EISRARY
NEW YORN
BOT ANICAU

GARDEN

Bulletin No. §/

JUNE, 1913.

exico College of Agriculture
And Mechanic Arts

ULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.
STATE COLLEGE, N. M.

ee AND SHRUBS.
OF NEW MEXICO

By E. O. WOOTON

REPUBLICAN.

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NEW MEXICO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
STATION

BOARD OF CONTROL.
Board of Regents of the College.
J. H. PAXTON, President, Las Cruces, N. M.
M. 0. LLEWELLYN, Secretary and Treasurer, Las Cruces, N. M
FRANCIS E. LESTER, Mesilla’ Park, N. M.
R. R. LARKIN, East Las Vegas, N. M.
A. H. HUDSPETH, White Oaks, N. M.

Advisory Members.
HON. W. C. McDONALD, Governor of New Mexico, Santa Fe.
HON. A. N. WHITE, State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Santa Fe.

Station Staff.
WINFRED ERNEST GARRISON, Ph. D., President of the College.
LUTHER FOSTER, M. S. A., Director.
FABIAN GARCIA, M. S. A., Horticulture.
R. F. HARE, Ph. D., Chemistry.
F. L. BIXBY, B. S., Irrigation Engineer.
H. H. SIMPSON, B. S. A., Animal Husbandry.
H. S. HAMMOND, A. M., Botany.
E. P. HUMBERT, Ph. D., Agronomy.
S. R. MITCHELL, M. §S., Assistant in Chemistry.
J. B. STONEKING, M. E., Assistant in Irrigation.
R. L. STEWART, B. S., Assistant in Agronomy.
F. W. CHRISTENSEN, M. S., Associate in Chemistry.
J. W. RIGNEY, B. S., Assistant in Horticulture.
D. W. A. BLOODGOOD, B. S. in M. E., Assistant in Irrigation.
W. S. CUNNINGHAM, B. S., Assistant in Animal Husbandry.
D. E. MERRILL, M. S., Entomology.
L. R. McNEELY, B. S., in Ag., Assistant in Agronomy.
J. R. QUESENBERRY, B. S. A., Assistant in Animal Hunbandry.
JOSEPHINE MORTON, A. B., Librarian.
JOHN O. MILLER, B. S., Registrar.
JOHN A. ANDERSON, B. S., Assistant Registrar.
C. P. WILSON, M. S., Stenographer.

The bulletins of this Station will be mailed free to citizens of
New Mexico and to others as far as the edition printed will allow,
on application to the director.

=

INTRODUCTION

Bulletin No. 51 of this Station on Native Ornamental
Plants of New Mexico has been out of print for some time, but
¢alls for it still continue to come. The work in this line has
been carried on further and it has been thought wise to get out
another more extended bulletin on the same subject which is
in the nature of a partial reprint of No. 51. Much of the gen-
eral discussion of the subject is here reprinted verbatim;
some changes have been made in places; the list of plants ex-
tended to include all trees and shrubs of our state with notes on
those that are of any value; technical descriptions of the
families and genera with keys for the determination of species
have been included; most of the original cuts are reprinted but
many news ones are added. This bulletin thus becomes the
most recent information on the subject and the result of many
years observation, study and experimentation.

Attention has been called to the causes tending to pro-
duce instability in our population and hence lack of decorative
adornment of the homes in our State. There is not the least
doubt that these conditions were in existence in the past and
that the resulting bad habits still affect our population. But
the necessity for semi-nomadic life no longer exists and, with
new and better conditions, our population is becoming more
permanently attached to our soil and the instinct of home
decoration is beginning to be aroused. While the “money
making” period of our development is not past the “home
making” period has certainly begun.

Little need be said in argument for the increase in beauty
which will accrue to our homes if surrounded by well set
shrubbery. Much might be said advocating such decoration
because of the increased privacy which it affords, when prop-
erly arranged, and there can be but little doubt of the value
of privacy to the average dweller in town or city.

Much additional comfort in the way of shade and protec-

4 TREES AND SHRUBS

tion from wind, dust, and heat may be obtained for the home
by the judicious use of shrubbery. Nor will anyone contradict
the statement that the well shaded house, surrounded by
lawns adorned with clumps of shrubs and blossoming plants
and its porches festooned by vines, will command a higher
price than the same house in the same location without its set-
ting of plants.

A farm whose fields are protected by windbreaks and
shelter-belts (which will also furnish fence posts and wood)
is more valuable than one without these adjuncts. A family,
living in a home protected and embowered and appreciating
its surroundings, is sure to have better taste and better stand-
ards of living than one not so blest.

All these arguments lead to the conclusion that it is a
wise thing to surround any home with protecting and beautify-
ing plants and flowers. And then the question arises :—What
plants shall we use?

TREES AND SHRUBS 5
A PLEA FOR THE USE OF OUR NATIVE PLANTS

The condtions necessary for the growth of plants are (1)
food upon which they can subsist, both in the soil and in the
air; (2) moisture in proper quantity in soil and air; (3) a
certain total amount of heat during the growing season, as
well as a temperature that is neither too high nor too low;
and (4) a favorable amount of light. Different regions upon
the earth’s surface differ greatly in respect to the degree in
which they supply these conditions, and, as a consequence,
different localities have. native floras which resemble each
other in about the same degree as the growing conditions of
the localities themselves approximate each other.

The degree to which the growing conditions may be ar-
tificially controlled varies considerably. The chemical con-
tent, mechanical condition or texture, and moisture content of
the soil in any locality may be controlled with comparative
ease, if small areas only are to be considered. But the humid-
ity of the atmosphere, the temperature limits, and the light
intensity of any region out of doors can be modified but a
very small amount.

In an area so large as that of our State, almost all kinds
of soils may be found, but the best natural soils occur only in
the higher mountains where they have been sheltered and
enriched by heavy forests. Along the foothills and on the
mesas the soil is apt to be more or less coarse and rocky, thus
requiring a great deal of water to produce plant growth. Here
it is usually free from an excess of the salts of potassium,
sodium and calcium which form the dreaded “alkali.” This,
however, is not always true, since the presence of these salts
is in a degree dependent upon the kind of rocks of which the
adjacent mountains are composed, as well as to some extent,
upon the general topography of the region. In the river
valleys where most of our towns are built, the soil is usually
the silt of the river and is apt to be fine grained and poorly
aerated, while the underlying stratum is nearly always sand.

6 TREES AND SHRUBS

Alkali is also very apt to be present in greater or less quantity
is such soils.

These generalizations as to the soils of the State only
show their variable nature and make necessary a careful con-
sideration of the particular soil, in which we wish to grow
plants.

Our State is all of it relatively high above the sea, its
lowest valleys being more than 3500 feet above that level,
while some of the mountains rise considerably above timber
line, This elevation, when taken in connection with our geo-
graphic position, produces climatic conditions in atmospheric
humidity, temperature variations and extremes, and a light
intensity that are especially severe on all plant life except that
which is particularly adapted to such conditions. The lack of
moisture in the air is particularly hard upon plants that are
accustomed to a humid atmosphere, since it increases the
evaporation from their leaf surfaces to such a degree that they
are able with great difficulty to get enough water from the
ground to replace that lost by evaporation.

Temperature changes, both diurnal and annual, are ex-
treme with us, because our altitude renders our atmosphere
thin and the extreme dryness but accentuates this effect. Ob-
jects in direct sunlight are quickly heated to a high temper-
ature, while as soon as the sun is down, all temperatures drop
suddenly and severely. Our growing season is very long
and the total quantity of heat received during a season is very
great, a fact tending to produce rapid growth and relatively
short life in our trees.

Light is a necessity to all self-supporting plants (i. e. not
parasitic or saprophytic); they must have light in order to
manufacture their food. Very few people seem to appreciate
this necessary condition of plant life. But plants must have
light in the proper quantity, and this quantity differs fully as
much as does the proper quantity of water which they re-
quire. Some species will grow only in strong light (i. e. are

TREES AND SHRUBS 7

“light demanding” species) while others will endure only a
small amount; still others are known as shade enduring species,
they take little or much as the case may be. And among
trees in particular, the young tree may be-a shade enduring
species while the mature tree may be light demanding. The
light conditions, any place in New Mexico outside of the dense
coniferous forests of the high mountains, are extremely severe,
the direct sunlight is most intense and the reflected light is
very strong.

When one takes all these conditions into consideration
and remembers just how little they can be artificially modified
in the open, the wonder is, not that so few of the plants coin-
monly cultivated in the humid regions will grow here, but
that so many of them are able to adapt themselves to such in-
hospitable surroundings and thrive.

Now our State has a covering of plants which are
perfectly adapted to our climate and soil; scanty in places, it
is true, but abundant and characteristically beautiful in others.
Practically all of these plants are thoroughly adapted to those
peculiarities of our climate which we can not control and which
are so severe on the commonly cultivated ornamentals, viz:
(1) very dry atmosphere; (2) extreme daily variation in
temperature; (3) late spring frosts; (4) very high summer
temperature; and (5) very intense light. Besides this some of
them are inured to extreme dryness of soil and others will
tolerate relatively large quantities of alkali. }

It seems to me that probably the most important reason
for wishing to cultivate the plants of the humid region in this.
State lies in the fact that we are almost all of us originally
from that humid region and wish to reproduce, in the new
home, conditions similar to those in the old. The desire is
perfectly laudable; but does it not lead us away from our
easiest method of ornamenting our homes and grounds? Does
it not appear that our native plants are better adapted to the un-
alterable conditions of this region? Would it not be easier

8 TREES AND SHRUBS

to supply artificially a good soil and a little extra water to
plants from our mountains than to do the same thing for
eastern plants and at the same time try to protect them from
our sun, our frosts, our wind, and our dry atmosphere? Which
procedure is the more likely to result favorably?

Would it not be saner to recognize the fact that the con-
ditions oi a semi-arid region are fundamentally different
from those of a humid one and adapt our stlyes of architec-
ture and landscape gardening to the region instead of trying
to introduce those of an entirely different one? The funda-
mental principle of all such effort is to make the artificial
structures fit the lines and demands of the natural surround-
ings and arrange all vegetation so as to carry out the general
natural scheme of the region whether it be formal gardening
or not. Of course the native vegetation lends itself to this
method and is most effective.

Then there are situations in which it is desirable to have
some vegetation where only a limited supply of water is to be
had at any time. In such locations some of the typical arid
region plants would be thoroughly at home. While they
may not be everything that is desirable, they are certainly
much better than none, and no others are able to stand such a
severe environment.

To me there is an appeal to “the eternal fitness of things”
in our native vegetation. It seems at home, a part of the coun-
try, and as thoroughly appropriate and in place as an adobe
house is in this sun-blest land of ours. This adaptation to
environment is so marked in some of the trees and shrubs
that, though flat-leaved and of deciduous ancestry, they are
nevertheless evergreen and are thus rendered all the more val-
uable for ornamental purposes.

Hence I urge, as emphatically as may be, the use of our
native plants; those plants which thrive in alkaline soil, which
can stand six months of drouth, which do not sunscald and
lose their stems and leaves on one side, which are rigid and

TREES AND SHRUBS 9

strong enough to resist our winter and spring winds, and
canny enough to keep from getting frost bitten when spring
plays fast and loose with us. Give them a fair trial, study
their natural adaptations, give them slightly better conditions
than they naturally have, and I feel sure they will reward
the thoughtful, careful gardener by growing even better than
in their native habitats. In order to obtain this end, however,
it will be necessary to appreciate the particular beauty of each
and study its possible improvements. It will be impossible to
make them over according to some preconceived ideas of
_ beauty obtained elsewhere.

CONDITIONS IN THE VALLEYS

In New Mexico there are three or four kinds of places
where people make their homes. They build their houses in
the open river valleys, either singly on the farms, or in groups,
forming towns and cities; or they choose isolated situations
near “water,” on the tmesas, or in the mountains, for the
stockman’s ranch. The mining camp is usually in some nar-
row canon and is apt to be lacking’ in permanence.

In the valleys, whether on farms or in the towns, the
conditions are more or less similar. Shelter is the thing most
desired; shelter from the heat and the light of our summer
sun, from the wind and dust, or from the public gaze. To
these comforts should be added the pleasure and benefit which
come from living in beautiful surroundings and striving to
make them even more beautiful.

Most of the valley farm houses and not a few of the
homes in the towns are more or less protected and beautified
by the use of shrubs and trees. The value of fruit trees and
grape vines is fully recognized, but I doubt if the simple
money value alone of a proper use of shade trees, windbreaks,
shelterbelts, shrubbery, and lawns is properly appreciated.
Time spent in making the home more comfortable by pro-

10 TREES AND SHRUBS

tecting it, is not wasted, but is well invested. The hedge and
shrubbery which keeps the dust out of the house more than
pays for itself in saving floors and furniture, to say nothing
of muscle and nervous energy spent in cleaning out the dirt.
Bodily comfort counteracts nervous irritation and makes for
general sweetness of disposition; and it should be our task to
make the home the most comfortable place possible. For this
reason alone, if for no other, properly and tastefully arranged
shrubbery is one source of comfort and pleasure for the
household.

There is no reason why practically any style of horticul-
tural decoration may not be used about our irrigated farm and
town houses. Formal gardens, informal or natural planting,
hedges, windbreaks, orchards and vineyards, vine covered ar-
bors, summer houses and porches may all be had where water -
for irrigation is available.

Windbreaks and shelterbelts should be used much more
in our cultivated valleys than is now the custom. There is
little doubt that one of the worst enemies to our orchards and
vineyards is our dry wind. Any means of protecting cultivated
fields, orchards, vineyards, decorative shrubbery, and stock
from the effect of these winds will be valuable to the valley
farmer, and one of the most available forms of protection is
to be found in the windbreak or shelterbelt of native trees.

TREES AND SHRUBS 11

THE RANCH HOUSE*

__ What is the average ranch house in New Mexico like?
Think of those you know and judge whether each does not
belong to one of the following types:

A “dobe” hut of one or two rooms, set out on a sun-blis-
tered flat where bulls paw up clouds of pungent dust, while
they bellow challenges at each other. Miles away through
quivering air dance the distorted outlines of the cool tim-
bered mountains. P

A board shanty at the mouth of some canon on the edge
of a boulder strewn arroyo, with everything about it as incon-
veniently arranged as well can be.

A one-roomed log cabin with a “lean-to,” in a beautiful
mountain valley, but with every vestige of the native forest
cut away from around the house for fifty or.a hundred yards
on all sides.

These are by no means the only kinds of ranch houses,
but they are by far the commonest. Are these conditions
necessary? It can hardly be claimed that they are satisfactory
or desirable.

In the very nature of the case the great bulk of our State
must ever be devoted to stock raising. Enough water falls
within its limits to properly irrigate only a relatively small
proportion of it, even if all that water were caught and hoarded
and applied to irrigation. Such a thing being impossible,
and the above statement being true of practically all the high
arid region in which New Mexico lies, we come back to our
first proposition: i. e. the necessity of stock raising. It is the
only kind of agricultural work possible on much of the unir-
rigated lands.

It is also recognized that, under the present system of
handling stock, the State is losing a large part of the gain ©

* As used here the expression ‘‘ranch house” is intended to apply merely
to the houses of stockmen which are not usually lotated in the irrigated
valleys. The author understands that this is a restricted use of the ex-
pression which is not warranted by custom, but is here used for lack of a
better term

12 TREES AND SHRUBS

which might be ours if our land laws were so constructed as
to give a stockman control of enough land to make a living on,
But the lawmakers had other conditions in view when these
laws were made, and as yet nothing has been suggested which
will overcome the evil resulting to arid grazing lands.

The author also appreciates how this lack of control, the
uncertainty of the returns for labor, the rough character of
the work itself, the exposure it entails and irregularity of
habits which it engenders, all tend to render the ranch house
a mere “‘permanent camp,” where one expects conveniences
only a grade better than when on the “round up.”

Again comes the question: Are these conditions neces-
sary? The author thinks they are not, and fully believes that
the day is not very distant when some of them will be materi-
ally improved by legislation favorable to the stockmen, which
will give them a more assured “grip” on their ranges, and at
‘ the same time render labor less arduous, rough, and irregular,
and make the ranch house still more “permanent” in character
and less like a camp. Many ranches now possess sufficient
permanence to make greater comfort a desideratum, but until
the necessity for greater comfort is felt, no attempt to gain it
will be made.

Some of the comforts which may be added to the ranch
house (depending somewhat upon its location) are coolness
and shade, protection from wind and dust, increased privacy,
and added beauty, thus raising the mental standards and
appreciation of its inmates. They may all of them be had at
the cost of a little time and labor expended in the judicious
transplanting of native plants which grow, in every case, not
far from the ranch house.

The ranch on the mesa may be protected from dust and
have its privacy and beauty materially increased by the use of
the Yuccas, sotols, ocotillo, and other shrubs of the mesa;~
while if a little water can be had, cottonwoods, ash, and soap-
berry may be induéed to add their shade, and cacti and many
low plants will grow and bloom in such surroundings,

TREES AND SHRUBS 13

In the foothills, the site of the house can usually be se-
lected, so as to take advantage of the shade and beauty of
well grown trees. It is much easier to pipe the water some
distance to the house in order that the house may be protected
and beautified by trees already full grown, than it is to place
the house near the water and wait for trees to grow. For the
ranch located in the foothills or mountains there is an ever
ready source of supply of trees and vines and shrubs to be
found in the mountains near by, and the average stockman
has abundance of time in which to transplant them.

There are, no doubt, good reasons why the tall, shallow-
rooted conifers should be removed from close about the ranch
house in the mountains, but the reasons which apply to the
large trees certainly do not govern the placing of smaller
trees like oaks and maples, and the use of vines and shrubs.
Shade may not be so desirable, but beauty and privacy both are,
and the care necessary to the production of a beautiful. little
mountain home has its effect upon the industry, taste and
neatness of the inhabitants.

. It is hardly possible to say too much on the desirability
of permanence in the population of the State. The ranchman
who comes to stay is the desirable one. He works for the
welfare of his township, his county and his State; he is in-
terested in its schools, its churches, its laws, and whenever a
man is interested in a thing he does good work for it. He
may not do the best thing in every case, but the general result
of his energy makes for good in his region. The man who’
has invested muscle and: time and thought and taste in trying
to improve the conditions of his hcine will not be ready to
abandon his results for a new place, and when once attached
to a place, it is doubtful if any othe man would do better in
that place.

14 TREES AND SHRUBS
METHOD OF HANDLING MATERIAL

It is not necessary to repeat here the instructions for
transplanting dormant plants. Most people who have reached
maturity have had some: experience, and those who have not
may find instructions in nearly any book on agriculture or
horticulture, or even in some nurserymen’s catalogues. Bul-
letins No. 40 and No. 47 of this Station give some details of
this character which are particularly applicable to this region.

In this bulletin it has frequently been impossible to refer
to a plant by anything except its Latin or scientific name be-
cause, so far as the author knows, it has no other. In speak-
ing of the native plants that have no common names, popular
descriptions have been given, so far as possible, and some
illustrations have been inserted, but these methods will not
always succeed in making the reader think of the plant referred
to. Different common names are used for the same plants in
different parts of the State, and only a part of the plants here
enumerated may be found in any one locality. These condi-
tions will, no doubt, cause some confusion in using this bulletin.
Many of the plants here described in their summer condition
would be recognized in their dormant state only- by a very
careful observer. To avoid these difficulties, it is recom-
mended that the would-be gardener notice carefully the native
plants of his region during the growing season, making par-
ticular note of the horticultural possibilities and habits of each,
- and at the same time examining each with sufficient care to
be able to recognize it without leaves or flowers or fruit.
When next they are dormant such plants as are selected may
be transplanted. Such treatment is, of course, not necessary
with any kind of evergreens, since they may be recognized at
any time.

It must be remembered that the roots of conifers must
never be allowed to dry during the operation of transplanting.
A good way to avoid drying, is to “puddle” them at once, as
nurserymen do, by dipping the roots into a thin mud or a mix-

TREES AND SHRUBS 15

ture containing fresh cow manure and then wrapping them in
wet straw or trash which will keep them moist.

Plants which grow in shallow rocky soil are rather diffi-
cult to dig because, in such soil, the roots spread widely, and
in digging it is hard to avoid cutting off the smaller rootlets
’ with the pick or spade. The moral of this is to get all the
roots of the plant that you can.

Plants just transplanted must be watered immediately and
the soil compacted sufficiently to bring the wet soil into close
- contact with the roots. Nor must the soil be allowed to cake
and sun-crack later on, else the moisture will evaporate and
the plants die. Practically nothing but cacti will bear trans-
planting into a dry soil without being irrigated at the time
of transplanting, and I would irrigate cacti even if it were
necessary to carry the water in a bucket.

16 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Conifers or So-called Evergreens.

The Pines (Pinus spp.). The genus is represented in
New Mexico by seven species, three of which are fairly com-
mon, the remainder being occasional or restricted to small
areas within our limits.

The Pinyon (Pinus edulis) is common throughout the
State at elevatons of from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, being restricted
mainly to the drier and rockier mountain slopes. It is of rela-

*INON Pring. (Pinus edulis)

tively small valie for any purpose. Attempts to cultivate it
have never been very successful, as it grows very slowly, and
like all conifers. is hard to transplant. Its seeds germinate
readily. The wood is soft and rots easily; hence is of little

——

TREES AND SHRUBS 17

value as posts or for fencing and makes very poor firewood.
On the areas in which it grows it offers some protection to
stock.

The Yellow Pine (Pinus brachyptera) (commonly re-
ferred to in much of the literature as P. scopulorum or P. pon-
derosa, and sometimes called the Bull pine) is the commonest
and most valuable conifer of the State. It grows in the larger
mountain areas at elevations of from 6,000 to about 9,000
feet, and forms the great bulk of the timbered forests of the
State. It is used more extensively for the manufacture of
lumber than any other tree within our limits, and makes the
best lumber. As a decorative tree it has rarely been used,
though it would probably grow at elevations above 6,000 feet.
Young seedling trees are common in the forests and where
grown singly in the open make very beautiful young trees.
If the stand is thick the trees become tall and not so good for.

- decorative purposes. For most formal gardening where coni-

fers can be used singly, trees of this species would be as valu-
able as the European Scotch Pine.

The Western White Pine or Limber Pine (Pinus flex-
iis) and its nearly related congener Pinus strobiformis, to
which both of the foregoing common names are also applied,
occur in the higher mountains, generally above 8,000 feet alti-
tude, reaching almost to timber line. They are nowhere very
abundant and have no great economic importance, though they
are used for lumber along with the other conifers of such re-
gions. As decorative trees they are of relatively little value,
and would be restricted to the higher levels only.

The Bristle Cone Pine (Pinus aristata) is a species
found only in the high mountains of the northern part of the
State at elevations of approximately 10,000 feet or more.
Locally in that region it also is called Bull pine, and is also re-
ferred to as Foxtail pine or Hickory pine in various places.
It is of no economic importance in this State, because of its

18 TREES AND SHRUBS

distribution and scarcity, with the possible exception that lo-
cally it is used for mining timbers where it is the most con-
venient tree.

The two remaining species, Pinus arizonica and P. chihua-
huana, occur only in the mountains of the extreme southwest-
ern corner of the State, coming into our area from northern
Mexico. It is possible that these species may prove to be of
some value as decorative trees at the lower levels, since they
have a more southerly natural distribution. No attempts to
use them have yet been made.

Spruce (Picea). There are two species which should
properly be called spruce growing in New Mexico. They are
conical trees with short, stiff, sharp-pointed leaves which grow
out in all directions from the stem but turn upwards; they
have pendulous cones consisting of thin persistent scales that
conceal shorter bracts. They have soft white wood that is
valuable for box making. The trees are nowhere very large,
rarely reaching the height of 75 feet. Both species are valu-
able as decorative trees for the higher levels in the State, and
one of them has been introduced rather extensively into culti-
vation. Both occur naturally in the high mountains, often
forming dense pure forests at elevations of 9,000 feet and
over to timber line.

Engelmann’s Spruce (Picea engelmanni) is dark green
in color and frequently very slender in form, especially near
the top of its distribution area. On the faces of cliffs and on
high mountain peaks it is frequently dwarfed and straggly as
the result of wind action. The cones are small and purplish
until maturity, when they become dry and brown; its leaf
bases are rough hairy.

The Colorado Blue Spruce (Picea parryana) is similar
to the preceding, but the young leaves are covered with a
whitish “bloom,” which gives rise to the common name. Its -
cone is almost twice as large as that of the other species and
its leaves are smooth. It makes a very beautiful decorative

: TREES AND SHRUBS ol) 19

COLORAD) BLUE SPRUCE. (Picea parryana)

tree and has been introduced extensively into cultivation. It
does well at Santa Fe, and could, no doubt, be used at other
places of similar elevation if properly cared for.

The Balsam or Fir (Abies spp.). There are two
‘species of this genus in New Mexico, but neither is very abun-
dant at any place. Both grow in the high mountains at eleva-
tions of 7,000 feet and over. The leaves are apparently two-
ranked, making the branches appear flat. The cones are stout
and erect, borne on the uppermost branches only. The bracts

20 TREES AND SHRUBS

of the cones project slightly beyond the scales. The cone
scales are flat, broadly obovate, reddish within when young,
and fall away at maturity. One of the species is used for
lumber whenever the trees are large enough.

The Balsam (Abies concolor) is a very large tree when
mature, and forms an important part of the coniferous forests
of the States north and northwest of us. In the mountains of
New Mexico it is occasional only. The young trees are very
beautiful and would be very decorative if brought into culti-
vation. Whether this can be done or not the author is unable
to say.

The Cork Bark Fir (Abies arizonica) is a small tree re-
sembling the spruce somewhat in size and the general conical
shape. It may be readily recognized by the thin corky bark,
which is very white on the young trunk and branches. As a
decorative tree it would be very valuable if it can be introduced
into cultivation. .

The Spruce or Douglas Spruce (Pseudotsuga mucro-
nata), often referred to as the White or Red Fir, is the largest
conifer of the mountains of our State, where it grows at ele-
vations of from 7,000 feet almost to timber line. Under favor-
able conditions the tree reaches a great diameter. Old trees
6 and 7 feet in diameter at the base are not uncommon in New
Mexico, while in the far Northwest, where this tree is most at
home, it is often very much larger. The bark is thick and very
rough. The leaves are short and arranged much like those
of the Balsam. It may be most easily recognized by the
pendant cones, which are 1%4 or 2 inches long and composed
of thin persistent scales with rather slender three-parted bracts
protruding % inch or more from beneath each scale. The
lumber made from these trees is considered next in value to
that of the yellow pine. In cultivation young trees of this
species are very graceful and beautiful, being slender and

TREES AND SHRUBS 21

Dovucias SPRUCE oR RED Fie. (Pseudotsuga mucronata)

narrowly conical. The younger branches are rather light
colored and the bark thin.

_ The Junipers and Cedars. The Juniper§ and Cedars
and their relatives are relatively small widely-branching
trees or shrubs, with short scale-like leaves and spheroidal
berry-like fruits, the scales of which are thickened and some-

what pulpy, at least when young. They grow in New Mexico

mostly on the lower and drier mountain slopes, associated with
the pinyon and the evergreen oaks. There are representatives
of three genera in the State.

The Arizona Cypress (Cupressus arizonica) is a tree
which reaches rather large size in the mountains of Arizona.

22 TREES AND SHRUBS

It has been introduced into cultivation in a few places in south- ©
ern New Mexico and does well, though a very slow grower.
It grows native in the mountains of the southwestern corner.
The scales of the mature cone are dry and woody, the cone is
approximately spherical and about % inch in diameter. The
leaves are so arranged as to make the stems appear flat, some-
what after the style of an arborvitae. The tree promises to be
of value for decorative purposes at the lower levels.

The Siberian Juniper (Juniperus siberica) is a low
shrub less than 3 feet high, with dark green leaves and dark
bluish-black pulpy one-seeded “berries.” It grows only on the

ALIGATOR-BARK JUNIPER. (Sabina pachyphloea)

high mountain peaks near timber line in the northern part of
the State. It could probably be cultivated at elevations of

_ TREES AND SHRUBS 23

7,000 feet or more, if supplied with plenty of water and a
small amount of shade, and would be well worth the trouble.

The Alligator Bark Juniper (Sabina pachyphioea) is
the ommon Juniper of the low mountains of the southern half
ous scale-like leaves, and rather large three- or four-seeded
fruits distinguish it readily from all other species. Attempts
to bring it into cultivation at the Experiment Station garden
have been but partially successful, but were sufficiently so to
indicate that the tree might be satisfactorily grown.

The Cedar or Sabina (Sabina monosperma) is the com-
mon low tree of the drier mountain slopes of the northern part
of the State. It usually assumes a conical form, is 15 to 18
feet high in favorable conditions, widely branched and strag-
gling, and has small one-seeded bluish fleshy berries. Another
- species very similar in appearance is Sabina utahensis, which
grows mostly in the northwestern part of the State and passes

CEDAR. SABINA. (Sabina monosperma)

under the same names. It may be recognized by its larger
fruit, which is dry and fibrous when mature. Both of these
trees and the next species to be mentioned have fibrous or
“stringy” bark. All three of them should prove of decorative
value at elevations of 7,000 feet or over.

The Cedro (Sabina scopulorum) is a beautiful though
small tree with dark green foliage and slender branches,

24 TREES AND SHRUBS

drooping near the ends. The fruit is small, blue, and succu-
lent, usually two seeded. When growing alone it takes a fine
conical shape with branches quite to the ground; an ideal shape
for use on lawns. Its resemblance to the Eastern red cedar is
striking. It should be quite a valuable decorative tree at the
higher elevations.

Canatillo (Ephedra spp.). The family to which these
plants belongs is represented by the single genus of four
species, within our limits. They are all low shrubs 6 feet high
or less, with slender cylindrical striate green or yellowish-
green jointed stems; the leaves are reduced to small scarious
bracts occurring in whorls at the nodes. The flowers are of
two sexes on different plants, and consist merely of stamens
and ovules surrounded by brownish or greenish papery scales.
The fruit is a hardened seed, sometimes angular, enveloped
in the chaffy dry scales that surrounded the ovule. Our
species grow on the sandy mesas and to some extent on the
foothills of the drier mountains, associated’ with the mesquite,
desert willow, and such plants. They are called by various
names besides the Spanish one given. Another common Span-
ish one in usage is popotillo, and Mormon tea. A tea made
by boiling the branches in water is said to be a specific for
venereal diseases and kidney troubles, and is used to a certain
extent by the native population. Analyses of the plant have-
shown that it contains a relatively large supply of tannin,
though attempts to use this have never yet been made. The
species are very closely alike and to be recognized by characters
of the scale-like leaves and the shape and size of the fruit.

TREES AND SHRUBS 25

Class |. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Trees (and a few shrubby species) with resin-
ous wood and needle-shaped evergreen
leaves; fruit a cone consisting of several to
many fleshy or woody scales; seeds borne
at the base of the scales. Order I. PINALES.

Low desert shrubs with terete, yellowish green
stems; leaves reduced to 2 or 3 membran-
ous scales at the nodes; fruit with 1 to 3
seeds tightly enclosed in several or numer-
ous membranous scales, not resembling a
cone. Order II GNETALES.

Orver I. PINALES.

Buds sealy; cones oblong, dry; ovules inverted;
leaves in ours about 1 inch long or more. 1. PINACEAE.

“Buds not scaly; cones spherical, fleshy at least
when young; ovules erect; leaves short and
sealelike, mostly only a few millimeters ,
_ long. 2. JUNIPERACEAE.

!. PINACEAE. Pine Famity.

Mostly evergreen monoccious resin-yielding shrubs or trees,
often conic in outline. Leaves rigid, needle-like or flat, alternate,
opposite, whorled or in clusters with sheathed bases, anthers 2-
several-celled, in more or less elongated cones. Pollen-grains
globose ellipsoidal or lobed. Pistillate cones solitary or clustered,
consisting of numerous spirally disposed bracted scales. Ovales
inverted usually 2 at the base of each seale. Fruit a dry cone of
many scales. Seeds usually 2, winged. Cotyledons 2-16.

Leaves fascicled, enclosed by sheaths at base,
at least when young; cones maturing the
second year. e

Leaves solitary, not sheathed; cones maturing
the first year.

Branches rough with persistent leaf-
bases; leaves quadrangular, falling off
when dried; cone scales thin and per-
sistent; cones pendulous. 2. PICEA.

Branches smooth; leaves flat, persistent in
dried specimens.

Cones erect, scales deciduous; leaves ses-
sile leaving circular scars. 3. ABIES.
Cones pendulous, scales persistent; bracts
of the cone scales conspicuously ex-
serted, 3-parted; leaves petioled, leaving 4. PSEUDOTSUGA. !
oval scars.

1, Pinus.

26 . TREES AND SHRUBS
!. PINUS L. Pre, Prnyon.

Rigid, large sized trees 25 to 100 feet high or more, with
leaves in facicles of 2-5 surrounded at the base by scaly sheaths;
staminate aments at the ends of branchlets of the preceding year;
anthers 2-celled, pollen grains 3-celled the lateral 2 empty; pistil-
late cones globose or elongated, just back of the terminal bud or on
the young twigs; scales crowded, overlapping; cones maturing ihe
second year, scales hard and woody, mostly tipped with a short
bristle or spine like appendage just below the apex; seeds winged.

Leaves in fascicles of 2, short and curved, 3 to
4 cm. long; cone small, 4 to 5 ecm. long
somewhat broader when mature and cx-
panded; seeds not winged. 1. P. edulis.
Leaves in fascicles of 3 to 5, longer than 4 cm.
(except in P. aristata); seeds with at least -
rudimentary wings.
Leaves in fascicles of 5.
Cones 10 to 16 cm. long, the scales with
unarmed appendages; seeds with
only rudimentary wings; leaves
slender, not-rigid, 4 to 8 cm. long.
Leaves entire P. flezilis.
Leaves serrulate 3. P. strobiformis.

Cones 5 to 7 cm. long, th? scales with
armed appendages; seeds with con-
spicuous wings.

Leaves short and stout, 2 to 4 cm.
long, curved, crowded on the
branches; cone scales with long
and weak spines; cones 6 to 7

cm. long. 4. P. aristata.

Leaves longer, 6 to 10 cm., not crowd-
ed; cone scales with short rigid
spines; cones 5 to 6 cm. long. 5. P. arizonica.

Leaves in fascicles of $3 (rarely °4); append-
ages of cone scales short and stout.

Sheaths of the leaves persistent and con-
spicuous; leaves 10 to 25 cm. long;
cones 7 to 15 cm. long. 6. P. brachyptera.

Sheaths of the leaves deciduous; leaves
6 to 9 em. long, rather slender;
cones 3 to 5 cm. long. 7. P. chihuahuana.

to

2. PICEA Link.- SPRUCE.

Evergreen monoecious trees with soft wood, 30—75 feet high,
of conical form, leaves not fascicled, ascending or nearly erect,
short, quadrangular or nearly terete, with a prominent base which
remains after the leaves fall; staminate aments from axils of leaves

TREES AND SHRUBS 27

of preceding year, sometimes terminal; pistillate cones terminal;
scales closely overlapping; bracts membranous mostly hidden by the
scales; cones maturing first year, pendant; scales thinish, persistent.
Seeds winged.

Young branches and leaf bases pubescent; cones
short, 1 to 2 inches long; leav~s dull green,
not glaucous. 1. P. engelmanni.

Young branches and leaf bases glabrous; cones
longer, 2 to 3.5 inches, leaves on the older
parts usually darker green, the younger
ones very glaucous and lighter colored. 2. P. parryana.

3. ABIES Link. Basa, Fir.

Medium sized and large trees 30 to 100 feet high; with very
rough thick or thin corky bark, wood soft and somewhat spongy;
leaves apparently 2-ranked, narrow and flatish, sometimes strongly
- Keeled, leaving no bases when they fall away; staminate aments
arising from the axils of the leaves of the preceding year.

Large trees, often over 100 feet high, 2 to 4
feet in diameter; bark dark colored, very
thick, hard, and rough, on young trees and
branches smooth and light colored; leaves
14%4 to 2% inches long, dark green above,
glaucous beneath. 1. A. concolor.

Medium sized to small trees, 50 feet high or
less, slender, with relatively thin, smooth,
whitish, corky bark; leaves short 1 to 1%
inches long, crowded. 2. A. arizonica.

4. PSEUDOTSUGA L. Spruce. DoucLas SPRUCE..
WHITE Fir.. Rep Fir.

A robust tree over 100 feet high and 3 to 6 feet in diameter,
occasionally much larger, with rough thick bark; leaves flat and
linear, twisted at the base so as to appear 2-ranked, %4 to 1 inch long;
cones 114 to 2% inches long, with thin persistent scales and elon-
gated exserted 3-lobed bracts, ovate oblong, pendulous, maturing
the first year.

A single species in the mountains, above 7,000
feet throughout the state. . 1. P. mucronata.

28 TREES AND SHRUBS

2. JUNIPERACEAE. Juniper Famity.

Shrubs or low spreading trees with small mostly scale-like
leaves often of two forms, and dioecious rarely monoecious flowers;
staminate aments small, about 4% of an inch long, the stamens with
2- to 6-celled anthers, the ovulate cones with few scales and no
bracts, fleshy at least when young, ovules erect; fruit often pulpy,
few-seeded.

Mature cones dry, woody, dehiscent, mostly
spherical composed of a few peltate scales;
leaves small, scale-like, appressed. 1. CUPRESSUS.

Cones fleshy, berry-like, indehiscent.

Leaves on mature branches not scalelike,
6 to 12 bm. long, smooth and shining
above, glaucous beneath; fruit a se
dark blue, small “berry.’’ 2. JUNIPERUS.

Leaves on mature branches short, scale-
like, appressed, generally dull green
with little difference in the appear-
ance of the two sides; fruit drier
though never woody; leaves of young
sprouts always larger, more acute,
and more glaucous than those of
mature trees. 3. SABINA.

1. CUPRESSUS. L. CyprEss.

In Arizona a moderately large tree 40 to 50 feet high or even
‘taller and a foot or two in diameter, with small scale-like leaves so
arranged as to produce flat frond-like branches; flowers monoe-
cious, the staminate cones spheroidal or ovate, about % of an inch
long and exceedingly numerous in the late winter or very early spring;
the ovulate cones with about 5 or 6 small fleshy scales with 2 erect
ovules at the base of each; mature cone %4 to 34 of an inch in diam-
eter with seyeral dry peltate scales.

A single species rare in the southern part of ;
the state. 1. C. arizonica.

2. JUNIPERUS L. JUNIPER.

A low widely spreading shrub 2 to 3 feet high, usually wider
than it is high, with sharp pointed leaves, % an inch long, dark
glossy green above, paler beneath, constricted at the base; fruit a
dark blue pulpy berry ovate in outline, more or less glaucous, of a
sweetish resinous taste, having a few seeds.

A single species on the tops of the high moun-
tains in the Hudsonian zone. 1. J. sibirica.

ee ed Te

TREES AND SHRUBS 29
3. SABINA. Haller. JUNIPER. CEDAR. SABINA.

Low but sometimes widely spreading trees with “stringy” or
“checked” bark; small scale-like more or less resinous leaves of
two forms, those on the older stems short triangular and thickened
2 to 4 mm. long, those on young sprouts twice or three times as long,
acute to spinulose tipped; and spheroidal berry-like cones with
somewhat woody or fleshy scales closely pressed together and com-
pletely enclosing the 1 to 3 or 4 seeds.

Trees of the drier mountain slopes, occasionally high up on
some barren peak; all over the state.

Seeds 3 or usually 4; smaller branches smooth;
leaves conspicuously resinous; bark of trunk
thick; broken into irregular quadrangular
plates; fruit large, 10 to 12 mm. in diameter,
brown and fibrous when mature. 1. S. pachyphloea.

Seeds 1 or sometimes 2; smaller branches
mostly scaly; leaves mostly not resinous;
bark of trunk shreddy or stringy.

Fruit large, about 15 mm. in diameter; seeds
Trvor 25 2. S. megalocarpa.

Fruit smaller, 10 mm. or usually less in
diameter.
Branchlets slender, drooping; mature
fruit small, 6 mm. in _ diameter,
spherical, blue, 2-seeded; leaves 3-
ranked. 3. S. scopulorum.

Branchlets rigid, erect, stouter; fruit
mostly 1-seeded (sometimes 2-seed-
ed in no. 3); leaves 2-ranked.

Fruit large, 7 to 10 mm. long, oblong,
brown and fibrous.when mature;
leaves short and obtuse. 3.. S. utahensis.

Fruit smaller, 5 to 7 mm. long, scarce-
ly if at all longer than _ thick,
bluish and fleshy; leaves about
twice as long as in the preceding
species. 4. S. monosperma. ;

30 TREES AND SHRUBS

Orpver II. GNETALES.

EPHEDRA. L. Mormon TEA. Poportitto. CANATILLO.

Shrubs 5 feet high or less, much branched, with slender terete
green or yellow-green striate stems bearing scale-like reduced leaves
a few mm. long at the nodes and the unisexual flowers borne quite
profusely on separate plants; scales of the cones brown or greenish,
thin, scarious and numerous; stamens numerous in each ament, the

ovulate cones with but 1 or 2 ovules in each, the mature seed envel-
oped in several thin scales, terete or variously angled, mostly dry.

Leaf scales in 2’s; branches opposite, greenish;
cone scales few.

Scales of fruit acutish; fruit sharply 3-

angled. 1. E. viridis.
Scales of fruit rounded obtuse; fruit scarce-
ly angled. 2. E. antisyphilitica.
Leaf scales and branches in 3’s; cone scales
numerous.

Leaf scales 5 mm. long or less, merely
acute, not spiny; fruit scabrous, smaller
than in No. 4. 3. EH. torreyana.

Leaf scales 8 to 10 mm. long, acerose;
branches yellowish green; fruit smooth,
10 to 13 mm. long. 4. E. trifurca. i

TREES AND SHRUBS 31
THE LILY FAMILY (Liviaceae).

Among all that great group of plants to which the palms
and lilies and grasses belong there are only a few species of
shrubby plants found growing in New Mexico. These belong
to three genera and the plants are all very similar in general
form. The ordinary Spanish Dagger or Palma may be taken
as a representative of the group. The plant always consists
of a rather short thick stem, which may be only a few inches
or several feet in length, mostly simple but sometimes
branched, and crowned by a tuft of numerous radiating
parallel-veined leaves. Mostly the leaves are narrow and flex-
ible, but in a few species they are rather stiff and sharp
pointed.

The yuccas are the commonest of these plants, and the
different species occur under a variety of local names. They
may be recognized by the fact that the leaves are always spine
tipped and margined by a thread-like filament but without
teeth along the margin. The flowers are always large and
whitish, and contain both pistils and stamens. They vary
from an inch to three inches in length, and the petals are
thick and wax-like.

Most people. see very little of value in these plants, but
they, with others of their associates, offer a number of horti-
cultural possibilities. The one quality of paramount, im-
portance which these plants possess is their perfect adaptation
to arid conditions, which must be endured in many places
where it is very desirable to have some vegetation. Attention
has already been called to the appearance of many of the cattle
ranches of the State, and there is no doubt that the owners
of many of these ranches excuse themselves from any exertion
towards adding vegetation to their surroundings by saying that
nothing will grow on our mesas. These two plants (as well
as some others) are living refutations of their excuses. Not
only will they grow, but they will grow well, and what is
better still, plants of these species of any size and age may be

32 TREES AND SHRUBS

transplanted with but little danger of loss. When it is re-
membered that a “Spanish Bayonet” or “Soapweed” eight or -
ten feet high, is probably as old as a cottonwood a foot in
diameter, it seems strange that so few of these Yuccas die
when transplanted. And they are to be had for the digging,
any place in the southern part of our State.

Another advantage possessed by these plants, is that
they are always in full leaf and green; and their wax-like
blossoms, when they come are most beautiful. For massing,
for hedges, for formal bedding plants, and for low windbreaks
they are most effective. A hedge or windbreak six feet high
may be had fully grown for the planting, and such a
hedge will give protection to other less vigorous and yet val-
uable smaller plants. Without doubt there are many places
where the Yuccas may be used effectively for beauty and
comfort, but they will not become large shade-casting trees,
though they may reach a height of eighteen or twenty feet.
However, we should recognize their usefulness within their
limits and utilize them in locations where practically nothing
else will grow.

Spanish Bayonet, Spanish Dagger, La Palma (Yucca
macrocarpa). This is the broad and stiff leaved species which
is common on the mesas in the southern part of the State.
Ordinarily it has a straight stem six to eight inches in diameter
and four to eight feet high with a head of stiff spreading
leaves about four feet in diameter at the top. Under favor-
able conditions this plant will reach a height of eighteen or
twenty feet. The stem is usually simple, but sometimes it
branches either at the-base or some distance from the ground.
When it branches from the ground it not infrequently makes
beautiful formal bedding plants, producing a mass of radiat-
ing green leaves which is almost geometrically perfect. This
plant is particularly easy to transplant, because its under-
ground stem is rarely over eighteen inches long, and its roots
are small and fibrous, thus rendering the digging relatively
easy. A very little water in excess of the rainfall during the

— Ss

TREES AND SHRUBS : 33

SPANISH BAyonrer, LA PALMA. (Yucca macrocarpa)

first season after transplanting will prevent its drying and then
it can take care of itself. The loss in transplanting large
plants of this species will not average two per cent.

The Datil (Yucca baccata) is a species closely resembling
the preceding, but almost stemless. Its panicle of flowers is
always smaller, the flowers less numerous but considerably
larger; the leaves are slightly narrower and longer; and the
fruit is characteristic. The latter is often 6 or 7 inches long
and 2 inches in diameter, and the numerous seeds are sur-
rounded by a soft sweetish pulp when it is mature. These
fruits are used by the Indians as food, being preserved by

drying.

Soapweed, La Palmilla, Amole (Yucca radiosa). This
is the tall narrow-leaved species of Yucca. Its leaves are
slender (half an inch wide or less), flexible, and very numer-
ous; its flower-stalk is much taller, its blooms make a better

34 . TREES AND SHRUBS

showing, and its stem is more often branched. For hedges |
and windbreaks it is better because it has thicker heads. But

its tap root extends below the surface from four to six feet,

and it is often necessary to cut it off in digging the plants,

thus causing a greater percentage of loss. Of fifty-two plants

which I have transplanted, twenty-five per cent. of them died;

these plants were put in a soil where there was much more

alkali than that in which they naturally grow and were gen-

erally subjected to worse treatment than they ordinarily get;

hence a part of the loss may be due to these causes.

Continued experience after this the first attempt at trans-
planting mentioned above have confirmed the judgment then
formed. The loss is usually twenty-five per cent or more up
to nearly fifty per cent. depending somewhat upon the amount
of water supplied at transplanting and during the first season.

In the eastern side of the State the Bear Grass of that
region (Yucca glauca) is exceedingly common and on much
of the land now used as dry land farms it was necessary to
grub these plants out. By the residents it is considered as an
undesirable weed. It resembles the preceding species very
closely, but bears about the same relation to it that Yucca
baccata does to Yucca macrocarpa; that is, it is almost stem-
less and the panicle of flowers is shorter and much less
branched. Reports of the use of the leaves of this plant for
making coarse brooms have come to us, but we are unable to
give definite information on the subject at this time.

Another somewhat closely similar species with yellowish-
green and still narrower leaves and much more numerous
filaments on the leaves occurs in the extreme northern part of
the State, coming in from Utah and Nevada. In the south-
western corner is to be found another tall, rather broad-leafed
species (Yucca schottii) ; which would be an interesting addi-
tion to a garden collection of these plants.

Sotol (Dasylirion wheeleri) is a dioecious perennial with

=~ 2

TREES AND SHRUBS 35

Pa

Soton. (Dasylirion wheeleri) .

flat strap-shaped leaves having numerous recurved slender
teeth along the margin. The trunk is usually 6 or 8 inches in
diameter and from 1 to 4 feet tall, and covered by the dead
leaf bases of older leaves. . The leaves are very numerous and
flexible, forming a thick crown at the head of the stem. The
flowers are very small and numerous, borne in panicles on a
tall stalk, often several feet high. Another species (D.
texanum) is reported from the southeastern corner of the
State.

These are near relatives of the Yuccas and are usually
found more or less closely associated with them. They usually
grow among the rocks and are hard to dig; young plants
transplant the more readily. They are valuable for formal
masses of bedding plants, or against a hedge row.

36 TREES AND SHRUBS

Bear Grass (Nolina microcarpa). This vernacular name
is applied in the southwestern part of the State to a plant
somewhat closely resembling the last. The leaves, however,
are stiffer and thicker (sometimes triangular in cross sec-
tions) and without the teeth, though frequently rough. The
flowers are small and white, borne in a central panicle vary-
ing in height (as does the plant) with the species. , They
might be used effectively any place where the Sotol would

grow.

YUCCA L. Yucca.

A genus of thick-stemmed, (in two species the stem is short
and mostly subierannean), stiff-leaved perennials the different
species of which form a rather conspicuous part of the vegetation
on the mesas and plains of the State, extending into the drier and
rockier foothills and mcuntains. They are commonly referred to by
such names as Spanish Bayonet, Soap-weed, or Bear-grass.

Leaves narrow, 10 mm. broad or less, Imear
lanceolate, tipped with a sharp spine; fila-
ments slender and white; fruit dry.

Stems conspicuous (except in young plants),
reaching a height of 10 to 15 feet in old
plants, often several together in a cluster,
simple or branched; leaves in a cluster
at the top, the lower ones reflexed; old
dead ones sheathing the stem almost to
the base; inflorencence a tall widely
spreading panicle 6 to 10 feet high; flow-
ers numerous, usually ivory white. 3. Y. radiosa,

Stem short and mostly subterannean, oc-
casionally caespitose; upper leaves spread-
ing, the lower prostrate upon the ground;
inflorencence 3 to 5 feet high usually not
much branched; flowers not very numer-
ous, greenish white or white.
“Leaves bright green, rather rigidly diver-
gent, 6 to 10 mm. broad; filaments not
very abundant; flowers greenish white
with enlarged style; fruit 2 to 4 inches
long. 2. Y¥. glauca.

Leaves yellowish green, 2 to 5 mm. wide, al-
most triangular in cross section, abun-
dantly curly filiferous below; flowers
white, style not turgid; fruit about 2
inches long. 1. Y. angustissima,

TREES AND SHRUBS 37

Leaves broader, 1 to 2 inches wide, narrowly
lanceolate, tipped with a very stiff rigid
spine; filaments usually coarse and thick
(slender or none in Y. schottii), grayish or
brownish; fruit indehiscent, more or less

Stem short, 6 inches high or less; perianth
segments narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 3
inches long, creamy white within, reddish

outside; fruit large, 5 to 6 inches long,
pulpy. # 4. Y. baccata.

Stem taller, 3 to 10 feet or even more, oc-
casionally branched; perianth segments
elliptic, hardly 2 inches long, cream-
colored, usually not although sometimes
reddish outside; fruit smaller, 4 inches
long or less, not so pulpy.

Leaves rigid, rough like shagreen, yellow-

ish green, not glaucous; filaments coarse

and grayish. ; 5. Y. macrocarpa.
Leaves flexible, smooth, blue-green, glauc-

ous; filaments when present fine, usual-

ly brownish. 6. Y. schottii.

DASYLIRION. Sorot.

Dioecious perennials with thick, short stems, numerous strap-
shaped spiny-margined leaves, and numerous small, white flowers
borne in a tall, narrow panicle. The bases of the leaves form a
round head (when the ends have been cut off) which is used ex-
tensively in stock feeding in western Texas. These heads are roasted
by the native people and used for food and for the manufacture
of a drink, also called sotol, which contains from 40 to 50% of
alcohol.

A single species or possibly two in New Mexico. 1. D. wheeleri.

NOLINA Michx. Berar Grass.

A single species mostly in the southwestern
part of the state. 1. N. microcarpa.

38 TREES AND SHRUBS

THE WILLOW FAMILY (Saticaceae),

The trees and shrubs which constitute this family are well
known to all, including the cottonwoods, poplars, aspen and
willows of all kinds. They are soft wooded and rapid growing
trees of medium size or bushes of all sizes, from an inch or so
in height to several feet. They are widely distributed at prac-
tically all levels in the State, and are more universally used in
New Mexico as shade trees and for decorative purposes than
any other kinds of plants.

The willows are represented in New Mexico by seven-
teen recognized species and it is possible that still others will
be found in the mountains of the northern end of the State
or in the extreme southwestern corner. Of these seventeen,
most of them are of very little importance and several of them
would not be recognized as willows by any one but a botanist.
Of these latter several species occur only on the high moun-
tains near or above timber line and form low brush from an
inch or two to three.or four feet high. In the timbered regions
there are three or four species which form good sized shrubs
or small trees along the banks of streams. In the lower
valleys there are two important species which develop into
trees, and one or two lower forms occur mainly along the
ditches or in the river bottoms. The wood of the arborescent
forms is used to some extent as firewood, but is so light and
spongy as to be of little value.

Cottonwoods (Populus spp.). Three distinct species of
cottonwoods are native in the State and their use as shade trees
is well nigh universal. As trees they have several points in
their favor, and number most men among their friends, but
occasionally one meets a man who says he would rather have
no trees at all than have cottonwoods. His objections are
usually matters of personal taste, though he is apt to talk of
the dirt due to their “cotton” or the effect of the mistletoe.
The first of these objections is easily avoided by planting the

oo

TREES AND SHRUBS 39-

cuttings taken from the staminate* or so called ‘“‘male’’ trees.
The second difficulty necessitates the cutting out of the mistle-
toe about once a year; if properly watched the parasite never
becomes very objectionable.

The best feature of the cottonwoods is their very rapid
growth. Five years of proper treatment will generally insure
a good sized shade tree, and when once established they require
very little attention. As an “all around” shade tree for the
Streets, roads, and drives there is probably nothing better
growing in the State. Their symmetrical rounded tops, their
glossy leaves ever whispering to the slightest breeze, their
glorious golden heads, when the first frosts come, their almost
perfect adaptation to the conditions of the valleys in which we
live, make them most excellent trees to have about our homes.

The Valley Cottonwood (Populus wislizeni). This is
the common tree of the lower irrigable valleys of all the south-
western arid region from the Rio Grande to the Pacific, and
forms much the greater part of the “bosques” of the Rio
Grande, the Gila and the lower Pecos valleys. Wherever the
land is under cultivation, this cottonwood is used more or
less as a shade tree, or in a few cases, for windbreaks. It is
a particularly rapid grower, and in the valley where the water
table is but a few feet below the surface, these trees soon get
their roots down to the water and do not need to be irrigated.
As has already been suggested, it is necessary to protect them,

* Possibly it would be wise to explain just’what is meant by the stam-
inate trees, for the benefit of those who have not studied botany. The
cottonwoods belong to that group of plants in‘ which the two organs
necessary to the production of seed (i. e. stamens and pistils) are borne
upon separate trees. The stamens furnish the pollen, (or yellow fertilizing
dust) and after the very simple flowers which contain the stamens cease
blooming, the trees bearing them show no further evidence of being con-
cerned in seed production. The troublesome cotton consists of numerous
hairs which surround the seeds to assist in their distribution, hence is
only produced by the seed bearing or ‘‘female’’ trees. The staminate
flowers are reddish or brownish. or sometimes a dull yellow, and hang
in pendulous spikes which appear on the trees before the leaves. They
show no sign of the green berry like balls which contain the seed. The
pistillate catkins, however, are green, and each flower consists of little
else than a rudimentary ball with the expanded stigma above it. There
are fewer flowers on these catkins and they usually appear with the first
leaves or a little later. :

40 TREES AND SHRUBS

at least in the southern part of the State, from attacks of the
mistletoe. The tree grows fifty or sixty fet high under favor-
able conditions, forming a symmetrical rounded head with
gracefully arching branches and is effective for street use.

When grown alone and frequently pollarded, as is the too.

common custom in the Mesilla valley, it is apt to become short
and bunchy. The author has seen it used very effectively
to produce a high arched open green canopy over a house which
was thus rendered most pleasantly cool in the warmest weather.
The tree may be recognized by its broadly triangular leaves,
which are nearly as broad as they are long. This species is
most effectivelly, used at Roswell and Carlsbad. Other cities
and towns should follow their example.

ACUMINATE-LEAVED CoTTONWooD, Used as a Windbreak Around a Reservoir.

Another cottonwood which is fully as effective and offers
a slightly denser shade is the acuminate leaved cottonwood,
(Populus acuminata), which has narrowly oval, taper-pointed,

~~

ee eee

a ee

TREES AND SHRUBS

hid 7 ’
ie}
“ai den, ee Br Po,
tee ie 5
a cae
ry

MOUNTAIN COTT. oNwoop. (Populus angustifolia)

41

42 TREES AND SHRUBS

and darker green leaves. This tree is used as much or more
than the valley cottonwood on the streets of Deming and Silver
City. It would, no doubt, grow well in any of the towns and
valleys of the State where it could be given a limited amount
of care and water.

The Mountain Cottonwood (Populus angustifolia)
grows native along the streams in our mountains at elevations
of from 5,500 feet to about 7,500 feet above the sea level. It
is an exceedingly graceful tree with rough grayish bark and
dark green, glossy, willow-like leaves and makes a very de-
sirable shade tree, especially at the higher levels in the State.
It has been grown quite successfully at Lincoln, where it is
preferred to the valley cottonwood, It is certainly worthy of
more general adoption.

The Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is really a
cottonwood and should be used much niore than it is. As

WILLOW. (Salix lasiandra)

TREES AND SHRUBS 43

shade trees they are not valuable because the top is small and
thin, but used in clusters in connection with conifers, their
white stems would be as effective as the birch of the eastern
states. They probably would grow at the high levels.

Willows (Salix, spp.). Closely related to the cotton-
woods and usually associated with them are the willows.
There are a number of species native in the State but most of
them are but small shrubs bordering the streams and ditch
banks.

Salix bebbiana and S. scouleriana are two small trees
~ that occur in the timbered mountains at elevations of approxi-
mately 7,000 feet. They resemble each other pretty closely in
most respects, differing only in the characters of the inflores-
cence. They would be of slight value for decorative purposes
at middle elevations.

Salix irrorata and S. cordata watsonii are two shrubby
forms that occur beside streams in the timbered mountains;
they would be of use in forming the lower part of a back-
ground or windbreak along an irrigating ditch or stream.
Their glossy green leaves, Which are much lighter on the
lower surface, are very attractive, and add to their value for
decorative purposes.

The Black Willow (Salix nigra) becomes a tree twenty
to thirty feet high in favorable localities and its spreading
crown is often broader than it is high. This tree grows readily
in sandy soil where the water is near the surface and could be
used most effectively for shade and windbreaks about reser-
voirs or for shelter belts in the lowest of the valley lands or
along ditch banks. It is the common willow tree of the river
valleys, being almost as abundant in the Gila valley in New
Mexico as is the cottonwood.

44 TREES AND SHRUBS

In the southern end of the State, particularly in the
Mesilla Valley, is a medium sized tree, Salix wrightiit, which
has been used along with the cottonwoods and ash for shade
trees.

BLACK WILLOW. (Salix nigra)

atlas st

TREES AND SHRUBS 45

SALICACEAE. WiLLow Famity

Trees and shrubs with simple, alternate, deciduous leaves;
flowers dioecious, in catkins; bracts of the ament scale-like; perianth
none; stamens 1 to several, ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2; fruit a small
capsule; seeds very numerous, small comose.

Bracts incised; disk cup-shaped; stamens nu-
merous; stigmas much expanded; winter
buds with several scales. 1. Popuuus.

Bracts entire; disk represented by one or two
small glands; stamens few, generally less
than 5; stigmas much expanded; winter
buds with a single scale. 2. SALIX.

1. PQPULUS L. Corronwoop, ASPEN

Trees with rough, light-colored bark and scaly, resinous buds;
leaves usually long petioled, ours somewhat coriaceous, with promi-
nent veins; flowers in pendulous aments, appearing before the leaves;
seeds with a conspicuous white coma (the “eotton”).

Petioles flattened laterally; leaves broad, del-
toid to rotund.

Leaves broadly ovate to rotund, abruptly
short acuminate, 1 to 2 inches long and
broad, paler beneath; trees of the high
' mountains. 1. P. tremuloides.

Leaves broadly deltoid, acuminate, 2 to 3
inches long and 2% to 4 inches broad,
of the same color on both surfaces; trees
of the lower valleys. 2. P. wislizent. }

Petioles terete or channeled on the upper sur-
face; leaves narrower, ovate to narrowly
lanceolate.

Leaves ovate to ovate lanceolate, 2% to 4
inches long, 1 to 2 inches broad, rather
coarsely crenate, both surfaces of the
same color. 3. P. acuminata.

Leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, 3 to 6
inches long and 1% inches wide or less,
finely serrate with blunt teeth, much
paler beneath. 4. P. angustifolia.

46 TREES AND SHRUBS
2. SALIX L. WiLLow

Shrubs or smal] trees, from a few inches to several feet high;
leaves from narrowly linear to short elliptic or obovate; flowers in
aments appearing before or with the leaves; perianth a single scale;
stamens few; pistils single, with a gland at the base of the ovary,
the stigmas short; fruit a capsule containing numerous very small
hairy seeds.

Leaves usually only about 3 times as long as
broad, elliptic oval to obovate, never nar-
rowly lanceolate or linear; capsule hairy
(except in S. Monticola).

Styles obsolete or less than .5 mm. long.
Alpine plants less than 4 inches high. 1. S. saximontana.

Small trees or shrubs, at middle elevations
in the mountains; much more than 4
inches high.

Aments slender, lax; scales pale; stigmas
very short; leaves elliptic lanceolate,
acute. 2. SS. bebbiana.

Aments stout, dense; scales dark: stig-
mas long, slender; leaves obovate,

obtuse or abruptly acute. 3. 8S. scouleriana,

Styles elongated, 1 mm. long or more.
Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, bright
green aments closely sessile. 4. S. chlorophylla.

Leaves pubescent. sometimes sparingly so,

at least on the upper surface; aments
on leafy stem.

Capsules glabrous. 7. 8S. monticola,

Capsules tomentose. *
Plants 1 to 5 feet high. 6. S. glaucops.
Plants tess than 4 inches high. 5. S. petrophila,

Leaves several times as long as broad, linear to
long-lanceolate; capsule glabrous (or weakly
Villous in Nos. 10, 11, 12).

Scales not pale yellow, mostly brownish and
persistent.

Leaves broadly lanceolate; young branches
not glaucous; capsules distinetly pedi-
cellate; stipules conspicuous on young
branches. 8. S. cordata watsonit.

Leaves narrowly oblong-lanceolate; young
branches very glaucous; capsule sub- j
sessile. 9. 8S. irrorata.

Beales pale yellow, deciduous.

Stamens 2, hairy below; leaves more or less
canescent, linear, remotely denticulate
or sometimes entire; capsules more or

less hairy.
Capsule 3 or 4 mm. long; leaves % to 1%
inches long, finely pubescert. 12. S&S. tazifolia. i

Capsule 5 to 7 mm. long, glabrate; leaves
2 to 4 inches long.

TREES AND SHRUBS

Leaves bright green and glabrate, at
least above, denticulate; capsules
7 mm long, on longer pedicels.

Leaves canescent, entire or sometimes
denticulate; capsule smaller, 5 mm.
long, on a short pedicel.

Stamens 3 or more, hairy below; leaves
bright green above, lanceolate, finely
serrulate.

Petioles and leaf blades glandular; (leaves
paler beneath).
Leaves long acuminate, only slightly
paler beneath, thin.
Leaves short-acuminate, glaucous be-
neath, somewhat coriaceous.

Petioles and the leaf blad2s not glandular.
Leaves paler beneath.

Leaves of the same color on both sur-

faces. i

Leaves long-lanceolate; a compact
spreading tree.

Leaves shorter; a straggling tree or

bush.

10.

ah

13.
14,

ur

16.

15.

47

. fluviatilis.

- exigua.

S. fendleriana.

S. lasiandra.

bonplandiana.

nigra.

S. wrightii.

48 TREES AND SHRUBS

WALNUT. Nocan, (Juglans major)

The Walnut Trees (Jugians spp.). This family contains
the well known walnut or nogal, the English walnut of com-
merce, the hickory nut, and the pecan. Only a single genus
occurs within our range, but the pecan is cultivated in a few
localities. There are at least two species of walnut in New
Mexico, and possibly a third. The two here recognized do
not occur together, so far as any records show.

Juglans rupestris is a shrub which branches from the
ground and attains a height of about 10 or 15 feet. It rarely
shows any trunk, has narrow entire leaflets, and is to be found
along the Pecos and its tributaries from southeastern New
Mexico southward into Western Texas. In the latter region
it is more common and generally somewhat larger, but still
retains its shrubby habit. The nuts of both Species are small
for the genus, and the ridges are rounded and smooth. The
hull is thick and the kernel small. Juglans major has been
confused with this species, though in the original descriptions
Dr. Torrey separated them very clearly and assigned this

TREES AND SHRUBS 49

species to subspecific rank only temporarily, for lack of suf-
ficient data. The plant is a rather large tree when grown
under the best conditions, is found only in the mountains or
their foothills at an elevation of 1500 to 2,000 feet higher than
the habitat of the other species. The trunk of this tree is not
infrequently 18 inches or more in diameter and from 6 to 10
feet high, though it sometimes branches nearer the ground.
The leaflets are considerably larger and broader and have a
serrate margin. ‘This species has also been confused with a
Californian one, but we are informed by those who have seen
both gowing that they are amply distinct.

Nuts of what is probably another species have been
brought to us from the Mogollon region, but we are unable
to determine the species from the material received, and have
not seen the plant growing. The nuts in question were almost
twice as large as those of either of the other species. The
plant is a good sized tree. Further observation and collection
will be necessary to determine this species.

The Black Walnut (/uglans nigra) of the Eastern States
has been cultivated successfully in a few places in the State.
Experience at the Experiment Station has shown that walnuts
grow rather readily from seed and make good shade trees in
the irrigated valleys of the southern part of the State. It
is altogether probable that they will grow at almost any level,
if supplied with sufficient water.

JUGLANS L. WALNUT

Strong-scented trees or shrubs; buds few scaled or naked;
flowers in simple pendulous catkins from the wood of the previous
year; calyx 3 to 6-cleft: stamens 12 to 40 on short filaments; styles
2. short; fruit drupaceous, the exocarp fibrous-fleshy, indehiscent ;
the endocarp an irregularly roughened “nut”? with an edible embryo.

Large shrub 12 to 18 feet high; branching
7 from the ground, rarely if ever with a no-

ticeable trunk. 1. J. rupestris.
Tree 25 feet tall or more, with a trunk often

10 feet high and 12 to 18 inches in diameter. 2. J. major.

50 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Birch Family (Betulaceac) is represented in New
Mexico by three species of trees. A species of the Hop Horn
Beam (Ostrya baileyi) occurs sparingly in the Guadalupe
Mountains (the type locality) just north of our southern
boundary line. Nothing is known of its value for cultivation
as yet.

Two species of Alder (Alnus tenuifolia and A. oblongi-
folia) occur in the mountains along streams almost through-
out the State. One of them is found at the lower levels,
reaching sometimes into the flats beside streams, and the
other occurs at higher levels, associated with the pine and
spruce. Both are smooth barked, graceful trees from 30 to 50
fect high, and would doubtless grow well in cultivation. They
suggest the elm in several respects, and would make very
beautiful ornamental trees. So far we have not seen them in
use, and have been unable to get specimens for trial.

A single species of Birch (Betula fontinalis) is reported
from New Mexico by various writers, and we have seen two
specimens. It occurs, doubtless, in the extreme northwestern
part of the State near the Colorado line at Aztec.

BETULACEAE. Bircn FamiIty

Monoecious or rarely dioecious trees or shrubs with alternate,
simple leaves and deciduous stipules; sterile flowers in catkins ; fertile
flowers clustered, spicate, or in scaly catkins; fruit 1-celled and 1-
seeded nut with or without a foliaceous involuere.

Ovary enclosed by a bladdery bag. 1. OSTRYA.
Ovary subtended by thick, woody scales. 2. ALNUS.

TREES AND SHRUBS 51

!. OSTRYA. Scop. Hop HornBEAM

A small tree; sterile flowers consisting of several stamens in
the axil or each bract; fertile f owers a pair to each deciduous bract,
enclosed in a bractlet which in fruit becomes a closed, bladdery bag,
‘the involueres forming a kind of strobile resembling that of the hop.

1. O. bailey.

2. ALNUS Hill. ALDER

Shrubs or smal) trees with thin, toothed leaves; sterile cat-
- kins with 4 or 5 bractlets and 3 flowers upon each scale; fertile
‘catkins ovoid or ellipsoid. the sca'es each subtending 2 flowers and
a group of 4 small seales, the latter being woody in fruit, wedge-
obovate.

Leaves rounded to truncate at the base, some-

what lobed, ovate to broadly oblong; sta-

mens 4. 1. A. tenwifolia.
‘Leaves usually cuneate or at least narrowed at

the base, seldom lobed, the younger ones

laneeolate, the older elliptic or oblong; sta-

mens 1 to 3, usually 2. 2. A. oblongifolia.

52 TREES AND SHRUBS

THE OAKS

The Beech Family (/-agaceae) is represented in New
Mexico by a single genus, t..c oaks, of which there are 24
species or subspecies recogiiiz.u. Many of these are of wide
distribution in the State, and several of them are beautiful
trees. There are two well marked groups of the genus, which
may be recognized easily. One of them, the white oak, has
large, deciduous, chrome-green leaves and the species grow
in the mountains at elevations of 6,000 feet and more, reach-
ing well into the Canadian Zone. The other group occurs
mostly in the drier and rockier canyons and foothills of the
mountains of the southern part of the State. They are ever-

Sttver LEAVED OAK. (Quercus hypoleuca) a

TREES AND SHRUBS 53

green, since the gray-green or bluish-green leaves remain at-
tached to the stems until the leaves of the next year are well
developed. Besides the tree-like forms many shrubby species
occur in the mountains throughout the State and form a very
important part of the forage crop, since they are browsed ex-
tensively by cattle, sheep, and goats.

For decorative purposes perhaps the most important oak
is Silver-Leaved Oak (Quercus hypoleuca) of the southwest-
ern corner of the State. It gets to be a tree 30 feet high or more,

but is frequently found as a small shrub forming clusters. The

leaves are characteristic, being very thick and leathery, oblong
lanceolate, mostly without teeth though occasionally with a
few coarse ones near the apex; yellowish green and smooth
above, densely white woolly beneath.

i Sal al

ae

vad

zoel

- BuLackK. OAK. (Quercus emoryi)

54 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Black Oak (Quercus emoryi) of the same region is
also a very beautiful tree. It deservies its name, since the bark
is black and thick. The leaves are leathery and tough, pale yel-
lowish-green, about the same color on both surfaces, more or
less hairy, with yellowish-brown hairs along the veins, oblong,
flat, not crispate, coarsely spiny toothed. The acorns are
small and acute, with a shallow cup having pale yellowish-
brown scales not thickened on the back. They are produced
early in the season and are much appreciated by the animals of
the region.

LIVE OAK. (Quercus arizonica)

The Live Oak (Quercus arizonica, Q. grisea, and Q.
oblongifolia,) (the last of which is known only from the ex-
treme southwestern corner of the State) are low spreading
trees, with comparatively small leaves of extremely variable

TREES AND SHRUBS 55

Live OAK. (Quercus grisea)

scanty and uncertain. . Like many of the desert shrubs and
trees, if once established they will probably endure extremes
of drought for long periods without dying. Two trees closely
outline, that occur in the mouths of canyons and along arroyos
in the foothills of the drier and hotter mountains. They are
extremely slow growers and ordinarily quite scraggy in form.
Occasionally under favorable conditions of water supply these
trees become 30 or 40 feet high. Ordinarily they are from
10 to 20 feet, and the trunk is short, often branched from near
the ground. Cattle appreciate their shade, and they generally
show the effects of such use. Attempts to transplant and grow
these trees at the Experiment Station have not been successful,
but the author believes they can be used effectively in certain
situations where shrubbery is desired and the water supply is
related to this last mentioned, but which occur quite sparingly
and only in the southwestern corner of the State, are Quercus
wilcoxii and OQ. reticulata. :

Si TREES AND SHRUBS

WHITE Oak. (Quercus utahensis,;

Among the White Oaks Quercus utahensis, QO. novomex-
icana, Q. leptophylla, and Q. gunnisonii are the commonest,
and the first two named are most important. They both of
them form medium sized trees in the timbered areas of the
mountains. Attempts to transplant them to lower levels have
not been successful, so far, with us; but we still believe that
it can be done and that it is thoroughly desirable. Quercus
utahensis and QO. novomexicana should make very good shade
trees at elevations of 7,000 feet or more, and would doubtless
well reward all the efforts made to grow them. Like all oaks,
they would probably grow slowly, but once established, they
would be very resistent and would live for a long time. These
fobes. They differ among themselves in the exact outline,
Tong and half as broad. vellowish-oreen and with their rounded

TREES AND SHRUBS 51

the depth of the lobing, the amount and character of hairiness
of the leaves, and in the characters of the acorns, these char-
acters being used to separate the species.

ScrRuB OAK. (Quercus pungens)

There are several species of Scrub Oaks, a few of which
are quite characteristic and tolerably easily recognized. All
of them are important as foiage plants, since they are browsed
extensively wherever they grow.

The Shin-Oak or Shinry (Quercus havardii) is a low
deciduous-leaved shrub, rarely over 3 feet high and with a very
large acorn, that covers relatively large areas of sand hills in
the southeastern corner of the State. As an economic plant
for sandy land that is otherwise almost valueless this little oak,
with its large acorn, will probably prove of considerable value.
Quercus undulata is another shrubby species with small bluish-
green leaves and small acorn, that occurs in the foothills of
the higher mountains and to some extent along water courses
in the higher plains. A near relative of this species, Quercus
fendleri, is a somewhat larger shrub, often 8 to 10 feet high,
that reaches slightly farther up into the mountains. Other
shrubby species are Quercus rydbergiana, QO. pungens, and
probably QO. turbinella.

58 TREES AND SHRUBS

GAMBEL’S OAK. (Quercus gambelii)

A single species of Chestnut Oak (Quercus muhlen-
bergii) has been collected at two different stations in the east-
ern part of the State.

In general it may be said that the oaks of the State are
probably of economic importance as decorative plants, and
several are certainly very important forage plants, while

the wood produced is used for firewood by those people who
are conveniently located to the supply.

TREES AND SHRUBS 59

See | QUERCUS L. Oax

Low shrubs or large trees with rough bark on the older stems
and hard tough wood; leaves chlorophyll green and deciduous or
bluish or grayish green and persistent almost or quite until the leaves
of the following season appear, of various shapes, size, and texture,
generally short-petioled, mostly more or less stellate pubescent at
sometime; flowers monoecious, the staminate usually in slender,
pendulous aments, the pistillate solitary or in few-flowered spike-
like aments, appearing with the leaves; fruit (acorn) a nut varying
in shape and size with the species, the cup also being of varying
size and shape.

Acorns sericeous-tomentose inside, maturing
the second year. 1. Q. hypoleuca,
Acorns not sericeous-tomentose inside, matur-
ing the first year.

Leaves bluish, grayish or yellowish green
(never bright chlorophyll green) more or
less coriaceous in texture and mostly per-
sisting until the new leaves come, hence
the plant leafy all the time.

Leaves not persisting (medium sized shrub).
Leaves persisting until after the appear-
ance of the young ones.
Mature plants shrubs, never trees.
Plant about 3 feet high, with very small
acorns and leaves. 4, Q. rydbergiana,
Plants taller, leaves and acorns larger.
Leaves fulvous beneath; cup turbin-
ate. 6. Q. turbinella.
i Leaves not fulvous beneath; cup hemi-
| spheric.
; Leaves only moderately coriaceous,
’ neither spinulose-toothed nor

bo
2)

. fendleri. a

‘ erisped. 3. Q. undulata,
Leaves strongly coriaceous, much
crisped and spinulose-toothed.. 5. Q. pungens. ‘

Mature plants trees, shrubby forms im-
mature, usually not fruiting.
Scales of the cup thin, only slightly
corky-thickened on the back; ma-
ture leaves yellowish green.
Leaves of the same color on both sur-
faces. 7. Q. emoryi.
Leaves fulvous beneath, especially
i when young. 8. Q. wilcowii.

60 TREES AND SHRUBS

Scales of the cup corky-thickened on the
back; leaves fulvous beneath, gla-
brate above.

Acorn large; mature leaves all more
or less conspicuously toothed, re-
sembling those of Q. fendleri.

Acorn of medium size; only the
younger leaves conspicuously
toothed.

Leaves large obovate, strongly re-
ticulate; teeth small and nu-
merous; fruit in a long pedun-
culate spike.

Leaves of medium size, oblong, only
slightly reticulate, entire or with
few coarse teeth.

Leaves and twigs of the year
glabrous in age; leaves rarely
with any teeth.

Leaves permanently densely stel-
late-pubescent beneath, also
the twigs of the year.

Cup shallow, acorn acute.

Cup deep, covering one-third the
acorn; acorn truncate or ob-
tuse.

Leaves chlorophyll green, not coriaceous (ex-
cept slightly so in No. 16) deciduous in
the fall, hence the plant leafless in winter.

Leaves coarsely serrate toothed with nu-
merous teeth from base to apex, not
truly lobed.

Leaves more or less sinuately lobed.

Low shrubs, never forming trees; leaves
small, 3 inches long or less.

Lobes few and shallow, appearing as a
few large teeth; some of the leaves
obovate in outline.

' Lobes deeper and more numerous;
leaves oblong in outline.

Acorns very large, about 1 inch long;

S a plant of the southeastern sand-

hills.

Acorns small, % an inch long or less,
racemose; plant of the mountains
of the northern part of the state.

Taller shrubs or trees with larger, deeply
lobed leaves mostly 4 inches long or
more.

Mature leaves soft pubescent and al-
most velvety beneath.

Scales of the cup thin, little thickened
on the back; leaves distinctly
obovate in outline.

Seales of the cup thickened on the
back; leaves mostly oblong only

+ slightly broadened upwards.

9.

13.

10.

12.

ah

14.

15.

16.

a7.

18.

19.

Q. confusa.

Q. reticulata.

Q. oblongifolia.

Q. arizonica.

Q. grisea.

Q. muhienbergit.

Q. media.

Q. havardii.

Q. venustula.

Q. submoliis.

Q. utahensis.

TREES AND SHRUBS

Mature leaves not velvety benezth, usu-
ally glabrate, sometimes slightly
pubescent, especially on the. veins.

Cup saucer shaped, covering less than
one-fourth of the acorn.
Cup hemispheric, covering one-third to
half the acorn.
Acorns ovoid, acute; cup covering
about half the acorn.

Acorns barrel shaped, obtuse.

Mature leaves thin, large, obovate
to cuneate, dark green above;
acorn very short, frequently
more than half in the cup.

Mature leaves firm, deeply lobed;
acorn about one-third in the
cup.

Leaves oblong, lobed half way
- to the midrib, dull-colored;
lobes usually simple.

Leaves obovate in outline, lobed
more than half way to the
midrib, dark green above;
lobes frequently again lobed.

20.

24,

i}
bo

61

vreelandit,

gambelii.

leptophylla.

gunnisonit.

novomexicana.

62 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Elm Family (Ulmaceae) is represented in New
Mexico by a single species of Hackberry or Cumaro (Celtis
reticulata) which grows in the dry foothills of the mountains.
It is a low stunted tree 10 to 15 feet high, with whitish bark,
generally scrubby appearance, and very rough harsh leaves.
Under favorable conditions it gets much larger and very much
more symmetrical, becoming a rather pretty tree, offering a
dense shade.

The American Elm (Ulmus americana) is grown quite
extensively throughout the State as a shade tree, and is a very
satisfactory tree indeed.

The Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus neomexicanus) is a
native vine that is of considerable decorative value, since it
grows very rapidly and the root is perennial. In cultivation
the vines grow 30 or 40 fect in a season and branch profusely,
covering trellises readily and very effectively. For such pur-
poses the plant, is to be highly recommended. It grows wild in
the mountains at elevations of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet.

The Mulberries (Moraccae) are represented in
New Mexico by a single species of the genus Morus (M.
microphylla), which is a low branched tree 10 to 15 feet high
in the drier foothills of the mountains, coming into southern
New Mexico from western Texas. This shrub we have never
seen in cultivation, but doubt not that it would readily respond
to a little care.

The White Mulberry (Morus alba) is cultivated ex-
tensively as a shade tree, and very satisfactorily, throughout
the lower part of the State. It is most resistant to drought,
and grows well when supplied with plenty of water.

TREES AND SHRUBS 63

CELTIS L. HAcKBERRY

A small tree; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
thick, reticulated, cordate and very unequal at the base; flowers
greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or in pairs, appearing with
the leaves; calyx 5- to 6-parted, persistent; stamens 5 or 6; ovary
l-eelled with a single ovule.

A single species. 1. C. reticulate.

HUMULUS. L. Hop VINE

A climbing perennial; flowers dioecious, the staminate in loose

axillary panicles, the pistillate in short axillary spikes; bracts folia-
ccous, imbricated; !eaves palmately 3- to 5-lobed; fruiting calyx and
other parts of the plant covered with yellow resinous dots.

A single species in the timbered mountains. 1. H.lupulusneomexicanus

MORUS. Ut. MuLBERRY

Ours a small, scragey tvee with alternate, ovate, small about 1 to
2 inches long, serrate leavec, these usually 3- to 5-lobed, acute;
flowers dioecious, smal], green and inconspicuous; the fruit techni-
cally a multiple fruit, consisting of a cylindrical or oblong cluster
of separate l-seeded berries, the whole appearing to be a single
fruit.

A single native species found in the drier
mountains at from 5000 to 6000 feet altitude. 1. M. microphylla.

64 TREES AND SHRUBS

THE GOOSEFOOT FAMILY (Chenopodiaceae) is
represented in our range only by several very well known
shrubs, a few of which are of considerable importance as
forage plants on the ranges.

The Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) is a much
branched succulent-leaved shrub of rather yellowish-green
color, commonly only 3 or 4 feet high, but sometimes as much
as 8 or 9 feet, that grows almost exclusively in tolerably wet
alkaline soils. The name Greasewood is often mistakenly ap-
plied to a very different evergreen shrub, the Creosot: Bush
(Covillea glutinosa) that grows on the mesas of the southern
part of the State, never occurring in alkaline soil and prefer-
ring a dry gravelly one. The proper Greasewood is not ever-
green, has small, almost cylindrical leaves, and very inconspicu-
ous flowers. The leaves are succulent’'and watery when
crushed, never resinous, and perfectly smooth. The plant is
used extensively as a forage plant, especially by sheep; though
there is said to be some danger of bloat if the animals are
allowed to eat it when it is growing vigorously. The fruit is
dry, winged, and ore seeded. The flowers are unisexual. It
is often called CHICO bush in the northwestern part of the
State.

Burro Weed (Allenrolfea occidentalis) is a very peculiar,
almost leafless alkali-loving shrub with cylindrical jointed
green succulent branches. It reaches a height of 5 or 6 feet,
and is easily recognized by its smooth and _ bluish-green
branches among the cther gray and brown plants with which it
is commonly associated. Its presence is certain indication of
a large amount of alkali in the soil. It is sparingly eaten by
burros; hence the common name. ‘

Winter Fat (Eurotia lanata) is a well known small
shrub, generally less than 3 feet high, that grows in the foot-
hills of the mountains and to some extent on the high plains
almost throughout the State. It will not live in the driest sit-
uations, but will endure moderate desiccation. It may be

TREES AND

SHRUBS

65

(Sarcobatus vetmiculatus)

GREASEWOOD.

66 TREES AND SHRUBS

recognized by its numerous erect stems and slender leaves, all
of which are white woolly, and its profuse terminal panicle,
the tlowers and fruit of which are covered with white spread-
ing hairs. The plant is considered as valuable forage by stock-
men of all kinds, but sheepmen prize it especially, because it
furnishes good feed at a time when other feed is scarce; hence
its name. In the Northwestern states this plant is known as
WHITE SAGE.

the walt bushes (Atriplex spp.). This genus is repre-
sented in New Mexico by five more or less shrubby species.
Two of :hem (A. greggii and A. sabulosa) are woody at the
base only, the stems and branches being herbaceous and dying
down almost to the ground every year. These two plants are
rarely over 2 feet high, and are of no decorative importance
although of some value as forage. The other three species are
shrubs of some considerable size, generally 4 to 6 feet high, or
under favorable conditions even larger.

The Shad Scale (Atriplex canescens) is one of the com-
monest of the shrubs found upon the drier mesas and plains
and in their arroyos practically throughout the State. It is a
gray much branched shrub with.narrow small leaves and dense
panicles of winged one-seeded fruits. The staminate flowers
appear in congested panicles on the ends of the stemis about the
middle of the summer and by the middle of August the plants
are loaded with the conspicuous fruits, which are at first green
and later turn yellowish-brown, remaining on until well into
the winter. In many localities where there is no true sage
brush this plant is incorrectly referred to under’ that name,
though it is in no way related to the sage brushes. Its grayish
scaly leaves and habit of growth are no doubt responsible for
this misapplication of the name. Economically it is a mod-
erately valuable forage plant, being eaten freely by stock
wherever it grows.

The other two shrubby species (Atriplex acanthocarpa
and A. confertifolia) may be recognized, the first by its

TREES AND SHRUBS 67

peculiar bluntly spiny fruit, and the second by its spinescent
branches with their crowded elliptical leaves. Neither is very
abundant within our limits, and both are of some slight value
as forage plants.

CHENOPODIACEAE. GoosEFrootT FAMILY

The family is a very important one in the arid regions where
representatives are numerous both as to species and individuals.
‘They seem particu arly adapted to bright sunshine and dry soil and
very tolerant of alkali. The bulk of the species are herbaceous
annuals or perennials but there are several low shrubby perennials
‘that are of importance in one way or another that are included here.

Embryo spirally coiled; leaves fleshy, linear;

flowers monoecious; staminate flowers spi-

eate without perianth, pistillate solitary,

axillary; fruiting calyx winged. 1. SACROBATUS.
“#mbryo annular; leaves flat or scale like.

Stems of branches jointed, younger parts
terete and very succulent; leaves scale-
like. 2. ALLENROLFEA.

Stems and branches not jointed; leaves never
seale-like, mostly flat and broad.

Pericarp and plant densely hairy. 3. EUROTIA.
Pericarp and plant not densely hairy. 4. ATRIPLEX.

1. SACROBATUS Nees. GREASEWOOD

A divaricately branched shrub with linear leaves; staminate
flowers naked in aments; pistillate flowers with a saccate calyx
adherent at the 2-lipped apex to the base of the stigmas; calyx
laterally margined with an erect 2-lobed border which finally be-
comes a broad, membranous wing.

A single species in the state. 1. S. vermiculatus.

2. ALLENROLFEA Kuntze. Burro WEED

An erect, much branched perennial, somewhat woody at the
base; leaves scale-like, broadly triangular; flowers in dense spikes
in threes in the axils of the spirally ranked bracts; whole plant

succulent.
A single species in the Lower Sonoran Zone. 1. A. occidentalis.

68 TREES AND SHRUBS

3. EUROTIA Adans. WINTER Fat

A low, stellately tomentose shrub; leaves alternate, entire,
linear to narrowly linear lanceolate; flowers small, clustered, axil-
lary and subspicate; calyx 4-parted; stamens 4.

Widely scattered throughout the state on plains
and in the foothills in the Sonoran Zones.
\ single species. 1. EZ. lanata.

4. ATRIPLEX L. Sarit BusHEs

Monoecious or dioecious, mealy or scurfy annuals or peren-
nials; staminate flowers bractless, variously clustered; pistillate
flowers subtended by two persistent bracts which become variously
enlarged, thickened and united forming wings, tubercles or spine-like
points on the fruit; leaves flat, alternate or opposite.

Fruiting bracts united and completely sur-
rounding the seed; fruits large, 10 mm. in
diameter or more.
Bracts winged on the back and margin form-
ing a 4-winged fruit; the margins of the
wings with small teeth-or none. 1. A. canescens.

Bracts becoming thick and spongy, with nu-
merous rigid blunt spine-like projections,
never truly winged.

Fruiting bracts united only at the base; fruit
smaller, 5 to 7 mm. in diameter.
Stems woody, 3 to 6 ft. tall, widely branched
and spinescent; leaves much crowded. 3. <A. confertifolia.

Stems mostly herbaceous, woody only at the
base, erect 2 ft. high or less, not spines-
cent, leaves not crowded.
Fruiting bracts crested on the back; leaves
small, less than % inch long. 4. A. greggii.
Fruiting bracts not crested on the back,
thick; not nerved; leaves larger, about
an inch long or more. 5. A. sabulosa.

to
fe

. acanthocarpa.

The Buttercup or Crowfoot Family (Ranunculaceae)
displays many species of well known plants like the
Columbine, the Larkspur, the Anemone, the Monkshood in
New Mexico but they are all herbaceous. The only woody
species within our borders are those that generally go under
the name of Clematis or Virgin’s bower. Recently they have
been separated into three rather well marked genera.

Clematis. There are two or three native species of
Clematis that thrive well in the State and it is likely that most

TREES AND SHRUBS 69

species of the genus could be grown here satisfactorily.
Clematis ligusticifolia is the species which inhabits the ditch
banks in most of our valleys, though not confined to such lo-
cations. It has large clusters of white flowers each of which
is about an inch in diameter, and is followed by a head of
feathery tailed seed pods. The leaves are compound and the
vine climbs by twisting the small stems of the separate leaflets
around the smaller parts of the support provided, whether it
be a dead or living tree or the lattice work of a porch. This
vine is very vigorous, and while it will endure very adverse
conditions without dying, it appreciates and rewards a garden-
er’s care. Clematis drummondii is a near relative of the pre-
ceding species, which lives upon the mesas and in the foot-
hills of our drier mountains. Its flowers are small and most
inconspicuous, the feathery seed pods are longer tailed and
less numerous, and the leaves are smaller. Altogether it is
not as attractive a plant, though it will no doubt stand greater
dryness in the soil.

The Leather Flower (Viorna bigelovii) is a species with
single flowers on long peduncles; the sepals are maroon-col-
ored, thick and leathery, and white-hairy within. The com-
pound leaves have oval entire leaflets mostly, though some of
them are deeply lobed; all are smooth and veiny. This is a
vigorous vine, well worth cultivating, which grows in the
mountains at elevations of about 5,500 feet. Two other species
closely resembling it also occur in the State.

The Purple Virgin’s Bower (Atragene pseudalpina), of
the northern part of the State would probably do well in culti-
vation while C. orientalis has become to a degree naturalized
at Las Vegas. All of these species have perennial roots which
are easily divided and transplanted. The first named species
grows readily from layers and would probably do well from
cuttings. They are all quite hardy, though the Leather Flower
would stand less drouth than some of the others; none of them
will winterkill in the State.

70 TREES AND SHRUBS

RANUNCULACEAE Juss. Burrercup FAMILY

Herbs or climbing shrubs with alternate leaves, simple or
compound, and regular or irregular usually complete flowers having *
all parts distinct and free. Sepals 3 to 15 often petaloid, mostly
falling early. Petals usually the same number or wanting. Stamens
mostly numerous. Pistils many or few, sometimes only 1. Fruit
achenes, follicles or berries. A large family with only a few shrubby
species.

Flowers small, 1 inch in diameter or less, white,
numerous in panicles. 1. CLEMATIS.
Flowers larger, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, mostly
solitary or only a few together.
Sepals usually 4 or 5, thick and leathery, dark

reddish, not spreading. 2. VIORNA,
Sepals usually 5, thin and of delicate texture,
purplish or paler, widely spreading. 3. ATRAGENE,

All these species have plumose tailed achenes.

I. CLEMATIS L. Vircin’s Bower
Perennial vines, more or less woody; flowers small, numerous
paniculate, dioecious or the pistillate flowers with sterile stamens;
sepals petal-like, white, thin, spreading; petals wanting. -

Tails of the carpels 3 to 4 inches long; panicle
with few (usually less than 10) flowers;
leaflets small, an inch long or less. 1. C. drummondii.

Tails of the carpels 1% inches long or less:
panicle many-flowered; leaflets 1% to 3
inches long. 2. C. ligusticifolia.

2. VIORNA Reichenb. LEATHER FLOWER

Herbaceous or woody perennials with erect or climbing stems
sometimes several feet long; leaves pinnate; flowers solitary on long
peduncles, usually nodding; sepals thick erect mostly dull reddish
or purple; petals none; anthers linear; achenes usually few.

Leaflets strongly reticulately veined, more or
less pubescent; sepals about % of an inch
long very thick, attenuate at the apex. 1. V. filifera:
Leaflets smooth, not strongly reticulate-veined;
sepals 1 to 144inches long, thinner, broader
at the apex.
Division of the leaflets acute, lanceolate;
tails of the achenes plumose.
Divisions of the leaflets obtuse, ovate or ob-
long; tails of the achenes glabrate or
pubescent near the base. 3. V. palmeri:.

to

V. bigelovii..

TREES AND SHRUBS

=~]
bes

3. ATRAGENE L. Purp Le VirGIn’s Bower

Perennial vines, woody below, with compound leaves; pedun-
cles bearing single large purplish flowers; sepais thin widely spread-
ing; some of the outer filaments enlarged and petaloid.

A single species in the mountains of the north-
ern part of the state. 1. A. pseudalpina.

The Barberry Family is represented in New Mexico by
5 species, all of which are more or less woody, though one is
- but a low plant, rarely over 6 inches tall.

Fendler’s Barberry (Berberis fendleri) is a low spines-
cent shrub of the mountains of the northern part of the State,
With simple leaves, small yellow flowers, and scarlet berries
about the size of currants. It would make a very desirable
little hedge plant at Santa Fe and similar elevations. It would
probably grow at a lower altitude if given enough water.

The Oregon Grape (Odostemon repens) is a small al-
most prostrate plant with woody stems 5 or 6 inches long and
compound leaves, the individual leaflets of which suggest a
holly leaf, though of a different color. The berries are about
the size of wild grapes and of much the same color. The plant
is of no economic importance. There are three other species
of this genus that occur in the State.

Algerita (Odostemon haematocarpa) is a common ever-
green shrub in the lower mountains of the southern part of the
State and one well worth cultivation.

It reaches a height of eight to ten feet in favorable loca-
tions and forms a bush four or five feet in diameter. The
leaves are compound, having three, five and sometimes seven
thick, smooth, leathery leaflets, each of which has a few stiff
spiny leaves along the margin. They are suggestive of the
holly leaves. The bark is stringy and brown; the wood is @
bright yellow color and rather tough; the flowers are small,
light vellow, and borne in clusters about three inches long,
blooming in May and June; the fruits.are bright red berries,
a little larger than currants, and are ripe in August. In some
parts of the State the berries, which are borne in abundance,

72 TREES AND SHRUBS

are used for making a jelly, which is quite good. This shrub
Should grow very well in cultivation because it grows naturally
in conditions which are more severe than those supplied in any-
garden, and it would amply reward the gardener for his trou-
ble. It would be necessary to transplant small bushes, Ber-
beris fremontii is a shrub which closely resembles the Algerita,
except that its frit is dark blue and dry. It grows in similar
situations further west and north, reaching New Mexico only
along the western side.

BERBERIDACEAE. Barserry FAMILY

Shrubs (one species low) with alternate exstipulate simple or
compound leaves more or less spiny-toothed: flowers yellow, in ra-
cemes, the pedicles opposite: parts of the perianth distinet, free,
opposite; anthers opening by uplifted valves: pistil simple; fruit a

berry.
Stems spiny; leaves simple. 1. BERBERIS,
Stems not spiny; leaves compound. 2. ODOSTEMON.

|. BERBERIS L. Barserry

Ours is a low shrub, 1 to 2% feet high. with simple, elliptic
to oblanceolate fascicled leaves having weakly spiny-toothed mar-
gins; stems spiny; flowers crowded in short, reflexed racemes; fruit

a scarlet ellipsoidal berry about the size of a currant.
A single species in the timbered mountains of
the northern part of the state. 1. B. fendleri.

2. ODOSTEMON Raf.

Shrubs with compound leaves and stems without spines; leaf-
lets mostly coriaceous, persistent, sinuate-dentate with few spiny
teeth; flowers in rather loose racemes, the parts in sixes. except

the pistil; fruit a few-seeded berry.
Low shrub 4 inches to 1 foot high with but few
leaves; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long with nu-
merous serrate teeth; fruit bluish, glaucous. 1. 0. repens.
‘Tall shrubs 4 feet high or more; leaflets less
than 1 inch long, with few coarse sinuate-
dentate teeth.
Leaves trifoliolate; fruit red.
Leaves pinnate with 5 leaflets.
Fruit juicy and not inflated at maturity,
blood red; terminal leaflet long-atten-
uate, comparatively narrow. ago ). haematocarpa, i
Fruit dry and inflated at maturity, dark :
blue; terminal leaflet acute, broad. 4. O. fremontii. i

bo
S

trifoliolata.

TREES AND SHRUBS 73

The Gooseberry Family (Grossulariaceae) is too well
known to need special description. There are seven native
species of WILD CurRANT (fibes spp.) to be found in the
mountains of New Mexico, two or three of which occur mainly
about timber line. A single species (Ribes aureum) with sweet
scented yellow flowers, is worth cultivation. for its flowers
alone. It is already well known in cultivation, generally going
under the name of GOLDEN CuRRANT or the Missouri Cur-
RANT. The other species are of no economic importance, but
their abundance in the mountain regions of our State strongly
suggests the desirability of growing the cultivated species in
such localities.

There are three native species of GOOSEBERRIES (Grossu-
Jaria spp.) that oceur in the mountains of this State. None
of these are of any economic importance, but their abundance
and thriftiness add to the sugestion just made. Both goose-
berries and currants are grown successfully in the mountains
of the State in a number of places, and if more interest were
taken in the growing of small fruits for market there would
be less reason for shipping in so many from other states; for
they will nearly all grow in the mountains at levels of from
6,000 to 9,000 feet if given water.

GROSSULARIACEAE. GoosEBERRY FAMILY

Shrubs with mostly erect or spreading habit and often bristly
or spiny stems; leaves alternate, simple, petiolate, broadly ovate to
rotund, more or less lobed and toothed; inflorescence terminal on
short lateral branches; racemose or the raceme reduced to a single
flower; flowers regular, perfect (rarely unisexual) ; hypanthium elon-
gated, short, or obsolete; sepals, petals and stamens 5, alternate;
ovary 1-celled; fruit a berry.

Stems mostly without nodal spines or bristles;
pedicels jointed beneath the ovary; fruit
fruit not breaking from the pedicels. 1. RIBEs.

Stems with nodal spines, with or without bris-
-tles, pedicels not jointed beneath the ovary;
preaking from the pedicel. 2. GROSSULARIA, |

74 TREES AND SHRUBS

1. RIBES L. Currants
Unarmed or bristly shrubs with palmately veined, mostly lobed
leaves; flowers in several-flowered racemes; pedicels jointed; ovary
not spiny, sometimes glandular; hypanthium tubular to cup-shaped,
sometimes obsolete; fruit breaking from the pedicel.

Stems armed with spines. (Leaves pubescent
or glandular hairy; berries bright red.) 1. R. montigenum.

Stems unarmed.

Sepals slightly united at the base, the hypan-
tnium obsolete. 2. R. coloradense.

Hypanthium evident (very short in R. wolfii).
Anthers with a _ conspicuous cup-shaped .

gland.
Hypanthium 3 or 4 times as long as
broad; fruit red. 3. R. inebrians.
Hypanthium less than. twice as long as
broad; fruit black. 4. R. mescalerium.

Anthers with at most a callus at the apex.

Hypanthium smooth, 3 or more times as

long as thick; leaves involute in ver-
nation. 5. R. aureum.

Hypanthium hairy, shorter; leaves pli-
cate in vernation.
Leaves with amber-colored glands on
both surfaces; hypanthium and ca-
lyx together % inch long. 6. R. americanum.
Leaves without glands; hypanthium
and calyx together 5 mm. long or
less. 7. R. wolfii.

GROSSULARIA Mill. GoosEBEerRy

Spreading shrubs with numerous stems armed at the nodes
with simple or 3-forked spines; leaves broadly ovate to rotund,
rather deeply 3- to 5-lobed, the lobes coarsely crenate; racemes
few-flowered; pedicels not jointed; ovary and fruit spiny, hairy or
smooth; hypanthium evident; fruit not separating from the pedicel.

Ovary densely bristly, the bristles developing
into sharp, stout spines in fruit. 1. G. pinetorum.

Ovary smooth with weak, glan4-tipped bristles,
not spiny in fruit.
Style glabrous; leaves small, 2 mm. in diam-
ter or less, on petioles as long or shorter,
-rowded; young stems densely spiny, the
spines usually stout, often 1 em. long, di-
vergent and curveg; flowers copiously

ciliate and somewhat glandular outside. 2. G. leptantha.

Style hairy near the base; leaves larger,
mostly more than % inch in diameter, on
rather slender petioles longer than the
blade, not so numerous as in the preced-
ing; young stems mostly smooth, the
spines short, often deflexed, % inch long
or Jess; flowers almost glabrous outside. 3. G. inermis.

TREES AND SHRUBS 75

The Hydrangea Family (Hydrangeaceae). The shrubs
of this species are almost without exception well worth culti-
vation and could, no doubt, be grown in gardens; especially
at the middle levels in the State. In the lower valleys they
would need some shade and protection from the wind, but
could doubtless be grown and would reward the gardener well
for his trouble. They all of them produce good sized flowers
in considerable abundance.

Edwinia americana is a shrub generally 6 to 8 feet high
common along mountain streams and to a less extent on the
_ high peaks, frequently with its roots in the water. Apparently
it will endure bright sunlight or partial shade. The leaves are
simple, thin, ovate, and serrate, 3 or 4 inches long or less;
bright green above and pale or fine white wooly beneath. The
flowers are borne in rather dense clusters on the ends of the
stems, are white, 14 inch in diameter, and the plant is a rather
profuse bloomer. At elevations above 6,000 feet it would
probably do very well in cultivation.

Fendlera rupicola is a shrub generally about 6 feet high
with grayish bark and small simple leaves. Its pink-tinged
white flowers are produced quite abundantly on plants that
have sufficient water. The plant grows in the canons of the
drier mountains, and will endure rather intense heat and con-
siderable drought. Under favorable conditions it is a most
beautiful shrub, its flowers resembling very much those of the
mock orange.

76 TREES AND SHRUBS :

FENDLERA RUPICOLA.

Fendlerella utahensis is a low shrub, generally less than 2
feet high, with very small leaves and small white flowers in
terminal clusters an inch or so in diameter. As a low shrub
comparable to some of the small cultivated varieties of spireas
commonly found in our gardens it would be worth cultivation.

The Mock Orange (Philadelphus spp.) is represented in
New Mexico by four species; all of which would seem to be
worth cultivation. Two or three of them would probably
stand the heat and dry atmosphere of the lower valleys, though
we have not tried them.

TREES AND SHRUBS 77

Philadelphus argyrocalyx is a species that grows in the
timbered mountains, generally among pine timber Attempts
to cuitivate it on the mesas at the Experiment Station garden
proved unsuccessful, because of the extreme summer heat. In
partial shade of larger trees it would probably grow even at
this level, where supplied with sufficient water. All of the
species have rather large white flowers approximately an inch
in diameter, that are borne quite profusely, and they all prom-
ise to be of value in cultivation.

HYDRANGEACEAE. [ypranceEA FAMILY.

Low or tall widely branching shrubs with opposite branches;
leaves opposite, exstipulate, simple, more or less persistent, entire or
toothed; flowers perfect, with mostly conspicuous white or yellowish
petals, solitary or cymose; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals surmounting the
hypanthium; stamens numerous, the filaments slender or sometimes
stout and appendaged; ovary partly inferior; fruit a woody capsule.

Flowers in conspicuous cymes of numerous
flowers; sepals and petals 5; stamens 10.

Plants large, often 6 feet high; leaves large
toothed. 2. EDWINIA.

Plants small, depressed; leaves small, entire. 2. FENDUBRELLA.

Flowers solitary or in 2- or 3-flowered clus-
ters; sepals and petals 4 or 5, usually 4;
stamens 8 or more numerous, 15 to 60.

Filaments appendaged; flowers uniformly

4-parted; stamens 8. 3. FENDLERA. lp
Filaments not appendaged; flowers occasion-
ally 5-parted; stamens 15 to 60. 4. PHILADELPHUS.

1. EDWINIA Heller.

A rather Jarge shrub often 6 feet high, with opposite
branches and brownish partly deciduous bark; leaves deciduous,
thin, ovate, petiolate, serrate, 14 inch long or less, bright green above,
pale or whitish tomentulose beneath; flowers in crowded cymes,
white, 5-parted.

A single species of the timbered mountains of
the Transition and Canadian Zones. 1. BH. americana. |

78 TREES AND SHRUBS :

2. FENDLERELLA Heller.

A low much branched shrub 11% to 2 feet high, with grayish
young branches, small lanceolate leaves 1 em. long or less; flowers
small, about 44 inch long, white, in cymose several-flowered clusters;
hypanthium decidedly turbinate; capsule considerably exceeding the
calyx.

A single species of the drier mountains. 1. F. utahensis.

3. FENDLERA Engelm & Gray.

A shrub 6 feet high or less, with grayish bark, rather small
leaves, and beautiful pink-tinged white flowers frequently borne in
great profusion; leaves entire, mostly sessile; flowers 4-parted; fila-
ments of the 8 stamens flattened and with 2 narrow appendages at
the top extending beyond the anther.

A single species of the drier mountains in the
Upper Sonoran Zone. 1. F. rupicola.

4. PHILADELPHUS L. \ock ORANGE.

Freely branching shrub 8 feet high or less, mostly with
conspicuous white flowers; leaves mostly small, $4 inch ‘ong or less,
elliptic-lanceolate to ovate; flewers on short pedicels, mostly soli-
tary; sepa’s and petals 4, rarely 5, stamens numerous, 15 to 60;
ovary about two thirds inferior.

Petals acute; ochroleucous; stamens about 15. 1. P. mearnsii.
Petals rounded at the apex, white; stamens 25
to 60.

tw
»

Hypanthium externally glabrous to strigose. microphyllus.
Hypanthium densely pubescent, silvery white.

Leaves 1 to 1% inches long, hirsute be-

neath, the pubescence loose. 3. P. argyrocalyz.
Leaves 4% to % inch long, silky strigose be-

neath, the pubescence close and dense. 4. P. argenteus. |

TREES AND SHRUBS | fis,

THE ROSE FAMILY (Rosaceae. )

This is a large family and is represented by many species
and genera in our State; most of them, however, being herba-
ceous plants. Many of our cultivated plants of the utmost
economic importance have been derived from wild plants of
this and closely related families. Twelve genera of shrubs
occur within our limits, several of which are valuable either as
forage plants or for decorative purposes.

The Wiid Roses (/tosa spp.) are represented in New
Mexico by 10 species, several of which are very closely related
and with difficulty separable. The best known species are
Rosa fendleri and Rosa suffulta, both of which are fairly com-
mon in the mountains above 6,000 feet. Rosa neomexicana
has grown very well with a little care in the Experiment Sta-
tion garden, and bloomed very profusely. tosa stellata and
Rosa mirifica are well worth cultivation, on account of the
large size and the color of their flowers. The former is known
from but a single locality in the Organ Mountains, where it
covers the side of one small dry hill. ‘The latter is common in
the higher mountains further east. Any of the species will
repay the gardener who likes to grow wild flowers. They are,
of course, not to be compared with the ordinary cultivated
types for beauty.

Opulaster monogynus is a small shrub, generally 2 or 3
feet high, profusely branched and covered with small clusters
of white flowers that suggest some of the garden spireas. For
decorations of lawns or for massed shrubbery it should be a
very satisfactory little plant. It occurs at elevations of from

6,000 to 8,000 feet.

Petrophyton caespitosum is a rather rare prostrate woody
plant with stenis several inches long and sometimes as large
as a lead pencil but rarely over one or two inches high, with
crowded small leaves and slender spikes of small white flow-
ers. It would be valuable for use only in rockeries.

80 . TREES AND SHRUBS

The Wild Raspberry (Batidaca strigosus) is a spiny
shrub 3 feet high or less, with compound leaves having 5 to 7
leaflets and inconspicuous white flowers, followed by bright
red juicy berries with a very pleasant taste and odor. It oc-
curs in the timbered areas of our mountains, growing in large
patches on the hillsides among the pines. The fruit is abun-
dantly produced and is much appreciated by the people of the
region, who gather it for table us.

The Thimble Berry (Bossekia parviflora ) is a rather
conspicuous plant.in the higher mountains. The berries are
like the red raspberry, and are very pleasant to the taste. The
flowers are white and often 2 inches in diameter. The stems
are woody only at the very base, the upper portion being herb-
aceous and rarely more than 2 feet high. The leaves are large,
generally several inches in diameter and 5-lobed, suggesting
some types of maple leaves. The plant is moderately common
in the deep forests of the upper mountain slopes. The pres-
ence of the preceding species and this one in abundance in our
mountains strongly emphasizes the desirability of growing
small fruits in such locations.

Three shrubs that are closely related to the preceding
belong in the genus Oreobatus, and occur in our mountains
at elevations above 6,000 feet. The fruits of these plants are
of very little importance, but they are nice looking shrubs 2
to 4 feet high, producing rather large white flowers in some
abundance.

The Shrubby Cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa) is a
densely branched shrub often 3 or 4 feet high, with reddish-
brown stringy bark and compound leaves having 3 to 7 leaf-
lets. The flowers are bright yellow, about an inch in diameter,
and are borne quite profusely. The plant is doubtless quite
resistant to cold, but will grow at intermediate elevations. It
is quite handsome and well worth cultivation.

Apache Plume (Fallugia paridoxa) is a widely branch-
ing shrub, often 6 or 8 feet high, with numerous white flowers

TREES AND SHRUBS 81

as large as apple blossoms and followed by a cluster of red-
dish-tinged plumose akenes that suggested the name here given
by Mr. James K. Metcalfe. This shrub grows very rapidly
when supplied with abundance of water, but will endure ex-
tremes of drought. It is apparently at home in the drier
mountains at elevations of 6,000 or 7,000 feet, but follows
down the mountain canyons and out on to the mesas in the ar-
royos. Besides its decorative value it is one of the most im-
portant of forage-producing shrubs of the region in which it
grows. It rarely reaches its full height except where pro-
tected from animals.

Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.) is represented
in New Mexico by four species, all of which are more or less
valuable for the forage they produce. These plants are also
frequently used for firewood. They may be recognized by the
single tailed akenes which protrude beyond the persistent base
of the tubular calyx. The flowers are inconspicuous and lack
petals. The wood is very hard and heavy, as is suggested by
the common name, and of dark reddish-brown color, capable
of taking a high polish. It is used occasionally for the manu-
facture of small articles, but is not produced in sufficient
quantity to be of any particular value. It is exceedingly
brittle and almost too heavy to float. The shrubs vary in
height from 3 to 12 feet or even larger, and are extensively
browsed by cattle, shezp and goats. They occur on the rockier
and drier mountain slopes at elevations of from 5,000 to 8,000
feet.

Cowanta mexicana is a very similar shrub but with resin-
ous leaves and stems, yellowish-tinged flowers and only five
akenes in each flower. It occurs at higher elevations, mainly
in the mountains of the western part of the State. It also
would be worth cultivating.

Sericotheca dumosa is a shrub 6-to 10 feet high with a
few main spreading stems that branch profusely and grace-
fully. The leaves are simple, an inch or so long, with a few
rounded teeth and densely white hairy beneath. The flowers

82 TREES AND SHRUBS :

are small, less than %4 inch in diameter, but borne in large ter-
minal panicles. They are pale cream colored and endure for
some considerable time. This is one of the most graceful na-
tive shrubs, and is a very profuse bloomer. It should do well
in cultivation at middle elevations in the State.

ROSACEAE. Rose Famiry.

Herbs, shrubs and trees with alternate stipulate leaves (stip-
ules often fugacious) and perfect flowers; hypanthium saucer shaped,
spherical, turbinate, or tubular, often margined by a disk bearing the
stamens; sepals and petals normally 5, rarely of a different number,
petals wanting in one genus; stamens numerous, sometimes reduced
to 5; carpe’s 1 to many, dry or fleshy, dehiscent in a few genera;
fruit achenes,’ follicles or drupelets, (in some genera the receptacle
is accrescent).

A large family, many of the species of economic importance,
including the originals from which various horticultural varieties have
been developed. These include several of the small fruits and many
decorative plants that are extensively used.

Hypanthium constricted at the throat, wholly
inclosing the achenes, becoming more or
less fleshy in fruit; carpels numerous. 1. Rosa.

Hypanthium not constricted at the throat,
neither fleshy nor prickly, at most loosely
investing the fruits.

Fruit consisting of 1 to 5 dehiscent follicles.

Follicles more or less united at the base;
leaves broadly ovate and lobed, 1 to 1%
inches long.

Follicles distinct, usually 5; leaves very
small, spatulate, less than % an inch :
long. 3. PETROPHYTON.

Fruit usually consisting of numerous inde-
hescent carpels. becoming either achenes
or drupelets.

Carpels becoming more or less fleshy drupe-

to

OPULASTER.

lets.
Styles filiform; stigmas capitate; leaves
compound; stems spiny. 4. BATIDAEa,

Styles club-shaped: stigmas 2-lobed;
leaves simple; stems unarmed.
Drupelets capped by a hard hairy cush-
ion; stems suffrutescent, dying back
leaves large: fruit pleasantly acid
and pulpy 5. BOSSEKTIA.

TREES AND SHRUBS 83

Drupelets without cushions; stems near-
ly all woody; leaves small; fruit
hardly at all pulpy. 6. OREOBATUS.

Carpels becoming achenes; styles not ar-
ticulated to the ovary.

Hypanthium bearing bracts; achenes sev-
eral to many; more or less hairy.

Flowers yellow; leaves pinnately com-
pound; achenes not tailed.

Flowers white; leaves deeply lobed, not
compound; achenes with long plu-
mose tails. 8. FALLUGIA.
Hypanthium bractless; achenes mostly
fewer, 5 or less.
Hypanthium flat; carpels 5; flowers
white, small, numerous in a small
panicle. 9. SBERICOTHECA,.
Hypanthium funnelform or _ tubular;
flowers mostly solitary and larger.
Petals wanting; hypanthium long-
tubular; calyx deciduous from the

-1

DASIOPHORA,

hypanthium; earpels solitary;
achenes long plumose tailed. 10. CEROCARPUS.
Petals 5; hypanthium turbinate; calyx
persistent.
Carpels about 5; achenes with long
plumose tails. 11. COWANIA.
Carpels 1; achenes not’ plumose
tailed. 12, KuNzIA.

|; ROSA Li. Rose.

Low, more or less spiny shrubs 6 feet high or less, with
mostly slender branches and odd pinnately compound leaves; stip-
ules conspicuous, adnate to the petioles; leaves 3 to 9 foliate;
flowers solitary or in few-flowered corymbs terminating the branches,
large and showy, 1 to 2% inches in diameter, pink or rose purple
fading lighter; hypanthium spherical or ellipsoidal, not bracteolate;
sepals 5, more or less foliaceous tipped; petals broadly ovate to
rotund; dry or somewhat succulent by the softening of the hypan-
thium.

Hypanthium and fruit densely spiny; sepals all
or nearly all lobed.
Young branches densely lepidote stellate;
leaves usually wth 3 leaflets. ie RR. steliata.
Young branches with a dense covering of
short, mostly gland-tipped spines, not
lepidote stellate; leaves mostly with 5
leaflets. 2. Rk. mirifica.
Hypanthium not spiny; sepals not lobed.
Infrastipular spines not present.
Flowers corymbose at the ends of the
branches. 3. RK. suffulta.

84 TREES AND SHRUBS ;

Flowers solitary at the ends of the branches. 4, R. sayi.
Infrastipular spines present.
Sepals not bristly.

Petioles not glandular, the bracts often
glandular toothed.

Spines few, stout, strongly curved; leaf-
lets pale above, small, thick. 9. R. neomezxicana.

Spines numerous, slender, straight or
nearly so; leaflets bright green
above, larger, thin. 10. R. mazimiliana.

Petioles strongly glandular.

Leaves finely pubescent beneath, often
strongly glandular. 8. R. fendleri.

2. OPULASTER Medic.

A low shrub, 3 feet high or less, with exfoliating bark, and
white flowers in terminal corymbs; leaves simple, rounded ovate in
outline, 3 to 5-lobed, glabrous or nearly so, doubly incised serrate;
flowers small; hypanthium about 3 mm. broad, stellate ; petals orbi-
cular, about 3 mm. long; follicles 2 or rarely 3, united to above the
middle, densely stellate, with spreading beaks.

A single species of the Transition Zone. 1. O. monogynus.

3. PETROPHYTON (Nuit.) Rydb.

A dense-y caespitose and depressed undershrub with pros-
trate branches; leaves spatulate, 5 to 12 mm. long, 2 to 4 mm. wide,
densely silky; peduncles 1 to 4 inches high, with bract-like, subulate
leaves; inflorescence a dense spike of small whitish flowers; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acute, 1.5 mm. long; petals spatulate, obtuse, about.
the same length; follicles 3 to 5, 2 mm. long.

A single species. 1. P. caesptiosum.

4. BATIDAEA Greene. RASPBERRY.

Spiny shrubs 3 feet high or less, with 5-- to 7-foliolate leaves,
and inconspicuous white flowers; stems of the first season erect,
armed with straight prickles; leaves of the flowering branches with
fewer leaflets; leaflets ovate to rhombic-lanceolate, serrate, the
terminal sometimes lobed, green above, densely white-tomentose
beneath; fruits bright red, juicy, with pleasant taste and color.

1. B. strigosa.

TREES AND SHRUBS 85

5. BOSSEKIA Necker. THIMBLE-BERRY.

A low, unarmed perennial, 1 to 2 feet high, with mostly
herbaceous stems arising from a woody base, and bearing a few
large 3- to 5-lobed leaves often 4 or 5 inches across; flowers white,
1 to 2 inches broad; calyx densely tomentose; sepals long-acumin-
ate; fruit large, red, pleasantly flavored.

1. B. parviflora.

6. OREOBATUS Rydb.

Unarmed branching shrubs 3 feet high or less, with 3- to
5-lobed stipulate leaves, and brownish shreddy bark; hypanthium
flat, not bracteolate; sepals broadly ovate, with elongated tips,
aecrescent; loosely enclosing the fruit; flowers white, conspicuous;
fruit fleshy or soon dry.

Petals 1 to 1% inches long; leaves not lobed or
with mostly 5 shallow lobes, the teeth very

acute. 1. O. deliciosus.
Petals less than % inch long; leaves conspicu-
ously 3-lobed, the teeth mostly obtuse. 2. O. rubicundus.

7. DASIPHORA Raf. SHRUBBY CINOQUEFOIL.

Low branching shrub with pinnately 3- to 7-foliolate silky
leaves with scarious stipules; young branches silky villous, the older
stems brown, with shredded bark; flowers bright yellow, axillary
and solitary or in small cymes; hypanthium saucer-shaped; bract-
lets, sepals and petals 5; petals nearly orbicular; stamens about 25;

achenes densely villous.
A single species of the timbered mountains. “1. Dz. fruticosa.

8. FALLUGIA. ApAcHE PLUME.

A much branched evergreen shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with slen-
der white young branches, and small, fascicled, cuneate-obovate,
pinnately divided, hispidulous leaves; divisions of the leaves nar-
rowly oblong, obtuse, revolute; flowers numerous, the stems of the
inflorescence somewhat corymbosely branched and the leaves re-
duced to bracts; hypanthium hemispheric, with several linear-lance-
olate bracts alternating with the ovate, abruptly long-acuminate
sepals; petals 5, broadly obovate to rotund, white; stamens numer-

ous; achenes numerous, obovate-fusiform, long-tailed.
1. F. paridoza.

86 TREES AND SHRUBS

9. SERICOTHECA Raf.

A shrub 6 to 10 feet high, with a few main stems and numerous
spreading branches bearing simple leaves and terminal spreading
panicles of small white flowers; leaves obovate cuneate, decurrent,
with a few rounded teeth, densely white villous beneath; sepals 5,
1.5 mm. long, cream-colored like the hemispheric hypanthium; petals
5, elliptic or oval, about 2 mm. long; stamens about 20; pistils 5.

1. S. dwmosa.

10. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Mountarn MAHOGANY.

Shrubs 3 to 12 feet high with stout stems, rather widely
branching and hard brittle wood; leaves simple, fascicled, evergreen,
small; flowers solitary or fascicled with the leaves, inconspicuous;
hypanthium tubular, 4% inch long or less, persistent; sepals dull.
whitish, small; corolla wanting; stamens numerous in 2 or 3 rows,
deciduous with the calyx; fruit a terete or fusiform densely villous
achene terminating in a long, slender, variously bent and curved

plumose tail sometimes 2 inches long.

Leaves large, 1 to 11% inches long, coarsely

toothed.
Pubescence of the petioles and flowers ap-
pressed, silky. 1. C. parviflorus.
Pubescence of the petioles and flowers
spreadnig, not silky. 2. C. pallidus.

Leaves small, % inch long or less, entire or with
a few inconspicuous and very small teeth
near the apex. -
Pubescence of the petioles and flowers spread-
ing, loose; upper surface of the leaves
mostly soft-pubescent. 3. C. paucidentatus.
Pubescence appressed, silky; upper surface ~
of the leaves glabrous or with a few silky,
appressed hairs; leaves narrower. 4. C. breviflorus.

TREES AND SHRUBS 87

11. COWANIA Don.

Spreading shrub 3 to 6 feet high, with small, pinnate, cune-
ate-obovate, very glandular, crowded leaves with oblong segments
with revolute margins, and solitary flowers; leaves 10 to 15 mm. long,
glabrate above to tomentose beneath; hypanthium turbinate, tomen-
tose and glandular pubescent; sepals 5, broadly ovate, obtuse, dense-
ly tomentose, glandular on the back; petals broadly obovate, pale
yellow; achenes about 5, densely villous and plumose tailed, the tail

sometimes 1 to 2 inches long.
1. C. mexicana.

12. KUNZIA.

A low, intricately branched, prostrate shrub, with small fasci-
cled, tomentose, cuneate, crenate leaves, and solitary flowers ter-
minating in short branches; hypanthium turbinate; sepals ovate,
obtuse; petals small, obovate, yellow; fruit fusiform, pubescent, long-
tailed.

1. K. tridentata.

88 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Almond Family (Amygdalaceae) is represented in
New Mexico by seven species of Choke Cherry, two or three
of which are trees of some size; a single species of Plum;
and a single small wild Cherry.

The Choke Cherries (Padus spp.) may be recognized
by their abundant racemes of small white flowers, followed by
the astringent black or reddish fruits; while the true Cherry
(Cerasus crenulata) has its fruits in small fascicles. One
species of the choke cherry is a tree 20 feet high or less, with
smooth purplish-brown trunk and slender, slightly drooping
branches. It occurs mostly in the canyons of the drier moun-
tains at the southern part of the State, and has been passing
under the name of a species originally described from south
Central America (Prunus capollin). This tree is well worth
cultivation as a shade tree, but we have not succeeded in get-
ting it to grow.

The single species of Plum which grows in the moun-
tains at elevations of approximately 7,000 feet is the ordinary
Eastern wild plum (Prunus americana). We have found it
only on lands that are or have been under cultivation, and it
may have been introduced in these places. It is apparently
thoroughly at home and entirely “wild” at present. There is
a large patch of these plums near the Indian village of Taos
on the Indian Reservation, and the fruits are used by the
Indians. .

TREES AND SHRUBS 89

_ AMYGDALACEAE. ALtmonp FamiILy

Trees or shrubs with alternate petiolate, simple, mostly ser-
rate leaves and fugacious stipules; bark, leaves and seeds bitter
with prussic acid; flowers perfect, solitary, fascicled, corymbose,
or racemose; hypanthium mostly spheroidal, free from the simple
and solitary ovary; sepals and petals 5; stamens mostly numerous;
fruit a drupe.

Flowers in long racemes, on_ short leafy
branches ce? the year. i) Papvus,

- Flowers in corymbs or umbels on short stems

of the preceding year, preceding the leaves.
Stone of the fruit flattened, with more or

less acute edges. 2. PRUNUS. i
Stone of the fruit spheroidal, little or not at
all flattened. 3. CERASUS.

{. PADUS. CHOKE CHERRY

Large shrubs or small trees with smooth, dark-colored bark
and alternate, simple, petiolate, deciduous leaves; flowers numerous,
in elongated racemes terminating short leafy branches of the year;
hypanthium spheroidal, sometimes campanulate; sepals 5, short, per-
sistent or deciduous with a part of the hypanthium; petals 5, white,
with the numerous stamens on the throat of the hypanthium; car-
pels solitary; ovary 1-celled, 2-ovuled; drupe small, usually 1 cm.
in diameter or less, astringent, not glaucous.

2. PRUNUS L. PLum

A low treelike shrub 10 feet high or less, forming thickets;
branches stout, rigid, divaricate, somewhat spiny; bark grayish;
leaves elliptic, obovate, somewhat abruptly long acuminate, sharply
serrate, glabrous; flowers white, abundantly produced before the
leaves; fruit ellipsoidal, about *4 inch long, yellowish red, with pleas-
ant, rather tart flavor; stone flattened acute on both edges.

1. P. americana.

3. CERASUS. CHERRY

A small slender tree 10 to 12 feet high, with smooth purplish
or reddish brown bark, slender virgate branches, small leaves, and

90 TREES AND SHRUBS

corymbose white flowers; leaves 1 to 2 inches long, oblong elliptic,
slightly attenuate to the base, acute or abruptly short-acuminate,
crenulate, on petoiles 1% inch long or less; corymbs about 4-flowered;
hypanthium campanulate, glabrous; petals small, white; fruit ovoid,
red, stone ovoid.

1. C. crenulata,

The Apple Family (Malaceae) is represented jin the
State by three genera containing eleven species, none of which
are of any especial importance, but all of which are shrubby
plants more or less worth cultivation for decorative purposes.

The Service Berries (Amelanchier spp.) occur in the
mountains mostly in the pine forests, there being 7 species
within our limits. These are all good sized shrubs 3 to 6 feet
high, with alternate simple mostly coarsely serrate small leaves
and rather delicate white flowers in clusters, terminating
the branches of the year. The fruits are reddish or dark
purplish-black, pulpy, and berry-like.

There are three Hawthornes ( Crataegus spp.) in the
State, all of which are large sized shrubs with stout spiny
stems and simple toothed or lobed leaves. The flowers are
white and borne in clusters much as apple blossoms are, but
smaller. The fruits suggest small apples, about Y% inch in
diameter or less. One species is known to the Mexicans as
Manzano de puna larga.

The Mountain Ash (Sorbus scopulina), described
originally from Santa Fe Canon, is a shrub from 3 to
10 feet high, with compound leaves and small white flowers
in large terminal clusters. The leaflets are 1 to 1% inch
long, 11 to 15 to the leaf. The fruit is a small berry-like
pome. It occurs in the mountains at middle elevations.

TREES AND SHRUBS OF

MALACEAE. AprLe FAMILY

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple or pinnately compound
leaves having fugacious stipules; flowers regular, in racemes or
cymes; hypanthium mostly spheroidal, adnate to the 1- to 5-celled
ovaries; petals and sepals 5; stamens usually many, distinct; fruit
a pome with papery, bony or leathery capsule.

Cavities of the ovary becoming twice as many
as the styles by a false, partial or complete
partition; fruit soft and berry-like; flowers
racemose. 1. AMELANCHIER.

Cavities of the ovary not divided, as many as
the styles; fruit a pome; flowers in corym-
biform cymes.

Leaves simple, lobed; ovules one in each car- 2. CRATEGUS. |
pel.
. Leaves pinnate; ovules 2 in each carpel. . 3. SORBUS.

|. AMELANCHIER L. - SERVICE-BERRY

Shrubs 3 to 6 feet high, with alternate simple, mostly rather
coarsely serrate small leaves, and white flowers in racemes ter-
minating short branches of the year; stamens numerous, all borne on
the hypanthium, the latter adnate to the inferior ovary; fruit berry-
like.

Leaves acutish, oblongovate. 1. A. rubescens.
Leaves obtuse to truncate, broader.

Mature leaves finely pubescent, at least be-
neath.

Leaves crenate, pubescent on both surfaces. 2. <A. crenulata. |
Leaves sharply serrate, pubescent beneath. 3. A. bakeri. :

Mature leaves glabrous or loosely villous,
never finely pubescent.

Whole plant perfectly glabrous. 4. A. poylcarpa. e ]
Bud scales and usually the young leaves
villous.

Mature leaves with loose pubescence be-
neath and often above, not cordate or
but slightly so, often cuneate, usually
entire below the middle.
Petals 8 mm. long or less. 5. <A. oreophila. ;
A

Petals 10 to 15 mm. long. 6. ulmifolia. ]

92 TREES AND SHRUBS

2. CRATEGUS L. HAWTHORN

Shrubs or small trees with stout spiny stems, simple, alternate,
toothed or lobed leaves, and white flowers in corymbs; hypanthium
urceolate, adnate to the ovary; sepals 5, persistent; petals 5, spreade
ing; stamens 5 to 10; fruit small, drupaceous, having 2 to 5 bony,
1-seeded carpels.

Spines short, % inch or less, not very numerous;
leaves mostly elliptic, not noticeably lobed,
the iiade about twice as long as wide. 1. C. rivularis.

Spines longer, 1% inches or more, commonly
numerous; leaves broader, at least some of
them more or less lobed.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, rather coarsely serrate,
some of them with a few larger lobe-like
teeth, the smaller teeth gland-tipped;
leaves cuneate at the base. 2. C. cerronis.

Leaves broadly ovate, with 3 to 4 pairs of
broad lobes, finely serrate or doubly ser-
rate with straight teeth, not gland-tipped;
base of leaves truncate. 3. C. wootoniana.

3. SORBUS L. Mountain AsH

Shrub 3 to 10 feet high with pinnate leaves and white flowers
in compound cymes; hypanthium urceolate or turbinate; leaflets
11 to 15, 1 to 1% inches long, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous;
sepals 5; petals 5, spreading,short-clawed; stamens 20; styles 3 to
5, distinct, wooly at the base; fruit a berry-like pome.

A single species in the Transition Zone. 1. S. scopulina,

TREES AND SHRUBS 93

The Mimosa or Acacia Family (Mimosaceae) contains |
several shrubs of considerable importance that grow mainly
upon the lower, hotter, and drier mesas and in the foothills
of the mountains. Five genera are represented. These plants
may be recognized by their once or twice compound leaves
with numerous very small leaflets; their inconspicuous regular
flowers, usually clustered in circular heads or spikes and hav-
ing numerous stamens; their spiny stems and bean-like fruits.

Two species of Acacia (A. greggii and A. constricta)
are common shrubs on the mesas and in the arroyos. Acacia
greggii is sometimes called Cat Claw, while the other species
has no common name. The former is of some value as a
forage plant in the region where it grows, being browsed
more or less extensively by cattle. Its flowers are pale dirty
white and the pod is a flattened one, 34 inch wide and several
inches long, more or less twisted and bent. Acacia constricta
forms large patches of shrubs 3 to 5 feet high on the driest of
our gravelly mesas. Its flowers are bright yellow in spherical
heads about 34 inch in diameter, and very pleasantly per-
fumed. The fruit is a straight cylindrical pod 3 to 4 inches
long, % inch in diameter, and constricted between the seeds.
This little plant is worth cultivating, though we have been
but partially successful in transplanting it.

The Tornillo or Screw Bean (Strombocarpa pubescens)
is one of the common large shrubs of the river valleys in the
southern part of the State, where it is everywhere known
under its Spanish name. It is economically of great import-
ance, since the larger stems or trunks are used for fence posts
and serve very well for this purpose, since they do not decay
rapidly. The wood is extensively used for fuel, being the best
for this purpose to be had at the lower levels. Under cultiva-
tion the plant grows with fair rapidity and produces a char-
acteristic slender and graceful shrub which will work in well
for mass planting in situations where the temperature is high
and the water supply small.

94 TREES AND SHRUBS

Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) is one of the best
known and most characteristic plants of the arid Southwest,
though the common name is applied to several nearly related
species. In southern New Mexico it is a plant of great
economic importance. The flowers furnish the best of nectar
for honey making, the leaves and pods are eaten by all kinds
of grazing animals. The large roots and thickened bases of
the stems furnish the best fuel of the region. As a graceful
branching shrub for a dry situation it has no equal, giving an
impression very similar to the pepper tree, though not assum-
ing the tree form.

The Cat Claws or Gatunas, genus Mimosa, are repre-
sented by 5 species, all of which are closely alike.- They are
characterized by hooked triangular spines very much like the
claw of a cat, and small white or pinkish flowers, usually
without odor. Mostly they are widely branching low shrubs
of no very grcat importance. One or two of them might be
used in cultivation.

The Bird of Paradise Tree (Poinciana gillesti) is an
introduced shrub of South American origin which is used
somewhat extensively for decorative purposes in the southern
part of the State. It is the only shrubby representative of the
Senna family (Cassiaceae). Tt is an ill smelling erect shrub,
sparingly brancked, with green stems 6 to 8 feet high. The
leaves are quite large, twice compound and with very numer-
ous small leaflets. The flowers are large, over an inch long,
with bright yellow petals and long red stamens and pistils.
The fruit is a large flat pod, which is explosive when dry.

x MIMOSACEAE. Mimosa FaAmiLy

Shraks or suffruscent perennials with spiny stems and bi-
pinnately compound leaves with usually numerous small leaflets;
flowers regular, small, in axillary pedunenlate heads or spikes;
calyx 4- or 5-parted (sometimes wanting in Acuan); corolla of 4 or
5 distinct or united petals; stamens 5 to 10 or numerous, distinct or

TREES AND SHRUBS 95

united; fruit a more or less flattened dehiscent or indehiscent le-
gume.

‘Stamens numerous, always more than 10; cor-
olla polypetalous; stamens distinct. ie ACACIA,

Stamens 5 or 10, distinct.

Flowers 5-merous, anthers tipped with a
gland; pods indehiscent, large shrubs.

Pod spirally coiled; flowers yellow. 2, STROMBOCARPA.
Pods elongated, not coiled; flowers green- :
ish. 3. PROSOPIS.

Flowers 4- to 5-merous; anthers not gland
tipped; pods dehiscent, flatterend; leaves
not sensitive or at most, tardily so; plants
erect or spreading.
Plants without spines of any kind; stems
mostly herbaceous. 4. ACUAN.
Plants armed with numerous, short, re-
eurved triangular spines; shrubs with
woody stems. 5. Mimosa.

{. ACACIA L.

Shrubs or low trees with armed or smooth stems and bipin-
nate leaves with numerous very small leaflets; flowers small, reg-
ular, in spikes or heads on axillary peduncles; corolla valvate, of
4 or 5 similar petals; stamens numerous, distinct, exserted; pod
flattened or terete, 2-valved, dehiscent.

Flowers in elongated spikes; pods flat, % to “4
inch wide; curved; spines short and hooked. 1. A. greggii.
Flowers in globose heads; pods terete, or if flat
less than % inch wide, straight; spines
straight and slender or none.

Spiny shrub 3 feet high or more; flowers
bright yellow, sweet-scented; pods terete,
constricted between the seeds.

Unarmed shrubs less than 3 feet high; flow-
ers whitish, odorless; pods flat and thin.

Leaflets 8 to 13 pairs, obtuse; inflorescence
nearly always axillary. 3. A. cuspidata.
Leaflets 18 pairs or more, acute; inflores-
cence becoming paniculate, someiimes
axillary. 4, A. filicioides. |

bo

A. constricta.

2. STROMBOCARPA A. Gray. SCREWBEAN TORNILLO

A tall gracefully spreading shrub 15 feet high or less, branch-
ing from the base, with dense, dark-colored wood; leaves small,
bipinnate, with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae; leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, short-
oblong; young parts pubescent; stipular spines rigid, 34 inch long

96 TREES AND SHRUBS

or less, whitish; flowers yellow, in crowded spikes; pod an indehis-
cent spirally coiled legume. A typical plant of the Lower Sonoran
Zone.

1. S. pubescens.

3. PROSOPIS L. MesQuiTEe
A much branched shrub 10 feet high or less, seldom larger,
with rigid, tough stems bearing large stipular spines; leaves bipin-
nate with 1 or 2 pairs of pinnae and numerous oblong entire leaflets;
flowers small, greenish yellow, in axillary spikes; fruit an indehiscent, -
slightly compressed, straight or falcate legume. Mostly in the Lower
Sonoran Zone but reaching into the Upper Sonoran.

1. P. glandulosa.

4. ACUAN Medic.

Suffrutescent perennials with unarmed herbaceous stems and
bipinnate leaves with numerous small leaflets; flowers in axillary
pedunculate heads, greenish white; calyx sometimes pappiform or
wanting; stamens 5 or 10, the anthers not gland bearing; fruit a
flattened dehiscent legume, straight or acute.

A single species. 1. A. jamesii.

5. MIMOSA L. CatTcLaw

Low shrubs with stems armed with hooked spines; leaves
bipinnate, the leaflets small; flowers in spikes or heads, small; se-
pals and petals 5; stamens 10, distinct; fruit a flattened pod, armed
or unarmed, sometimes constricted between the seeds.

Flowers in spikes (pink) 1. M. dysocarpa.
Flowers in spherical heads.
Pinnae 4 to 7 pairs, pubescent.

Young stems not flexous, somewhat virgate;
pods usually not constricted between the
seeds, straight. 2. M. lemmoni.

Young stems flexous; pods more or less con-
stricted between the seeds, conspct- -

ously arcuate. 3. M. biuncifera.
Pinnae 1 to 3 pairs, glabrous.
Pods more or less spiny. 4. M. borealis.

Pods not spiny. 5. M. fragrans.

TREES AND SHRUBS on

The Pea Family* (Fabaceae) is one of the largest oc-
curing in our range, but most of the species are herbaceous;
only a few of them being shrubby and one native species of
small trees. The flowers of almost all of the species of this
_ family are constructed on the plan of a pea blossom, with a
large upper petal known as a “banner,” two similar side petals.
called the “‘wings,’’ and the lower two petals united along the
lower edge, forming the “keel.” The family includes such
well known plants as the lupines, the vetches, the clovers,
alfalfa, and the loco weeds. Following is a list of the shrubby
forms several of which are of great economic importance.

Coral Bean (Broussonetia secundiflora) is a very beauti-
ful evergreen shrub 8 or 10 teet tall, with dark glossy green
‘once compound leaves and violet flowers, followed by large
constricted pods containing bright scarlet bean-like seeds. The
latter are said to be poisonous. The plant occurs native in
the Guadalupe mountains near Carlsbad and would be a very
desirable plant to have in cultivation. A single attempt to
grow it from the seeds was not successful.

In the extreme southwestern corner of the State there
comes in a good sized shrub (Erythrina flabelliformis) with
trifoliolate leaves and bright scarlet flowers. The stems are
thick and somewhat succulent and beset with scattered hooked
prickles. The corolla is large, elongated, almost 2 inches long
in some specimens. It would be well worth cultivation and
would no doubt endure the dry hot conditions of our lower
levels. ;

Parryella filifolia is the name of a low, much branched
shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with glandular dotted many foliolate
leaves and small dull yellowish green flowers. The fruit is
a one-seeded pod about % inch long, covered with minute yel-
lowish glands. The flowers are very inconspicuous and the
corolla is entirely wanting. It suggests a small dwarfed mes-

* In the older texts this and the two preceding families are usually
referred to as Leguminosae.

vs TREES AND SHRUBS

quite bush in its general habit, but is without spines. It
would endure the lower temperatures, but its decorative value
is merely that of a curiosity.

Along the ditch banks and: to some extent in the moun-
tains occurs a tall shrub 6 to 10 feet high, with leaves re-
sembling the ordinary black locust leaves, and elongated spikes
of small dark purple flowers. This is Amorpha californica.
As a decorative shrub for massing and in windbreaks it would
be valuable at almost any place in the irrigated valleys, where
it is now perfectly at home. It grows rapidly and readily
and forms a large amount of foliage. The flowers are not
conspicuous, but are peculiar for this family, having only one
of the petals present (the banner), They have a characteristic
somewhat acrid odor. Two other species of this genus grow
in the mountains of the State, both of which would be worth
cultivation. They are somewhat smaller than the one already
described, usually not more than 3 or 4 feet high, and with
slightly more conspicuous flowers. One of them (Amorpha
canescens) is ashy gray in color, with small leaflets and small
one-s:eded pods. Amorpha microphylla is somewhat similar,
but green and smooth. .

The New Mexican Black Locust, Acakrrosa.
(Robinia neomexicana) is a large shrub or small
tree growing in our mountains at elevations of 6,000
feet and more, commorly restricted to the drier and
rockier slopes, where it not infrequently forms dense
thickets 10 or 15 feet high. The trunk is never large,
rarely over 4 inches in diameter, and the top is open and strag-
gling. It is casily transplanted, and grows well in cultivation.
The leaves resemble those of the common black locust and the
flowers are similar in shape, slightly larger and of a bright
rose pink cclor, borne on somewhat shorter peduncles. The
pods are thicker than those of the black locust, and have
fewer seeds. The tree is covered with spines very similar to
those of the black locust. The Black Locust itself (Robinia
pseudacacia) is a common cultivated tree throughout the State,
and is a very satisfactory shade tree indeed, enduring heat,

TREES AND SHRUBS 99

ight and drought very well. There is but one reason for not
using it extensively as a shade tree, and that lies in the fact
that it is attacked by a borer, which ultimately kills it and
which is itself hard to kill. Its beautiful white sweet-scented
flowers produced so abundantly in the early summer are cer-
- tainly delightful.

The genus Parosela is represented by some 20 or more
species in New Mexico, and most of them are fairly common,
but the greater number of them are herbaceous annuals or
_perennials. Two or three species are low shrubs and worth
cultivation, especially at the lower levels, since they are very.
drought resistant. One of them (Parosela formosa) is a low,
much branched shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with very small leaves
having leaflets less than 1% inch long and numerous small
purple flowers. Another species closely resembling this, but
with a white banner is Parosela frutescens..

On the sand hills of the lower valleys will be found a
gray shrub which seems to be all slender gray stems. Its
leaves are very minute and widely scattered. On the ends
of the stems during the blooming season are small crowded
clusters of deep blue flowers, which are borne in considerable
profusion. This is Parosela scoparia, and it is worth cultiva-
tion in any of the warmer locations, because of its drought
resistance and its somewhat bizarre appearance.

100 TREES AND SHRUBS

FABACEAE. Pea FaMILy

Herbs, shrubs, vines or trees, many of them of great eco-
nomic importance; leaves alternate, the blades mostly compound;
flowers perfect, solitary, clustered, racemose, or capitate; calyx
tubular or campanulate, with 4 or 5 teeth or lobes; corolla papiliona-
ceous, (reduced to one petal in one genus and wanting in another) ;
stamens normally 10, sometimes 9 or rarely 5; filaments monadel-
phous, diadelphous, or distinct; pistil of one carpel, becoming a
legume of various forms, dehiscent or indehiscent with few to many
seeds.

Stamens 10, distinct. 1. SoPHORA.

Stamens 10 or fewer, monadelphous cr diadelph-
ous; anthers all alike.

Leaves trifoliolate; leaves and stems with
scattering. hooked prickles; flowers bright
scarlet; banner very long.

Leaves pinnately several to Many-roliolate,
flowers never bright scarlet; stems and
leaves without prickles, (except in Robinia)

Corolla wanting; flowers very small, dull
yellowish green. 3. PARRYELLA.
Corolla present; flowers various.
Corolla of 1 petal, the stems smooth. 4. AMORPHA.
Corolla papilionaceous, of 5 petals; petals
hypogynous.
Stems spiny; plant a small tree; pod
many seeded. 5. RoBINIA.
Four petals attached to column of the
stamens; stems not spiny; plants
low shrubs; pods 1 or 2 seeded. 6. PAROSELA.

bo

ERYTHRINA.

|. BROUSSONETIA. Corat Bean

A stout shrub 8 or 10 feet high or sometimes a small tree
with glossy, dark green compound leaves and violet flowers; leaf-
lets several, elliptic-oblong with entire margin, lighter colored be-
neath; flowers in terminal racemes; fruit a terete several seeded
pod 3 to 5 inches long with thick walls constricted between the
seeds; seeds bright red, larger than ordinary beans, said to be
poisonous.

A single species. 1. B. secundiflora.

TREES AND SHRUBS LOL

2. ERYTHRINA.

A tall, thick-stemmed shrub, with scattering hooked prickles
‘on stems and leaves; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, with large fan-
shaped leaflets; flowers in short terminal racemes, bright scarlet;
calyx campanulate, truncate, white tomentose; corolla about 4 cm.
long, with an elongated banner; stamens 10, monadelphous: legume
linear, torulose, long-stipitate; seeds large, bright scarlet.

A single rare species. 1. E. flabelliformis.

3. PARRYELLA T. & G.

Low much branched shrub with alternate, glandular-dotted,
many-foliolate, odd-pinnate leaves and terminal compound spikes
of very smal!, dull yellowish green flowers; calyx 5-toothed with
very short teeth, petals wanting; fruit a short, very glandular
1-seeded pod.

i PP. filifotia.

4. AMORPHA L..

Shrubs or undershrubs with glandular-punctate, odd-pinnate
many-foliolate leaves; flowers in terminal, more or less elongated
spikes; pods small, 1-seeded; calyx teeth 5, about equal; petal 1,
the banner; stamens monadelphous at the base.

Tall shrubs 6 feet high or more; pod 2-seeded. 1. A. californica.

Undershrubs, more or less herbaceous, less than
8 feet high; pod 1-seeded.

Plant green and glabrate. 2. A. microphylla.
Plant white-canescent. 38. A. canescens.

5. ROBINIA L. Locust

Spiny shrubs or small trees with odd-pinnate leaves, rather
large pink flowers in crowded axillary short-peduncled racemes, and
large flat pods 3 to 5 inches long, with prominent sutures and
numerous seeds; leaflets % to %4 inch long, oblong-elliptic to
oval.

A single species occurring in the Upper Son-
oran and Transition Zones. 1. R. neomexicana.

102 TREES AND SHRUBS
PAROSELA Car.

Annuals or perennials with herbaceous or woody stems 2°
feet high or less; leaves mostly odd-pinnate, in one species palmate-
ly trifoliolate; flowers small, in crowded terminal spikes, bracteate;
leaflets usually small, 1 to 20 pairs, mostly glandular punctuate;
flowers perfect; calyx gamosepalous, 5-lobed; petals 5, 4 attached’
to the column of the monadelphous stamens, the banner free; sta—
mens 9 or 10; pods 1 or 2-seeded, usually indehiscent, included im
the persistent calyx.

Plant canescent throughout; flowers deep blue. 1. P. scoparia.
Plant glabrous; flowers purple.

Calyx glabrous; lobes short; banner white. 2. P. frutescens.
Calyx pubescent, lobes setaceous elongated;
banner yellow turning red. 3. P. formosa.

TREES AND SHRUBS 103

Closely related to the Leguminosae is a small family of
plants named after the single genus which composes it. Two
species of this genus (Krameria) occur in New Mexico. One
of them (K. glandulosa) is a low, diffuse undershrub, rarely
over 18 inches high, found on the driest and hottest of the
gravelly mesas in the southern part of the State. Its leaves
are very small and its stems slender, and most of the time it
appears to be completely dead. In the late spring or early
summer it usually blooms very profusely. The flowers are
small, hardly half an inch in diameter, and of a crimson color.
They are exceedingly sweet and pleasantly scented, and well
worth cultivation as a low shrub for borders or in massed beds.
Our experience in attempting to transplant them has not been
satisfactory; probably because they were put into too tight a
soil. It is likely that they can be grown from the seed, since
they are very abundant in their ordinary habitat and produce
seed readily, while they have no other means of distributing
themselves.

KRAMERIACEAE.

Low herbaceous or woody perennials, with prostrate or
widely spreading stems and small silky pubescent leaves; leaves
alternate, exstipulate, entire; flowers perfect, crimson, irregular;
calyx of 4 or 5 unequal petaloid sepals, deciduous; coro'la or 4 or 5
petals, shorter than the sepals, irregular, the posterior one c'awed,
sometimes united, the anterior thick, sessile; stamens 3 or 4, the
filaments united at the base; pistil simple; fruit an indehiscent
spiny. globose, 1-seeded pod.

A single shrubby species. t. K. glandulosa.

104 TREES AND SHRUES

: SYCAMORE. (Platanus wrightii)

The Sycamore (Platanus wrightii) is another native tree
that might be used for decorative purposes. It grows natur-
ally in the southwestern part of our State, so far as I have
seen, only in the foothills of the mountains in the region of °
the Gila and its tributaries. This tree attains a height of sixty
to seventy feet, is not infrequently twenty-four to thirty inches
in diameter at the butt, has a wide spreading open head,
smooth, flaky, whitish gray bark, and large palmate leaves
whose five long acuminate lobes hang downward in a cluster
with points almost touching. It may be rather difficult to get
into cultivation.

TREES AND SHRUBS 105

PLATANUS L. Sycamore. ALISO.

Ours is a large tree, 30 to 50 feet high, with bark deciduous
in thin, brittle plates, brownish, the young bark white or pale green-
ish; leaves large, 6 inches to 1 foot in diameter, deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes triangular lanceolate, acuminate, densely tomentose, especially
when young; flowers monoecious, in racemes of 3 to 5 spherical
heads along an elongated peduncle; fruiting heads 20 to 25 mm. in
diameter, on pedicels half as long; achenes glabrous, about 6 mm.
long, exceeding the basal hairs.

A single species in our range. 1. P. wrightii.

Creosote Bush (Covillea glutinosa) is an evergreen
much branched shrub, generally 4 or 5 feet high, with dark
green resinous coated leaves and yellow flowers half an inch
in diameter, that grows on the gravelly mesas of the southern
end of the State. Its American name comes from its odor,
and the Spanish name, Hediondillo—which means stinking—
is also given on account of its odor, which is especially con-
spicuous when the plant is wet. A common mistake which is
made in connection with this plant is to call it greasewood;
to which it is not even remotely related, and its odor, which
is distinctly like that of creosote, renders this kind of a mis-
take all the more inexcusable. This shrub wheri in cultivation
and supplied with a little extra water maintains a beautiful
glossy green color, and grows very rapidly if supplied with
plenty of water. Under very favorable conditions of soil and
moisture it sometimes reaches a height of 7 or 8 feet. It
blooms profusely in the early summer. As a hedge plant or
for decorative planting in masses, it is a very desirable plant.
Experience has shown that it is rather difficult to transplant
and requires a very large amount of water to start it growing.
It grows from the seed tolerably readily, and doubtless this
would be the most convenient method of starting it, since the

106 TREES AND SHRUBS

seeds are produced in great profusion on the mature plarts
This species has been variously called Covillea trident:ta,
Larrea tridentata, and Larrea mexicana in different texts.

COVILLEA Vail.

Erect, spreading, strongly scented, evergreen, resinous shrub
2 meters high or less, with 2-foliolate leaves and numerous rather
small, bright yellow flowers; leaflets small, 5 to 10 mm. long, in-
equilateral, thick, sessile or connate on very short petioles; appressed
pubescent, at least when young; flowers solitary on short, axillary
peduncles; sepals unequal, caducous, yellow; petals obovate to spat-
ulate, twisted like the blades of a propeller; stamens inserted on
the 10-lobed disk, the filaments winged below; fruit a densely
hairy spheroid capsule breaking into 5 indehiscent nutlets.

A characteristic plant of the Lower Sonoran
Zone. One species. 1. C. glutinosa.

2 = nee ee
* See greasewood, p. 65,

TREES AND SHRUBS 107

The Rue Family (Rutaceae) is represented in New Mex-
ico by 2 species of the Hop Tree or what is sometimes called
Skunk Bush (Ptelea). Our species occur in the foothills and
drier canyons of the mountains (Ptelea angustifolia) or in the
higher timber covered mountains at elevations from 6,000 to
8,000 feet (Ptelea mollis). Vhe species are closely similar,
both being shrubs 6 to 10 feet high, with few stems from the
base and branching rather profusely at the top. The leaves
are composed of three oblong-elliptic acute leaflets, and the
fruit consists of small spheriodal one-seeded pods about %
inch in diameter, surrounded by a single flat wing which makes
the whole fruit 34 inch to 1 inch in diameter. The flowers are
inconspicuous, dull greenish-yellow. The leaves have a
peculiar spicy odor, which is rather offensive when too in-
tense.

In the mountains of the southern part of the State oc-
curs a low shrub with rather thick palmately 5 to 10 foliolate
leaves crowded near the ends of thick spongy branches. The
leaflets are bright green, linear, an inch or more long, coarsely
toothed, and glandular dotted. The flowers are large, either
solitary or in few-flowered clusters. The pod is a 2-celled
capsule. The plant (Astrophyllum dumosum) is quite rare,
and known only from southern New Mexico and Arizona.
It is worthy of cultivation.

RUTACEAE. Rue Famity

Aromatic shrubs or low herbaceous perennials; leaves alter-
nate, simple or compound, glandular punctuate; flowers perfect
or by abortion polygamous, in cymes or short raceme-like clusters,
not conspicuous: sepals 4 to 5, small; petals of the same number,
dull colored and small; stamens of the same or twice the number,
inserted on a hypogynous disk; pistil of 2 or 3 united carpe's; fruit
a cansule or samara.

Fruit a circular. samara; leaves 3-foliolate. 1. Preece.

Fruit a 2-celled pod without wings; leaves pal-
mately 5 to 10-foliolate. 2. ASTROPHYLLUM,

108 TREES AND SHRUBS

|. PTELEA. SKUNK BusH

Branching shrubs 6 to 10 feet high, with smooth dark-
colored bark on the old stems and greenish or yellow or reddish
brown bark on the young stems; strongly scented; leaves 3-folio-
late, the leaflets oblong lanceo!ate or rhombic, the terminal one at-
tenuate at the base, the lateral ones inequilateral, pellucid-punctate;
flowers polygamous, greenish yel’ow, small,-in cymes, sepals, petals,
and stamens 4 or 5 the last abortive in the pistillate flowers; ovary
2 or 3-celled; fruit a flattened, 2 or 3-seeded, disk-shaped, reticu-
lated samara.

Younger branches whitish, yellow, or straw-
colored; plants sweet scented; leaves turn-

ing bright yellow in autumn. 1. P. angustfolia.
Younger branches reddish brown; plants ill-
scented; leaves green when shed. 2. P. mollis.

2. ASTROPHYLLUM Torr.

Low shrub with rather thick, rough stems bearing opposite,
palmately 5 to 10-foliolate leaves crowded near the ends; leaflets
linear, thick,( bright green, coarsely dentate, conspicuously glandu-
lar punctate; flowers large, 10 to 20 mm. in diameter, either solitary
or in 2 to 4-flowered clusters, axillary, white; stamens 8 to 10;
ovary 5-lobed, hairy, becoming a 2-celled capsule by the abortion
of some of the cells.

A rather rare shrub. ; 1. A. dumosum,

TREES AND SHRUBS 109

SOAPBERRY TREE. (Sapindus drummondii)

The Soapberry Family (Sapindaccac) is represented by
One small tree and a shrub, both of which are well worth culti-
vation. The Soapberry Tree (Sapindus drummondii) is a
tree 20 to 30 feet high, with erect trunk and rather smooth
yellowish-gray bark and compound leaves consisting of 7 to
19 narrowly lanceolate leaflets 2 to 3 inches long. The flow-
ers are small and white and very numerous, in large terminal
panicles; while the fruit is.a yellowish to black one-seeded
berry-like pericarp % to 34 inch in diameter, with a more or
less transparent leathery portion about the large central seed.
As a shade tree this should be valuable at the lower elevations
in the State, and we have seen it in cultivation on one or two
Occasions. It is sometimes referred to as the Wild China-
berry tree, though the resemblance to the China tree is very
slight.

110 TREES AND SHRUBS ie

The New Mexico Buckeye (Ungnadia speciosa) is a
shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with many smooth reddish-brown
stems arising from the root. Preceding the leaves in early
spring come the profuse clusters of bright pink flowers, the
bushes being loaded with them. The leaves are compound,
having from 3 to 9 leaflets, usually 7. The leaflets are rather
large, 2 to 3 inches long, broadly lanceolate and irregularly
toothed. The pod is a 3-celled capsule 114 inches in diameter,
somewhat irregularly triangular, with a long stem and con-
tainirg 3 spherical smooth dark brown seeds about % inch in
dtnnetae and resembling the buckeye. This plant grows
usually in the foothills of the drier mountains, and we have
transplanted it two or three times into the garden at the Ex-
periment Station. It seems to stand ‘the transplanting well,
and starts to grow very vigorously in the spring, but the hot
weather of summer ultimately kills it. If properly shaded it
will no doubt grow at the valley levels.

SAPINDACEAE. Soapsperry FAMILY

Shrubs or trees with alternate pinnate leaves: inflorescence
lateral or terminal, mostly paniculate; flowers white or pink, polyga-
mous. usually conspicuous’ sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5; regular or
irregular; stamens 7 to 12, inserted on a disk; ovary 2 to 4-celled;
fruit a capsule or berrylike.

Trees with small white flowers; fruit berrylike,
with a single seed. 1. SAPINDUS,

Shrubs with large pink flowers; fruit a 3-celled
capsule with 3 seeds. 2. UNGNADIA,

TREES AND SHRUBS TEI

I. SAPINDUS L. SoapsBerry TREE

Tree 20 or 25 feet high or less, with erect trunk, rather
smooth yellowish gray bark and thick foliage; leaves with 8 to. 19
narrowly lanceolate leaflets 2 to 3 inches long, somewhat falcate,
acuminate, glabrous above, soft-pubescent beneath; flowers white,
small, numerous in terminal panicles; sepals and petals 4 or 5, the
latter twice as long as the former and more or less lacerate,
fruit a. globose yellow, fleshy to leathery pericarp about 1% inch
in diameter, containing u single globose seed, drying black.

1. S. drummondii.

2. UNGNADIA New Mexican BUCKEYE

Bushy branched shiubs 6 feet high or less with reddish twigs
abd large leaves with © to 9 leaflets; leaflets usually 7, broadly
lanceolate acuminate, irregularly serrate; flowers rather large, bright
pink, numerous, appearing before the leaves, irregular, polygamous;
sepals 5; petals 4 or 5; stamens 7 to 10, exserted; capsule long
stipitate, coriaceous to woody, 1 to 2 inches in diameter, 3-celled;
seeds globose, brown, smooth, and shining, about 10 em. in diameter.

A single species. 1. U. speciosa.

112 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Sumac Family (Anacardiaceae) is represented by
two or three well known shrubs or woody vines and by two or
three species of stiff spreading shrubs that occur on the mesas.
All our species have been referred to the genus Rhus until
quite recently, but the more recent treatment, which separates
them into several genera, is more satisfactory, and is followed
here.
The Lemitas (Schmaltzia trilobata and S. emoryi) are
widely branching shrubs with trifoliolate leaves on long
slender stems, and inconspciuous yellowish flowers, which
appear before the leaves. These shrubs occur mainly on the
drier mesas and in the arroyos, where they endure the extremes
of drought. The first named species frequently occurs in the
valleys, and has been cultivated in a good many places, form-
ing dense masses of vegetation 6 to 10 feet high, with long
slender vine-like branches. The stems of this species are
used more or less extensively by the Mexican basket makers;
and the roots, which are long and slender and of a dark red
color, are used by the Mescalero Indian women in making
baskets. Both species are well worth cultivation, and are
relatively easily transplanted.

Another species in the family closely associated to the
preceding, both in appearance and structure, as well as natu-
ral distribution, is Rhoeidium microphyllum. It may be recog-
nized by its small pinnately several-foliolate leaves and incon-
spicuous white flowers which precede them. It is also easily
transplanted and responds readily to an increased water sup-
ply.

Poison Oak (To-xicodendron rydbergii) is fairly com-
mon in the mountains, and of course is to be avoided on all
occasions. Where the name poison oak originated we are un-
able to say. The Eastern equivalent, poison ivy, is very much
more appropriate, since the plant is not infrequently vine-like
in appearance.

Two species of Sumac (Rhus glabra and R. lanceolata)
occur in the mountains at elevations of 5,000 to 7,000 feet,

TREES AND SHRUBS 113

and an unnamed species has recently been found. These may
be recognized by thcir walnut-like leaves, hollow stems,
crowded terminal clusters of small yellowish flowers, znd
‘panicles of hairy red berries. They are of little importance
from the standpoint of decorative value. Rhus virens is an
evergreen shrub 4 to 6 feet high with thick leaflets. It occurs
in the dry mountains at the southern end of the State.

ANACARDIACEAE. Sumac FAmMILy

Shrubs, sometimes small, usually of large size, with acrid
sap, sometimes poisonous, and polygamous or diaecious flowers;
leaves pinnately 3 to many-foliolate, exstipulate; flowers small and
usually inconspicuous in crowded clusters, these sometimes large,
usually small; calyx 3 to 7-cleft; peta’s of the same number as the
_ calyx lobes; stamens as many or twice as many, inserted at the base
of a disk; ovary superior, 1-celled i-ovuled but the styles often 3,

ultimately becoming a smal, dry, drupe-like fruit.
Flowers appearing before the leaves, in small
erowded__ clusters. (Divaricately much-
branched desert shrubs).

Leaves 3-foliolate; flowers yellow tinged with
red. 1. SCHMALTZIA.

Leaves 5 to 9-foliolate; flowers white. RHOEIDIUM.

Flowers appearing after the leaves, in their
axils or in panicles terminating the stems.
Leaves 3-foliolate. poisonous; generally under-
shrubs with slender stems. 3. TOXICONDEN DRON.
Leaves pinnately several to many-foliolate;
shrubby plants with thick stems, one
species with hard wood. 4. RuHuvws.

lo

!. SCHMALTZIA Desv.

Widely branching shrubs, the young branches often long-
virgate when grown in wet soil, 6 feet high or less, with an equal
or greater spread; leaves 3-foliolate, the leaflets cuneate-obovate,
crenately and coarsely ye low, in crowded clusters on very short
peduncles on the branches of the previous season, appearing be-
fore the leaves; fruit orange scarlet, globose, 4 t> 6 mm. in diameter.

Young stems densely velvety pubescent; leaves

‘permanently pubescent. 1. S. emoryi.
Young stems finely pubescent with’ short, aften

appressed-- hairs, ~never vel¥ety; Teaves

glabrate-in age. 5 2. SS. trilobata.

114 TREES AND SHRUBS

2. RHOEIDIUM — Greene.

Stuff, woody, widely branching desert shrub, often 6 feet high
and of equal diameter with stems intricately interlaced, the short
ones sometimes spinescent; leaves small, generally about 34 inch
long, with about 7 elliptic leaflets borne on a winged rachis; leaf-
lets acute, mostly entire, the terminal slightly larger and occasional-
ly having a few coarse teeth near the apex; flowers small, in
crowded clusters on the naked branches of the previous season in the
axils above the leaf sears; calyx lobes orbicular, coneave, entire;
peta's white, finely sciliate; fruit globose, about 6 mm. in diameter;
hispisdulous, viscid.

A-single species common in the Lower Sonoran
Zone. 1. R. microphyllum.

3. TOXICODENDRON Miller. Porson Oak

Low shrub, usually about 1 foot high, with 3-foliolate poison-
ous ‘eaves having large, broadly ovate to rhomboid, acuminate,
coarsely few-tdothed or entire leaflets; flower inconspicuous, green-
ish yellow, in small, several-flowered axillary panicles; fruit de-
pressed globose, gabrous, white and shining when mature.

1. T. rydbergii.

4. RHUS L. Sumac

Erect spreading shrubs 3 to 5 feet high or more, with pin-
nately 5-to many-foliolate leaves and axillary or terminal panicles
of small, dull whitish or ye'lowish flowers; leaves persistent or de-
ciduous, the leaflets large, 1 to 3 inches long, flowers and fruit de-
scribed under the family.

Leaves evergreen, thick: flowers axillary in

small clusters; stems very hard and woody. 1. R. virens.
Leaves deciduous, thin: flowers in dense ter-

minal panicles; wood of stem soft, with ; :

large pith.
Rachis winged; leaflets densely pubescent be-
neath, of the same color on both surfaces. 2. R, lanceolata.

Rachis not winged: leaflets glabrous and
paler beneath.

oo

R. glabra.

TREES AND SHRUBS 115

The Maple Family (Aceraccac) is represented by two
genera of trees: the Maple proper (Acer) and the Box Elder
(Rulac). The Maples are not common in the State, and the
cultivated species do not grow well at the lower levels, and
only fairly well at the higher ones, where they are somewhat
‘sparingly used. ‘There are 4 native species, 2 of which are
relatively common. The first (Acer neomexicanum) is a low
spreading tree with red stems and usually 3-foliolate leaves.
It grows only in the higher mountains at elevations of about
7,000 feet. The other common species (A. grandidentatum)
is usually found in the hotter mountains at lower levels and
in drier situations. The bark of. this tree is usually gray, with
‘darker blotches. The leaves are simple and with 5 blunt
Icbes, each having a few large teeth. An undescribed species
grows in the extreme southwestern corner, coming into this
‘State from Arizona and probably from northern Mexico.

The Box Elder (Rulac negundo) is a good sized tree, 25
to 40 feet high, with dense spreading top and smooth greenish
‘stems. The leaves are pinnatly 3 or 5-foliolate, and the flow-
ers dioecious. The tree is fairly common in the mountains
‘along small streams, and is cultivated considerably in the ir-
‘rigated valleys, where it makes an excellent shade tree.

ACERACEAE. Map e Famity
Small or large trees with smooth exfoliating bark; leaves
‘opposite, simple, palmately lobed or pinnately compound; flowers
polygamous or dioecious in axillary racemes or corymbs; sepals 4
or 5; peta’s as many or mostly wanting; stamens as many as the
‘sepals, rarely 8, inserted on a disk or disk wanting; pistil of 2 or |
more united carpels becoming 2 laterally winged samaras.

‘Leaves simple or palmately 3-foliolate; young
branches reddish or gray; flowers polyga-
mous. 1. ACER.

lLeaves pinnately 3 or 5-foliolate; young branches
green; flowers dioecious. Oe VRE AG!

116 TREES AND SHRUBS
1. ACER L. Mapre

Trees with reddish, brownish, or grayish twigs, rather smooth
bark, and palamately 5-lobed or 3-foliolate leaves; flowers polyg-
amous, Just preceding the leaves, inconspicuous, on slender pendant
pedicels; petals sometimes present; fruit as described for the family. —

Corymbs long-peduncled; teeth of the leaves

acute.
Leaves, at least most of them 3-parted. 1. A. neomexicanum.
Leaves merely 3. or 5-lobed, never parted. 2. A. glabrum,.
Corymbs nearly sessile; teeth of the leaves
obtuse.

Lobes of the leaves broadly oblong, with sev-
eral teeth, broadest near the apex; wing
of the fruit 1 inch long or more.

A. grandidentatum.

2. RULAC Adans. Box Exper

Good sized tree with pinnate leaves; young twigs smooth
and glaucous, green; leaflets 3, sometimes 5, ovate with a few coarse
teeth near the apex or sometimes somewhat lobed.

1. R. negundo.

TREES AND SHRUBS IL

The Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus glandulosus), belonging
in the family Simarubaceae, is a Chinese plant that has been
somewhat extensively introduced into the southern part of
the State, where it is a valuable shade tree. It is frequently
30 feet high or more. It grows very rapidly, has smooth bark
and large compound leaves resembling those of the walnut.
The small, dull white, very malodorous flowers are borne in
large terminal panicles. They are succeeded by the clusters
of winged one-seeded reddish pods, which persist for some
time upon the tree. It will endure extremes of drought, heat,
and light, and will grow very rapidly when supplied with
favorable conditions. _It probably reproduces most readily
by seed.

The Chinaberry Tree or Umbrella Tree Pidcua (Melia
azederach) is also an introduced tree that is in very common
use in the southern part of the ‘State in the irrigated valleys.
Its widely branching top with dense leaf covering and
abundant pale lavender sweet scented flowers make it a very
desirable plant for decorative purposes. It reproduces from
seed, but the seeds germinate rather poorly without special

_ treatment.

THE STAFF-TREE FAMILY (Cerasrracear) is
represented by three unimportant species listed below:

Janusia gracilis is a low, twining, vine-like shrub (in the
family MALPHIGIACEAE) with inconspicuous leaves and small
yellowish flowers that grows on the dry mountains in the
southern part of the State. It is of no particular importance.

118 - TREES AND SHRUBS

CELASTRACEAE. STAFF-TREE FAMILY

Low shrubs, sometimes spiny; leaves simple, small, alternate
or opposite; flowers normally cymose, smal] and inconspicuous,
perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-merous; stamens 4 to 10, inserted.
on a disk lining the hypanthium; fruit a capsule, drupe, or berry,
the seeds often arrillate.

Stamens 10; plant spiny, stem green. : 1. FORSELLESIA.
Stamens 4 or 5; stems yellow or brown.
Flowers 4-merous; fruit a 2-ovaled capsule

leaves opposite, smooth. 2. PACHYSTIMA.
Flowers 5-merous; fruit indehiscent; leaves
alternate, scurfy. 3. MORTONIA.

1. FORSELLESIA Greene. .
A low, spiny, green stemmed shrub 12 to 20 inches high or less,
with small, obovate, acute leaves 1 em. long or less, nearly smooth,
short petioled, entire; flowers small, pentamerous, white.

* 1, F. spinescens.

2. PACHJSTIMA Rat.
A prostrate woody evergreen plant with stems a foot or less
long and small opposite short petioled leaves on small inconspieu-
ous flowers. Of no importance.
1 P. myrsinites.

3. MORTONIA
A rare plant from the extreme southwestern corner of the
state; leaves elliptic, thick, entire, acute, contracted into a very
short petiole, crowded, 1 em. long or less; stems yellowish like the
leaves; flowers in short terminal braeceate racemes; whole plant
densely seurfy.

1. M. scabrella.

JANUSIA — Juss.

Low twining perennial vine, with woody stems; leaves op-
posite, narrowly lanceolate, 4% to about 1 ineh long, pubescent on
both surfaces; sepals 5; petals 5, yellow turning reddish brown:
stamens 5; styles united; fruit a samara, 9 to 12 mm. long.

A single species in the Lower Sonoran Zone. 1. J. gracilis.

TREES AND SHRUBS Jilly,

THE BUCKTHORN FAMILY (RuAmNaAcEAE) con-
tains 4 genera of shrubs, all of which are of more or less im-
portance for decorative purposes. Two of them (Zizyphus
lycioides and Condalia spathulata)are inhabitants of the most
barren of the mesas in the southern part of the State. They
are each spiny branching shrubs 4 to 6 feet high, sometimes
assuming the form of a stunted tree with widely branching
top. The leaves are small and simple; the flowers are in-
conspicuous; the fruits are small black berries. These plants
will prove of value for cultivation in situations where the
water supply is very meager and the soil poor and rocky. They
may be difficult to transplant, but once established in even
the driest situations, they will probably persist.

Three species of Buck Thorn (Rhamnus spp.) occur in
the higher timbered mountains of this State. They are un-
armed: shrubs 3 feet high or more, with rather large alternate
leaves and inconspicuous small flowers, followed by small 2
to 4-seeded rather dry berries. For massing they would be
useful at levels above 7,000 feet.

Three species of the genus Ceanothus occur in the moun-
tains between 5,000 and 8,000 feet. One of these, Ceanothus
greggu, produces numerous small white flowers on its stiff
woody stems, and is a low shrub 3 to 4 feet high, which might
be used in plantations of other arid land plants. The other
two species are smaller and more leafy shrubs of the higher
levels.

RHAMNACEAE. BucxtTuorn FaAmity.

More or less: spiny shrubs 6 feet high or Jess, with simple
leaves having small stipules; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioeceious,
mostly small and inconspicuous; calyx 4 or 5 sepals, valvate, with a
disk lining the hypanthium; petals 4 or 5 or wanting; stamens 4 or
5, opposite the petals on the throat of the hypanthium or the disk;

120 TREES AND SHRUBS

pistil of 2 or 3 united carpels; ovaries united with the disk and
hypanthium, to form the berrylike fruit.

Fruit fleshy, black, with 1 to 3-celled stone.
Petals present; young stems glaucous. . 1. ZIzyPHus.

Petals wanting; young stems not glacous. 2. CONDALIA.
Fruit dry or somewhat berrylike, 2 or 3-seeded.
Plants low; petals hooded or long clawed;
stigmas 3. 3. CEANOTHUS.
Tall shrubs 3 feet high or more; petals not
clawed or hooded; stigmas 2. 4. RHAMNUS.

1. ZIZYPHUS Juss.

Rigid spiny shrub 3 to 6 feet high, with glaucous green young
branches and small glaucous leaves; leaves %4 inch long or less ovate
to oblong elliptic, acute or obtuse, flower small, in axillary corymbs;
sepals 5, triangu’ar; keeled within; petals and stamens 5, opposite
each other and on the disk; ovary 2 to 3-celled; fruit a pulpy black

berry green within.
1. Z. lycoides.

2. CONDALIA Cay.

Very similar to the preceding but the leaves spatulate and

finely pubescent, and petals wanting.
1. C. spathulata.

3. CEANOTHUS L.

Low shrubs more or less spinescent, mostly less than 3 feet
high; leaves simple, alternate, with minute caducous stipules; flow-
ers small, in crowded terminal racemes or corymbs; sepals 5, white,
petaloid; disk fil‘ing the hypanthium; petals 5, white, long-clawed,
strongly hooded; stamens 5, exserted; ovary immersed in the disk;
fruit at last dry. 3-celled, berrylike.

Leaf blades thin, bright green, nearly or quite

glabrous 1 to 1% inches long; inflorescence

much exceeding the leaves. 1. C. mogollonicus.
Leaf blades thick, grayish green, densely pubes-

cent, at least beneath, % inch long or less;

inflorenscence usually not exceeding the

leaves.
Plants spinescent; leaves sericeous beneath, :
elliptic to lanceolate, acutish. 2. C. fendleri.

Plants not spinescent; leaves never sericeous,
hortellous to puberulent, mostly obovate, PS
rounded or retuse at the apex. 3. C. greggii.

TREES AND SHRUBS

121

4. RHAMNUS L. BucKktTuorn

Unarmed shrubs with rather large, alternate leaves, over 3
feet high; flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in small axilary
clusters; sepal 4 or 5: disks lining the hypanthium; petals 4 or 5,
sométimes wanting, clawless, on the margin of the hypanthium;
stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the edge of the disk; ovary 2 to 4-celled;

fruit a 2 to 4-seeded rather dry berry.

Flowers faccicled. 2 cr 3 in each axil; leaves
small, 14% inches long or less, yellowish be-
neath; seeds 2.

Flowers in peduncled cymes, numerous; leaves
usually more than 1% inches long, not yel-
lowish beneath.

Seeds 2; leaves pale beneath with a dense
tomentulous pubescence.

Seeds 3; leaves green on both surfaces, spar-
ingly pubescent beneath.

ile

2.

R. fasciculata.

R. ursina.

R. betulaefolia.

122 TREES AND SHRUBS

WILD GRAPE. (Vitis arizonica)

The Grape Family (Vitaceae) is represented in New
Mexico by a single wild grape and the Virginia creeper; both
of which are of great importance for decorative purposes.

The Wild Grape (Jitis arizonica) would grow with
ordinary care under cultivation and it is a particularly beauti-
ful vine for ornamental purposes. The glossy green leaves
furnish a very dense shade, and the perfume of the blossoms
is of that peculiar pleasant kind which seems to be a kind of
evanescent nasal beverage that does not cloy. For use over
arbors or trellises, over dead stumps of trees, or on unsightly
buildings there is hardly a native vine which would make a
more beautiful covering. Transplanting the roots would be
the sure way to get them into cultivation, though it is probable
that cuttings would grow readily,

The Virginia Creeper (Psedera vitacea ) is recognized
as one of our most valuable vines and used extensively °
throughout the State. The fact that it is such a satisfactory
plant in cultivation here is rather a strong argument in sup-

TREES AND SHRUBS 123

port of the use of our native flora, since this species is native
in our mountains. It may be simply because of the general
adaptability of this widely distributed species, but at any rate,
it would suggest the wisdom of trying others of our native
vines and shrubs. It may be used practically any place where
a vine will grow and it is especially rapid and vigorous. The
more water it receives the more rapidly it grows, but absolute
lack of water in the middle of the summer does not kill it;
it merely stops growing vigorously and seems to wait for the
water.

VITACEAE. Grape FAMILy
Woody vines, trailing or climbing by means of tendrils; leaves
large, simpJe or compound, petiolate, the blade flat and mostly thin;
inflorescence axillary, cymose or paniculate; flowers small and in-
conspicuous, greenish or yellowish, sometimes delicately perfumed,
perfect, polygamous, or dioecious, regular; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-
‘merous, a disk present or wanting; stamens of the same number as

the petals and opposite them; pistil compound; fruit a berry.

Leaves simple. ee NEIS:
Leaves compound; 5-foliolate, thin. 2. PSEpRA.

1—VITIS L. GRAPE

Trailing or climbing vines with shreddy bark and _ forking
tendrils; leaves simple, more or less palmately lobed or angled, with
small caducous stipules; flowers in axillary panicles, dioecious,
polygamo-dioecious, or rare'y perfect; calyx minute; corolla caduc-
ous, the petals coherent; stamens exserted, alternate with the lobes
of the disk; fruit a few-seeded globose berry, edible; seeds hard and
bony, pear-shaped, relatively large.

A single species common in the moauniains at
levels of from 5000 to 7500 feet. 1. V. arizonica.

2. PSEDERA Necker: VIRGINIA CREEPER

Trailing or climbing woody vines with forking tendrils and
alternate palmately 5-foliolate leaves; leaflets 2 to 4 inches long,
coarsely toothed; flowers small, greenish, in axillary cymes; calyx
and corolla 5-merous, disk wanting; stamens 5; fruit a depreuaia
globose berry, blackish, not edible.

1. P. vitacea:

124 TREES AND SHRUBS

On the mesas at the southern end of the State occurs a
low shrub (Koeberlinia epinosa) usually 2 to 4 feet high,
composed entirely of branching green thorns. It is entirely
leafless, the function of the leaves being performed by the
bark of the stems. The flowers are small and greenish-white,
borne in umbel-like clusters on short peduncles. They are fol-
lowed by small berries the size of currants, which are black
when mature. As a bizarre bedding plant to be associated
with cacti or other arid land plants in a formal garden this
plant offers much; but notwithstanding its habit of living in
most unfavorable surroundings, we have so far been’ unable
to transplant it.

Growing in alkaline soils in the southern part of the
State occurs a small gray shrub 3 or 4 feet high, with minute-
flowers and small crowded leaves. This is Frankenia jamesti
and the only representative of a family named after it.

sa.t Cedar (Tamarix gallica), One of the most satisfac-
tory introduced plants in cultivation in this State is this shrub,
which is also known by the name of tamarisk. It is a much
branched shrub with minute leaves that, with its habit, give
rise to the first common name. It will endure large quanti-
ties of alkali in the soil, and is exceedingly drought resistant.
When supplied with plenty of water it grows rapidly and is
bright green. If it receives too little water it grows slowly
and is a grayish or bluish green. In the early summer it
produces an abundance of small light pink flowers in terminal
racemes. It is most easily propagated from cuttings, and
when once established it is almost impossible to kill it. As
a plant to be used upon alkaline soils where other plants do
poorly or in situations where too little water is available,
there is no other plant which is quite so satisfactory.

Ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) is a spiny branching
shrub consisting of spiny wand-like stems 6 to 10 feet long
branching from the base. The stems are beset with long

TREES AND SHRUBS op 125

spines, radiating in all directions, the hardened midribs of the
leaves of the previous season. In the spring these spiny stems
produce clusters of brilliant scarlet flowers at their tips. Later
on in the season the smooth spatulate leaves cover the stems
from one end to the other. They endure for a very short
time, during which the stems grow very rapidly at the end.
The plant is sometimes called Coach Wuip Cactus, but this
is a very decided misnomer, because the plant-is in no way
related to the cacti. It is also called CANDLEWoop. For use
as a bedding plant with cacti and other spiny shrubs it has a
value all its own.

TREE Cactus. (Opuntia arborescens)

The Cactaceae are a number of them shrubby and most
of them are of value in several different ways. They are
discussed at length in Bulletin No. 78 of this station.

126 TREES AND SHRUBS

The Oleaster Family ( Elacagnaceae) has two native
representatives; while the Russtan WiLp Otive (Elagnus
angustifolia) is cultivated in a number of places in the State.
This tree is a very satisfactory decorative tree, with is silvery
foliage, smooth brown bark, and abundant clove-scented small
yellow flowers. It transplants readily and grows rapidly at
the lower levels in our State.

The Buffalo Berry (Lepargyraca argentea) is a spiny
tree-like shrub that comes into New Mexico only in the
extreme northw<stern corner. Its silvery leaves and bright
scarlet berries made it a desirable plant for cultivation. The
other species of this genus, L. canadensis, is a low shrub,
generally less than 3 feet high, found growing in the pine
forests of ihe northern part of the State. It is of no particu-
Jar importance.

FRANKENIACEAE.

|. FRANKENIA L..

Branching shrubs four feet high or ess with small, crowded
leaves on numerous fascieled short bravchcs and small white flow-
ers; the last solitary, avillary, and sessile; sepals 5, united into a
persistent tube; petals 5. white, clawcd; stamens 6; fruit a few
seeded capsule ine uded in the calyx.

1. F." jamesii.

1. KOEBERLINIA Zpcc. JUNCO

Mueh branched leafless shrub 3 feet high or less, (rarely 5 to
6 feet); stems of hard woord, green, the oldest blackish, each ending
in a sharp thorn; leaves reduced to small seales; flowers in small
lateral racemes on short peduncles and slender pedicels; sepals 4,
1 mm. long; petals 4, twice to 3 times as long, greenish white; sta-
mens 8, shorter than the petals, the filaments enlarged in the mid-
dle; fruit a spherical black berry about 6 mm. in diameter.

1. K. spinosa. ‘eC |

~~]

TREES AND SHRUBS 12

1. FOUQUIERIA: »OcoTILLo

Spiny shrubs with several erect or ascending virgate stems
10 feet long or less, bearing leaves for but a short time in the sum-
mer, the spies formed of the indurated midribs of the leaves of the
previous season; ‘eaves oblanceolate, spatulate, entire; flowers per-
fect, in thrysoid panicles at the ends of the branches, bright scarlet,
appearing long before the leaves; sepals 5; corolla 5-merous, gamo-
petalous, broadly tubular with spreading limb; stamens 10, epipetal-
ous; fruit an ovoid capsule with many seeds.

1. F. splendens.

ELAEAGNACEAE. OLeaster FAMILY

a Shrubs or trees with silvery lepidote or stellate pubescence;
leaves opposite or alternate. the blades entire; flowers perfect, poly-
gamous or dioecious, usually clustered in the axils of the branches
of the present or previous year; calyx of 4 or sometimes 2 sepals
surmounting the hypanthium; petals wanting; stamens 4 to 8 on the
tube of the hypanthium; pistil simp'e, becoming a drupelike fruit.

1. LEPARGYRAEA Raf. BUFFALO-BERRY

A eenus with the characters of the family as given above.
Leaves ovate or oval. green above; stems not

spiny; low shrub. 1. L. canadensis.

Leaves oblong, silvery on both surfaces: stems
spiny; tall, tree-like shrub. 2. L. argentea.

128 TREES AND SHRUBS

Palo Blanco (Adelia spp.) is a good sized shrub 10-15
feet high with smooth greenish or pale bark, pale green leaves
and dark blue to almost black berries the size of currants.
These shrubs occur not infrequently in the drier mountains
and mouths of canons. They are quite symmetrical and worth )

cultivating.

MOUNTAIN ASH. (Fraxrinus velutina)

bie t oo Ash Fresno (Fraxinus velutina) is per-
factory a tree for general decorative and shade

f
f
fi
I

PR ee eaten anne i ls

TREES AND SHRUBS “ 129)

purposes as grows native in the State,‘and' its’ value “is ap--
preciated in the Mesilla valley where-it-is used quite extensive-.
ly. The common name is a local:one and-does’ not refer to:
the shrub which ordinarily goes under that name in the east--
ern and central states (Sorbus Americana). ‘‘It is a true
ash. It naturally grows in the rocky canons and dry water
courses of the warmer more barren portions of the mountains,.
and here it attains a height of thirty 'to forty feet. The trunk:
is straight ; the bark is a light brownish-gray and quite smooth
even in good sized trees; the branches grow obliquely upward:
with rather a sharp angle and are stiff enough to bear their
own weight thus giving the tree a symtmetrical head. The
foliage is rather pale green, ‘ot very dense, appears rather
late in spring, and is rarely ever hurt by late frosts. While
not as rapid a grower as the valley cottonwood, the mountain
ash is a vigorous and healthy tree in cultivation. The mistle-
toe attacks it but slightly and the winged fruits are never
sufficiently abundant to be a nuisance. Young trees may be
obtained in the canons of nearly any of the mountains in
southern New Mexico at altitudes below 6,500 feet are are
easily transplanted any time when the leaves are off.

There are two other species to be found in the mountains
of the state.

The Dogwood Family (Cornacrar) is represented in
New Mexico by a single species of Cornel, which is Svida
stolonifera riparia, which is a reddish-stemmed shrub common
in the higher mountains; and 2 species of Garrya. One of the
latter (Garrya wright) is an evergreen shrub about 8 to 10
feet high, with numerous leathery clear green leaves and in-
conspicuous flowers, followed by blue-black berry-like fruits
the size of currants. This shrub is a very symmetrical plant,
and is quite resistant to drought when once established. Re-
peated efforts to bring it from the foothills of the mountains,
where it is thoroughly at home, to the mesa soils near the
valley have invariably resulted in failure. Attempts to grow

130 TREES AND SHRUBS

the plant from cuttings were also unsuccessful. If a means
of getting it into cultivation can be devised, there is little
doubt that this plant will be even more satisfactory than some
species of euonymus.

The family ERICACEAE is represented by 2 species of
Arbutus, which are tree-like shrubs in the mountains of the
southern part of the State; a single Manzanita ( Arctostaphy-
los pungens) ; and the little BEAR Berry (A. uva-ursi). Any
of the three larger plants would be valuable additions to the
cultivated shrubbery.

On the very high mountains just below the timber line
is to be fcund one small Huckleberry (Vaccinium oreophilum).
Which is a woody plant 6 to 8 inches high. This is the only
representative of the Huckleberry family within our limits.

OLEACEAE. Onive Famity

Trees, shrubs or suffrutescent perennials with opposite (rare-
ly alternate) simple or pinnately compound exstipulate leaves, and
regular 2 to 4-parted perfect, polygamous or dioecious flowers in
panicles, cymes or fascicles. Calyx usually small, (sometimes
wanting) of 4 or more sepals; corolla of 2 to 6-distinct petals or
gamopetalous; stamens 2 to 4 adnate to the base of the corolla;
ovary superior, 2-celled: fruit a capsule, samara, berry or drupe.

Fruit fleshy, a small bluish-black drupe; flow-
ers apetalous, polygamo-dioescious (plant
a good sized shrub). 1. ADELIA,

Fruit a samara; trees with pinnately compound
leaves: flowers dicecious. 2. FRAXINUS.

1. ADELIA R.Br. Pato BLANCO

Rather large shrubs with rigid branching stems bearing sim-
ple leaves and inconspicuous polygamo-dioecious flowers in lateral
clusters; flowers appearing before the leaves on stems of the previ-

TREES AND SHRUBS ~ L3t

ous year; calyx usually present but small, tube very short, 4 to 6
lobed; corolla mostly wanting; stamens 2 to 4; fruit a blue black
drupe.

Leaves glabrous. 1. A. neomexicana.
Leaves pubescent. 2. A. pubescens.

2. FRAXINUS L. AsuH, FRESNO

Trees of some size with opposite pinnately compound leaves
and inconspicuous dioecious flowers, in clusters or panicles; calyx
sometimes wanting or with short tube and four unequal lobes; stamens
2 to 3 or 4, filaments short or elongated; ovary 2-celled; styles
‘united; stigma 2-cleft; fruit a samara with flat or terete body and
a single wing partly surrounding the body.

Flowers with a 4-parted corolla; leaflets small,
1% inches long or less. 1. F. cuspidata.

Flowers apetalous; leaflets 2 inches long or

more.
Leaflets sessile or nearly so. 2. F. velutina.
Leaflets distinctly stalked. 3. F. towmeyi. }

BUMELIA Sw. BuckTHORN

Low tree with rigid spreading branches, having hard wood,
bearing alternate simple leaves and few flowered axillary fascicles
of small fiowers; leaves 1.5 to 3 em. long, cuneate at the base,
rounded or retuse at the apex, on short petioles, dark green and
glabrous above and woody beneath; flowers perfect, 5-merous, calyx
persistent; corolla white, deciduous, lobes longer than the tube, sub-
orbicular, 2 mm. in diameter; stamens 5, epipetalous; staminoidia
5, petaliod; ovary 5-cel’ed; fruit drupe-like.

A rare plant known only from the extreme southwestern

corner of the state.
ln. “rigida.

132 ‘TREES AND SHRUBS

CORNACEAE. Docwoop Famiry
‘Trees or (ours) shrubs with simple, entire and mainly op--
‘posite leaves without stipules and perfect or unisexual flowers in:
cymes ‘or catkins; calyx lobes minute; petals and stamens 4, epigyn-.
‘ous ‘ovary inferior, becoming a 1 to 2-seeded drupe or berry, some--
‘times dry when mature.

Flowers perfect, in cymes; leaves deciduous. 1. Svipa,
-Flowers dioecious, in pendulous spikes; leaves
‘évergreen. 2: GaARR¢A.

1. SVIDA Opis.

‘Shrub 3 to 6 feet high; branches reddish, smooth; leaves.
‘elliptic, ovate, entire, short petioled, opposite, thin, dacsauiaa’ flow-

ers white perfect in flat topped cymes, without involucre; fruit
‘whitish.
1. S. stolonifera. riparia:.

2. GARRYA.

‘Evergreen shrubs from 2 feet to over 10 feet high, with op-

‘posite elliptic to ovate, entire, short- -petioled, corriaceous leaves and!
‘dioecious; inconspicuous whitish flowers in loose, axillary catkins;.

‘petals wanting; calyx 4-merous in the staminate flowers, stamens.

wanting; ovary l1-celled, with 2 persistent styles; fruit a blue-black

“berry 5mm. in diameter or less, becoming dry. Another undescribed!

“species occurs in the Guadalupe Mountains.
1. G. wrightii:

ERICACEAE. Hratrw Famiry

Shrubs and trees with scaly buds and alternate, simple, ex-
~stipulate leaves, (ours all evergreen), with perfect 4 to 5-merous.
flowers, in small terminal or axillary clusters; corolla urceolate or-
globular, 4 to 5-toothed, deciduous; stamens twice as many as the
corolla lobes, included, dehiscent by terminal pores or chinks; fruit
‘fleshy, drupaceous or berry like.

Ovary 5-celled, (rarely 4-celled) ripening: into
a granular coated berry, with many seeds
and a firm endoearp. (Ours are good sized
trees). 1. ARBUTUS:
‘Ovary 4 to 10-ecelled, with solitary ovules; in
fruit becoming a drupe with as many seed
like nutlets or a solid’ stone: (Q@urs: are
~ Shrubs, one prestrate) 2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, i

TREES. AND SHRUBS % 133

1. ARBUTUS.

“Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. tl. A. o@rizonica.
tLeaves oblong or ovate, obtuse, permanently
pubescent beneath. 2. <A, terena.

2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Adans. MANzANITA

‘rect shrub, 3 to 6 feet high; leaves oblong,

acute or acutish; branches not glandular. 1! A. pungens.
-Creeping shrub; leaves oblanceolate or obovate,
Gatie or retuse; branches glandular. 2. A. wuvacursi,

VACCINIUM L. HucKLEBERRY

Low shrubs with small alternate leaves and small solitary
~ -axillary flowers; calyx lobes nearly obsolete; corolla globular, limb
5-lobed; stamens 10; anthers prolonged upward into tubes, opening
‘by external pores; fruit a black or blue berry.

1. V. oreophilum.

134 TREES AND SHRUBS

There are several well known families that have only a
few shrubby species, which for convenience we throw together.
They are as follows: ;

The Verbena Family (Verbenaceae) is represented by
several species of the genus Verbena. The only shrubby rep-
resentative in the State is Lippia wrightii. This is an aromatic
shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with numerous small thickish leaves
and terminal spikes of small white flowers. It naturally oc-
curs on the slopes of dry rocky mountains and in the mouths
of canons and when brought into cultivation responds readily
to improved conditions and grows rapidly. While in no way
conspicuous, it is an excellent addition to the garden where
the water supply is limited.

The Mint Family (Labiatae) displays but three shrubby
representatives in New Mexico. One of these (Poliomintha
tncana) is a gray shrub that grows on gypsum deposits in
the northern part of the State. Whether it would grow in
cultivation or not we are unable to say.

Two species of Sage (Salvia) occur in the mountains at
the southern end of the State. Both of these are blue flow-
ered, and each would®make good bedding plants. The smaller
(Salvia lycioides) is a green smooth plant a foot high or less.
The other species is often 3 or 4 feet high, and has broadly
triangular or heart-shaped leaves that are densely white hairy
beneath.

The Potato Family ( Solanaceae) is represented by a
single shrubby genus in New Mexico. The Garrambullo
(Lycium torreyi) is a shrub 3 to 5 feet high, common in the
valleys of the southern end of the State. It grows readily
in the arroyos or on soils that receive occasional floodings.
In cultivation it responds readily to a small amount of water
and produces a symmetrical green shrub bearing small scarlet

erries the size of a currant. Very similar to this species,
but smaller in every way, is Lyciwm parviflorum; which occurs

TREES AND SHRUBS 135

native on the mesas and plains at the southern end of the
State. It would also probably respond to cultivation. Lyciwm
pallidum is a slightly larger species of shrub, sometimes 6 or
7 feet high, with purplish-brown thorny stems and medium
sized pale green leaves. It flowers are funnel form, dull green,
and about an inch long. The fruit is as large as a currant
and when ripe is dark red. It occurs on the drier slopes of
the mountains in the southern part of the State.

Of the family Bignomiaceae there are two shrubby rep-
resentatives probably occurring in New Mexico, The Desert
Willow Jano (Chilopsis linearis) is one of the most satis-
factory of native shrubs for purposes of cultivation in dry sit-
uations. It is thoroughly at home in the arroyos and foothills
of the mountains at the lower elevations in our State, and is
easily transplanted to the gardens. Under favorable condi-
tions of moisture it not infrequently reaches the size of a
small tree, while in most situations it is a shrub 5 to 15 feet
high. It may be pruned to the tree form or allowed to branch
at the base. Its long willow-like leaves give it its common
name. It is a profuse bloomer, having large purplish or whit-
ish flowers, somewhat after the type of catalpa blossoms.

Stanolobium stans is another shrub that occurs commonly
in the mountains about El Paso, and probably gets into south-
ern New Mexico, though as yet it has not been collected with-
in our boundaries. This shrub is 3 to 5 feet high, with slender,
graceful stems and large compound leaves, the leaflets of
which are an inch or two long and one-fourth as broad, dark
green above, paler beneath. It bears large yellow flowers in
conspicuous terminal clusters, and occurs in the driest of sit-
uations on the sides of the mountains. It should respond to.
cultivation very readily, and would be well worth the care-
necessary to grow it.

The Acanthus Family (Acanthaceae) has 2 shrubby rep--
resentatives in New Mexico. The first, Carlowrightia lineari-
folia, is a green stemmed branching shrub 3 or 4 feet high,

136 TREES AND SHRUBS

with very small leaves and inconspicuous pale blue flowers,
that grows upon the mesas at the southern end of the State.
It is of little or no economical importance. The second,
- (Anisacanthus thurberi) is a branching shrub 3 or 4 feet high
with numerous stems, upon which are borne the rather large
pinkish flowers in considerable abundance. This plant grows
in the foothills of the southwestern part of the State, and is
well worth cultivation as a decorative plant.

Bouvardia ovata is a low shrub, generally not over 3 feet
high, the upper portions of the stems herbaceous and leaves
1 to 2 inches long. Its flowers are bright red and tubular,
borne in terminal clusters an inch or so in diameter. This plant
occurs only in the extreme southwestern corner of the State,
coming in from Mexico. Several species of the genus are in
cultivation, and this one would be well worth trying.

The Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceaej. This family
contains several important shrubs and trees. The Elder
(Sambucus) is represented in our State by 5 well marked
species, all of which are worth cultivating. The Mexican
Elder Tapriro (Sambucus mexicana) occurs only in the foot-
hills at the southern end of the State, where it has probably
been introduced. It is a low stunted tree, with round, dense
top which retains its leaves almost throughout the year and
produces large clusters of whitish blooms throughout the

summer season. Its fruit rarely mafures, mer

In the mountains four other species occur as shrubs, but
one of them sometimes appears as a small tree with a well
defined trunk. One species (Sambucus microbotrys) has red
berries, while the fruit of the others is black.

The Snowberry (Symphoricarpus) displays 3 species,
all of which are low shrubs from 1 to 5 feet high. The flowers

are usually small, tubular, pink or white, and are succeeded
by white 2-seeded berries. They are graceful plants and

rather profuse bloomers, and while the flowers are small, they

TREES AND SHRUBS 137

‘are worth cultivation. One or two species of Wild Honey-
suckle. (Lonicera) occur in the mountains. While they are
-not as valuable for decorative purposes as some of the culti-
vated species which do well in the irrigated valleys, they will
probably get along on less water and not be so easily killed.
Two other shrubs belonging to this family occur in the moun-
tains of the State.

EHRETIACEAE.

A family of low spreading or prostrate white hairy or
hispid undershrubs with partly woody stems from stout woody
roots. They are close relatives of the Boraginaceae with
which they are usually combined. Three of the species have
been passing as species of Coldenia in several of the maunals
though originally described as belonging to separate genera.
The fourth is not yet described.

The plants are so small and really unimportant that they
are not included here although mentioned because they come
within the limits of the title.

«

WVERBENACEAE. VeERBENA FAMILY.

A family consisting mostly of herbs as represented in
New Mexico where the genus Verbena is common and toler-
ably well known. One gerus of shrubs is represented by a
single species that promises to be of value, as follows:

Three species of the genus Phyla (P. lanceolata, P. cune-
ifolia and P. incise) belonging to this family (sometimes in-
cluded in the genus Lippa) should be noticed here though they
are not shrubs or trees. They are low creeping vine-like plants
that are valuable for use as a ground cover in place of grass.
Another species is used extensively and very effectively in
southern California for this purpose. Particularly in compact,
somewhat alkaline soils where grass would do poorly the
‘species P. incisa would be a very satisfactory substitute. They
all have small heads of white flowers superficially suggesting.
white clover; they bloom profusely and require only a little
water, re Pi j

138 TREES AND SHRUBS

LIPPIA. L.

Branching shrub 2 to 3 ft. high, with slender stems; having’
the internodes 2 or 3 times longer than the short-petioled, small,
ovate, crenate-serrate aromatic leaves, and terminal spikes of
small white flowers; bracts ovate lanceolate, acuminate, about the
length of the calyx; calyx about 2 mm. long lobes 4, acute, equal
densely white-hirsute; corolla white about twice as long as the

calyx, glabrous within; nutlets thin walled.
1. L. wrightii.

LABIATAE. Mint FAMILy.

Aromatic herbs or shrubs, annual or perennial with 4-sided
stems and opposite leaves; leaves simple, entire or variously toothed
or incised; inflorescence of small cymose clusters in the axils of the
normal or reduced leaves or in terminal spikes or heads; flowers
perfect and irregular; calyx free, persistent, tubular or campanu-
late, regular or irregular. Stamens 4 or by abortion 2; anthers 2-
celled; ovary superior deeply 4-lobed, 4-celled; fruit 4 smal] nutlets-
in the persistent calyx.

Upper ‘lip of the bilabiate corolla flat not con-
cave; calyx regularly 5-toothed. 1. POLIOMINTHA.

Upper lip of the bilabiate corolla more or less
concave; calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip ob-
scurely 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-
toothed. 2. SALVIA.

1. POLIOMINTHA Gray.

Hoary canescent shrub about 3 feet high, with entire linear
oblong to lanceolate nearly sessile leaves about 34 inch long; flowers
in small axillary clusters towards the ends of the stems, subtended
by reduced bract-like leaves; calyx broad tubular with 5 narrow,
equal teeth, densely villous with spreading. white hairs; corolla pale
purplish, tube surpassing the calyx, throat gaping; fertile stamens 2,

and 2 rudimentary filaments.
1. P. incana.

2. SALVIA Linn. SAGE-

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, 3 feet high or less, with
opposite petiolate glandular leaves and flowers in terminal paniculate
or crowded verticillate clusters; calyx tubular or campanulate,

TREES AND SHRUBS 139

bilabiate, sometimes obscurely so, upper lip entire or trifid; lower lip
bifid; throat smooth; corolla mostly conspicuously colored, blue or
red; bilabiate, the upper lip erect; lower lip 3-lobed; stamens 2;
stigmas 2 sometimes unequal; nutlets ovoid or 3 sided, smooth.

Leaves oblong to elliptic, acute or obtuse, en-
tire or the lowermost obscurely dentate,
nearly glabrous; calyx conspicuously veined,
not accrescent; plant a foot high or less. 1. S. lycioides.

Leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, acute, crenate,
densely canescent beneath; calyx not con-
spicuously veined, accrescent in fruit; plant
3 feet high or more. z. S. pinguifolia.

SOLONACEAE. Potato FAmiIty.

This is a large family containing several valuable eco-
nomic genera the best known of which are those containing
the potato, tomato, ground-cherry, tobacco, Petunia, etc. It
is quite well represented in New Mexico but most of the
species are herbaceous. A single genus of shrubs occurs
within our limits as follows:

bea LYCIUM L.

Shrubs with divaricate branches many ending in thorns; wood
hard and tough; leaves alternate or often fascicled by the reduction
of the stem; thickish, entire or undulate; flowers mostly in few
flowered axillary cymes; calyx of 5 sepals united at the base, per-
sistent in fruit; corolla funnelform to almost salverform; greenish
or purplish, lobes 5, obtuse; stamens 5, mostly exserted; ovary 2-
celled; berry globose, fleshy bright scarlet when mature, rather
pleasant to taste.

Flowers greenish, 20 mm. long; older branches

dark reddish-brown. 1. L. pallidum.
Flowers purplish, 12 mm. long or less; branches
grayish.
Corolla 8 to 12 mm. long; leaves large and
numerous. 2. L. torreyi.
Corolla 5 mm. long; leaves small and few. 3. L. parviflorum.
BIGNONIACEAE.

Shrubs or low trees with simple or pinnately compound ex-
stiplate leaves and large perfect flowers in terminal racemes; calyx
hypogynous of 2 more or less united sepals; corolla irregular, large,

140 | TREES AND SHRUBS

funnelform; 2-lipped; deciduous; stamens 5, 1 or 3 reduced to sterile
filaments or 4 and then didynamous; filaments filiform, adnate to
the corolla tube, included anther sacs, divaricate; ovary 1-celled
with 2 parietal placentae or 2-celled by a false partition; style 1,
stigmas 2; fruit a slender, terete coriaceous capsule with numerous
winged seeds.

Leaves simple; flowers purplish. 1. CHILOPSIS.
Leaves compound; flowers yellow. 2. STENOLOBIUM.

1. CHILOPSIS Don. DersERT WILLOw.

Large shrub, sometimes tree-like, 6 to 15 feet high, branched
from the base, with narrow, lanceolate, thin, light green leaves and
terminal racemes or thyrsoid panicles of showy, purplish flowers;
calyx membranaceous splitting into 2 concave lobes; corolla about
1 inch long, funnelform, obscurely 2-lipped, the limb narrow, upper
lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed; anther bearing stamens 4 with a stami-
nodium adnate to the base of the corolla tube; capsule tapering at
both ends, terete, 1 dm. long or more; seeds numerous.

1. C. linearis.

ACANTHACEAE. AcANTHUS FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with enlarged nodes,
alternate opposite or whorled, exstipulate leaves, and perfect irregu-
lar flowers often subtended by conspicuous bract; calyx of 5 sepals,
nearly distinct or often united, sometimes with bractlets subtending.
Corolla of 5-partially united petals, 2-lipped or sometimes nearly
regularly 5-lobed; stamens 4, didynamous, or 2; ovary superior 2-
celled; style single; stigma entire or 2-lobed; fruit a capsule, 2-
celled: valves elastic, seeds usually flattened.

Leaves linear; corolla 10 mm. long or less, pale
blue. 1, CARLOWRIGHTIA.

Leaves lanceolate; corolla 30 mm. long, pink-
ish or red. 2. ANISACANTHUS.

|. CARLOWRIGHTIA A. Gray.

Much branched shrub, 3 feet high or less, with slender stems,
(those of the year green), and opposite, linear to filiform leaves
34, to 11% inches long; flowers perfect, at first axillary, then panicu-

TREES AND SHRUBS Laegse 141

late toward the ends of the stems; calyx lobes 5-linear filiform,
united but little at the base; corolla tube narrow, shorter. than the 4-
parted spreading limb, less than 1 cm. long, pale blue, (in our
species), capsule ovate, short acuminate, or compressed, short stip-
itate; seeds very flat.

1. ‘ C. linearifolia.

2. ANISACANTHUS Ness.

Woody shrub 3 feet high or often more, with lanceolate, en-
tire, short-petioled, acute or obtuse leaves, 1'to 114 inches long,
often appearing fascicled and clustered; conspicuous reddish flowers
on short pedicels; calyx lobes 5, equally long attenuate, as long as
the capsule; glandular pubescent, persistent; corolla reddish or
pinkish white, narrowly funnelform about 1 inch long; 4 lobes sim-
ilar, lanceolate, entire, the fifth rather more deeply separated; sta-
mens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla lobes; capsule

ovate, long stipitate; seeds mostly 2.
1. A. thurberi.

RUBIACEAE. Mapper Famity.

This family which contains such:well known genera as
Houstonia (“bluets’”) and Galium (“bedstraws” or “‘cleavers”)
is represented by only a single shrubby species of Bouvardia,
a species well worth cultivation for its conspicuous red flowers.
Several species of this genus are already in cultivation.

1. BOUVARDIA Salisb.

Low shrub, the upper parts of the stéms herbaceous, with
ovate-lanceolate, short petioled, leaves, 1 to 2 inches long, mostly in
whorls of 4, and terminal cymes of conspicuous red heterogone and
dimorphous flowers with slender tubular corollas; hypanthium tur-
binate or campanulate; sepals 4, persistent; corolla lobes short, val-
vate in the bud; style slender, more or Jess exserted in some of the
flowers; stigmas 2, obtuse; ovary 2-celled; capsule didymous_ to
globose, coriaceous locuiicidal; seeds numerous, flat, winged all
around. imbricated on the placenta.

1 #B. orfata,

142 TREES AND SHRUBS

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HoneysucKLE FAMILY.

Shrubs, trees, woody vines, or rarely low herbs, with opposite
exstipulate leaves and perfect flowers variously arranged in axillary
pairs or axillary or terminal cymes; hypanthium adnate to the 2 to
5-celled ovary, calyx of 4 or 5 sepals; corolla rotate, tubular or fun-
nelform, sometimes bilabrate, lobes 4 or 5 imbricated, stamens 4 or
5, sometimes partly adnate to the coro la, alternate with the lobes;
ovary 2 to 5-celled, inferior; fruit a berry or a drupe

Corolla rotate; style deeply 3- to 5-cleft, short;
inflorescence compound cymose; frnit darup-
aceous (sbrubs). 1. SamBpucuae

Corolla tube long; tubular, campanulate, funnel-
form or saiver form, sometimes two-lipped,
never rotate; style slender, undivided; in-
florenscence simple, few-flowered; fruit dry
or berry like.

Corolla regular, tubular,funnel form; fruit 2-
seeded.

Corolla broadly funnelform, more or less bi-
labrate or nearly regular; fruit few to
many seeded.
Upper leaves connate perfoliate; flowers
mostly in terminal clusters, pseudo-
verticellate or crowded; corolla not sac-
cate at the base. 3. LoNICERA. i

Upper leaves not connate; flowers axillary,
in pairs, sessile on the end of a com-
mon peduncle, subtended by bracts;
corolla conspicuously saccate at the base.
Bracts or bractlets very small and in-
conspicuous; green; not accrescent. 4. XYLOSTEON.

Bracts fouaceous, and bractlets accres-
cent, reddish brown.

wo

Sy MPHORICARPUS.

». .DISTEGIA.

|. SAMBUCUS L. ELDER

Shrubs or trees with soft wood, large pith, opposite pinnate-
ly compound leaves with large leaflets, and small white or ochroleucus
flowers in terminal compound cymes; hypanthium turbinate or ovoid;
sepals 3 to 5, equal; corolla rotate, with 3 to 5 equal, imbricated, or
rarely valvate lobes; stamens 5 adnate to the base of the corolla,
anthers opening extrorsely by clefts: ovary 3 to 5-celled becoming
a l-seeded drupe like fruit.

Cyme not flat-topped, thyrsoid-paniculate, the
axis continuous.
_Fruit. ed;.cymes in flower seldom more than
4 em broad. S. microbotrus.
Fruit black; cymes larger, 6 cm. wide or more. 2...S. melanocarpa.

~

TREES AND SHRUBS 143

Cymes flat-topped, with several compound rays,
the axis not continuous.

Leaflets less than 2% inches long, ovate to F
oblong, short acuminate, good sized tree. 3. S. mexicana.

Leaflets larger, 3 to 6 inches long, lanceolate,
long attenuate; branches and leaves glab-
rous; flowers 5 or 6 mm. broad; small i
tree well defined trunk. 4. S. neomexicana.

2. SYMPHORICARPUS L. SNOWEERRY

Branching shrubs 5 feet high or less with opposite, simple
short-petioled leaves and small mostly tubular flowers, in few-flow-
ered axillary clusters; hypanthium cup-shaped to sub-globose; sepals
A or 5, unequal; corolla white or reddish, tinged, sometimes campanu-
late, mostly tubular, funnelform; lobes 4 or 5, almost equal; stamens
A or 5, adnate to the corolla; ovary 4-celled; berry fleshy, 2-seeded.

Corolla 5 mm. long or less, open campanulate. 1. S. pauciflorus.

forolla 8 to 12 mm. long, salverform or nar-
rowly funnelform.

Corolla 6 to 8 mm. long; leaves thick, dense-
ly pubescent; seeds rounded at both ends. 2. 8S. rotundifolius.

Corolla 8 to 12 mm. long; leaves thin, sparing-
ly pubescent; seeds acute at one end. 3. S. oreophilus.

3. LONICERA L. HoNnrEyYSUCKLE

Shrubby vines with trailing rather stiff stems and shreddy
bark; leaves opposite, entire, short-petioled, the upperones connate
perfoliate; flowers mostly sessile and whorled at the ends of the
stems; hypanthium subglobose or ovoid; sepals 5; corolla tubular to
funnelform or broader, more or less lipped; stamens 5, adnate to
the corolla tube; ovary 2 to 3 celled, ovules numerous; fruit a
fleshy berry, few seeded.

Limb of the corolla nearly regular; inflorens-

cence pedunculate; leaves campanulate

ciliate. 1. L. arizonica.
Limb of corolla deeply bilobiate; inflorescence

sessile; leaves not ciliate. 2. L. dumosa.

144 TREES AND SHRUBS

4. XYLOSTEON Juss.

Erect branching shrubs with opposite simple leaves, entire,
sessile or short-petioled, not connate above; flowers sessile in pairs
on the ends of solitary axillary peduncles; subtended by 2 minute

bracts and bractlets; hypanthium more or less united; calyx minute or
obsolete; corolla broadly funnelform, 1 cm. long or more, saccate
at the base, limb 5-lobed nearly equal; ovary usually 2-celled; berries

distinet or didymous, red.
1. X. utahense.

4. DISTEGIA. Raf.

Very simiar to the last but the flowers sometimes in threes
and not coherent, the bracts leaflike and the bractlets strongly ac-
crescent and purplish, surrounding the dark purple or black berries.

1. D. involecrata.

TREES AND SHRUBS 145

The Sunflower Family (Compositae) is by far the
largest of all the families represented in our region, being
represented by several hundred species; but most of them are
herbaceous plants. There are several species of shrubs, how- -
ever, in the family, some of which are of value for one purpose
or another. All the shrubby species are listed below, and
technical descriptions are given of the plants. Only a few need
be mentioned here for purposes of calling special attention to
them.

The Sage Brush (Arteniisia spp.) occurs in one form or
another scattered pretty well over the plains of the whole
State. This name is properly applied to the shrubby species
of this genus, of which there are several. Artemisia tridentata
is perhaps the most common form, especially on the high
plains at the northern end of the State. Artemisia filifolia is a
shrub 3 to 5 feet high, with very narrow leaves, that occurs
on the sandy mesas of the northern part of the State. All
of the species of this genus are eaten by cattle, sheep, and
goats, and several of them are considered of the greatest im-
portance by stockmen. The commoner herbaceous forms,
which are used extensively, go under the Spanish name of
Estafiata among the Mexican herders, and they are valued
highly, especially as an early spring feed. The shrubby forms
to which the name Sage Brush is properly applied should not
be confused with the Salt Bushes*, since they are entirely dif-
ferent botanically, and not as closely related as apple trees and
sunflowers.

MarRIoLA is a Spanish name for Parthenium imcanum, a
low shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with gray-green leaves and in-
conspicucus white flowers, that grows on the drier foothills
in the southern part of the State. This little plant is a near
relative of the guayule or Mexican rubber plant found in
Western Texas and northern Chihuahua. It contains a small

*See Atriplex spp., page 68.

146 TREES AND SHRUBS

percentage of rubber, but not in sufficient quantity to make
the extraction profitable.

Arrow Wood or Cachinilla (Berthellotia borrealis) is
a common shrub, forming large patches in the valleys of the
southern part of the State. It is of no economic importance,
but probably receives its American name from the use of its
stems by the Indians.

A small branching undershrub that occurs among the
rocks in the foothills of the hotter mountains is Carphochaete
bigllovwti. This little shrub is a profuse bloomer and a free
grower. While not more than 18 inches high, it would be a
very satisfactory little bedding plant.

Boneset (Eupatorium spp.) is represented by one or two
shrubby species which might be brought into cultivation.

The Wild Zinnia (Crassina pumula) is a low undershrub
8 or 10 inches high and widely branched. It produces an
factory in a desert garden.
ly dry on the plant. For a border plant it would be very satis-
abundance of white flowers, the ray flowers of which ultimate-
more or 'ess distinct vertieal ranks, mostly destitute of herbaceous

TREES AND SHRUBS 147

KEY TO THE TRIBES HERE LISTED.

Anthers not caudate at the base; style-branches
either truncate or tipped with an appen-

dage.
Heads rayless; flowers perfect; flowers white
or very pale yellow. II. EUPATORIEAE.

Heads mostly radiate.

Style branches of perfect flowers flat or

tipped with a distinct appendage; leaves

mostly alternate. III. ASTEREAE.
Style branches of perfect flowers truncate

or appendaged, not flattened; leaves

often opposite.
,Involucre not scarious.

Pappus never capillaria.

Receptacle chaffy. V. HELIANTHEAE.
Receptacle not chaffy. VI. HELENIEAE.
Pappus capillaria. VIII. SENECIOIDEAE,
Involucre scarious; pappus not capillary. VII. ANTHEMIDEAE.

Anthers caudate at the base; style branches
neither truncate nor appendaged; heads not
radiate. IV. INULEAE.

KEY TO THE GENERA HERE LISTED.

Tribe II. EUPATORIEAE.

Bracts of the involucre* herbaceous neither
striate nor nerved; low shrubs with small
heads of large white flowers; leaves entire. 1. CARPHOCHAETE.

Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous, striate
nerved, flowers small pale yellowish white
rather numerous in the head; leaves toothed. 2. COLEOSANTHUS.

Tribe III. AsTEREAE.

Heads unisexual, dioecious, discoid, pappus of
the stamenate flowers with clavate tips;
flowers mostly white. 3. BaccHaris.

Heads of perfect flowers, at least in part,
flowers yellow.

Heads without rays. 4. CHRYSOTHAMNUS.
Heads radiate. 5. CHRYSOMA.

Tribe IV. INULEAE.

A single genus with dioecious pink flowers in
discoid heads. 6. BERTHELLOTIA.

Tribe V. HELIANTHEAE.

Heads discoid.

Heads of two kinds on the same _ plant;
staminate heads several; pistillate usual-

ly solitary. HYMENOCLEA.

~

148 TREES AND SHRUBS

Heads all alike of numerous perfect flowers. 8. FLOURENSIA.
Heads radiate.

Rays 5, very short, heads appearing discoid;
flowers all white. 9. PARTHENIUM.

Rays conspicuous, heads rather large.
Rays yellow (in our species) shrub 3 feet

high or more. 10. GYMNOLOMIA.
Rays white (in our species) plant less than
1 foot high. 11. CRASSINA.

Tribe VI. HELENIEAE.

A single genus—with fleshy leaves. 12. CLAPPIa.

Tribe VII. ANTHEMIDEAE.

Receptacle naked, heads discoid:
Plants spiny; achenes and corollas cobwebby. 13. PIcrROTHAMNUS.
Plants not spiny; achenes not cobwebby. 14. ARTEMISIA.

Tribe VIII. SENECIOIDEAE.

A single genus: Flowers yellow; heads rayless:
shrubs tomentose. 15. TETRADYMIA.

1. CARPHOCHAETE Gray.

Perennial herbs or shrubby plants with glabrous or glabrate
foliage; leaves opposite; blades narrow, leathery, sessile; heads dis-
coid; solitary or terminating branches; involucres narrowly cylindric,
4 to 6-flowered; bracts few, in few series, acuminate, successively
longer; receptacle naked; corollas regular, slender; anthers often
with a cleft appendage at the apex; stigmas filiform, rather obtuse;
achenes elongated, 10-striate; pappus of several linear-subulate
erose-denticulate scarious scales, with the mid-nerve prolonged into

a barbellate awn.
1. C. bigelovii.

2. COLEOSANTHUS Cass.

Herbs or shrubby plants, with upright branching stems; leaves
opposite or alternate; blades broadest below the middle, usually
toothed, prominently nerved beneath; heads several or numerous, or
rare’'y solitary discoid; involueres oblong to campanulate, few to
many-flowered; bracts narrow, striate, in several series, the inner
successively longer, receptacle naked; corollas regular; anthers ob-

TREES AND SHRUBS 149

tuse at the base; stigmas elongated; obtuse; achenes 10-ribbed or 10-
striate; pappus of one series of scabrous barbellate or nearly smooth
hair-like bristles.

Leaves small, laciniate toothed; bracts and

peduncles glandular viscid; heads _ nearly
sessile. 1. C. laciniatus.

Leaves longer, truncate to cordate at base,
erenate dentate, not laciniate; bracts and
peduncles not viscid. 2. €. wrightii.

Two other. related species doubtfully separate
from the last which they closely resemble
are C. rusbyi and C. reniformis.

3. BACCHARIS L.

* Perennial caulescent herbs or shrubs, usually with glabrous
or resinous foliage below the inflorescence; leaves a.ternate; blades
often leathery, entire or toothed; heads discoid, dioecious, in corymbs
or panicles; involucres ofter campanulate; bracts in several series;
receptacle flat, pitted, naked; corollas various, staminate ones tubu-
lar pistillate ones filiform ; anthers entire and obtuse at base; stigmas
slender, those of the staminate flowers with broad appendages;
achenes flattened, ribbed; pappus various, that of staminate flowers
short; that of the pistillate flowers copious, of long hair-like bristles.

Leaves very small, % inch long or less, entire;

plant 3 to 4 feet high. 1. B. pteronioides.
Leaves larger 1% to 4 or 5 inches lkmng, not

fascicled, more or less toothed.

Plant low 2.to 3 feet high, woody only at the
base, leaves linear oblong, sharply and
nearly evenly serrate about 1% inches
long. 2. B. bigelovii.

Plants much taller 6 to 10 feet high; leaves
larger and irregularly toothed.

Pappus scarcely surpassing the style in fruit;
plant quite resinous; leaves 3 to 5 inches
long, lanceolate, short, acuminate, 3. B. glutinosa.

Pappus accrescent in fruit; leaves cuneate-
oblong 1 to 2 inches long with a few
teeth at the apex or occasicnally on the

sides. 4. B. salicina.

4. CHRYSOTHAMNUS Nutt Razssir Brusn

Shrubby or suffrutescent plants with narrow or terete entire
leaves; herbage white-tomentose or glabrous, often viscidulous or
resinous; inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or rarely racemose; heads
homogamous; involucre narrow; the bracts well imbricated usually in
more or less distinct vertical ranks, mostly destitute of herbaceous

150 *REES AND SHRUBS

tips; ray-flowers unifomoly wanting; disk-flowers 5) to 30; style
branches subulate or filiform, usually long-exserted ; achenes narrow,
terete or slightly angled; pubescent; pappus copious, soft, commonly
dull white.

Achenes glabrous.

Stems, leaves, and involucres more or less
floccose. 1. C. bigelovii.

Plants without floccose pubescence. 2. C. linifolius.

Achenes pubescent; plants tomentose at least
on the young branches.

Branches and leaves permanently white d
tomentose. 3. C. latisquamea,

Branches and leaves becoming glabrous.

Bracts .glabrous; lobes of the corolla
spreading in age; plants much
branched. . 4. C. graveoleus.

Bracts villous-ciliate; lobes of the corol-
la erect; plant sparingly branched. 5. C. confinis.

5. CHRYSOMA Nutt.

Shrubby caulescent herbs, with somewhat glutinous foliage;
leaves alternate, blades fleshy, leathery, narrow, conspicuously pit-
ted, mostly 1-nerved; heads radiate, numerous; involucres narrow,
few-flowered, bracts in few series; receptacle pitted; ray-flowers
1 to 3, pistillate; disk-flowers mostly perfect; corollas yellow, tube
searcely dilated above; anthers obtuse at base; stigmas flattened,
with lanceolate appendages; achenes pubescent; pappus of 1 to 2
series of numerous brownish hair-like bristles.

This would be well worth cultivation but our efforts to trans-
plant it have always failed.

1. ©. laricifolia.

6. BERTHELLOTIA Dc. ARROw-woop. CACHINILLA

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs, or shrubs; leaves alter-
nate, blades usually toothed, often prominently nerved, petioled or
the upper sessile or clasping; heads discoid, commonly in cluster-like
cymes; involueres turbinate, hemispheric or campanulate, with pis-
tillate and perfect flowers, bracts ovoid, in few series; receptacle
flat, naked; pistillate flowers marginal, -fruit-producing; perfect
flowers central, mostly not fruit-producing; anthers sagittate, the
auricles tailed; stigmas united or distinct; achenes 4 to 5-angled;

pappus a single series of scabrous hair-like ete
B. borealis.

TREES AND SHRUBS 154

7. HYMENOCLEA Torr. & Gray.

Tall deciduous-leaved shrub, 6 to 8 feet high with yellowish-
brown somewhat stringy bark and linear-fiiform yellowish-green
leaves, alternate, but often appearing fascicled, and terminal panicles
of rather inconspicuous dull brown heads of flowers; flowers uni-
sexual, the two kinds intermixed or the pistillate ones in the lower
axils, the staminate involucre of several united bracts, saucer-
shaped, the involucre of the solitary pistillate flower ovoid or fusi-
form, beaked at the apex and the lower part furnished with 9 to
12 dilated and silvery-scarious persistent transverse wings; achenes
turgid, without pappus.

A ingle species. 1. H. monogyra.

8. FLOURENSIA Dc. BrLacksrusH

Almost glabrous resiniferous much branched shrub, 2 to 3
feet high with alternate entire leaves, corymbous or paniculate heads
of flowers on short peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves;
flowers all tubular, no rays, yellow; receptacle flat, with scarious
chaff conduplicate around the compressed, callous-margined very
villous achenes; pappus a more or less persistent subulate awn from
each angle of the truncate achene and commonly some smaller ones

between. A single species in our range.
i i. cernna DC.

9. PARTHENIUM L. Mariora

Perennial or .sometimes annual caulescent herbs, or shrubs;
leaves alternate, blades toothed, pinnatifid or dissected; heads radi-
ate, but not conspicuous; involucres hemispheric, campanulate, or
flat, peduncled; bracts in 2 to 3 series, appressed, obtuse; receptacles
convex or conic, chaffy; ray-flowers usually 5, pistillate, fruit-pro-
ducing; ligules broad, very short, white or whitish: disk-flowers per-
fect, not fruit-producing, embraced by the bractlets: anthers entire
at the base; achenes flattened, margined, keeled on the inner face,
tipped with the persistent ray-flower.

Only one species occurs within our range. The nearly related
Guayule P. argentea occurs just south of us, but several attempts
to grow it here have failed.

1 P. incanum.

152 TREES AND SHRUBS

10. GYMNOLOMIA KH. B. K.

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby pants, with
pubescent foliage; leaves a:ternate or opposite; blades narrow, en-
tire or toothed; heads radiate, rather conspicuous; involucres hemi-
spheric or campanulate; bracts narrow, in 2 to 3 series, the inner
ones somewhat longer than the outer; receptacle more or less conic,
chaffy; ray-flowers pistallate not fruit-producing; ligules yellow;
disk-flowers perfect, fruit-producing, with yellow or brownish cor-
ollas; stigmas of. disk-flowers obtuse or with acute appendages;
achenes of the ray inane; those of the disk 4-angled, either some-
what flattened or turgid; truncate; pappus a denticulate crown, or
wanting.

11. CRASSINA Scepin. ZINNIA

: Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or shrubby plants;
leaves’opposite; blades commonly narrow, entire or sparingly toothed;
heads radiate, often showy; involucres campanulate or somewhat
cylindric; bracts in 3 to 4 series, firm, appressed, rather dry; recep-
tacle conie or cylindric, chaffy; ray-flowers pistillate, fruit-produc- -
ing; ligules red, purple or yellow, or variegated; disk-flowers per-
fect, fruit-producing, enveloped in bractlets; stigmas of the disk-
flowers truncate or subulate; achenes various; those of the ray
3-angled; those of the disk flattened; pappus of one or several awns
or teeth, or wanting.

A single woody species. : 1. GC. pumila,

f 12. CLAPPIA A. Gray.

Perennial shrubby, but fleshy plants; leaves alternate; blades
entire or pinnately 3 to 5-parted; heads radiate; peduncled; in-
volucres hemispheric; bracts leathery, imbricated in 2 to 3 series,
broad. obtuse; receptacle convex, bristly-fimbrillate; ray-flowers 12
to 15, pistillate, fruit-producing; ligules narrow, yellow; disk-flowers
perfect, fruit-producing; anthers entire at the base; stigmas of the
disk with triangular appendages; achenes narrow, terete, 8 to 10-
nerved, hairy on the nerves; pappus of 20 to 25 seale-like hispidulous
bristles longer than the achene.

A single species in “gyp’ soils only; in the :
Lower Sonoran Zone. 1. C. suaedaefolia.

TREES AND SHRUBS 153

13. PICROTHAMNUS.

Stems stout and densely branched, rigid, 1 to 4 em. high,
white-tomentose; leaves 4 to 8 mm. long, pedately 3 to 5-parted, the
divisions 3-lobed; heads globose, racemosely glomerate on short
leafy branchlets which become slender, persistent spines; bracts of
the involucre 5 to 6, broadly ovate, obtuse; pistillate flowers 1 to 4,
with truncate corolla; the hermaphrodite sterile flowers 4 to 8, the
corollas ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base, 5-toothed;

achenes oblong-obovate.

14. ARTEMISIA L. Sacre BrusH

Annual or perennial caulescent herbs or low shrubs; foliage

usually pubescent; leaves alternate, blades

entire, toothed, laciniate

or dissected; heads small, discoid, often numerous, drooping or
erect; involucres various in shape, bracts in several series, the inner
ones successively longer; receptacle flat or hemispheric, naked or
sometimes pubescent, but never chaffy; flowers various, sometimes

all perfect and fruit producing sometime
and fruit-producing, the central perfect
anothers entire and obtuse at the base,

s the marginal pistillate
and sometimes neutral;
usually. subulate-tipped;

achenes 2-ribbed, or striate, each topped by a disk.

Heads with all the flowers fertile.
Leaves narrowly oblong to linear, entire.
Leaves 3-toothed at the apex.

Bracts of the involucre nearly glabrous and
resinous, infolrescence lax, race mose;
plant about 1 foot high.

Bracts of the inflorescence tometose; in-
florescence rather congested.

Shrub tall, 3 to 6 feet; inflorescence much
branched.
Shrub low a foot or so high; inflorescence
rather simple and spike like.
leads having two kinds of flowers; central
flowers sterile, the ovary abortive.
Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, white tometose; leaves
filiform.

vA cana:

2. A. nova.

3. A. tridentata.

4. A, arbuscula.

5. A. filifolia. ]

154 TREES AND SHRUBS

15. TETRADYMIA Dc.

Low and rigid shrubs, sometimes spinescent, canescently
tomentose; with alternate and sometimes fascicled narrow and entire
leaves, cymose or clustered heads of yellow flowers, and copious
white pappus.

Leaves filiform 1 inch or more long; heads %
inch long. 1. T. filifolia.
Leaves broader, oblong or lanceolate; % inch :
long or less; heads slightly smaller. 2. JT. canescens.

TREES AND SHRUBS

155

-INDEX

to the Common Names and the Genera Described in this Bulletin.

on Se 19, 25, 27
Oo Se 93, .95
Acanthaceae ......... 136, 140
POMUEEUS oo. ss 135, 140
SCIPS a! soba) =. fis ance ave 115, 116
Se es abel
Cu ne ee 95, 96
JACEE » “Ge CSE EOE 128, 130
OME A, ono wlan 3s vee on 98
PMU EMERGEITES EW «i'r <j ais s\e) a'e),siey eas 3 «hs 117
NPE ces c's p.0-o tee 2 oss 0 50, 51
SIEO NLA, oss eatecareret 8 as ee 71
MUNRO 2a so ois een “ies «6 ep 2s 105
Ablonrolfela, .......0sc.06 66, 67
2 SO ee 88
ALIVIIVS OD rence one eae ae 50, 51
Amelanchier .......%..: 90, 91
DOLE Dy Ae 33
Amorpha .....0s.. 98, 100, 101
Amygdalaceae .......... 88, 89
Anacardiaceae ........ 125 13
Anisacanthus ....136, 140, 141
Anthemideae ......... 147, 148
APACHE PLUME ...... 80, 85
LAS re 90
PRMONS. oS... 130,132) 133
Arctostaphylos ....... 132, 133
ARROW WOOD ...... 146, 150
PATPOMIISIA. goorsoccere.c 145, 148, 153
ASH, MOUNTAIN .......
NE eal ai mee» 90, 91, 128, 131
SSID Saas a 38, 45
GE a1 ee 42
Esc nicht 9 A ee 147
Astfophyllum ........ 107, 108

iT aeerig ae Ses 69-705 ae
PINE 5. \oale ofthe « eine Oe 66, 68
TSAOGHATIS’ =. 28,55 estes 147, 149
BS AN eu. a os LO 2050216
BaAnBERRY Ob ee Vial, Fea

ae » FENDLER’S ..71
Batidaea,<..'000 5.» 80, 82, 84
BEAN, CORAL..." . <:. 97, 100
BEAR-BRERY —.. 2°. osc Deu cs 130
BEAR-GRASS ...... 34, 36, 37
11; ON gn el ee a gee 52
ace powiog Sc eee. tee 72
Berberidaceae ............. 72
Berthellotia ...... 146, 147, 150
| STE ga ROR Pea 50
BIOPUEGEAE so. 2s sa Bee 50
Bignomiaceae ~.. 2. so es 139
LE LLC Ai gl ne Ceram I BS 50.
BIRD-OF-PARADISE ....... 94
BLACK-BRUSH ©.....2..... sik
210 10) 01S) 0 i aa rr 146
USC a rah 80, 82, 85
BOMVEOUIA G6 oo oa 136, 141
BOX-ELDER ........ UES ality
Prowssonetia. .... os. ec: 97, 100
516819 0k a el Sealeien
BUCKTHORN ....119, aA i

BUFFALO-BERRY ... L2G, he ie
Bumelia

Be ot. sy ana 131
BURRO-WEED ......... 64, 67
BUMPTERCUP (200. 0 68, 70
CACHINELEA~ (v.25 146, 150
CAN ADITLO 2.2) wo 24, 30

156
CANDEB WOOD! onnctesc eee 125
Caprifo-iaceae .......----- 142
Carlowrightia ........ 135, 140
Carphochaete ....146, 147, 148
CAT CLAW 324 0 a1 Bee 94, 96
Geancthus po. as eee 119, 120
CHRD AR. i sheets 21, 23, 29
CEDER.O 3:25-- en ee eae 23
Celastraceae ......... LAT EIB
Galtis: =5t2 Yeates eine oe 63
Gerasus yateeeekea es heen 88
Cercocarpus: —..- <<). 81, 83, 86
Chenopodiaceae ........ 64, 67
GHEBIRY, enc c ss » seme tere 88, 89
> GHORG) see 88, 89
CHICO) <oke Bes) Senne ener 64
Ghilepsis —.)...G 5%. 2 sachs 135, 140
CHINABERRY TREE ..... 117
Ghrysontie. S.-i snus ee 147, 150
Chrysothamnus ...... 147, 149
CINCUEFOIL, SHRUBBY 80, 85
Clappiny. seo ee 148, 152
CLEMATIS aes eee 68, 70
Coleosanthus ......-. 147, 148
Compositae Saget ees . 145
Gondaltag. suis eee 119, 124
Gornaceae 2.05. =5 2. 129, 132
COTTONWOOD .......-38, 45
Mountain 41, 42
ae Valley ......39
COWaDIA oa.5.n eee 81, 83, 87
Govilles) 2.- «one eee 105, 106
Grassina- |. +s ohs 146, 148, 152
~ Gratepus ... «.scsmeeexee 91, . 92
CREOSOTE BUSH ....64, 105
CROWROODS Ae eats te 68
CUMARO” 4-0 k on ask tae 62
CURRANT, Golden .....+-.- 73
Waldir. cue eee one 73

TREES AND SHRUBS

Cupréesns:-.. .s. >< 21, 28
CYPRESS |... eee 21, 22, 28
Dasiophora ......... 80, 83, 85
Dasylition: ...<cccimnnh oe 34, 37
DAT: 5, inner a 33
DESERT WILLOW ....135, 140
Distegyal '.. .. at eace em 142, 144
DOGWOOD, ...;i..emoee 129, 132
Edwinia ..:.... ...!unahee 75, 77
Ehretiaceae ......>i<15 6 see 137
Elaeagnaceae ........ 126, 127
Blagnus >. \:'..'3224 se 126
ELDER, Mexican ..... 136, 142
ELM... 32222... soe 62
Ephedra 05%. .5.5 5055 24, 30
Ericaceae ..2.....e+5 130; “132
Riryohivinis + — ise 97, 100, 101
ESTAPIATA, ...<. 20. eee 145
Eupatoriae «,.......-.@eeeee 147
Bupatorium .<,..... .20.eee 146
Burotia </.55 1. thee ene 67, 68
Fabaceae: ;...><..'..sseeee 97, 100
Pallucia: .5...>-si-ee8 80, 83, 85
Nendlera .2.00. - seme eee 75, 78
Fendlerella .....°...si.08 76, 78
Ws. & «hls Since eee 19, 27

Cork Bark .<-k see 20

Red. ~ oo... <% < ws 5 27

White «......3s.¢:aee 27
Plourensia | << ac. ss ee 148, 151
Forsellesia <......:s5 sean 118
Bouquieza << =<.¢s5 shee 124, 127
Frankenia ~...)5....6.08m 124, 126
PrESIMNIG! ca alten 128, 130, 131

FRESNO 2S hae 128, 131

TREES AND SHRUBS

GABRAMBULLO ....:..... 134
MA ea ich rae e)'a)c =. 00016 «= 129, 132
(GosVIN US 0S ae ee 94, 96
(Gini 2) Cee 25) 30
GOOSEBERRY .........- 73, 74
GOOSHHOOT (2. .....~% 64, 67
(SIR AVP BG Spe ee eee 122, 123

MN OMEC OM, were. lee 4 a) =e 71
GREASEWOOD ....64, 65, 67
SVicthith 73, 74
Grossulariaceae@’.). ui. 2.3 73
Gymmolomia. «1.2.2... 148, 152
EHIACKGB HRY ©. 5.20.02 62, 63
EUAWEREORINE, ..% .fsc%% 43 90, 91
(EMG OMMe eee ey ,c-6 ag Mets + < 147, 148
EVEMAMUDACAIC! Gare «dee e'c's wets + © 147
ONEVSUCKER: 2... .2.225-

cals ee 136, 137, 142, 143
HOR TIORNBHAM ©. .0...5..% 50
iB O25 \ S16 eee eee eae 62
HUCKLEBERRY ..... bi) ee sy)
AAMT Spee ee ne fos cs, oe wade le 62
Elydrangaceae .........-. US el
iymenoclea...:......:. 147, 151
limesileeiG! a, aad ee a 147
JAIN). & 5 OS ee ene 135
JUSTE) SO eee een ae ee 117, 118
MUSES ge ete eveve ena Sieh Ae = 48, 49
PHO Ore! she cons. AS ays Wate BM 3 126
JNO PT ee 21, 22, 28, 29
PUMP AT ACHE 2. noe. cals lm eels 28
iy Gat ofc) ee ee eee er 28
Koeberimiay +........: 124, 126
NASTENOIMC TNA 5s spose 's ope elle tht 103
AION At Vico sie evs! clet'avars, Shavatate 83, 87

babiataie cen ae chocsneeo ee 138
atte Gin P.tere tare e's t's,s siete eel 106
LEATHER FLOWER ....69, 70
DEVIN ED Awa gee ares oy tas Renee ae ial,
hepareyraea Js... e-- 126, 127
TGTITAG EAC Stsaater eres eeere meen 31
TEU Boney oteehalossielis, oot tayete 134, 138
HOMIG eras eee we «one 137, 142, 143
LOCUSI-E BACKS ss. -ece 98
Gy CUI Hei Sys afer sors oye e ois 134, 139
MEATTOGANY. 5 3.5. .7ehsro 27 81, 86
MIRC AGL sw cys.'e esc sales, het mers 905 On
WAIN ZAINUITVAS ic soe, ot TSO 1533}
WLP DID SS eee eeiores Bee ae Tals, Woe
IMATE NOTANS. sue senc che ste Way AGL
WIGITG Sisco. SRNR erence ERE ala br¢
WASPS; OURAN DY Sei iorene atomic 94, 96
EVAIGH err ele oe a theirs «2~ 93, 95, 96
IMIMOSACEAO. «)..5:6.00 0 eeval eres 94
VESTN aah oe, pod < sta @s 134, 138
WiOMmaAGenle Rapterctererrs choise sa suc ore 62
i RUIMIEASN INVA sais, ale ws 24, 30
Mio mimi tect 2 sienna oes nseet 118
GIRO 5 OA 6 bie ene 62, 63
LUTE EID RR Ce er 62, 63
INIOXG AG A di cee Ee eee 48
ISIC. erete oh eheae nt aoe eae By are
(QUAISE: Seco 1e Grae VCS Rea Pan
mela eit lamees sone tel eS ts, be 53
Chestnuts acts cee eS

Gee CHATTING LS tts ode by as ee tock 58

Th TT, ee ee eR ee ap
PSI SONU OD Erie Curler crete RIALS
Saeee SINT MIN se eeee eis Cicer sO
ee Suhver=leavediesen. waa, tO:

Ze E\ AGT ea teen CaS ac eee 56

158

OCOTILDO scam a. 124, 127
OdostemOn®.. uve eoeees 71, 72
Oleacene: se i eee ae 130
OLEASTER: \\ccbec dene ean 126
OLIVE, RUSSIAN WILD ...126
Opulaster.c.. ie eanen ers 82, 84
ORANGE, MOOK. 357..wee 76
Oreobatns iissaston ce 83, 85
Ostrya a. ne eee) t pee 50
Pachistima,.s¢2ntken. cn a ok 118
Padtsc inc ghee see ee ae 88, 89
PANERA |= it een een 31, 32
PATIMUT TA: “ear eee 33
PALO BLANCO: ~~ oe. 128, 130
Parosela: ud este 99, 100, 102
Parry ella, peti sae 97, 100, 101
Parthenium ...... 145, 146, 151
DRYAS Bee bee ee eee eee thie
Petrophyton ........ 79, 82, 84
Phi adelphus ........ 76, 77, 78
Phylaes cc teee eee Seis Uh ie Th
PGC ARE ch ae tees ie 18, 25, 26
Picrothamnus -..,..... 148, 153
PiINGCGHE cies wei toe ee 25
Panales s,s cc e.erteyes ake eee ae 25
PINE, sBristle-Gone-..2...0 <2 tf,

SV Lam ber sot, meee here ay

*" Western Witter «2.2 ee aN

SE WV Ome, eis ete ent ieee a7
Pinus. sake eee eee 16, 26
PIOCHAY er lee eee ene 117
PIN YON: sagen 16, 26
ELAS Me ct terete 104, 105
PUTIN cccta gents a veterees 88, 89
POMEL» citrate ere ne 94
Poliominthay 2oes,. ene ee 134, 138
POISON. OAK se ce 112, 114
POPRAR. +s acse ohare 38

TREES AND SHRUBS

POPOTILLO . ...0->usenn eee
Popalus-+'2 ¢ ss +s ean epee 38, 45
POTATO os <. oda 134, 139
Prosopis...) sseukes 94, 95, 96
Prunus |. ss .s2 een eee 88, 89
Psedera |... »s0e0neae 122, 123
Pseudotsuga «2 ..enn>ee ee 20, 27
Ptelea”.: 0% +e eee 107, 108
Qnercus .,: 5«10° ste eee 53, 59
RABBIT BRUSH .......... 149
Ranunculaceae .......... 68, 70
RASPBERRY ...<2).,0eeeee 80
Rhamnaceae ... «sss 119
BP aNinWS. --\ ne eee 119, 120, 121
Rhoecidium ........ 112, 113, 114
ROS at aoe 112, 113, 114
Bibes 2. ..sh check 73, 74
Rohima, 300.) eke 98, 100, 101
Rosaceae ..%2 .a46eeee 79, 82
Rosas & ec sa a bioereee 79, 82, 83
ROSE tw. +o clean Oe 78
Rubiaeede ~ 5. <:./ wey 141
30) eee 107
Rulae’s = chiews} earns 115, 116
Rutacese| 2. 32.55.05 5 eee 107
Sh ee RE 23, 28, 29
SAGE eco eee 134, 138

(White .<2:.. 05: aoe 66
SAGH BRUSH). oes csae 145, 153
Salicaceae” 4.5: seein 38, 45
SSB rn 5 os mn ae ost 43, 46
SAG? BUSSE: ..... 50 eee 66, 8
SALT CEDAR... 2555s 124
Salvia 4... cere wilson eae 134, 138
Sambucus: Hae yor 136, 142
Sapindaceae .......... 109, 110

TREES AND SHRUBS

SP APUEAGIIS: 2) 5-0/0 30,0. 2,0. 0,0 109; 141
DANCODALNISE se.5 vcrejs%s, 6: + 64, 65, 67
DBenmMaltzia, . 6. ae « Pole 13
SCREW DEAN .......... 93, 95
Senecioideae .......... 147, 148
Sericotheca ......... 81, 83, 86
SERVICE BERRY ...... 90, 91
Beat) SCALE So... 22.605. 66
pemUNK BUSH ........ 107, 108
BOAPBERRY ......... 109, 111
SOAPWHED: .....-.2..: Fa emer
Solanacene a. ts Laces ss 139
OL ae ere 100
BSMOMR oo cos eee 91, 92, 129
SMM orm. ncaa 8 vuthe ores 34, 37
SNOWBERRY ........ 136, 143
SPANISH BAYONET ....... 32
SPANISH DAGGER ....31, 32
L310) 0 18, 26
Gd Colorado Blue ..... 18
Douglas ..:.20, 21, 27

NY Engelmann’s ....... 18
Pooee TREN ........ ale y Gigp S)
EMEEOLODININ res see st 135
Sirombocarpa ....:..... 93, 95
CU (a ra 112, 114
SOMNIRMGOW IRS 5 2 ouclee s che 145
Uy rr 129, 132
PCORMORD oo aka ees 104
Symphoricarpus ...136, 142, 143
SEMPRE... 2) xis o8ee das 6 hs 124
AREER oy 5d as ath woh ares 136
Metradymia, s....0s 0+ ss 148, 154

159

THIMBLE BERRY ...... 80, 85
TONRIBEOS 0% S4\.lerths wees 93, 95
Toxicodendron ....112, 113, 114
TREE OF HEAVEN ....... nie
Wilmaceae™. 205 c:5<teisiate saa staves 62
MGMT Sirois conaiete asetscnevetoncite weeteiecs 62
UMBRELLA TREE ........ ELTA
WR MAGIA 2 cm sccle ca ra ace 110, 211
WeECoiaviolii en Mancini 130, 133
INET DONA Garo ateinateistaltenrs 134, 137
Verbenaceae ........ eects 137
WEI OUSUDYY wi. les s0ene Site rece teas 69, 70
VIRGINIA CREEPER . .122, 123
VIRGIN’S BOWER ......... 70

- re Purple 69, 71
MUEAISOAIG Ses 26s" dw ayreiea 122, 123
WALLS. canine aoersi etecahensvans orate 122, 123
AVVEAUIEIN UD eee * ers ie cle es 48, 49

“ Blackrock Voway 49
NVVALIES TAO) Wer 3245's eretee a Shee mca 38

ee Black: .iseuas eee 43
NVA BURT HAD ars. sPelerecs. oe 64, 68
Mwissteon «: 5 2)... ain « 142, 144
MWC CAI te sncis ss 12, 32, 33, 34, 36
PERG eves «6 ae 2 <6 aNatine 146, 152
RUZ LUUS ah se a datcle) ete aes 119, 120

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