.00 CN OLd= Nimes tas Cty oicks le ole Cele atd ors dl giateletaie tare uta shores ailteo Grundy— : leeeA EVO AUNG Aa TNO. ersraites cs cteksse Sere isle ec Seneca sre a euelal days a 1.00 Haas— -1 on 390 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. W. ib. Parker, Farmington. 0. oe. ccccc. cscs ec snes s = ain ce J. Al Howard, Hammond... . cee. ie cece new ess mine Judson— W. L. Parker, Farmington. ........sceescssccscsescccceocs Kaump— Ais, Noda Won genes bebe UeheahooKoeVelmeimmcotonisco soap Oooo oODeddoOooe < Lowland Raspberry— W115. Parkers (Ar MAME COM oreo oie ols ole ele one ce fell==]=0=)elole elelelln\\e/.e, en Longtield— jp. Ne everandel, IaleieouaonGl navinndann opobodnoddoonpdoboosons O. M. Lord, Minnesota C F. I. Harris, La Crescen Malinda— Pays eretacckes suenensterepete torte mrezeverelaynth on metote tats Ee Natariateh aris ee cvehecacouateonesehebe melas eee tiabsiict s@heye pe Ae NLS eho, IsieheheoaClonasposvodDocdGuanouddunDDoduGeC hos. Redpath, Wayzata... csc... ce cc eee wee eins esas ConPS NiGholss ONOrtiMiiel Gites icc crelats laletotstolatinteratetlene ielleleteVeyetal stats McMahon White— . P. Nichols, Northfield Ostrokof— mou AM Peter Frank Yahnke, Winona. JAW Howard, Elam monde co... aie oie 2 wlcns owke ss 0's) minlolsis 81's Northwestern Greening— PROEL GO Wyle Olen EXTANT OM eelete velar cel efeterersiele asic etalale!e/alole siete! sinleel> Wis Mord.) WhimmMeSO tal CLE Ys. re eae o) sl orel= "ete els wei eim + s's)\e oe rn =) "lol Hem eLeamriserslea O@RESCOMG pee etete sorter sie re geld he leyietie) ote (siiese\losRolelialiesalie Af ey NSO ianetole lalehonboatovalola man ono oo dS OO UO OOOO mo. co.coD Thos. Redpath, Wayzata. ......cceesscrecevcccserneeeneene Phoebe— Ee AM MELO Wa Gey cE AelINNIN OMG ate elehel ohshetevetctelsteleielalo a sliateleleielclels iellellelisiie Peach— Cc. P. Nichols, Northfield Rollin’s Prolitic— is AL) ERO WAG. SEU MIINON Gre rele erepetarens (ot ele wiateloleleleiwis)sfolellelelellcteiens AVN TD eshd cree ITehaaahiak-Adeys gocodhanGaanooOJG Ose 5 OODD DODD OD Red Queen— Ap, Jxo alone. Tetehantaaeivels Go5epcooo bcc snoDaboGp son dome doe Ale Wie Duan Watoleveo oon Repka Malenka— AWW, ID 1eeheli(sies Je weoven WO Van so gouonUboodeoUooCoooECOdUCDS O. M. Lord, Minnesota City De Wie AKI VaLOlaiers on St. Lawrence— Wie ile PA Ke) PRUETT LOM! terctayats | sifeleicrsle e)ellels s=)cletlatie iets) silello\fette¥e.[aicotln Frank Yahnke, Winona J. A. Howard, Hammend Striped Anis— Je AS HlOwards Vann Om Ge cic cre crete le tans chenaatare)s\iererelslels\< 1-1 (alaleis Tetofsky— Cc. P. Nichols, Northfield W. lL. Parker, Marmingtom. .. 2.2). ene neseoveewerereens Utter— O. M. Lord, Minnesota City......... Ay INS Aston ehasl Ieiebomboanols sagas oonoo MO ouDUobUODocnoDDo GDS University— Wi. Lee Pamlcer, Var COM sie > ele! eleheitever ao: eveleyla!=\i= aim elatnlellolfe)/elolbrelle Wolf River— WV os SPA er HDI Tt OMe rors otiel= cl ot-set sre eleleielal=toln ciel eledeer siete AG INS Selon ence Lee ccboMonOl nano oodduo coo oCoODbGKanmcCOOUOGUOC Walbridge— KF. I. Harris, La Crescen Bod beo POD UH CnNON aS Ooo oUUeD Ado aS Adolph Anderson, Renville...........--. + see eee ee eee eeeee ONE Word seMiimnnes Otay Cuitayiayemrerenetstoteaetenererer sas a ena rere Mees Yellow Sweet— We WG IN sia, We woo Yellow Transparent— Cc. P. Nichols. Northfield AN, Slop peneely =IStzhaquqaVonolsl ago odds occ oONbUannHdGc ood ouBECS Duchess— J. A. Howard, Hammond 1st 2nd 3rd Prem. Prem. Prem. W. L. Parker, Farmington..... $1.50 Thos. Redpath, Wayzata F. I. Harris, La Crescen Us Wwe wide, VEOEV A ooe soUdoNe $1.25 agcdun Cc. P. Nichols, Northfield...... Hibernal— J. A. Howard, Hammond...... 5 7d) W. L. Parker, Farmington... 1.50 O. M. Lord, Minnesota City.... 1225 Ist 2d Prem. Prem. 1.00 ari) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -1 or 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4th 5th Prem. Prem. $1.00 $0.75 3rd Prem. -50 -50 -50 -90 -50 -50 6th Prem. $0.50 PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR IN 1902. 3901 Ist 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Prem, Prem. Erem, Prem. Prem. Frem. ©, P. Nichols, (Northfield. ...::. 1.00 Thos. Redpath, Wayzata....... .75 STGP Sa eg Oi bh a ei a WRG (ol bey aetarer .50 Okabena— We. Parker, Harmingeton.... 2 a75 J. A. Howard, Hammond...... 1.50 O. M. Lord, Minnesota City.... aE PAS Thos. Redpath, Wayzata....... 1.00 Patten’s Greening— J. A. Howard, Hammond...... TEES TAN W. L. Parker, Farmington... 150 Thos. Redpath, Wayzata....... 1525 CoP Nichols) Northtield ss. 2. « 1.00 eae oreo VAOIA% wavelae otras tb Peerless— W. L. Parker, Farmington..... 15 Thos. Redpath, Wayzata....... 1550 J. A. Howard, Hammond...... P25)" Cc. P. Nichols, Northfield....... 1.00 O. M. Lord, Minnesota City.... ATMs Wealthy— Heed lanriss laae@reseent. ass 15 Fs J. A. Howard, Hammond...... 1.50 W. UL. Parker, Farmington.... 125 O. M. Lord, Minnesota City... 1.00 Adolph Anderson, Renville.... aft Frank Yahnke, Winona........ 50 PROF. SAM’L B. GREEN, Judge. ‘ CLASS 61—APPLES. (For amateurs.) Collection, hybrids and crabs excepted ($75.00 to be divided pro rata): W. S. Widmoyer, Dresbach, $17.75; Ditus Day, Farmington, $15.00; Wm. Oxford, Free- burg, $15.00; H. H. Heins, Lydia, $12.25; A. D. Leach, Excelsior, $7.50; J. F. Wilcox, Minneapolis, $3.75. Collection of hybrids and crabs, not to exceed ten varieties ($15.00 to be di- vided pro rata): Ditus Day, Farmington, $3.00; A. B. Coleman, Long Lake, $2.40; A. D. Leach, Excelsior, $2.10; F. J. Butterfield, Long Lake, $2.00; Wm. Oxford, Freeburg, $1.75; Mrs. S. R. Spates, Wayzata, $1.50; H. F. Busse, Minneapolis, $1.25; J. F. Wilcox, Minneapolis, $1.00. 1st 2nd 3rd Prem. Prem. Prem. Anisim— de hal alesticke ION ClCH cee crest TIO ane EOE Oe oR eae ee $1.00 Eee Busses MaMMCAp OLS 54's. aisrcade chee tekarti ab cue, aera wiecele eee $0.75 SD) SIS Chie EX COLSTON viet scecevayerete or soevenave: bisbeie: wise, apse otetellelers afersisie $0.50 Antonovka Jeb upternhel den liamiee Wie Kee sa, crscore:clel'sve-eve, over stous: Dicvei wislesacehteyece 6 1.00 DeWahie COOK 6 WClLOnS sm 6 tao stadeieleee one la Soares arolonu oheaee) elemeaei ere AVS oben Buss PARMES eC OLE TI Al. PONS aad Gin: 55) o, «75 ereiotokstoieyelubmiars ia) Serelc: cush ecsietevaitay « .50 Ben Davis— 4 Wim. Oxford: . Preebure. 352.23 cee. FIR, Kempe Nene evaxe cetera eiereraials 1.00 NVC Se WVLOLIITO Veer Sa Ghiscec sr/oretel nisi soley) cueusie epeucneveners) Ores Dalian «ole sciciie save ater sieeiere sa, seetavecans ey ate 1.00 Ameo olemam= Mone: Walkie jeer sieyee-ave-e tieras ofsxeue 6) ae 6 ena¥aveloyeke «15 A. B. Lyman, Excelsior Bode— Wise VWHOMOVER, TOTES Walia crccctels telecssprousiths apa siate ees sale os. 1.00 Borovinca— Dewan COOK. ruiCTLerSis sraacrscemr cite e Sei ve a voce eis et, oa ccareby WES 1.00 RVI OE OTO. EEC D ULES aasc crocs oie! sor auers ha sues Srey iarche eure csi tctaese .15 Ae GOleMam=s OMe Wai kG wrcts nice rote ve oeisarcneve ascent wai es) OP -60 Borsdorf— AM Nin VEIL Mel Flat T OIG cece eae acees ce ere eyetsverale saisletevarers eywnonsie oe 1.00 Cross— IDE WalineOOO Ke WeELOMS so). cs kncvansroseicracit arene eat dale vavave hee wicfatensgane's 1.00 Christmas— APE See AMIN ME ARCC STON 5 coj's; oi; se Eueteteveraunisin leven ole. osheie ete, sievaneue es 1.00 Charlamof— AG SES Oe OLE IMATION eK Gs nro. exelensuel enero eleiansicis say ovolcuers’ sue eystaishe 1.00 ASS a PeM NAT) HEC EISTOM ne «coreccre evsye aah niches # wuela eels sus Curie #6 .75 SED STE eek VENTA | AIUS-Cl Uttara ce Grek otolcct oo o.0! 0's) crairetelnt or cde eversiw wlan ie eae) era yete pao -50 Fameuse— WE SseWHOmmOVer ws DLESDACliin s o%.cc1clcexcsateteiclcleeleus Sisle @.0 ef ae love 1.00 Wines OxnoOra sy Mme Ouro ee mak on a dae snpe amasreieia eal craieinrene wists) eile .75 DUETS MAY SATII E COM) senor. cle cb, cfs ve oencerene Pols ctaeniers Sees eratus -50 Golden Russet— Wane Oxfords aH CS DUUTS 2 steeeie sie ccevtiavensTe lv stolons wleversralelieracsts feteie.s 1.00 b> tt zy ' 392 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ‘ Ist 2nd drd Prem. Prem, Prem. AS AMS MI TCHS SSE arnTIO TC siecle /ecre teycue alavons eae taretarereieraie arctan 15 Grundy— AM Mitehell, ET am TTOM Gerd steers, «visto icin arorere ares eterna nee 1.00 PEA P EL, AELOUINS Feary CU teeter redius tone ssnode axe vevevtarereveralaltotte rena sven mene ere 215 Haas— AIG SS. VV LORIOY Gl: 0D FESPA trcicrcitercretotels crane eee ae 1.00 Dts) Daves Marni etOne uw asinerecreete acetone hralheter oceans 15 Bhi ELS ER Sistas ec tecscecace wae tual se erecueel eee neon ee -50 Judson— Fl SEs VEL SINS el biy ciidhWeraysueretenevereere etercntenei ey Renee Ree aie aia 1.00 Kaump— AGB. Lavin eee COLSON tertererert adhe ails peel tiie semstave: sites eben siafalies 1.00 Geo, IW. Strands Meivloris Bas) crsvelacisreltarsterere Rae Shtele es Laitre os SHOES Jp UR; SUMMITS. AVY USIUO UIE talevercvae al sistencie rere metastatic nen .50 Lowland Raspberry— Ditus Mav, eanmiMe toms. \arersvererers steriectelereieee eters nis eee 1.00 AS) WB MeN. HERR SLOTS acum Salt accve. destostei rots eyertineterareianes chon cane 75 Longfield— SM. (Dickinson iGarden™ City-c2 ce ace ite oe eee 1.00 7 GN eee Ry ciepl Olen sh hires SAMA MEO GSA oe at oi me kbc Bi) Ws... Wadimoyer. IDresbachicstic an cteti tain aren evils .50 Malinda— S. (Op Millen. ake ville, sec arctica won nena eae 1.00 AC IBS WL vial AEC SLOT ancactopers cnacorsiove ure evcneneasuavc te rea neneears BAA) Dewaim Cools, Jemensiicmistaciitaricteee cee a en Cee -50 McMahon White— DIGS ayes sea mrvi ime tO newry sieve ators ennrete Sa vote ras olersie yer eee 1.00 Wi iS. Widmovier.! DResbach...inasen aornnsicicinciae wea 76 Win Oxford shreeburenc.ccc cn mectincee. LUC ae aL Northwestern Greening— Wil ORfOKG, CBPCED UNE ier. ntietrae aici cil ooter oie ere ete ates Gace UeO0 EL eB Bussey MnMe aD Ola mamcnelen ine ret arte ieee ree ns Bud) Wi. uo WVALOMLOVEL- AD reSDACMicrscchssaeeecriet el rene armen cate oe .50 Ostrokof— Wins, Oxfords PHT COMUNE sate onto a letectcmtehustdie bie tend ahecin ane tee 1.00 Wiss. Wadmoyer “Dreshaeh emu chert cnc taac one October— Jee VV COR MIMIC AD OLS: euseneiteeitenpera creas cack eevee anata 1.00 Peter— AG is. 2 OLEMIAT, PONE ISK te racine scrters Gee conc ram enn eis Ieee ae 1.00 AY) = each) OxCelsior at deere eee Se eek MoUs) 1S BE) lol = evhatchomel Ulich taken Wares sega alee Namiee ce teehee anette nero ceeas 00) Phoebe— Fitba Elen biVGianrracaracrensvcstemrraecconicr ecient te ern ronns 1.00 Peach— Ditus aD ay. sHarmine tone sce sue. 6 ic cco eee nie picker nies 1.00 Rollin’s Prolifie— Wi.) Ss WAdMOVersDres balchic...iptestcieee orcs imeem acme 1.00 St. Lawrence— Win. "Oxford ER reepuretnt.icct oe chia tie aere eae eee 1.00 He di uitterheld | Wong ldallkes scctaecisc iin at vie enone Ba) Ditus- Day. -hanminictonisiscchencon carne rae een .50 Striped Anis— Er Jee Butterfield: slUOMe, Mace mora cicurts esa ctes aranie cinerea 1.00 ~ oa Tetofsky— Wim. Oxford, "Hee burg Acee. saci eee Mela -50 Utter— Wi. JS. SWidmoyers*Dreshachts.. see nee aee eee 1.00 AS Bx Livman:. SxCElSOrstiescicce eee one ain nn teen Wiinl"OxfOnd HTS mUre sc mrectre crete cite ee. eee ee .50 University— ASD ue ach: \HXGEIST OM. it. tora eve acronis aie eet ciere 1.00 Wolf River— Wvoaoe Opsioicl Iheeslonohias oheaageonnues OPO E Geo NA eRevati tn 6 14 1.00 Leo Goldenstars Garden: Cityos. «ccm otioce noes We Sse Woidimoyvens MDresbachicvac. scl cismatiee cer etern see ee -50 Walbridge— Hy, .J. eieterield: Sion e Woakens ici. sce eects ae eee 1.00 AS UMS ME Chel italia my OMCs.) acneiescieiisiersie eet eet ae be eee wil Waris LOx ONG mECe DLE Hee coe eink See IE ere ee ee 50 Yellow Sweet— Ail ste Olea monica AA ec olan area mo Eebo.obaktas odo Second cue x68 1.00 A 5 Wis RISC S LEMERIEMEREN OT) ite stele. Craeieiste lebekctstar a eReisin oR mea meeniereiere S75 Y UREEl a yeiel Pnio oak Woliel dp. dels) =) ko) aera ES piace boed rn cio eine ut ook oOe .50 Yellow Transparent— BOs) So wubhenhiel di laom Sse es the ove cance ctava Stet cnateeaene camer 1.00 Wim Oxtonde hres bureimnicsk ction oteiomicie ait cele Sens “AS 13.) layman: HOXCSISION. sictestsre ne nckcraicis Cove eee ee ene .60 -~] on -1 co -1 ou s PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR IN 1902. 303 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Prem. Prem. Prem. Prem. Prem. “Prem. . . Duchess— ALA. BOS ts EEX COISION 2/05 ocic.c eis $1.75 Ai D. Leach, Excelsior......... $1.50 DpsrG.. Hazelton; (Cutler.c 6.1 $1.25 A. M. Mitchell, Hammond...... $1.00 Paul Burtzlaff, Stillwater...... $0.75 Fi He eS BUSSe, SH MImTEA POLIS cra ere lst aceh (ole whale e ate goeal Hie siele bie 's,0e 50 Hibernal— A. D. Leach, Excelsior........ 1.76 A. W. Keays, Elk River........ 1.50 Dives VWiheatony Morrisis secs ‘ 1.25 Ditus Day, Farmington........ 1.00 H. F. Busse, Minneapolis...... : 75 PNAC SOS GH EERCOLSIL Ol ster shereiersuereFe Grins ogee ciele @iiacaverel pielepy, Oe eter Okabena— Ditus Day, Farmington....... a Wot G53 Dewain Cook, Jeffers.......... 1.50 SM siych el ceialopey On igo A Rae eerie 1.25 Leo Goldenstar, Garden City.. 1.00 A. M. Mitchell, Hammond..... : H. F. Busse, Minneapolis...... .50 Patten’s Greening— A. D., Leach, Excelsior.......... eto Minnetonka Nursery Co., Ex- COISLON i ayeiele, sistetal coal easier site sters seve 1.50 H. F. Busse, Minneapolis...... 125 S)Oo Miller; Gakeville. oii. 6... 1.00 Ditus Day, Farmington........ : ACB. JayMan; ESXcelsior:. wo... . .50 Peerless— AnD. uedach,, EIXCelSlor i.) ... « AL A. B. Lyman, Excelsior....... 1.50 : 5S. QO. ‘Miller, Lakeville... ...2.... aoe Minnetonka Nursery Co., Ex- IST OM Sere eh diner ete Steeteta e tiaate gs 1.00 Mrs. S. R. Spates, Wayzata.... Gust Johnson, Excelsior....... 50 Wealthy— ALD: Leach, Hxcelsior......:. alg ie Fae ENO US ELV ChIEL ctava diss geile se 1.50 H. F. Busse, Minneapolis...... 1.25 W. S. Widmoyer, Dresbach.... 1.00 F. J. Butterfield, Long Lake.. 3) Paul Burtzlaff, Stillwater...... .50 PROFS. N. E. HANSEN, W. L. PARKER, Judges. on —) -~1 or -1 or ~] ol ~1 co =] cn “CLASS 62—CRABS AND HYBRIDS. (Open to all.) Collection not to exceed ten varieties ($30 to be divided pro rata): Thos. Tal- bert, Wayzata, $4.45; A. B. Coleman, Long Lake, $4.20; A. Bi: Lyman, Excel- sior, $3.90. F. I. Harris, La Crescent, $3.70; C. P. Nichols, Northfield, $3.70; H. H. Heins, Lydia, $3.70; D. F. Akin, Farmington, $2.65. SINGLE PLATES. ist 2nd 3rd Prem. Prem. Prem. Dartt— See INTE Vz ck ULULWIELCE IOS to, a cveraiaiacattberele’ ee card» suave tenia Sialerevel ews $1.00 TELE TIS: p loce “ONES COM ewe pisisye vies iacersiviersse: seo WW ha aieueuelte, anel ate $0.75 ASP LOWERY Cin EL UTININI OMG a5 care eter che Poe nal ave eto leisvoneoel eye sparse @M $0.50 Early Strawberry— RPE TULLOLITC]G IONS, Lu Ok a piatete s ivnd crore vane 0'¢ © ales ew \erereye tyes 1.00 PN GMOS 1 INONL MIT CLE si nis cterctelefineieds ofS ies cis Slaigve wifeth plore ale LAG me TMV ELT Clow ETN IIT] OLLG rete tate: vhavele Gr ayardvaiere arcs jeltietebarere avec chante -50 Florence— ; PAVERS OAT tl eR COLSLON io crcteie cl siete coda aeons ese Wyle ee A eevee ne anbl 1.00 . W. Keays, Elk River AY (3) LSS Soc EN eh IS TRUCOS eset taks Sars nse) cate a, wee Re betta oy eNsns'a) ore go ear vi douel deat apse e .50 Gideon’s No. 6— PreParicere) WAT SLOW sta s,s wuecesty eve sisters) cyete, Moje Recs folel's wk E00 ETT WV ELE le ci ELENTINTTLODGiahe) site) 01's, \ eich ttteras Sele se ieieverevaidhe: el $nav ae ace ; PME MAOLE ss WEINITIOSO Gay OLLI «. o.c.5.cfbla sletsiosveiheld ceo, dete are ane «cecehe ; .50 General Grant— etree cere Mie PINTO COM is) or tinleyers scoreteeh) esis ve ie's. w e¥crsbaleheve We 1.00 PAM RELO WELL Olen ELCUTHEYT OTIC airs. ctarscclartour wie oOteaie Mia eevee. cnhareratalate Pads) TEIN rye CAP ATT Ss COM artis, 61 sfpuerai hi aseNeiat vlsverelie avis a tinvele Cereb Ceri: i ond “qd ebb SO -l o oO Phare 394 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ist 4 Prem. Gibb— IMSe See Ee ASDALGSs WAY Zalbelnis tcc tranters clelote sustain teriere aeiale stems 1.00 Hyslop— MeouGoldenstar: sGardern | Cuey rience neue specter ct «/atolale meeteiecs eaten 1.00 A epeiColemans (Ome ae rs le oleae shataleles atela nest stetars sfevege rere DO Ela ZSTCO nei CU VET: cee penten ours €.ioye olay leymtsione caeeyeionetena ts tote nere tell Rene To Lyman’s Prolific— MAS BOStH URES CGCISION Se aithel aie /s)sta als lelsiete te aoiele serie temetaotyaterooiels 1.00 AW is eI CaY Si MEM ERLWOTe arenes artis lonsms yer her dleushalters a tetsisrwaheestearcte rie ay MIA | PR CCLSION Fractals tories steel neiekohense lererseere aieneceusicte ats Martha— Ps. VPA Ker | ASAT MSE OM Sos cis svete ete ondete el teveleldl enti leroneere 1.00 alas. EL OW AOS) Ete TOTICs si ever) stele one neve, gisraleuslatslarsimversxtheie eal ites MEAT TAS: pia. OLESCEM be .s.5s ise lloreiausiore coh cus ne tometereis Meals bicke Minnesota— eek HS USSee VEIN NICADOlUS erepeis cheterctins oe tohaneltvoeralaasierchcPe share Oiere 1.00 Te SEE SET OLIES: sulin Olleaieesttencusy stavelt ale leks auelers uatovenciey eroiere "ahakernerey ate Apis Jeno leiermebptiog Shall ey usiey sao 5 anode con dhe uolon oo occ mek Orange— DitUs Daye Mar COM: fe nies reelaneets Fava tare ofc Susvewews, came Wheietdesie 1.00 ee ees CUNNING Wa SiO UM coc rosests evs ae avout teveaare eaters aise obser DAS EL OW ATG EVA ATT OTTC ais sietacenscete ora sous ayers falertiotststale tots siete pets Pride of Minneapolis— 1 Wala Lal Sy tye a9 ch gee to Ua Woy oy aay! Decl etc lpney PE eS TS Lees ee ea lk er 1.00 ISAS Of oy Key ontehnl el Blo Fe Mts Wee ac oo CAO O.G Ord Ocho Os. O Oro o IMPS sy cE SS DA COSie WY ZILA ss elitr jo) whciceiofos ale) shel chats svaona iene tue eee Shields— Efe (EE YBusse,) WLM Meals aicv es oceye te erst onste alayenciayore dre tela) s\ el cueyehetves.c 1.00 ATS) aleen Chis EX GEISTON ch: Wactescie «eye lol tactete easioneloue a tints costars veerenelees OF Me horde Minies obanGithy feiece cies cin crore cishsteta sata etek fetare iene Sweet Russet— NV ola Parken SH arimin SOM qsercrsks ts py sve.carieoretotstemicietsterraehcnetrare 1.00 Hae wear ris Mua Gres Cention role ake cheloter ls wr elen cas dheteecbepeneete eects IRIS Melon ehdols ls Ewocven(opOliien aoe tora od bold dota aso seed e Tonka— “ijovopioulsyevohorewelel PWG els ae a oO po Dae AG Oo Same oG as oeee 1.00 Le EL GINS ony Cilelvercies svorcnet-aitonechanclieofeved ftchel atassie conpieicuerst het tenet cas TSahbella, “Barto wueKCelSTOW sya aye ais ea todcusvenstete ialedsha evesetereay areas Transcendent— Gust Johmson: TER GESUO emir te cre oveteieis oletesela-cucieretareus/ eves sieysuieks 1.00 (AC DD ieach, SHIXCEISTOT He sakolane tarcntiekess pyane yep ela te eS iahe ereees Wereituke Rinsley. WS till wWateneess stare arrays cteieicbels isc iaierscarnit choreer ote Virginia— MnOSs Redpath wvViahy Zales «.< cketertere cr otlel terion ies aoe Cee 1.00 wy. Be Coleman. “ong Wake.) NEIMM seve she -ote.cvem ere sey efoto, aneuedenerbitie Wiese WHdmoy ern. res baiGli sqsn mite teks tle toraterelel eveieutehatatiaverckers Whitney— Wine WOXPOREy RGSS Ly ore ye, ote lets reyek s/o aVejaleliohes arauoiencvan uctatekeretenteaae 1.00 Paul Burtzlate “Stilliwaterien nace mieerseiete Rye nro caitis. ¢ INMIGS Ais: Pete IS DALES Wee ize aleverens inte ley atone 3) sie a grade blece Soesenie anes p> ap CLASS 683—SEEDLING APPLES. (Open to all.) Collection, excluding crabs and hybrids— Ae iio. ato Wye) ay: loohhak=s ho) ola Owe oon niche, a cicho oeiinincn ciclo nis aac $8.00 VLB:, sbyman:, SRAXCELSTORE GE Ope 2nd Piem, 4.00 8.00 4.00 brd Prem. 50 50 50 -90 -50 -50 bo So i) bo .00 2.00 PROF. SAM’L B. GREEN, Judge. j PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR IN 1902. 395 CLASS 64—PLUMS. (Open to all.) Sweepstakes collection ($50.00, to be divided pro rata): Martin Penning, Sleepy Eye, $20.00; Dewain Cook, Jeffers, $20.00; Jos. Wood, Windom, $10.00. Collection, not to exceed 15 varieties, in uniform one pint jars, to be accom- panied by a statement of the method used in putting them up. ($25.00 to be divided pro rata): O. M. Lord, Minnesota City, $13.00; Dewain Cook, Jeffers, $12.00. Collection, not to exceed 15 varieties, not in glass; fruit of early ripening may be kept in cold storage. ($25.00 to be divided pro rata): Martin Penning, Sleepy Eye, $11.25; Dewain Cook, Jeffers, $8.75; Frank Yahnke, Winona, $5.00. 1st 2nd 3rd Prem. Prem. Prem. Cheney— VI ASS LO er SU WA UCIe sa etapa sletecaiere ops afruniote ee lelle late ousin » $1.00 “Ole ADE Chi avzra bz intee Ui bee il Coys) Seb US ee ae Sse ces ue io oes OO ORCuE ICS. $0.75 PROV VENICE i EO LV. Clee etait cts ateNe letsiaidyata ofetplicheye eM lene|.s) +! shch=lehalieis $0.50 De Soto— HERP MS USS s MENTED D OMS cote e cide suger a) vcs e els Vole. an e¥enete) sole ee le 1.00 Ma NIA TINGE SEV UTLOIIASvesevst vie oat cio) sucter eylal s. bi os ohailetas ateuaiat seme shade ayes ants) OVP OUEAe, IS Pirid) lle er Tr Lai! wale: wjatestohe ase wav lelshere'ys c's wioreleia's © .50 American Eagle— DAWadlNe OOOKen PeOmeOL Sn teje ce tiake die ei. saya ticle! sue alee ar Siete a eaye oe) ere 1.00 Forest Garden— EMIT OOO a GLE GES yeni i tater ovach ot aleusis ‘ayeloyetocicisie ehetie cis! 4g clo. 1.00 FRING TB oniG te be a ei eananichate i gaibeend SRO OIctCe Ren TOL CORI RCo OR ror ae aD Veer Le went ML MyeLLe Desistenicwcie erasers elfsiaieiiere)elier's\loToreiete xe sagetey eile .50 Hawkeye— Gry ad MO OOS CLLOES ce, cya eie.c «is ©, Sc iche ecctens toe olaitl slelane eta steel ap mlohe 1.00 PARENT MIC OOS Hal tee ER TWEET: afele Pass rn ots Waters oa Svea! shotratha behets el e' 8 ten oes S15 New Ulm— Dewain Cook, Jeffers....... RISE EG LAC OR Seo Otion Hea mic 1.00 Rockford— PARR ECA YS re KM ERT VOT? «tears oF. circus espana! sls myn vr awolayel soni ostalle dae eraveve 1.00 MC WIAA CORR CEEETIS cei ie siarepscaleleeut mis etePmrts Wb bee ara aiteyers fora Tenet ele and Seo SO aneGay a hOVlOL Se VallSis shherak sels rerereleteha caer eee slaves! 6 P +50 Rollingstone— COO PEN US URE TIO Vl OTs aE CULES y cetiey ciicliad.s oalehe (0 (o ele(eieiolerija = hte yooh 1.00 AHA Me cute IW Vet OILalie chars a tro lave cNoteesie rebels allsus,tueteis! ofa atsgsistoveneus lo ACV ERO YS HAP ERE V Ole cote Sake oPacke Wii ste, 6 lete ia cichersmty jrarahe.ienaidhohs =00 Stoddard— PROUT COO OLLEN Sioa tials laters te siete cua laa vanieye tar's: wa ole fO To ose Nav'oite, at's 1.00 SITAR NCTM AWW ATLONNEUE coke lige ere aie lo vele eveua huetey oxetareiefiereie ere By (3) fPeehea IS TISS Ee: 7 WEIN MEAT OVIS fice ro ncdb sie six folens oie 6,0, ol m.0 fejnte ohalete lq bes ; .50 Weaver— PA By PESUSSE* SIVEIN MCA OLIS au yi towee cistare soe. 0s: > o's, ove ceyelaeis der sier 1.00 Wwe Bhi2iahaelaten il aie: atic kash Ciena a eerens yn mei eminirE cor fad canis oi cee aid Wolf— Epes TOW ADO UEVELINUTISONEL cecy tictsrs crenstace/cueie atejc rs?aycteicse\aye,crefaups cies 1.00 DO AWA MC GODIN) {PCIE TSicp svn ncv'evehtnoxaretege zone’ ave, clle syers(sscvoueyeiele obeldtetehatots .75 Glistes hONNSON MES CCISTOUL ca, cys alors ote/sieie ai sus a! cute besa weit > .50 Wyant— Frank Yahnke, Winona...... Mee eats Babe” oh awatas fh sucheher of aly tetas ate 1.00 ADGA © OOK. cPOILOLS silicate laiecleineis sltielsteteie sfecensjoianaiee ce ictetetat ole AS Seedling— } aD IMAL ee OO Keer ML CLL ETS 9 oars ere t latav cca: sic *alcink ere c¥ela stage lo, elses oie ‘oj 5.00 Martin Penning. Sleepy HEye.................. Deseret ha oe Pepe 3.00 PROMI SECA GS: EAC JERE CTiavatalot iloloteiniate 5 nit a slate layo/tievs «a thelederwielmrs 2.09 Pears— ; ela RPIS be Mite OoreSCONts oc ccctewnsidchercid as ereialle tc arse eigen seve 2.00 PIE Wein COOK NCEEETS wissctesahe ciscevereieiaralstsalajcaole a ate © Suscie sTevlehnere's 1.00 Peaches— Minnetonka Nursery Co., ExcelSior..............seeeeevee 2.00 Sand cherries, hybrids— ENE MCA. i Ba ERECT ot evate to cielo ale sin soe taae ethno e/e wails &) eyerelione 1.00 A. D. Leach, Bxcelsior.,.,--srereeeresersreraeeseeececes -50 WYMAN ELLIOT, Judge, 396 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. CLASS 65—GRAPES. Collection ($60.00, to be divided pro rata): Gust Johnson, Excelsior, $32.00; A. A. Bost, Excelsior, $20.00; Isabella Barton, Excelsior, $8.00. 1st 2nd 3rd ) Brem,”. Prem: 9) Preminy Agawam (Roger’s No. 15)— (Shoei wa ffol abakstohol a 10p. JOMUSOns MES COISTOI sic scorete. sible oe eee aca er enate ef epelioiia eFe. Wi oneltate 1.50 ie IATA BOSE, FHIXCEISIOR cic ccscot ecccee ote Cees n> Sis 09 See ci cme ole sel eee 1.00 ee Delaware— Gust _ TOHNSON. SEOXC EUSTON Maya cvete otaic cievenekcietousicrtie lohoceuclone/@ictsperecstens 1.50 ¢ INDING eto feuiae ssi) nide LG hacuasedbod= 0 usd saddAdS G05 J0K 1.00 Tsabella mbartorciectie cr chemin ctl miata kere eine ics souecebncantite rane -50 Duchess— ‘ Gusttohnson: pw xXCelsion’ ce inea cee ota clccote saws coke aleietolace serene 1.50 ON Early Victor— Gust Johnsons “OS ceisior ge nic she) sistdioe Gh cretoiart to eiabeielonals ausiacels 1.50 ; TSA Hellapy Barco ya ctele cialis olerepete Ui ehevele = enaeearateae eae sal shearer ecaheyd estes 1.00 . Eldorado— - : Jsahella “Barton; HHIXCelslOrseieces cuss cia sy orev ehele dyes) s/ayol wleneyale 150 Empire State— ‘ GUSE JODMSON. PARCELS OW eiat= auttces mates ttevelere wer ole eleys sree orviets iene 1.50 Mies, Herbert (Roger’s No. 44)— GustiJohnson:, HXCelsigrsc.cui eas em ce wile cick ohletelevelelciel sie 1:50 Tona— Gusts Johnsons Hx CClSLOM acne recite eters elerene tote ce nixtebbrouclisllsleharotercyste 1.50 PAVRAS BOSha FEEXCCISTOR. crcistersivebaiea's lasers. sreieiaete cbaregete tana wiprokedghes oft 1.00 Janesville— PAGAL HEROS t SHARC OISTOT s srscaiencietieiere eles anise face sual alti: ay Sikee to oie Malek 1°50 Lindley (Roger’s No. 9)— ; Gust Johnson, Excelsior Lady— GUSt TOHWNSON) ES CCISLON soe nk eieloeseye sacs enes citar ete saree ks 1.50 AeA BE OS ths EEX CCISTON cmc niiteian tie & sianaitis detede adherence mere 1.00 Martha— Gust. Johnsons Excelsior. «cc steer =. eualeneteiele col ie rerevetoantenek 1.00 ‘ Isabella), Barton WH XCelstOn ye cere rete crrrciee ore caeiecensre feleferceat del tioh teste .50 Niagara— ‘ Gust Wohnsond, Gx GelSTOr sare cre ore caver a elo oli eleterer= elle olerers el elateuone 1.50 Tahbella Barton, SH CCISTOM . wicis ciate h cieterelw eo aetete hele oie a) o's is 1.00 : Pocklington— GusteTOnNSONs Ce lSIO aes. teyayere oiaie vere ieisloas er riakete terns heiety a stoves IY Isabella Barton. Excelsior ' 75 IAA HROSt Excelsior sectors crave cistot isle tee aleloleyelc cellretousttets fake] harelle .50 Pokeepsie, Red— . Gustiiohnsony sha Celslor sz yesercreic ts ce lene ere se wide oie sleet llel en eel ita sue 15.0 Isabella ‘Barton, WXCelSiGrt irc} cites sss eicie le eee opel staiabonelals 1.00 Telegraph— Gust. TOhWNS Omi ex CUSTOM: prcccrcicteuss ol eteucisietsin oie) sa" oue) nicholas halnieiolate 150 Wilder (Roger’s No. 4)— Gust Johnson, Excelsior Woodruff Red— Gusti JOMNSONE mEPNCCISTOM = cyctereporhctreisheloicieicyetaasl o) niceterakanet-leeaetousral 1.50 Isabella) Warton, WHIXCCISION. «ci. ce shelo\e nie csa)e oheecoheslsiasielereloneys 1.00 W orden— Gust TOhNSOnM, AeKGelSLOM epee a yeeyereve wish se cvehb cate eh ocay ey velista otic aeltehett= 1.50 Isabella) Barton: VECSISTOR oye le oe ois) ecatenors « eior= ake eile ienenstenaiarens 1.00 Wyoming Red— : _ Gust Johnson, Excelsior........... Ute eibreletehe byers rele qessie queens fore 1.50 Jsabella Barton, Excelsior.,..... 8 oraterententy Sol oie Wake buat te olen , 1.00 R. L. MACKINTOSH, Judge, Ries +5 y i ‘ : PREMIUMS AWARDED AT MINN. STATE FAIR IN 1902 397 CLASS 66—FLOWERS. (For professionals. ) PLANTS. Ist 2nd 3rd 4th Prem. Prem. Prem, Prem. Collection of foliage and decorative plants— i Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis..............4 35.00 4 Re da Mendenhall: Minneapolis’)... cies sees we $30.00 ir ReeN aces ee) COr WIN MEADOLISG sci. viele s sieiwic lente sce a ¢ $20.00 Momme wVetsatica ss IMUM MeCAIOISS., «1a syarais, +0) shane eres dle. we © $15.00 Collection of greenhouse plants— ; ey dee Mendenbalis, WMEINTREADOLIS s+ jo 6 slsrnls = ais 20.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis............. 15.00 BreNaA Sel ks CWO. s DMEITINEADOLS 5, oi5 toe e -10 5 wiepe eresanelols 10.00, Johneivasatka, AVEINNCADOLIS:. cis aps ae ele velo ee afew sees 5.00 Collection of climbing vines— " R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis.................. 2.00 woln .Vasatka. MiInneapolisy < 2.505 6 ae ee coe ee 1.00 BeMN AES GeGO.. s MINMEADOLIS oe cicyaueieiet + alate sleyeveratnn « .50 Collection of five hanging baskets, one of a 4 kind— Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis............ 4.00 HesNarely & Cols, NINNEADOLS...\52. 1. oes ee eee R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis.............0+00e- Collection of coleus— ohm avasatka WMINnNEAD OLIGsl. « cfc eevee sles cgisie es 2.00 eNO ss OO-s. MINTICADOLS oc o's cinsisecialscw.e vies © 1.00 R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis.................... -50 Collection of tuberous-rooted begonias— R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis.................. 4.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. 3.00 dohmaveasatia., Mitanea pols. 26s ca. cc eye acl ces isms Single specimen palm— edhe Weendentialll. IMINMECA DOS shojo c «ave o) aferela we 4.00 MOMMY asaticds IMAMIMCADOMSS + aces ice Weee't © osiecealen .00 ise Ne lee CON PIMINMGATOUIS «.5 o exsa,0. 00s bis e1e ere a sfolene .00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. 1.00 Collection geraniums, in bloom— PON VaSatican” MITIMCADOLMIS cs oles ss cena as cles 2 os 4.00 R. J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis................-- .00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis............. .00 BeeNarely den COM MINNCADOHS 2h. on oe sleletevete cc alae 1.00 Collection of carnations, in bloom— BINA sol ean OOr, WIMNEADOIS). « .Ja.0 ol cec.s sje cece es 3.00 TOWN Vasathkas, MINNEAPOLIS tre o/.)0 cei oo: eheieleye me ofa. 2.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis............ 1.00 ' Vase filled with plants— PreNacele cer Cos, WiInMeAD OLIS: Scr.nc eric « alate «sitive ae 4.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. .00 J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis................-- 1.00 ow 00 . 00 bo bo 00 eo bo eo bo bo CUT FLOWERS. 1st 2nd 3rd Prem. Prem. Prem. Collection of asters— BEN Cer Ors MINN CAD OLIS sects suelele gine vias, cee oles «vivitar «hele $3.00 GEO NVEOIIE IS be MEAL R eats = folecs Piero) sioner e) ayacers Pak olarsheter Pierce nehe $2.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis...............0 cece ee $1.00 * Collection of carnations— Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis...........-.seereseee 3.00 Baa el Gss CGOs,. NWENTMEAPONS, (se oie coals siete a. 5 op vielone 4 wie lsuete ale 2.00 oOhmeowasatikas MINTICADGIIS ter.-cemsals ei sisiecers abe p's saa feos s agnivy the 1.00 Collection of roses— Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.........2..eeeeeerees 3.00 Reda. Mendenhall MINTIGADONIS: 22% nines does ec ca dnce ena ne 2.00 Ons West cea. NINTOAD OS sys oe cidds ¢ wists disiels ois « ote. ere eh axes 1.00 Collection of petunias— INGA HOM Gee OO) a OMEINTICA DOlISS o sisis)h'alestvend’s trois, oblesepsenienehale slalans 2.00 Geo: Mohler; St. Paul, Minn. ...0..... 0... Moen rei focuses 1.00 John Vasatka, Minneapolis......--:eeseeesee cere eeeeees .50 GUST MALMQUIST, Judge, 398 MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. DESIGNS, BASKETS AND BOUQUETS. 1st 2nd ard 4th Prem. Prem. Prem. Prem. Floral design, cross and crown— ‘ Wm. Donaldson & Co., Minneapolis.............. $15.00 BY aIN ASL (Gz. @ Oo nieVElM CA) OlUS ier teyere sols aio eisienoke oie where $10.00 R: J. Mendenhall,’ Minneapolis. ... 4.2... oc... 0 $6.00 VOM eVasaiticasy IMIG OUST feces «iets crete alee vielsistelrty $4.00 Twelve-inch basket of flowers— Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. 5.00 ID Ney ea Ovo y Mu bbaraieehoObitiod pdaconconoemaob aon 3.00 Roe i evendenhalls MoIMMCA DOS) \ciaccce ci. «ects elelclere @ .00 John Vasatka, Minneapolis................++..-- 1.00 Pyramid bouquet— Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis....... Sooners 3.00 HS Navel ke Cos. MMM EADOLIS: «ere sisss.eterscs) s seers lors 2.00 AUG MAESTEITUZIOs rts Lei peUUL ote ny dh eo ye) <¥otls, eireae ate tmi evn, ove fecu cots tate 1.00 Hand bouquet, nine inches across— R: J. Mendenhall, Minneapolis... 0. ...0l ees 52 ve 3.00 2 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. 2.00 va By NASW) ‘Cor MMEMNECADOLISE Ai Suis oie aus talelels, nisi eis 1.00 \ JOMDNUVASAtka, WVEINMEA DOS. .r\craeicles=lisipilsits eleteinierc » .50 Bridal bouquet, white flowers— Roo. Mendenhall VIMinnGapOlisinc. 300s aye cc. ole «aioe 3.00 Minneapolis Floral Co., Minneapolis.............. 2.00 Z Johns Vasa tka, eM MnmMeapOliSiisc.