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Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
University of Toronto
http://www.archive.org/details/treesofcalifornOO0jeps
By Wit.is LINN JEPSON.
THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA. 1909
By WILLIs LINN JEPSON
Issued December 16, 1909.
TO MY FRIENDS.
Frederick Folger Thomas, President of the
Gwin Mine on the Mother Lode; Wauliam
Anderson Scott Foster, Manager of the North-
western Redwood Company; Ralph Hopping,
naturalist on the South Fork of the Kaweah,;
Charles Russell Johnson, President of the Union
Lumber Gompany; Carl Purdy, student of the
Coast Range chaparral; Alden Sampson, liter-
ateur and mountaineer; Ralph Platt, notary on
the edge of the Vaca Mountains but more than
that, born naturalist—
To these, this book is dedicated in appreciation of
their helpful aid and in memory of days and nights in
mining camps in the canon, logging camps in the forest,
and pack-train camps on the mountain trails of Alta
Califormia.
We had not proceeded far from this delightful spot,
when we entered a country I little expected to find in these
regions. For about twenty miles it could only be compared
to a park, which had originally been closely planted with
the true old English oak ; the underwood, that had probably
attended its early growth, had the appearance of having
been cleared away, and had left the stately lords of the
forest in complete possession of the soil, which was covered
with luxuriant herbage, and beautifully diversified with
pleasing eminences and valleys; which, with the range of
lofty rugged mountains that bounded the prospect, required
only to be adorned with the neat habitations of an indus-
trious people, to produce a scene not inferior to the most
studied effect of taste in the disposal of grounds.—| Captain
George Vancouver, commander of the English naval ship
Discovery, in the Santa Clara Valley, November 20th,
17925
I have seen the trees diminish in number, give place to
wide prairies, and restrict their growth to the border of
streams;s * * * have seen grassy plams change mito
a brown and sere ee * * * “and have reached at
length the westward slopes of the high mountain barrier
which, refreshed by the Pacific, bear the noble forests of
the Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range, and among them
trees which are the wonder of the world—Asa GRay, in
1872, after his first journey to California.
Preface.
Dr. James Bryce, British Ambassador to this country, once
addressed informally a body of students at the University of Cali-
fornia on the conduct of life. After speaking of those things
necessary to real success in life he urged his hearers each to
cultivate some interest beyond their life work or profession which
would serve, like the study of some branch of botany, zoology
or geology, as an intellectual recreation and as a resource from
excessive cares of the day's or week’s work.
The advice, while not new, was happily given. The lack of
popular interest in the natural history sciences, failing some other
cultivated interest, is unfortunate both for the individual and
for the community. While this book from the standpoint of
utility is designed primarily to provide a working manual* of the
native trees in small compass for use in the field by the horticul-
turist, farmer, cattleman, lumberman, mountaineer, forester,
teacher or traveler who wishes to learn something of the botany
of California trees, their names and their geographic ana
economic interest, it is also given out with still another purpose.
*This book is not a condensation of and should not be confused with
the author’s Silva of California (Mem. Univ. Cal. No. 2), a more
technical treatise. The present book was partly written in 1902 and taken
up and completed in January to March, 1909. A few notes have since
been added.
In the preparation of certain chapters the author owes not a little to
inspiration derived from the friendship of the late Sir Dietrich Brandis,
long-time member of the Imperial India Council as Inspector-General of
Forests, than whom there is no more heroic figure in the history of forestry.
From Augustine Henry, Esq., the botanical explorer of China, now
Lecturer in Forestry in Caius College, University of Cambridge, I have
received, regarding our California forest species, a multitude of critical
questions which have been suggestive and stimulating. Helpful material
of California trees has been kindly placed at my disposal by my colleague,
Professor H. M. Hall, by Mr. George D. Butler of Siskiyou, by Mr. Walter
Fry of Sequoia Park, and by not a few other friends and correspondents.
The line drawings are mainly the work of the late Miss Mary H. Switt,
who was at the time of her death rapidly developing into a botanical artist
of unusual promise.
The author also takes pleasure in expressing thanks to his friend,
Arthur W. Ryder, Assistant Professor of Sanskrit in the University of
California, who most generously read the entire proof.
8 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
The natural surroundings of Californians are singularly rich
and varied. A scientific interest in at least certain features of
our natural environment, as for example the trees, shrubs or
herbaceous plants, directs one to useful and agreeable intellectual
activity. Accurate and detailed knowledge of even a small area
lifts the possessor out of the commonplace and enables him
directly or indirectly to contribute to the well-being and happi-
ness of his community.
The author, therefore, cherishes the hope that these pages
may be an inspiration to some who have opportunity to take up
special studies of our trees for the sake of the intellectual pleasure
and cultivation to be derived from such an avocation. The
number and diversity of the native trees of California, their
habits, places of growth, times of seeding, relation to different
soils, reaction to fire and a host of such matters offer a most
attractive field to the botanist. These things do not form a very
“practical” study to be sure, but they are the basis of other
things which are “practical” and such study, moreover, offers a
means of mental enjoyment which is cultivation in the best
sense. In spite of our worship of the “practical” it is being
more widely recognized that the cultivated man with keen intel-
ligence and a broad and liberal outlook is getting more out of
life and is really more practical after all than the so-called prac-
tical man who has narrowed his interests to those which concern
his immediate personal needs, who is not stirred by the lure of
the unknown, and who has “locked his door against the ideals”
and imaginations of humanity.
This book, then, distinctly makes appeal to those who would
enjoy the botany of the native trees and, perhaps challenged to
explore the mysteries of their relationships, discover a world
of interest in all those matters which serve to contribute to
their classification—for their proper classification, a much desired
object, is in reality an illuminating and organized compendium
of their detailed structure, their congenital ties, their life history
and their ancestry.
Willis Linn Jepson.
UNIVERSITY oF CALIFORNIA,
Berkeley.
March 27, 1909.
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12 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
PAGE.
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Fig. 6. Foxtram Pine (Pinus balfouriana Murr.). Lower side of crown,
showing its density, the branches numerous and compacted. Bubbs Creek, South
Fork Kings River. See pages 18 and 60.
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Biack Corronwoop (Populus trichocarpa T. & G.).
docino County
Fig. 7.
ground.
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pue ANIQG Aawddaf “ANIG OVANV], “WY day ples} UOoUVD SSUPy—}so1Oy JULI 94} WOIF UPLUTTTIS I] Sps1vao}
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Fig. 9. ONnr-LEAF PINON (Pinus monophylla Vorr.).
near Piute Mountain, Kern County.
See pages 20 and 72.
F. W. Anderson photo.
Exceptionally tall tree
PECULIAR AND LOCAL SPECIES. 17
The distinctive character of the silva of California is empha-
sized by a comparison of it with the silva of the Eastern United
States. These silvas have only two species in common, namely
the Aspen and the Black Willow.+ The California silva has,
however, marked relationships with the silva of Oregon and
Washington and in a less degree with the silva of the Rocky
Mountains.
Nearly all our species of Pinaceae and Cupressaceae are pecu-
liar to the Pacific Coast. Although ahout 13 species range east
to the Rocky Mountains only a few of these have any consid-
erable development or extension in that region. All of our
species of Fagaceae are peculiar to the Pacific Coast save one
only, Quercus chrysolepis Liebm., which ranges east in a lim-
ited manner through Arizona to New Mexico.
In the following list of typically Californian species, the
species strictly peculiar to the State are marked with an asterisk.
TYPICALLY CALIFORNIAN TREES.
Sugar Pine.
*Foxtail Pine.
Yellow Pine.
Big-cone Pine.
*Digger Pine.
*Toirey Pine.
Knob-cone Pine.
Monterey Pine.
Bishop Pine.
Weeping Spruce.
Big-cone Spruce.
Red Fir.
White Fir.
*Santa Lucia Fir.
*Big Tree.
Redwood.
Incense Cedar.
*Monterey Cypress.
*Gowen Cypress.
*Sargent Cypress.
*McNab Cypress.
*Modoc Cypress.
Sierra Juniper.
*California Juniper.
*California Nutmeg.
*California Fan Palm.
*Compare special description
Joshua Tree.
Mohave Yucca.
Red Willow.
Yellow Willow.
Arroyo Willow.
Fremont Cottonwood.
*California Walnut.
White Alder.
Red Alder.
Giant Chinquapin.
slean | @ake
*Valley Oak.
*Blue Oak.
Mesa Oak.
Maul Oak.
Coast Live Oak.
Interior Live Oak.
Black Oak.
California Laurel.
*California Buckeye.
Western Sycamore.
Islay.
*Catalina Ironwood.
Madrona.
Blue Elderberry.
of these species: see index.
18 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Forest Provinces.
.» On account of the peculiar topography of the State, the
height, direction and ramification of the mountain ranges, the
varying rainfall due to altitude or distance from the ocean, and
the variations in temperature, the different species of trees are
each limited to rather sharply defined climatic zones. Large
areas, particularly at lower altitudes away from the coast or in
the deserts, are treeless or support only scattered trees. For
convenience of citation of range under the description of the
species the State is divided into five forest provinces which, while
very convenient in this connection, are at the same time physio-
graphically natural divisions. These are the Sierra Nevada,
North Coast Ranges, South Coast Ranges, Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys, and Southern California.
1. Sierra Nevada.
The Sierra Nevada is a lofty and unbroken mountain
range, 500 miles in length and 6,000 to 15,000 feet in height,
its western base rising from a plain that is only about 500
feet above sea-level. The eastern slope is very abrupt and
about 5 to 15 miles wide. The western slope, which bears
the main timber belt, is about 40 miles wide and is compara-
tively gradual. The foothills, 500 to 3,000 feet, are barren
or support only a scattered but characteristic growth of
Digger Pine, Blue Oak and Interior Live Oak.. The main
timber belt begins at 2,000 feet in the north and 5,000 feet in
the south and consists in its virgin condition of a most mag-
nificent stand of coniferae, the four most abundant species
being Yellow Pine, Incense Cedar, White Fir and Sugar
Pine, the preponderance of individuals in the order named
(Fig. 2). Black Oak is usually found with Yellow Pine in
the lower part of the Yellow Pine belt or just below it. Black
Cottonwood usually occurs in canon bottoms. Big Tree is
also found in this belt and is often the dominant species in
restricted areas, although always associated with the four
conifers just named. The upper portion of the main timber
belt is characterized by the presence of the Silver Pine, Red
Fir and Tamrac Pine (Fig. 8). Above the main timber belt
occur the timber line trees, most of them with conical trunks
excessively thickened at base, short branches, and irregular
or broken tops. These include the Whitebark Pine, Foxtail
FOREST PROVINCES, 19
Pine, Mountain Hemlock and Sierra Juniper (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6
and 10).
The different timber belts or zones on the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada with their average altitudinal limits and
leading species may be briefly summarized as follows:
1. Foothill belt, 500 to 3,000 feet; Digger Pine, Blue Oak,
Interior Live Oak. :
2. Main timber belt, 3,000 to 6,500 feet; Yellow Pine, Black
Oak, Sugar Pine, White Fir, Incense Cedar, Big Tree.
3. Upper portion of main timber belt, 6,500 to 9,000 feet ;
em Pim silver Fine, Tamrac Pine, Jeffrey Pine.
4. Timber-line belt, 9,000 to 11,000 feet; White-bark Pine,
Sierra Juniper, Mountain Hemlock, Tamrac Pine, Foxtail Pine.
2. North Coast Ranges.
The North Coast Ranges comprise the ranges from San
Francisco Bay north to the Oregon line. The main feature
of this forest province is the remarkable development of the
Redwood Belt, from the lumbermen’s standpoint the densest
body of timber in the world (Figs. 12 and 13). The Redwood
is the dominant tree in the Redwood Belt, the subordinate
species being Douglas Fir, Lowland Fir, Sitka Spruce, Coast
Hemlock, Canoe Cedar, Big-leaf Maple and Oregon Ash.
All the subordinate species are derived from the north, that
is, they have their greatest development in the great forests
of the Pacific Northwest. East of the Redwood Belt is the
Tan Oak Belt consisting of the Tan Oak (Fig. 24), Black
Oak (Fig. 25), Maul Oak, Oregon Oak, Madrofia (Fig. 26)
and Douglas Fir. Tan Oak and Madrona also occur in asso-
ciation with the Redwood. The high inner North Coast
Ranges with their forests of Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine, Incense
Cedar, White Fir, and Sierra Juniper simulate on a small
scale the timber belt of the Sierra Nevada. The foothills
are usually thinly timbered with Blue Oak (Fig. 31) and
Interior Live Oak (Fig. 30).
The beautiful and charming Coast Range valleys of Napa,
Sonoma, Santa Rosa, Berryessa, Scott, Ukiah and Little Lake
have characteristic silvical features in the scattered groves
of Valley Oak and of Live Oak which adorn their plain-
like floors.
20 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
3. South Coast Ranges. °
The South Coast Ranges, from San Francisco Bay south
to the north boundary of Santa Barbara County, is a land
almost destitute of real forest save for the narrow tongue of
the Redwood Belt protruding south along the coast in the
Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia mountains and saving also scat-
tered patches of Yellow Pine on the summits of the Santa
Lucia, Gabilan, and Mt. Hamilton ranges. Otherwise the
tree growth on the rolling hills and valley levels consists of
thin or scattered groves of Coast Live Oak (Fig. 34), the
most abundant and widely distributed tree in this region,
Valley Oak and Blue Oak, or occasionally Digger Pine.
Leagues and leagues of hills in this area are quite treeless
since the province as a whole is naturally semi-arid.
Silvically this province is remarkable for the number of
species inhabiting the coast line which have a local or exceed-
ingly restricted distribution. The singular coast species are
the Monterey Pine, Bishop Pine (Fig. 11), Monterey Cypress °
(Fig. 20) and Gowen Cypress.
4. Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.
The Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, often collectively
termed the Great Valley, present for the most part vast areas
of treeless plains. The region is naturally semi-arid in the
relation of climate and vegetation. The arboreal growth is
wholly confined to river banks or bottoms, river benches or moist
deltas or alluvial lands. Valley Oak is everywhere the most
characteristic growth on the fertile loams (Fig. 28). It is well
nigh the only widely dispersed tree in the Great Valley save
for the fringe of willows, Oregon Ash, White Alder and Cot-
tonwood along stream banks or in river bottoms.
5. Southern California.
Southern California comprises the counties south of the
Tehachapi Range, a region which in its natural state consists
of deserts except for the narrow coast strip, which is semi-arid,
and the upper slopes or summits of the mountains. The trees
most characteristic of this area are desert types such as One-
leaf Pifion (Fig. 9), Parry Pinon, California Fan Palm (Figs.
22 and 23), Joshua Tree, Mohave Yucca, Mesa Oak, Smoke
Tree, Mesquite, Screw Bean, Palo Verde, Desert Ironwood and
BARREN FOOTHILLS AND TREELESS PLAINS. Zl
Desert Willow; also the peculiar coast types, the Torrey Pine,
Catalina Ironwood and Island Oak.
On the mountain ranges from 5,000 to 12,000 feet is found
a forest flora which is an extension southward of the Sierra
Nevada forest at an altitude sufficient to ensure favoring climatic
conditions. The species are the characteristic Yellow Pine,
Jefirey Pine, Sugar Pine (Fig. 27), White Fir and Incense
Cedar.
Southern California is weak in its forest development but
is remarkably rich in species of. trees. This is because it has
high mountain ranges situated not far from the ocean and
rising out of a low-lying desert country. There is thus brought
very near together three distinct silvas, the desert silva, the high
montane silva and the peculiar coast silva.
Barren Foothills and Treeless Plains.
Extensive barren foothills are the most characteristic feature
of the South Coast Range country beyond the borders of the
Redwood Belt, especially towards the interior, and wide stretches
of treeless plains are likewise characteristic of great areas of
the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys in their original natural
condition. In both the above regions the soil conditions are
highly favorable for the support of heavy forests. It is because
of insufficient rainfall combined with seasonal conditions that
these treeless areas are naturally unforested. The winter rain-
fall of 10 to 20 inches is too small to support a natural forest,
except in canons, northeast slopes or moist bottoms, especially
when followed by a six months’ rainless season. The mortality
of seedlings under natural conditions is very high or universal
in the long dry summer since they cannot get their roots far
enough down to avoid desiccation and tide over the first annual
drought period. For this reason small patches of wood in cafions
or stands of trees on protected slopes of the interior South
Coast Range country extend themselves little or not at all. In
aboriginal days the annual firing of the country was a matter
of great importance in the discouragement of young growth
since grass fires are often hot enough to kill seedlings outright.
There are also other minor factors which operate in limiting
extension of wooded areas. Seed may not be distributed in
favorable years, heavy rains may occur during the pollination
22 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
period*, frosts may and often do ruin a seed crop, squirrels
and other animals destroy great quantities of seed, and heavy
winter floods carry seeds to places not favorable for germination.
Arboreous vegetation suffers as well as herbaceous vege-
tation when the amount of rainfall is far below the normal,—
when the rains cease in February or March or do not begin
until December or January. Sometimes the “wet season” is
nearly or quite rainless and at irregular periods two or three
“dry years” may fall together. It is during such periods that
lines of Cottonwood trees, which have extended themselves’
in a series of wet years out into valley washes from constant
streams in the foothills, die out. It is in such years, too,
that trees die about failing springs in the interior South Coast
Range hills.
The observations made in reference to causes of barren-
ness in the South Coast Ranges apply likewise to the treeless
plains of the Great Valley. While trees can be readily grown
on the plains under man’s care, the climatic conditions and
*The acorn crop of 1908 was remarkably heavy notwithstanding the
exceptionally long “dry season.” Speaking generally there was no precipita-
tion after the end of February and the rains did not break until November.
The absence of rains after March Ist had two important effects on the
acorns. In the first place it was exceedingly favorable to pollination and
was the main factor in the setting of a heavy crop. In the second place
the excessively long and arid “dry season” caused the differences in habitat
and of constitutional vigor of individual trees to react strongly upon
the size and form of the acorns. The acorns were, therefore, not only
abundant but extraordinarily and singularly variable. | er.
There is a further point of interest regarding this variability. Most
of our species of oak, such as the Scrub Oak, Blue Oak and Valley
Oak, are made up of a number of races or strains, most of such races or
strains being ordinarily rather obscure. The acorns give the best indica-
tion, perhaps, of these races or strains within a single species, although
ordinarily the differences amongst the acorns in such cases are very
slight. In a year like 1908, however, these usually slight differences are
subject to marked emphasis.
The observations made in this note as regards the setting of a heavy
crop in 1908 apply of course only to the species with annual fructifica-
tion, but the effects of the long “dry season” on the biennial fruiting
oaks was as marked as on those of annual fructification.
7Frosts at unfavorable times not only destroy a seed crop but may
alter the whole appearance of a tree. Blue Oaks on the Nacimiento |
River which had their branchlets frost-killed about 1900 presented in
1901 an appearance similar to feathered American Elms.
ARBOREAL ISLANDS. 23
annual fires of past times limited dense growth to the river
bottoms or to moist delta lands.
The only region at lower altitudes in California which sup-
ports a dense natural forest is that of the main Redwood Belt
where the seasonal rainfall is about 50 inches and occasionally
rises to 122 inches in some portions of the belt. This high
winter rainfall, in collusion with the summer fog and the mod-
erate temperature of slight daily and seasonal range, furnishes
the conditions under which the densest forest in California has
been developed, namely, the Redwood stands of Humboldt and
Del Norte counties (Fig. 13).
Arboreal Islands.
The coast of California is forestrally and geographically inter-
esting for the number of local species which grow along it. The
range of all of them is discontinuous, and nearly all of the
mainland species recur on one or more of the Santa Barbara
Islands or on islands off the Lower California coast southward.
Most of these species are conifers, most are strictly littoral and
most of them occur in few and widely separated localities. Such
localities when very circumscribed or well-defined geographi-
cally, or by their plant composition set off rather sharply from
the surrounding flora, are here called “islands.’’ The best and most
striking example of an arboreal island is that at Monterey where
the Monterey Pine, a local species and the dominant tree on
the Monterey Peninsula, is confined to a very limited area about
five miles square. With it there are four other conifers, Bishop
Pine, Knob-cone Pine, Monterey Cypress and Gowen Cypress.
Bishop Pine occurs sparingly at Monterey; it recurs on the
coast eighty-five miles northward and about eighty miles south-
ward. It is also found on Cedros Island and at one station of
small area on the Lower California mainland. Knob-cone Pine
is local in small quantity on the Monterey Peninsula. It is
widely distributed through the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada
but the localities are few and widely separated, and. with few
individuals in a locality except in the far northern part of its
range. Monterey Cypress is a strictly local species not occurring
elsewhere, although the Guadalupe Cypress of Guadalupe Island
24 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
is very closely allied. Gowen Cypress occurs at “Monterey in
dwarf form and not elsewhere except locally on the Mendo-
cino White Plains two hundred and sixteen miles northward.
This formation at Monterey is a rather remarkable island since
the five conifers are confined to a small littoral area and with
one exception are not found elsewhere in the immediate region.
Another “island” of Monterey Pine occurs at Pescadero on
the Santa Cruz coast sixty miles northerly from Monterey. A
third “island” is at San Simeon on the San Luis Obispo coast
eighty miles southward. Monterey Pine does not occur else-
where on the California mainland but is found on Santa Cruz,
Santa Rosa and Guadalupe islands.
Torrey Pine is restricted to a small area about eight miles
long and one and one-half miles wide on the San Diego coast
at Del Mar. It occurs not elsewhere save on Santa Barbara
Island. Island Oak is strictly insular, being found on Santa
Catalina and Guadalupe islands. Catalina Ironwood is confined
to four of the Santa Barbara Islands, Santa Catalina, San
Clemente, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz. In this connection may
be noted the peculiar Santa Lucia Fir which inhabits only the
Santa Lucia Mountains where it is known at about ten stations.
These peculiar local species are all littoral and all confined
to a few localities of limited extent. Their present representa-
tion is very meagre in individuals. They are not increasing their
area but the climatic conditions of their local habitats enable
them to persist. It may certainly be assumed that they once had
a more extensive distribution than at present and that geological
and climatic changes have narrowed them to their present limits.
At the end of the Pliocene period there was inaugurated
a tremendous series of earth movements on the California coast.
Geologists are by no means agreed as to the period and duration
of these oscillations but in the Tertiary and Quarternary there
was at intervals land connection between the present mainland
and the Santa Barbara Islands. A moister climate in the Pliocene
or Pleistocene periods would permit the existence of a great
forest along the California coast and its extension southwards
over a large land area which now rests beneath the Pacific
Ocean save for the emersed peaks of the Santa Barbara Islands.
Subsidence of the mountainous South Coast Range area left
EE
THE “KLAMATH MOUNTAINS.’ 25
only vestiges of this forest on the emersed peaks or islands. Be-
tween these islands the tides flowed through the waterways
(Pacheco Pass, Panoche Pass, Warthan Pass, etc.), connecting
the ocean and the inland sea of the Great Valley*. The final
uplift of the Coast Ranges, with the species following the
receding shore downwards, accompanied by changes and diversi-
fication in climatic conditions would account for the persistence
and isolation of the present arboreal islands of Monterey Pine,
Monterey Cypress and other species along the California coast
line. Subsidence and uplift would also explain the presence of
species on some of the Santa Barbara Islands and not on others
by reason of the differences of altitude among the islands.
The arboreal islands along the coast are, then, here taken
to be remnants of a great Pleistocene forest. In support of
such a proposition it may be indicated that the species under
consideration are of few stations with few individuals, that
they are living naturally within very narrow topographic and
climatic limits, that they are barely holding their own in their
present habitats and that evidence is at hand that the term of
life of two of them, Monterey Pine and Monterey Cypress,
becomes much abbreviated in the dry California interior even
when living under horticultural conditions. There is also geo-
logical evidence that the former species had at one time a
greater range than at present, since fossil cones have been found
at Mussel Rock near San Francisco and at Preston Point on
the north coast.
Big Tree may in a sense be said to form arboreal islands in
the northerly parts of. its range. Such groves as North, Cala-
veras, Stanislaus, Tuolumne, Merced, Mariposa, Fresno and
Dinkey groves are isolated remnants where the favoring physical
conditions made the persistence of the species locally possible.
In the southern part of its range the localities are more numer-
ous and less sharply defined.
The “Klamath Mountains.”
The “Klamath Mountains” is a designation used by Diller+
for a high-montane area in northwestern California and south-
*Anderson, Proc. Cal. Acad. ser. 4, vol. 3 p. 6 (1908).
7Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur. no. 196. For calling my attention to this
paper I am indebted to my friend Prof. Geo. D. Louderback of the
Department of Geology, University of California.
26 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
western Oregon which includes a number of mountain chains
well known under the following names: Siskiyou, Scott, Salmon,
Bully Choop and Yollo Bolly. This area has as its southwestern
boundary the Trinity and South Fork Trinity rivers; it extends
north to Rogue River, Oregon, and east to Yreka, Sisson, Red-
ding and the upper limits of the foothills on the west side of
the upper Sacramento valley. This area is described as inde-
pendent, topographically and geologically, of the adjacent Coast
Ranges, both in California and Oregon. The rocks are older
and harder than those of the Coast Ranges and similar to those
of the Sierra Nevada. The periods of uplift and subsidence
as understood by Diller are described in the paper referred to
above and are given in detail from the close of the Eocene down
to the present epoch. During the Miocene and certainly in the
Cretaceous the Coast Ranges were submerged and the “Klamath
Mountains” rose out of the sea or were bordered by its estu-
aries. The downward movement of 1500 feet of the whole coast
of northern California and southern Oregon as late as the
Pleistocene is, perhaps, the oscillation of greatest interest in
connection with the phenomena of plant distribution in the area
under consideration. There are not as yet sufficient data avail-
able to correlate historically the geology of the region and the
plant distribution. While climate must have, been of first import-
ance in determining the character of the vegetation and its dis-
tribution, of course climatic factors might have moved closely
along with geological changes. In any event the geological
history of the “Klamath Mountains” and their limits as defined
by Diller, and the main features of the local plant distribution
when brought into one view give rise at once to many inter-
esting suggestions. The area is noteworthy in particular for
the number of species which are either peculiar to the region
or do not extend into the contiguous Coast Ranges. These
species as a whole if plotted on a map would duplicate very
closely the area defined by Diller as the “Klamath Mountains.”
The most noteworthy of these species is the Weeping Spruce
(Picea breweriana Wats.), strictly peculiar to the “Klamath
Mountains,” which is found at scattered localities throughout
the central portion of the area (Siskiyous and Marble Moun-
tain), extends north to the high mountains south of Rogue
River, south to the Salmon Mountains and perhaps to the neigh-
A HISTORICAL SKETCH OF SEQUOIA. 27
borhood of the Trinity Mountains (where it has been reported
to exist). Deer Oak (Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst.) is also
strictly peculiar to the “Klamath Mountains.” It occurs in great
abundance from Trinity Summit to the Siskiyous and north-
ward in adjacent Oregon. Further exploration of the little-
known South Fork Mountain and Yollo Bolly country may
reveal it in that region. Foxtail Pine (Pinus balfouriana Jef-
frey) occurs in the Scott and Yollo Bolly mountains, and is
reported on Marble Mt. It does not occur in the contiguous
regions nor elsewhere save in the high southern Sierra Nevada.
Aspen occurs in the Trinity Mountains but not in the area con-
tiguous to the Klamath area. Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mer-
tensiana Sarg.) occurs on the high peaks but not in the Coast
Ranges of California or Oregon. Brewer Oak (Quercus garryana
Hook. var. breweri Jepson) is local in the “Klamath Moun-
tains,’ occurring on the summits of the Scott, Marble and Siski-
you mountains. ‘seashore. ..3 3%). tee os Soe 16. P. radiata-
Cones oblong-ovate, 3 to 6 inches long; needles 3 to 5 inches
long:* Mmontaneseneehnn eee ee a ee 17. P. tuberculata.
Silver Pine.
1. Pinus mMonticoLa Don. Figs. 36b and 8.
Needles in 5s, rarely 4s, very slender, 1 to 334 inches long, sheathed
at base by thinnish narrow deciduous scales, some of which are 1 inch
long; cones in clusters of 1 to 7, borne near the ends of high branches on
long stalks, pendulous, 6 to 8 or rarely 10 inches long, very slender when
closed and usually curved towards the tip, black-purple or green when
young, 3 to 3% inches thick near the base when open and tapering to the
apex; scales thin, smooth, widening from the base to the rounded apex,
chocolate-brown except the exposed portion which is buff and bears a
terminal scar-like umbo; seeds 3 to 4 lines long, 4% to % as long as
their wings which are pointed and widest at the middle (Fig. 37b) ; seed-
leaves 5 to 9.
The Silver Pine, also called Western White Pine and
Mountain Pine, is a forest tree 50 to 125 feet high with a trunk
1 to 4 feet in diameter. The branches are slender, somewhat
drooping, or mainly horizontal, especially above, the very tip-
top with a cluster of ascending or semi-upright cone-bearing
branches. The whitish or reddish bark is thin, very smooth
or checked into small square or rectangular plates. The
foliage is blue-green and somewhat glaucous. The wood is
light, soft, close- and straight-grained.
In California, Silver Pine occurs mainly in the Sierra
Nevada where it is found between 5;500 and 8,000 feet at the
north and 8,000 to 10,000 feet at the south. While widely scat-
tered through the upper portion of the main timber belt, it is
forestrally a rare tree and nowhere abundant except in small
patches. It is found on Grayback Mt., Washoe County,
Nevada, and also occurs sparingly in the far North Coast
Ranges (Trinity, Marble and Siskiyou mountains). North-
ward it ranges to British Columbia and Montana.
Sugar Pine.
2. PINUS LAMBERTIANA Dougl. Figs. 36a and 27.
Needles in 5s, slender (but thicker and more rigid than in Silver
Pine), 2 to 3% inches long; cones pendulous, borne on stalks at the ends
of the branches, commonly in the very summit of the tree, very long-
‘ozIs ‘yeu &% ‘"yyeIS YM svUO0d usdo ‘(u0g
DIOIM;UOW SNUIG) AINIG AAIATIS *Q “H[eIS YUM oUOd uado ‘([Snog MUDIYAIQuiD] sNUIT) ANI AVIAG “YD “OF ro)
PINE FAMILY. 57
oblong, 13 to 18 inches long, 4 to 6 inches thick when opened; scale-tips
thin, with terminal scar-like umbo; seeds 2 to 5 lines long with wings twice
as long and broadest near the middle (Fig. 37a) ; seed-leaves 13 to 15.
Sugar Pine is a splendid forest tree 70 to 180 feet high.
The trunk, which is 3 to 7 feet in diameter, holds its diameter well
upward, is usually clear of branches for a great height, and in
typical trees is surmounted by a flat-topped or irregular crown
consisting of several horizontal arms of unequal length, char-
acteristics which distinguish it from all associated species.
The bark is brown or reddish, 2 to 4 inches thick, fissured
longitudinally into rough ridges, the surface breaking down
into small deciduous scales.
Pinus lambertiana attains its greatest development in the
main timber belt of the Sierra Nevada where it is, on account
of its charmingly irregular crowns, a striking feature of the
forest between 3,500 and 6,500 feet at the north and 5,500
and 8,500 feet at the south. While usually forming but a
small portion of the forest stand it is in limited areas the
dominant species. The fine Sugar Pine forests about Crocker’s
and Hazel Green have been greatly admired by travelers jour-
neying over the old-time Big Oak Flat and Coulterville wagon
roads to Yosemite.
In the Coast Ranges it is comparatively scarce, beinggfound
only in the following high ranges: Siskiyou Mou
eastward to J
southward to Saln um-
mit, near Hupa Valley, and
abundant along the Yollo
Bolly Range to Snow
Mountain and Mt. Sanhed-
rin; Cobb Mt.; northward
slopes of Mt. St. Helena;
seaward Coast Range from
Stewarts Point to Point
Arena, about five miles
from the seashore and
ranging inland to Ornbaum
and Austin Creek. In the
South Coast Ranges it grows in the Santa Lucia Mountains
and has been reported in the Coast Ranges west of Palo Alto.
a
Fig. 37. a, SUGAR PINE seed. b, SILVER
PINE seed. nat. size.
58 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
In Southern California it is found generally on all the high
ranges from Mt. Pinos to the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino,
Mt. San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains. It recurs on Mt. =@.
San Pedro Martir in Lower California (southermost locality).
Northward it ranges to the Santiam River in souther
Oregon.
Sugar Pine wood is soft, light, close- and straight-grained,
very white and satiny when finished, and of high commercial
value.
-
White-bark Pine. shw/y Ajceg out (4000-03)
3. PINUS ALBICAULIS Engelm. Figs. 38 and 3.
Needles in 5s, 1 to 2% inches long, persisting 5 to 7 years but clothing
only the tips of the slowly growing branchlets; staminate catkins globose,
bright pink; cones ovoid or subglobose, yellowish brown, 1 to 3 inches
long and nearly as thick; scales broad, at apex rounded and with a short
acute umbo, not overlapping closely but their tips strongly thickened and
either projecting freely or presenting very bluntish points; seeds obovate,
acute, not compressed
or only on one side,
obscurely margined
towards the point, 4%
to % inch long; wing
narrow, usually per-
sistent on the scale;
seed-leaves 7 to 9. ‘
White-bark Pine
is a tree growing
at or near timber
line, often with 2
or 3 main stems
from the base. In
exposed situations
it is usually dwarf-
ish or prostrate
and no more than
6 or 10 feet high.
Trees with pros-
trate.- trunks 10
feet long and 1 to
1% feet in diam-
eter, oF Weg
Fig, 38. WhHuitre-BARK Pine (Pinus albicaulis
Engelm. )- a, Closed COnCGe b, seed. nat. size. crowns on the
PINE FAMILY. 59
ground like low flat tables 2 or 3 feet high over which one may
readily walk are a characteristic feature of exposed ridges or huge
cirques where snow-drifts 100 to 500 feet in depth accumulate in
. the winter. In protected canons it may become 40 feet high with
a single main axis from the base and ™% to 2 feet in trunk
diameter. The bark is thin, whitish, smooth, or on old trunks
fissured into scaly plates.
As a sub-alpine tree it is a feature of the high Sierra Nevada
between 7,000 to 11,000 feet at the north and 9,500 to 12,000
feet at the south. The southermost localities are about the head
of Little Kern River and on Mt. Whitney. It is frequent on
Bubbs Creek, about Bullfrog Lake, Tuolumne Meadows region
(Vogelsang Peak, Mts. Lyell, Dana and Gibbs, and Benson
Pass), and so on north to Mt. Shasta and west to Thompson
Peak in Trinity County. It
ranges far north to British
Columbia and east to the
Rocky Mountains of Mon-
b te
(
Ny f WB
Mf ‘ N Z
27 n .
: Limber Pine.
Zy,
4 PINUS FLEXILIS James.
Pigs 39:
Needles in 5s, 1 to
long, often curvit
clothing the ends o
lets and thus formi
brush: cones buff or olive-buff,
globose to long ovate, 2 to 5
inches long; scales broad with
rounded slightly thickened tips
and terminal scar-like umbo,
overlapping rather closely and
leaving only a narrow portion
free on, the upper side of the
scale: seeds nearly oval, marked-
ly compressed, surrounded by
an acute margin, 4 or 5 lines
long; wing narrow, generally
persistent on scale; seed-leaves
6 to Y.
Limber Pine is a tree 10
Fig. 39. Limeer Pine (Pinus flexilis to 60 feet high with a short
James). Open cone. nat, size. thick trunk 1 to 3 feet in
\’
en
\\
N
60 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
diameter. The bark is dark brown, deeply furrowed and broken
crosswise into nearly square plates. The branches are usually
very long and long-persistent, extending down to or nearly to
the ground. The foliage is dark yellow-green.
Pinus flexilis is distinctively a tree of the desert ranges in
California or of desert slopes between 7,000 and 10,000 feet.
It occurs on Santa Rosa Mountain, summits of San Bernardino
Mountains, Sierra Madre and Mt. Pinos; on the Panamint and
Inyo mountains; and on eastern wall of the Sierra Nevada from
Mono Pass to Monache Peak. It is also reported on the high
south wall of South Fork Kings River. It is widely distributed
in the desert ranges of Nevada( where on account of the scarcity
of timber it is highly valued as “White Pine”) and extends east
to the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to New Mexico.
Foxtail Pine.
5. PINUS BALFOURIANA Jeffrey. Figs. 40, 5, 6 and 10.
Needles in 5s, bright green on the upper side, glaucous on the lower,
3%4 to 1 inch long, persisting 10 to 15 years; cones: slender when closed,
oblong-ovate in outline when open, terra cotta in color, 2% to 5 inches
long and 134 to 2 inches thick; tips of the scales thickened or low-pyra-
midal, with shrunken scar-like umbo; seeds 3% to 4 lines long, their
wings narrow, 6 to 11 lines long; seed-leaves 5.
stail Pine, often called Balfour Pine, is a sub-alpine tree
co 20 to 45 or rarely 55 feet high. The trunk-axis is
co d, 1 to 3 feet in diameter at the base, and in old or
storm-beaten trees at timber line generally projects through
the crown as a dead and shining splinter point. The bark is
reddish brown, smoothish but-superficially checked into square
plates. The branches are stout, rather short, or irregular in
length, with half-drooping branchlets thickly clothed with needles
spreading equally all around the stem and thus resembling” a
fox’s tail.
Pinus balfouriana is a local species confined to two widely
separated high-montane areas, one in the North Coast Ranges,
the other in the southern Sierra Nevada. In the North Coast
Ranges it occurs on the Scott Mountains (where it was first
discovered by John Jeffrey in 1852) and on the Yollo Bollys
in Tehama County. In the southern Sierra Nevada it is dis-
tributed from the head of the San Joaquin North Fork south-
ward to Monache Peak, at altitudes of 9,000 to 12,000 feet. It
PINE FAMILY. 61
ey
: G g nae A
a
4 -—
Z Ee
Ko) OM (
Fig. 40. Foxtam Pine (Pinus balfouriana Jeffrey).
a, Open cone; b, seed. nat. size.
is abundant at Coyote Pass, on the Whitney and Chagoopah
plateaus, and about Bullfrog Lake and East Vidette. It is also
reported from Mt. Silliman, Alta Peaks, Kaweah Peaks, head
of basins of Middle Fork Kaweah, East Fork Kaweah, Little
Kern, Middle Tule and South Fork Kern.
62 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Growing on bare elevated rocky slopes and cirques it usually
forms in its areas of best development a stand of scattered trees
without other associates. Typical groves, indeed, not infre-.
quently occupy areas barren of shrubs, and of herbaceous vege-
tation as well. On account of its conical trunk, short branches,
and short dense masses of needles Foxtail Pine shows obvious
relation in its architectural form to the extreme temperature
conditions and high winds of its habitat and thus lends striking
interest to the isolated colonies in the high granite country,
particularly in the southern Sierra Nevada.
Hickory Pine.
6. Pinus aARISTATA Engelm.
Leaves 1 to 1% inches long; cones ovate, 2% to 3% inches long, the
scales armed with slender prickles 3 lines long; seed-leaves 6 or 7.
Hickory Pine, also called Foxtail Pine, is a bushy tree 15
to 40 feet high, which barely enters California on the summits
of the Panamint and Inyo mountains of the desert region. Itv
is more common in southern Nevada, Utah and Colovade In
southern Nevada, on account of timber scarcity, it is valued
for mine timbers.
Yellow Pine.
Pinus PONDEROSA Dougl. Figs. 41,42 and 2. ™
iE: in 3s, 5 to 10 inches long; cones reddish brown, commonly
»: long, narrowly ovate when closed, roundish ovate or oval
at after opening breaking through near the base and falling,
leaving the basal scales on the limb; scales thickened or low-pyramidal
at apex and bearing an umbo which is abruptly drawn down into a stout
somewhat triangular point or short prickle; seeds ovatish, sometimes
slightly flattened at apex, 3 to 4 lines long, the wing broadest near the
middle and tapering to apex, 34 to 1 inch long and 4 to 6 lines broad;
seed-leaves 5 to 9.
Yellow Pine, more specifically Western Yellow Pine, is a
forest tree of the first class, 60 to 225 feet high with long narrow
open crown and trunk 2 to 8 feet in diameter. The branches
in mature trees are horizontal or even drooping, the lower ones
in forest stands regularly deciduous upwards,-giving clear shafts
40 to 100 feet in length. Isolated trees bear very long branches
nearly to the ground. The bark in typical trees is 2 to 4 inches
thick, tawny or yellow-brown, divided by fissures into large
smoothish or scaly-surfaced plates 1 to 4 feet long and 4 to
1% feet wide. Other trees and especially younger trees, or
/
White (Hs
PINE FAMILY. 63
trees of scattered colonies outside the main Yellow Pine belt,
have dark red-brown bark or black bark, being respectively the
indefinite “Bull Pine’ or “Black Pine” of woodsmen.
Pinus ponderosa grows on fertile moist mountain slopes
and plateaus, dry or rocky ridges, granite cliffs, high fertile
valleys, low gravelly valleys and arid desert slopes. More widely
distributed and growing in a greater variety of habitats and
subject to greater ranges of temperature and precipitation than
S
Ld Z
SZ
A it IW SS
ee
Fig. 41. YeLtow Pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.). Open cone. nat. size.
64 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
any other North American tree, it is of our Californian trees
more widely distributed horizontally and vertically than any
other species, it is the species most abundant in individuals, and
it is (forestrally considered) of greatest commercial importance.
It generally forms the major portion of the stand in the
Yellow Pine belt of the Sierra Nevada, that is between 1,500
and 5,000 feet at the north, to 3,000 to 6,000 feet in the central
portion, and 5,000 to 7,000 feet at the south. Its most common
associates are Black Oak, Incense Cedar, Sugar Pine and White
Fir. It is common on all the high ranges of Southern California
such as the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Palomar,
Santa Ana and Cuyamaca mountains. It occurs in the Santa
Inez, San Rafael, and Big Pine mountains. In the South
Coast Ranges it has been found in the Santa Lucia, Santa Cruz
and Mt. Hamilton ranges but is absent from the Mt. Diablo and
: San Carlos ranges. In the North Coast Ranges
it is found on the Mt. Hood, Napa, Mayacamas
and Yollo Bolly ranges north to the Siskiyous,
thence west to the inner margin of the fog belt
at Dry Valley (Sonoma County), Ukiah, Willits,
Sherwood and Blue Rock Ridge. It is also
abundant in and around Mt. Shasta and ranges
northeasterly over the plateaus and ranges of
Fig. 42. the Modoc lava bed country. Beyond our bor-
YeLLow PINE ders it is found throughout the Rocky Moun-
seed. nat. size. tains and in the intermediate region north to
British Columbia and south to northern Mexico and Lower
California.
The wood is light or heavy, fine- and straight-grained and
usually very resinous; it is pale yellow, reddish yellow or some-
times very light in color. Certain trees manufactured into lumber
give planks which are practically indistinguishable from Sugar
Pine and are graded in the yards with Sugar Pine stock and sold
as such. ‘Apple Pine,’ which has a fragrant wood, is one.of
these high-grade lumberman’s varieties of Yellow Pine.
The Yellow Pine is, as said above, the most abundant and
widely distributed tree of California and is particularly charac-
teristic of the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its finest develop-
ment. The largest trees most commonly grow along the ridges
and it is the ridges which the trails ordinarily follow. Here the
i
=
PINE FAMILY. 65
traveler may journey day after day, over needle-carpeted or
grassy ground, mostly free of underbrush, amidst great clean
shafts 30 to 100 feet high, of really massive proportions but giving
a sense of lightness by reason of their color, symmetry and great
height. No two trunks in detail of bark are modeled exactly
alike, for each has its own particular finish; so it is that the eye
never wearies of the fascination of the Yellow Pine but travels
contentedly from trunk to trunk and wanders satisfyingly up and
down their splendid columns—the finest of any pine.
Jeffrey Pine.
7a. PINUS PONDEROSA var. JEFFREYI Vasey. Figs. 3 and 8.
Jeffrey Pine is a forest tree 60 to 120 or 170 feet high, typi-
cally with rusty or wine-colored trunks, the bark broken into
roughish plates. This variety, which merges insensibly into
Yellow Pine, is ordinarily distinguished from the species by its
larger cones which are 5 to 8 inches long. When open the cones
are much denser and shaped like an old-fashioned straw hive.
The prickle of the umbo is often more slender. The seeds are
often obovate, 5 to 7 lines long, with a wing 12 or 13 lines long.
In its typical form Jeffrey Pine is found at elevations of
6,000 to 9,000 feet. It inhabits the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto ‘mountains, high Sierra Nevada (common on western
but especially abundant on eastern slope), Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou
and Scott mountains and the Yollo Bolly Range. Growing at
higher altitudes than the Yellow Pine it forms thinner forests,
is more often flat-topped or broken, and has a greater trunk
diameter relatively to its height.
Beach Pine.
8..-Pinus conTorta Dougl. Fig. 43.
Needles in 2s, 1% to 2 inches long, clothing the branchlets densely,
persisting 2 or 3 years; cones when closed narrowly ovate or sub-cylindric,
somewhat oblique, spreading or declined when mature, 1% to 134 inches
long, opening and releasing their seeds when fully ripe, falling after 4
or 5 years or remaining on the tree many years; tips of the scales
slightly raised (low pyramidal), bearing a very slender prickle which
weathers away in age; seeds 2 lines long with a wing ™% inch long;
seed-leaves 4 or 5.
The Beach Pine is commonly a littoral tree with dark green
crown 10 to 25 feet high. The trunk is 4 to 1% feet in diameter
and clothed in dark roughly fissured thick bark. Typically the
66 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
trees are dwarfed-or with agvery irregu-
lar crown owing to their exposed situa-
tion. This form is common on_ the
Mendocino bluffs and on the sandhills at
Samoa near Eureka, At Crescent City
about one mile easterly from the town is
a small grove, the trees 20 to 30 feet high
and forming a pure stand. On the Men-
docino White Plains occurs a dwarf cane-
like form 2 to 5 feet high and bearing
freely very slender cones.
Pinus contorta ranges from Point
Arena to the sand-dunes of the Oregon
and Washington coasts and northward to
1g Sale ie cane Alaska, its altitudinal range being from
(Pinus contorta Dougl.), = o> 5 5
apt, SE See sea-level to 500 feet. In the Cascades of
Oregon and Washington it passes into
Pinus murrayana. Inasmuch as the extreme forms of these two
are very unlike and the main geographical areas distinct it is
here held convenient to retain Pinus murrayana as of subspe-
cific rank.
Tamrac Pine.
9. PINUS MURRAYANA Balf. Figs. 44, 3 and 8.
Needles in 2s, 1 to 234 inches long; cones chestnut brown, oblong,
more or less globose when open, 1 to 134 inches long; scales thickened
at the ends, black-banded at their tips inside, the central umbo prolonged
into a slender sub-persistent prickle; seeds 2 lines long with a wing
5 or 6 lines long; seed-leaves 4 or 5.
Tamrac Pine, the Lodgepole Pine of the Northwest, is a
forest tree with symmetrical and rather dense crown, 50 to 80
or rarely 125 feet high. Sometimes it appears at timber line,
as on Mt. San Jacinto and through the Sierra Nevada from Mt.
Whitney north; then it is dwarfed or storm-battered, 10 to
30 feet high, or even occurring semi-prostrate. Its bark is light
gray, remarkably thin, usually '% inch thick, very smooth but
Haking off into thin scales. The wood is fine- or coarse-grained,
reddish brown and hard. While little utilized in the past in
California it will eventually be of commercial importance.
Pinus murrayana occurs throughout the Sierra Nevada
between 5,000 and 7,000 feet in the north and 7,000 to 11,000
PINE FAMILY. 67
feet in the central and
southern part. It is an
especially characteris-
tic feature of swampy
meadows or moist
mountain slopes where
it forms dense stands,
often without admix-
ture of other species.
In Southern California
it is found on the Sier-
ra Madre, San Ber-
nardino and San Jacin-
to ranges. Beyond our
borders it ranges east
to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Montana and recurs
on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California.
Fig. 44. Tamrac PINE (Pinus murrayana
Balf.). a, Open cone; b, seed. nat. size.
Big-cone Pine.
10. Pinus couttert Don. Figs. 1 and 45a.
Needles in 3s, erect, tipped with a short hard point, 5 to 10 (or 14)
inches long; cones long-ovate, 10 to 13 inches long, 5 to 7% inches thick,
when falling breaking through near the base like the cone of the Yellow
Pine; scales at tip drawn out into prominent tusk-like points or spurs
which towards the base of the cone on the outer side are developed
into curving talon-like appendages; seeds pinkish or yellowish, 6 to 8
lines long with a wing twice or nearly twice as long; seed-leaves 10 to 14.
Big-cone Pine, often called Coul-
ter Pine, is a tree 40 to 70 feet
high with rather dense conical or
more often spreading crown with
usually long lower _ branches.
The foliage is yellowish green.
he -irunk is 1 top 27eeteckraa
diameter;,. the bark 4s. dark,
roughly broken so as to form an
irregular network of longitudinal
fissures and sometimes loosening
superficially into long thinnish
Fig. 45. a, Bic-conr PINE seed.
b, DiccrrR PINE seed. scales.
nat. size. Pinus coulteri grows on dry or
68 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
rocky mountain slopes at 2,500 to 6,000 feet, chieflyson the lower
margin of or below the Yellow Pine belt wherever it occurs in
Yellow Pine region. It is most abundant on the San Bernardino
and Sierra Madre mountains, ranging south to San Jacinto, Palo-
mar, Santa Ana, Cuyamaca, Balkan and Laguna mountains, and
into Lower California. Northward it occurs on the Santa Inez,
San Rafael, Santa Lucia, Gabilan, San Carlos and Mt. Hamilton
ranges. On Mt. Diablo, the most northerly locality, a few
trees occur about Mitchell Rock on the north side of the
mountain near the village of Clayton at 800 feet altitude.
While having a general resemblance to young Yellow Pine,
Big-cone Pine is a very different tree and is easily recognized
by its heavier masses of foliage, stout twigs, and its great cones
with their eagle’s-claw appendages to the scales.
Digger Pine.
11. Prnus sapintaNa Dougl. Figs. 46, 47 and 45b.
Needles in 3s, drooping, 7 to 13% inches long; cones on stalks 2 to 2%
inches long, ovate, subglobose when open, 6 to 10 inches long, 5 to 7
inches thick and only slightly unsymmetrical, remaining on the tree one
to seven years after releasing their seeds, when falling breaking through
near the base and leaving the basal portion on the limb (“broken-cone”
type); tips of the scales strongly developed into triangular hooks pro-
jecting downwards, about 1 inch long; seeds hard shelled, oblong, slightly
flattened, slightly ridged towards the micropyle, 9 to 11 lines long, 4 to 5
lines wide, bearing a short wing 3 to 5 lines long and % inch broad;
seed-leaves 11 to 17.
Digger Pine is a singular tree 40 to 50 or occasionally 90
feet high with a very open crown and thin gray foliage) The
trunk is 1 to 4 feet in diameter, frequently slanting, commonly
branching at 5 to 15 feet from the ground into a cluster of
slender erect branches which form a broom-like top. Rarely one
sees a tree in which the trunk-axis bears only lateral branches
and persists through the crown. The bark is dark gray, roughly
furrowed.
Pinus sabiniana grows in dry hot foothills and sometimes in
gravelly valleys, chiefly between 50 and 2,000 feet altitude,
although frequently reaching 5,000 feet at the south. It always
occurs as a scattered growth, often by itself or if with other
trees most commonly with Blue Oak. In the Coast Ranges
it is widely although not continuously distributed, occurring in
the Gabilan, San Carlos, Mt. Hamilton, Mt. Diablo, Napa, Vaca
PINE FAMILY. 69
Fig. 46. Diccer Pine (Pinus sabiniana Dougl.). Open cone, % nat. size.
70 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
and Mayacamas mountains. It does not grow in the summer
fog belt of the North Coast Ranges (Redwood region) although
it reaches the coast in the Santa Lucia Mountains (South Coast
Fig. 47. Diccer Pine. Branch with whorl of three cone-stalks, the
stalks bearing the persistent scales which parted from base of cone.
Ranges) and is scattered along the east slope of the Santa Cruz
Mountains. In the Sierra Nevada foothills it is the most charac-
teristic tree of that area where it is usually the only pine except
at its upper limits. It ranges south to Tehachapi and the Sierra
Liebre, north to the Sacramento River cafion and the canon of
the South Fork of Salmon River near Bennet.
Torrey Pine.
12. PINUS TORREYANA Parry. Fig. 48.
Needles in 5s, 8 to 12 inches long; cones triangular oval, 4 to 5%
inches long, the scales at apex thickened into heavy pyramids; seed-leaves
I 2rto 14:
Torrey Pine is a low crooked or sprawling tree 15 to 35
feet high, or sometimes straight and 60 feet high. It is local
on the San Diego coast about Del Mar near the mouth of the
Soledad River, extending southward toward San Diego about
8 miles and inland about 1% miles. It also occurs on Santa Rosa
Island. It is remarkable for its peculiar cones, its very long
needles and especially for its very restricted habitat which has
attracted to it a great deal of attention. The San Diego trees
are now protected in an extensive municipal park which is an
Fig, 48.
nat. size.
TORREY
PINE
PINE
FAMILY.
(Pinus torreyana
Parry).
a,
Cone;
Bb
seed.
72 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
extremely gratifying expression of popular appreciation of
unique natural features.
\
Parry Pinon.
13. Pinus pARRYANA Engelm. P. quadrifolia Sudw.
Needles 34 to 15g inches long, usually 4 (sometimes 2, 3, or 5) in a
cluster; cones subglobose, 11% to 2% inches long; seeds with rudimentary
wings; seed-leaves 6 to 8.
Parry Pinon, or Four-leaf Pine, is a short-trunked low tree,
15 to 30 feet high. It inhabits the dry mountains of Lower Cali-
fornia from San Pedro Martir northward, extending into
Southern California where it occurs sparingly in the intramon-
tane region. The following are the known stations in California:
near Julian; Larkin Station; slopes near Coyote Cafion; mesa
at west base of El Toro; Nigger Jim Hill.
One-leaf Pinon.
14. Pinus MONOPHYLLA Torr. Figs. 49 and 9.
Needles 1 in a place, cylindric, curving upward and ending in an
abrupt point, 1% to 2 inches long, persisting 7 or 8 years; cones subglo-
bose, chocolate-brown or yellow, 2% to 3% inches in diameter; scales
thick, raised at ends into high broad-based pyramids with slightly umbili-
cate or flattened summits bearing a minute prickle; seeds dark brown,
oblong in outline, slightly flattened, 34 inches long, without wings; seed-
leaves 7 to 10.
One-leaf Pifion, the “Nut Pine” of the Nevada ‘ranges, is
most commonly a low round-headed tree with very short
trunk, remotely suggestive of an old apple tree, 8 to 20 or
sometimes 45 feet high. It grows on arid slopes or rocky walls
and ranges through the desert regions of Utah, Nevada,* Arizona
westward to the desert ranges of California (White, Panamint
and Providence mountains, eastern wall of the Sierra Nevada,
Tehachapi Mountains, San Emigdio, Mt. Pinos, and San Rafael
Mountains, thence along the desert slopes of the Sierra Madre,
San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges, and so on south into
Lower California. On the west slope of the Sierra Nevada it
occurs in a few circumscribed localities, in Piute Cafion near
Pate Valley (Grand Canon of the Tuolumne River), Kings
River, along the west wall of the Kern Caton and southward
into the lower Kern country.
*Ranges as far north as Mt. Davidson.
PINE FAMILY. re)
TBA
a
Fig. 49. ONE-LEAF PINon (Pinus monophylla Torr.). a, open cone;
b, seed. nat. size.
Bishop Pine.
15. Prnus muricata Don, Figs. 50 and 11.
Needles in 2s, 4 to 6 inches long; cones broadly ovate, acute, 2 to 3
inches long, almost as thick, or when open more or less globose, borne
on the tree in circles of 3, 4 or 5, gradually turned downward, developed
more strongly on the outside towards the base and in consequence always
one-sided; scale tips rhomboidal, bearing a central prickle with a broad
base, or the highly developed scales towards the base on the outside
standing out as very stout straightish or upwardly curving spurs; seeds
black, sometimes mottled, the thin shell minutely roughened on the sur-
face, 2% to 3 lines long; wing broadest above the middle, oblique at
summit, 5 to 8 lines long, 2% to 3% lines broad; seed-leaves 4 to 7.
Bishop Pine is a tree 40 to 80 feet high with roundish or
flat crown and trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter. The bark ts 1 to
1% inches thick, dark red in section. brown on the surface
74 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
and broken into rough
ridges. The trunk from
near the ground to its
summit and all the
main branches bear cir-
cles of cones which
persist for an indefinite
period, often 15 to 25
years, ard give the tree
a most remarkable ap-
pearance.
Pinus “m1i5caeee
grows on low swampy
hills, swampy flats or
rocky hills, always near
the ocean beach or
within a few miles of
it. It ranges from the
wet flats of the Men-
docino coast (Ingle-
Be : nook to Ft. Bragg)
ig. 50. Bishop Pine (Pinus muricata southward to the So-
Don). a, Closed cone; b, seed.
noma County coast
where it reaches its greatest development, forming pure groves
of small extent on the low swampy hills. It also occurs on the
rocky and clay hills of the Point Reyes Peninsula on the east-
ward slope of the Inverness Ridge from near Tomales Point
southward nearly to Bolinas Bay. South of the Golden Gate
it occurs on Huckleberry Hill at Monterey and near San Luis
Obispo where it was originally discovered in 1830 by Dr. Thomas
Coulter, a botanical traveler. The original station suggested the
common name, Bishop Pine, but the scale tips thickened at the
tip like a bishop’s cap also emphasize the happiness of the ver-
nacular appellation.
The wood of Bishop Pine is very resinous, light, hard and
rather coarse-grained. It is sometimes used for piling as the
light-brown heartwood is very durable. ‘The tree is at present
of most economic importance as a wind-break.
NI
Cyt
PINE FAMILY.
branchlet; b, scale and bract; c, seed. nat. size.
82 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Big-cone Spruce.
2. PSEUDOTSUGA MACROCARPA Mayr.
Leaves slightly curved; cones 4 to 7% inches long, 2% to 3 inches
thick when open; bracts protruding little or not at all beyond the
scales, except the lowest, the tails of which are often as much as % inch
_ long; seed-leaves 6 or 7.
Big-cone Spruce is a tree 30 to 90 feet tall with a broad
pyramidal crown and very long lower branches. The bark
is dark or black. In most respects this species is very similar
to its near relative, the Douglas Spruce or Douglas Fir. It
grows on the sides of sheltered canons or ravines or on cool
north slopes at altitudes just below the Yellow Pine (mainly
between 3,000 and 5,000 feet) and forms small groves or colo-
nies, usually growing by itself. It is distributed from the
San Emigdio Range westward to the San Rafael and Santa
Inez ranges, south to the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino, San
Jacinto, Santa Ana, Palomar and Cuyamaca mountains. It
also recurs on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California.
Its wood is fine-grained, tough and hard but yields a coarse
lumber remarkably inferior to that of its high-class relative,
Douglas Fir,
3. PICEA Link. Spruce.
Trees with tall tapering trunks and thin scaly bark.
Leaves narrowly linear, spreading on all sides, jointed near
the stem, the lower portion persistent after leaf-fall as a
prominent woody base or spreading “peg’’; resin-canals in
ours 2. Catkins from terminal or axillary winter buds.
Staminate catkins erect or nodding; pollen-sacs with nearly
circular toothed crests, opening longitudinally. Ovulate cat-
kins erect. Cones maturing in the first autumn, pendent,
scattered over the crown generally or the upper half of the
crown; scales thin, the bracts shorter than the scales. Seeds
without resin vesicles; seed-leaves 4 to 15.—Ahbout 12 species,
7 in North America, the remainder in Europe and Asia.
(Picea, supposedly the spruce of the Latins.)
Leaves prickle-pointed; cone-scales serrulate; coastal....1. P. sitchensis.
Leaves merely acute; cone-scales entire; subalpine......2. P. breweriana.
Tideland Spruce.
1. Picea SITCHENSIS Carr. -Fig. 55.
Leaves spreading equally around branchlets but not straight down
on the under side of horizontal ones, linear, % to 1 inch long, % to 1
Y
i CT
83
PINE FAMILY.
=
Fn
Qa
=
N
Me
De
84 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
line wide, whitened and flat above but with a mediam ridge, convex
or strongly ridged below, very stiff and usually tapering to a prickly
point or in top of tree less sharp or bluntly pointed; cones dull brown,
long-oblong, 2 to 4 inches long and when open 1% to 1% inches in
diameter; scales narrow, finely and irregularly toothed, with ovate-lanceo-
late bracts % to % as long; seeds 1% lines long, the oblong wing 3
to 4 lines long; seed-leaves 4 or 5.
Tideland Spruce is a handsome forest tree 75 to 180 feet
high with conical crown, wide-spreading rigid branches and
drooping branchlets. The trunk is 3 to 20 feet in diameter
at the base where it flares most remarkably in older trees;
at 6 or 8 feet above the ground the trunk diameter may be
only half that at the base. The trunk bark is reddish brown,
developing roughish deciduous scales but these are not so
sharply defined as is usual in spruces. Cones are borne in great
abundance and over the crown generally.
Picea sitchensis inhabits lowlands or moist forests near
the sea. It occurs on the Mendocino coast from Noyo to
Fort Bragg, on the lowlands at mouth of Eel River, the sand-
hills at Samoa, flats at Crescent City and in the western
margin of the main Redwood Belt of Del Norte. Northward
it ranges to Alaska. In Oregon, Washington and British
Columbia it grows to almost vast proportions and is an impor-
tant timber tree. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained,
and makes an excellent saw-log. As a cultivated conifer it
is well known under the name of Sitka Spruce.
Weeping Spruce.
2. PICEA BREWERIANA Wats. Fig. 56.
Leaves borne all round the stem, % to 1 inch long, roundish and
green below, whitish above on either side the conspicuous median ridge,
obtuse; cones narrowly cylindrical, 3% to 4% inches long, 14 to 1%
inches thick when open; scales rounded at apex, very thick for a spruce
and with smooth entire edges; bracts oblong, acute, % to ™% as long
as the scales; seeds 1% lines long, with wings 4 lines long; seed-leaves 6.
Weeping Spruce, sometimes called Brewer Spruce, is a
subalpine tree 20 to 95 feet high with a rather broad crown.
The branches clothe the trunk to the ground; they are few
and mainly horizontal, especially in the top, and ornamented
with cord-like branchlets 1 to 6 feet long hanging straight
down, thus giving a formal effect to the stiffish and very
thin crown. The trunk is % to 3% feet in diameter, its bark
thin (% inch thick), whitish and smoothish on the surface
‘
P
j
PINE FAMILY. 85
SN
XN
‘ah= > = « Ss \ \\\
: 7 S \
— ~ Ye \EE> = S |
NSO 77, ows ae SEG \
, ,
- ) a Y Zi ee \ \)
2 ; L F-7 SS My ()
- W/ / SE, = NW N\ af
Up fv = 2p
i, f / if OE |
vi /
= = a
Fig. 56. WeepiInc Spruce (Picea breweriana Wats.). a, Branchlet
with open cone; b, scale and bract. nat. size.
86 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
but presenting shallowly concave scars from which have fallen
thick scales of irregular shape, mostly 1 to 4 inches long and
half as wide (Fig. 57). The cones are borne in the top of
the crown, mostly in clusters.
Fig. 57. Weeprnc Spruce (Picea breweriana Wats.). Scales which
have fallen from the trunk bark. nat. size.
Picea breweriana grows on cool moist slopes at altitudes
of 6,000 to 8,000 feet and is confined to the summits of a few
high ranges in northwestern California and adjacent Oregon.
The following are the known stations in California: Klamath
Range; Siskiyou Mountains; Marble Mountain; South Rus-
sian Creek on North Fork Salmon River; Thompson Peak,
Salmon Mountains. In Oregon it is reported from the Oregon
Coast Range, Chetco Range, and high mountain tops south
Pn
PINE FAMILY. 87
of Rogue River. Near Marble Mountain the writer measured
geutree 95 feet high, and 10 feet 10 inches in circumference
at 4 feet above the ground.
Associated with Mountain Hemlock, Silver Pine and Red Fir,
Weeping Spruce is a most remarkable species inhabiting the
tops of mountain ranges lying in a country long scourged by
fire. The trees are found only at the highest altitudes,
usually at the heads of north canons where even in July or
September one may find a lingering snowbank which feeds
their roots with water. The appearance of the trees is so
singularly different from that of any other conifer that they
cannot ever be mistaken and at once arrest the attention
of the traveler.
4. TSUGA Carr. Hemtock.
Slender trees with nodding leading shoots. Leaves linear,
2-ranked by the twisting of the petioles or spreading all
around the stem; resin canal 1. Petioles jointed with a woody
base which persists after leaf fall as a small rough process,
upwardly projecting and somewhat blended with the stem.
Staminate catkins a subglobose pendulous cluster of stamens
on a long stipe-like peduncle arising from axillary winter
buds; pollen-sacs subglobose, tipped with a short spur or
knob, their cells opening transversely. Ovulate catkins erect
from terminal winter buds. Cones maturing in the first
autumn, pendent; scales thin, longer than the bracts. Seeds
with resin vesicles on the surface; seed-leaves 3 to 6.—Seven
species, North America and Asia. (Tsuga, its. Japanese
name. )
Leaves in flat sprays; cones % to 1 inch long........ 1. 7. heterophylla.
Leaves spreading around stem; cones 1% to 3 inches long..........
+ Gio OC 0bQO.° BSE RENEE (Ch EE ORR eae aaa ee 2. TIT. mertensiana.
u
Coast Hemlock.
1. TsuGA HETEROPHYLLA Sarg. TJ. mertensiana Carr. Fig. 58.
Leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks, linear, flat, 3 to 8 lines long,
Y% to 1 line wide, blunt at apex, green and with a median furrow above;
pale and with a median ridge below, contracted at base into a short but
distinct petiole; cones oblong or conical when closed, roundish when
open, % to 34 or | inch long, pendulous and solitary on the tips of the
branchlets, borne in great numbers; scales longer than broad, roundish
at apex, with entire edge; bracts about % the length of the scales,
broadly triangular with truncate or obtuse summits; seeds light-brown,
88
Fig.
THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
=
SSS
7
58. Coast HEeEmMLocKk (Tsuga heterophylla Sarg.). a, Cone-bearing
branchlet; b, scale and bract: c, seed: d, Open cone. nat. size,
PINE FAMILY. 89
1% line long with a wing 3 or 4 lines long and twice the breadth of the
seed; seed-leaves 5.
Coast Hemlock, also called Western Hemlock, is a large
but graceful forest tree 90 to 180 feet high, the trunk
1 to 4 feet in diameter and tapering gradually, the crown
narrow or sometimes pyramidal. The branches are slender,
with finely hairy branchlets, forming sprays which droop
cascade-wise but not pendulous. The trunk bark is brown
on the surface, dark red inside, shallowly fissured longi-
tudinally or nearly smooth, % to ¥%4 inch thick. Sometimes
one finds a tree in which the bark is twice as thick and deeply
broken into small oblong plates one inch high, producing an
irregularly warty appearance. The cones are borne more
or less generally over the crown.
Tsuga heterophylla grows in the immediate vicinity of
the coast from Elk Creek, Mendocino County, northward to
Humboldt and Del Norte counties as a very subordinate asso-
ciate of the Redwood, the trees usually occasional or scat-
tered. Northward it ranges to Washington and Alaska where
it is an important timber tree, and also eastward to the Cas-
cades of Oregon and Washington and the mountains of
northern [Idaho and Montana.
The wood is fine-grained, yellow-brown, rather light and
soft, works easily and is a valuable timber for many purposes.
When manufactured into lumber it cannot, however, be sold
IR
NWN
ay
Ee NN WAY WOW :
: Ws
- ND
SS
DEON
Fig. 59. Branchlet of Coast Hemlock. % nat. size.
on its merits under its own name on account of the popular
prejudice against the name hemlock which is due in part to the
many inferior qualities of the wood of Tsuga canadensis, the
hemlock of the Eastern United States.
90 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Mountain Hemlock.
2. TSUGA MERTENSIANA Sarg. T. pattoniana Senec. Figs. 60 and 3.
Leaves standing out all around the branchlet, cylindric or somewhat
flattish above, strongly ridged below, glaucous on both surfaces, bluntish
at apex, % to 34 (or 1) inch long, less than 1 line wide, with a distinct
but short whitish petiole; cones red-brown, rich purple when young,
cylindric but tapering to base and apex, 1% to 3 inches long, % to %
inch thick; opened cones appearing more delicate, oblong in outline or
tapering from base to apex, 1 to 1% inches in diameter; scales thin,
rounded at apex, in the opened cone spreading at right angles to the axis
or even recurving, their bracts about 4% as long, rounded above and
tipped with a short point; seeds 2% lines long, the wing 4 or 5 lines
long; seed-leaves 4.
Mountain Hemlock, formerly called Williamson Spruce
by some, and also Black Hemlock, is a graceful tree 20 to
90 feet high with conical trunks % to 2% feet in diameter
and bearing branches (except in dense forest) quite to the
ground. The branches are slender, the lower ones long,
forming a broad pyramidal base to the crown which is very
promptly narrowed upward and ends in a long and narrow
top. The branches above the base are horizontal or mostly
drooping, the branchlets slender, pubescent and drooping.
The cones are borne in the top of the tree, on drooping
branchlets, sometimes forming heavy clusters.
Tsuga mertensiana, a timber-line tree, inhabits high slopes
chiefly in protected situations at the heads of north or east
cafions in moist places where snowbanks linger until early
or even late summer. It usually occurs in small pure some-
what open groves or clusters of limited extent. This
subalpine type of tree, the most characteristic, retains
its lowermost branches and is readily recognized by the
habit of its crown, pyramidal at base but narrowed above,
with drooping branchlets and pendulous whip-like leader. The
crowns are usually dense throughout and sometimes remark-
ably slender above, presenting columns of foliage 15 to 30
feet high and sometimes not exceeding 2 feet in diameter
except at the broad base.
In winters of heavy snowfall in the Sierra Nevada the
heads of small saplings are bent over to the ground. Such
deep snow does not always go off completely during the
following summer but the position of these little trees may,
PINE FAMILY. 91
v)
LER
LA y
Fig. 60. Mountain Hemiock (Tsuga mertensiana Sarg.). a, Cone-
bearing branchlet; b, scale and bract; c, seed. nat. size, the seed a little
enlarged.
sometimes, be betrayed by the protrusion of a bow-like trunk
through the surface of the drift.
At somewhat lower altitudes or in protected stations
Mountain Hemlock forms large-sized forest trees either in
pure stands or in association with Silver Pine, Red Fir or
~ Tamrac Pine. A tree near the base of Mt. Lyell, measured
92 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
by the writer in 1909, was 80 feet high and 5% feet in trunk
diameter at 4 feet. On the east wall of Matterhorn Cafion
is a*pure stand of large-sized trees with trunks naked towards
the ground, the branches horizontal in middle of crown and
up to the tip. One tree measured 55 feet high and 5 feet in
trunk diameter. It was typical of the larger sized trees
throughout this fine grove.
Tsuga mertensiana is found in the Sierra Nevada between
* 8,000 to 11,000 feet at the south and 6,000 to 10,000 feet at
the north. The southermost locality is on Bubbs Creek.
Northward it is found on Glass Mountain, Goosenest Moun-
tain and Mt. Shasta, thence west to Trinity Mountains, Marble
Mountain, Klamath Range and the Siskiyous. Beyond our
borders it ranges far north to Alaska and east to northern
Montana.
5. ABIES Link. Fr.
Highly symmetrical trees of lofty stature, the branches
in regular whorls and ramifying laterally, forming flat sprays.
Leaves linear, flat, thickened or 4-angled, whitened beneath,
spreading in 2 opposite directions or even 2-ranked, or more
often curving upwards, leaving a smooth circular scar when
they fall; resin canals in ours 2. Catkins from axillary winter
buds. Staminate catkins borne on the under side of the
branches, mostly in the upper half of the tree; pollen-sacs
tipped with a knob, their cells opening transversely. Ovulate
catkins erect, on the upper side of the topmost spreading
branches. Cones erect, maturing in the first autumn, falling
to pieces on the tree; scales thin, incurved at the broadened
apex; bracts often exserted. Seeds with resin vesicles; seed-
leaves 4 to 10. (The Latin name.)
Leaves of lower and uppermost branches slightly different.
Cones 2 to 5% inches long; bracts not exserted.
Leaves glaucous or dull green, flat or on cone-bearing branches
keeled above, acute or rarely notched at apex, spreading in
two ranks or curving upwards, with a twist in the short
petiole; old bark roughly and deeply furrowed, drah or gray-
ish; high Sierra and Coast mts., chiefly 3,800 to 6,000 feet.
iis dss) Pa a Weta dee Sens ere elo aetor as (e, aCe, Lea l. A. concolor.
Leaves dark lustrous green, white beneath, notched at apex,
usually spreading in two ranks, on cone-bearing branches often
blunt, curving upwards; bark white, smooth or fissured into
low flat ridges; north coast only..............2. A. grandis.
PINE FAMILY. 93
Cones 4 to 8 inches long, the bracts concealed or exserted; leaves
thickened below and a little above so as to be subterete or some-
what 4-sided, thicker on the uppermost branches, curving up-
wards but not twisted, sessile; old bark deeply divided into
roughly broken ridges, reddish brown; high Sierra and Coast
mits chieily,/6:\000) fo: 9000) feet 2.8. se askicicces = 3. A. magnifica.
Cones 4 to 5 inches long, the exserted bracts reflexed, usually con-
cealing the scales; leaves of lower branches flattened, distinctly
grooved above; Trinity Summit to Washington....4. A. nobilis.
Leaves alike all over tree; cones with conspicuous bracts, the exserted
portion long and bristle-like; bark light brown, smoothish; Santa
EMME RCO YE Ss Si See «rs aio ote nate RE es cate 5. A. venusta.
White Fir.
1. Asres concoLor Lindl. & Gord. Figs. 61 and 2.
Leaves % to 2% (commonly 1 to 2 inches) long, flat, often with a
median channel on upper side, or on the uppermost branches keeled, a
prominent midrib beneath with a broad depressed stomatal band on either
side, contracted at base into a very short twisted petiole, acutish, obtuse
or slightly notched at summit, spreading in 2 ranks or more or less
erect; cones brown, oblong, rounded at summit and base, 2 to 5% inches
long, 1% to 134 inches thick; scales broad and rounded; bracts nearly
'% as long as the scales, roundish and finely toothed, often with a notch
at apex and usually terminating in a short slender point; seeds 5 lines
long, the wing 6 or 7 lines long, widening towards the truncate apex,
5 or 6 lines wide; seed-leaves 6.
White Fir is a forest tree 60 to 150 or 200 feet high with
a long narrow crown composed of flat sprays declined or
spreading horizontally and a trunk 1 to 8 feet in diameter
and clear of limbs for 30 to 100 feet. The trunk bark is
smooth, silvery or whitish on young trees; on old trees it
is 2 to 4 inches thick, broken into rounded ridges separated
by heavy fissures, gray or drab-brown, in section showing
dull-brown areas separated by a coarse light-colored mesh.
Abies concolor inhabits fertile mountain slopes, rocky
ridges or plateaus or cafion walls. Associated with Yellow
Pine, Sugar Pine and Incense Cedar it is one of the four
most important forest trees in the main timber belt of the
Sierra Nevada where it grows between 2,500 and 7,500 feet
at the north and 5,000 to 8,000 feet at the south. In southern
California it occurs on all the high cismontane ridges from
Mt. Pinos south to the Sierra Madre (5,000 to 10,000 feet),
San Bernardino Mountains (5,000 to 11,500 feet), Mt. San
Jacinto (6,000 to 9,500 feet), Cuyamaca and Balkan moun-
tains. It recurs on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California.
CALIFORNIA.
Or
the Mother Lode.
No other fir and indeed
no other conifer of California
equals this tree in the sym-
metrical beauty of its crown
and its dark green stratified
foliage. Trees of remarkable
symmetry grow on protected
slopes or in cafic © ere
the moisture conditious are
favorable. Beyond the bor-
ders of such habitats, espec-
Fig. 63. The SHasta Fir form ; : ;
of Rep Fir. a, Scale and bract; tally at higher altitudes and
b, scale and bract; c, seed. nat. on exposed granite ridges,
size. grow isolated or _ scattered
trees which have for the
botanical traveler an equal interest on account of their wind-
broken crowns and the irregularity of the resulting growths.
PINE FAMILY. 99
Noble Fir.
4. Apres NosiLis Lindl.
Leaves sharply and deeply grooved above, on the lower branches
flat, on the upper branches rounded below or ridged and with two lateral
shallow channels, erect, 34 to 1% inches long; cones oblong-cylindrical,
4 to 5 inches long, 2 to 2% inches thick; scales surpassed and often
wholiy concealed by the reflexed spatulate bracts which are rounded,
fimbriate and tipped with an awl-like point; seed-leaves 6 or 7.
Noble Fir is a forest tree 80 to 250 feet high with slender
branchlets and roughly broken trunk bark. It is an important
timber tree in the Coast Ranges and Cascades of \Washington
and Oregon, ranging south to and occurring sparingly on
the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon and Trinity
Summit in California.
Santa Lucia Fir.
5. Asies vENUSTA Koch. A. bracteata Nutt. Fig. 64.
Leaves stiff and sharp-pointed, dark green and nearly flat above,
below with a white band on either side of the strong median ridge, 1%
or mostly 134 to 2% inches long, 1 to 1% lines wide, mostly 2-ranked;
cones elliptic-oblong, 2%. to 4 inches long, 1% to 2 inches thick, borne
on peduncles % inch long which arise from a rosette-like cluster of
broad thin scales of the winter bud; bracts wedge-shaped, truncate or
notched at summit, the midrib prolonged into a long-exserted bristle
1% to 134 inches long and % line wide; seeds reddish brown, 3% lines
long with broad wings nearly as long and rounded at apex; seed-leaves 7.
The Santa Lucia Fir, often called Bristle-cone Fir, is a
singular fir with a narrow crown abruptly tapering above
into a steeple-like top. The trunk is 4 to 2% feet in diameter,
vested in light reddish brown bark and bearing short slender
declined or drooping branches often nearly or quite to the
ground. The cones, borne in heavy clusters in the top of
the tree, are remarkable for the long bristles which protrude:
from between the scales.
Abies venusta grows in cafions or on sheltered slopes or
sometimes on the summit of rocky ridges. It is confined to
the Santa Lucia Mountains overhanging the Monterey coast
and is known to occur in the following localities: Pine
Cafion, headwaters of the Carmel River; Arroyo Seco near
Tassajara Springs; Big Sur; near Santa Lucia Peak Trail;
Twin Peaks; Cafiada de los Potranchos; first cafon north
of Los Potranchos; Bear Cafion near Punta Gorda; Villa
Canon; San Carpoforo Canon; mountains near Cambria.
.
100 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
SLES
SS
SF
a3
ces
Fig. 64. Santa Evcra Fir (Abies venusta Koch.), remarkable for its long sharp-pointed leaves and
long bristly bracts. a, Cone-bearing branchlet; b,scale and bract; c, seed. nat. size.
REDWOOD FAMILY 101
Santa Lucia Fir is the most remarkable fir tree in the
world on account of its singular form, its sharp-pointed
leaves alike all over the tree, its peculiar bristly cones, the
small number of individuals and its restricted habitat. More-
over it is isolated geographically, no other species of fir being
found within 225 miles to the north, 149 miles to the east and
120 miles northeasterly.
TAXODIACEAE. Repwoop FaAmIty.
_ Trees with linear or awl-shaped alternate leaves. Stam-
inate and ovulate catkins on the same tree. Staminate
catkins small. Scales of the ovulate catkins spirally arranged,
more or less blended with the bract, often spreading hori-
zontally from the axis of the cone and developed into broad
flattish summits. Ovules to each scale 2 to 9. Seeds not
winged or merely margined.—Seven genera, widely scattered
over the earth, each with 1 to 3 species. Taxodium (Bald
Cypress), Cryptomieria (Japan Cedar), Cunninghamia, and
Sciadopitys (Umbrella Pine) are cultivated in California.
1. SEQUOIA Endl. Repwoon.
Tall trees with thick red fibrous bark and linear, awl-
shaped, or scale-like leaves. Staminate catkins, terminal on
the branchlets or on short lateral branchlets, with many
spirally disposed stamens, each bearing 2 to 5 pollen-sacs.
Ovulate catkins terminal, composed of many spirally arranged
scales, each with 5 to 7 ovules at base. Cone woody, its
scales divergent at right angles to the axis, widening upward
and forming a broad rhomboidal wrinkled summit with a
depressed center. Seeds flattened; seed-leaves 2 to 6. (The
Cherokee chief, Sequoyah, who invented an alphabet for his
tribe.)
Leaves awl-shaped, sessile, ascending all around stem; cones 2 to 33%
Inehest lane; » Stetiae NevadaOliliys c.).s,+ cies = hin eae 1. S. gigantea.
Leaves linear, petioled, spreading in 2 ranks and forming a flat spray;
cones % to 1% inches long; Coast Ranges only....2. S. sempervirens.
Big Tree.
1. SEQUOIA GIGANTEA Dec. Figs. 65 and 35.
Leaves awl-shaped or lanceolate, 1 to 6 lines long, adherent below
to the stem which they thickly clothe; cones maturing in second autumn,
red-brown, ovoid, 2 to 334 inches long, composed of 35 to 40 scales;
102 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
(
LE Hy:
i NSS
Be — CRs we
Ai Ai SW
eee ~
ee RN ieee
a ; mom YAS
Z —_ = Wis AAG
: ik hea ge ONES
slate iI i Ores: SAR
5 3
si ua \
Ney)
Fig. 65. Bic Tree (Sequoia gigantea Endl.). a, Cone-bearing
branchlet, 24 nat. size; b, seed, nat. size.
REDWOOD FAMILY. 103
scales with transversely rhomboidal summits and a centrally depressed
umbo; seeds numerous, flattened, margined all around with a wing,
ovatish or oblong in outline, 2!4 to 3 lines long; seed-leaves 4 to 6.
Big Tree, the Wawona of the Mokelumne Tribe, is a
remarkable giant tree 150 to 225 feet high with columnar
trunks 80 to 180 feet to the first limb and’5 to 25 feet in
diameter at 6 feet above the ground. The crown in young
trees is a regular pyramid resting on the ground; in the
adult tree it is narrow with rounded summit; in old age it
is more or less broken, typically with dead axis projecting
above it. The trunk is remarkably protected against fire
by the fibrous red bark which is % to 2 feet thick and broken
on the surface into heavy longitudinal ridges or fluted
furrows.
Sequoia gigantea inhabits the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada at 5,000 to 8,000 feet from Placer County southward
to Tulare County, a longitudinal range of 250 miles but
occurring in more or less widely disconnected and limited
areas called “groves” thirty-two in number. The northern
groves, that is, north of Kings River, are widely separated;
the southern groves, south of Kings River, are less widely
separated or even connected by scattered individuals and
form an interrupted belt.
The northern groves are as follows: 1. North Grove,
Placer County, 10 miles east of Michigan Bluff, 6 trees. 2.
Calaveras Grove, 51 acres, 101 trees. 3. Stanislaus Grove, 6
miles southeast of Calaveras Grove, 1,000 acres, 1,380 trees.
4. Tuolumne Grove, on “Big Oak Flat’—Yosemite stage
road, 1% miles northwest of Crane Flat, 10 acres, 40 trees.
5. Merced Grove, on Coulterville-Yosemite wagon road, 3
miles from Hazel Green, 20 acres, 33 trees. 6. Mariposa
Grove, in Yosemite National Park near Wawona, really con-
sists of two groves, with 365 trees in upper grove and 180
trees in lower grove, one of the most famous being the
piaeizzly “Giant”; 125 acres. 7. Fresno Grove, in. Madera
County near north line, 2,500 acres, 1,500 trees. Many trees
lumbered.
The southern groves are as follows: 8. Dinkey Grove, in
Sierra National Forest, Fresno County, 50 acres, 170 trees.
9. Converse Basin Forest, Kings River, Fresno County, 5,000
104 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
acres, 12,000 trees; almost entirely lumbered. 10. Boulder
Creek Forest, Kings River, Fresno County, 3,200 acres, 6,450
treeS; more or less lumbered. 11. General Grant Forest, near
Millwood, Fresno County, about 2,500 acres, 250 trees. 12.
Redwood Cafion Forest, Redwood and Eshom creeks, Tulare
County, 3,000 acres, 10,000 trees; more or less lumbered.
13. North Kaweah Forest, North Fork Kaweah River, 500
acres, 800 trees. 14. Swanee River Grove, on Swanee River
branch of Marble Fork Kaweah River, 20 acres, 129 trees.
15. Giant Forest, Marble Fork Kaweah River, 8,000 acres,
20,000 trees, about 5,000 large ones. 16. Redwood Meadow
Grove, Middle Fork Kaweah River, 50 acres, 200 trees. 17.
Harmon Meadow Grove, Middle Fork Kaweah River, 10 acres,
80 trees. 18. Atwell Forest, both sides of East Fork Kaweah
River, 3 miles west of Mineral King, 1,500 acres, 3,000 trees; in
large part lumbered. 19. Lake Cafion Grove, East Fork Kaweah
River, 20 acres, 80 trees. 20. Mule Gulch Grove, East Fork
Kaweah River, 25 acres, 70 trees. 21. Homer Peak Forest,
East Fork Kaweah River, 5,500 acres, 1,500 trees. 22. South
Kaweah Forest, South Fork Kaweah River, 160 acres, 300
trees. 23. Dillon Forest, North Fork Tule River, 3,600 acres,
3,500 trees; large part lumbered. 24. Tule River Forest;
Middle Fork Tule River, 15,000 acres, 5,000 trees; large part
lumbered. 25. Pixley Grove, Middle Fork Tule River, 850
acres, 500 trees. 26. Fleitz Forest, Middle Fork Tule River,
4,000 acres, 1,500 trees. 27. Putnam Mill Forest, Middle
Fork Tule River, 4,000 acres, 900 trees. 28. Kessing Grove,
South Fork Tule River, 2,800 acres, 700 trees. 29. Indian
Reservation Grove, South Fork Tule River, 1,500 acres, 350
trees. 30. Deer Creek Grove, South Fork Deer Creek, 300
acres, 100 trees. 31. Freeman Valley Forest, Kern River
basin, 1,000 acres, 400 trees. 32. Kern River Groves, Kern
River basin, 700 acres, 200 trees. ;
Big Tree prefers slopes, ridges or depressions where there
is sufficient moisture but it may grow on bare granite as in
the Giant Forest. It 1s commonly associated with White
Fir, Incense Cedar, Yellow Pine and Sugar Pine. The repro-
duction is fair in the southern groves, especially on burned
areas, but mostly at a standstill in northern groves. Young
trees have a pyramidal outline with branches nearly or quite to
REDWOOD FAMILY. 105
the ground; middle-aged trees are clear of branches for 50 to
175 feet and distinguished by a rounded summit to the crown;
aged trees are characterized by a broken crown, dead tip to
axis, and more or less shattered side branches.
The extreme age of Sequoia gigantea is 1,100 to 2,400
years so far as certainly known. The trees whose ages are
certainly known are those which have been logged. When
one considers that the oldest logged trees were seedlings five
hundred years before the Christian era it would seem that
such a lengthened period of life were sufficient to afford
ample food to the reflective mind. But those popular writers,
and eke the poets, whose figures are based solely upon an
admiring contemplation of the bulk and stateliness of these
forest giants are not satisfied with attributing to them ages
less than 5,000 to 8,000 years.
The wood is dark red, but pink when freshly sawn, light
and fairly strong. It is extraordinarily durable; posts last
indefinitely and logs buried naturally, which must be centuries
old, often show little or no decay in heartwood. Thousands
of Big Trees on the Tule River, East Fork of the Kaweah,
at the Fresno Grove, and especially in Converse Basin have
been logged and manufactured into lumber which is used
for the same purpose as Redwood. The mature wood is
without resin-ducts which are always absent from the wood
except in the first annual ring of new growth in adult (cone-
bearing) trees.
The Big Trees are remarkable forest products. In stature
they are imposing as no other living thing; in age they
are a measure for the centuries; in situation they are
stranded, after a long journey from the north, on the flanks
of a mountain range where they are able neither to retreat
nor to advance; in number they are comparatively few and
are no more than holding their own ground; and in genealogy
they are the direct descendants of a family dominant in the
Tertiary period and richer then in geneta and species than now.
On account of the unequalled character of the pines and
firs in the Sierran forest the first sight of the Big Trees
may be disappointing. But association with the Sequoias
does much for man. As the days in their company run
fleetly by, his appreciation continues to deepen and strengthen
106 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
until he instinctively senses something of the part they and
their now wholly extinct congeners played in the Miocene epoch
of the Tertiary.
Redwood.
2. SEQUOIA SEMPERVIRENS Endl. Figs. 66, 67, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19.
Leaves linear, spreading right and left so as to form flat sprays, %4 to
1% (mostly % to 34) inches long and 1 to 1% lines wide, or in the top
of adult trees with short linear acuminate leaves 3 to 5 lines long, such
branchlets strikingly suggestive of those of the Big Tree; cones oval,
reddish brown, 5 to 1% inches long and 54 to % inch thick, borne in
clusters on the ends of branchlets mostly in the top of the tree, maturing
in first autumn; scales 14 to 24; seeds narrowly margined, elliptic in out-
line, 2 lines long; seed-leaves usually 2.
Redwood is a tall and massive forest tree 100 to 340 feet
in height with a rather narrow crown, the branches hori-
zontal or sweeping downward, especially the lower ones.
The trunk is 2 to 16 feet in diameter and protected by a red
fibrous bark '4 to 1 foot in thickness. The foliage is reddish
brown.
Sequoia sempervirens* inhabits mountain slopes and val-
leys facing the sea and situated in the summer fog belt, and
also ranges inland where it grows on protected slopes, cafion
sides or valley floors. Geographically it is distributed from
southwestern Oregon south to the Santa Lucia Mountains,
embracing an area 450 miles long and 1 to 40 miles wide.
The main body occurs in a well-defined belt. which begins in
Del Norte County and extends southward through Humboldt
and Mendocino counties to southern Sonoma near Freestone,
with a transverse break in the belt in southern Humboldt.
South of Sonoma County the Redwood occurs only in
detached and irregular bodies as follows: Olema to Mt. Tamal-
pais and San Rafael in Marin County; Redwood Peak, Redwood
Cafion and San Leandro Canton in the Oakland Hills; Santa
Cruz Mountains on both slopes from Palo Alto and Half Moon
Bay to the south bank of the Pajaro River (the only station in
San Benito County); Santa Lucia Mountains, only in deep
*Redwood was first described in 1803 by Lambert, an English botanist,
who referred it to the genus Taxodium, naming it Taxodium sempervirens,
that is the evergreen Taxodium to distinguish it from the deciduous
Taxodium distichum or Bald Cypress. It was not until the year 1847 that
Endlicher established the separate genus Sequoia for the Redwood, the
one species known at that time, Sequoia sempervirens.
rary
ll!
REDWOOD FAMILY. 107
Fig. 66. Repwoop (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.). a, Cone bearing
branchlet with usual type of foliage; b, seed. nat. size.
108 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
cafions on west slope of seaward range from Tobie Dow’s ranch
south to Salmon Creek Cafion.
Inland in the North Coast Ranges Redwood occurs very
locally, ranging east to Willits, Walker Valley, Ukiah, Russian
River at Cloverdale, Healdsburg, Sonoma Valley, west side of
Napa Valley and east side of Howell Mountain in Napa Range,
the latter being the station farthest from the ocean and the
only station on the waters of a tributary of the Sacramento River.
In Mendocino, Redwood is associated with Douglas Fir, Tan
Oak, Coast Hemlock and Lowland Fir. In Humboldt and Del
Norte counties, where it attains its finest development, it occurs
in almost pure stands, other species being very subordinate or
absent. Magnificent bodies of Redwood, as yet untouched by
the axe or only partially exploited, occur on the main Eel River,
South Fork Eel River, Van Duzen River, Mad River, Redwood
Creek, Lower Klamath River and Smith River.* The trees
in these splendid forests are mostly mature or past maturity,
6 to 16 feet in diameter, 100 to 200 feet in height or taller, and
yield 125,000 to 150,000 feet B. M. per acre. Limited areas
have produced as high as 200,000 to 500,000 feet B. M. per acre ~
and yields of 1% million feet to the acre are on record. On
hill slopes, as in Mendocino and Sonoma, the cut is about 20,000
to 50,000 feet to the acre.
The age of mature Redwood is 500 to 1,300 years. It has
not in this matter been subject to so much imaginative contro-
versy as has the Big Tree.
The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, free from resin,
works easily, keeps its shape well and is subject to slight shrink-
age or warping after initial seasoning. The autumnal part of
the annual layer in the wood is thicker than in Big Tree which
accounts for the greater strength and toughness of Redwood.
It is used for a vast variety of purposes in house building, rail-
way construction, bridges, telegraph poles, pipe lines and fences.
It is marvelously durable in contact with soil. Other remarkable
characteristics are that it ignites slowly, chiefly because wholly
free from resin, and that on account of its spongy character it
drinks up water from a fire hose with great avidity. California
cities in which the buildings are largely constructed of Redwood
*Crescent City Indians regard the Redwood as occupying the centre
of the world.
REDWOOD FAMILY. 109
Fig. 67. Repwoop (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.). Cone-bearing
branchlet from summit of tree with leaves similar to those of Big Tree.
nat. size.
110 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
are subject to a fire-control far superior to municipalities where
resinous pine or fir prevails as building material. The old San
Francisco, for instance, although a city in the main of frame
Redwood houses, never had a destructive fire until 1906 when
the water supply was completely shut off by earthquake dis-
turbance.
One of the most emphatic tributes to the economic value of
Redwood is that new uses are constantly being discovered for it.
In certain water supply conduits in engineering projects it has
replaced steel to the disadvantage of the latter. Redwood saw-
dust, hitherto treated as waste, is of possible importance in Cali-
fornia horticulture for packing fresh grapes for Eastern ship-
ment since it has qualities for this purpose which make it
superior to ground cork which is used in Spain. Redwood doors
have long had a good market in Central America because the
wood is not eaten by white ants. Many more such instances
might be given.
Redwood was first discovered in 1791 by Thaddeus Haenke,
of the Malaspina Expedition, the first botanist to visit California.
Archibald Menzies, a Scotch botanist attached to the Vancouver
Expedition, visited the groves near Santa Cruz in 1792; it was
from his specimens that Lambert in 1803 described the species
as new.
The beauty of the Redwoods has been praised in prose by
Miss Kate Field and countless other travellers and still further
extolled by William Keith and other Californian artists in oils.
The attractiveness and charm of the coast region is largely due
to the presence of this tree. Tens of thousands of people from
the cities go to the Redwood groves of Marin and Sonoma for
three or four months of the rainless season, most commonly
setting up their household gods in the shelter of the second-
growth circles and living freely in the open air amongst the
cinnamon columns and under a green forest canopy. Some
stop on for the winter to learn the ways of the forest in the
storm and to study the color hues which are but the playthings
of wind and rain and sun.
The most delightful grove met by the author in all his travels
north and south is situated between Usal and Cottonaby Creek
on the Mendocino. hills or bluffs overhanging the ocean two or
three hundred feet at Turner’s ranch. The tops of the trees
CYPRESS FAMILY. ele
retain their original branches but the lower ones were long
ago broken shortly off and in some cases replaced by tufts or
brackets of foliage dependent from the stubs. These pendulous
sprays are scattered and serve to ornament rather than conceal
the red trunks. The setting of the trees is very fine; handsome
and tall they stand on gentle knolls and in little swales, disposed
in irregular clusters with bits of open between as if to reveal
the quality of their finished shafts and the hues of their elegant
foliage.
CUPRESSACEAE. Cypress FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs with opposite or whorled scale-like (or rarely
linear) leaves thickly clothing the ultimate branchlets. Stamens
and ovules in separate catkins. Staminate catkins terminal on
the branchlets, small, with shield-like stamens bearing 2 to 6
pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins consisting of several opposite or
whorled scales which bear at base 1 to several erect ovules.
Cones woody or in Juniperus fleshy, consisting of few “scales” ;
“scales” imbricated or shield-shaped, consisting morphologically
of a completely blended scale and bract.—Nine genera, widely
distributed over the earth. Thujopsis ( Japanese Arbor-vitae )
is in cultivation with us.
Branchlets flattened, disposed in one plane; leaves in 4 rows, the suc-
cessive pairs unlike; cones maturing the first autumn, oblong,
with overlapping scales; seeds 2 to each scale.
Cones pendent, scales 6, only the middle pair seed-bearing; seeds
eimai ienlliy Anynnreyal S650 ae om DeEenOe On Orks MeO oor asc 1. Lrsoceprvs.;
Cones reflexed, scales 8 to 12, the 2 or 3 middle pairs seed-bearing;
SEEGS veutiallivaswatroe diners: 2-4. a Geter aso oar shs s cereierel cc 2. THUJA.
Branchlets cord-like; leaves in 3 or 4 rows; cones subglobose, their scales
peltate (not overlapping). ®
Fruit a woody cone; stamens and ovules on same tree; leaves in
4 rows.
Cones maturing the first year; seeds winged, 2 to each scale....
Soo 8 ee ONO E Gcon ob CeLONe CEE eee 3. CHAMAECYPARIS.
Cones maturing the second year; seeds acutely margined, many
RARE SCALE MENA eines 2.2) els + ates te tein 4. CUPRESSUS.
Fruit a berry, its seeds 1 to 3; stamens and ovules on different trees;
leavessinwilorlsof 3'0G Opposite. .....24e.cd-n ss 5. JUNIPERUS.
1. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. INCENSE CeEDaR.
*] Aromatic tree with flattened branchlets disposed in one
plane. Leaves scale-like, opposite, imbricated in 4 rows, the
successive pairs unlike. Staminate and ovulate catkins term-
TiZ2 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
inal on separate branchlets. Staminate catkins» with 12 to
16 decussately opposite stamens, each bearing 4 to 6 pollen-
sacs. QOvulate catkin consisting of 6 scales with 2 ovules at
the base of each. Cone maturing in first autumn, oblong,
composed of 6 imbricated oblong scales, only the middle
pair fertile. Seeds unequally 2-winged; seed-leaves 2.—
Eight species, 1 on the Pacific Coast of North America, 2 in
Chile and 5 in the region from southwestern China to New
Zealand. (Greek libas, referring to the trickling of the resin,
and kedros, cedar. )
Incense Cedar.
1. LisocEpRUS DECURRENS Torr. Figs. 68 and 2.
Leaves minute, 1 to 3 lines long, in four ranks and*in opposite pairs,
coherent, also adherent to the stem, free only at the tips, those above and
below obtuse but minutely pointed and forming a pair overlapped by the
Fig. 68. INcENSE CepaR (Libocedrus decurrens Torr.).. a, Cone-
bearing spray, nat. size; b, branchlet showing detail of leaves, 3 times
nat. size; c, seed, 1%% times nat. size.
ee .
CYPRESS FAMILY. 113
keel-shaped lateral pair; cones red-brown, oblong-ovate when closed, 44
to 1 inch long, consisting of 2 seed-bearing (or fertile) scales with 3
(apparently 1) sterile scales between them and often with 2 supplementary
ones at base; seed-bearing scales broad and flattish but not thin; all the
scales with a small triangular umbo at tip; seeds 4 lines long, margined
on each side from near the base to the apex by two very unequal wings;
larger wing elliptical in outline and nearly as long as the seed.
Incense Cedar is a forest tree 50 to 125 feet high with an
open irregular crovgg and trunk 2 to 7 feet in diameter at
- the base and tapering rapidly upward. The bark is 2 or 3
inches thick, red-brown or cinnamon, loose or fibrous in age,
broken into prominent longitudinal furrows. The- ultimate
branchlets are numerous, alternate, forming flattish sprays
and so clothed with adherent leaves as to appear jointed.
Libocedrus decurrens inhabits fertile mountain slopes,
plateaus, valleys and borders of streams; it is less common
on rocky ridges or gravelly bottoms. As an associate of
Yellow Pine, Sugar Pine and White Fir, it is one of the
four most abundant trees in the main timber belt of the
Sierra Nevada and occurs chiefly between 2,000 and 5,000
feet at the north, 3,000 to 5,500 feet in the central part and
3,000 to 7,000 feet in the south. In the North Coast Ranges
it occurs locally but generally in the high mountains east
of the fog belt from Marble Mountain and Trinity Summit
east to Mt. Shasta and ranges as far south as the neighbor-
hood of Mt. St. Helena. In the South Coast Ranges it
occurs on the Mt. Hamilton, Santa Lucia and San Carlos
ranges. In Southern California it ranges from the San
Rafael Mountains to the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino and
San Jacinto mountains and south to Palomar and the Balkan
and Cuyamaca mountains. Beyond our borders it extends
into southern Oregon, western Nevada and Lower California.
Its wood is pale and reddish-brown, soft, light, fine and
straight-grained. It is exceedingly durable either in contact
with soil or water and meets the local requirements for posts
and telephone poles.
2. THUJA L. Arzor-viTae.
Aromatic trees with scattered branches and flattened
branchlets disposed in one plane. Leaves minute, scale-like,
opposite and imbricated in 4 rows, the successive pairs unlike,
114 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
adnate to the stem but with free tips. Catkins terminal.
Staminate catkins with 4 to 6 stamens, each with 3 or 4
poNen-sacs under the subpeltate crests. Ovulate catkins with
8 to 12 erect scales, each with 2 erect ovules at base. Cones
small, maturing in first autumn, reflexed; scales 8 to 12, thin-
leathery, the lowest and uppermost pairs sterile. Seed
bordered by nearly equal lateral wings so as to be nearly
round; seed-leaves 2.— Four species, 2 in North America,
and 2 in China and Japan. (Name of some tree known to
the Greeks.) ;
Canoe Cedar.
1. THuya piLicaTta Don. Fig. 69.
Leaves minute, closely imbricated in 4 ranks (in opposite pairs and con-
cealing the stem), of 2 kinds, those on the margin of the flat sprays keeled
or somewhat boat-shaped and acute at tip, those above and below flattish
and triangular at apex; cones borne on short lateral branchlets, on opening
turned downward beneath the spray, cinnamon-color, oblong in outline
when closed, and % inch long; scales 9, the outer ones oblong or obovate,
and much broader than the narrow inner ones; seeds winged all around
but with a narrow notch at apex, the whole structure 3 lines long.
Canoe Cedar is usually a giant tree 75 to 200 feet high
with pyramidal or roundish crown, the branches long, the
branchlets slender and drooping. The trunk is enormously
swollen at the base, giving diameters of 4 to 16 feet at the
ground but at ten feet above diminishing so rapidly as to be
only about one-half the diameter at the ground. The cin-
namon bark is very thin, only % to 1 inch thick. The
branchlets are repeatedly 2-ranked, forming flat sprays thickly
clothed with minute leaves.
Thuja plicata inhabits moist slopes or especially gulches,
flats or river bottoms. It ranges from the Bear River
Mountains in Humboldt County northward to southeastern
Alaska and is abundant and of great size on the Oregon and
Washington coasts. In California the trees are small and
grow in a few localities of limited extent.
The wood is highly aromatic, reddish brown, light and
soft. Its most remarkable quality is durability which in con-
nection with the size of the clear logs makes it especially
suitable for manufacture into shingles for which it is ex-
tensively used. The Indians of the Northwest Coast hewed
their long war canoes out of a single log, wove the fibrous
q
C\
aa \
=
SSeS & Sh Dan,
-. 2
ZeF> SSP SSS SSS A
CYPRESS FAMILY.
<<
2S
SD)
Cone-bearing spray,
134 times nat. size.
a,
Fig. 69. Canoe Cepar (Thuja plicata Don).
b, winged seed,
Size ;
nat.
116 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
bark into clothing and mats, and made dwelling and household
utensils out of the wood.
3. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach.
Trees or shrubs; leading shoot nodding; branchlets more
or less flattened and in flat sprays; leaves opposite, in 4
rows, the successive pairs in ours unlike. Catkins and cones
very similar to Cupressus. Stamens with usually 2 pollen-
sacs. QOvules 2 to 5 at the base of each scale, the seeds
winged, usually 2 (1 to 5). Cones maturing in the first
autumn, their scales shield-shaped. Seed-leaves 2.—Six
species, 3 in North America and 3 in Japan. (Greek chamai,
on the ground, and kyparissos, cypress.)
Port Orford Cedar.
1. CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA Murr.
Leaves minute, adpressed, scale-like, thickly clothing the branchlets,
disposed in opposite pairs, those above and below rhomboidal, glandular-
pitted and overlapped by the keel-shaped ones on the margin; staminate
catkins crimson; ovulate catkins consisting of about 7 scales, maturing
in the first autumn into globose cones 3 to 4 lines long; seeds 1% to 2
lines long, narrowly wing-margined on each edge, the whole structure
orbicular.
Port Orford Cedar, the Lawson Cypress of the gardens,
is a forest tree 80 to 175 feet high with narrow crown and
horizontal or drooping branches ending in broad flat drooping
fern-like sprays. The trunk has a tall straight shaft, its bark
brown or somewhat: reddish, smooth on young trees, later
parting on the surface into large loose thin shreds and finally
in adult trees fissured longitudinally with the furrows con-
tinuous and separated by flat ridges.
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana inhabits sandy ridges near the
coast, moist slopes in the mountains or the bottoms of cool
cafions or gulches. It reaches its best development on the
west slope of the Oregon Coast Range between Coos Bay
and Rogue River within 3 to 15 miles of the ocean. It
ranges south to Mad River, Humboldt County, California
and eastward to the Sacramento River Cafion. In California
its localities are few; it occurs on Three Creeks and doubt-
less at other places in the range between Hupa Valley and
Redwood Creek; Hall’s Gulch and near Trinity Center in
Trinity County; east slope of Klamath Range on Cottage
CYPRESS FAMILY. 117
Grove Trail at Willis Hole and at Onion Patch a few miles
west; Quartz Creek (fine trees 150 feet high) and Shelley
Creek (Del Norte County). It also occurs on both forks of
the Illinois River in Oregon.
Its wood is aromatic, yellowish white, light, fine-grained,
hard and strong. It is very durable, works easily, takes a
very superior finish and is highly valued for cabinet work.
Forestrally the tree is very valuable but the area in which
it occurs in commercial quantity is so restricted that the
supply of this timber can be depended upon to last but a very
limited time.
4. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves scale-like, small, appressed,
closely imbricated in four ranks on the ultimate cord-like
branchlets, or awl-shaped on vigorous shoots. Staminate
catkins terminal on the branchlets with 3 to 5 pollen-sacs
to each stamen. Ovulate catkins on short lateral branchlets,
the ovules numerous, erect, in several rows at the base of the
scales. Cones globose to oblong, maturing in the second
year, the shield-shaped scales fitting closely together by their
margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, their broad
summits with a central boss or short point. Seeds acutely
angled or margined; seed-leaves 2 to 5.—North temperate,
about 14 species. (Classical name of the Cypress.)
Umbos low, crescent-shaped, upwardly impressed.
Glands on leaves none or rare; maritime species.
Seed small, black; branchlets squarish........... 1. C. goveniana.
Seed larger, brown; branchlets terete......... 2. C. macrocarpa.
Glands on leaves present as a closed dorsal pit; seeds brown; Coast
[STRESS on Dea rere > Oto BEES ee PE ee eno 3. C. sargeniu.
Umbos conical, well-developed, spreading; leaves with a conspicuous
resin pit.
Cones red-brown, 5 to 8 lines long; umbos typically incurved; North
Coast Ranges and northern Sierra Nevada....4. C. macnabiana.
Cones silvery or glaucous, 5 to 6 lines long; umbos short conical;
LAB CUSE tree emer a site So ty. essed oe Se Riek ee. nee LUGREne
Gowen Cypress.
1. CUPRESSUS GOVENIANA Gord. Fig. 70b, c.
Branchlets very slender, squarish; leaves without pits, rarely with
lateral depressions; cones light brown, subglobose or oval, 6 to 8 lines
long, rarely longer, with 4 pairs of scales; umbo short, crescent-like,-thin-
118 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
edged; seeds black, angular or acutely margined, sometimes minutely
warty, 1 to 1% lines long.
The Gowen Cypress is a small shrub 1 to 20 feet high. It
rarely becomes a tree 75 feet high with the trunk bark brown,
smoothish, but superficially checked into freely interlocking
ribbons 34 inch broad. It grows at Monterey on the west
slope of Huckleberry Hill associated with Bishop Pine, and
on the Mendocino coast from Fort Bragg to Mendocino City.
In the latter region it is locally abundant on the Mendocino
“White Plains,” a low alkaline plateau lying one or two miles
back of the ocean shore. It occurs on these plains in four
forms: 1. Most abundantly as freely branching shrubs 6 to
15 feet high. 2. Scarcely less abundantly as canelike dwarfs
1 to 3 feet high, with unbranched axis and only a few short
branchlets; these miniature trees fruit very heavily and form
one of the interesting features of the peculiar woody flora of
the region. 3. As slender poles; only a few feet away
from the dwarfs just mentioned, where the soil and moisture
change slightly, slender poles 15 to 25 feet high were found
by the writer crowded in a limited space. 4. As timber
trees; two miles back of Ft. Bragg I found in a miniature
swale of the plain two trees 75 feet high with clean trunks
30 and 40 feet high and 2 feet 10 inches and 2 feet 8 inches
in diameter respectively at 4 feet above the ground.
Monterey Cypress.
2. CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA Hartw. Fig. 70a.
Branchlets thicker than in last, terete, densely clothed with triangular
scale-like leaves; leaves % to 1% lines long; cones dull brown, broadly
oblong or subglobose, 1 to 2 inches long; scales about 7 pairs, flat-topped,
with a central curved thin-edged ridge-like (or sometimes subconical)
umbo; seeds brown, 1 to 2 lines long, narrowly wing-margined but irregu-
larly shaped from crowding in the cone and with a minute white lanceo-
late attachment scar at base.
Monterey Cypress is a tree 15 to 80 feet high. Its crown
in protected situations is broadly conical with spreading
finger-like tips to the main branches. Trees standing on the
cliffs or exposed directly to the ocean exhibit much flattened
or irregularly broken crowns and strongly flattened or board-
like trunks or main branches. The trees often show great
differences in size and shape of cones and development of
CYPRESS FAMILY. 119
umbos but such variations may sometimes be found on one
individual.
Cupressus macrocarpa is limited to two localities on the
ocean shore at the mouth of the: Carmel River near Mon-
terey. The Cypress Point Grove extends along the cliffs
and low bluffs from Pescadero Point to Cypress Point, a
distance of two miles, reaching inland about one-eighth of a
Fig. 70. a, MontTEREY Cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw.) ;
cone-bearing branchlet, nat. size. b, GowEN Cypress (Cupressus goveniana
Gord.), cone, nat. size; c, squarish branchlet, 8 times nat. size.
mile. The Point Lobos Grove is much smaller. The trees
are scattered over the summits of. two headlands and cling
to the edges of the cliffs, where on account of the erosive
action of the ocean they are occasionally undermined and
fall into the sea.
120 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Monterey Cypress is most interesting for its remarkably
restricted natural range and the exceedingly picturesque out-
lines characteristic of the trees growing on the ocean shore.
As a result of their struggle with the violent storms from the
Pacific Ocean which break on the unprotected cliffs and head-
lands of Cypress Point and Point Lobos, they present a variety
and singularity of form which is obviously connected with
their exposed habitat and lends a never-failing interest to these
two narrow localities.
Of the highly picturesque trees, the most common type
is that with long irregular arms. Such trees recall most
strikingly the classical pictures of the Cedars of Lebanon.
Monterey Cypress is of course a genuine cypress and Lebanon
Cedar a genuine cedar; the two do not even belong to the
same family of conifers. Yet the popular story that the two
are the same makes so strong an appeal to the imagination
of the tourist at Monterey that the guides and promoters in
the region will doubtless never cease to disseminate it. As
a consequence the error goes into the daily press and the mag-
azines and is evidently destined to flourish in perennial green-
ness under the guise of fact. The wide dissemination of this
fiction is all the more remarkable in that in the case of all
other unique features of the State, such as the Sequoias and
the Yosemites, our Californians have evinced a remarkable
pride in their possession without thought of inventing a dupli-
cation of them elsewhere.
Although so local a species in its natural habitat, Monterey
Cypress takes most kindly to cultivation and to horticultural
methods. It is widely cultivated in California for ornament,
for wind-breaks and for hedges. hile long-lived in coast
gardens, trees planted in the dry interior valleys rarely live
more than twenty-five years. As a cultivated tree Monterey
Cypress has also been planted in various parts of Europe
and also with especial success in Australia and New Zealand.
Sargent Cypress.
3. CUPRESSUS SARGENTII Jepson. Fig. 71b.
Branchlets thickish; leaves with a closed dorsal pit, rarely with lateral
depressions, about ™% line long; cones globose, often congested
in heavy clusters, shortly peduncled, 8 to 10 lines in diameter; scales
CYPRESS FAMILY. 121
6 or 8; umbo a very small low thin-edged crescent, sometimes prominent
and somewhat conical; seeds brown, acutely margined, 1% to 2 lines long.
The Sargent Cypress is a shrub or small tree 8 to 15 or
rarely 60 feet high with grayish brown fibrous bark. It grows
on mountain slopes and is distributed from Red Mountain
(southern Mendocino) to Mt. Tamalpais, and southward to
Cedar Mountain (southeastern Alameda County), Santa Cruz
and Santa Lucia mountains. Altitudinally it occurs chiefly
between 2,000 and 2,300 feet.
The tree or shrub of the San Diego mountains, hereto-
fore referred to this species by authors, is determined by my
student, Mr. C. N. Forbes, to be the Guadalupe Cypress
(Cupressus guadalupensis Watson).
\
Fig. 71. a, Mopoc Cypress (Cupressus bakeri Jepson), cone, nat.
size. b, SARGENT CYPRESS (Cupressus sargentii Jepson), cone, nat. size.
c, MacNap Cypress (Cupressus macnabiana Murr.), branchlet showing
glandular pits on back of leaves, 6 times nat. size; d, cone of MacNas
CyPRESs, nat. size.
MacNab Cypress.
4. (CUPRESSUS MACNABIANA Murr. — Fig. 7Zlc, d.
Branchlets very slender; leaves % line long with a conspicuous
resin pit or white gland on the back towards the apex, often slightly
glaucous; cones globose, clustered, short-peduncled, 5 to 8 lines in diam-
eter, reddish or grayish brown; scales 6 to 8 with strong conical umbos,
the uppermost very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds brown,
1% to mostly 2 lines long.
MacNab Cypress is a shrub or small bushy tree 5 to 25
or sometimes 40 feet high with trunk ™% to nearly 2 feet in
diameter. The trunk bark is light gray and very smooth.
122 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Cupressus macnabiana inhabits dry hills or flats. It is dis-
tributed from Samuels Springs (central Napa county) and
Mt. Aetna to the northeast side of Mt. St. Helena and Red
Mountain; from Bartlett Creek north to the vicinity of
Whiskeytown, Shasta County; and in the northern Sierra
foothills. It is readily distinguished by the highly pungent
and somewhat aromatic odor of the foliage, by its blue-green
crowns, and by the prominent horn-like crests on the summit
of the cones.
Modoc Cypress.
5. (CUPRESSUS BAKERI Jepson. Fig. 71a.
Leaves with a distinct resin pit on middle of keeled back; staminate
catkins 1 line long or less; cones globose, satiny or glaucous, 5 to 6 lines
in diameter; scales 3 pairs or with a fourth smaller upper pair; umbos
abruptly drawn to a short point, either nipple-like or compressed, straight
or slightly curved; seeds brown, 1% lines long, narrowly wing-margined.
Modoc Cypress is a shrub 6 to 10 feet high or becoming
a small tree up to 25 -feet. The bark is red-brown and the
branchlets very slender. It grows on the lava beds of south-
eastern Siskiyou and southwestern Modoc at 4,000 feet alti-
tude where it occurs in association with scrub Yellow Pine,
Knob-cone Pine and Sierra Juniper.
5. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves in whorls of 3 or opposite,
scale-like, imbricated, closely appressed and adnate to the
branchlets, or linear-subulate and spreading. Stamens and
ovules on separate trees. Staminate catkins with many
stamens, each with 2 to 6 pollen-sacs. Ovulate catkins of
3 to 6 succulent coalescent scales, each bearing 1 or 2 ovules.
Cones fleshy and berry-like, ripe in the second year, in ours
1 to 3-seeded ; seed-leaves 2 to 6—Northern hemisphere, about
30 species. (Ancient Latin name. )
Catkins axillary; leaves linear-subulate, spreading, white-glaucous above;
subalpine: ishrubi) ie ee sees ok ae eee 1. J. communis.
Catkins terminal on short branchlets; leaves scale-like, closely appressed
to the branchlets, in whorls of 3 or opposite.
Berries reddish brown, oblong; seed-leaves 4 to 6; medium. alti-
TUES cc) 54s, «, «ARS sphere OCS Oe eieie the O eecinitest to eae 2. J. californica.
Berries blue-black, globose or subglobose.
Seed-leaves 4 to 6; desert ranges................. 3. J. utahensis.
Seed-leaves 2: high Sierra Nevada ©:.....+:... 4. J. occidentalis.
CYPRESS FAMILY. 123
1. Juniperus communis L. var. montana Ait. Dwarr JUNIPER.
Low or prostrate shrub, 1. foot high or less, forming patches a few feet
in diameter; leaves rigid, linear or lanceolate, acute, cuspidate, 3 to 6
lines long, 3 (rarely 2) at a node with very short internodes, spreading or
ascending, green below, white-glaucous above; berries bright blue, globose,
covered with white bloom, 1% to 2% lines long.—Sierra Nevada, 8,000
to 9,500 feet, from Mono Pass and Desolation Valley near Lake Tahoe to
Mt. Shasta, thence westward to Del Norte County. Few stations known
in California. It occurs in the Rocky Mountains, ranges north to Alaska,
thence around the earth in arctic and subarctic regions. In the Eastern
United States the species takes on an erect shrub form or even occurs
asa small tree.
California Juniper.
2. JUNIPERUS CALIFORNICA Carr.
Leaves in 3s, ovate, acute, each with a dorsal pit towards the base.
crowded on the ultimate branchlets or occasionally free and subulate,
1%4 to 1 line long; berries reddish or brownish, almost smooth or rough-
ened with a few small projections or horn-like processes, covered with
a dense white bloom, subglobose or oblong, 4 to 7 lines long, with dry
fibrous sweet flesh and 1 to 3 seeds; seeds ovate, acute, brown, with a
thick smooth but angled or ridged polished bony shell, 3 to 5% lines long;
embryo 2% lines long with 4 to 6 seed-leaves.
The California Juniper is a bushy shrub 2 to 15 feet high,
or sometimes a tree up to 25 feet high. The bark is ashen
gray or brown, the thin outer layers becoming very loose
and shreddy. It inhabits arid or desert foothills and is most
abundant on the western Mohave Desert, particularly on the
desert slopes of the San Bernardino, Sierra Madre, Sierra
Liebre and Tehachapi mountains. Thence it ranges westward
to the San Rafael Mountains and northward it is scattered
at intervals along the inner Coast Range as far north as Mt.
Diablo. Southward it is found along both slopes of the San
Jacinto Range into Lower California, and extends northward
in the Sierra Nevada to Kern River Valley as far as Kern-
ville. It is local near Coulterville in Mariposa County. In
the North Coast Ranges it occurs on the eastern slope of the
Yollo Bolly Range from the foothills at the easterly base of
Snow Mountain westward to the mountains about Bachelor
Valley and eastern foothills of the Mayacamas Range in
western Lake County. It does not occur in the “Lower Sacra-
mento” country as so often stated in the books.
124 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Desert Juniper.
3, JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS Lemm.
“Leaves acute, in whorls of 3, sometimes opposite; berries usually
globose, blue-black, with a whitish bloom and 4 to 5 lines long, resem-
bling those of the Sierra Juniper but the seed-leaves 4 to 6.
Desert Juniper is a small or stunted shrub 3 to 10 feet
high or rarely a tree up to 20 feet high. It is very similar
to the California Juniper but distinguishable by its more
slender branches, usually glandless leaves and globose berries.
It inhabits the desert ranges east of the Sierra Nevada (White,
Inyo, Panamint, Providence and Grapevine mountains), and
ranges through Nevada to the central Rocky Mountains and
to northern Arizona. Its wood is hard, fine-grained and
exceedingly durable. In the sparingly wooded regions where
this tree grows it is, like the California Juniper, an important
resource to settlers for fence posts and fuel.
Sierra Juniper.
4. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS’ Hook.
Leaves in 3s, % line long, ovate-triangular, bearing on the back a
more or less distinct gland or pit, or on vigorous shoots subulate and
1 to 2 lines long; staminate catkins 1% to 2 lines long, 6 pollen-sacs under
each peltate scale; berries globose to ovoid, blue-black with a whitish
bloom, 3 to 5 lines long, almost smooth or minutely umbonate with
resinous juicy flesh and 2 seeds (rarely 1 or 3); seeds flat on the face,
the convex back with 3 to 5 resinous-glandular pits; embryo % to 1
line long, with 2 seed-leaves.
Sierra Juniper is a sub-alpine tree 10 to 25 or sometimes
65 feet high with trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter. It inhabits
the Sierra Nevada, where it reaches its best development, and
is a timber line tree at altitudes of 9,000 to 10,500 at the south
and 7,000 to 9,000 feet at the north. It also occurs at a
few stations in the Yollo Bolly Range, San Bernardino Mount-
ains and Panamint Range. Northward it extends through
eastern Oregon and Washington to Idaho.
The crown, which is a full and rather regular cone, is re-
placed by much broken or deformed tops wherever the trees
grow in exposed situations. Since a favored habitat is high
wind-swept granite plateaus or ridges, highly irregular or
even prostrate crowns are a very characteristic feature of the
sub-alpine region of the Sierra Nevada.
ee .*
YEW FAMILY. 5
At lower altitudes in the same range Sierra Juniper is
often a very conspicuous figure on granite tables, shelves and
ledges of cafion walls or cliffs where it sometimes grows to great
size, trunks 4 to 6 feet in diameter not being uncommon.
TAXACEAE. Yew FamIty.
Trees or shrubs with linear leaves 2-ranked by a twist
in their petioles. Stamens and ovules borne on different
trees and appearing in early spring from axillary scaly winter
buds. Stamens united by their filaments into a column with
4 to 8 pollen-sacs pendent from each filament. Ovule solitary,
terminal on a short axillary branch. Seeds set loosely in
a fleshy cup, or quite enveloped by it and thus appearing
drupe-like, ripe in first autumn; seed-leaves 2—Eight genera,
northern and southern hemispheres.
Fruit red, berry-like; leaves % to % inch long, acute........ IPAS US?
Fruit green or purplish, plum-like; leaves 14% to 2% inches long, stiffish,
PATS HES CIENEC CMteimteNG Ae Ae teee ca cies enacuncse tye ulin avsneie oracle 2. ToRREYA.
TAXUS L. Yew.
Trees or shrubs, the leaves bluntish or merely acute.
Stamens 7 to 12 in a cluster, the 4 to 9 pollen-sacs borne under
a shield-like crest. Ovule seated upon a circular disk which
in fruit becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, surrounding the
bony seed, the whole berry-like. Seed-leaves 2.—Northern
hemisphere, 1 species and 6 subspecies. (Ancient Latin name
of the yew, probably from Greek toxon, a bow, the wood used
for bows.)
Western Yew.
1. Taxus Brevirotia Nutt. Fig. 72.
Leaves linear, acute at apex, shortly petioled, flat, with midrib in
relief above and below, 3 or mostly 6 to 8 lines long, 1 line wide, spread-
ing right and left in flat sprays; seeds borne on the under side of the
sprays and when mature set in a fleshy scarlet cup, the whole looking
like a brilliantly colored berry.
Western Yew is a small tree 10 to 30 or rarely 50 feet
high with an irregular crown, the branches of unequal length
and standing at various angles but tending to droop. ‘The
trunk is % to 2 feet in diameter with a thin red-brown smooth
bark which is superficially deciduous in small thin shreds.
Taxus brevifolia inhabits deep cool shady canons or
stream-bottoms. The localities in California are comparatively
a
126 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
)
ft
\
Vy
Q
A G7” \\
he
_ Ges f WS
\\¥XWWk$ ——S—=S
: ~i\ js Vy AS g
Ley
—<———
YEW FAMILY. L27
few and rather widely separated. In the Coast Ranges it
occurs in the Santa Cruz Mountains, on Mt. St. Helena, at
various stations in Mendocino and Humboldt counties, on
Marble Mountain and thence east to the Sacramento River
cafon. In the Sierra Nevada it occurs from Lassen Peak
southward to Tulare County.
The wood of Western Yew is very fine and close-grained,
very hard and heavy, flexible and remarkably durable. It is
used by mechanics for tool handles and machine bearings
and by the native tribes for their best bows. Yew logs,
buried in the alluvial benches of the Eel River doubtless for
several centuries, have been excavated and used by rural
artisans for wedges and pulleys and by the settlers for mauls
and gate-posts.
TORREYA Arn. Stinkine Yew.
Trees with rigid sharp-pointed leaves in 2 ranks. Stamen
clusters solitary in the adjacent leaf axils, borne on 1-year-
old branches, made up of 6 to 8 whorls of stamens, 4 stamens
in a whorl, each filament with 4 pollen-sacs without crests.
Ovule completely covered by a fleshy aril-like coat, the whole
becoming drupe-like in fruit. Seed with thick woody outer
coat, its inner layer irregularly folded into the white endo-
sperm. Seed-leaves 2.—Four species, 1 in California, 1 in
Florida, and 2 in China and Japan. (John Torrey, Professor
of Botany in Columbia College, long-time a student of western
botany, who traveled in California before the days of the
Overland Railroad.)
California Nutmeg.
1. TorREYA CALIFORNICA Torr. Tumion californicum Greene. Figs.
73 and 74.
Leaves rigid, 144 to 2% inches long, 1% lines wide, flat, dark green
above, yellowish green beneath and with two longitudinal glaucous
grooves, linear or somewhat tapering above, the apex armed with a
stout short bristle, twisted on their short petioles so as to form a
2-ranked flat spray; stamen-clusters whitish, globose, about 3 lines long,
crowded on the under side of the branches; fruit elliptical, green in
color or when ripe streaked with purple, 1% to 134 inches long; flesh
thin and resinous; shell of the seed more or less longitudinally grooved;
embryo minute (a line long), placed at the upper end of the seed;
endosperm copious, with irregular incisions filled by the inner coat, giving
it a marbled appearance so that in cross-section the seed resembles the
true nutmeg of commerce.
128 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
California Nutmeg is a handsome tree 15 to50 feet high
with dark green foliage. The straight trunk is % to 3 feet
V
Fig. 73. Catirorn1A NutMeG (Tor-
reya californica ‘Torr.). Fruiting
branch, % nat. size.
in diameter with dark
smoothish and thin bark. It
is most readily recognized
by its rigid bristle-pointed
‘leaves spreading in two
opposite rows and by its
fleshy fruits which striking-
ly resemble a plum or olive.
Torreya californica in-
habits cool shady canons or
sheltered slopes and is dis-
tributed in the’ @oaee
Ranges from the Santa
Cruz Mountains north to
Marin, ._ Napa, southers
Mendocino and Lake
counties, and in the Sierra
Nevada (west slope) from
Lassen Butte to =i
River. While its range is
fairly extensive the local-
ities are comparatively few
in number and the trees
few in a locality. — Hoga
for example, scattered
along the Merced’ River,
from El Portal to the lower
Yosemite, one tree or bush
about every one hundred
yards on the average, but
never in groves or even
groups.
The wood is fine- and
close-grained, elastic, rather
heavy and very durable. It has been used by settlers for
bridge timbers by virtue of its lasting quality, but being
susceptible of a beautiful finish it would commend itself for
many kinds of fine work did it occur in commercial quantity.
LILY FAMILY. 129
The fruit in its internal structure is suggestive of the Nut-
meg of commerce, Myristica fragrans of the tropics. This
resemblance is however purely superficial, since neither in
botanical nor in economic character are the fruits alike.
Fig. 74. Carirornra Nutmec (Torreya californica Torr.). .a, The
plum-like fruit; b, longitudinal section, showing the analogy of the fruit
to that of the true Nutmeg of commerce. nat. size.
Division II.
PALM TREES. (Monocots).
Palm or palm-like trees, the trunk simple or sparingly
branched. Leaves parallel-veined, borne in a tuft at summit
of stem or end of branches. Stem increasing in diameter by
irregular growth, not by definite concentric layers. Flowers
with the parts in 3s or 6s. Seed-leaf 1.
LILIACEAE. Lity Famity.
Perennial herbs, the stems from bulbs, corms or root-
stocks, scape-like with basal leaves, or leafy and branching,
with us rarely shrubs or trees. Flowers regular, perfect,
the perianth with 6 lobes or 6 distinct segments, the 3 outer
nearly like the 3 inner, or very unlike, all often colored alike.
Stamens 6, sometimes 3, rarely 4. Ovary superior, 3-celled;
130 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
style 1. Fruit a capsule, rarely a berry.—A large order, widely
distributed in both hemispheres, about 200 genera.
5 1. YUCCA L. SpanisH Bayonet.
Trees or shrubs with simple or branched stems. Leaves
alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers large, in terminal pani-
cles, the perianth segments distinct, nearly equal, withering-
persistent. Stamens 6. Fruit a capsule, either dry and
dehiscent, or somewhat fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds numer-
ous, in 2 rows in each cell, flat, horizontal, with thin black
coat—The flowers are incapable of self-pollination, each
Yucca species being dependent upon a particular moth or
species of Pronuba. The female Pronuba works by night,
collecting the pollen from the anthers and rolling it into a
little ball; she then flies to the flower of another plant, deposits
her egg in the ovary and then, in a manner which seems to
indicate that her actions are full of purpose and deliberation,
climbs to the style and thrusts the pollen ball far down the stig-
matic tube. The larva destroys about a dozen seeds, but even
if several larvae develop, many perfect seeds are left—South-
western United States, Mexico and Central America, about
20 species. (Indian name for the Manihot, erroneously trans-
ferred to these trees.)
Trunk at summit branching freely; leaves tapering from base to apex,
SEnLate One Mla helices contra: ee cee oo eee 1. Y. brevifolia.
Trunk simple or shortly branched; leaves widest at middle, tapering to
apex and to the abruptly widened base, smooth or fibrous on
MAT SAM ck, Nore la cetera 2. Y. mohavensis.
Joshua Tree.
1. YUCCA BREVIFOLIA Engelm.
Leaves bayonet-like, bluish green, 1%4 inches wide at base, tapering
gradually to the apex, the edge with minute teeth; flowers greenish
white; stigma sessile, 6-lobed; fruit oblong-ovate, slightly 3-angled, 2 to 4
inches long and 1% to 2 inches broad.
Joshua Tree is a peculiar tree commonly 20 to 30 feet high
with an-open crown of arm-like branches, the columnar trunk
8 to 15 feet high and 1 to 3 feet in diameter. It inhabits arid
mesas and mountains and is distributed from the western
arm of the Mohave Desert to Walker Pass at 5,000 feet (where
it descends into the Kern River Valley) and Coso mountains
near Owen's Lake, thence eastward through southern Nevada
PALM FAMILY. 131
to southwestern Utah. ihe trees form im omany places,
notably on the Mohave Desert, scattered groves where they
impart to the desert landscape a singularly weird appearance.
The stem does not branch until after the first flowering and
is densely clothed with stiff spiny serrate leaves, all of which
point upwards. After the plant flowers the old leaves die,
turn outwards and downwards, falling in one or two years,
and the trunk then branches from lateral buds formed beneath
the terminal flower bud.
Mohave Yucca.
2. YUCCA MOHAVENSIS Sarg.
Leaves bayonet-like, 16 to 24 inches long, widest at middle and taper-
ing to apex and also to the abruptly widened base which is 3 inches
wide, the margin with loose fibers, not serrate; flowers in a panicle 1 to
1% feet long; style short, 3-lobed; fruit 3 to 4 inches long, 1% inches
thick, usually constricted about the middle.
Mohave Yucca, often called Spanish Dagger, is a cactus-
like shrub or a low tree up to 10 or 15 feet high. The trunk
is simple, or with a few very short branches, and about 6
inches in diameter; on the coast this plant is usually stemless.
Yucca mohavensis is scattered over deserts, mountain
slopes and plateaus from southern Nevada and northeastern
Arizona westward to the Mohave desert, thence southward
to western San Diego County and northerly along the coast
to Monterey County. The leaves were one of the resources
of the native tribes of the desert for fibres, being manufactured
into blankets and cords.
PALMACEAE. Paim Famity.
Commonly trees with fibrous roots and columnar un-
branched trunks covered with leaf-scars or the bases of leaf-
stalks and bearing a tuft of large leaves at summit. Leaves
sharply plaited when young, eventually tearing more or less
along the lines of the folds. ° Flowers commonly monoecious,
borne in a large paniculate spike enclosed by a spathe. Perianth
inconspicuous, with 3 to 6 equal segments. Stamens commonly
6. Carpels 3, separate or united, each l-ovuled. Fruit a berry,
drupe or nut.—Tropical and subtropical, 128 genera.
1. WASHINGTONIA Wendl. Fan Pato.
Trees with fan-shaped much folded leaves and long petioles
armed with stout hooked spines along their margins. Flowers
12 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
perfect. Fruit a berry.—Three species: W.onorae Wats.
of Sonora, Mexico; W. gracilis Parish, cultivated in California
gardens and doubtless native of northern Lower California;
and the following. (In honor of President Washington. )
California Fan Palm.
1. WASHINGTONIA FILIFERA Wendl. Figs. 22 and 23.
Leaves fan-shaped, 3 to 6 feet long, with 40 to 60 folds, torn nearly
to the middle, the divisions copiously fibrous; petioles 2 to 5 feet long,
very stout; flowers perfect, borne in a branching spike on a long stem,
the whole 8 to 12 feet long; calyx tubular; corolla funnel-shaped with
the stamens inserted on its tube; berries borne on pedicles 1 to 1%
lines long, black, oval, 3 to 3% lines long, with thin flesh surrounding
a large seed which is flattened somewhat on the ventral side; endosperm
horny.
California Fan Palm is a columnar tree 20 to 75 feet high,
the trunk unbranched, 1 to 3 feet in diameter at the enlarged
base, covered with a scaly rind and sometimes clothed quite
to the ground with a thatch of dead persistent recurved
leaves. It grows along alkaline streams, rivulets or springs
on the northwestern and western margins of the Colorado
Desert (a one-time inland sea) and thence southward to Lower
California. The known localities are comparatively few in
number. On the north side of the desert the stations from
east to west are Dos Palmos, One Thousand Palms, Seven
Palms and White Water Cafion, the latter the most westerly
locality on this side of the desert. The stations on the west
side in order from north to south are Snow Creek, Andreas
Canon, Murray Canon, Lukens Cafion, Palm Cafion (all the
foregoing at east or northerly base of Mt. San Jacinto),
Pinon Flat, Coyote Canon (and Thousand Palms Cajfion),
Palm Cafion (San Ysidro), and Seventeen Palms.
Division. III.
BROAD-LEAVED TREES. (Dtcorts).
Deciduous or evergreen trees, the trunk freely parting into
branches, rarely persistent through crown as a continuous
axis. Leaves netted-veined. Stem increasing in diameter
by annual concentric layers of wood laid down inside the bark.
Flowers with the parts in 4s or 5s, the perianth commonly
differentiated into calyx and corolla, sometimes absent. Seed-
WILLOW FAMILY. 135
leaves 2. Vegetative reproduction by stump-sprouting very
common.
SALICACEAE. WILLow Famity.
Deciduous trees or shrubs of rapid growth, light wood and
bitter bark. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules. Flowers
dioecious, arranged in catkins, these falling off as a whole,
the staminate after shedding the pollen, the pistillate after
ripening of the fruit and dispersion of the seeds. Bracts (or
scales) of the catkin scale-like. Calyx and corolla none.
Stamens 1 to many. Ovary l-celled; stigmas 2. Fruit a
2 to 4-valved capsule enclosing many seeds furnished with a
tuft of hairs at base—-Two genera, northern hemisphere
mainly.
Scales entire or merely denticulate, persistent or sometimes deciduous,
flowers without disk; stamens usually 1 to 5; stigmas short.1. Satrx.
Scales fimbriate or lacerate, caducous; flowers with a broad disk; stamens
usually numerous; stigmas elongated or conspicuously dilated......
2 costs b2b2 SSR cee Ge oe Seaee Met s ORIN ate enh arene 2. PopuLus.
1. SALIX L. Wittow.
Trees or shrubs with mostly narrow short-petioled leaves.
Winter buds covered by a single scale. Catkins mostly erect,
appearing before or with the leaves; scales entire or merely
denticulate, persistent. Staminate flowers with 1 to 9 stamens
and 1 or 2 little glands. Pistillate flowers with a gland at
the base of the ovary. Stigmas short—Chiefly north temper-
ate and arctic, about 160 species, 18 in California, of which
12 (at least in their most typical forms) are shrubs. (Classical
Latin name of the Willow.)
Stamens 3 to 9, their filaments hairy or woolly below; style short; stigmas
roundish, subentire; scales pale or yellowish, in the pistillate catkin
more or less deciduous by maturity; capsules pediceled; trees,
mainly of lower altitudes.
Petioles with wart-like glands at summit; leaves lanceolate, long-
pointed; stipules usually present, roundish; catkins in bud taper-
ing, in flower usually straight, their scales erect..1. S. lasiandra.
Petioles not glandular; stipules usually absent; catkins in bud
cylindric.
Leaves broadly lanceolate, acute, shining green above, usually
glaucous beneath; staminate catkins curving; scales reflexed
Ores reac ow tartare AVA Pec chtowlecs. lasts 2. S. laevigata.
Leaves very narrow, nearly alike on both faces, finely serrulate,
Ofteny CUnvine TOWaATdS Apex a4... oe stsiai ave ec es ore 3: Ss Mena.
134 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Stamens 2 (rarely 1), their filaments glabrous; stigmas entire or notched,
rarely parted into linear lobes; scales usually black or dark-
E colored, mostly persistent.
Capsules glabrous; leaves dark green above, white-pubescent beneath;
catkins sessile, leafless; filaments more or less united; small tree
OL SHLD POOL ail spem ain ly cee eee eee ee 4. S. lasiolepis.
Capsules tomentose, silky or puberulent.
Style none; catkins short and dense, their scales black, with
white hairs; leaves obovate, usually glabrate.5. S. flavescens.
Style evident; catkins long and slender; stamen 1, or if 2 the
filaments partly united; leaves conspicuously silky be-
Neath) ».¥ Tacs cee aa Ce EC OL eee 6. S. sitchensis.
Yellow Willow.
1. SaLrx LASIANDRA Benth. Figs. 75c, d, and 76b.
Young leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, glandular-ser-
rulate, with small suborbicular stipules; mature leaves lanceolate with
long tapering or very slender point, green above, conspicuously glaucous
beneath, 4 to 7 inches long, 54 to 1% inches wide; petioles 3 to 9 lines
long, glandular at the upper end; stipules on vigorous shoots conspicuous,
orbicular, 5 to 12 lines wide; staminate catkins 114 to 3 inches long,
usually straight; pistillate catkins 1% to 2% inches long, 3 lines thick;
scales erect, oblong-lanceolate, thin, nearly or quite glabrous on the
back, hairy at base, the staminate yellow, the pistillate brown and mostly
deciduous in fruit; stamens 4 to 9; ovary and capsule glabrous.
Yellow Willow, also called Black Willow, is a tree 20 to
45 feet high with a broad open crown of upright branches
and brown roughly fissured trunk bark. The one-winter-old
branchlets are yellowish, the winter buds short, blunt, and
keeled on the back.
Salix lasiandra grows along the Sacramento and San
Joaquin rivers and their tributaries, and fringes most Coast
Range streams and creeks where the water flow is not inter-
mittent; it occurs chiefly between 10 and 500 feet but ascends
to 4,500 feet in the northern and to 8,500 feet in the southern
Sierra Nevada. Beyond our borders it ranges north to British
Columbia and Idaho. It is most easily recognized in the field
by its glandular-warty petioles and long tapering leaves.
Red Willow.
2. SALIX LAEVIGATA Bebb. Figs. 75a, b and 76c.
Young leaves broadly oblong, acute at each end, disposed to be broad-
est above the middle, mucronate, entire, soon becoming serrulate, often
nearly alike on both faces; stipules minute and caducous or none; mature
leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtusish at base, acute at apex
or sometimes long-pointed, serrulate, glabrous, green and shining above,
WILLOW FAMILY. 135
pale or conspicuously glaucous beneath, 2% to 7% inches long, % to 14%
inches wide; petioles % to 4 lines long; staminate catkins commonly
flexuous, 114 to 4% inches long, 4 or 5 lines thick; pistillate catkins 34 to 2
inches long, 2 lines thick; scales soon spreading or reflexed, elliptic,
blunt, woolly at base, glabrous and pallid towards apex, 2 to 4-toothed,
the staminate yellow, the pistillate gray and tardily deciduous; stamens
4 to 7 (sometimes 3); ovary and capsule glabrous; style very short;
stigmas roundish.
Red Willow is a tree 20 to 50 feet high with broad round
crown of erect slender branches. The trunk bark is roughly
Fig. 75. Rep Wittow (Salix laevigata Bebb); a, staminate catkin;
b, pistillate catkin. YELLow Witiow (Salix lasiandra Benth.) ; c, stam-
inate catkin; d, pistillate catkin. nat. size.
136 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
fissured. The one-winter-old branchlets are reddish brown
with pointed ovate winter buds.
“Salix laevigata grows along living streams or occasionally
along summer-dry arroyos in regions of high winter precipita-
tion and is distributed through the Coast Ranges, Great Valley
and Sierra Nevada (especially the foothills) to Southern Cali-
fornia. Beyond our borders it extends north to southern
British Columbia. Altitudinally it ranges from near sea-level
to about 4,500 feet in the southern Sierra Nevada. -It is com-
monly an associate of the Yellow Willow and has been vari-
ously called Bebb Willow, Smooth Willow and Spotted-leaf
Willow.
Black Willow.
3. SALIX NIGRA Marsh. Fig. 76a.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, often falcate, ser-
rulate, glabrous, green on both surfaces, 2 to 5 inches long, 2 to 3 lines
wide; petioles 1 line long; stipules early deciduous; scales obovate, yellow,
hairy, erect; staminate catkins 114 to 2% inches long; stamens 3 to 5;
pistillate catkins 34 to 1% inches long, in fruit 1 to 2% inches long,
becoming rather lax; ovary scantily pubescent or hoary; capsule glabrous,
reddish brown.
Black Willow is a tree 20 to 45 feet high with a roundish
open crown of erect branches, the trunk with rough dark bark.
It inhabits river banks in the Sacramento and San Joaquin
valleys and follows the desert rivers through southeastern
California and across southern Arizona to New Mexico and
thence eastward to Texas and the Mississippi Valley, ranging
as far north as Lake Superior and New Brunswick. It has
a more extensive range than any other tree in the United
States except the Aspen and is with the Aspen one of the two
California trees in common with the silva of Eastern North
America.
Arroyo Willow.
4. SaLix LASIOLEPIS Benth. Figs. 78a, b, e, and 77.
Mature leaves oblong, obovate or linear, acute, obscurely serrulate,
dull green and glabrous above, white-pubescent or pale beneath, 1% to
5 inches long, % to 1% inches wide; petioles 1 to 8 lines long; catkins
appearing before the leaves, sessile, densely silky-tomentose in the bud,
suberect; scales dark; staminate catkins 34 to 1% inches long, 5 to 6
lines thick; stamens 2, filaments glabrous, more or less united below;
pistillate catkins 34 to 1 inch long, 3 to 4 lines thick, in fruit 1% to
2% inches long; capsule glabrous or puberulent, short-pediceled.
Pas
WILLOW FAMILY.
ena
< < = ac
ey
SP
ee
“a
hee
ae SSS > Sy
b, YELLow
c, Rep Wittow (Salix laevigata
a, Brack Wittow (Salix nigra Marsh), leaf.
76.
Wittow (Salix lasiandra Benth.), leaf.
nat. size.
Fig.
Bebb), leaf.
138
THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Arroyo Willow, often called White Willow, is a shrub or
tree 8 to 20 or rarely 35 feet high with an irregular crown
ofspreading branches. The trunk is 3 to 9 inches in diameter,
Fig. 77. Arroyo
WitLtow (Salix
olepis Benth.).
nat. size.
lasi-
Leaf,
the bark smooth or on old trunks shallowly
seamed.
Salix lasiolepis is distributed throughout
the Coast Ranges, Great Valley and Sierra
Nevada foothills, thence southward into
Southern and Lower California. It is also
reported from Arizona.
Growing along living streams in the
valleys, Arroyo Willow also follows inter-
mittent water-courses into the dry hills
where it is the most characteristic willow
in the beds of arroyos and gulches chiefly —
between 100 and 2,500 feet altitude. It is
a variable willow, yet its eccentricities are
rather easily comprehended because very
divergent states, especially leaf forms, may
be collected from a_ single individual.
Typically an inhabitant of the foothills it
ranges occasionally to altitudes of 4,000
feet.
Nuttall Willow.
5. SALIX FLAVESCENS Nutt. Fig. 78c, d, f.
Leaves broadly obovate or oblong-obovate,
entire, rounded at apex or shortly acute, 1 to 1%
(or 4) inches long, % to 1% inches wide, yellow-
green and lustrous above, yellow-veined, glabrate
or densely short-silky beneath; petioles 4 lines
long; catkins appearing before the leaves, oblong
or elliptic, %4 to 34 inch long, 5 to 6 lines thick,
sessile; bracts obovate, rounded at apex, black
or black-tipped, densely silky; stamens 2, con-
spicuously long-exserted, filaments glabrous;
ovary white-silky, style none, stigmas broadly
linear, notched or deeply lobed; capsules less
silky than the ovary.
Nuttall Willow in California is usually a
straggly shrub 2 to 8 feet high, or rarely
a tree up to 25 feet high with a trunk
34 to 1% feet in diameter. It inhabits
WILLOW FAMILY. 139
Fig. 78. Arroyo Wittow (Salix lasiolepis Benth.) ; a, pistillate catkin ;
b, staminate catkin; e, leaf. Nuttatt Wittow (Salix flavescens Nutt.) ;
c, pistillate catkin; d, staminate catkin; f, leaf. Catkins nat. size; leaves
4 nat. size.
moist north slopes or the vicinity of springs in the hills or moun-
tains. In the Coast Ranges it is limited to the vicinity of the sea ;
in the Sierra Nevada and in the San Bernardino Mountains it
occurs between 4,000 and 10,000 feet. Beyond our borders it
ranges north to British Columbia and throughout the Rocky
Mountains in the United States.
Velvet Willow.
6. SALIX SITCHENSIS Sanson.
Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, rounded or shortly acute at apex, entire
(obscurely serrulate on vigorous shoots), dark green and almost glabrous
above, densely tomentose and lustrous silky beneath, 2 to 5 inches long,
1 to 3 inches wide; petioles 1 to 6 lines long; stipules small, early
deciduous or on sterile shoots broad or orbicular, 4 to 6 lines long;
staminate catkins 144 to 2 inches long, 5 to 6 lines thick; stamens 1, or
exceptionally 2, and their filaments more or less united; pistillate catkins
¥% to 2 inches long, 3 lines thick, in fruit 3 to 5 inches long; bracts
covered with long white silky hairs, the staminate rounded at apex, the
pistillate shorter, broader and more acute; style elongated, stigmas short-
oblong, entire or nearly so.
Velvet Willow, often called Sitka Willow or Silky Willow,
is a Shrub 5 to 12 feet high or a tree up to 25 feet high, the
trunk 2 to 10 inches in diameter. It is distributed along the
California coast from the Santa Lucia and Santa Cruz mount-
ains north to Marin and far north to Alaska... It also occurs
in the Sierra Nevada on the west slope at 5,000 to 7,000 feet.
140 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
*
This species is most readily known by its obovate leaves,
densely white-silky on the under surface and glossy dark green
above.
2. POPULUS L. Poprar.
Trees with scaly buds and caducous stipules; leaves rather.
long-petioled, broad. Winter buds covered by many scales,
Fig. 79. Common Cotronwoop (Populus fremontii Wats.).
Typical leaf, nat. size.
.
WILLOW FAMILY. 141
Catkins appearing before the leaves, in ours pendulous; seales
imbricate or lacerate, falling as soon as released by the elong-
Fig. 80. Common Cottronwoop
(Populus fremontii Wats.). Win-
ter branchlets with bursting buds,
showing the unfolding involute
leaves. ™% nat. size.
ation of the catkin. Stamens
inserted on the suiface of a con-
cave disk. Ovary seated on a
collar-like disk; style short,
stigmas 2 to 4, narrow and
elongated, or conspicuously di-
lated. Coma of the seeds long
and conspicuous. — Northern
hemisphere, about 25 species.
(Classical catia “name sor the
Poplar. )
Stamens 40 to 80.
Leaves deltoid-orbicular, 2 to 4
inches broad, broader than
long, yellowish green, alike
on both faces; valley streams.
Beas Seis 1. P. fremontu.
Leaves ovate, 2% to 7 inches
long, longer than broad,
ovate, dark green above,
rusty or silvery beneath;
valley and mountain streams.
Pare crane 2. P. trichocarpa.
Stamens 6 to 12; leaves round-ovate,
1 to 2 inches long; high moun-
Calis eee se 3. P. tremuloides.
Common Cottonwood.
1. PopuLus FREMONTII Wats. Figs.
79 and 80.
Leaves triangular or roundish in
outline, 2 to 4 inches broad, broader
than long, the margin crenate except
at the abruptly short-pointed apex
and the truncate or subcordate base;
scales regularly laciniate - fringed,
shorter than the flowers; staminate
catkins finally 2 to 4 inches long,
densely flowered; stamens 48 to 72;
pistillate catkins 2 inches long (be-
coming twice as long in fruit),
loosely flowered; ovary sinuously
and strongly ridged about its middle
and crowned with 3 or 4 roundish
142 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
stigmas; capsule ovate, roughish on the surface, 4 to 5 lines long, borne
on pedicels 2 lines long, opening by 3 or 4 valves; seeds copiously provided
with long white hairs which soon involve the catkin in a soft cottony mass.
Common Cottonwood, sometimes called Fremont Cotton-
wood, is a handsome tree 40 to 90 feet high with ascending
or wide-spreading branches forming a_ round-topped mas-
sive yellow-green crown supported on a short or long trunk
i to 5 feet in diameter. The bark is white or whitish, on the
trunk 1 to 5 inches thick and roughly fissured.
Populus fremontii inhabits stream beds and moist deltas in
the valleys, rarely entering dry foothills except along living
streams. It is distributed from near Redding southward
through the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, Sierra
Nevada foothills and South Coast Ranges to the Mohave
Desert and Southern California nearly to the Mexican
boundary. It shuns the coast fog belt and is rare in the North
Coast Ranges, being noted by the writer only along the
Russian River between Cloverdale and Ukiah, on the forks
of the upper Eel River in Round and Gravelly valleys and in
the intervening country. Its altitudinal range is chiefly be-
tween 50 and 2,000 feet.
Black Cottonwood.
2. PoPULUS TRICHOCARPA T. & G. Fig 8la.
Leaves broadly or narrowly ovate, finely serrate, truncate or heart-
shaped at base, acute or tapering to a point at apex, 2% to 7 (or even
10%) inches long, lustrous green above, rusty-brown beneath when young
but at length whitish; staminate catkins 1 to 2 or eventually 5 inches
long; stamens 40 to 60 on a slightly one-sided disk; pistillate catkins
loosely flowered, 2% to 3 inches long, in fruit 4 to 10 inches long; stigmas
3, dilated and deeply lobed; capsule nearly sessile, 3-valved, containing
seeds with long lustrous hairs.
Black Cottonwood is a tall tree, 40 to 100 feet high, with
a rather broad crown of upright branches supported on a
trunk 1 to 3 feet in diameter. The trunk bark is smooth,
whitish with a usually yellowish cast, or on old trunks long-
itudinally fissured into long, narrow and rather smooth-sur-
faced dark plates.
Populus trichocarpa inhabits banks of valley or mountain
streams or moist bottoms and is distributed through the Coast
Ranges and Sierra Nevada, thence south to Southern Cali-
fornia as far as Palomar Mountain (south limit). In the
Sierra Nevada it occurs chiefly between 3,000 and 6,000 feet.
WILLOW FAMILY. 143
There are fine trees on the floor of Yosemite Valley opposite
Yosemite Falls, and in lower Hetch-Hetchy Valley. In the
Coast Ranges it is found on most perennial streams in the
Santa Lucia Mountains, is abundant on the Pajaro River be-
tween Pajaro and Sargent, is scattered along Carnadero Creek
in the Gilroy Valley, along Alameda Creek near Niles, and
occurs in Mitchell Canon at Mt. Diablo. In the North Coast
X
Yy
Fig. 81. a, BLack Corronwoop (Populus trichocarpa T. & G.), leaf,
nat. size to % nat. size. b, Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), leaf,
nat. size.
\
144 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Ranges it is found on the forks of the upper Eel River in
eastern Mendocino; on the Mattole River near Petrolia where
there are splendid specimens; and in Scott Valley (Siskiyou
County) where it is abundant and reaches its greatest de-
velopment in California. Beyond our borders it ranges north
through Oregon and Washington to southern Alaska.
Aspen.
3. PopuLUS TREMULOIDES Michx. Fig. 81b.
Leaves round-ovate or orbicular, finely toothed or almost entire,
abruptly tipped at apex with a short sharp point, 1 to 2 inches long;
staminate catkins 1% to 2% inches long; stamens 6 to 12; pistillate
catkins 2 to 4 inches long; ovary conical; stigmas 2, very thick below,
divided above into 2 slender spreading lobes; seeds minute, brownish,
bearing long white hairs.
Aspen is a slender tree with graceful declined or pendulous
branches, 10 to 60 feet high, the trunk 3 to 6 inches in diameter.
The bark is greenish white or on old trunks nearly black.
It inhabits margins of swampy meadows or gravelly slopes
and occurs throughout the Sierra Nevada between 5,000 and
8,000 feet at the north and 6,000 to 10,000 feet at the south.
At the upper end of Lake Merced eight miles east of the
Nevada Fall is a beautiful grove of these trees which are
60 to 80 feet high with trunks 1 to nearly 2 feet in diameter
at 4% feet. In Southern California there is a restricted area
in the San Bernardino Mountains in upper Fish Creek Cafion
north of San Gorgonio Peak. Aspen does not occur on Mt.
Shasta and is unknown in the Coast Ranges except on Cafion
Creek in the Trinity Mountains.
Beyond our borders Aspen ranges widely through the
Rocky Mountain region, north to Alaska and Hudson Bay,
south to Tennessee, Mexico and Lower California. It is
more widely distributed than any other North American forest
tree and is the only Californian species which reaches the
arctic circle.
JUGLANDACEAE. Wavtnut Famity,
Trees with pinnately compound leaves without stipules.
Flowers monoecious, appearing after the leaves. Staminate
flowers numerous in pendulous lateral catkins. Pistillate
flowers few on short erect terminal catkins. Ovary 1 to 3-
celled, inferior. Fruit a nut with a dry husk; seed one,
WALNUT FAMILY. 145
deeply 2-lobed—Six genera, north temperate zone. The
genus Carya, with 8 species in Eastern North America, is
represented in California only by cultivated specimens of Shag-
bark Hickory and Pecan.
1. JUGLANS L. Watnvt.
Bark strong-scented. Branchlets hollow, divided into little
chambers by pithy partitions. Buds nearly naked. Staminate
flower with an irregularly 3 to 6-lobed calyx and numerous
stamens. Pistillate flower with a 4lobed calyx. Seed so
lobed as to fit the irregularities of the nut—vTen species,
widely distributed. Four species in the United States, two
in the East, a third, J. rupestris Engelm., occurs from Texas
to Arizona. J. regia L., Persian or English Walnut, is ex-
tensively cultivated in California. (Latin Jovis, Jupiter, and
glans, nut.)
California Black Walnut.
1. JUGLANS CALIFoRNICA Wats. Figs. 82 and 83.
Leaves pinnately compound, with 11 to 19 leaflets, 6 to 13 inches long;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, serrate, 1% to 4 inches long; staminate catkins
2 to 4 inches long, each flower with 20 to 26 stamens; nut globose, 34
to 1% inches in diameter, the hard shell covered with a dry brown or
in age black husk which does not separate from the shell or only in an
irregular or partial manner; shell almost smooth but marked with a few
shallow longitudinal grooves.
California Black Walnut is a large many-stemmed shrub
10 to 25 feet high, with roughish nearly black trunk bark.
The foliage is aromatically pungent. It inhabits mountain
slopes, stream beds or gravelly washes and is distributed
from the Santa Maria watershed south to the Ojai Valley,
Newhall, Santa Monica Mountains, eastward along the lower
slopes of the Sierra Madre and San Bernardino mountains
and south to the Puente Hills and Brea Cafion in the Santa
Ana Range (south limits).
Juglans californica in typical low-branching form is limited
to Southern California. While individuals are often of large
size, even of elephantine proportions, they are after all shrubs
architecturally. In northern California, on the contrary, the
species is represented by a truly arboreous form which is a large
tree with tall trunk and massive crown. It has been named
variety HINDsII by the writer.
THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
146
NN
Fig. 82. CarirorNia WALNUT (Juglans californica Wats.).
Fruiting
The leaflets are falling separately, instead of
size.
the leaf as a whole.
branchlet, ™% nat.
BIRCH FAMILY. 147
The variety occurs in northern California at a few stations,
restricted in area and isolated from each other, as follows:
1. Along Walnut Creek from near the east arm of Moraga
Valley nearly to Pacheco, a few trees on Lafayette and San
Ramon creeks; 2. Lower Sacramento River about Walnut
Grove; 3. Napa Range, east slope near Wooden Valley; 4.
Gordon Valley, one tree (Ralph E. Smith). It has also been
recently reported from other stations in northern California,
stations to us dubious since particulars as to the habitats,
and occurence and number of the trees are lacking. Along
Walnut Creek and the Lower Sacramento River the trees
are 50 to 75 feet high with tall trunks 1 to 3 feet in diameter.
On account of their different habit and larger nuts (1 to 134
inches in diameter) the trees of northern California are at
least varietally distinct from the southern type.
Fig. 83. CaLIFoRNIA WALNuT. Db, Nut; a, cross section. nat. size.
Juglans californica occurs too sparingly to furnish a supply
of timber of commercial importance. Horticulturally the tree
plays an important part in the walnut industry, since it is
universally used as a stock graft for English Walnut. It is
also grown as a windbreak, and as a roadside tree for which
purpose it is admirably adapted.
BETULACEAE. Bircu FamIty.
Wind-pollinated deciduous trees or shrubs with alternate
simple petioled-leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers small,
borne in catkins. Staminate catkins elongated, pendulous,
148 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
falling after flowering, the flowers in clusters of 3 in the axil
of each bract, consisting of a membranous commonly 4-parted
calyx and 1 to 7 (commonly 2 or 4) stamens; bracts dilated
above with the apex abruptly upturned, each covering 4 bract-
lets. Pistillate catkins small, erect, spike-like, the flowers 2
in the axil of each bract, without perianth, consisting of a
pistil with 2 styles and a 2-celled ovary with 1 ovule in each
cell. Ripened catkins enlarged, cone-like. Fruit a very small
compressed 1-seeded nutlet which is margined or winged.—
Two genera.
Pistillate catkins in clusters, forming in fruit oval or ovoid woody cones;
cones drooping or spreading, eventually falling whole, their scales ob-
scurely 5-lobed’at apex’; stamens 1 tov7).0/> 2.5 -Ma 2 ee eee 1. ALNUSs.
Pistillate catkins solitary, forming cylindrical cones; cones erect in fruit,
falling to pieces when mature, their scales plainly 3-lobed at apex;
Stamens 622. fer toteyriake cerns epemeearniohe = F<. afer crete eee eae 2. BETULA.
1. ALNUS L._ A coer.
Staminate catkins few to several in a cluster; calyx 4
(or 6)-parted; stamens 1 to 7. Pistillate catkins in clusters
of 2 to 4, forming woody pendulous cones when mature, the
bracts and bractlets united into 5-lobed scales persistent on
the axis. Nutlets roundish, flattened, with a narrow acute
margin.—North temperate regions, a few ranging in the high
mountains to Bolivia; about 18 species, 9 in North America.
(The classical Latin name.)
Catkins appearing in the early autumn as rather conspicuous naked buds
and flowering in the late winter or early spring before the leaves
appear; peduncles of the pistillate catkins naked, their branches
Y inch long or less; sepals 4; stamens 1 to 4.
Trees 30 to 80 feet high; mostly of low altitudes.
Leaf-margin plane, with small scattered teeth; bracts of staminate
catkin obtuse; stamens 1 to 3, rarely 4....1. A. rhombifolia.
Leaf-margin with narrowly revolute edge, rather coarsely toothed;
bracts of staminate catkins acute or acutish; stamens 4,
rarély: Bic sy fh os cn tie See ee eee 2. A. rubra.
Shrubs 8 to 15 feet high; leaf-margin coarsely toothed and again
finely toothed; stamens 4 or 2; high-montane....3. A. tenuifolia
Catkins appearing in the spring from scaly buds at the same time as the
leaves; peduncles of the pistillate catkins leafy (at least at base),
their branches % to 1 inch long; sepals 6; stamens 6 or 7; leaf-
margin sharply or laciniately toothed; high-montane shrub....
Me APR Tt Ga ha aah Coit) obi takai eo bisnieia t 4. A. viridis.
oor
BIRCH FAMILY. 149
White Alder.
1. ALNUS RHOMBIFOLIA Nutt.
Leaves 2 to 4 inches long, minutely pubescent, elliptic and obtuse,
or most commonly oblong-ovate or oblong-rhombic and tapering more
or less to the apex, at base broadly wedge-shaped and entire, the remain-:
der of the margin provided with very small and more or less unequal
glandular teeth; staminate catkins slender, 2 to 7 in a cluster, 2 to 5 inches
long; sepals 2 to 4, most commonly 3, often unequal, one usually very
small when the number is 4; stamens 2, less commonly 1 or 3; pistillate
catkins 3 to 7 in a cluster, erect or ascending, and 5 to 6 lines long;
cones ovoid, 5 to 9 lines long.
White Alder is a tree 30 to 100 feet high with a thin or
open crown, tall slender trunk 1 to 3% feet in diameter, and
smooth whitish or gray-brown bark. As an inhabitant of
river banks or cafion streams it grows in the Sierra Nevada
up to 2,500 feet at the north and 6,000 or 8,000 feet at the
south, follows the main rivers in the Sacramento and San
Joaquin valleys, extends westward through the Coast Ranges
to the edge of the narrow coast belt occupied by the Red
Alder, and ranges southward into Southern California (Sierra
Madre, San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca moun-
tains), and northward to the Cascades of Washington.
Alnus rhombifolia keeps to streams that are permanent
and is to the traveler a more reliable sign of water than Syca-
more or even Fremont Cottonwood, although of far less prac-
tical value than Cottonwood because not occurring in as
strictly desert country. The files of trees in mountain gorges
are of distinct value as stream-cover, as well as enhancing
the beauty of the canons by their long slender white trunks
and airy crowns.
The wood is light, brittle and coarse-grained, warps and
checks badly when sawn so that it is seldom milled. Settlers
make local use of the slender trunks for studs and rafters
in barns and employ the larger ones for the construction of
log houses.
Red Alder.
2. ALNUS RUBRA Bong. Fig. 84.
Leaves 2 to 6 inches long, elliptic-ovate, often rusty beneath, with
coarse teeth which are again finely toothed, the entire margin with a
narrow underturned edge; staminate catkins stoutish, 3 to 7 inches long;
stamens 4, sometimes 3, especially at upper end of catkin; pistillate cat-
kins 4 to 6 lines long, maturing into oblong-ovoid cones 34 to 1% inches
long.
150 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
5
SCIPS,
EOL
OL 6 I~ O
Wi LRAT ARS Lal Pe
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Lt
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ae
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.......:...- 14. Q. kelloggu.
Valiey Oak.
1. Quercus LopaTa Neé. Figs. 85 and 28.
Leaves 3 to 4 (rarely 6) inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, green above,
paler beneath with a thin but close covering of short hairs, yellow-
veined, pinnately parted to the middle or nearly to the midrib into 3 to
5 pairs of lobes; lobes most commonly broadened towards the end, less
frequently pointed, coarsely 2 or 3-toothed at apex, or sometimes entire;
acorns ripe in first autumn; cup drab-brown, with a dull reddish tint, deeply
hemispherical, very warty or tuberculate, % to 34 inch deep or more,
of greater diameter than the nut; nut long-conical, at first bright green,
later mahogany or chestnut-brown, 1%4 to 2% inches long and % to %
inch thick.
Valley Oak, often called Weeping Oak, is a graceful tree
commonly 40 to 75 feet tall with a trunk 2 to 6 feet in
diameter. The round-topped crown is often broader than
high, its spreading branches finally ending in long slender
cord-like branchlets which sometimes sweep the ground. The
bark is dark brown, sometimes ashen gray, deeply checked
into small rectangular or narrow or cuboid plates.
Quercus lobata is the most characteristic tree of valley
levels in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and North Coast Range
EE
OAK FAMILY.
——o
Nae Sa,
<4 “Uf
size.
nat.
acorns.
Cy
all leat= 0)
pic
a, Ty
VALLEY Oak (Quercus lobata Nee).
156 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
valleys and of many valleys in the South Coast Ranges. It is
also found in mountain valleys in the Sierra Nevada foothills
up to 2,000 feet at the north and to 4,000 feet at the south.
Southward it ranges from Fort Tejon through the Santa Bar-
bara mountains to the Ojai Valley; beyond this only in a
feeble way’as far as San Fernando Valley.
It attains its greatest development in the deep moist loam
of alluvial or delta valleys ‘as on the Kaweah Delta in the
San Joaquin, about Marysville and Chico in the Sacramento, °
and in some of the North Coast Range valleys. In such
places individual trees not infrequently attain diameters of 8
to 10 feet and extreme heights of 100 to 150 feet. Although
growing in smaller form on the clay hills, it is on the plain-
like levels that one finds the most characteristic growth.
Typical individuals in such stations are exceedingly satisfying
and inexhaustible as tree studies. Set in clusters or scattered
about singly, without associates save their own kind, they
rarely crowd each other and are disposed with a taste no
landscape artist could match, while the ground beneath is
perfectly free from undergrowth or shrubs. The early ex-
plorers looked upon them with admiring eyes and turning one
to the other compared the scene to well-kept planted grounds
or to a nobleman’s park.
To appreciate such landscapes one must see them from
some little vantage point where he may overlook the valley
floor, the groves of scattered trees and the projecting bases of
the purple hills indenting irregularly the plain. Such pictures
stored in the mind, recall the broad expanse of Berryessa
Valley, the circle of Round Valley and of Little Lake Valley,
and the well-watered fields about Clear Lake. In some
regions where the horticultural development has been rapid
or the needs of an increasing population urgent, extensive
areas have been cleared to make room for orchards or gardens,
and scarcely a tree remains to tell the story of the old-time
monarchs of the soil; in other regions destruction has not
been so complete. There are still fine groves in the Ukiah:
Valley, Napa Valley and in certain localities on the plains
of the Sacramento. The valleys about the northerly base of
Mt. Diablo cherish semi-primitive clusters, as do other of the
inner Coast Range valleys further removed from centers of
OAK FAMILY. 15/7
population. Old Fort Tejon, at the head of the San Joaquin,
is set in an interesting assemblage of large-sized trees.
Quercus lobata is strongly marked by its deep tuberculate
cup,* long cartridge-like nuts, pinnately lobed leaves, cuboid-
broken bark, and weeping sprays. These characters are very
uniform throughout its range. The extreme varieties} are
as follows: Var. WALTERI Jepson. Leaves roundish in outline,
sinuses very narrow; nuts very thick.—lKaweah River basin at
about 4,000 feet. Var. TURBINATA Jepson. Leaves large and
thicker than in type; nuts turbinate—Little Lake Valley in the
North Coast Ranges.
Valley Oak is of little economic importance except as a
shade tree in farming fields or as to the use made of it for fuel.
Its wood is white, hard and brittle, being the least esteemed
hard wood of California. While extensively used for firewood
it is rarely employed for any other purpose. So frequently an
inhabitant of delta lands, it is called “Water Oak,” ‘Bottom
Oak” or “Swamp Oak,” while the folk-name “Mush Oak’”’
carries with it a species of contempt and tells the story of its
failure to meet the requirements of a tough strong wood in
a land where good oak is scarce and dear.
Appreciation of the Valley Oak must, therefore, rest almost
wholly upon sentimental grounds. The leaves do not fall
until late December, but defoliation changes little the aspect
of a tree which makes so slight concession to the seasons.
On the rich valley levels these trees are never mistaken.
Whether it be in the still summer days with jays, wood-
peckers and crows noisy in their tops, in the full of the hunt-
ers moon with their bulks rising darkly out of the white
stubble fields and the delicate fragrance of the foliage filling
the air, or in the blackness of winter night when the north
wind is shouting across the plain and their massive branches
are traced against the bright glow of tule fires in the river
bottoms—at all seasons their charm is in their tall broad
crowns, their story on story of tortuous branches, their grace-
ful drooping sprays and the distinct individuality which resides
in every tree. They are, as the wise first-comers well knew,
*Burr Oak is a name rarely applied to this species.
TA fuller account of the varieties in this species will be found in the
author’s Flora of California.
158 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
the sign of the richest soil. They tell the mettle of the land
and they give the land a fine distinction.
Oregon Oak.
2. QUERCUS GARRYANA Dougl. Figs. 86 and 87.
Leaves 3 to 4 (or 6) inches long, 1% to 4% inches wide, dark lustrous
green and nearly glabrous above, rusty or pale, finely pubescent and yellow-
veined beneath, leathery in texture and parted into 5 to 7 (rarely 9) lobes
with mostly deep and often acute sinuses; lobes entire or with 2 or 3
coarse rounded unequal teeth; acorns ripe in first autumn; cup very
shallow, 6 to 9 lines broad, with tuberculate scales; nut bulging beyond
the small cup, typically subglobose but varying to obovoid or subcylindric,
although always rounded at apex, 3% to 1 inch long, % to % inch thick,
its surface polished and shining.
Oregon Oak, also called Post Oak, is a tree 25 to 55 feet
high with a rounded crown and trunk 1% to 5 feet in diameter.
The trunk bark is white, thin (14 inch thick), smoothish but
superficially fissured into longitudinal bands which are trans-
versely checked into small squarish scales 1 inch or less broad.
It is best known by its broad spreading crowns—often broader
than high, its white squarish-scaly trunk bark, mossy main
arms and glossy leaves. It inhabits mountain slopes, ridges
and cafions and is distributed from the Santa Cruz Mountains
to Mt. Tamalpais (north slopes), and northward in the Coast
Ranges through Oregon and Washington to British Columbia.
In Sonoma, Mendocino and Humboldt counties it is abundant
in the “Bald Hills” country inside the Redwood Belt where
in company with Douglas Fir, Tan Oak and Madrofia it forms
extensive groves or small irregular clusters with grassy deer-
parks between, free glades at the head of wooded cafions
or “opens” here and there on the slopes or very summits.
No other part of California offers scenes of mixed woods
which equal these in interest and satisfying beauty.
In the southern Sierra Nevada from Mariposa to the
Kaweah Basin this species occurs in dwarf form (Var.
SEMOTA Jepson), the leaves with rather sharp sinuses. The
Brewer Oak is another dwarf form (Var. BREWERI Jepson, Fig.
86c) occurring at high altitudes in the Trinity and Scott
mountains and on Marble Mountain. It has small deeply
lobed leaves with rounded sinuses,
The wood of Quercus garryana is hard, fairly strong,
straight- and close-grained, and remarkably white. It is used
OAK FAMILY. 159
Fig. 86. Oregon Oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.). a, Leaf, the type
with acutish lobes; b, acorn. c, Brewer Oak (Var. breweri Jepson),
typical leaf. nat. size.
160 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Fig. 87. Orecon Oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.). a, Leaf, the type
with deep sinuses and lobes broadened towards the end; b, acorn. nat. size.
OAK FAMILY. 161
for fence posts and in Oregon for furniture and interior finish.
It is, next to Maul Oak, the most valuable of West American
oaks. ;
Blue Oak.
3. Quercus poucLAsi H. & A. Figs. 88, 89, 31 and 30.
Leaves minutely pubescent, bluish green above, pale beneath, 1 to 3
inches long, % to 3 inches wide, mostly oblong to obovate, entire, or
coarsely and often unequally few-toothed, or shallowly lobed; acorns
ripe in first autumn; cup 4 to 6 lines broad, of less diameter than the
nut and very shallow, the scales developing small wart-like processes;
nut 34 to 1% inches long, 6 to 10 lines thick, dark or light brown, oval
in outline but variable, often much swollen just below or at the middle
or only on one side, or again narrow and tapering to apex.
Blue Oak, also called Mountain White Oak or Rock Oak,
is a tree 20 to 60 feet high with a rounded crown and trunk
Fig. 88. Bruz Oak (Quercus douglasii H. & A.). a, b, Leaves; c, d,
acorns. nat. size.
162 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
1 to 2 or sometimes 4 feet in diameter. The bark on the
main trunk is white, shallowly checked into small thin scales;
itis only slightly roughened but with the characteristic rough-
ness extending up the
limbs well onto the
branches. It is most
easily recognized by its
white trunks and blue
foliage.
Quercus douglasii
inhabits rocky or clay
hills and is widely dis-
tributed through the
foothill country around
the Great Valley, north
to the upper Sacra-
mento and south to
Fort Tejon. Soeuthear
Tejon it occurs locally
in the Sierra Diebre
and in San Fernando
Valley. In the Sierra
Nevada foothills it is
Fig. 89. BiruE Oak (Quercus douglasii the most characteristic
H. & A.), types of leaves. a, Toothed oak between 300 and
leaf; b, entire leaf. nat. size. 1,500 feet at the north
and 500 to. 25003%0n
rarely 4,000 feet at the south, forming groves of much-scattered
trees and usually growing by itself, Ciouen often associated
with Digger Pine and Interior Live Oak. In the Coast
Ranges it is common in the inner and middle ranges, extend-
ing west to but not entering the Redwood Belt and also
avoiding the North Coast Range mountains of higher altitudes.
Its wood is close-grained, hard and brittle. Sometimes
heartwood is so dense and hard that it will turn the edge of
an axe, whence the settlers’ name, Iron Oak. It is extensively
used for firewood or occasionally for tool-handles. The acorns
provide irregular crops as feed for hogs.
“Not in itself an attractive tree the Blue Oak by reason of
its form, color, and habit plays a strong and natural part in
OAK FAMILY. 163
the scenery of the yellow-brown foothills. Always scattered
about singly or in open groves, the trees are well associated
in memory with bleached grass, glaring sunlight and dusty
trails, although for a few brief days at the end of the rainy
season the white trunks rise everywhere from a many-colored
cloth woven from the slender threads of innumerable millions
of flowering annuals.”*
Mesa Oak.
4. QUERCUS ENGELMANII Greene.
_Leaves blue-green, oblong, obtuse, entire or sometimes toothed, %4
to 3 (most commonly 1% to 134) inches long, 5g to 1 inch wide; acorns
ripe in first autumn; cup % inch broad, shallow or sometimes bowl-
shaped, with warty scales, enclosing nearly % the nut which is sub-
cylindrical, % inch long and about as thick, or 1 inch long, relatively
less thick and sometimes acute.
Mesa Oak is a spreading or round-crowned tree 15 to 40
feet high with trunk % to 2 feet in diameter. It is often
called Evergreen White Oak because the leaves persist
through the winter until the new leaves burst in the spring.
It inhabits the low hills at about 15 or 20 miles from the ocean,
extending from the southern slopes of the Sierra Madre south-
ward to San Diego County, and crossing the Mexican bound-
ary into adjacent Lower California.
5. Quercus dumosa Nutt. Scrup Oak. (Fig. 90.) Shrub 2 to 5 or 8
feet high, with tough rigid branches and branchlets; leaves typically
oblong to elliptic or roundish, entire or
more commonly irregularly spinose-serrate,
or sinuate-lobed with sharply cut or angular
sinuses, 34 to 1 inch long; acorns ripe in
first autumn; cup shallowly or deeply sau-
cer-shaped to turbinate, 5 to 8 lines broad,
2 to 5 lines deep, often rusty, the scales
tuberculate, sometimes so regularly as to
suggest a quilted cushion; nut oval to cyl-
indric, rounded or pointed at apex, 4 to 1%
inches long —Common chaparral shrub in
Fig. 90. ScruB Oak (Quer- the mountains of Southern California, ex-
cus dumosa Nutt.). a, Acorn; tending south into Lower California and
b, leaf. nat. size. ranging northward through both the Coast
Ranges and Sierra Nevada, more or less
abundant in the middle and southerly parts of those ranges, rarer in the
north. Highly variable in leaf texture and outline and in acorn character,
both of cup and nut. Grey Oak is a variety (Var. TURBINATA Jepson) with
*Jepson, Silva of California, Memoirs, Univ. Cal., No. 2.
164 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
pale brittle leaves, small turbinate cups and slender pointed acorns which
occurs from the San Carlos Range to Lower California. Brittle-leaf Oak
isyanother marked variety (Var. ALVoRDIANA Jepson) with similar leaves
and very long slender nuts. It occurs in the inner South Coast Range from
Cantua Creek to the San Emigdio Mountains.*
6. Quercus durata Jepson. LeatHEerR Oak. Low spreading shrub
with rigid branches, 2 to 5 feet high; younger branches and leaves
densely tomentose; leaves oval, dentate with prickly equal teeth, above
convex, the margin more or less revolute; acorns ripe in first autumn;
cup bowl-shaped, 8 to 9 lines broad, 4 to 5 lines high, scales tuber-
culate; nut short, thick, cylindric, rounded at apex, 7 to 9 lines long—
San Carlos Range and probably general in Coast Ranges in more or
less typical form.
7. Quercus sadleriana R. Br. Campst. Deer Oax. Shrub mostly
2 or 3 but even 8 feet high with several stems from the base; leaves
persistent through the winter and until after the new leaves appear in
the next summer, oblong-ovate to broadly ovate, 3 to 4% inches long,
the lateral nerves prominent, regular and parallel; stipules oblanceolate,
% to 34 inch long, fur-like on account of their dense covering of rusty
hairs and persisting as long or even longer than the leaves; acorns
ripe in first autumn; cup enclosing about 4% of the nut which is oval and
about 34 inch long—High-montane, (5,000 to 7,000 feet) ; Trinity Summit
to Marble Mountain, west to the Klamath Range, north to the Siskiyou
Mountains and into southwestern Oregon. Most restricted in range of
any Californian mainland oak.
Island Oak.
8. QUERCUS TOMENTELLA Engelm.
Leaves elliptic to oblong, light green above, paler beneath and densely
fulvous-tomentose when young, more or less glabrate in age, 2 to 3%
inches long, 34 to 134 inches wide; nerves regular, parallel and very
strong beneath, ending in the teeth of the margin, or the margin
sometimes entire; acorns ripe in second autumn; cup 1 to 1% inches wide,
Y% to 34 inch deep, its scales concealed by a dense tomentum, the elongated
tips quite free; nut subglobose with a short bluntish point, about 1 inch
long.
Island Oak is a tree 25 to 55 feet high with roundish
crown and trunk 1 to 2 feet in diameter. The bark is gray-
brown, smoothish, with irregular flattish ridges separated by
longitudinal fissures. It is a strictly insular species, first
discovered on Guadalupe Island and since found on Santa
Cruz, Santa Rosa, San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands.
On Santa Catalina Island I saw only trees that had been de-
rived from stump-sprouts—slender poles 40 to 55 feet high
in clusters of 3 to 10 with diameters of 1% to 2 feet. Quercus
*cf. Jepson, Flora of California.
OAK FAMILY. 165
tomentella is the rarest in individuals of all West American
oaks. It is scarcely more than a subspecies of Quercus
chrysolepis but is remarkable for its tomentose leaves and
« the size of its acorn cups.
Maul Oak.
9. QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS Liebm. Fig. 91.
Leaves 1 to 2 (sometimes even 4) inches long, thick, green above,
yellow beneath with a fine fuzz or powder, or eventually lead-color or
dull white, ovate or oblong-ovate, acute at apex, entire, or with entire
and toothed leaves frequently found on the same twig; acorns ripe in
second autumn; typical cup thick and round-edged with a fine fuzzy or
Fig. 91. Maur Oak (Quercus chrysolepis Liebm.); a, entire leaf;
b, toothed leaf; g, small toothed leaf typical of stump-sprouts; c, acorn
with turban-like cup. d, Tart CaNon Oak (Forma grandis Jepson),
acorn. e, HANSEN Oak (Forma hansenii Jepson), acorn. f, DwarF
Maur Oak (Forma nana Jepson), leaf. nat. size.
166 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
felt-like tomentum concealing the scales, the whole suggesting a yellow
turban, but thinnish cups and scanty pubescence not concealing the
scales occur as frequently; nut ovate, globose, or cylindric, rounded at
apex or sharply pointed, 1 to 1% inches long, 34 to 1 inch thick.
Maul Oak is a tree 15 to 60 feet high with roundish, often ~
spreading crown and trunk 1 to 5 feet in diameter. On high
ridges or exposed mountain summits it is often reduced to
a mere shrub a few feet high. Whitish bark, small entire and
toothed leaves on same twig, old leaves lead-color beneath
and young leaves yellow-powdery beneath, acorns with turban-
like cups—these are the most striking characteristics of Maul
Oak and by means of which it may most readily be recog-
nized.
Quercus chrysolepis inhabits fertile mountain slopes or
shoulders, dry rocky ridges, moist protected cafion sides and
valley floors and is widely distributed throughout the State
both horizontally and vertically. In the Sierra Nevada it
occurs chiefly between 1,500 and 5,000 feet at the north and
3,000 and 8,000 feet at the south, mainly on cafion slopes
where it is a low spreading tree often forming the main part
of the cover. In Hetch-Hetchy, Yosemite, Kings and Kern,
round balls of Maul Oak are a feature of the rocky walls
and talus. In the Coast Ranges it is confined for the most
part to the higher ranges and reaches its greatest development
in Mendocino and Humboldt counties where large-sized
broad-crowned trees dignify little shoulders on mountain
slopes in the Bald Hills country* or inhabit valley floors as
in Hupa Valley. The tallest trees, that is those characterized
by tall trunks and comparatively small crowns, grow on the
sharp walls of deep cool cafions. ‘The finest examples known
to the author inhabit Mill Creek Cafion near Ukiah, where for-
tunately the trees are protected in State property.
In Southern California it is common at 2,000 to 6,000 feet
in the Sierra Madre, San Bernardino and San Jacinto mount-
ains, ranging south into Lower California and eastward to
New Mexico. It also occurs in southern Oregon.
Its wood is remarkable among Californian oaks for its
strength, toughness and close grain. It seasons well, is almost
*Along the Blue Rock Ridge in Humboldt County the author has meas-
ured not a few trees 60 to 80 feet high, 70 to 100 feet across the crown
and 3 feet in trunk diameter.
OAK FAMILY. 167
as heavy dry as green, and is used for mauls, wagon parts,
tool-handles, ship's knees, furniture and floors.
On account of the wide use of Maul Oak by settlers, mill
men and mountain packers no other Californian oak has so
many folk-names in use. Being evergreen it is called
Mountain Live Oak, or merely Live Oak, especially in those
regions where it is the only Live Oak; in other places it is
termed Canon Oak, Drooping Oak, or White Live Oak since it
is one of the White Oaks. Woodsmen frequently know it as
Spanish Oak, Valparaiso Oak, Georgia Oak, and. Florida Oak.
On account of the pollen-like powder on the under side of
the younger leaves or on the cup, it is famed as Gold-leaf
Oak, Gold-cup Oak or Golden Oak, while certain shapes of
the leaves explain the term “Laurel Oak.” “Iron Oak,” “Pin
Oak,” and “Hickory Oak” are names which, like Maul Oak,
speak the respect of the ranch man for its wood.
Maul Oak is exceedingly variable in all its characteristics.
The crown may be very tall and broad in the open, narrow
with tall trunks in cafions, or with very low broad crowns
and exceedingly short trunks on arid slopes. The leaves are
very variable, especially as to the margins. Variability is
also a marked characteristic of both acorn cups and nuts.
Coloration is a convenient means of recognizing the tree
as indicated above. Some of the more striking variations
in leaves and acorns are shown in Fig. 91. These forms are
more fully described in the author’s Flora of California.
10. Quercus vaccinifolia Engelm. HucKLEBerry Oak. (Fig. 92.)
Shrub, prostrate, or erect and 2 to 6 feet high, the slender pliable branchlets
= in tufts at top of stems, simulating the habit of a
{ PS huckleberry ; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly obtusish or
only sub-acute, commonly entire, pale green above,
Res often tan-color beneath, mostly 34 to 1% inches
4 long or less; acorns ripe in second autumn; cup
a broadly turbinate or shallowly bowl-shaped, thin-
\ nish, not fulvous-tomentose but merely pubescent,
a { 3 to 4 lines broad; nut globose-ovate, rather ab-
x
ruptly drawn down to a sharp point, 4 to 6 lines
long, 4 to 5 lines thick.— High-montane rocky
Fig. 92. HUucKLE- slopes and summits, 5,000 to 10,000 feet, central
BERRY OAK (Quercus and northern Sierra Nevada, west to Mt. Shasta,
vaccimifolia Engelm.). and in the far North Coast Ranges from Trinity
a, Leaf; b, acorn. nat. Summit to Marble Mountain and the Siskiyous.
size. Often gregarious. No more than a subspecies of
168 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Quercus chrysolepis and often passing into it; yet in ifS ordinary form
Huckleberry Oak is remarkably different from Maul Oak, occupies an-
entirely distinct area and is, in consequence, of real taxonomic and
geographic importance.
11. Quercus palmeri Engelm. Parmer Oak. Rigidly branched shrub
5 to 15 feet high; leaves typically elliptic to roundish ovate or nearly
orbicular, wavy-spinose, % to 1%4 inches long, undulate, coriaceous and
stiff, olivaceous above, pale or whitish beneath; young leaves sparingly
pubescent on the upper surface and with a dense but thin yellowish
or later white felt on the lower surface; acorns ripe in second autumn;
cup thinnish, sub-turbinate but shallow, 5 to 7 lines broad, 3 to 5 lines
deep; nut ovate, 34 to 1 inch long, the shell tomentose within; seed-leaves
purple, separable—Mountains of Southern California from Vandeventer
Ranch in the San Jacinto Range southward into Lower California.
Coast Live Oak.
12. QueERcUS AGRIFOLIA Neé. Figs. 93, 94 and 34.
Leaves roundish, elliptic, sometimes ovate or oblong, usually with
spine-tipped teeth or sometimes entire, commonly 1 or 2 inches long
but varying from % to 4 inches and usually convex above; staminate
catkins 1 to 1% inches long, deep red; acorns ripe in first autumn;
cup broadly turbinate, 4 to 7 lines deep, usually embracing only the
base of the nut; nut slender, pointed, 1 to 1% inches long, 5 to 7 lines
thick.
Coast Live Oak, called simply Live Oak, is a low broad-
headed tree commonly 20 to 40 but sometimes 70 feet high.
The trunk is 1 to 4 feet in diameter, usually short and parting
into wide-spreading limbs which often touch or trail along the
ground. The trunk bark is smooth and beech-like, sometimes
irregularly fissured or with an occasional very deep fissure,
dark brown or gray on the surface, reddish or pink inside,
very brittle when fresh, 1 to 2% inches thick.
Quercus agrifolia grows on rich valley floors, rocky hills,
fertile slopes or benches in the hills, or on dry mesas. It is
distributed in the North Coast Ranges from northern Sonoma
County to Marin and to Suisun Valley, and throughout the
South Coast Ranges, where it is very abundant and widely
scattered, to Southern and Lower California.
It is a hardy tree and is often the only tree which inhabits
outlying or wind-swept stations in the South Coast Range
country. It accommodates itself to such places as wind-gaps
in the hills by developing its crown to leeward or on the exposed
ridges (Fig. 21) by developing horizontally over the ground.
As an indicator of the prevalence and velocity of the trade winds
OAK FAMILY. 169
Fig. 93. Coast Live OaK (Quercus agrifolia Neé.). a, Acorn-
bearing branch; b, the most common type of acorn. nat. size.
170 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
in a particular locality no other tree gives such sure testimony.
Some fine examples of crowns developed wholly to one side of
the trunk may be seen between Carmel and Pescadero Point
on the Seventeen Mile Drive.
Its wood is hard, heavy and moderately strong, is ex-
tensively converted into firewood and charcoal, and has been
used for ships’ knees and
wagon parts. Ina continued
succession of drought years
branches for browsing are
cut from the trees to save
range cattle from starvation.
This species, of inferior
timber value, is undoubtedly
of most economic import-
ance to the community in
an indirect way, that is in
its relation to the heightened
landscape effect of valleys
and hills in a region which
would in the main, save for
it, be treeless and desolate.
For throughout the coast re-
gion, except in the extreme
north, this Live Oak is the
most common and character-
istic tree of the Coast Range
valleys which it beautifies
with low broad heads whose
Fig 94. Coast Live Oak, usual rounded outlines are repeat-
convex type of leaf. nat. size. ed in the soft curves of the
foothills. Disposed in open
groves along the bases of low hills, fringing the rich
valley lands along creeks, or scattered by hundreds or
thousands over the fertile valley floors, these trees were of
signal interest to the first pioneers; and so the eyes of the
early Spanish explorers dwelt on the thick foliage of the
swelling crowns and read the fertility of the land in these
evergreen oaks which they called Encina. The chain of
I‘ranciscan Missions corresponded closely to the general range
OAK FAMILY. 7a
of the Live Oak although uniformly well within the margin
of its geographical limits both eastward and northward. The
vast assemblage of oaks in the Santa Clara Valley met the
eye of Portola, discoverer of San Francisco Bay, in 1769,
and a few years later, Crespi, in the narrative of the expedition
of 1772, called the valley the “Plain of Oaks of the Port of
San Francisco.” Then came Vancouver, Englishman and
discoverer. Although he was the first to express a just es-
timate of the Bay of San Francisco, which he declared to be
as fine as any port in the world, nevertheless it is in his felicitous
and appreciative description of the groves of oaks, the fertile
soil (of which they were a sign), and the equable climate that
one reads between his lines of 1792 the prophecy of Cali-
fornia’s later empire.
Interior Live Oak.
13. Quercus wisLizent A. DC. Figs. 95 and 30.
Leaves typically oblong (varying to elliptic, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate), either tapering to apex or rounded, 1 to 2% (or 4) inches
Fig. 95. Interior Live Oak (Quercus wislizeniti A.DC.). a, Typical
spiny leaf; b, typical entire leaf; c, acorn. nat. size.
172 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
long, entire or spiny-toothed, green and shining above, pale yellowish
green below; acorns ripe in second autumn; cup deeply cup-shaped to
hemispherical, embracing 4 to % the nut, 6 or 7 lines broad, composed
of thin red-brown scales; nut cylindric and tapering to the apex or
conical, often longitudinally banded with dark lines converging at the
summit, 144 to 15% inches long.
Interior Live Oak, called simply Live Oak, is a tree 30
to 75 feet high with full rounded crown and trunk 1 to 3
feet in diameter. The trunk bark is dark, very smooth or
sometimes roughly fissured. A characteristic feature is the
density of the periphery of the crown due to the abundant
twigs and foliage. :
Quercus wislizenii inhabits rich valley floors, clay hills,
rocky slopes or ridges, and is widely distributed through the
Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, especially on the east
side, extending into the Sierra Nevada foothills to altitudes
of 2,000 feet at the north and 4,000 feet at the south. It also
occurs in the inner North Coast Ranges, extending west to
the Ukiah Valley. In shrub form (Var. FRUTESCENS Engelm.)
it is found in the chaparral as a
rigidly branched shrub with small
leathery leaves, and occurs through-
out the same general region as Coast
Live Oak but only on the tops of
the mountains. A form with small
cylindrical nuts occurs in the Kaweah
River basin at 4,000 feet altitude
(Forma EXTIMA Jepson. Fig. 96).
The wood of Interior Live Oak
is tough and strong but is seldom
used except for firewood for which
b it has a high fuel value. It rots
quickly in contact with soil.
The areas of best development
Fig. 96. PENCIL- NUT
Live Oak. (Forma ex- are the broad alluvial banks of rivers
eee een) Leaf; >, on the east side of the Great Valley,
aes ae ° such as the American, Consumnes,
Mokelumne, Stanislaus and “‘Tuo-
lumne. Typical trees in this valley region have numerous
branches, erect in the top and spreading around the sides and
down to the ground so as to conceal the trunk, the crown thus
OAK FAMILY. 173
resting on the ground like a great globose ball with a segment
cut off the lower side. Such full and regular figures, with the
flowering prairies between, provoked the unreserved admir-
ation of the early explorers in days when the scene was
further enhanced by herds both of elk and of antelope.
California Black Oak.
14. Quercus KELLoGGI Newb. Q. californica Cooper. Figs. 97, 25 and 2.
Leaves deeply and mostly sinuately parted with about 3 lobes on each
side ending in 1 to 3 or more coarse bristle-tipped teeth, lustrous
green above, lighter beneath, often white with a fine tomentum when
young, 4 to 10 inches long and 2% to 6 inches wide; acorns ripe in second
autumn (early in the second summer nuts completely covered by the
cups, forming globose knobs about % inch in diameter); cup large, 34
to 1 inch deep, 34 to 1% inches broad, its scales thin, with a membran-
ous and sometimes ragged margin; nut deeply set in the cup, typically
oblong in outline, rounded at apex, 1 to 1% inches long and 3% inch
thick, covered at first with a fine fuzz.
California Black Oak, simply called Black Oak in the
field, is a graceful tree 30 to 85 feet high with broad rounded
crown and trunk 1 to 4% feet in diameter. The bark is
dark or black, on old trunks deeply checked into small plates.
Quercus kelloggii grows on high ridges, mountain slopes
and in gravelly mountain valleys and is widely distributed
through the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, north to central
Oregon, south to the high mountains of Southern California
(Sierra Madre, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, Palomar and
Cuyamaca mountains). In the Sierra Nevada it is most com-
mon within or just below the lower margin of the Yellow
Pine Belt at 1,500 to 3,000 feet at the north and 4,000 to
6,000 feet at the south. In the Coast Ranges it occurs chiefly
between 200 and 4,000 feet but its distribution is very scatter-
ing except in the higher North Coast Ranges of Mendocino
and Humboldt inside the Redwood Belt. It does not associate
with Redwood and is not found near the sea nor usually
on valley floors, except in such valleys as Santa Rosa, Napa
or Ukiah where there are locally favorable spots of clay or
gravelly soil. It is a most constant associate of Yellow Pine
in the Coast Ranges and is commonly found with Oregon
Oak, Tan Oak and Madrona. Black Oak, however, occurs
in ranges where all of these species are absent, save rarely
an isolated Madrona, as in the Vaca Mountains and on Mt.
Diablo.
THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Fig.97. Ca irornia Black OAK
(Quercus kelloggii Newb.). a,
Leaf, 2% nat. size; b, acorn, nat.
size.
OAK FAMILY. ie)
The wood is heavy, hard and brittle. It is used for fire-
wood and sometimes for wagon parts by rural artisans.
Ranchmen also use it for posts but its length of life, 4 to 8
years, makes it an inferior wood for such a purpose.
Quercus morehus Kell. Morenus Oak. Tree 25 to 50 feet high;
leaves oblong to elliptic, 2% to 4 inches long, sinuately but rather
shallowly lobed, the lobes pointing upward and spinose-tipped; cups
similar to those of Quercus wislizenii or more cup-shaped; nuts
cylindric, about 1 inch long, 6 or 7 lines thick, minutely pubescent.—
Occasional throughout the Sierra Nevada, 2,500 to 5,000 feet; Napa
Range: Mayacamas Range; seaward Coast Range from Walker
Valley to Mt. Tamalpais. Here considered as a hybrid between Q.
kelloggii and Q. wislizenii. (Q. morehus Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad.
vol. 2, p. 36,—1863; Greene, West Am. Oaks, pp. 3, 79, t. 2,—1889;
Sudworth, Trees Pac. Slope, p. 311,—1908).
2. PASANIA Mig. Tan Oak.
Trees or shrubs with evergreen leaves and erect catkins.
Staminate flowers one in a place, densely disposed in
elongated simple catkins; stamens 8 to 10, 4 times as long as
the 5-parted calyx. Pistillate flowers 1 in an involucre, the
involucres few at the base of some of the staminate catkins;
calyx often with rudimentary stamens; ovary 3-celled. Fruit
an acorn, the cup with slender spreading scales.—Pasania
(native name of one of the species in Java), a genus equally
related to Quercus (the oaks) and Castanea (the chestnuts),
is represented by one species in California and Oregon and
by nearly one hundred in southern Asia and the Malay Archi-
pelago. Both Quercus and Castanea are ancient types
geologically and Pasania is of great interest as a connecting
genus which has also survived to the present day.
Tan Oak.
1. PASANIA DENSIFLORA Oerst. Quercus densiflora, H. & A. Figs.
98, 99 and 24.
Leaves oblong, acute, strongly parallel-nerved beneath, the nerves
ending in the teeth of the margin, 2% to 4% inches long, 1 to 13%
inches wide; catkins slender, 2 to 4 inches long; acorns ripe in
second autumn; cup including the spreading scales 34 to 1% inches
broad; nut globose or short thick cylindric, rarely ovoid and acute,
1 to 1% inches long, covered with a deciduous close woolly coat.
Tan Oak is a large tree, 50 to 150 feet high, in the open
with broad crown rounded at summit, in dense forest with
narrow pointed crown, the trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter. It
176 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
NY,
: SN
Fig. 98. Tan Oak (Pasania densiflora
Oerst.). Flowering branchlet, the catkins K
staminate or some of them with pistillate AN
flowers at base. ™% nat. size. “4
OAK FAMILY. 177
inhabits fertile mountain slopes and ridges and is distributed
through the seaward Coast Ranges from near Nordhoff north
to Del Norte County and the Umpqua River in Oregon. In
the North Coast Ranges it extends eastward to the Napa
Range, Cobb Mountain, South Fork Mountain and New
River. In the Sierra Nevada it occurs sparingly and in
isolated localities from Lassen Peak to Mariposa County.
It is highly valued for its bark which is consumed in
large quantities (about 25,000 cords annually) by the Cali-
fornia heavy leather tanneries. After the bark is stripped
from the felled trees, about 100,000 trunks 10 to 100 feet long
and % to 4 feet in diameter are left annually to rot on the
ground, saving a small percentage, say 5 per cent. which is
cut into firewood. It is believed that the wood has a high
potential value but commercial utilization is delayed because
methods of handling it to the highest advantage have not as
yet been discovered.
SSS
==
ws
Fig. 99. Tan Oak acorns. a, Pointed nut; b, c, the usual type
of nut. nat. size.
Scrub Tan Oak, a low shrub 1 to 10 feet high, is a variety
(Var. ECHINOIES Sarg.) with thick entire leaves (1 to 2
inches long, the nerves inconspicuous), very bur-like cups
and small roundish nuts. It occurs from near Mt. Shasta
west to the Siskiyou and Klamath ranges; also in Mariposa
County.
178 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
3. CASTANOPSIS Spach. CuHrnovuapry.
» Evergreen trees .or shrubs. Catkins slender? @etern
Staminate flowers in clusters of 3, disposed on elongated
simple or sometimes branching catkins; calyx 5 or 6-parted;
stamens 10 or 12; ovary rudiment present. Pistillate flowers
1 to 3 in an involucre, the involucres on shorter catkins or
sometimes scattered at the base of the staminate catkins;
calyx 6-cleft with abortive stamens on its lobes; ovary 3-
celled with 2 ovules in each cell; styles 3. Fruit ripe in second
autumn, the spiny bur-like involucre enclosing 1 to 3 nuts.
Nuts ovoid or globose, more or less angled, usually 1-seeded.—
Two species on the Pacific Coast of North America and about
25 in southeastern Asia. (Greek kastanea, chestnut, and
opsis, resemblance. )
Tree with thick rough bark, less commonly a shrub; leaves 2% to 5%
inches long, usually long-pointed.................. 1. C. chrysophylla.
Shrub, low and spreading, with thin bark; leaves 1% to 3 inches long,
ustiallyLobtuSe.. cus cet ECE Oe 2. C. sempervirens.
Giant Chinquapin.
1. CASTANOPSIS CHRYSOPHYLLA A. DC.
Leaves oblong, tapering to base and also to the apex (commonly
abruptly long-pointed), entire, dark green on the upper surface, at
first golden with a fine tomentum below, later light olive-yellow, 2%
to 5% inches long, 3% to 134 inches wide, nerves straightish, forking
well inside the margin; staminate catkins simple or branching, 1 to
4 inches long, borne in clusters at the ends of the branches; involucres
borne in shorter simple catkins or sometimes scattered at the base
of the staminate catkins; burs chestnutlike, irregularly 4-valved, con-
taining 1 or sometimes 2 subtriangular nuts 4 or 5 lines long with
hard shell and sweet kernel.
Giant Chinquapin is a forest tree 50 to 115 feet high with
narrow pointed or in age rounded crown and tall trunks 2
to 6 feet in diameter. The bark is brown or dull gray on
the surface, reddish inside, very fibrous, 1 to 3 inches thick
and separated by deep longitudinal furrows into heavy rounded
sparingly confluent ridges.
Castanopsis chrysophylla inhabits the deep soil of
mountain ridges or slopes as an associate of the Redwood
and is distributed from central Mendocino County, where it
reaches its greatest development, northward to the Oregon
Cascades. It is often called “Chestnut”, and sometimes “Red
Oak” or “Bur Oak” in the Mendocino woods.
PLANE FAMILY. 179
“Golden Chinquapin” (Var. minor Benth.) is a shrub
form with trough-like leaves very golden on the under surface.
It ranges from Monterey and the Santa Cruz Mountains
northward to Mendocino and Humboldt, growing chiefly on
rocky slopes or ridges.
Giant Chinquapin in its largest form is a rare tree of the
Mendocino woods, the individuals of large size being scattered
at wide intervals in the Redwood forest. Its wood is reddish
brown with white sapwood, close- and straight-grained and
takes a glossy finish. It is rarely used for any fine purpose
but is sometimes cut for fuel. The bark parts very readily
from the wood and is used to adulterate Tan Oak bark, the
fine logs being left to rot on the ground. This practice is
all the more reprehensible in that the bark has no value for
tanning purposes.
2. Castanopsis sempervirens Dudley. BusH CHINQUAPIN. Spreading
shrub 1 to 8 feet high with smooth brown bark; leaves oblong, acutish
at base, acute or obtuse at apex, or sometimes tapering upwards from
near the base and therefore lanceolate-oblong, 14%4 to 3 inches long and
5 to 11 lines wide; catkins simple, 1 to 1% inches long, 5 to 20 in a
rather dense terminal cluster, the upper with pistillate flowers at base —
Arid mountain slopes or rocky ridges, Sierra Nevada (3.000 to 8,000
feet), Coast Ranges (1,500 to 4,000 feet), Sierra Madre, San Bernardino
and San Jacinto ranges (8,500 to 10,000 feet); also on Mt. Shasta.
PLATANACEAE. PLANE FAMILy.
Large deciduous trees with alternate ample palmately
lobed leaves and sheathing stipules; dilated base of petiole
enclosing the bud of the next season; bark falling away in
thin plates. Flowers monoecious, the staminate and the
pistillate on separate axes, closely packed in separate ball-like
clusters distributed at intervals along a terminal very slender
axis, the inflorescence thus appearing moniliform. Recep-
tacles very hairy and individual flowers difficult to segregate,
the staminate probably of 1 to 3 stamens and the pistillate
of 6 to 9 pistils. Sepals or petals none. Stamens with long
anthers and very short filaments densely crowded on a globose
fleshy receptacle. Pistils with interspersed clavate truncate
bracts, crowded on a similar receptacle; ovary 1l-ovuled; style
one, filiform, laterally stigmatic. Fruit a coriaceous nutlet
with tawny hairs about the base.
180 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
1, PLATANUS L. Prange,
. The only genus. About 4 species and 5 varieties. The
Old World Plane, P. orientalis, is cultivated as a street tree.
(Greek platus, broad, in reference to the leaves.)
Western Sycamore.
1. PLATANUS RACEMOSA Nutt. Figs. 100 and 101.
Leaves commonly broader than long, 4 to 12 (or 20) inches broad,
3% to 9 (or 13) inches long, parted into 3 to 5 broad spreading fingers
M
4
Fig. 100. WesTeRN Sycamore (Platanus racemosa Nutt.). Branchlet
with string of balls. %% nat. size.
PLANE FAMILY. 181
or lobes, the lateral ones smaller or much reduced; margin entire or
with few small teeth; petioles % to 134 inches long, the expanded base
covering the bud of the next season; stipules very conspicuous when
full grown, roundish or angular in outline and encircling or sheathing
the stem; ball-like flower clusters, 2 to 7 in number, distributed at inter-
vals along pendulous and very slender axis borne at or near the end
of a branch; balls falling to pieces in the winter, releasing the seed-like
nutlets.
Western Sycamore is a tree 40 to 90 feet high with a
massive crown of wide-spreading limbs supported on a trunk
1 to 5 feet in diameter. The bark is smooth but exfoliates
thin reddish brown plates which expose greenish or whitish
areas and give the trunk a mottled appearance.
Platanus racemosa is most characteristic of stream bottoms,
either constant or summer-dry, in the more arid parts of Cali-
fornia between the desert and the areas of high precipitation.
It is most abundant in the South Coast Ranges but does not
extend into the desert. On the other hand it does not enter
the summer fog belt and it has never been seen in the North
Coast Ranges. It ranges south through Southern California
to Lower California and northward through the Sierra Ne-
Fig. 101. WesTERN SYCAMORE, capitate clusters of flowers spaced
along a pendulous axis. d, Staminate inflorescence; c, pistillate inflores-
cence; a, pistil; b, stamen. c and d, nat. size; a and b, 12 times enlarged.
182 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
vada. foothills, San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys as far
north as Anderson, Tehama County.
- Sycamore is often, especially in the South Coast Reais
and in Southern Califotnia, the only tree in its locality. Thin
groves on alluvial benches or in river bottoms are remarkable
for their leaning trunks which have diverged from the per-
pendicular by reason of the shifting nature of soil in stream
beds. On account of its large irregular crown, the long reach
of its branches, its ample foliage turning bronze-color in late
autumn, its leafy light-gray bark and handsome strings of
balls, Sycamore holds the attention of the traveler in the
characteristic country which it favors and takes a permanent
place in his interest.
LAURACEAE. ~~ Lauret FAMILY.
Aromatic evergreen trees and shrubs. Leaves alternate,
simple, entire, without stipules. Flowers perfect and regular.
Petals none. Anthers opening by uplifted valves. Ovary
superior, l-celled, l-ovuled, with a single style. Fruit in
A large family, chiefly tropical, including the
Cinnamon, Camphor, Sassafras, Alligator Pear or Avocado,
and the Bay Laurel of the ancients.
1, UMBELLULARIA Nutt.
Flowers in simple peduncled umbels. Sepals 6. Stamens
9, the inner three with a stipitate orange-colored gland on
each side of the filament at base and alternating with scale-
like staminodia; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, the three inner
extrorse, the outer introrse——One species only. (Diminutive
of Latin umbella in reference to the flower cluster. )
California Laurel.
1. UMBELLULARIA CALIFORNICA Nutt. Fig. 102.
Leaves aromatic, oblong, tapering rather more to apex than to base,
thickish, entire, 3% to 4% inches long, 3% to 1 inch wide, short-petioled ;
umbels 4 to 9-flowered, but setting only 1 to 3 (or rarely 6) fruits; flowers
small (2 lines long), yellowish green; drupe greenish or when ripe reddish
or brown-purple, 1 to 1% inches long; seed without endosperm, the embryo
with two large thick seed-leaves and a short caulicle.
California Laurel, often called Bay Laurel and Pepper-
wood, assumes several distinct forms as modified by the’
character of the local habitat. In valley flats, cation bottoms
LAUREL FAMILY. 183
or on moist hill slopes it is a tree 25 to 100 feet high with a
dense and often massive crown of long slender upright
branches, the trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter with a thin drab
or brown bark % to ™% inch thick. This is the most usual
form, a type common in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Berkeley
Fig. 102. Carirornra Laurer (Umbellularia californica Nutt.). Fruiting
branchlet, nat. size.
184 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Hills, about Mt. Tamalpais, in the valley flats about Olema
and ine the hill country through the North Coast Ranges
generally. The finest groves of Laurel in California are
found on the river bench of the main Eel River near Camp
Grant where there is for several miles a pure stand of mag-
nificent trees.
On the summit of the Berkeley Hills and in similar situ-
ations Laurel grows on rock outcropping and forms small
many-stemmed clumps or bushy knobs which are a character-
istic feature of such barren landscapes (Fig. 103). In the
Coast Range chaparral it is sometimes seen as a low narrow-
crowned dwarf 4 to 6 feet high, and on bluffs facing the sea
its crown is developed in a contrary direction, spreading out
over the ground as a low green mat of considerable diameter.
Its most interesting modification occurs in wind-gaps in the
hills of the San Francisco Bay region where it colonizes sharp
north slopes in pure stands 5 to 20 feet high. These colonies
are very dense, consisting of slender pole-like trees (usually
stump-sprouts) with long trunks and surmounted by a usually
narrow broom-like top. The whole surface of the colony
from above presents a very smooth and even appearance, as
if clipped with a lawn mower, a feature which is due to con-
trol by the high wind velocities which prevail in the wind-
gaps. The most beautiful and interesting example of this
type occurs at Inverness on the south slope of the “first
valley.” Examples may also be seen in the cafion of the
west branch of San Pablo Creek on the east slope of the
Berkeley Hills near Fish Ranch.
The largest known California Laurel grows near the
town of Cloverdale on an alluvial bench of the Russian River.
Its crown is about 90 feet broad and 75 feet high and its
perfect trunk is 4 feet 10 inches in diameter at 5 feet above the
ground.
Umbellularia californica is widely distributed in both the
Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, ranging south into Southern
California and north to the South Fork of the Umpqua River
in southern Oregon. ‘To many travelers in central California
it is one of the most pleasing of ofir species on account of its
dense dark crowns which form a foil to dry brown hills of
which this tree is often the only arboreal tenant.
ROSE FAMILY. 185
The wood is heavy, hard and strong and takes a high polish.
It has been used for furniture (especially bed-room sets), stave
timber and shoe lasts.
Fig. 103. Catirornia Lauret, clumps (like round knobs) on rock out-
croppings in the Berkeley Hills.
ROSACEAE. Rose FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and persistent
stipules. Flowers perfect, perigynous or epigynous. Calyx
5-lobed. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamens generally 10 to
numerous, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk
lining the calyx-tube. Pistils 1 to many, distinct and free
from the calyx, l-celled with one style and stigma, or united
into a 2 to 5-celled ovary, which is partly or completely
inferior; styles as many as the carpels. Fruit a follicle, an
achene, a drupe, a cluster of drupelets (as in a blackberry),
or a pome. Seeds with straight embryo; endosperm usually
none.—A large and variable order furnishing many of the
cultivated plants of garden and orchard, such as the spiraea,
rose, blackberry, cherry, peach and pear; 90 genera widely
distributed over the whole earth.
Leaves alternate, simple.
Ovary superior.
Fruit an achene; flowers small, without petals... 1. CERCOCARPUS.
Fruit a drupe; flowers with petals................5.-. 2. PRUNUS.
Ovary inferior; fruit a pome; flowers with petals.......... 3. PyRUus.
Leaves opposite, pinnately divided, remarkably fern-like; ovary superior
55:6 Dae Re SIRS POD Se REC Re ee cto 8 Scent eas ore c 4. LyoNoTHAMNUS
1. CERCOCARPUS HBK.
Deciduous shrubs or low trees with spur-like branchlets
and simple coriaceous straight-veined leaves. Flowers from
winter buds, solitary or fascicled, terminal on the short
branchlets. Calyx consisting of a slender pedicel-like tube
186 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
abruptly expanded into the low-hemispherical deciduous 5-
toothed limb. Petals none. Stamens numerous, borne in two
or three rows on the calyx. Pistil 1, with a 1-celled ovary,
1 ovule and a single long style and terminal stigma. Fruit
a villous achene enclosed in the persistent calyx-tube and sur-
mounted by the very much elongated twisted soft-hairy style.
—Seven species, Pacific North America.
Flowers solitary or rarely in pairs; leaves narrowly lanceolate
ids 4 ASceaaayalt hs, 55 tec PNR RE OTS: 270. Ee Oe ee 1. C. ledifolius.
Flowers in 2 to 5-flowered clusters.
Leaves ovate to elliptic; clusters 4 to 5-flowered....... 2. C. traskiae.
Leaves obovate, cuneate at base; clusters 2 to 3-flowered.............
ah shat eet. Re eee el ee re ee 3. C. parvifolius.
Mountain Mahogany.
1. CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS Nutt.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire with revolute
margins, coriaceous, pale or rusty pubescent below, becoming glabrous
and lustrous above, somewhat resinous, % to 1 inch long with a prominent
midrib; flowers solitary or rarely in pairs, sessile; calyx-limb deeply
toothed; calyx-tube in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, the achene 3 lines long, and
its tail 2 or 3 inches long.
Mountain Mahogany, also called Curl-leaf Mahogany, is
a shrub or scraggy tree 6 to 20 or rarely 40 feet high. It
grows on arid slopes in the mountains and is most character-
istic of the mountain ranges of the Great Basin region from
the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada eastward through
Nevada and Utah and northward to western Montana. It
also occurs on the northerly slopes of the San Bernardino
Mountains, on Mt. Pinos, and on the Scott Mountains, in
northern California.
The wood is very dense, fine-grained and heavy; it has
a reddish mahogany color, whence the common name, but
splits badly in seasoning.
Trask Mahogany. 4
2. CERCOCARPUS TRASKIAE Eastw.
Leaves broadly ovate to elliptic, dark green above, densely white woolly
beneath, the parallel nerves fairly prominent, remotely crenulate above
middle or seemingly entire by reason of the revolute margin, 1% to 2
inches long; flowers 4 or 5 in a cluster; achene 4 or 5 lines long, the tail
2 to 24% inches long.
The Trask Mahogany is a little-known tree 15 to 25 feet
high growing on Santa Catalina Island where it was dis-
ROSE FAMILY, 187
covered by Mrs. Blanche Trask in a steep canon on the south
side.
3. Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. Harp Tack. Shrub; leaves obovate,
serrate above the middle, cuneate and entire towards base; clusters
2 to 3-flowered.—Common chaparral shrub throughout the Coast Ranges
and Sierra Nevada. Often called Mountain Mahogany and also Hard
Tack by the mountaineers, the dry wood so hard that “common nails
cannot be driven into it.”
2. PRUNUS Le Prom
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, serrate. Flowers
white, in corymbs or in racemes from lateral buds borne on
wood of the previous season, appearing before or with the
leaves. Petals 5. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous after flowering.
Stamens 15 to 30. Pistil 1; style terminal. Drupe globose,
without bloom; flesh sweet or bitter; stone globose or com-
pressed, bony.—Chiefly north temperate, about 75 species,
including the cherries, apricots and peaches. (The Latin
name of the Plum.)
Leaves conduplicate in bud; drupe globose —Cuerrirs.
Flowers in corymbs; drupe small, bright-red....... 1. P. emarginata.
Flowers in racemes; drupe dark-red.
Peduncle leafy; drupe small, its flesh astringent; foliage decidu-
(OFEISS, ae aoe Sk Co Be Ooo Cn ee ne ee ee ene 2. P. demissa.
Peduncle leafless; drupe large, its flesh sweetish; foliage ever- ,
GARE lg | eee Pp ObROt ae en an eee rane 3. P. thetfolia.
Leaves convolute in bud; drupe red, oblong, 34 to 1 inch long —PLuMs.
ECVE LSM LECT De [Sami ee nerets ithe Soi x vic Seveneicieitow tera oe 4. P. subcordata.
1. Prunus emarginata Walp. Bitter CuHerry. Deciduous shrub 3
to 8 feet high, very rarely arboreous and 20 feet high; bark smooth, dull
red; leaves ovate or more commonly oblong-obovate, mostly obtuse, finely
serrulate, 34 to 1% inches long, on petioles 1 to 3 lines long; blade with
1 or 2 glands just above junction with petiole; flowers 3 to 10 in short
corymbs; drupes 4 or 5 lines long, bright red, the pulp intensely bitter.—
Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, abundant at 4,000 to 8,000 feet, also
at lower levels near the ocean, as in cool cafions of the Berkeley Hills at
500 feet; ranging southward to the mountains of Southern California
(5,000 to. 9,000 feet), eastward to the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona
and northward to southern British Columbia and Montana. Forms ex-
tensive shrubbery thickets on dry or moist gravelly mountain slopes, and
attains its largest size near streams or on moist benches.
2. Prunus demissa Walp. WESTERN CHOKE-CHERRY. Erect slender
deciduous shrub, 2 to 10 feet high, or rarely a small tree up to 20 feet in
height; leaves oblong-ovate or more commonly oblong-obovate, acute at
apex or abruptly short-pointed, finely serrate, 1 to 3% inches long; petiole
Y% inch long, with 1 or 2 glands just below its summit; racemes 2 to 4
188 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
inches long, terminating more or less leafy peduncles; drupe red or dark
purple, 3% lines long, astringent—Sierra Nevada, 2,500 to 4,000 feet at
the north and 3,500 to 6,000 feet at the south; Coast Ranges, widely scat-
téred from near the sea to the interior; Southern California south to
Palomar; far northward to British Columbia and east to the Rocky
Mountains.
Islay.
3. PRUNUS ILICIFOLIA Walp.
Leaves coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse, spinose-toothed,
1 to 2 inches long, short-petioled; racemes 1 to 2% inches long, on axillary
leafless peduncles; flowers 2 lines long; drupe red or dark purple, 6 to 8
lines thick, slightly obcompressed, apiculate; flesh thin, sweetish when ripe.
Islay is an evergreen shrub or small tree 5 to 25 feet high.
It is most interesting for its holly-like leaves and remarkably
large drupes with surprisingly little flesh. It is distributed
through the Coast Ranges near the ocean from the San Fran-
cisco Peninsula and Oakland Hills south to the Sierra Madre
and San Bernardino mountains. It also occurs in arborescent
form in the Napa Range near Cordelia. Island Cherry (Var.
INTEGRIFOLIA Sarg.) is a variety of the Santa Barbara Islands
assuming tree form (10 to 45 feet high) or often bushy. Its
leaves are oblong-ovate, usually entire, 3 to 6 inches long.
4. Prunus subcordata Benth. Srerra Prum. Deciduous shrub 5 to
7 feet high or sometimes arborescent and 20 feet high, with crooked and
rough gray-brown branches and more or less spinescent branchlets; leaves
ovate, elliptic to almost round, obtuse or truncate at base, rarely subcordate,
2 inches long or less, on petioles 2 or 3 lines long; flowers appearing with
the leaves, 2 to 4 in a cluster, on pedicels % inch long; sepals linear or
slightly acute, 1% lines long; petals obovate, somewhat concave, 4 lines long;
stamens 25 or 30; drupe red, 34 to nearly 1 inch long, the pulp rather hard
but more or less edible-—Northern Sierra Nevada to the Warner Moun-
tains, Siskiyou County, into southern Oregon and south in the Coast
Ranges to the Vaca Mountains, mostly toward the interior.
3; ‘PYRUS “Wo PEAR? VAPrrE:
Deciduous trees or shrubs with simple leaves and stipules
which disappear early. Flowers in corymbs. Calyx-tube
urn-shaped. Petals white or pink, with claws. Ovary in-
ferior, 2 to 5-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, the carpels chart-
aceous; styles as many as the cells, united at base. Fruit
a pome, in the subgenus Malus (apple) more or less globose
and sunken at each end.—Northern hemisphere, about 40
species. (The Latin name of the Pear.)
ROSE FAMILY. 189
Oregon Crab Apple.
1. Pyrus rivucaris Dougl.
Leaves ovate, pointed, serrate, green above, pale, pubescent and
eventually rusty beneath, 1 to 334 inches long, those of the sterile branch-
lets mostly 3-lobed or with a coarse tooth on each side, those of the
flowering branchlets rarely lobed or toothed; corymbs 6 to 8-flowered;
petals elliptical, 5 lines long, commonly with toothed auricles just above
the very short claw; stamens about 20; carpels commonly 3; fruits 2 or 3
in a cluster, oblong or oblong-ovoid, 6 or 7 lines long and 4% or 5 lines
thick, not sunken at base, yellowish (or pinkish on one side), aging
purple-black; calyx-lobes at length deciduous.
Oregon Crab Apple is a tree 15 to 30 feet high or often
a many-stemmed shrub. It is uncommon in California but
has been reported from the following stations: Napa Soda
Springs; Sonoma County; Eureka; Plumas County. North-
ward it ranges into western Oregon and Washington, where
it reaches its greatest development, extending as far north
as southern Alaska.
4. LYONOTHAMNUS Gray.
Evergreen shrub or tree with thin bark exfoliating in long
loose strips and opposite dimorphic petioled leaves. Flowers
numerous in a much-branched terminal panicle. Petals 5
and stamens 13 to 16, inserted on the margin of the woolly
disk lining the calyx-tube which bears 5 lobes. Pistils 2,
distinct, each with a spreading style and capitate stigma.
Fruit consisting of two woody 4-seeded carpels dehiscent ven-
trally and partly dehiscent dorsally—One species. (Named
in honor of W. S. Lyon, who sent specimens to Asa Gray
in 1884, the surname in combination with Greek thamnos,
shrub.)
Catalina Ironwood.
1. LyoNoTHAMNUS FLORIBUNDUS Gray.
Leaves oleander-like, linear, nearly entire or pinnately cut, petioled,
3 to 5 inches long, or often pinnately compound with 2 to 5 leaflets similar
in shape and size to the simple leaves; flowers white, 3 lines broad, in
terminal clusters 3 to 6 inches broad; calyx-tube hemispherical, woolly
outside, with nearly triangular lobes; petals orbicular, sessile, white, crenu-
late-edged.
Catalina Ironwood is a slender tree 15 to 55 feet high with
narrow crown and often tall trunk 3 to 12 inches in diameter.
It is a strictly insular species confined to four of the Santa
Barbara Islands and is most remarkable for its leaf variability.
190 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Trees with compound or fern-like leaves only grow on Santa
Rosa, Santa Cruz and San Clemente islands, while the entire-
leaved form is dominant on Santa Catalina. Pinnate leaves
are, however, found on entire-leaved trees on Catalina, and
probably the converse is true of some of the trees on the other
islands.
LEGUMINOSAE. PEA FaMILy.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, stipulate, com-
pound or rarely simple. Flowers perfect, somewhat
perigynous (frequently more on one side than the other), or
hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, usually 5-toothed of cleft,
or sometimes bilabiate, mostly persistent. Corolla with 5
petals, regular or in ours commonly papilionaceous, i.e., highly
irregular and butterfly-like, with an upper petal or “banner,”
2 lateral petals or “wings,” and the 2 lower petals joined by
their edges to form the “keel,” all with free claws. Stamens
10, united into a sheath around the ovary (monadelphous),
or the upper stamen distinct from the others (diadelphous),
or sometimes all distinct. Pistil 1, one-celled, with single
style and stigma. Fruit a 2-valved pod (legume), with 1 or
2 rows of seeds on the ventral side, commonly opening -by
both the dorsal and ventral sutures, or sometimes indehiscent.
Seeds without endosperm.—Vast family, about 7,000 species,
widely distributed in both hemispheres and including the Pea,
Caesalpinia, and Mimosa tribes.
Stamens distinct; corolla regular or imperfectly papilionaceous; leaves
bipinnate; branches more or less spiny.
Flowers small, regular; calyx campanulate; stamens much exserted
en Pee ea cw urapmancticr ace aco coce+ 1. Prosopis.
Flowers medium-sized, the upper petal larger; calyx with stipe-like
tibe: “stamens: sncliucdedsaeee- eee eee 2. CERCIDIUM.
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; corolla papilionaceous.
Leaves simple, glandular-dotted; branchlets numerous, spinose......
45 Sieg Stace Foals uw mbeye't Sa Siabend Coon te eee Bane 3. DALEA.:
Leaves once pinnate, without glandular dots; spines in pairs below
PECIOL|SS, oes aides Shiad!o's lnrw-y (oaths, cuom veal, Ce noe 4. OLNEYA.
i. PROSOPIS LT:
Shrubs or trees, the branches armed with spines and with-
out terminal buds. Leaves alternate on the season’s shoot,
fascicled in earlier axils, deciduous, bipinnate with 1 or 2 pairs
of pinnae, the leaflets small, numerous, entire and in equal
PEA FAMILY. 191
pairs. Flowers regular, small, greenish, sessile, in axillary
pedunculate cylindrical spikes. Calyx campanulate, with
short teeth, deciduous. Petals 5, connate below the middle
or at length free, tomentose on inner side, very much ex-
ceeding the calyx. Stamens 10, free, exserted, the anthers
tipped with a deciduous gland. Ovary stipitate, villous; style
filiform. Pod straight, curved or coiled, indehiscent, the many
seeds separated by thick spongy partitions—Tropic and sub-
tropic regions, about 25 species.
Leaflets 10 to 15 pairs; spines axillary, in pairs, singly or none; pod
SEraiohieon Cinvine: COMpnresseda......02s0- 4. eee nee 1. P. juliflora.
Leaflets 5 to 8 pairs; spines in pairs, stipular; pod spirally coiled into
MS ichite CVI CGC. DOUY 4. crs. scious toe eee eer 2. P. pubescens.
Mesquite.
1. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA DC.
Petioles abruptly enlarged and glandular at base, bearing usually 2
pinnae, with 10 to 15 pairs of linear leaflets 1% to 1 inch long; stipules
linear and membranaceous; spines axillary, often in pairs or sometimes
absent, % to 1% inches long; flowers 2 lines long, condensed in slender
cylindrical spikes mostly 2 to 3% inches long; stamens twice as long as
the petals; pods borne in drooping clusters, 1 to 6 to each spike, linear,
at first flat, later becoming thickened, falcate, 4 to 8 inches long, commonly
4 or 5 lines broad, irregularly constricted between the seeds which are
about 3 lines long.
Mesquite, called Algaroba by the Mexicans, is a deciduous
shrub or small tree with a short trunk dividing into crooked
branches commonly forming a rounded or depressed crown,
10 to 15 or rarely 35 feet high. It is a characteristic shrub
of the Mohave and Colorado deserts, ranging northward to
Death Valley and into the upper San Joaquin Valley in Kern
County, eastward to Texas and southward in various forms
to (Chile.
It is a remarkable desert tree and is exceedingly useful
in many ways to the desert tribes and white settlers. The
pods furnish a staple food to the Indians as well as to their
saddle ponies. The wood is used by Indians for building houses
and for household implements. Wind-blown desert sands
gradually bury the trees save the tops and such mounds are
excavated for fuel—one of the great resources of miners and
settlers in the desert region. The flowers furnish food to the
honey bee, whence the common name, Honey Mesquite.
192 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Screw Bean.
c 2. PROSOPIS PUBESCENS Benth.
Spines stout, stipular, 2 to 6 lines long; leaves canescently puberulent,
the leaflets in 5 to 8 pairs, oblong, 1 to 5 lines long; flowers 2 lines long,
borne in spikes 2 to 3 inches long, each spike setting 2 to 15 pods; pod
coiled into a narrow straight cylindric body 1 to 1% inches long; seeds
less than 1 line long.
Screw Bean often called Screw-pod Mesquite, the Tornillo
of the Mexicans, is a deciduous shrub or small tree 10 to 25
feet high with spiny branches and trunk 3 to 10 inches in diam-
eter. It grows in sandy or gravelly washes or ravines and is
distributed throughout the Colorado and Mohave deserts of
Southern California, northward to Death Valley, eastward to
southern Utah and New Mexico, and southward to northern
Mexico. The beans are sweet and nutritious and are used as
food by the Indians and fed as fodder to cattle.
2. CERCIDIUM Tulasne.
Shrubs or small trees, often armed with short spines.
Leaves bipinnate with one or two pairs of pinnae and 2 to 4
equal pairs of leaflets. Flowers on jointed pedicels in short
axillary racemes. Calyx shortly campanulate, the limb cleft
into 5 reflexed deciduous lobes. Petals bright yellow, clawed,
the upper one broader than the rest, a little auricled at base of
blade, and with longer claw. Stamens 10, distinct, the fila-
ments hairy at base, one or two next upper petal gibbous on
one side toward base. Pod compressed, 2-valved, narrow,
pointed at each end, more or less constricted between the flat
seeds.—Six species, California to Chile. (Greek cercidion, a
weaver’s shuttle, in reference to the fruit.)
Palo Verde.
1. CERCIDIUM TORREYANUM Wats.
Spines 2 or 3 lines long; leaflets oblong, 2 to 4 lines long; pedicels 5
to 8 lines long, jointed near the middle, the joint not obvious until the
fruit has matured; flowers 34 inch broad, in axillary racemes; petals orbi-
cular to ovate, yellow, 4 to 5 lines long; pods 2 to 3 inches long with a
double groove along the ventral suture, often conspicuously contracted
between the seeds.
Palo Verde is a small intricately branched tree 15 to 20 feet
high with short trunk, smooth green bark and crown leafless
for most of the year. It is “common in the sandy washes or
depressions throughout the Colorado Desert of Southern Cali-
2?
PEA FAMILY. 193
fornia, eastward into southern Arizona and southward into
Lower California and Sonora. The leaves fall soon after they
_ appear in March but the trees still present a cheerful appear-
ance on account of the bright green bark (whence the Spanish
name), which is all the more pleasing on account of the con-
trast with the parched desert scenery. The pods fall in July
and are harvested by the native tribes of the region who pre-
pare them for food. The branchlets are browsed by cattle,
horses and deer, and the flowers are visited by the honey-bee.”’*
3. DALEA L.
Glandular punctate herbs, small shrubs or small trees.
Leaves unequally pinnate or simple; stipules small, subulate;
leaflets small, entire. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes.
Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth or lobes, persistent. Banner
cordate with free claw; claws of wings and keel adnate to the
cleft stamineal tube. Stamens 10, rarely 9, monadelphous. Pod
ovate, compressed, usually indehiscent, more or less included
in the calyx, 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds reniform—New World,
about 100 species. (Dr. Samuel Dale, English botanist and
author of a materia medica published in 1693.)
Smoke Tree.
1. DaALEA SPINOSA Gray.
Branchlets numerous and reduced to slender spines 1 to 1% inches long,
coated with a close white pubescence, sparingly sprinkled with small glands
and minute caducous bracts, ultimately glabrous; leaves few, simple,
cuneate or linear-oblong, nearly sessile, % to 1 inch long, marked with a
few large glands and persisting only a few weeks; flowers violet-purple, 4 to
5 lines long, borne in a spinescent spike, % to 1 inch long; calyx-tube tur-
binate, conspicuously 10-ribbed, with short obtuse teeth and marked by a row
of conspicuous glands; petals attached only by their bases to the stamineal
tube; banner furnished at base of blade with 2 conspicuous glandular pro-
cesses; ovary densely pilose on the margins, with several dot-like glands
on the sides and containing 6 ovules; pod twice longer than the calyx,
1-seeded.
Smoke-tree iS a very spinose and nearly leafless ashy-gray
low shrub or small tree 4 to 25 feet high with intricately much-
branched top and trunk 2 to 10 inches in diameter. It is com-
mon in dry washes from Palm Springs and the Chuckawalla
Bench eastward throughout the Colorado Desert to the Gila
River in Arizona, and southward to San Felipe, Sonora and
*Jepson, Silva of California, Mem. Univ. Cal. No. 2.
194 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Lower California. It has been so named on account of its ap-
pearance, being so truly deceptive as to cause the uninitiated
to watch it with speculative wonder as to where “that column
of smoke comes from.”
4. OLNEYA. Gray.
Small tree with thin scaly bark, slightly angled branchlets,
pinnate leaves with entire leaflets, and often armed with stout
spines in pairs below the leaves. Flowers few, in axillary
racemes. Calyx subcampanulate, 5-lobed. Banner orbicular,
Fig. 104. Buckeye (Aesculus californica Nutt.). Flowering branch,
YZ nat. size.
BUCKEYE FAMILY. 195
deeply emarginate, reflexed; wings oblong; keel broad, obtuse,
incurved. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Ovary with numerous
ovules; style bearded above. Pod thick, broadly linear or
ovate, with coriaceous valves, 1 to 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
—One species. (Stephen T. Olney, Rhode Island botanist of
the 19th century.)
Desert Ironwood.
1. OLNEYA TESOTA Gray.
Leaves persistent through the winter; leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, cuneate-
oblong or -obovate, obtuse or notched at apex, 3 to 6 lines long; stipular
spines stout, straight or slightly curved, 1 to 4 lines long; flowers violet-
purple, 4 or 5 lines long, 3 to 10 in loose racemes % to 1% inthes long;
pods glandular, more or less pubescent and often provided with tack-shaped
glands, % to 3 inches long, 1 to 8-seeded, more or less constricted between
the seeds; seeds ovoid-globose, 4 to 6 lines long.
Desert Ironwood, or Arbol del Hierro of the Mexicans, is
a spreading tree 15 to 20 feet high with short trunk 4 to 1%
feet in diameter. It grows in the desert valleys of Southern
California from San Felipe northward to Chuckawalla and
Indio, eastward to Arizona, and southward into adjacent parts
of Mexico. Its wood is remarkably hard and heavy and is used
by desert Indians for arrow parts and tool-handles.
SAPINDACEAE. BuckKEyvE FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs with opposite compound leaves, no stipules,
and irregular flowers. Ovary superior, 3-celled with 2 ovules
in each cell, commonly but one ovule maturing. Endosperm
none.—Chiefly tropical, 120 genera.
Fig. 105. Buckeye. a, Perfect flower, long-styled; b, staminate flower
with short-styled sterile ovary; c, fertile pistil, ovary sessile; d, sterile
pistil, ovary stipitate. nat. size.
196 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
AESCULUS L. Horse Cuestnut. «|
Leaves palmately compound with serrate leaflets, deciduous
in autumn. Flowers showy, ill-scented, on jointed pedicels in
a terminal cylindrical thyrse; they are of two sorts, perfect
(fertile) with long thick styles and sterile with short styles;
fertile flowers few near top of thyrse. Calyx tubular, unequally
cleft. Petals 4 or 5, slightly unequal, clawed. Stamens 5 to 7, be-
coming successively much
i exserted and often unequal.
afi Fruit a large 3-valved cap-
fy yA sule, loculicidally dehiscent.
AA SN Seed-coat thick and polish-
Friedl — ed, with a large round scar;
PS NAN 1 :
fff} qth N seed-leaves very large an
jie aS. fleshy. — North temperate
zone, 14 species. (Lata
name of an Italian oak
with edible acorns. )
California Buckeye.
1. AESCULUS CALIFORNICA Nutt. .
Figs. 104, 105, 106, 107, .
y, 108, and 109. )
Wy, Leaves palmately compound |
SZ with 5 to 7 leaflets; leaflets ob- |
Fig. 106. Buckeye pod. nat. size. long-lanceolate to oblong-ellip- i
tic, acute or acuminate, petio-
tate, serrulate, 3 to 5 inches long; flowers 4 to 5 lines long, white or some-
times pinkish, borne in a cylindrical cluster 4 to 6 inches long, the 1 to 6
fertile ones in the upper part |
of the cluster; blade of petals
elliptic or ovate, rotately
spreading; after fertilization
the sterile flowers fall away
and the fertile flowers of the
thryse set 1, or sometimes 2
to 9, pods which are pendulous
on the now naked axis of the
inflorescence; pods 1% to 2%
inches in diameter, eventually
releasing one large polished
brown seed about 2 inches in
diameter and with very tough
Fig. 107. Buckeye seed. nat. size. coat.
BUCKEYE FAMILY. 197
California Buckeye is a tree 10 to 30 feet high with a low
broad rounded crown and trunk % to 3 feet in diameter. The
bark is smooth and white, or on old trunks fissured into
thinnish scaly plates. It inhabits valley flats, river bottoms or
more particularly lower hill slopes. On steep slopes, at the
heads of canons, or at the edge of chaparral it often forms
open thickets of many-stemmed shrubs 5 to 8 feet high.
Aesculus californica is widely distributed in the Coast
Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills, north to South Fork
_ Trinity and Redding, and southward to Fort Tejon and Antelope
Bok Valley. More characteristic of the
interior hills, the Buckeye in a few
places ranges to the immedi-
ate coast although shunning the
main Redwood Belt. The trees are
usually scattered along gulches
or water-courses in the hills or
form open groves on the lower
slopes of the foothills just above
the valley level, sometimes oc-
curring in large size on river
benches or moist flats.
The Calttornia-Buckeye;. “a
tree of northern origin, with
large winter buds and ample leaf
surface, is rather interesting in its
adaptation to arid dry-season hab-
itats in California. The abund-
ant foliage, of a rich dark green
in spring, rounds the crown into
most pleasing outline, a crown
which in May or June is adorned
with showy clusters of flowers.
By early July the foliage is brown
and heat-crumpled, and the leaflets
are falling. (Fig. 109.) By Sep-
tember or October the naked
limbs are bending under the bur-
den of pods (Fig. 106) and by
Fig. 108. Bursting winter
bud of Buckeye, the leaf
scars of last summer’s leaves
showing below. nat. size. midwinter the tree stands white
198 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Fig. %09 Buckeye, September “qo branchlet. a, Petioles of
cympound leaf from which the leaflets Y,,\ have _fallen (below are
p +tioles turned @Ownward); b, three of \! the five leaflets still per-
sisting; c, leaf-sag ty, marking the place of leaves in previous years.
; Bs ee ib spe vl siti f the termi sinter bud
algo dark circular sear, indicating the position of the terminal winter
- - y 4: 1 . 1970
at. the end of each season's , rowth. ‘Ya nat. size.
MAPLE FAMILY. 199
and naked against the bare brown rain-soaked earth of the foot-
hills. Such marked changes in the physiognomy of a tree from
season to season, while common in the woods of the eastern
United States, are uncommon with us.
ACERACEAE. Map te Famity.
Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, petioled,
simple or rarely compound, without stipules. Flowers regu-
lar, polygamous or dioecious, borne in axillary or terminal
racemes, corymbs or fascicles. Calyx generally cleft into 5
segments, the petals as many or none. Stamens 3 to 10, borne
on the edge of a disk or hypogynous. Pistil 1 with a 2-lobed
2-celled ovary and 2 styles. Ovary developing a long wing
from the summit of each lobe and thus ripening into a double
samara; samaras separable at maturity, the wings serving
to rotate them rapidly in the air and further their horizontal
flight when carried away by the wind.—Two genera, northern
hemisphere.
Fig. 110. Maple samaras. a, Bic-LEaF Marte (Acer macrophyllum
Pursh). 6, Sierra Maple (Acer glabrum Torr.). c, Vine Marre (Acer
circinatum Pursh). nat. size.
200 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Fig. 111. Bic-Lear Marie (Acer macrophyllum Pursh). Leaf, % nat. size.
MAPLE FAMILY. 201
ACER L. Mapte.
Leaves simple and palmately lobed, or pinnately compound.
Flowers small, in various kinds of clusters but the clusters
always drooping.—About 100 species in north temperate zone,
or ranging little beyond it. (Latin name of the maple tree.)
Leaves simple; petals present.
Flowers in racemes; samaras more or less hispid; leaves large,
deeply 5-lobed; lower altitudes chiefly........ 1. A. macrophyllum.
Flowers in corymbs; samaras glabrous.
Leaves shallowly but acutely 7 to 9-lobed; north coast........
MT Pee EN ee TEN: 2. A. circinatum.
Leaves mostly 3-lobed or parted; high-montane....3. A. glabrum.
Leaves pinnately or ternately compound; flowers dioecious; petals none;
Sued banks at lower altitudes: 4... .s. 426.605 s¢-n5- 4. A. negundo.
Big-Leaf Maple.
1. ACER MACROPHYLLUM Pursh. Figs. 110a and 111.
Leaves roundish in outline, palmately parted into 5 broad fingers which
are mostly 2 or 3-lobed or -toothed, 4 to 8 or 10 inches broad; flowers
yellowish white, borne in drooping racemes 2 to 4 inches long, perfect and
staminate mixed in the same raceme, the lower half of the raceme some-
times wholly staminate; sepals elliptic, 214 lines long, equalled by the
oblong petals; stamens 7 to 9, those of ‘the staminate flower exserted; body
of the samara densely covered with short stiff hairs, the wings 1 to 1%
inches long and 6 to 8 lines wide.
Big-leaf Maple, often called California Maple or Oregon
Maple, is a handsome broad-crowned tree 30 to 65 or even
95 feet high with a trunk 1 to 4 feet in diameter. The brown-
ish gray bark is broken into narrow interwoven ribbon-like
ridges, or sometimes checked into small squarish plates. It
inhabits the banks or bottoms of constant streams, moist
valley flats or springy mountain sides (wherefore the folk-
name, Water Maple), and is distributed through the Coast
Ranges (200 to 3,000 feet) and Sierra Nevada (2,000 to 5,000
feet) southward to San Diego County and north to southern
Alaska. In California it is forestrally a rather rare or at least
very subordinate tree in our woodlands and over large areas
it is merely an occasional tree in the most favored situations,
the banks or benches of streams.
As an ornamental tree Big-Leaf Maple has been widely
planted. It is also highly valued as a street and roadside
tree, being the most available native tree for this purpose, on
account of its extremely rapid growth, its adaptability to street
202 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
conditions, and its fine crown and beautiful foliage. It is
unfortunately our most difficult deciduous tree to transplant
from the nursery.
The wood is reddish brown with white sapwood. It is
rather hard and close-grained, takes a high polish and works
easily. It has been used for tool-handles, furniture and in-
terior finish. Mountaineers choose second-growth saplings
for single-trees. The Indians of Oregon and Washington
used the wood for boat paddles, gambling disks and sticks.
With Redwood Creek Indians of Humboldt County, the twigs
were used as “medicine” to bring riches, a fine compliment to
those admirable qualities of the tree which are likewise sensed
by the white man.
2. Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine Mapre. (Figs. 110c and 112.)
Shrub or sometimes a small tree, erect and 5 to 20 feet high, but more
often vine-like or reclining; trunk 3 to 6 inches or rarely 1 foot in diameter
Fig. 112. Vine Maree (Acer circinatum Pursh). Leaf. nat. size.
MAPLE FAMILY. 203
with a smooth thin brownish red bark; leaves 2 to 4 inches broad, 5 to 7-
lobed to the middle, with toothed margin, the lower pair of lobes smaller ;
flowers 4 to 10 or more in a corymb, most of them staminate, the cluster
often setting but one fruit; sepals reddish brown, oblong, acute, nearly
twice as long as the petals; petals white or greenish, 1 line long; stamens
6 to 10, shorter than the petals in the perfect flower but longer than the
petals in the staminate flower; samaras glabrous, the wings spreading at
right angles to the stalk; wings 7 to 10 lines long, 4 to 5 lines wide, scarlet
when full grown; as the fruit ripens, the peduncle turns upward and finally
the samara stands erect above the leaf—Banks of streams and the depths
of forests from the cafion of the upper Sacramento River to Mendocino
and Humboldt counties and northward to southeastern Alaska. An at-
tractive feature of the bottom lands and great forests of Oregon and Wash-
ington, where it sometimes attains a height of 35 feet. Most commonly
the trunk branches at the very base into four or five spreading stems which
curve over and, touching the ground, take root. Further offsets arise and
result in extensive and well-nigh impenetrable thickets.
Jig. 113. Srerra Mapie (Acer glabrum Torr.). Leaf. nat. size.
204 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
The wood is heavy, hard and close-grained, and takes a high polish; in
Oregon and Washington it is used for fuel, tool-handles, cabinet-work,
_ boat-knees and barrel-hoops and for bowls and fish-net hoops by the native
tribes of the Columbia River.
3. Acer glabrum Torr. Sierra Map te. (Figs. 110b and 113.) Shrub
5 to 10 feet high with slender branchlets, the trunk 2 or 3 inches in dia-
meter ; leaves 1 to 3 inches broad, palmately 3-lobed or often with 2 supple-
mentary lobes at base, the margin unequally serrate ; flowers 4 to 9, in loose —
umbel-like corymbs, the staminate without rudiments of pistils and the
pistillate with short stamens; corymbs unisexual or with both pistillate and
staminate flowers, the sexes often borne on different shrubs; petals of the
same length as the oblong sepals but narrower; stamens 7 to 10, the glab-
Fig. 114. Box Exper (Acer negundo var. californicum Sarg.). a, Leaf,
Y% nat. size; b, samara, nat. size.
CACTUS FAMILY. 205
rous filaments arising from pits in the perigynous cushion; samaras usually
several in a ciuster, glabrous, with diverging wings 6 to 12 lines long and
4 or 5 lines wide.—Occasional in the Sierra Nevada on rocky cafion sides
at 6,000 to 8,000 feet; high North Coast Ranges (Marble Mt., Siskiyous),
forming thickets on wet mountain sides, the stems 10 to 150 in one bush-
like clump; north beyond our borders to southeastern Alaska and east to
the Rocky Mountains.
Box-Elder.
4. ACER NEGUNDO L. var. CALIFORNICUM Sarg. Fig. 114.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, the leaflets commonly 1% to 5 inches long,
serrate and incised, or deeply 2 or 3-lobed, or the lobes sometimes becom-
ing “distinct and petioled so that one or more of the primary leaflets is
replaced by 2 or 3; staminate and pistillate flowers borne on different trees,
without corolla and with minute calyx; staminate flowers clustered on
thread-like hairy pedicels, the stamens 4 or 5; pistillate flowers borne in
slender racemes; samaras straw-white, crimson when young, finely pube-
scent, the wings 6 to 8 lines long, 4 lines wide.
Box-Elder is a broad-crowned tree 30 to 45 feet high with
trunk 1 to 1% feet in diameter. It inhabits banks or bottoms
of constant streams and is distributed through the Coast
Ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and Sierra
Nevada foothills, ranging south to the San Bernardino and
San Jacinto mountains. The trees in a locality are usually
few and scattered and there are wide gaps in its distribution.
It is rather more common along the Pajaro River between
Pajaro and Sargent than seen elsewhere by the writer. On
account of its hardiness and attractive foliage it is frequently
used as a street tree in the cities and towns of California.
CACTACEAE. Cactus FaMmity.
Trees or shrubs with fleshy or woody stems more or less
studded with clusters of thorns (modified leaves), and without
normal foliage. Flowers complete. Sepals and petals many,
passing one into the other. Stamens numerous, inserted on
the base of the corolla. Pistil compound; ovary inferior,
l-celled, with many parietal placentae; style one with many
branches. Fruit fleshy, berry-like; seeds without endosperm.—
Remarkable family, characteristic of deserts and arid areas;
about 20 genera.
CEREUS Haw. e
Habit diverse. Cushions geminate, borne on the vertical
ribs, the lower spine-bearing, the upper producing a branch
or flower. Calyx elongated. Stamens adnate at base to tube
206 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
of calyx. Seeds black.—About 100 species, chiefly in Mexico
and South America. (Latin cereus, a wax-taper,on account of
the columnar stem. )
Suwarro.
1. CEREUS GIGANTEUS Engelm. Carnegeia gigantea Britt. & Rose.
Foliage leaves none; flowers 4 to 4% inches long; fruit oval, dehiscent
by irregular valves.
The Suwarro, Giant Cactus or Monument Cactus, is a
columnar tree, strongly 8 to 12-ribbed toward the base and
with more numerous ribs above, 15 to 60 feet high, simple
or with one or more (commonly 2 or 3) upright branches
above the middle. It is one of the most remarkable trees
of America. It grows in southern Arizona, crosses the Mex-
ican line into the State of Sonora and has only recently been
discovered on the California side of the Colorado River be-
tween the Needles and Yuma, where there are hundreds of
trees. Its singular columnar growth and _ candelabra-like
branches make it an extraordinary feature in the desert land-
scapes of the regions it inhabits.
CORNACEAE. Docwoop Famity.
Ours deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple,
entire. Flowers in cymes or heads. Calyx-tube coherent
with the ovary, its limb represented by 4 small teeth at the
summit or none. Petals 4, distinct, epigynous, valvate in bud.
Stamens 4, alternate with the petals. Ovary 2-celled with a
single pendulous ovule in each cell; style 1, filiform. Four-
teen genera, widely distributed in both hemispheres.
1. CORNUS L. Corner. Docwoon.
Flowers regular and perfect, greenish or white, disposed
in cymes or heads. Fruit a drupe, the stone 2-celled with 1
seed in each cell—About 30 species, chiefly north temperate;
6 species in California, all shrubs except one. (Latin cornu,
horn, on account of the hardness of the wood.)
Mountain Dogwood.
1. CORNUS NUTTALL: Aud. ;
Leaves roundish to narrowly obovate, with rounded or shortly
acute apex, 3 to 5 inches long, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; flowers
crowded in dense heads, the heads on peduncles 1 to 1% inches long
and surrounded by an involucre of white bracts; bracts commonly 6,
HEATH FAMILY. 207
roundish to obovate or oblong with a short abrupt point at apex, 1% to 3
inches long; flowers dull white, 3 lines long; petals broadly oblanceolate ;
fruit a scarlet drupe 5 or 6 lines long.
Mountain Dogwood is a shrub 6 to 10 feet high, or a
slender tree up to 50 feet high with irregular crown and
smooth whitish bark. It inhabits cool depths of mountain
forests where the shade is deep and the soil moist. The indi-
viduals are usually scattered or rarely in small clusters. In
the Sierra Nevada it occurs between 2,500 and 5,000 feet; in
the Coast Ranges it is limited to the seaward ranges and to
the middle North Coast Range. It extends south to the San
Jacinto Mountains and north to southern British Columbia.
ERICACEAE. HeatuH Famity.
Trees, shrubs or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, com-
monly alternate. Flowers regular, the parts usually in 5s.
Stamens free or almost free from the corolla, as many or
twice as many as its lobes; anthers 2-celled, opening by a
terminal pore. Ovary superior or inferior, commonly 4 to 10-
celled, with axile placentae and numerous ovules. Fruit a
capsule or indehiscent and either dry or fleshy.—About ,67
genera and 1,350 species, widely distributed in all zones.
1. ARBUTUS L. ArsurTe TREE.
Evergreen trees or shrubs with glossy leathery leaves.
Flowers in a terminal panicle of dense racemes: Calyx small,
5-parted, free from the ovary. Corolla globular or ovate,
5-lobed at apex. Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes,
included; filaments soft-hairy; anthers with a pair of reflexed
awns on the back, each cell opening at the apex anteriorly
by a pore. Ovary on a hypogynous disk, 5 or rarely 4-celled,
the ovules crowded on a fleshy placenta which projects from
the inner angle of each cell. Fruit a many-seeded berry with
granular surface—Over 20 species, northern hemisphere.
(Latin name of the Arbute tree under which, says Horace,
idle men delight to lie.)
Madrona.
1. ARBUTUS MENZIESU Pursh. Figs. 115 and 26.
Leaves narrowly elliptic or ovatish, 3 to 6 inches long, about 2 to 3
inches wide, rounded at apex or bluntly pointed, glabrous, dark green and
polished above, glaucous beneath, the margin entire or, on stump sprouts
208 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
or vigorous shoots, finely serrate; petioles % to 1 inch long; flowers
white, numerous in an ample terminal cluster; corolla ovate-globular,
3 lines long, with 5 very small lobes recurving from the small opening,
and 10 semi-transparent glands in a circle at base with a slight con-
striction above them which becomes obvious on drying; fruit somewhat
depressed globose, 4 to 5 lines in diameter, fleshy but rather dry, red,
or orange-color when not fully ripe; seeds somewhat angular, closely
crowded, 5 or 6 in a cell.
Madrofia is a tree 20 to 125 feet high with trunk % to 5
feet in diameter, sometimes with a massive rounded crown,
sometimes with a one-sided or irregular or very thin crown.
The bark is terra-cotta color with a polished smoothness or
on old trunks dark brown and fissured into small deciduous
scales.
Arbutus menziesii ranges from Southern California to
British Columbia. It occurs in the Sierra Nevada from the .
Lassen Peak foothills to the South Fork Tuolumne River, but
is not common. It is most common in the North Coast
Ranges where it grows on mountain ridges, slopes and gravelly
valleys, reaching its greatest development in Mendocino and
Humboldt counties where as an associate of Tan Oak, Douglas
Fir and Black Oak it is everywhere a striking feature of the
woods in the “Bald Hills” region inside the Redwood Belt.
Madrona is rarely symmetrical and the older the tree the
more unsymmetrical as a rule. This is notably the case in the
Mendocino and Humboldt woods, where it is invariably pushed
to one side when in light competition with Douglas Fir or Tan
Oak. Huge Madrona crowns, wholly one-sided, are frequently
met with; sometimes the aggressive companion trees disappear
and leave these irregular Madronas standing alone. Very fre-
quently one finds a long trunk curving out of the perpen-
dicular 20 or 30 feet and up 60 or 70 feet to a wisp of a crown
occupying a very small area of the forest canopy. Such trees
are remarkable for their curving and often huge trunks, which
are commonly very tall and often flattened contrary to the
direction of curve.
The contrast of color in bark and foliage is the most
striking feature of the tree to the traveler. On branches or —
young trunks the bark is deep red and very smooth. When
the summer growth begins it is deciduous in thin layers,
revealing a satiny ground of pale green which ages into the
HEATH FAMILY. 209
characteristic red or terra-cotta. The bark parts very readily
from the wood, and girdled trunks, girdled without apparent
provocation or as mere pastime, are often seen in the forest.
Their color and smoothness, so attractive and distinctive to
the forest lover, seem but as a challenge to the destructive
instincts of the gross.- Fortunately the trunk has the peculiarity
of retaining a thin inner layer of the bark which the vandal
b
Fig. 115. MaproNa (Arbutus menziesii Pursh). a, Fruiting branchlet
with berries, 1% nat. size; 6, longitudinal seetion of flower, 2%4 times
nat. size.
210 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
often ignorantly overlooks and the tree may liveand flourish in
spite of mutilation.
~ In its native woods Madrona has been little regarded by
Californians, except by a chosen few who know the northern
ranges. To these, what wonder that this tree inspires both pen
and brush! It has been well depicted on the canvases of
Welch and other artists and has, in addition, a permanent place
in our California literature. When a boy Francis Bret Harte
journeyed overland from Eureka to the Bay of San Francisco
and in early youth gave to Californian poesy his happy lyric
on this sylvan masquerader with velvet mantle and scarlet
hose. So it is that the Madrona, the most handsome tree of
Alta California — which enlivens the forests and the groves
with its unrivalled woodland colors — will ever be associated
with the man who has best portrayed the atmosphere of the
Californian valleys and the foothills with their yellow cloaks.
No other of our trees, to those who know it in its regions
of finest development, makes so strong an appeal to man’s
imagination — to his love of color, of joyful bearing, of sense
of magic, of surprise and change. He walks the woods in
June or July and rustles the mass of gold-brown leaves fresh
fallen under foot, or rides for hundreds of miles across the
Mendocino ranges — and always with a sense of fresh interest
and stimulation at the varying presence oi this tree.
For although of slight economic importance as a timber
species it is in every other way a notable tree. Its crown of
flowers and masses of crimson berries, its burnished foliage
and terra-cotta bark, its manner of branching and habits of
growth are alike full of interest and of charm. Wherever it
grows the traveler, the forester, the hunter, the artist or the
botanist is held by its spell and none such worthy of the name
ever came out of the northern woods but returned to them
again and again in waking or in dreaming moments, guided
by the ordered paths of the intellect or loitering free in the
crimson uplands of the imagination.
OLEACEAE. As# FAMILY.
Trees or shrubs mostly with opposite leaves. Flowers
small, commonly in panicles, mostly unisexual. Stamens few
(1 to 4). Ovary superior, 2-celled; style one. Fruit a samara,
ASH FAMILY. 2ti
capsule or drupe.—An interesting family distributed in all con-
tinents; 21 genera; Forsythia,* Lilac, Olive, and Privet are
cultivated with us.
1. FRAXINUS L. Asx.
Deciduous trees or shrubs. Leaves pinnately compound
(except one species); terminal leaflet on a longer stalk than
the lateral, or the lateral leaflets sessile. Flowers in small
panicles, appearing just before the leaves and from separate
buds. Corolla with 2 equal petals or none. Stamens 2 (rarely
lor 3). Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, with
terminal wing.—Northern hemisphere, about 40 species. (The
Latin name of the ash.)
Trees; corolla none; style conspicuously 2-lobed.
Flowers dioecious, leaves pinnate; leaflets 2 inches long or more;
branchlets terete.
Leaflets oblong to oval, the lateral commonly sessile; cis-
iRONTUE TO ey Aoecte oeeree RRR oe eT REE Ae aero. He 1. F. oregona.
Leaflets round-ovate, the lateral leaflets on petioles 4 to %
IMIG OMe GeSett TAN@eSi as. /s soe cee Meats 2. F. coriacea.
Leaflets lanceolate, the lateral with petioles 1 line long; desert
IGE ee te he eae EEL ARLE! co ee eee 3. F. velutina.
Flowers polygamous; leaves simple, rarely with 2 or 3 leaflets;
branchlets of the season 4-sided; desert area...... 4. F. anomala.
Shrubs; corolla present; flowers perfect; style obscurely lobed; leaflets
mostly stalked, less than 2 inches long; branchlets of the season
SrronolysA4—sidedi cismomtane. ..o: sy... eaue Jaleene rele 5. F. dipetala.
Oregon Ash.
1. FRAXINUS OREGONA Nutt. Fig. 116.
Leaves 6 to 12 inches long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong to oval, or often
broadest toward the apex and abruptly short-pointed, usually sessile
except the terminal one, entire or toothed above the middle, 2 to 5%
inches long; flowers in small crowded clusters, destitute of petals;
calyx of staminate flower very small, truncate, with 2 (sometimes 1 or
3) stamens; calyx of pistillate flower toothed, shorter than the ovary
and persistent; samara oblong-lanceolate, 1% to 2 inches long, including
the wing, the body clavate and % to 34 inch long.
Oregon Ash is a tree 30 to 80 feet high with a rather
broad round-topped crown and trunk % to 3 feet in diameter.
The trunk bark is gray-brown, % to % inch thick, fissured
into narrow freely interlaced ridges.
Fraxinus oregona inhabits stream banks in ravines, river
bottoms, and moist flats in valleys. It is widely distributed
through the Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges and is occasional!
242 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
on the higher ranges of Southern California south to San Diego
County. Beyond our bordefs it extends northward through
western Oregon (where it is most abundant) and Washington
to British Columbia. It grows along the Sacramento and
San Joaquin rivers, ranging into the Sierra Nevada foothills to
altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000 feet. In the South Coast Ranges
it occurs sparingly, the writer having seen it only in the fol-
lowing localities: Walnut Creek; Carnadero Creek, Gilroy
Valley; Santa Cruz Range. It is more common and widely
distributed in the North Coast Ranges, occurring from Mt.
Tamalpais to Napa Valley, east to the east slope of the Vaca
Mountains and northward to Lake, Mendocino and Humboldt
Fig. 116. Orrcon Asu (Fraxinus oregona Nutt.). a, Compound leaf,
Y% nat. size; b, samara, nat. size.
ASH FAMILY. PANS
counties, where it is sometimes the dominant tree in the delta
swamps of mountain valleys.
Its wood is rather coarse-grained, hard and strong and is
used for interior finish, furniture, wagon parts, and implement
handles. The supply in California is too small to be of
importance other than for local uses.
Leather-leaf Ash.
2. FRAXINUS CORIACEA Wats.
Leaves compound, pale green, glabrous and 3 to 6 inches long;
leaflets 5 to 7, round-ovate to elliptic or oblong, mostly abruptly pointed,
1% to 3 inches long; petiole of lateral leaflets 4 to ™% inch long, of ter-
minal leaflets 1 inch long; margin entire or with minute scattered teeth;
samaras 1 inch long with wings 1% to 2 lines wide.
Leather-leaf Ash is a tree 20 to 30 feet high with round-
topped crown and rough, gray trunk bark. It inhabits the
desert regions from southern Utah to southeastern California ;
in the latter region it occurs on the east side of Owens Lake
and at the east base of Mt. San Jacinto (2,000 feet altitude).
Arizona Ash.
3. FRAXINUS VELUTINA Torr.
Leaves compound; leaflets 5, lanceolate, 2% to 4 inches long, ™% to
7% inch wide, green above, yellowish green beneath, mostly entire;
petioles of lateral leaflets 1 line long, of terminal leaflet ™% inch long;
samaras 1 inch long, the wing 2 lines wide.
Arizona Ash is a tree 15 to 30 feet high with grayish some-
what fissured bark and willow-like leaflets. It inhabits the
banks of streams in canons or the borders of lakes or springs.
It is distributed from western Texas to southern Nevada,
ranging west to the Panamint Mountains and Owens Lake in
southeastern California, recurring at the southwestern base
of Mt. San. Jacinto at 2,200 feet.
Dwarf Ash.
4. FRAXINUS ANOMALA Wats.
Leaves simple, roundish or broadly ovate, partially serrulate or en-
tire, % to 1% inches long, or compound with 2 or 3 similar leaflets;
flowers either perfect or pistillate, both forms occurring in the same
cluster; samara 8 to 9 lines long with a rounded wing which surrounds
the body and is 4 to 5 lines wide.
Dwari Ash is a tree 15 to 20 feet high or a low spreading
shrub, growing in desert washes or borders of desert streams.
It occurs in the Providence Mountains of California (T. S.
214 TIE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Brandegee, 1902) and the Charleston Mountains of southern
Nevada, ranging eastward to southern Utah, western Colorado
and northern Arizona.
5. Fraxinus dipetala H. & A. FLowerinc Asu. Shrub 5 to 15
feet high; one-year-old shoots conspicuously 4-sided and 4-winged;
leaves 2 to 6 inches long; leaflets 3 to 9, serrate above the middle, 34
to 1% inches long; petals 2, white, about 3 lines long; samaras 1 to
1% inches long, the wing frequently notched at tip—Cafions or moun-
tain slopes in both Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges.
~BIGNONIACEAE. BicGnonta Famity.
Trees or shrubs, the leaves most commonly opposite and
compound, in ours simple. Flowers large and showy, per-
fect, bilabiate. Stamens 4 in 2 pairs, the fifth stamen sterile
or wanting. Ovary 2-celled, style 1; stigma 2-lobed. Valves
of the fruit 2, falling away from the placentiferous partition
and releasing usually winged seeds.—Large tropical order
containing many lianes. Species of Bignonia, Tecoma and
Catalpa are in garden cultivation in California.
i= -CHiILORSTS s Dom
Deciduous tree or shrub. Flowers in a short terminal
raceme. Corolla funnelform, ventricose above, the ample limb
bilabiate, 5-lobed. Stamens 4 and a sterile filament; anther-
cells glabrous and diverging. Capsule long, linear, terete.
Seeds oblong, thin, with the wing at each end replaced by a
tuft of soft hairs—(Greek cheilos, lip, and opsis, resemblance.)
Desert Willow.
1. CuHrLopsis SALIGNA Don.
Leaves opposite, whorled or mostly irregularly alternate, linear with
lanceolate apex, entire, 1% to 3 lines wide, 2 to 5 inches long, slightly
grandular when old; corolla white and purplish, blotched with yellow
in throat, 1 to 1% inches long, its rounded spreading lobes erose and
undulate; capsule 6 to 12 inches long and 2 lines broad, with oblong
thin seeds 4 lines long.
Desert Willow is a slender deciduous shrub or tree 10 to
20 feet high, with narrow crown and trunk 3 to 8 inches in
diameter. Its common name is derived from its narrow
willow-like leaves, although of course it is not in any way
related to the willows. It grows along water-courses or
washes in the Mohave and Colorado deserts of Southern Cali-
fornia, westward to San Jacinto Valley, southward into Lower
HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 215
California and northern Mexico, and eastward through south-
ern Nevada and Arizona to western Texas. Its peculiar habit
and showy flowers make it an interesting feature of the desert
flora.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckre Famity.
Small trees or shrubs with opposite leaves. Flowers com-
plete. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the toothed limb insig-
nificant. Corolla tubular or rotate, 4 or 5-lobed, regular or
irregular. Stamens inserted on the corolla, as many as its
lobes. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; style one. Fruit in ours a berry
or berry-like drupe—Ten genera, chiefly north temperate.
1. SAMBUCUS L. Experserry.
Shrubs or small trees with odd-pinnate leaves and serrate
leaflets. Flowers small, white, in a terminal compound cyme,
jointed with their pedicels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla regular,
rotate, deeply 5-lobed. Ovary 3 to 5-celled; style short;
stigmas 3 to 5; ovules solitary, suspended from the summit
of each cell. Fruit small, globose berry-like drupes with car-
tilaginous nutlets—About 20 species, represented in all con-
tinental areas. (Greek sambuke, a musical instrument, said
to have been made of elder wood.)
Inflorescence flat-topped; berries black-purple with a blue bloom........
_ cdi Ob sGge ISRO Bie GnGae 8 oie SS Ene CRUE Maclin nes Eero caer 1. S. glauca.
Inflorescence ovate in outline; berries red...............2. S. racemosa.
Blue Elderberry.
1. SameBucus cuauca Nutt. Fig. 117.
Leaves compound with 5 to 7 leaflets; leaflets coriaceous, glabrous,
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, serrate except at the abruptly acuminate
apex, 1 to 4 inches long; flowers small (2% to 3% lines broad), agegre-
gated in a terminal flat-topped cluster 2 to 6 inches broad, consisting
of one to several 5-rayed cymes; berry 2 lines in diameter, blue beneath
the white bloom.
Blue Elderberry is a tree 15 to 28 feet high with roundish
or irregular crown and trunk % to 1% feet in diameter, or
most commonly a roughish bush 5 to 10 feet high with several
to many upright main stems. It ranges from Washington to
Southern California, occurring in both the Sierra Nevada and
‘coast Ranges.
The bush-like clusters, which are common both in the
valleys and mountains, may aspire to develop a single tree-like
216 THE TREES OF CALIFORNIA.
Fig. 117. Brur ELperperry (Sambucus glauca Nutt.). a, Flowering
branch, % nat. size; b, flower from above, 9 times nat. size.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 217
trunk, but rarely do so since the truly arboreous form is for-
estrally rare, such individuals being widely scattered or occur-
ring in small clusters.
In late summer or winter Sambucus glauca is scraggly and
unattractive on account of its habit of dying back. Its best
season is early spring when the clumps round out full-foliaged
heads which are truly attractive, as they are also a few months
later when dowered with flowers.
The berries, often produced in great abundance, are used
in rural cookery. Multitudinous jays, woodpeckers and other
birds feed voraciously upon them and so distribute the seeds
along fence lines in the valleys.
2. Sambucus racemosa L. Rep Experserry. Low or many-stemmed
shrub 2 to 5 feet high; leaflets 5 to 7, thin, oblong or obovate,
abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate to the very apex, 2% to 7% inches
long, 1 to 3 inches wide; flowers white in a thyrsoid-like panicle which
is ovate in outline and 2 to 3 inches high; berries red, 2% to 3 lines
long—High Sierra Nevada and far northward and eastward. Var.
CALLICARPA Jepson. Arboreous, 12 to 25 feet high.—Bottom lands near
sea on the north coast from Inverness to Usal.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
Page 46. JAck PINE. A name occasionally used to desig-
nate Tamrac Pine.
Page 46. JAcK Oak. In the Sierra foothills this folk-
name is applied to Quercus douglasii.
Page 68. PINUS SABINIANA Dougl. var. explicata Jepson
n. var. Cones ovate, 8 inches long, 6 to 7 inches in diameter ;
lowest scales very long, slender and strongly curved; wing of
the seed oblique on one edge, straight on the other edge, % inch
long.—(Strobilis ovatis, 8 poll. longis, 6 ad 7 poll. in diametro,
squamis infimis longis attenuatis curvatis, nuculis oblongis, ala
Y% poll. longa).—Mt. Diablo, near head of Mitchell Canon,
Wireless no: 2649, Apres 26, 1907:
Some years since there was published a new variety of the
Coulter Pine from Mt. Diablo (var. DIABLOENSIS Lemmon, Sierra
Club, Bull., vol. 4, p. 130,—1902) characterized chiefly by the
short wings. But the Coulter Pine at Mt. Diablo has long
218 GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX,
wings of the usual type, so far as I have been able to discover.
It seems not unlikely that the author of the var. diabloensis
may have had in hand the long-winged type of the Digger Pine
here described and which is known as occurring only on Mt.
Diablo.
Page 95. ABIES GRANDIS Lindl. The woodsmen of the
north coast of California call this species “Stinking Fir,” on
account of the odorous sap.
Page 112.
LIBOCEDRUS DECURRENS Torr.
Commonly known
to Sierra ranchers as Post Cedar or White Cedar.
Page 142.
Populus TRICHOCARPA T. & G. Frequently called
Balsam Cottonwood, or simply Balsam or Balm.
Page 154.
QUERCUS LOBATA Neé.
sap; this sap is bluish, that is, it stains blue.
The trunks contain much
While the trunks
are as a whole worthless for timber, posts made from the butt
cut which is hard, last a long time.
I have known such posts
to be in the ground thirty-two years and still sound.—sS. C. Lillis.
This species is commonly known to the Spanish-Californians
as Roble.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDEX.
Coast Ranges, the complex of
ranges west of the Great Valley.
Gabilan Range, range east of the
Salinas Valley from the Pajaro
River south to the San Lorenzo
Creek.
Great Valley, the great central
valley of California, including
the Sacramento and San Joa-
quin valleys.
Inner Coast Range, the
next to the Great Valley.
Klamath Range, the range form-
ing the eastern boundary of
Del Norte, of which Preston
Peak is a great landmark; it is
a southerly continnation of the
Siskiyou Mountains.
Mayacamas Range, east of Ukiah
Valley from Cobb Mt. and Gey-
ser Peak northward to Cow Mt.
range
Mt. Hamilton Range, the range
east of Santa Clara Valley from
Livermore Valley south to Pa-
checo Pass.
Mt. Hood Range, the range west
of Napa Valley.
Napa Mountains, the range east
of Napa Valley.
North Coast Ranges, the ranges
north of San Francisco Bay as
far as the Siskiyous.
Palomar (sometimes known as
Smith Mountain), San Diego
County.
San Bernardino Mountains, the
ranges from Cajon Pass east-
erly to Morongo Pass.
San Carlos Range, the inner
South Coast Range from Pa-
noche Pass south to Warthan
Creek.
GLOSSARY. 219
Santa Barbara islands, collective
name for all the islands off the
coast of Southern California.
Santa Cruz Mountains, the range
from Pajaro River north
through San Mateo County to
the San Bruno Hills.
Seaward Coast Range, the range
next the ocean; applied more
especially to the seaward North
Coast Range.
Sierra Madre, the range from
' Cajon Pass westerly to the
upper Santa Clara River, in-
cluding the San Gabriel Moun-
tains.
Sierra Nevada, the main mountain
axis on the eastern side of the
Great Valley, south to Tehacha-
pi Pass and north to Pitt River.
South Coast Ranges, the ranges
south of San Francisco .Bay as
far as Santa Barbara County
(Santa Maria River).
Yollo Bolly Range, the inner
North Coast Range from Snow
Mountain north to North Yollo
Bolly.
GLOSSARY.
Achene, a dry 1-seeded indehis-
cent fruit; strictly, one derived
from a simple pistil.
Acorn, the fruit of an oak, consist-
ing of nut and cup; cf. Figs.
85b, c¢ and 99,
Acute, ending in’ an acute angle
but not tapering or prolonged.
Adherent, same as adnate.
Adnate, said of different organs
or parts which are grown to-
gether from the first.
Auricle, an appendage
lobe of the ear.
Bilabiate, 2-lipped.
Blade, the expanded portion of a
leaf or petal.
Bract, a modified or undeveloped
leaf or scale-like organ sub-
tending a flower or a flower-
branch; a usually narrow and
often minute structure subtend-
ing the cone-scale in coniferae
(Figs. 60b, 63b and 54b).
Bur, a spiny fruit like that of a
chinquapin or chestnut.
Caducous, dropping or falling
early, especially in advance of
other parts; falling easily.
Calyx, the outer usually green en-
velope of the flower.
like the
Capitate, head-like (Fig. 101).
Capsule, a dehiscent fruit derived
from a compound pistil.
Carpel, a simple pistil or one of
the parts of a compound pistil.
Catkin, a densely flowered scaly
spike which falls whole after
flowering or after maturity
(Fig. 75); also applied to the
flowering cones in coniferae.
Caulicle, the stem of the plantlet
(embryo) in the seed.
Choripetalous, with distinct pet-
als.
Clavate, narrow and_ tapering
gradually from base to apex;
club-shaped.
Claw, the narrow or stalk-like
base of a petal or sepal.
Coherent, same as Connate.
Complete flower, with all four
circles.
Compound leaf, with the blade
completely divided into several
distinct parts or leaflets (Figs.
82 and 117).
Connate, said of similar parts
more or less grown together.
Conduplicate, with the two sides
or halves (as of a leaf) placed
face to face.
220
Convolute, rolled up from
edge to the other.
Coriaceous, leathery.
Corolla, the inner usually colored
envelope of the flower.
Corymb, a flat-topped flower-clus-
ter, the outer flowers with long-
est pedicels and blooming first.
Crenate, with rounded teeth.
Crenulate, finely crenate.
Cuneate, wedge-shaped.
Cyme, a flat-topped flower-cluster,
the central flowers opening first
(compound cyme, Fig. 117).
Deciduous, barren of leaves in
winter; falling after having
performed its function (said of
corollas and similar parts).
Decurrent, running down, as the
blade extending down the peti-
ole or on to the stem.
Deflexed, turned abruptly down-
ward.
Dehiscent, splitting open.
Dentate, toothed with the teeth
pointing straight out from the
margin (Fig. 93).
Dilated, expanded or flattened,
like the blade of a leaf.
Dimorphic, of two forms; com-
pare dimorphic foliage of Red-
wood, Figs. 66 and 67.
Dioecious, with stamens and pis-
tils in separate flowers on dif-
ferent plants.
Dorsal, the side turned away from
the axis of growth; lower; in-
ferior; back. cf. ventral.
Drupe, a fruit with two layers
about the seed, the inner hard
and stony, the outer fleshy.
Elliptical, a little longer than
broad, and with curving mar-
gin; like an ellipse.
Emarginate, notched at apex.
Embryo, the plantlet in the seed.
Endosperm, the reserve tissue of
the seed in which the embryo
is usually embedded.
one
GLOSSARY.
Entire, the margin whole and
even, not toothed or lobed.
Epigynous, with corolla and stam-
ens borne on the summit of the
Ovary or seemingly so.
Extrorse, situated on the outside
or directed outwards.
Fascicled, in a bundle or close
cluster.
Follicle, the fruit of a simple
pistil opening by the inner or
ventral suture.
Fruit, the matured product of the
Ovary with all its appendages;
cf. Figs. 85b, c, 99, 100, 102, 106,
LOS iaiSas eile:
Glabrous, bald, destitute of hair.
Compare smooth.
Hypogynous, borne on the recep-
tacle.
Imbricated, overlapping like shin-
gles on a roof.
Incised, deeply and sharply cut as
if slashed.
Indehiscent, not splitting open.
Inferior ovary, one which is not
free; one adnate to the calyx.
Inflorescence, a _ flower - cluster;
mode of flower arrangement.
Introrse, situated on the inside or
directed inwards. :
Involucre, a circle of bracts.
Involute, rolled in from each edge
(Fig. 80).
Irregular, with the parts of differ-
ent size or shape.
Lanceolate, lance-shaped, narrow
and tapering gracually to a
point (Fig. 76b).
Leaflet, one of the divisions of a
compound leaf (Fig. 82).
Legume, a l-celled pod opening
by both ventral and dorsal su-
tures, like a pea pod.
Line, 1, of an inch.
Linear, 4 or 5 times as long as
broad and with parallel or near-
ly parallel sides.
Membranous, thin, semi-transpar-
ent.
GLOSSARY. 221
Pollen, the fertilizing powder
borne in the anthers.
Polygamous, with perfect and
Moniliform, like a rosary (Figs.
HOS; -d).
Monoecious, with stamens and
pistils in separate flowers on
the same plant.
Nutlet, a small hard indehiscent
l-seeded fruit, usuaily derived
from a compound pistil.
Oblique, developed more on one
side than the other; not sym-
metrical.
Oblong, two or three times as
long as broad and with parallel
or tapering sides.
Orbicular, circular.
Ovary, the dilated or enlarged
base of the pistil which contains
the ovules.
Ovate, broad and tapering to a
narrow apex; egg-shaped.
Ovoid, egg-shaped.
Ovule, the embryonic seed con-
tained in the ovary.
Palmate, divided or lobed like the
fingers of a hand (Figs. 100 and
AS):
Panicle, a compound or branch-
ing raceme,
Parietal, placed on the side.
Pedicel, stalk of an individual
flower or fruit.
Peduncle, stalk of a flower-clus-
tet OL Cone:
Peltate, borne centrally beneath.
Perigynous, with corolla and sta-
mens borne on the calyx.
Petal, a division or “leaf” of the
corolla.
Petiole, the stalk of a leaf.
Pinnate, with the leaflets disposed
along the two sides of a com-
mon axis (Figs. 82 and 117).
Pistil, the female organ of the
flower.
Placenta, specialized tissue in the
ovary which bears ovules.
with either or both male and
female flowers on the same or
on different individuals.
Pome, a fleshy inferior fruit like
an apple.
Pubescent, hairy with fine close
hairs.
Punctate, dotted.
Raceme, having flowers with pedi-
cels of about equal length dis-
posed along a common axis and
flowering from below upward.
Receptacle, the much abbreviated
and modified stem which bears
the various flower circles.
Regular, with the parts equal and
of the same shape.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
Revolute, rolled under
from the edge.
Samara, an indehiscent pod with
a long wing (Fig. 116b); double
samara, two united pods, each
with a long wing (Fig. 110).
Sepal, a division or “leaf” of the
calyx.
Serrate, toothed like a saw with
upwardly pointed teeth.
Serrulate, finely serrate (Figs. 76b
and 81).
Sessile, without petiole, peduncle,
or stalk; literally seated.
Sinuate, lobed with rounded re-
cess (Fig. 87).
Smooth, not rough. cf. glabrous.
Spathe, differentiated bract-like
leaf enclosing a flower-cluster.
Spike, a raceme in which the
flowers are sessile.
Stamen, a male organ of the
flower producing the pollen.
Staminodia, sterile stamens, usual-
ly scale-like.
or back
222 GLOSSARY.
Stigma, that portion of the style
destitute of epidermis and fitted
to receive and bring about the
growth and development of the
pollen-grains.
Stipitate, elevated on a_ slender
stalk, as a stipitate gland.
Stipule, the appendages at the
base of a petiole, one on each
side.
Style, a slender often elongated
organ connecting ovary and
stigma.
Sub-, prefix meaning somewhat
or approaching.
Subulate, awl-shaped.
Superior ovary, one which is free
from or not adnate to the
calyx.
Sympetalous, with united petals.
Synsepalous, with united sepals.
Terete, slenderly cylindric, circu-
lar in cross-section.
Thyrse, a contracted compact
ovate panicle, one in which the
middle branches are larger than
those above and below as in the
lilac and grape.
Tomentose, woolly.
Tomentum, wool.
Tree, a woody plant with distinct
trunk and crown, commonly 20
feet high or more.
Truncate, cut off abruptly.
Umbel, a flat-topped flower-clus-
ter with the pedicels of equal
length and flowering from the
outside towards the inside.
Umbilicate, with a central depres-
sion or umbilicus.
Umbo, with a central protuber-
ance or point (the cone-scales
in Figs. 41 and 44 have a prickly
umbo).
Undulate, wavy.
Ventricose, puffed out or distend-
ed on one side.
Ventral, the side nearest the axis
.of growth; upper; superior;
face. cf. dorsal.
Villous, with soft hairs.
GENERAL
Abies, 92, 47.
bracteata, 99.
concolor, 93, 33.
grandis, 95.
magnifica, 96.
nobilis, 99.
venusta, 99.
~ Acer, 201.
circinatum, 202.
glabrum, 204.
macrophyllum, 201.
negundo, 205.
Aceraceae, 199.
Aesculus, 196.
californica, 196.
Alder, 148.
Mountain, 151.
Red, 149, 17.
Thin-leaf, 151.
White, 149, 17, 20, 34.
Algaroba, 191.
Alnus, 148.
rhombifolia, 149.
rubra, 149.
tenuifolia, 151.
viridis var. sinuata, 151.
Apple, 188.
Crab, Oregon, 189.
Arboreal Islands, 23.
Arbor-vitae, 113.
Arbute Tree, 207.
Arbutus, 207.
menziesii, 207.
Ash, 211.
Arizona, 213.
Dwarf, 213.
Family, 210.
Flowering, 214.
Leather-leaf, 213.
Oregon, 211, 19, 20, 34.
Aspen, 144, 27, 136.
Balm, 218.
Barren foothills, 21,
Betulaceae. 147.
INDEX.
Betula, 151.
glandulosa, 152.
occidentalis, 152.
Bignonia Family, 214.
Bignoniaceae, 214.
Big Basin, 41.
Big-tree, 101, 17, 18,25, 30,40)
46, 48.
Birch, 151.
Black, 152.
Family, 147.
Red, 152.
Scrub, 152.
Water, 152.
Box-Elder, 205.
Buckeye, California, 196, 17, 31,
38, 39.
Scrub, 31.
Family, 195.
Cactaceae, 205.
Cactus, 205.
Family, 205.
Giant, 206.
Monument, 206.
California trees, list of species, 13.
Caprifoliaceae, 215.
Carnegeia gigantea, 206.
Castanopsis, 178.
chrysophylla, 178.
sempervirens, 179.
Cedar, Canoe, 114, 19, 48.
Deodar, 47.
Incense. See Incense Cedar.
Lebanon, 47.
Port Orford, 116, 48.
Post, 218.
White, 218.
Cedrus, 47, 48.
Cercidium, 192.
torreyanum, 192.
Cercocarpus, 185.
ledifolius, 186.
parvifolius, 187.
traskiae, 186.
224
Cereus, 205.
giganteus, 206.
Chamaecyparis, 116.
lawsoniana, 116, 48.
Cherry, Bitter, 187.
Choke, Western, 187.
Chilopsis, 214.
saligna, 214.
Chinquapin, 178.
Bush, 179.
Giant, 178, 17.
Cornaceae, 206.
Cornel, 206.
Cornus, 206.
nuttallii, 206.
Cottonwood, Balsam, 218.
Black, 142.
Common, 141, 20, 22.
Fremont, 142, 17.
Cupressaceae, 111.
Cupressus
bakeri, 122.
goveniana, 117.
macnabiana, 121.
macrocarpa, 118.
sargentii, 120.
Cypress, 117.
Family, 111.
Gowen, 117, 17, 20, 23.
Guadalupe, 23.
Lawson, 116.
MacNab, 121, 17, 32:
Modoc, 122, 17.
Monterey, 118, 17, 20, 23.
Sargent, 120, 17.
Dalea, 193.
spinosa, 193.
Dogwood, 206.
Family, 206.
Mountain, 206, 34.
Elderberry, 215.
Blue, 215, 17, 34, 38.
Red, 217.
Ieneina, 170, 45.
Ericaceae, 207.
Exploration, 48.
Fagaceae, 152.
Fir, 92, 47.
sristle cone, 99.
GENERAL INDEX.
Douglas, 79, 19) 33, 41, 47, 108,
158.
Lowland, 95, 19, 103.
Noble, 99.
Red, 96, 17, 18, 30. 87, 91.
Santa Lucia, 99, 17, 24.
Shasta, 97, 98.
Stinking, 217.
White, 93, 17, 19) 21s s0%aa:
104, 113.
Fires, periodic, in relation «to
native trees, 29.
Food products of the native trees,
36.
Fraxinus, 211.
anomala, 213.
coriacea, 213.
dipetala, 214.
oregona, 21.
velutina, 213.
Hard-tack, 187.
Heath Family, 207.
Hemlock, 87, 47.
Black, .90.
Coast, 87, 19, 108.
Mountain, 90, 87, 19, 27. .
Western, 89.
Honeysuckle Family, 215.
Horse Chestnut, 196.
Incense Cedar, 111, 17, 18, 19, 21,
30, 104. ?
Indian tribes and local tree dis-
tribution, 38.
Ironwood, Catalina, 189, 17, 21,
24, 34, 35.
Desert, 195, 20, 38.
Islay, 188, 17.
Joshua Tree, 130, 17, 20.*
Juglandaceae, 144.
Juglans, 145.
californica, 145.
var. hindsii, 145.
regia, 145.
rupestris, 145.
Juniper, 122.
California, 123, 17.
Desert, 124.
Dwarf, 123.
Sierra, 124, 17, 19.
GENERAL INDEX.
Juniperus, 122.
californica, 123.
communis var montana, 123.
occidentalis, 124.
utahensis, 124.
Klamath Mountains, 25.
Larix, 46, 48.
Lauraceae, 182.
Laurel, Bay, 182.
California, 182, 17.
Family, 182.
Leaves, different forms of, 34.
“Leguminosae, 190.
Libocedrus, 111.
decurrens, 112, 48, 218.
Liliaceae, 129.
Lily Family, 129.
Lyonothamnos, 189.
floribundus, 189.
Madrona, 207, 17, 19, 34, 38, 41,
42, 158.
Mahogany, Curl-leaf, 186.
Mountain, 186.
Trask, 186.
Maple, 201.
Big-leaf, 201, 19.
Sierra, 204.
Vine, 202.
Mesquite, 191, 20.
Honey, 38.
Names, common, 45.
National forests in California,
43: purpose of, 43.
Parks in California, 39.
Nutmeg, California, 127, 17, 33, 38.
Oak, 152.
Black, 154, 173.
Cikiomia, 173; 1748, 19,31,
34, 37, 41, 42.
Blue, 161, 17
36, 37, 46.
Bottom, 157.
Drewer, 158, 27, 31.
Brittle-leaf, 164.
Bur, 178.
Burr, 157.
Cafion, 167.
Deer, 164, 27.
Drooping, 167.
18) 19; 20,22," 34,
Family, 152.
Florida,
Georgia,
Gold-cup, 167.
Golden,
Hickory,
167.
167.
167.
Gold-leaf 167.
Grey, 163.
167.
Huckleberry,
Iron, 162, 167.
Jack, 46, 217.
Laurel, 167.
Leather,
164.
167.
Island, 164, 21, 23.
Live, 167, 168, 172.
225
168% 17; 20; 315 a4 36;
Interior, 171, 17, 18, 19, 31, 34,
Coast,
ayh
307 LOZ:
Mountain, 167.
Scrub, 31.
White, 167.
Maul, 165, 17, 19, 34, 35, 42, 46.
Mesa, 163; 17, 20:
Size
Mush,
Oregon,
Palmer,
Red, 17
168.
Pin, 46, 167.
Post, 158, 46.
8.
Rock, 161.
Scrub, 163, 22, 26.
167.
157.
Tan, 175; 108, 17, 19, 31, 34; 37,
Aul 4b NG
Scrub, 31, 177.
Spanish,
Swamp,
Valley,
154,
158—q 19;
31, 46.
36, 39, 42, 46.
Valparaiso, 167.
Water, 157.
Weeping,
153:
Mountain, 161.
Evergreen,
210.
White,
Oleaceae,
Olneya, 1
04.
tesota, 195.
Palmaceae,
154,
131.
42,
163.
46,
17; 2OMC2 oe OD:
226 GENERAL INDEX.
Palm, California Fan, 132, 17, 20.
Family, 131.
Eur I1Sil
Palo Verde, 192, 20, 38, 45.
Parks, national and State, in Cali-
fornia, 39,
California Redwood, 41.
General Grant, 40.
Sequoia, 40.
Yosemite, 39.
Pasania, 175.
densiflora, 175.
var. echinioides, 177.
Pea Family, 190.
Pear, 188.
Pepperwood, 182.
Picea, 82, 47.
breweriana, 8&4.
sitchensis, 82.
Pinaceae, 53.
Pine, 54.
Apple, 64.
Balfour, 60.
Beach, 65, 32.
Big-cone, 67, 17, 37, 46.
Bishop; vas 17,-20,-32)
Black, 63.
Bull, 63, 46.
Coulter, 67.
Digger, 68. 17, 18, 20, 32, 37.
46, 162.
Family, 53.
Foxtail, 60, 17, 19. 27, 62.
Four-leaf, 72.
Hickory, 62.
Tack, 46, 217.
Jeffrey, 65, 19, 21.
Knob-cone. 77, 17, 23, 31, 122.
Limber, 59.
Monterey, 76, 17, 20, 23, 32.
Mountain, 56.
Nut, 72.
Oregon, 80, 47.
Silver, 56, 18, 38. 46. 87, 91.
Star, 56, 17, 19: 21,930, 38, 46,
104, 113.
Tamrac, 66, 18, 30, 46, 91.
ionvey 20, 17, 2leme4.core
White, Western, 56.
a
White-bark, 58,18, 38. ’
Yellow, 62, 17, 18, 19:5205e2i5
30; 38, ..46, 104; "1S i azz
Pines, fire-type, 31.
Pinon, 45.
One-leaf, 72, 20, 37, 39:
Panny 72, 20570
Pinus, 54, 47.
albicaulis, 58.
ehulsenial, (2.
attenuata, 77.
balfouriana, 60, 27.
contorta, 65.
coulteri, 67.
flexilis, 59.
insignis, 76.
lambertiana, 56.
monophylla, 72.
monticola, 56.
muricata, 73.
murrayana, 66, 46.
parrayana, 72.
ponderosa, 62.
var. jeffreyi, 65.
quadrifolia, 72.
radiata, 76.
sabiniana, 68, 217.
var. explicata, 217.
torreyana, 70.
tuberculata, 77.
Plane, 180.
Family, 179.
Platanaceae. 179.
Platanus, 180.
orientalis, 180.
racemosa, 180.
Plum, Sierra, 188.
Populus, 141.
fremontii, 141.
tremuloides, 144.
trichocarpa, 142, 2:8.
Prosopis, 190.
juliflora, 191.
pubescens, 192.
Prunus, 187.
demissa, 187.
emarginata, 187. '
ilicifolia, 188. i
subcordata, 188.
Ca ;
\
GENERAL INDEX. 227
Pseudotsuga, 77, 47.
botanical relationships, 79.
douglasti, 79.
macrocarpa, 8&2.
taxifolia, 79.
Pyrus, 188.
rivularis, 189.
Quercus, 152.
agrifolia, 168.
californica, 173.
chrysolepis, 165.
forma grandis, 165.
forma hansenii, 165.
forma nana, 165.
densiflora, 175.
douglasii, 161, 46, 217.
dumosa, 163. ;
var. alvordiana, 164.
var. turbinata, 163.
durata, 164.
engelmannii, 163.
garryana, 158, 46.
var. breweri, 158, 27.
var. semota, 158, 27.
_kelloggii, 173.
lobata, 154, 218.
var. turbinata, 157.
var. walteri, 157.
morehus, 175.
sadleriana, 164, 27.
tomentella, 164.
vaccinifolia, 167.
wislizenii, 171.
forma extima, 172.
var. frutescens, 172.
Redwood, 106, 17, 19, 23, 30, 33,
35, 40, 41, 48, 96, 101.
Rhamnus occidentalis, 27.
Roble, 218, 45.
Salicaceae. 133.
Sale, 133.
flavescens, 138.
laevigata, 134.
lasiandra, 134.
lasiolepis, 136.
nigra, 136.
sitchensis, 139.
Sambucus, 215.
glauca, 215.
racemosa, 217.
var. callicarpa, 217.
Sapindaceae, 195.
Screw Bean, 192, 20, 38.
Second-growth circles, 32.
Sequoia, 101, 48; historical sketch
Ot. 27:
angustifolia, 28.
gigantea, 101, 27, 48.
heeri, 28.
langsdorfii, 28.
sempervirens, 106, 27, 48.
Smoke Tree, 193, 20
Spruce, 82, 47.
Big-cone, 82, 17.
Brewer, 84.
Douglas, 80, 47.
Sitka, 84, 19.
Tideland, 82, 96.
Weeping, 84, 17, 26.
Williamson, 90.
Suwarro, 206.
Sycamore, Western, 180, 17.
Tamarack, 46.
Tamrac. See Pine, Tamrac.
Taxaceae, 125.
Taxodiaceae, 101.
Taxus, 25:
brevifolia, 125.
Thuja, 113.
plicata, 114, 48.
Torreya, 127.
californica, 127.
Treeless plains, 21.
Tsuga, 87, 47.
canadensis, 89.
heterophylla, 87.
mertensiana, 90, 27.
mertensiana, 87.
pattoniana, 90.
Tumion californicum, 127.
Umbellularia, 182.
californica, 182.
Walnut, 145.
California, 145, 17, 34, 38
English, 145.
Family, 144.
Persian, 145.
228 GENERAL INDEX.
Wawona, 103. Spotted-leaf, 136.
Willow, 133. Velvet, 139.
“Arroyo, 136, 17. Yellow, 134, 17 ,136.
Black, 136. Yew, 125.
Desert, 214, 21. Family, 125.
Family, 133. Stinking, 127.
Nuttall, 138. Western, 125, 33.
Red, 134, 17. Yucca, 130.
Silky, 139. brevifolia, 130.
Sitka, 139. Mohave, 131, 17.
Smooth, 136. mohavensis, 131.
. ‘ a ~ Atk Z a} ’ . oy
Be Ee Re wre Se SS >t ; A ,
‘
a LIBRARY
~ FACULTY OF FORESTRY
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
QK Jepson, Willis Linn l
484 The trees of California
C234
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