peteesorentes ee eon neinee ne eetmee ae rocemrerenrwtmanes SSS pep herns Gessiewar ice ermwpesmieere ra @FETh20 TILT yi Digitized by the Internet Archive or in 2007 with funding from Microsoft Corporation Wea’ 91 Bee -_ # i ' nee = inten i Lh ee PD dh “a Y a ie Et 8 APCs Gn tite A i 4 yh ae hee Stee — : . LIBRARY FACULTY OF FORESTRY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO | AIN AND IRELAND - 7 * 4a Seérnd fay ‘ 1,4 HIMALAYAN SPRUCE ON THE ROAD NEAR NAGKUNDA From a Drawing by the late Miss North The Trees at ies Tiiteeide &S / rel, ‘f nad Henry John kiwes, F.RS Augustine Henry, M.A VOLUME V ———- se i tm nd ga: OE Ne FRE NR eM Edinburgh : Privately Printed MCMYX er ae o4) ee P —_. ~ Fa my ae: REL, eel 0 The Trees of Great Britain & Treland Henry John Elwes, F-.RS. AND Augustine Henry, M.A. VOLUME V Edinburgh: Privately Printed CONTENTS List‘or ILLUSTRATIONS Pinus Pinus EXCELSA, HIMALAYAN BLUE PINE Pinus Peuke, MACEDONIAN PINE Pinus AYACAHUITE, MEXICAN WHITE PINE Pinus LAMBERTIANA, SUGAR PINE . PINUS MONTICOLA, WESTERN WHITE PINE . Pinus Stropus, WEYMOUTH PINE, WHITE PINE PINUS PARVIFLORA, JAPANESE WHITE PINE . Pinus Cempra, ALPINE PINE PINUS KORAIENSIS, KorEAN PINE Pinus ARMANDI PINUS PUMILA PINUS FLEXILIS PINUS ALBICAULIS, WHITE-BARK PINE Pinus BuNGEANA Pinus GERARDIANA, GERARD’S PINE Pinus BALFrouriAna, FoxtaiL PINE PINUS ARISTATA, BRISTLE-CONE PINE ‘ : PINUS MONOPHYLLA, ONE-LEAF NuT PINE Pinus EDULIS : PINUS CEMBROIDES . ‘ : ; Pinus PaRRYANA . * “ ; Pinus Montezuma, MontrEzuMA PINE 2 PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS Pinus ToRREYANA . , ; ; ; : Pinus Coutrert, CouLTer’s PINE . Pinus SapiniANna, Diccer PINE. : ; : PINUS PONDEROSA, YELLOW PINE . F - 5 PINUS TUBERCULATA, KNOB-CONE PINE : 4 - Pinus RADIATA, MONTEREY PINE . + . 4 Pinus PATULA, MEXICAN PINE F ; : 111 PAGE vii 1001 IOI 1014 1017 1020 1022 1025 1033 1035 1041 1043 1045 1046 1048 1050 1052 1054 1055 1056 1058 1059 1060 1061 1064 1065 1067 1069 1071 1077 1079 1085 1086 \ \ iv The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PAGE Pinus RIGIDA, NORTHERN PitcH PINE ; : . 3 3 ; ‘ 1087 PINUS SEROTINA, PonD PINE i . ; ; ; ; 5 : 1090 PINUS PALUSTRIS, LONG-LEAF PINE, PitcH PINE . ‘ ; ‘ ‘ 4 Io0gI Pinus Tapa, LosLotity PINE : : : : . f - ; 1094 PINUS CANARIENSIS, CANARY PINE . : : : : : , : 1096 PINUS ECHINATA, SHORT-LEAF PINE . : , - ‘ é ; : 1098 PINUS HALEPENSIS, ALEPPO PINE . : ‘ - ; : ~ : 1099 Pinus muricaTA, BisHor’s PINE. ; y ; - ‘ = 1104 PINUS PUNGENS ; ; : : ‘ ; ; : : : 1106 PINUS VIRGINIANA, JERSEY Ping, SCRUB PINE ‘ : : & 3 "i I107 Pinus BANKSIANA, JACK PINE : . > : ‘ : ain . II09 Pinus PiNASTER, MARITIME PINE . ‘ : : ; . ‘ : 1113 Pinus Pinga, STONE PINE . : : ‘ ; F ; ; 5 III9g PINUS DENSIFLORA, JAPANESE RED PINE . ‘ - ‘ , : : 1125 Pinus MONTANA, MounTAIN PINE °. i ; : z 4 % ‘ 1127 PINUS CONTORTA . : : 5 : * : : ; : 1134 Pinus RESINOSA, RED PINE. ; ‘ , ; : y ‘ ; 1140 Pinus THUNBERGII, JAPANESE BLACK PINE. ; : ; 54K : - 1143 CUPRESSUS . : ‘ : Z : : ? : ; : 1146 CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS, MEDITERRANEAN CYPRESS : i ; ; é 1151 CUPRESSUS TORULOSA, HIMALAYAN CYPRESS 2 : ; ; : ‘ 1158 CUPRESSUS CASHMERIANA_ . : : : : : ; ; . 1161 CUPRESSUS FUNEBRIS, CHINESE WEEPING CYPRESS . 2 : 5 ; F 1162 CUPRESSUS MACROCARPA, MONTEREY CyPRESS . : : ‘ ‘ ; 1165 Cupressus GOVENIANA, GOWEN’s CYPRESS . - : ; : ‘ ; 1171 Cupressus MACNABIANA, Macnas’s CyPRESS : : : , 2 ‘ 1174 CUPRESSUS LUSITANICA, MEXICAN CYPRESS . : : : : : : 1176 CUPRESSUS ARIZONICA . : - F ‘ é 2 ; 3 1183 Cupressus optusa, Hinok1 Cypress 2 ; : - : = : 1185 CUPRESSUS PISIFERA, SAWARA CYPRESS : ‘ : ; ' ; : I1g0 CUPRESSUS NOOTKATENSIS, SITKA CYPRESS . Fi : ‘ ‘ ; ‘ I194 Cupressus LAWSONIANA, LawsON CYPRESS . , : ‘ A : ‘ 1200 CUPRESSUS THYOIDES : : ‘ , ‘ : : F : 1210 QUERCUS. . . ; ‘ : j : : ; ; 1215 Quercus PHELLOs, WiLLOow Oak . : ; - , : - 1228 QUERCUS CINEREA, BLUE Jack ; : . : : : ; ; 1230 QUERCUS IMBRICARIA, SHINGLE OAK ; : : 5 : ¥ 1231 Quercus LEANA . ; ; . : , ° ; ‘ F 1232 QUERCUS HETEROPHYLLA, BARTRAM’S OAK . , - ; : ‘ é 1233 QUERCUS NIGRA, WATER Oak ; ; ; : A : ‘ , 1235 a ee Se ee QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QUERCUS QuERcUS QuERcus QuERcuS Contents MARYLANDICA, BLACK JACK CUNEATA, SPANISH Oak ILICIFOLIA, BEAR Oak VELUTINA, BLACK OAK, QUERCITRON OAK KELLocen, CALIFORNIAN BLACK Oak RUBRA, RED Oak. COCCINEA, SCARLET OAK . PALUSTRIS, Pin Oak ScHNECKII AGRIFOLIA, CALIFORNIAN LIVE OAK WISLIZENI CRASSIPES . Cerris, TURKEY OAK LucoMBEANA, LuCOMBE Oak AEGILOPS, VALONIA OAK . CASTANEZFOLIA, CHESTNUT-LEAVED OAK . MACEDONICA LiBaNI SERRATA VARIABILIS DENTATA . ALNIFOLIA COCCIFERA, KERMES OAK. ILex, Ibex or Hotm Oak TuURNERI, TURNER’s Oak. AUDLEYENSIS Super, Cork Oak SEMECARPIFOLIA INCANA PHILLYRZOIDES CHRYSOLEPIS GLABRESCENS ALBA, WHITE Oak LYRATA, OVERCUP OAK MACROCARPA, Burr Oak . LOBATA, CALIFORNIAN VALLEY OAK BICOLOR, SwaAMP WHITE Oak Prinus, CHESTNUT OAK . MUEHLENBERGII, YELLOW OAK PRINOIDES. vi The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland OBTUSATA . Toza, PyRENEAN Oak CONFERTA, HUNGARIAN OAK MIRBECKII, ALGERIAN OAK PONTICA MACRANTHERA LUSITANICA, PORTUGUESE OAK INFECTORIA GLANDULIFERA GROSSESERRATA GLaUCA* . VIBRAYEANA ACUTA DENSIFLORA GLABRA CUSPIDATA PAGE 1312 1313 1316 1318 1321 1322 1322 1325 1327 1327 1328 1329 1330 1331 1332 1332 ILLUSTRATIONS Himalayan Spruce on the road near Nagkunda (from a drawing by the late Miss North) Frontispiece Pirate No. Sugar Pine in California ; ; ‘ : ; : 2 . : 271 Sugar Pine at Eastnor Castle : ; 2 ; j : f : 272 Western White Pine at Murthly Castle : = . : : , ‘ 273 Japanese White Pine in Japan ‘ ; : , : ) ; é 274 Alpine Pine in the Engadine . : ‘ : : : : : ; 275 White-bark Pine in Montana . ; ; ‘ , d : s ; 276 Foxtail Pine in California. ‘ : 3 : 3 : : : 277 Montezuma Pine at Fota . ; : : : : ; : : 278 Coulter’s Pine at Hoddesdon ‘ k : A 2 ; ; 279 Digger Pine at Ledbury : 3 : cs : ; 5 : i 280 Yellow Pine in Montana ; . ; : . 7 ; : : 281 Monterey Pine at Cuffnells . ; ‘ ; , ; : : ‘ 282 Monterey Pine at Goodwood . , é : : ; ; : ; 283 Monterey Pine at Muckross , : : : , : . : 284 Mexican Pine at Carclew ; ; ; : : ; ‘ ‘ 285 Northern Pitch Pine at Arley Castle . : F : : : ; 3 286 Aleppo Pine in Syria : ; : : , : ; . ; 287 Aleppo Pine at Margam Park 4 : : ; ; ‘ : : 288 Jack Pine in Minnesota ‘ : 7 : ‘ ; : ; - 289 Maritime Pine at Foxley : 3 ; ¢ - . ; - : 290 Stone Pine in Portugal ; : F : ; : ; : : 291 Lodge-pole Pine at Merton Hall - > ; : : P : : 292 Mediterranean Cypress at Heron Court ‘ ° : z ; ; : 293 Mediterranean Cypress near Montpellier 3 : ; ; P . : 293A Himalayan Cypress at Cuffnells : ‘ : ? ; : F ; 294 Monterey Cypress in California : ‘ : ; : ; : F 295 Monterey Cypress at Beauport ‘ ; ‘ : : : : ‘ 296 Monterey Cypress at Tykillen , , , ; F > : ‘ 207 Monterey Cypress at Osborne ‘ 2 ; ‘ , ; : : 298 Gowen’s Cypress at Dropmore : ; : ’ : ; 2 : 299 Mexican Cypress at Hemsted : ; . ; 5 : ; 300 Portuguese Cypress at Oriel Temple . : ; ; : : , : 301 vii vii The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Bentham’s Cypress at Fota Hinoki Cypress near Imaichi, Japan . Hinoki Cypress in Japan Sawara Cypress at Bicton Sitka Cypress on Mount Rainier Sitka Cypress in Snohomish County, Widnes: Sitka siya inN scat Valley, Washington Sitka Cypress at Tortworth Lawson Cypress at Killerton . Lawson Cypress at Castlewellan White Cedar in North Carolina Water Oak at Lyndon Hall . Black Oak at Bayfordbury Red Oak at Kedleston Hall . Pin Oak in Windsor Park Turkey Oak at Belton Turkey Oak at Mamhead Turkey Oak at Mamhead Fulham Oak at Kew Lucombe Oak at Castle Hill Lucombe Oak at Killerton Valonia Oak at Lyndon Hall Chestnut-leaved Oak in Algeria ; Ageia Oak in Mesa Ilex at Holkham Tlex Grove at Holkham Ilex at Mamhead : Hybrid Oak at Audley End . Cork Oak at Mamhead Swamp White Oak at Lyndon Hall Pyrenean Oak at Clonmannon Hungarian Oak at Orton Hall Algerian Oak at Hursley Park Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. Quercus ; leaves, etc. OO ———<6“<—— ~ PINUS. Pinus, Linneus, Gen. Pl. 293 (ex parte) (1 737) ; Duhamel, Zrazté des Arbres, ii. 121 (1755); Bentham et Hooker, Gew. Pi. iii. 438 (1880); Engelmann, in Zrans. Acad. St. Louis, iv. 161 (1886); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxvii. 236, 248, 258, 269, 309 (1891), xXx. 37 (1893), and xxxv. 560 (1904); Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 425 (1890), and Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbiume, 340 (1906) ; Shaw, in Bot. Gaz. xliii. 205 (1907). EVERGREEN trees or shrubs, belonging to the division Abietinez of the order Coni- fere. Bark usually thick, rough, and deeply fissured ; but in some species thin and scaly, and in a few others peeling off in thin flakes like a plane tree. Branches arising from the stem in apparent whorls. Shoots of two kinds: short shoots, which are minute spurs of limited growth, bearing the adult leaves in clusters and deciduous with them; and long shoots, the ordinary branchlets, which continue growth. In the majority * of pines, the long shoot produced in spring is a single internode, consisting of (@) a leafless base, which bears the staminate flowers, when these are developed ; and (4) a longer upper portion bearing foliage, and ending in (c) a terminal bud, subtended by a whorl of smaller buds, one or more of which may be replaced by pistillate flowers (young cones). The buds and young cones being close to the apex of the shoot, are said to be subterminal. In the second year the mature cones and the branchlets, which have developed from the single whorl of buds of the first year, are situated beneath the base of the new shoot of the year, which has sprung from the terminal bud of the preceding season. In another group* of pines, the long shoot produced in spring consists of two (rarely three or more) internodes, each with a leafless base, a leaf-bearing portion, and a whorl of buds (with or without young cones). The buds and young cones are in two or more whorls, and are both subterminal and lateral in position. Similarly, in the second year, the branchlets and mature cones are in two or more whorls, In young or vigorous trees of any species of either group the subterminal whorl of buds and young cones, already formed in spring, is occasionally placed in a lateral position by the development above it of asummer shoot, which is distinguished from 1 Termed uninodal pines by Shaw. 2 Multinodal pines of Shaw, who points out that when the trees are old or diminishing in vigour, they often produce shoots with only one whorl of buds, but recognisable as having two internodes by the presence of two leafless bases ; or they may, when very feeble, only develop one internode to each shoot, Vv IOOI B 1002 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland the normal spring shoot with long leaves and brown withered scale-leaves, by bearing short leaves with green scale-leaves. In this exceptional case, which is, however, common in certain species, the buds and cones are said to be pseudo-lateral. Buds, varying in the different species in shape and in the characters of their spirally imbricated scales, which are united together by their fringed margins or matted hairs, or are embedded in resin, their tips being erect, spreading, or reflexed. The buds are compound; their outer scales empty and persistent at the base of the shoot, when the bud unfolds; their inner scales enclosing minute buds, which develop into the short shoots and adult foliage (and when flower- bearing, into the staminate flowers as well). These inner scales persist on the developed branchlets as scale-leaves. Leaves of three kinds: (a) Primordial leaves, borne on seedling plants, solitary, spirally arranged, spreading, linear-lanceolate, keeled on both surfaces, serrulate. (4) Scale-leaves, containing in their axils the short shoots and adult leaves, triangular-lanceolate, entire or fringed in margin, usually’ quickly deciduous in part, their basal portion only persisting. (c) Adult leaves, needle-like, persistent two to twenty years, in clusters of one to five(rarely six or seven), at the apex of the short shoot, serrulate or entire in margin; section? plano-convex in two-leaved species, triangular in three- to five-leaved species; fibro-vascular bundle branched or simple; resin- canals, two to twelve, marginal or median. The sheath at the base of each cluster, formed by the scales of the minute buds, is either quickly and entirely deciduous or persistent ; in the latter case usually becoming, with age, shortened, blackened, and lacerated, but in certain species dividing into segments, which become reflexed and surround the base of the leaf-bundle as a rosette. Flowers moncecious. Staminate flowers,’ clustered in a head or spike at the base of the current year’s shoot, ovoid or cylindrical, surrounded at the base by an involucre of scale-like bracts, composed of numerous imbricated sessile two-celled anthers ; connective crest-like, nearly orbicular; pollen-grains with two lateral air- vesicles, _Pistillate flowers or young cones, sub-terminal or lateral, solitary or in clusters, surrounded at the base by sterile bracts; composed of two series of scales, minute carpels becoming obsolete in the ripe cone, and large ovuliferous scales, each of the latter bearing two pendulous ovules. Pollination occurs in the first year, when the scales open to receive the pollen, closing immediately afterwards ; but fertilisation, the arrival of the pollen-tube at the embryo-sac, does not occur till May or June in the second year; in consequence the cone remains small in the first year, and increases only in size in the second year, Fruit a woody cone,‘ ripening in nearly all the species® at the end of the second 1 In the species with leaves densely crowded on the branchlets, the scale-leaves persist during the first year. 2 In P. monophylia, the section of the solitary leaf is terete. * Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 1 (1909), points out that in the Soft Pines the buds enclosing the staminate flowers are not sufficiently advanced at the end of the growing season to be distinguishable; but in the Hard Pines they are recognisable by their larger size. In the latter, the»young staminate flowers are either (a) enclosed in the general outline of the bud, or (4) they form about the nodes of the bud characteristic enlargements, which are constant for each species. * The subterminal, lateral, or pseudo-lateral position of the cone referred to in descriptions of species is, as already defined above, that of the young cone in the first year. 5 In P. Pinea, P. leiophyllia, and P. chihuahuana the cones take three years to ripen ; and in these the umbo of the scale shows separate growths of the first and second years, ——————————————<$——— Pinus 1003 year ; symmetrical, or oblique with the scales larger on the outer side of the cone. The exposed part of each scale in the unopened cone, known as the afophyszs, is thickened and shows the apex of the growth of the first year as a terminal or dorsal protuberance or scar called the wmdéo, which is either unarmed or provided with a sharp prickle or stout spine. The cones in most species open their scales when ripe, allowing the seed to escape; but in P. Cembra, P. pumila, and P. albicaulis the scales are incapable of dehiscence, and the seeds are liberated by the attacks of squirrels and other animals. In other species a large proportion of the cones remain on the trees unopened for many years, the scales ultimately separating when scorched by forest fires. Usually the cones fall through decay at the insertion of their peduncle ; but in P. vesinosa, P. ponderosa and P. palustris separation occurs near the base of the cone, a few of the lower scales remaining attached by the stalk to the branch. Seeds, two on each scale, obovate, triangular or cylindrical ; wing embracing by its rim-like base the sides and part of the upper surface of the seed, and either separating freely from it as in the Hard Pines, or adhering closely and breaking off from it irregularly as in P. Strodus and its allies. In certain species, the seeds of which are edible and distributed by animals, the wing, no longer serving for flight, is either reduced to a mere vestige only visible on the upper surface of the seed, as in P. Cembra and its allies, or it is much shortened and reduced to a narrow lateral rim, which usually remains on the scale when the seed falls, as in P. Pinca, P. cembrotdes, P. Bungeana, and their allies. In germination the shell of the seed, from which the wing has usually fallen, is raised as a hood on the top of the cotyledons,’ which vary from three to eighteen in number and are usually triangular, flat, and green below, and keeled and marked with stomata above, entire in margin, acute or mucronate at the apex. The young stem elongating bears primordial leaves, in the axils of which the adult fascicled leaves are usually produced in the second year. About eighty species of Pinus are known, distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic circle to Central America, the West Indies, Canary Islands, Morocco, Algeria, Syria, Himalayas, Burmah, Philippine Islands, Sumatra, and Borneo. Of these about fifty-two species are in cultivation, which may be arranged as follows :— I. Haptoxyton, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 28 (1893). Soft Pines.? Leaves with a single fibro-vascular bundle. Scale-leaves subtending the leaf-clusters inserted on prominent bases, which are not decurrent on the branchlets. Cones symmetrical, opening when ripe. Seed-wing present or obsolete, not readily detachable from the seed. Cortex persistent on young trees for many years. Walls of tracheids of medullary rays of the wood not dentate. The wood is usually soft, close-grained, and light in colour; sap wood generally narrow. 1 The number of cotyledons in each species is variable within narrow limits, and is stated by Dr. Masters in Journ, Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxvii. 236 (1891). Cf. also Hill and de Fraine, in Anum, Bot. xxiii. 199 (1909). 2 The shoots are always uninodal in the soft pines, - link between the first two sections, 1004 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN FIVES. § 1. Srrosus, Spach. White Pines. Leaves serrate in margin, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, elongated, pendulous, usually long-stalked; scales thin, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds with long wings, closely adherent and breaking off irregularly. * Branchlets glabrous. 1. Pinus excelsa, Wallich, Himalayas. See p, 1011. Branchlets glaucous, green. Buds conic, shortly acuminate. Leaves 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, slender ; some sharply bent as if broken, 2. Pinus Peuke, Grisebach. Balkan Peninsula. See p. 1014. Branchlets shining green. Buds ovoid, shortly acuminate. Leaves about 4 in. long, densely tufted towards the end of the shoot, and not spreading or broken as in P. excelsa. ** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales free at their apices. 3. Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. Mexico. See p. 1017. Branchlets covered with a short rusty-brown pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, occasionally bent as if broken, as in P. excelsa. *** Branchlets pubescent. Bud-scales closely appressed. 4. Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas. Oregon, California. See p. 1020. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or sharp-pointed. Leaves about 4 in. long, twisted a complete turn, rigid, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point. 5. Pinus monticola, Don. Western North America. See p. 1022. Branchlets with short brown, partly glandular pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 4 in. long, slightly twisted in their upper half, blunt at the apex. 6. Pinus Strobus, Linnzeus. Eastern North America. See p. 1025. Branchlets with pubescent tufts below the insertions of the leaf-clusters, elsewhere usually glabrous. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 3 in. long, very slender, not twisted. . 7. Pinus parviflora, Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan, Kurile Isles. See p. 1033. : Branchlets greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Buds ovoid, not acuminate. Leaves 2 in. long, white on the inner surfaces, blunt at the apex. § 2. Cempra; Spach. Stone Pines. Leaves serrate or entire in margin, with median or marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked; scales thickened, each with a terminal unarmed umbo. Seeds large, edible, with rudimentary or obsolete wings. 1 This species, which is variable in the length of the seed-wing, is intermediate in character, and forms a connecting Pinus 1005 * Leaves serrate, with median resin-canals. 8. Pinus Cembra, Linnzus. Alps, Carpathians, North-Eastern Russia, Siberia. See p. 1035. Branchlets covered with a dense orange-brown shaggy tomentum. Buds ovoid, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 24 to 34 in. long, with few serrations at the tip. 9. Pinus koratensis, Siebold et Zuccarini. Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, Japan. See p. 1041. » Branchlets and buds as in P. Cemébva. Leaves with numerous sharp serra- tions at the tip, otherwise as in P. Cemédra. 10. Pinus Armand, Franchet. China. See p. 1043. Branchlets olive green, glabrous or with minute scattered hairs. Buds with free or appressed scales. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, spreading, and often bent, as in P. excelsa. ** Leaves entire in margin, with marginal resin-canals. 11. Pinus pumila, Regel. Kamtschatka, Eastern Siberia, Amurland, Saghalien, Kurile Isles, Japan. See p. 1045. Buds and branchlets as in P. Cembra. Leaves’ also similar, but usually shorter and differing in the position of the resin-canals. \. 12. Pinus flexilis, James. Western North America. See p. 1046. Branchlets glabrous or covered with a minute brown soft pubescence. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, resinous. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, sharp-pointed. 13. Pinus albwaulis, Engelmann. Western North America. See p. 1048. Scarcely distinguishable from P. flexziis in the absence of cones, though the branchlets apparently differ in their scattered minute stiff pubescence. B. LEAF-SHEATH ENTIRELY DECIDUOUS. LEAVES IN THREES. § 3. GerarpIAN#&, Engelmann. Plane-bark Pines. Leaves serrulate, with marginal resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal ; scales much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo. Seeds large, edible; wing reduced to a narrow deciduous rim, remaining on the scale when the seed falls. 14. Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini. China. See p. 1050. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds spindle-shaped, with scales free at their tips. Leaves 3 in. long, shining green, rigid, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the first year. 15. Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich, Western Himalayas. See p. 1052. Branchlets glabrous, green, smooth. Buds conic, acuminate, resinous. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, duller in colour and less rigid than in P. Bungeana, with the basal sheaths deciduous in the second year. 1 In the insular form of this species, the leaves are indistinctly serrulate in margin. 1006 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland C. LrEaF-SHEATHS PARTLY DECIDUOUS, THEIR INNER PART PERSISTING AS A ROSETTE OF REFLEXED SCALES AROUND THE BASE OF THE LEAF-BUNDLE. LEAVES ENTIRE IN MARGIN, * Leaves in fives. § 4. Batrourtana, Engelmann. Fox-tail Pines. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked,* cylindrical; scales each with a dorsal umbo, armed with a slender prickle. Seeds with long wings, easily separable. 16. Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour, California. See p. 1054. Branchlets stout, pubescent. Buds ovoid, acuminate. Leaves 1} in. long, without stomata on the outer surface, rigid, curved. 17. Pinus aristata, Engelmann. Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, South- eastern California. See p. 1055. Differs from the preceding species in the numerous resinous exudations on the leaves, and in the cones and seeds. ** Leaves solitary or in twos, threes, or fours, § 5. Cemsrorpes, Engelmann. Nut Pines. Cones sub-terminal, sub-sessile, globose; scales few, much thickened, each with a dorsal umbo, unarmed or with a minute prickle. Seed large, edible, with wing reduced to a narrow rim, remaining on the scale. 18, Pinus monophylla, Torrey. Utah, Nevada, Arizona, California, Lower California. See p. 1056. Leaves solitary, rigid, terete, sharp-pointed, 14 in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 19. Pinus edulis, Engelmann. Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Northern Mexico. See p. 1058. Leaves in twos, rarely in threes, rigid, sharp-pointed, # to 14 in. long, remotely placed on the branchlets. 20. Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. Arizona, Lower California, Northern Mexico. See p. 1059. Leaves in threes, rarely in twos, softer and more slender than in the other species of the section, and densely crowded on the branchlets. 21. Pinus Parryana, Engelmann. Southern California, Lower California. See p. 1060, Leaves in fours, rarely in fives, 14 in, long, rigid, sharp-pointed, remotely placed on the branchlets. ° II. Drretoxyton, Koehne, Deutsche Dendrologie, 30 (1893). Hard Pines. Leaves with a divided fibro-vascular bundle. Bases of the scale-leaves sub- tending the leaf-clusters, decurrent on. the branchlets. Cones sometimes asymmetrical, and often remaining closed for several years after ripening ; scales always with dorsal umbos. Seed-wing present, occasionally reduced to a narrow rim; always readily detachable from the seed. Walls of tracheids of the medullary rays of the wood met dentate. The wood is usually heavy, coarse- eee Pinus 1007 grained, and dark-coloured ; sapwood thick, and paler in colour than the heart- wood. D. LEAF-SHEAF PERSISTENT IN ALL THE CULTIVATED SPECIES. LEAVES ALWAYS SERRATE. a. Leaves in fives. § 6. Pseupostrosus, Engelmann. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones sub-terminal. Shoots uninodal. 22. Pinus Montezuma, Lambert. Mexico, Guatemala. See p. 1061. Branchlets stout, not glaucous, reddish brown. Buds ovoid, pointed, an inch long, reddish brown, scarcely resinous. Leaves about g in. long; basal sheaths 14 to 2 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 22a. Pinus Montezuma, Lambert, var. Hartwegii, Engelmann. Cold regions and high altitudes of Mexico. See p. 1062. Branchlets and buds, as in the type, but the latter smaller, 4 to ? in. long, usually with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; basal sheaths 1 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 23. Pinus pseudostrobus, Lindley. Mexico. See p. 1064. Branchlets slender, glaucous. Buds, leaves, and scale-leaves as in P. Montezume. 24. Pinus Torreyana, Parry. Coast of California near San Diego, and Santa Rosa island. See p. 1065. Branchlets glaucous, dull grey in the second year. Buds cylindro-conic, 3 in. long; scales pale brown with appressed points. Leaves 7 to 13 in. long, very stout; basal sheaths an inch long. Scale-leaves deciduous. ; B. Leaves in threes. § 7. Tarps, Mayr. Leaves with median resin-canals. Cones variable in size and position. Shoots uninodal or multinodal. * Buds resinous ; points of bud-scales appressed. + Leaves more than 6 in. long. 25. Pinus Coulteri, Don. California. See p. 1067. Branchlets stout, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds ovoid, stout, acuminate or cuspidate, 1 to 14 in. long. Leaves 10 to 14 in. long, dark green, spreading from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. 26. Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas. California. See p. 1069. Branchlets slender, glaucous, remaining green in the second year. Buds narrowly cylindrical, an inch long. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, greyish green, spreading or drooping from the upper part of the branchlets of the first and second years. “ 27. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson. Western N. America. See p. 1071. Branchlets stout, reddish, not glaucous, becoming nearly black in the second 1008 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, an inch long. Leaves 6 to 10 in. long, dark green, densely crowded on the greater part of the branchlets, directed outwards and forwards. 274. Pinus ponderosa, Lawson, var. /effreyt, Vasey. California and Lower California. See p. 1072. Branchlets stout, glaucous, becoming dark-coloured in the second and third years. Buds stout, cylindro-conic, reddish brown, an inch long, with scales less resinous and their points more free than in the type. ++ Leaves less than 6 in. long. 28. Pinus tuberculata, Gordon. Oregon, California. See p. 1077. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous, Buds cylindrical, pointed, an inch long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, rigid, dark green; basal sheath 3 in. long. 29. Pinus radiata, Don. Coast of California, near Monterey. Islands of Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Guadalupe. See p. 1079. Branchlets reddish brown, not glaucous. Buds cylindrical, pointed, 4 to ? in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long, slender, flexible and soft in texture, light green, densely crowded on the branchlets ; basal sheath 4 inch long. ** Points of the bud-scales free and slightly spreading, not reflexed. 30. Pinus patula, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1085. Branchlets glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, $ to $ in. long. Leaves 6 to g in. long, filiform, soft and very slender, drooping ; basal sheath, 1 in. long. 31. Pinus Teocote, Schlechtendal et Chamisso. Mexico. See p. 1086. Branchlets glaucous, the epidermis of the decurrent pulvini peeling off in the second and third years. Buds cylindro-conic, resinous, ? in. long. Leaves 4 to 8 in. long, rigid, spreading ; basal sheath an inch long. 32. Pinus rigida,' Miller. Eastern Canada, and North-eastern United States. See p. 1087. Branchlets not glaucous. Buds cylindro-conic, 4 to ? in. long. Leaves 34 to 4 in. long, rigid; basal sheath 3 to 4 in. long. 33. Pinus serotina, Michaux. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1090. Distinguishable from P. rigida by the different cones and longer leaves, 6 to 10 in. long; but in cultivated trees in England the leaves are as short as in that species. *** Buds non-resinous ; bud-scales with free, fimbriated, and recurved points. The apex of the second year's branchlet is marked with a conspicuous sheath of the persistent recurved bud-scales. 34. Pinus palustris, Miller. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. Iogt. é Branchlets stout, orange brown. Buds 1} to 2 in. long, with silvery white scales. Leaves 8 to’ 18 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets; basal sheath ? to 1 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 1 Adult trees of both these species are readily recognisable by the adventitious shoots on the old branches and stems. . Occasionally the buds in P. rigida are very resinous, with closely appressed scales. Pinus 1009 35. Pinus Taeda, Linnzus. South-eastern and Southern United States. See p. 1094. Branchlets glaucous. Buds } in. long, with brown scales. Leaves 6 to g in. long, spreading ; basal sheath nearly 1 in. long. Scale-leaves persistent. 36. Pinus canariensis, Smith. Canary Islands. See p. 1096. Branchlets yellow, not glaucous. Buds # in. long, with reddish brown scales. Leaves 7 to 12 in. long, densely crowded on the branchlets, slender, flexible. y. Leaves tn twos; tn one species, clusters of three leaves also occur. > See § 8 and § 9. § 8. Banxsra, Mayr. Cones lateral. Shoots multinodal, a vigorous branch showing a whorl of buds, branchlets, or cones in the middle of each year’s shoot, in addition to the subterminal whorl, * Leaves in twos and in threes, on the same branch. 37. Pinus echinata, Miller. South-eastern United States. See p. 1098. Branchlets slender, brittle, glaucous, with the bark in the third year exfoliating in large flakes. Buds } in. long, brownish, shining, with resinous appressed scales. Leaves 3 in. long, resin-canals median; basal sheath 2 in. long. ** Leaves always in patrs. + Buds non-resinous, with free and recurved points to thetr scales. 38. Pinus halepensis, Miller. Mediterranean region, Caucasus. See p. 1099. Branchlets glaucous. Leaves 2} to 4 in. long; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 4 in. long. In var. Brutza the leaves are 4 to 6 in. long. ++ Buds resinous, with appressed scales. 39. Pinus muricata, Don. California. See p. 1104. Branchlets stout, reddish brown. Buds cylindrical, ? to 1 in. long; scales encrusted with white resin. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid; resin-canals median ; basal sheath 4 in. long. 40. Pinus pungens, Michaux. Alleghany Mountains. See p. 1106. Branchlets shining brown. Buds cylindrical, $ in. long. Leaves 2 to 24 in. long, stout, rigid, very sharp-pointed; resin-canals median; basal sheath 4 in. long. 41. Pinus virginiana, Miller. Eastern United States. See p. 1107. Branchlets slender, glaucous violet. Buds cylindrical, 3 in. long. Leaves 14 to 3 in. long; resin-canals median ; basal sheath 3; in. long. ™. 42. Pinus Banksiana, Lambert. Canada, east of the Rockies; United States, Minnesota to Maine. See p. 1109. Branchlets slender, greenish. Buds ovoid, } in. long. Leaves 1 in. long; resin-canals median ; basal sheath } to 4 in. long. § 9. Pinaster, Mayr. Cones subterminal. Shoots uninodal, a branch, even when vigorous, showing only one whorl of branchlets, buds, and cones, in each year’s shoot, close to its apex. Leaves always in pairs. Vv c 1010 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland * Buds non-vesinous ; bud-scales with free and recurved points. 43. Pinus Pinaster, Solander. Mediterranean region. See p, 1113. Branchlets stout. Buds stout, spindle-shaped, pointed, 3 to rin. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long, stout, rigid; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 1 in. long. 44. Pinus Pinea, Linneus. Mediterranean region. See p. 1119. Branchlets slender. Buds ovoid, pointed, 3 in. long. Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 44, in. long. ** Buds resinous ; bud-scales free at the apex. Bark of upper part of the stem reddish and peeling off in thin papery scales. ™ 45. Pinus sylvestris, Linneus. Europe, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Siberia. See Vol. III. p. 571. Branchlets shining, greenish. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, glaucous blue, broad and flattened ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 4 in. long. 46. Pinus densiflora, Siebold et Zuccarini. Japan. See p. 1125. Branchlets glaucous. Buds 4 in. long. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, dull green; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 3 in. long, often ending in two long narrow filaments. *** Buds resinous ; points of the bud-scales appressed. + Buds cylindric or spindle-shaped. Leaves 14 to 3 im. long. 47. Pinus montana, Miller. Mountains of central and southern Europe. See p. 1127. Branchlets brown. Buds } to } in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 5 to 10 years, 1} to 24 in. long; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath } to 38 in. long. “48. Pinus contorta, Loudon. Western North America. See p. 1134. Branchlets brown. Buds } in. long, very resinous. Leaves persistent 3 to 8 years, twisted, 1} to 3 in. long; resin canals median; basal sheath { in. long. ++ Buds ovoid. Leaves* 3 to 6 in. long. 49. Pinus resinosa, Solander. Eastern Canada; United States, Minnesota to Massachussets. See p. 1140. Branchlets orange-brown. Buds pale brown, 4 to ? in. long. Leaves 5 to 6 in. long; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath { in. long. 50. Pinus Thunbergit, Parlatore. Japan. See p. 1143. Branchlets brown. Buds 4 to 2 in. long, whitish. Leaves 3 to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath } in. long, ending above in two long filaments. 51. Pinus Laricio, Poiret. Southern Europe, Caucasus, Asia Minor. See Vol. II. p. 407. Branchlets brown. Buds } to 1 in. long, light brown, tinged with white. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long; resin-canals median; basal sheath } in. long. 52. Pinus leucodermis, Antoine. Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro. See Vol. II. p. 424. Branchlets glaucous. Buds } to 1 in. long, dark brown. Leaves 2 to 3 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath 3 in. long. (A. H.) Ma, 1 They are sometimes only 2 in. long in P. deucodermis, No. 52. Pinus IOLII PINUS EXCELSA, Himatayan BLUE PINE Pinus excelsa, Wallich, List 6059 (1828), and Pi. As. Rar. iii. t. 201 (1832); Loudon, Ard. e¢ rut. Brit. iv. 2285 (1838); Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 75, t. 29 (1839); Masters, Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 32, 35 (1883), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxxv. 581 (1904); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i, 27, t. 4 (1884); Hooker, #7 Brit. India, v. 651 (1888) ; Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifera, 328 (1900); Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 704 (1902); Brandis, Indian Trees, 689 (1906); , Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 20 (1909). Pinus nepalensis, De Chambray, Traité Prat. Arb. Rés. Conitf. 312 (1845). Pinus pendula, Griffith, Journals, 211, 237, 239, 264, 265, 287, 293 (1847). Pinus Griffithit, M‘Clelland, in Griffith, 2Votw?. iv. 17 (1854), and Lon. Pl. Asiat. iv. t. 365 (1854). A tree, attaining in the Himalayas 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Branches widely spreading; branchlets upturned at their tips. Bark greyish brown, smooth on young trees, ultimately fissuring into small regular plates. Buds conical, elongated, shortly acuminate; the long subulate points of the scales either free or appressed together with resin. Young branchlets glaucous, smooth, glabrous, turning olive green in winter, and dark grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persisting for three years, 5 to 8 in. long, spreading, often bent near the base, as if broken; slender, scarcely curved or twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath 2 in. long, early deciduous. Cones solitary or two to three together, erect when young, pendulous in the second year on stalks 1} to 2 in. long; cylindrical, 6 to 10 in. long, light brown when mature. Scales elongated-cuneate, about 14 in. long, 1 in. broad at the widest part ; apophysis longitudinally channelled, convex from side to side, and thickened in the centre, with rounded thin upper margin, and short pointed terminal dark coloured umbo. Seed ovoid, brown, } to 75; in. long; wing { in. long, 3 in. wide, very oblique on the outer side, light brown, streaked with darker brown wavy lines. Cotyledons 8 to 12. This species is readily distinguishable from all the other pines with five leaves and a deciduous sheath, by its glabrous glaucous branchlets. Striped’ and one-leafed’ sports, arising in cultivation, have been described ; but appear to be unknown in England, DISTRIBUTION This species,’ known as the blue pine in India, is a native of the temperate Himalayas, at 6000 to 12,500 feet elevation, extending westward to Afghanistan and Kafiristan, and eastward to Nepal, but has not been seen in central and north-west Kumaon, It has not been found in Sikkim, but is common in Bhutan.* According to 1 Var. zebrina, Croux, in Rev. Hort., 1889, p.392, fig. 101. Leaves marked an inch below the apex with a cream-coloured band. Originated at Sceaux in France. 2 Var. monophylla, Carritre, Conif. 398 (1867). Each sheath with apparently only one leaf, all the five leaves being welded together. 3 It was first collected by Buchanan-Hamilton near Narainhetty, in Nepal. 4 Hooker and Thomson, 7/. Jndica, Introductory Essay, 178, 181 (1855), and Griffith, Journ. Mission Bootan in 1837-1838, P. 129. 1012 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Gamble it either forms pure woods or is mixed with other trees, such as the deodar, being accompanied at high levels by birch and silver fir, and at low elevations by Pinus longifolia. On the edges of the forest, scrub lands soon become covered with seedlings, which grow up into dense belts. These seedlings, on account of their rapid growth, soon suppress those of the deodar. Mayr’ refers to the ease with which this pine naturally regenerates itself in the Himalayas, and gives a picture of the forest with numerous seedlings. It commonly attains a height of 100 to 120 ft., with a girth of 6 to 10 ft., rarely reaching 150 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. On good soils at moderate elevations, it grows rapidly, making five rings per inch of radius ; while at high elevations on rocky soil its rate sinks to 20 to 25 rings per inch. It prefers sandy or clayey soils, though occasionally met with on limestone. In India, while easy to rear in the nursery, it bears transplanting badly; and Gamble recommends that it should be grown in baskets, which should be used in planting out. The timber is good, next in value to that of the deodar, and is largely used in construction throughout the western Himalayas, especially in Kashmir and the Punjab. For railway sleepers it is slightly inferior to the deodar; but for planking, doors, windows, and furniture, it is better than the timber of that tree, as it is not so brittle, and is free from the oil, which in the deodar so readily absorbs dirt. In Kangra and Kulu, it is said to be used for making tea-boxes, as it is free from strong scent.* The wood is highly resinous, and produces turpentine and tar.” The trees are tapped for about three years, then allowed three years’. rest, when tapping is recommenced on the other side. The more resinous parts of the wood are much employed for torches, known as mashé/ in Hindustani. In dry winter seasons, the leaves and twigs become covered with a copious sweet exudation, which is collected and eaten by the natives, The origin of this manna-like substance is not yet accurately determined.’ (A. H.) CULTIVATION P. excelsa was introduced into cultivation* by Lambert, who raised many plants in 1823 at Boyton. Plants were also reared in the Chiswick Garden and in the Glasgow Botanic Garden in 1827 from seeds sent by Wallich. It is perfectly hardy in all parts of Great Britain, Mr. Palmer's tables showing only five places out of ninety-five in which it was killed by the severe winter of 1860, and in three of these the thermometer fell below zero. Two-year seedlings raised at Colesborne from Himalayan seed were uninjured in my garden in 1908 by a temperature of about zero. But judging from its comparative rarity, and the smaller size of the trees we have seen in the north of England and in Scotland, it requires the full summer heat of our climate to do it justice, nearly all the largest specimens I 1 Fremdlind, Wald-u. Parkbdume, 375, fig. 122 (1906). 2 Cf. Watt, Commercial Products of India, 888 (1908), who refers to Thurston, Resin and Turpentine from Indian Pines, Imp. Tnst. Handbook, 1893, pp. 7-19; Lawrence, Valley of Kashmir, 80 (1895) ; etc. 5 Cf. Madden, in Journ. Agri-Hort. Soc. India, reproduced in Jndian Forester, i. 55 (1875). 4 Genus Pinus, ii, 6 (1824), Pinus 1013 have seen being in the south and east, not attaining such large dimensions where the winters are very mild. It seems comparatively indifferent to soil, growing best on a good deep loam, and is one of the pines which may be planted on limestone successfully. Asa rule it seems to have a tendency to fork low down, and often develops _ into large spreading bushy trees with several leaders, and the lower branches resting on the ground. Its growth when young is rapid, but seems to fall off very much after forty or fifty years. It is liable to be injured by wind, and requires a sheltered situation, with full sun. I am not aware that it has anywhere been tried under forest conditions, and it has no special qualities that will justify its being looked on as other than an ornamental tree. It produces seed freely, which sheds early, and in favourable situations reproduces itself naturally. REMARKABLE TREES The best specimen as regards height and symmetry that I have seen is at Hewell Grange, near Bewdley, the seat of the Earl of Plymouth, which in 1909 measured 93 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. There are two fine trees growing on low ground near the lake at Eastnor Castle, with tall oaks and elms near them. Mr. Mullins, the gardener, measured these in 1909, by sending a man up the stems to near the top, and found them to be go ft. by 7 ft. 11 in., and 80 ft. by 84 ft. A tree at the Hendre, Monmouthshire, is said by Sir H. Maxwell’ to be go ft. high. A well-shaped tree near the mansion at Claremont was 81 ft. by 8 ft. in 1907. A tree at Nuneham Park was 74 ft. by 8 ft. 7 in. in 1907. A large tree forking close to the ground, where some of the branches have layered, about 60 ft. by 8 ft., is growing at Goodwood. At Ampney Crucis, near Cirencester, on the lawn of the house occupied by Mrs. Elwes, a tall slender tree was about 68 ft. by 4 ft. in 1909. At Highnam, Gloucester, a tree measured in 1906, 63 ft. by 8 ft. 5 in. At Wilton House, near Salisbury, a tree was 77 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in. in 1906. At Merton, Norfolk, there is a tall tree, dividing near the base into four stems which reach a height of 86 ft. This was raised from seed in 1861. At Munden, Watford, a fine tree is 75 ft. high, girthing 9 ft. at two feet from the ground, and dividing above into two stems. There is a very remarkable specimen at The Frythe, Welwyn, which was planted in 1846. It is 60 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth, with extremely wide spreading branches, many layering and sending up erect stems. The total circumference of the branches was 246 ft. in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured a tree at High Canons, Herts, 75 ft. by 7 ft. in 1908. Another is that at Barton, near Bury St. Edmunds, which measured in 1904, 87 ft. by 9 ft. 5 in. It was raised*® from seed given to Lady Napier by Wallich, and was planted out in 1843. It bore the severe winter of 1860-1861 without injury. There is a large tree at Casewick, Stamford, from which Lord Kesteven 1 Green, Encyl. Agr. iii. 280 (1908). 2 Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 131 (1889). 1014 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland has raised numerous seedlings. At Wimpole, near Cambridge, a well-shaped tree measured 63 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1909. In Wales the largest I have seen is an ill-grown tree, at Maesllwch Castle, forking at the ground, where it was Io ft. ro in. in girth in 1906. In Scotland the finest tree’ is probably one at Smeaton-Hepburn, planted in 1839, which was 76 ft. high in 1902, with a trunk 12 ft, in girth at two feet from the ground, dividing above into three stems. At Keir, Perthshire, a fine tree measured 67 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. in 1903. At Galloway House, Wigtownshire, there is a healthy tree, about 4o ft. in height. In Ireland, there is a fine wide-spreading tree at Kilruddery, near Bray, which in 1904 measured 65 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. There are also good specimens at Castle- martyr. At Brockley Park, Queen’s County, a tree, dividing into several stems near the base, was 64 ft. high in 1907. At Emo Park, Portarlington, another measured, in the same year, 66 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. Sargent? says that in New England it is hardy though short-lived ; but there are large, healthy cone-bearing trees in Central Park, New York, and near many cities of the middle states. (H. J. E.) PINUS PEUKE, Maceponian PINE Pinus Peuke, Grisebach, Spicileg. Flor. Rumel, ii. 349 (1844); Christ, in Flora, xlviii. 257, t. 2 (1865) ; Boissier, Alora Orientalis, v. 698 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xix. 244, figs. 33, 34 (1883), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxii. 205, figs. 30, 31 (1887), and xxxv. 581 (1904) ; Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 357 (1900); Beck von Mannagetta, Vegetationsverhilt. Illyrischen Lindern, 363-365 (1901); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conif. i. 42 (1909). Pinus excelsa, J. D. Hooker, Journ, Linn. Soc. (Bot.), viii. 145 (1864) (not Wallich). Pinus excelsa, Wallich, var. Peuce, Beissner, Wadelholskunde, 286 (1891). A tree, attaining in Bulgaria 1oo ft. in height and 7 ft. in girth, narrowly pyramidal in habit. Bark similar to that of P. excedsa. Buds ovoid, shortly acum- inate, about 3 in. long, brown, resinous; scales with long subulate free points. Young branchlets smooth, glabrous, shining green, becoming brownish grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, about 4 inches long, directed for- wards and slightly outwards, not widely spreading or bent as in P. exce/sa, slender, straight, not twisted, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on all three surfaces ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath ? in. long, early deciduous. Cones on short (less than } in.) stalks, subterminal, spreading or pendulous, green before ripening, brown when mature, cylindric, tapering to a blunt apex, 4 to 6 in. long, 14 to 2 in. in diameter. Scales broadly cuneate, thin, 1} to 1} in. long, $ in. broad; apophysis slightly rounded or almost straight in the thin bevelled upper margin, raised in the centre and marked exteriorly with longitudinal channels, convex from side to side, ending in a small dark-coloured depressed umbo. Seed 1 Cf, Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xviii. 211 (1904). 2 Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). Pinus | 101s similar to that of P. exce/sa, but with a shorter broader wing, which has finer, closer, and straighter longitudinal veins. Specimens from the Balkans, with shorter thinner leaves than those first described from Mt. Peristeri, were distinguished by Dr. Christ as var. vermzculata’ ; but such trivial and inconstant differences scarcely deserve a varietal name. This species is closely allied to P. exce/sa, but differs remarkably in the narrow pyramidal habit seen both in cultivation and in Bulgaria, where, as Velenovsky states, natural woods look exactly like plantations of Weymouth pine. It has shorter’ stiffer leaves, more or less appressed to the branchlets, and not spreading or bent as in P. exce/sa. The green glabrous branchlets distinguish P. Pewke from all other species of the Stvobus and Cemobra sections. DISTRIBUTION This pine has a limited distribution, being confined to three small areas, in Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Montenegro. The largest of these is on the confines of Bulgaria and Macedonia, where the tree is known as Mura, and occurs on the Rilo Mountains, on the Mussala Mountain in the Rhodope range, and in the Perim range in Macedonia. Here it forms woods of considerable extent, which extend low down into the valleys, where it is mixed with Pzxus sylvestris, and ascend up to the alpine zone, where it is associated with Pzmus montana, var. mughus. Accord- ing to Velenovsky,’ trees 100 years old are growing on the Rilo and Mussala Moun- tains, which are roo ft. in height and 5 to 7 ft. in girth. There are specimens in the Kew herbarium, which were collected on the Rilo Mountains in June 1899 by Elwes. The second area of distribution is confined to Mt. Peristeri, above Monastir (lat. 41°, long. 21°), where the species was first discovered in 1839 by Grisebach. The small forest on this mountain, situated on granite soil between 2400 and 5800 ft. altitude, consisted of pines growing rather scattered amongst a dense undergrowth of juniper, and of no great size, scarcely exceeding 40 ft. in height at the lower levels, and becoming mere bushes, 4 ft. in height, at the higher elevations. Orphanides rediscovered the tree on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, and records it as growing between 3000 and 6000 ft. altitude. Halacsy* is of opinion that its occurrence on the mountains of northern Thessaly is probable, but as yet uncertain. The third locality is in Montenegro, close to the Albanian frontier, where the tree is known as Mo/ka, and occupies a narrow strip of territory, about 22 miles in length, extending from west to east through the mountains, in which the river Lim takes it origin. It is recorded from the high ridge between the valleys of the Perucica and VermoSa rivers in the Kom Mountains, and on the Zeletin, Zjekirica, and Sekular Mountains. According to Beck, the tree is not found on the north Albanian Alps, as these are composed of limestone, on which it never grows in the wild state. In Montenegro it is not much affected by the great differences in climate throughout its extensive range of elevation, 2600 to 6300 ft., in which three species of juniper are found, each confined to a distinct zone of altitude. It assumes a bushy 1 Ex Beissner, Nadelholzkunde, 286 (1891). 2 Flora Bulgarica, 518 (1891), and tbid., Suppl. i. 333 (1898). 3 Consp. Flore Grace, iii. 451 (1904). 1016 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland habit both at the lower levels and on the highest parts of the mountains, and never forms pure woods, growing scattered amidst other trees, and only attaining 30 to 45 ft. in height. CULTIVATION This species was introduced by Orphanides, who gathered ripe seeds on Mt. Peristeri in 1863, which were distributed by Messrs. Haage and Schmidt’ of Erfurt. Through the kind offices of Pierce O’Mahony, Esq., I received a large quantity of seed from King Ferdinand of Bulgaria in April 1908. This has been widely dis- tributed to different friends throughout England, Ireland, and Scotland. Most of it was tardy in germination, and the seed came up irregularly, some not germinating until 1909.’ The finest tree known to us in England is one at Bicton, which, when measured by Elwes in 1906, was 42-ft. high by 3 ft. 8 in, in girth, and was bearing cones. There is also a good one at Grayswood, 36 ft. by 34 ft., planted in 1881; and one at The Heath, Leighton Buzzard, 37 ft. by 2 ft. 10 in., both measured by Mr. A. B. Jackson in 1908. A group of healthy trees are growing in Kew gardens, near the Isleworth Ferry gate, which were raised from seed of the original importation sown in 1864. These trees have a thriving appearance, and the largest one measured, in 1909, 424 ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. At Westonbirt there are several trees 30 to 35 ft. in height and a foot in diameter, growing beside a tree of P. monticola, about 50 ft. high and 15 in. in diameter, which was planted at the same time. There are two trees at Galloway House, Wigtownshire, the larger of which measured, in 1908, 48 ft. by 4 ft. 9 in. ; and a smaller tree is growing at Ochtertyre, Perthshire. According to Mayr, P. Peuke is as fast in growth and as hardy in Germany as the Weymouth pine. It has withstood without injury the severe temperature of —22° Fahr. at Grafrath, near Munich, and for so far has not been attacked by Agaricus melleus. \t may possibly also be immune to the pine blister (Perizdermium Stvobt), which is so destructive to the Weymouth pine in many places on the con- tinent. For these reasons Mayr is inclined to recommend the immediate planting in Germany of P. Peuke in place of the Weymouth pine. Elwes saw in the nursery of Regel and Kesselring at St. Petersburg in 1908 young trees of P. Pewke which on damp and sandy soil had attained 12 ft. high in twelve years, and had resisted 30 degrees centigrade of frost without injury. It seems, therefore, likely to become a valuable forest tree in central Europe. In New England this species * is quite hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, where, however, Sargent says that it is a slow-growing tree of no especial ornamental value. (A. H.) 1 A letter of Haage and Schmidt to Lindley concerning the first seed of this pine, and dated 11th January 1864, is preserved in the Cambridge Herbarium. 2 Mr. Storie reports from Highclere that about 300 plants came up in April 1909. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 461 (1897). — Pinus 1017 PINUS AYACAHUITE, Mexican Wuirte Pine Pinus Ayacahuite,’ Ehrenberg, ex Schlechtendal, in Linnea, xii. 492 (1838); Loudon, Zxcycl. Trees, 1023 (1842); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xviii. 492, f. 83 (1882), in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i. 9, t. 2 (1884), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 579 (1904); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 311 (1900); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 8 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 9, t. iv. (1909). A tree attaining in Mexico 100 ft. or more in height and 12 ft. in girth, and in cultivation resembling P. exce/sa in habit. Bark rough and scaly on old trees. Buds reddish brown, resinous, ovoid, acuminate, about 4 in. long ; scales with long acuminate tips, usually free and directed upwards. Young branchlets covered with a short brown pubescence, occasionally confined to the parts below the insertions of the leaves; older branchlets glabrescent, and bright brown or greyish in colour. Leaves in fives, spreading, usually persistent for three years, very slender or filiform, 4 to 8 in. long, serrulate, sharp-pointed, straight, scarcely twisted; outer surface green, with two or three short stomatic lines near the top; inner flat surfaces, each with three or four continuous white stomatic lines ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath # in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, pendent, solitary, or in pairs, on stalks about $ in. long, ovoid-cylindrical, often curved, gradually narrowing towards the obtuse apex, 8 to 18 in. long, 24 to 6 in. wide towards the base, pale brown and resinous when mature. Scales about 2 or 3 in. long, and 1 to 14 in. wide; apophysis rhomboidal or triangular, reflexed, ending in a swollen, rounded, inflexed or reflexed resinous tip. Seed ovoid, compressed, % in. long, brownish, mottled with dark streaks or spots; wing oblong, narrow, oblique, about # in. long, pale brown, with longitudinal darker streaks. This species so closely resembles P. exce/sa in habit and foliage that possibly some of the trees passing under the latter name in cultivation may belong to it, but it is readily distinguished by the more slender leaves and the pubescent branchlets, which have in cultivated trees a reddish brown colour. It is quite distinct in cones and seeds. VARIETIES This pine varies extremely in the size and shape of the cones, seeds, and seed- wings, and according to Shaw, comprises three distinct geographical races, which are however connected by numerous intermediate forms :— 1. Typical form, described above. Seed with a long narrow wing. Prevalent in Guatemala and the southern states of Mexico. 2. Var. Veztchiz, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 10, t. v. (1909). Pinus Veitchit, Roezl,® Cat. Gr. Conif. Mex. 32 (1857). Pinus Bonapartea, Roezl, in Gard. Chron. 1858, p. 3583 Clinton-Baker, Ji//ust. Conif. i. 12 (1909). Pinus Loudoniana, Gordon, Pinetum, 230 (1858). 1 Roezl’s P. durangensis is probably typical P. Ayacahuite. 2 P. Don Pedri, P. hamata, and P. Popocatepetli, names given to certain cones by Roezl, belong to this variety. Vv D 1018 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones larger, as a rule, than in the type. Seed larger, $ in. long, ovoid, com- pressed, dark brown or blackish ; wing short and broad, about $ in. long and wide, dark brown in colour. Prevalent in the central states of Mexico.’ 3. Var. dbrachyptera, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 11, t. vi. (1909). Pinus strobiformis, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Zour NV. Mexico, 102 (1848). Differs from the type, according to Shaw, in the larger seeds, with extremely short wings. Occurs in the states of Durango and Chihuahua, in northern Mexico. DISTRIBUTION This pine, according to Shaw, is a native of cool temperate altitudes in Central America, and extends from Guatemala throughout Mexico to the borders of the United States. The typical form of the species was discovered * by Ehrenberg in 1836 in Mexico, who found trees 100 feet high at Omitlan, near Hacienda de Guerrero, and appears to be common in Oaxaca, particularly on the higher points of the Cumbre Mountains and on Mount Pelado. Hartweg found it in Guatemala, where he observed dead trees on the volcano Xetul, near Quezaltenango, at 10,000 ft. elevation. Var. Vettchit was discovered * by Roezl on the Sierra Madre range at 8600 ft. and at Tenango, and also on the eastern side of Mt. Popocatepetl at 11,000 to 12,000 ft., where it grows abundantly on the borders of deep ravines, never descending into the depths of the gorges, or ascending much above them, Here the winters are dry, the temperature descending to 10° to 14° Fahr., but the summers are long and warm. It is known to the Mexicans as Ayacahurte colorado, or red pine, on account of the excellence of its timber. Var. brvachyptera was discovered on the mountains of Cosihuiriachic in the province of Chihuahua, at about 8000 ft. elevation, where, according to Engelmann, it is a large tree, 100 to 130 ft. in height, with short leaves 24 to 3 inches long, and very resinous cones about 1o in, in length. This northern form does not appear to have been introduced into cultivation. (A. H.) CULTIVATION The typical form of the species was introduced into the Chiswick garden of the Horticultural Society by Hartweg in 1840, and seeds were again sent to this country by Roezl in 1857. It is comparatively rare in cultivation, and appears to succeed best in the south-west and west of England, Palmer's frost tables * showing that it was killed in 1860 at Thorpe Perrow in Yorkshire, and at Highnam Court in Gloucestershire. At Westonbirt a tree, which produces cones freely, from the seed of which numerous seedlings have been raised at Kew and Glasnevin, measured in 1909, 62 ft. 1 Engelmann, in 7yans, St. Louts Acad. Sci. iv. 178 (1886), considered this variety to be a distinct species (P. Bona- partea), with stout leaves, showing on section seven resin-canals ; while P. Ayacahuite has more slender leaves with only two resin-canals. The number of resin-canals, however, is variable, two to eight being found by Shaw in wild specimens ; and this character alone cannot be relied on for the discrimination of the type and var. Veitchzt. * Cf. Loudon, Gard, Mag. xv. 129 (1839). 3 Cf. Gard. Chron, xxi. 769 (1884). 4 Masters, in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. loc. cit. Pinus 101g by 6 ft. 8in. It is pyramidal in habit, with slightly ascending branches, I have raised seedlings from this tree which appeared to me to be hardy, as they endured very severe frosts in early autumn and late spring. Planted, however, on rather heavy soil in a low situation, they succumbed to a frost certainly below zero in the winter of 1908-1909. The tree seems to endure lime in the soil without injury, and may be planted in a dry sunny position in most parts of England. Another large tree is growing at Beauport, Sussex, and was 55 ft. high and 8 ft. in girth in 1904. Ata distance this tree is indistinguishable from P. exce/sa, having the widé-spreading branches and upturned branchlets which are usual in that species. It bears cones freely, but had increased little in size when seen in 1909. There is a fine specimen at Bicton, which Mr. H. Clinton-Baker measured in 1908 as 65 ft. by 7 ft. 8in. At Batsford Park, Gloucestershire, the seat of Lord Redesdale, there are two trees, the larger measuring 42 ft. by 3 ft. The other, more dense in habit and with less spreading branches, is scarcely so tall, and is 2 ft. ro in. in girth. In Shroner wood, near Winchester, at 450 feet elevation, there is a narrow pyramidal tree, 51 ft.,by 3 ft. 8 in., which was bearing ripe cones in February 1910. Mr. E. L. Hillier, who has sent us specimens, stated that this tree was planted in 1889, and is making very rapid growth. Another in Messrs. Paul and Son’s nursery at High Beech, Essex, which was planted probably in 1850-55, is only 30 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. It survived the severe winter of 1860, which killed a deodar standing beside it; but subsequent hard winters have much damaged the stem on the north side. It bore cones’ g in. long in 1882, and in subsequent years up to 1903, but the seeds proved unfertile when sown. At Grayswood, Haslemere, trees of this species, growing on light sandy soil, succumbed to the attack of a fungus which affects Weymouth pine in that neighbour- hood. Var. Veitchit was introduced in 1857 by Roezl, who gave it many specific names, It is extremely rare in cultivation in England, where, however, it thrives in the mild humid climate of the west and south-west. The largest tree” known to us is growing at Heligan, near St. Austell, Cornwall, in the grounds of John Tremayne, Esq., who informed us in 1906 that it was then 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. 6 in. in girth. It measured in 1909, 66 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. at 3 ft. above the ground, dividing above into several main stems. Another tree,’ cones of which are preserved in the museum at Kew, is growing at Ballamoar, in the Isle of Man. According to Dr. Tellet, of Ramsey, who sent a specimen branch, it was about 4o ft. high and 4 ft. 8 in. in girth in 1906. At Eastnor Castle a thriving specimen, about 35 feet high, produced cones with apparently fertile seeds in 1908; and the gardener, Mr. Mullins, believes that it was planted about twenty-five years ago. (Hef. Es) 1 Figured in Gard. Chron, xviii, 492, fig. 83 (1882). 2 Described and figured as P, Ayacahuite in Gard, Chron, xx. 748, figs. 131, 132 (1896), when it was said to be 49 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth. 3 Cf. Gard. Chron. vi. 599 (1889), and Garden, xxxii, 47 (1887), Dr. Tellet’s letter was kindly forwarded to me by the owner, Mrs, Farrant. The soil is sandy—glacial drift containing clay, The tree is supposed to have been planted between 1857 and 1860, te 1020 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS LAMBERTIANA, Sucar Prine Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 500 (1827); Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iv. 2288 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 47, t. 7 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. i. 772, f. 144 (1887), and in Journ. Linn. Soc, (Bot.) xxxv. 578 (1904); Sargent, Silva WV. Amer. xi. 27, tt. 542, 543 (1897), and Zrees WV. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifer, 336 (1900) ; Clinton-Baker, Ji/ust. Conif. i. 29 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 12 (1909). A tree, attaining in America’ about 250 ft. in height, and 4o ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, thin, dark green; becoming on old trunks 2 or 3 in. thick and deeply divided into long irregular scaly ridges. Buds cylindrical, rounded at the apex or short-pointed, 4 in. long, brownish, resinous, with closely, partly glandular appressed scales. Young branchlets smooth, covered with a minute brown, partly glandular pubescence. Leaves in fives, deciduous in the second and third year, 3} to 4 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, twisted, making a complete turn, serrulate, with two or three stomatic lines on each of the three surfaces; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath ? in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, cylindrical, 11 to 21 in. long, 3 to 4 in. in diameter when closed; scales woody, 2 to 24 in. long, 14 to 12 in. wide, thickened towards the middle line, thin in margin, flat or slightly convex from side to side; apophysis smooth, orange-brown, slightly reflexed at the apex, which is marked with a small thickened resinous umbo, Seed 3} in. or more in length, ovoid, compressed, dark- brown or nearly black; wing 1 to 2 in. long, 4 in. broad, dark-brown, oblique and broadest below the middle. Cotyledons twelve to fifteen. This species is very variable in the size of the cones, and of the seeds, which often have very long wings.’ It is readily distinguished from all the other pines of the Strobus section by the rigid leaves, which are sharp-pointed and twisted, the twist making a complete turn. DISTRIBUTION The sugar pine is the largest species of the genus, and derives its name from the sugar * which exudes from wounds that have been made in the heartwood. It is found in Oregon, from the valley of the Santiam river southward along the Cascade and Coast ranges, at elevations of 3000 to 4000 ft. ; and extends in California through the Siskiyou and Coast mountains to Napa county,‘ and along the western side of 1 Dr, W. P. Gibbons, in Erythea, i, 161 (1893), says that he has seen a sugar pine 12 ft. in diameter, the height of which was 300 ft. ; and another 8 ft, thick, the measurement of which when felled was something over 300 ft. 2 Sargent, Zrees NV. Amer. § (1905), says that the seeds are 14 to 5 in. long, but this is evidently a misprint for 1} to 2 in. 8 This sugar exudation is often found on the surface of the heartwood where a forest fire has scarred the tree. It is white in colour and delicious to the taste, but can only be eaten in small quantity as it is laxative, and bears are said never to touch it. Cf. Muir, in Harper's Magasine, xxii. 717. 4 Jepson, Flora W. Mid. California, 20 (1901), says that it forms considerable forests in the high Coast ranges north of Clear Lake, where there are magnificent specimens, 150 to 175 ft. high and 22 ft, in girth. The record in Sonoma County, "given in Erythea, iv. 152, needs confirmation, Jepson reports it in the Santa Lucia mountains. a i a sy ~— =a eee eee Pinus 1021 the Sierra Nevada at least 200 miles farther south, where it attains its maximum size at 3000 to 7000 ft. high. It also grows in the southern part of the state in the San Bernardino and Cuyamaca mountains; and was discovered by Brandegee’ on Mount San Pedro Martir in Lower California. It is seldom found growing pure, occurring usually in open woods in company with P. Jonderosa, and is most common on mountain slopes and on the sides of ravines and cajions. Douglas fir, Lzbocedrus, Sequoia gigantea, and Adzes Lowiana are also often associated with the sugar pine. This pine is remarkable in its appearance in the forests on account of the long outward and downward sweep of the branches, the first of which often arise at 100 ft. above the ground. Sir Joseph Hooker, who gives a picture of a tree growing near the hotel at Calaveras, not far from the Wellingtonia grove, says’ that the droop- ing attitude of the leaves towards the under side of the branches near their tips is very characteristic. The largest tree recorded seems to have been one near the Umpqua river in Oregon found by Douglas,® which was 245 ft. in length, as it lay on the ground, girthing at 3 ft. from the ground 57 ft. 9 in., and at 134 ft. up no less than 17 ft.5 in. Mr. F.R.S. Balfour photographed a fine tree, 27 ft. in girth at 5 ft. from the ground, which was growing near the bend on the M‘Cloud river in Shasta County, California. (Plate 271.) Like all travellers, he was much impressed by the size and number of the cones which hung from the ends of the tapering branches. He says that the tree matures at 300 to 400 years old, though trees have been felled with as many as 700 rings. (A. H.) CULTIVATION This noble pine was discovered * by Douglas in 1825 on the headwaters of the Multnomah river in Oregon; and was introduced by him in 1827, when plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society at Chiswick, most of which, how- ever, according to Loudon, died before they had attained 5 ft. in height. Lobb‘ collected a further supply of seed in 1851. Though rather slow in growth, this pine appears to be hardy, and is represented by single specimens in a few collections, more especially in the south of England. A tree at Dropmore raised from seed given to Lady Grenville by the Duke of Buccleuch in 1843, bore cones for the first time® in 1872; and occasionally in subsequent years, thrice in the last eight years. Mr. Page measured it in 1908 as 85 ft. by ro ft., and says that occasionally the cones are as much as 18 in. in length. There are two younger trees at Dropmore which have not as yet borne cones. A fine tree at Arley Castle, also raised from the seed sent by Douglas, measured ° gi ft. by ro ft. 8 in. in 1903; and so far as Mr. Woodward can ascertain has never borne cones. There is a well-shaped tree at Eastnor Castle (Plate 272), which occasionally bears cones, 83 ft. by 10 ft. in 1909. 1 Cf. Zoe, iv. 201 (1893). 2 In Gard. Chron, xxiii. 11, fig. 1 (1885). 3 Comp. Bot. Mag. ii, 92, 130 (1836). 4 Hortus Veitchit, 39 (1906). According to Loudon, Gard. Mag. xvii. 429 (1841), Dr. M‘Laughlin sent home a parcel of cones in 1841 from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia river ; but it is unknown whether any trees were raised from these. & Gard. Chron, 1872, p. 1166. ® Hortus Arleyensis, 14 (1907). 1022 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A splendid tree at Danesbury, near Welwyn, Herts, measured go ft. by to ft. 4 in. in 1907, and produced cones for the first time in 1897. There are several other good specimens in the same county; two trees at Brickendon Grange, the larger of which was 49 ft. by 4 ft. 10 in. in 1906, when it bore cones; another at Bayfordbury which measured 64 ft by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1905, and has borne cones of late years. At Nuneham Park, Oxford, a fine tree measured 75 ft. high and 1o ft. 9 in. in girth in 1906. Mr. H. Clinton-Baker in 1907 saw a tree at Flitwick Manor, Bedford, 72 ft. by 7 ft. 6 in., which was bearing numerous young cones. Sir Hugh Beevor reports a tree at Fulmodestone, Norfolk, said to have been planted about 1851, which was 60 ft. by 6 ft. 5 in. in 1903. A tree’ at Barton, Suffolk, measured 65 ft. by 10 ft. in 1905. The best specimen in Kew Gardens measured 63 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. in 1903. A fine tree, measuring 74 ft. by 73 ft. in 1908 when it produced cones, grows in the grounds of Bowood Park, Wilts, the seat of the Marquess of Lansdowne. It is said to have been planted about the year 1838. The following were the only trees of the species mentioned in the reports® sent to the Conifer Conference in 1891 :—Revesby Abbey, Lincolnshire, forty- three years old, 50 ft. high, 6 ft. 8 in. in girth; Poltalloch, Argyllshire, 45 ft. high, 9 ft. in girth, said to be growing vigorously. Murray reported * in 1860 that a fine tree, now no longer living, in the Keillour Pinetum, had produced cones for several years past. This is remarkable, if true, as this species, rare in Scotland, appears to bear fruit only in the south of England. In Ireland it is not common, the best I know of being a tree at Woodstock, which in 1909 was 62 ft. by 6 ft. A tree in the Wellesley Pinetum,‘ Massachusetts, U.S.A., was 27 ft. high in 1905; but Sargent says that although hardy as far north as Boston, it is not worth growing in New England except as a curiosity. (H. J. E.) PINUS MONTICOLA, WestERN WuiTE PINE ~ Pinus monticola, Don, in Lambert, Genus Pinus, ii. t. 81 (1832), and iii. t. 87 (1837); Loudon, Arb, et Frut. Brit. iv. 2291 (1838); Sargent, Silva WV. Amer. xi. 23, tt. 540, 541 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 5 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifera, 349 (1900); Masters, Journ. Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 580 (1904); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conitf. i. 36 (1909). Pinus Strobus, Linnzeus, var. monticola, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 118 (1849). Pinus porphyrocarpa, Murray, in Lawson, Pinetum Brit. i. 83, ff. 1-8 (1884). Pinus Groseliert, Carritre in Rev. Hort. 1869, p. 126, f. 31. A tree, usually attaining in America 100 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth, rarely as high as 150 ft., with a trunk 25 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, and light grey, becoming on old trees 1} in. in thickness and divided 1 There is no record of this tree in Bunbury, Arboretum Notes. 2 Journ, Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 492, 503 (1892). A tree at Keir, Perthshire, incorrectly reported (ié7d. 531) to be P. _ Lambertiana, turns out to be P. Strobus. Zi 3 In Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. vi. 370 (1860). * Sargent, Pin, Wellesley, 10 (1905). a SESE EE ———<— ae Pinus 1023 by fissures into small square scaly plates. Buds, as in P. Stvodus, but larger. Branchlets, covered with short, brown, partly glandular! pubescence, retained in part in the second year. Leaves, in fives, slightly spreading, dense upon the branchlets, persistent for three or four years, about 4 in. long, often only 2 to 3 in. long in native specimens, rigid, broader and thicker than in P. Stvodus, serrulate, narrowed but blunt at the apex, with several stomatic lines on the inner surfaces, and two to three broken lines of stomata on the outer surface near the tip; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath about # in. long, early deciduous. Cones spreading, on short stout incurved stalks, cylindrical; very variable in length in wild specimens, averaging 5 to 8 in., occasionally 12 and rarely 18 in.; in cultivated specimens usually about 5 in. Scales thin, oblong-cuneate, averaging 14 in. long and # in, broad; apophysis rounded and thin in upper margin, slightly convex from side to side, and tipped with a small dark-coloured resinous umbo. Seed narrowed at the end, 4 in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black; wing about 1 in. long, narrow, pointed, dark brown. Cotyledons 6 to 9. The cones are usually green in colour before ripening, but a tree at Glenalmond in Scotland produced purple cones and has been named var. forphyrocarpa, Masters.? (A. H.) DISTRIBUTION This tree represents P. Strodus in the Pacific coast region of North America, where it occurs in the north in Vancouver Island, in the Columbia river valley, and on the Selkirk range in British Columbia; and extends southwards to Idaho, where it attains its maximum size in the Bitter Root Mountains, and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana ; and is found throughout the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon, and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges as far as the Kern river valley in California. It descends* to sea-level in Vancouver Island, ascends in the Selkirks to 2500 ft., and reaches 10,000 ft. altitude in the Californian Sierras, where trees with enormous stems and short twisted branches withstand for centuries the fiercest mountain gales.‘ It does not often grow as pure forest, but wherever I have seen it, is mixed with other conifers, and most abundant in regions where there is a heavy rainfall, though usually not a large tree in comparison with others in the same region, and commonly about 100 ft. high. Sargent gives 150 as its extreme height, and Sheldon says 100 to 200 ft. I measured at 1650 ft. elevation near Camp 6 of the Victoria Lumber Company at Chemainus in Vancouver Island, a tree which was at least 200 ft. high by 13% ft. in girth, with a stem clear of branches to 80 or go ft. ‘It is not abundant 1 Some of the hairs are tipped with a globose gland. 2 In Journ. R. Hort. Soc, xiv. 235 (1892), This is P. porphyrocarpa, Murray, in Lawson, Pin. Brit. i, 83 (1884). 3 Throughout the greater part of its range, it occurs at considerable altitudes, and though in south-western Vancouver Island it grows sparingly through the coast forest, it is more abundant at 500 ft. where the fogs are less and the summer days are warmer. Close to the sea, trees are usually somewhat stunted. Cf. Butters, in Postelsia, Year Book of the Minnesota Seaside Station, 1906, p. 160. * Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897). In this journal, v. 1, figs. 1 and 2 (1892), there are two excellent illustrations of trees of great age, growing in an exposed situation in the Yosemite valley. 1024 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland here, and though occasionally cut up in the sawmills, does not form an important item in the timber resources of British Columbia. According to Macoun and Anderson’ the wood is used for the same purposes as eastern white pine. It is useful for window-sashes, doors, powder barrels, and similar work, but being a white and very light wood it is unfit for outside work and decays rapidly in contact with the ground. In north-western Montana, this species does not ascend above 4000 ft. and never crosses the continental divide. It is of rather rare occurrence in the Flathead region where scattered trees grow in the mixed forest, which is mainly composed of western larch and Douglas fir. It thrives best on moist soil, but on swampy ground has shallow roots and is often blown down. Seedlings* germinate in the open, where the soil is not too dry ; but they bear a certain amount of shade, though they are never seen under the dense cover of Thuya plicata or Tsuga Albertiana. CULTIVATION Though discovered by David Douglas in 1831 and introduced by him soon afterwards, the tree did not become common in England until Lobb and others sent seeds in quantity between 1851 and 1855. It seems to be perfectly hardy as regards cold everywhere, but does not succeed as well in England generally as in Scotland, and even there it seems very subject to the attacks of a rust which was identified by Mr. W. G. Smith as Peridermium pint, and which is described by Mr. J. Laurie, gardener at Murthly Castle, as spreading over all the trees there, but not attacking P. Strobus which grows close by. From what I have seen elsewhere this or a similar rust has destroyed other trees in different parts of the country. It seems to succeed best in the wetter parts of Scotland, and to dislike lime, as the seedlings I have raised will not grow at Colesborne. It cannot be recommended on our present knowledge as a forest tree in this country. Among the finest I have measured in England are those at Adhurst St. Mary near Petersfield, the seat of Miss Bonham Carter, where in 1908 I measured a tree growing on the lower greensand which was 78 ft. by 54 ft. At Barton, in 1904, a tree with three leaders was 79 ft. by 8 ft. It was planted in 1848* and bore cones in 1864. At Beauport, two trees, 81 ft. by 7 ft. and 68 ft. by 74 ft., were healthy and covered with cones in 1905. At Enville Hall, Staffordshire, Henry saw a beautiful glaucous tree which in 1904 was 77 ft. by 6 ft. At Kew, a tree on the lawn north-west of the Water Lily house, planted in 1843, measured in 1903, 63 ft. by 5 ft. 1 in.® At Highnam, Major Gambier Parry in 1906 measured a tree 64 ft. 1 Brit. Columbia, Bureau Inform., Bull. No. 15, p. 239 (1903). 2 Cf. Whitford, in Bot, Gaz. xxxix. 201 (1905). Henry in 1906 saw numerous seedlings near Nyack on the Great Northern railway. The tree is of no economic importance in Montana, and is estimated by Ayres to yield about one per cent of the total timber in the Lewis and Clarke Forest Reserve. Elrod gives ro ft. as the maximum girth. 8 Gard, Chron. xxiii. 244 (1898). Smith says that the rust is Peridermium pini and not P. Strobi. The two fungi are distinct. Cf. Smith, zbéd. 202. According to Ulmer, in Maturw. Zeitsch. forst. Landwirtschaft, 1908, pt. 12, of all the five-leaved pines in the forest garden at Tharandt in Saxony, only P. monticola, of which there are several trees eighteen years old, is attacked by Peridermium Strobi. Experiments in that place have shown that the only species of Ades infected by the spores is RX. sanguineum. 4 Bunbury, Arboretum Notes, 133 (1889). 5 Kew Hand-List Conifera, xiv, xxii (1903). Pinus 1025 by 6 ft. 8 in. At High Leigh, Hoddesdon, Mr. Clinton-Baker in 1908 measured a tree 66 ft. by 4 ft. ro in. In Scotland the largest known to us is a tree at Murthly (Plate 273), which, when I saw it in 1906, was 85 ft. by 6} ft. and covered at the top with cones. The next is at Scone, in Perthshire, the seat of the Earl of Mansfield. This, when measured in 1891 for the Conifer Conference, was 714 ft. high, by 5 ft. 11 in. in girth at about forty years of age; and when measured by Henry in 1904 had increased to 82 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in., and was quite healthy. Another at Keillour, which is probably one of Douglas's original introduction, as it was planted in 1834, was in 1904 80 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in.; and there are many others in Scotland which are from 60 ft. to 70 ft. high. One at Monreith, Wigtownshire, planted in 1876, measured in 1908 56 ft. by 4 ft. 11 in., whilst P. Cemédra, planted with it at the same time, is only 16 ft. high. Another at Poltalloch, raised from the seed of a tree at Lamb Abbey, measured 50 ft. by 54 ft. in 1906, and has itself produced fertile seed. In Ireland it also grows well. At Hamwood, Co. Meath, the seat of C. R. Hamilton, Esq., there is a splendid tree planted in 1847 which Henry measured in 1904 and found to be 76 ft. by 7 ft. At Fota, another measured 69 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. in 1907. (H. J. E.) PINUS STROBUS, Weymourts Pine, White PINe Pinus Strobus, Linnzeus, Sp. P/. 1001 (1753); Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iv. 2280 (1838) ; Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 17, tt. 538, 539 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 4 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 377 (1900) ; Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxxv. 579 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Illust. Contf. i. 52 (1909). Pinus tenuifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 399 (1796). Pinus alba canadensis, Provancher, Fv. Canadienne, ii. 554 (1862). A tree, attaining in America at the present time 150 to 175 ft. in height and 10 to 15 ft. in girth, but stated to have been much larger formerly. Bark on young stems, thin, smooth, and greenish; on old trunks 1 to 3 in. in thickness, and divided by shallow fissures into broad connected scaly ridges. Buds ovoid, sharp-pointed, 4 in. long, brown, resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets with short tufts of pubescence below the insertions of the leaf-clusters on the slightly raised pulvini, being glabrous elsewhere.’ Leaves in fives, persistent two or three years, spreading, 3 to 4 in. long, very slender, straight, serrulate, whitened with stomatic lines on the two.inner surfaces ; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath 2 in. long, early deciduous, Cones sub-terminal, pendulous on stalks (usually less than 1 in. long), cylindrical, often curved, pointed at the apex, 4 to 6 in. long, 1 in. in diameter. Scales 1 to 14 in. long, $ to $ in. wide, usually very convex from side to side; apophysis smooth, rounded, and thin in upper margin, slightly thickened in the centre, terminating in a 1 Occasionally the pubescence is diffused over the whole surface of the branchlet, but remains densest on the pulvini. Vv E 1026 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland small resinous flat umbo. Seed ovoid, } in. long, reddish brown, mottled with black ; wing narrow, 1 in. long. Cotyledons 7 to 14. VARIETIES Several forms with variously coloured foliage or of peculiar habit have arisen in European nurseries.’ 1. Var. nana, Knight, Syn. Contf. 34 (1850). A compact round-headed shrub rarely exceeding 6 ft. in height, with short slender branches, and crowded branchlets ; leaves short, $ to 14 in. in length. A specimen of this variety planted at Bayfordbury in 1849 is about 15 ft. high. Sargent says that this is perhaps one of the most distinct and beautiful of all the dwarf conifers in cultivation ; and those which Elwes saw at Underley Hall, Westmoreland, the seat of Lord H. Cavendish-Bentinck, confirmed this opinion. 2. Var. zivea, Booth, ex Knight, doc. cit. Leaves short, and silvery white beneath. 3. Var. aurea. Leaves yellowish when young. 4. Var. variegata. Leaves variegated with yellow. 5. Var. zebrina. Leaves striped with yellow. 6. Var. monophylla, Tubeuf, Forst. naturw. Zettschr. vii. 34 (1897). A variety with the needles more or less cohering throughout their length, and forming a single needle. 7. Beissner also mentions fastigiate and prostrate varieties, which do not seem to be in cultivation in England. DISTRIBUTION P. Strobus is the largest of all the conifers indigenous in North America east- ward of the Rocky Mountains ; and its original area of distribution comprises a vast territory in Canada and the northern United States, roughly bounded on the north by the parallel of 50° from south-eastern Manitoba to Newfoundland, and on the south by the parallel of 42° from Iowa to Connecticut; while it spreads southwards in the Alleghany mountain region from Pennsylvania and New Jersey, through Mary- land, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Tennessee, to the northern parts of Alabama and Georgia, becoming rarer and confined to high altitudes towards the south. It grows up to about 3500 ft. on the Blue Ridge, but does not there attain anything like the size it does farther north, 60 to 70 ft. high being about the size of the trees which Elwes saw in North Carolina. Although still met with throughout this vast region, the original forest has in many parts been cut away, and in some districts, as in New England and eastern Canada, the species only remains in small areas. The great forests, where the pine occurs in commercial quantity, are now confined to Michigan, Minnesota, and Wis- consin in the United States, and to the Ottawa valley, and to the districts bordering Lake Huron and Lake Michigan in Canada. 1 Sargent, in Garden and Forest, x. 460 (1897), mentions two varieties of American origin growing in the Arnold * Arboretum; one, dwarf with pendulous, nearly prostrate branches; the other, with short, slender, nearly erect branches, in whorls of three, growing a dense, low, round-topped head. i Pinus 1027 The white pine is less gregarious than many other pines, and originally formed an important component of the mixed deciduous forest of New England, New York, and Pennsylvania, attaining its best development along water-courses, and reaching its greatest size when growing in mixture with beech, maples, and birches, often towering in such woods high above the general level of the other trees. It is often, however, in the same regions associated with hemlock; and in eastern Canada is frequent in company with hemlock, spruce, and Thuya occidentahs. The pine forests, which cover large tracts of sandy soil in the Lake States, are composed of varying mixtures of P. Strobus, P. resinosa, and P. Banksiana.' On poor dry sand the two latter species outgrow and supplant the former, while on moist deep sand P. Strodus is the more vigorous. Its growth is much aided by the presence of organic matter and loam in the sand, and on soil of this kind, pure woods of white pine, sometimes several square miles in extent, occur. With an increase of loam in the soil, deciduous trees make their appearance, and the forest becomes a varied mixture of these trees and P. Strodus. On heavy clay soil, the white pine tends to disappear, and a forest of only hardwoods results. On sandy soil in the eastern states, P. vigida is the companion of the white pine, and in the southern states, P. echinata. This tree prefers a climate with considerable moisture in the air, as is shown by its abundance in the region of the Great Lakes and towards the sea- board. It withstands windy and cold exposures, but suffers from strong sea-breezes. It excels all pines in its capacity for bearing shade in the early stage of its growth, and reproduces itself naturally under oak, but not under beech or maples. It is long in cleaning its stem, even where the young growth, as is often the case, forms dense thickets. (A. H.) Though it is improbable that any such trees now exist, Sargent quotes various old writers to show that in former times trees rivalling the giant pines of California were found in New England. A tree, 7 ft. 8 in. in diameter at the butt, on the Merrimac river ; and another, 6 ft. in diameter and 260 ft. high, in Lincoln,’ N.H., are mentioned as instances. But trees of 150 ft. high, 24 in. in diameter, are now quite uncommon, and the largest actually measured in Pennsylvania by Pinchot was 155 ft. high, 34 ft. in diameter at 44 ft. from the ground, and 357 years old. Emerson tells us* that fifty years ago several trees at Blanford, which grew 1 In the Cass Lake Forest Reserve, in Minnesota, which I visited in 1906, these three pines occur ; and P. Strobus invariably occupied the better soil where the sand contained a percentage of blackish mould. 2 With regard to the gigantic heights given by early writers I am very sceptical, and Prof. W. A. Buckhout, of the Pennsylvania State College, to whom I wrote for information, shares my doubts, The most authoritative statement is by Fox, in U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 34, p. 8 (1902), who says: ‘there is a record of a white pine cut in Meredith, Delaware County, New York, that measured 247 ft. in length as it lay on the ground.” He adds: ‘‘ Many New York lumbermen still living recall giant white pines 7 ft. or more across the stump, and over 220 ft. in height.” Fox does not state where the record exists or its authority ; and Springer, in Forest Life and Forest Trees, 40 (New York, 1851), says: ‘‘In Dr. Dwight’s Zrave/s, there is an account of a tree in Lancaster, New Hampshire, which measured 264 ft. in length. I have worked in the forests among the timber several years, have cut many hundreds of trees and seen many thousands, but have never found one larger than the one I felled on a little stream which emptied into Jackson Lake in the eastern part of Maine. Its trunk was 6 ft. in diameter at 4 ft. from the ground. It was about 9 rods in length or 144 ft., about 65 ft. of which were free of limbs, and retained its diameter remarkably well.” The tree mentioned in Garden and Forest, 1894, p. 188, which grew in Wis- consin, and was said to be 200 ft. high and 45 in. in diameter, is also exaggerated, I believe, as regards its height.—(A. H.) 3 Woody Plants Massachusetts, i. 74 (1875). . 1028 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland on rather dry land, measured after they were felled over 223 ft., and speaks of a mast cut on the Penobscot river in 1841, which, after being hewn to an octagonal shape, measured go ft. long, 36 in. in diameter at the butt, and 28 in. at the top. The tree lives to a very great age, remaining sound up to 350 or 400 years, and it is said in New England that no one has lived long enough to see the stump of a white pine decay. Fences made from the stumps after they have been torn up by the roots, show after 100 years few signs of decay. The white pine grows naturally on all kinds of soil, and varies very much in its habit according to the soil and surroundings, but flourishes best in a deep, moist sandy loam, and in land which, being covered with a thick growth of moss, never dries in summer. The trees now commonly seen by the traveller in New England, which have been left when the original forest was felled, or which have sprung up from seed on abandoned farms, or as second growth in forest which has been logged, give no idea of what the tree is in a virgin forest. These are now only found in remote localities from which the logs cannot be profitably extracted ; and the ingenuity of the lumberman is so great, and the present value of large clean logs so high, that it is not easy to find any which have not been cleared of their finest timber. The reproductive power of the tree is very good, whenever fire is kept out of the forest, and large areas of land which have been abandoned by the descendants of the original settlers as unprofitable to cultivate, are now becoming’ re-covered with white pine, from which second growth in New Hampshire and Vermont alone, Sargent tells us that no less than 100,000,000 ft. of lumber were manufactured in the year 1880. A remarkable instance of the rapid growth and branching habit of the white pine on land which has been burnt over is described by Mary Robbins in Garden and Forest, viii. p. 333. These trees are in a large cemetery at St. Stephen, New Brunswick, on land which was devastated by firein 1821. The largest of them in 1895 were 75 ft. high and 11 ft. or more in girth, with high horizontal or perpendicular branches coming off close to the ground, some of which are as much as 7 ft. in circumference and spread 40 to 60 ft. from the trunk. History AND CULTIVATION The white pine was first described by Plukenet? in 1696, and according to Aiton* was first cultivated* at Badminton in Gloucestershire by the Duchess of Beaufort in 1705. Its common English name was given it because Lord Wey- mouth planted it® largely in the beginning of the 18th century at Longleat, Wilts ; 1 In U.S. Forest Service, Circular 67 (1907), a leaflet on the planting of this species, it is said that in many situations, if the land is protected from fire, white pine will extend itself rapidly by natural seeding; and planting is recommended only when natural regeneration is impracticable. 2 Plukenet, “Amalth. Bot, 171 (1705). 3 Hort, Kew. iii. 369 (1789). 4 It was introduced earlier into France, as a plant was growing in the Royal Nurseries at Fontainebleau in 1553. Cf. Belon, De Arboribus Coniferis, published in that year, and quoted by Bolle, in Gartenflora, 1890, p. 434. 5 The date of first planting at Longleat is uncertain, and possibly preceded that at Badminton. In London Catalogue of Trees by Society of Gardeners, 57 (1730), it is said that ‘* Lord Weymouth’s pine was raised from seed in Badminton Gardens several years since, and has been growing many years in the gardens of Lord Weymouth, where it hath produced ripe seed for several years,” EE —— ee ee Pinus 1029 and Miller says that at Mersham le Hatch, near Ashford, Kent, then the property of Sir Wyndham Knatchbull, and still held by his descendant of the same name, it produced, as early as 1726, good seed from which many of the trees in England were raised. 1 have been unable to find any trees either at Badminton or at Longleat which can be certainly looked on as the original trees ;1 but there are many places in England where trees dating from at least the middle of the 18th century still survive, and some of these, as will be shown later, are of great size. The tree is apparently at home on all good deep sandy soils, and when not too dry, gr®ws vigorously for 100 years or more in all the southern half of England; ripening seed in most seasons and often reproducing itself naturally ; but in Scotland it does not seem to thrive so well, probably on account of insufficient heat in summer. I do not, however, think that it is likely in any part of Great Britain to prove a profitable forest tree in comparison with Scots or Corsican pine, as the value of its timber depends on climatic and soil conditions rarely found in this country. The Weymouth pine has been extensively planted in Germany, there being, for example, 3,000,000 trees in the state forests of Bavaria. In central Europe, it is remarkably hardy, as it is not injured by the severe winter climate, never suffers from spring or autumn frosts, and is not easily broken by heavy snow. It is considered, on account of the abundant fall of its soft needles, which speedily decay, to be a better soil-improver than any European pine. Slow in growth during the first five years, it attains about the same height as the Scots pine in the twentieth year, and exceeds the latter species considerably in height and diameter growth after this period. Dr. L. Wappes,*? a Bavarian forester, states that it seeds early and heavily, is readily reproduced naturally,’ withstands crowding and shading, and produces even on poor soils a large amount of timber. On very inferior soil in the Palatinate, pure plantations, 104 years old, yielded per acre, 13,000 cubic ft. of timber, exclusive of branches and stumps. In spite of such results, much exceeded on loamy sands at other stations in Prussia and Thuringia, it is doubtful if this tree will be planted extensively in the future. It is much subject to the attacks of fungi, many plantations being ruined by Agaricus melleus and Peridermium Strobi, while deer bite the shoots and gnaw the bark, injuring many trees in the German forests. The timber produced in central Europe appears to be as good as that of America, and Wappes states that though little valued at first, it is now readily saleable, the price in 1899 being double that of 1882. Mayr‘ gives an instructive comparison of the wood of two trees, one 87 years old, grown in Bavaria; the other, 138 years old, grown in Wisconsin. The specific gravity of both was identical; and the Bavarian 1 Forbes, in Pin. Woburn. 83 (1839), says: ‘‘ The original tree, first brought to England by Viscount Weymouth, is now standing, though perfectly decayed, in a timber grove at Longleat.” According to Museum Rusticanum, iv. 381 (1765), gold and silver medals were offered by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, in 1765 and succeeding years, for plantations of Weymouth Pine. According to Dillwyn, Hortus Collinsonianus, 40 (1843), Bartram sent a small tree to Collinson in 1737, which was growing at Mill Hill in 1756, when it was 4o ft. high. 2 The articles on the cultivation of this pine in Germany, which Dr. Wappes published in Lorey’s A//gemeine Forst- und Jagdzitung for 1899, are abstracted by Spalding, in U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No, 22, The White Pine, p. 68 (1899). 8 Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 90, fig. 1 (1905), gives a good picture of natural reproduction of the Weymouth pine in the Rhine Palatinate. 4 Fremdlind. Wald- und Parkbdume, 378 (1906), Mayr’s article on ‘* White Pine in Europe,” published in Garden and Forest, 1888, p. 10, should also be consulted, 1030 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland tree excelled in having a less proportion of sapwood. These two trees contained nearly the same percentage of resin; and Mayr’s researches have shown that the wood of the Weymouth pine contains more resin than that of Scots pine, larch, spruce, or silver fir. He considers that its qualities of lightness and softness, for which it is esteemed in America, render it useful for many purposes, for which it is better fitted than any European species. In Belgium the finest specimens of the Weymouth pine are a group of seven trees standing close together in good soil beside a pond on the farm of St. Michel, in the western Ardennes, not far from St. Hubert. These are growing at an altitude of 1000 ft., and the largest measured in 1909, when they were seen and photo- graphed by Henry, 110 ft. high and 8 ft. 8 in. in girth, They have produced seed freely from an early period, and there are many seedlings of different ages in the vicinity, some, believed to have been of this source, being as far away as two miles to the westward. - The dry easterly winds open the cones, and distribute the seeds to a great distance. To the eastward of the tree the seedlings, though numerous, only extend about 200 yards. The older trees are not attacked by the “rouge” (Peridermium Strobt*), but many of the younger trees are affected. This pine succeeds well at considerable elevations in the Ardennes, and would be a desirable acquisition were it not for its liability to disease. This tree grows well as far north as Christiania, where I have seen in the grounds of Baron Wedel Jarlsberg at Bogstad a healthy specimen about go ft. high, with a clean trunk of about 12 ft. in girth. According to Schiibeler, it has been planted at many places on the coast as far north as Trondhjem, and in Sweden as far as 64° N. On the Isola Bella, in Lago Maggiore, I saw in 1906 a fine tree, 98 ft. by ro} ft. and covered with cones, which is said to have been brought from Paris in 1815. REMARKABLE TREES By far the largest tree of which we have an exact record, grew in a sheltered valley at Ironmill Wood not far from Tortworth, Gloucestershire, and, as I learn from the Earl of Ducie, was measured ® in 1864 by Sir Joseph Hooker and Professor Balfour, who made it about 114 ft. high by 10} ft. in girth, It was blown down in 1875 when it was believed to be about 105 years old, and measured 122 ft. high and 46 ft. to the first branch, containing no less than 324 cubic feet of good timber, which was cut up and used on the estate. The next largest is a trée at Stowe, probably at least 150 years old, which in 1905 when I measured it, was 104 ft. high by 13 ft. 2 in. in girth at 3 ft., where the stem divides into several massive ascending limbs. At Pains Hill, Surrey, there is a remarkable old tree with very spreading branches, not mentioned by Loudon, which in 1904 was about go ft. high by 12 ft. 8 in. in girth. 1 This fungus was first noticed in England, in 1892, at King’s Lynn. Cf. Plowright, in Gard. Chron. xii. 133, figs. 22, 23 (1892); xiii. 425 (1893); xxvi. 72, 94 (1899). Dr. Somerville, in Quart. Journ. Forestry, iii. 232 (1909), gives an account of its ravages in late years, 2 In Gard. Chron. 1853, p. 725, this pine was reported to have been planted in 1772; and it measured in 1853, 114 ft. by 9 ft. 10 in. Pinus 1O3L At The Grove, Herts, there are two large rough and branching old trees, one of which Henry in 1904 found to be 96 ft. by 12 ft.2in. Another at Cassiobury Park measured 102 ft. by 84 ft. in the same year. In the Belvedere plantation, Windsor, there are a number of fine Weymouth and Scots pines planted about 1760, according to Menzies, though Mr. Simmonds, who showed them to me, thought that they may be older. The best of the former measure about 100 ft. by 9 ft., are clean for half their length, and are little if anything less in size than the Scots pine presumably of the same age. At Hollycombe, Sussex, the seat of J. C. Hawkshaw, Esq., there are some of the cleanest and best grown trees of their age in England growing among larch near the entrance to the lodge. The best I measured was over roo ft. high by 8% ft. in girth, and contained 120 to 150 ft. of timber. Mr. Hawkshaw informs me that these trees are about 100 years old. At Woburn Abbey this tree has been planted to some extent on sandy soil, which suits Scots pine very well, but which is apparently too dry for P. Strodbus. On the Green Drive there are some large old trees left, of which the best measured in 1908 about go ft. by 74 ft., but the majority have died or been felled ; and the self-sown seedlings which are numerous in the plantation are mostly suffer- ing from the attacks of a species of Chermes.’ At Arley Castle there is a tree 95 ft. by 11 ft. 4 in. in 1905, which is perhaps not over 80 years old. At Ombersleigh Court, the seat of Lord Sandys, a tree, with large branches forking low down, in 1906 was go ft. by 164 ft. near the ground. At Nuneham Park, Oxford, a tree with a clean stem, was 95 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. in 1908. At Burwood House, near Cobham, Surrey, Mr. R. Woodward in 1903 measured a tree 92 ft. by 8 ft. 3in. A tree in a field near Coombe Bank, Sevenoaks, was 80 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in. in 1904. At Black Park, near Slough, the property of Sir R. Harvey, Bart., in a dense wood of Scots pine near the upper end of the lake, there is a very fine Weymouth pine growing on moist sandy soil, which, when I measured it in 1908, was about 110 ft. high by 9 ft. in girth ; the stem forking at 58 ft. from the ground contains about 200 ft. of timber. At Gwydyr Castle, N. Wales, the property of Earl Carrington, there are several large clean trees growing in a wood, with stems clean to a considerable height, which I saw in 1906 and found to be from 100 to 110 ft. high and 9g to 1o ft. in girth. The largest in Scotland of which I have certain knowledge is one of nine trees on the banks of the Almond, at Logiealmond, the property of the Earl of Mansfield, Mr. A. Kinnear has recently measured these, and informs me that the largest is 94 ft. high and 7 ft. 9 in. in girth, with a cubic content of 119 ft. over bark. The remaining eight are from 60 to 80 ft. high, growing on a steep bank of light, dry soil, facing west. 1 Gillanders, Forest Entomology, 331, 336, fig. 307 (1908), says that Chermes corticalis, Kalt., is common in the south of England, and is said to do great injury to the trees. The stems attacked resemble in appearance those of beech trees, affected by Cryptococcus Fagi; but the two insects have no connection whatever, although on one occasion the absurd proposal was made to cut down Weymouth pines to prevent the extension of the beech disease on a certain property. This aphis is also harmful to the Weymouth pine in Germany, 1032 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Sir Herbert Maxwell reports ' a very large tree at Dunkeld, 13 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Keir, Perthshire, there is a tree 59 ft. by 6 ft. 11 in., which was reported ® at the Conifer Conference in 1891 to be 40 years old, and 46 ft. by 6 ft. In Ireland, there are two fine old trees, both about 80 ft. by 74 ft., at Wood- stock; and a tree at Muckross, Kerry, was in 1908 about 65 ft. high, and 8 ft. in girth. Another at Coolattin, Wicklow, was 73 ft. by 7 ft. 7 in. in 1906; but the forester here reported that larger trees were to be found on this property, where this species thrives, and produces valuable timber. TIMBER The wood of the white pine is, in Sargent’s words,’ ‘“‘light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, very resinous, easily worked, light brown, often tinged with red, with thin, nearly white sapwood, weighing only 24 pounds to the cubic foot when quite dry.” . For a century or more it has played a conspicuous part in the material develop- ment of the United States and Canada. ‘Great fleets of ships and long railroads have been built to transport the lumber sawn from its mighty trunks, men have grown rich by destroying it, building cities to supply the needs of their traffic, and seeing them languish as the forests disappear.” Fifty years ago the supply seemed inexhaustible, and for a long period the price of white pine lumber governed that of most other woods, whilst it formed a basis of comparison for the quality of other kinds of trees. Now the best sources of supply are so much depleted that though, in Michaux’s time, three-quarters of the houses, except in the great cities, were built mainly of white pine, it has become so scarce and risen so much in price that Canadian forests are largely purchased by American lumbermen to supply their own needs, and the export to Europe has very much diminished. Much of what still comes is moreover cut from smaller and younger trees, often of second growth, and is inferior in quality to that which gave its reputation, and which was preferred to all others on account of the facility with which it worked up for all domestic purposes.* Laslett, as timber inspector to the British navy at a time when ships were still built of wood, gives numerous details® of the experiments which were made on its strength, elasticity, and durability, and states that it was used for masts, yards, bow- sprits, and in the form of deals, but says it was not strong enough for light spars subject to great and sudden strains, for which it was inferior in strength and durability to Oregon fir. Mr. Weale of Liverpool writes to me as follows :—‘“ It is the most generally useful of all the pines, and is largely exported to Europe. As a building timber it is 1 Memories. of the Months, 3xd series, * Erroneously named P. Laméertiana, in Journ. Roy, Hort, Soc. xiv. 531 (1892). 3 Silva, xi. 19 (1897). 4 Popular Science Monthly, xxviii. 682. 5 Timber and Timber Trees, 356-66 (1894). ee Pinus 1033 durable for such purposes as windows and doors, but deteriorates if exposed to alter- nate heat and damp. It is in favour for the inside linings of furniture, but for this purpose is rapidly giving place to the American whitewood, Lzrtodendron tulipifera, the latter having a lower price to recommend it. For pattern-making, the yellow pine’ is preferred to all other woods, being soft, easily worked, straight-grained, and of a mellow texture. Its value has been steadily advancing for some years, the fine trees producing the best timber becoming scarce in the more accessible districts, and a great and growing demand from the United States, being the chief reasons. The first quality wood in 1905 was 20 per cent greater in price than ten years previous. It is generally imported into Europe in the form of sawn deals, and the disposal in England is practically in the hands of two firms.” (H. J..E.) PINUS PARVIFLORA, Japanese WuirTeE PINE Pinus parviflora, Siebold et Zuccarini, 77. Jap. ii. 27, t. 115 (1844); Syme, in Gard. Chron. x. 624, f. 103 (1878); Engelmann, Revision Genus Pinus, 178 (1880); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Boz.) xviii. 504 (1881), and xxxv. 578 (1904); Mayr, Adiet. jap. Reiches, 76, t. v. f. 19 (1890), and Fremdlind. Park- u. Waldbiume, 386 (1906); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 353 (1900) ; Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i, 40 (1909). A tree attaining in Japan in favourable situations 100 ft. in height, but usually smaller. Bark smooth and greyish for many years, ultimately becoming on old trunks darker in colour and fissuring into small scales. Buds ovoid, less than 4 in. long, not acuminate at the apex, light brown, slightly resinous, with some of the scales free at the tips. Young branchlets smooth, greyish, with a scattered minute pubescence. Leaves in fives, persistent for three years, spreading, about 2 in. long, curved, usually blunt at the apex, serrulate, with the inner flat surfaces marked by three or four white stomatic lines; resin-canals two, marginal; basal sheath 4 in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, sessile, spreading, in clusters of three or four, ovoid-conic, 2 to 24 in. long; scales spreading widely when open, woody, about $ to 1 in. long and $ to # in. wide, convex from side to side, thin in margin; apophysis thickened, incurved in the centre of the rounded broad upper margin, with a minute dark- coloured or resinous umbo. Seed obovoid, 3 in. long, 4 in. wide, compressed, brown; wing short and broad, scarcely exceeding } in. long, usually left in part on the scale when the seed falls. Cotyledons 8 to 10. Seedlings very slow in growth for several years. Var. pentaphylla. Pinus pentaphylla, Mayr, Abiet. jap. Reiches, 78, t. vi. f. 20 (1890), and Fremdlind. Park- u. Wald- biiume, 377 (1906); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 356 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 577 (1904). In the northern part of Hondo, Yezo, and the Kurile Isles the tree bears more 1 The timber when imported is known as yel/ow pine, a name used in America for other species, and liable to be confused with yellow deal, a London trade name for the timber of Scots pine from the Baltic, Vv . F 1034 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland pendulous larger cones,’ up to 34 in. in length, and seeds with a longer wing, up to 4 in. in length. Mayr considers this variety to be a distinct species; but there is great variation in the size of the cones and in the length of the seed-wing; and we have found no constant characters by which the wild and cultivated specimens that we have examined could be clearly separated into two distinct groups. There is no difference in the foliage or the branchlets.* This species* is a native of Japan and the Kurile Islands; the typical form, according to Mayr, being restricted to southern Hondo, Shikoku, and Kiusiu, where it either grows scattered in the beech and chestnut forests, or forms large woods in company with Tsuga. In Kiso he found single trees in woods mainly composed of Cupressus obtusa. Sargent‘ says it is a common inhabitant of mountain forests above 5000 ft. elevation, usually occurring singly or in small groves, occasionally reaching a height of 60 or 70 ft., and overtopping the deciduous trees by its hand- some head of long, graceful, somewhat pendulous branches. Mayr, however, says that it attains roo ft. in favourable situations. The large-coned variety is the prevalent, if not the only form found north of lat. 35°, where it is met with in the great central chain of Hondo, being very common in Kotzuke. Mayr states that it is always found in the broad-leaved forest, never ascending into the fir region, and becoming in deep valleys a tree of the first magni- tude, but in elevated regions scarcely higher than 50 or 60 ft. Faurie® collected it on the precipitous mountains of Aomori, and Sargent‘ states that it is a rare inhabitant of the mountain forests of southern Yezo. This species is known in Japan both as Azmeko-matsu and goyo-matsu, the former name being restricted in books to the type, and the latter being assigned to var. pentaphylla ; yet, as is acknowledged by Mayr, in the mountains of the interior the colloquial usage varies, showing that there is little or no difference between the two forms, which only vary in the size of their cones. This pine is cultivated in pots everywhere in Japan, being dwarfed and distorted in many ways. The timber is little used. (A. H.) I saw this tree in the forest above Agematsu in Kisogawa, at an elevation of about 3000 ft.; and, as I noted at the time, it looked so peculiar in habit and bark, that until I got the leaves and cones I could not believe that it was a pine. The illustration which I give of this tree (Plate 274) was taken for me by Mr. Masuhara of Tokio, and would, I think, be generally taken for a cypress. It was growing alone in a grassy valley, and though not of very large size seemed to be an old tree. In this part of Japan it is scattered here and there among deciduous trees and is not gregarious, 1 Cones collected in Yezo by Maries in 1879 and by J. H. Veitch in 1892 are preserved in the Kew Museum, and though larger than those from other localities, differ in no essential character. 2 Mayr says that in P. pentaphylla the branchlets are glabrous, but in the Yezo specimens which we have seen they are distinctly pubescent. In the northern tree, according to Mayr, the bark separates into larger scales. 5 This species is represented in Formosa by a closely allied species, P. formosana, Hayata, in Journ. Coll. Sc. Tokyo, XxV, 217 (1908), referred to in Gard. Chron. xliii. 194 (1908) as P. morrisonicola, Hayata. The Formosan tree has longer leaves (3 to 4 in.) and larger cones, with strongly reflexed scales. * In Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x. 461 (1897). 5 Cf. Masters in Bull. Herb. Boissier, vi. 270 (1898). Pinus 1035 CULTIVATION P. parvifiora*’ was introduced into cultivation in England by John Gould Veitch in 1861. In England, as is the case in Japan, it bears cones at an early age, which render it rather unsightly as an ornamental tree. The seeds ripen early in the season, and are eaten by finches with great avidity. Seedlings have been raised from home-grown seed. The largest tree that I have seen is one at Wilton House which in 1906 was 36 ft. by 3} ft. At Eggesford, in Devonshire, it forms a large spreading bush. At Blackmoor, at Westonbirt, and many other places I have seen very similar specimens, of from 20 to 30 ft. high, on lawns, and except as a purely ornamental tree it has no value whatever. At Grafrath, near Munich, the tree is rather fast in growth, and perfectly hardy ; but it suffers much from attacks of Agaricus melleus. In New England,’ Pinus parviflora grows rapidly, and resists the most severe cold. There are specimens 20 to 25 ft. in height, which produce cones in pro- fusion. (H. J. E.) PINUS CEMBRA, Atpine PINE Pinus Cembra, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 1000 (1753); Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iv. 2274 (1838) ; Murray, in Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 17, t. 3 (1884); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 169 (1887); Mathieu, Flore Forestitre, 622 (1897); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 317 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Lin, Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 583 (1904); Kirchner, Loew u. Schroter, Lebensgeschichte Bliitenpfi. Mitteleuropas, i. 241 (1905); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 14 (1909). Pinus sibirica, Mayr, in Aligem. Forst- u. Jagdzeitung, 1900, ex Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbiume, 388 (1906). A tree attaining about 130 ft. high in Siberia and 70 ft. in central Europe. Bark of young trees greenish grey, smooth or warty, with resin blisters; on old stems reddish grey, and dividing into thin scaly plates. Buds ovoid, resinous, about 4 in. long, acuminate at the apex, the long subulate free points of the scales being usually appressed together and not spreading as in P. horatensis. Young branchlets with prominent pulvini, and densely covered with an orange-brown shaggy tomentum, Older branchlets roughened by scars and dark in colour. Leaves* in fives, persistent three to five years, densely crowded, more or less spreading or appressed and nearly parallel to the branchlets, 24 to 3} in. long, slender, curved, acute or acuminate at the apex; margin with fine and not very close serrulations, which are not continued to the extreme tip; dark green, with incon- spicuous whitish stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces; resin-canals three, median. Staminate flowers sessile, about 4 in. long, yellow; connective violet, serrulate. Young cones, violet, nearly $ in. long, erect, solitary, or in whorls of two to six. 1 Cf Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 265. The cones collected by J. Gould Veitch in 1860, figured by Murray in Proc. Hort. Soc. ii. 272, fig. 13 (1862), as well as those collected by Maries in 1879 and by J. H. Veitch in 1892, came from Yezo, and are those ascribed to var. pentaphylia. From the seeds of these cones some of the trees in cultivation in this country are derived, yet these invariably bear short cones, like those of the typical form described by Siebold. Similarly, in the Arnold Arboretum, a small tree of P. pentaphylla, raised from Yezo seed, has borne short cones.—(A. H.) 2 Garden and Forest, viii. 306 (1895) and x, 461 (1897). 3 The leaves emit, especially in summer, a very agreeable peculiar odour. Cf. Gard. Chron, xx. 301, 309 (1883). 1036 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cones subterminal, short-stalked, never opening, spreading, ovoid, obtuse at the apex, 2 to 3 in. long, 1} to 2 in. wide, greenish with a violet tinge before ripening, brown when mature. Scales numerous, scarcely woody, brittle, about 1 in. long and % in. broad; apophysis, bent at nearly a right angle to the concealed part of the scale, with semicircular, sharp, and bevelled margin, and minutely tomentose outer surface; umbo terminal, thickened, triangular or rounded, Seed obovoid, about } in. long, dull brown, convex on the lower, flattened on the upper surface, with rounded and scarcely sharp angled sides, wingless,’ edible. These are distributed by nutcrackers, squirrels, and dormice, who break the scales of the cone, which never open, and carry away the seeds to their larders or holes; and as some are often dropped by the way, seedlings are observed in the Alps and else- where at a considerable distance from the parent tree. VARIETIES ” 1. Var. stberica, Loudon (Pinus sibirica, Mayr*). The tree occurring in Siberia is scarcely to be distinguished by any definite morphological characters from the typical form of central Europe (var. helvetica, Loudon), though Willkomm and others state that it has longer cones and larger seeds. The physiological differences are, however, considerable, as the Siberian tree attains a much greater height, forming a narrow pyramidal tree, like P. Stvodus in habit ; and is faster in growth in the young stage, with longer shoots, and more branchlets developed in each whorl. These differences are preserved in trees growing in severe climates, like Scandinavia and Germany ; but in this country the Siberian variety is very slow in growth, and does not appear to be long-lived. 2. Several varieties of horticultural origin have been described, as var. aurea, Kew Handlist of Contfere, 127 (1903), and a dwarf form and a single-leaved form, mentioned by Carriére in Conz/. 389 (1867). DISTRIBUTION This species occurs in two distinct regions, one embracing a vast area in Russia and Siberia, and the other confined to narrow limits in the Alps and Carpathians. In Europe it is widely spread in isolated tracts throughout nearly the whole of the Alps, scarcely ever descending* below 5000 ft., and reaching timber line in different places at 6200 to 8000 ft. elevation. In France it is called avo/e or auvier, and is confined to the northern part of the Maritime Alps, the high peaks of Dauphiné, the Graian Alps, and Mont Blanc. In the Maurienne, close to Modane, it is well seen in the wild forest of Villarodin Bourget, where it begins at about 1 Kirchner, of, cit, 270, fig. 136, describes and figures the vestiges of the rudimentary wing, which remains attached to the scale. 2 Var. pumila is now considered to be a distinct species, P, pumila, Regel. (See p. 1045.) 3 Mayr relies on trifling differences in the colour of the leaves, and in the shape and colour of the buds, characters which I have not been able to verify. The two trees, one of Swiss, and the other of Siberian origin, in the Christiania Botanic Garden, though strikingly different in habit, show no differences in leaves, buds, or branchlets. * The lowest altitude, according to Dr. Rikli, is 4000 ft., near Raron, in the upper Rhone valley. I ———— Pinus 1037 5000 ft., where Pinus sylvestris and Abies pectinata cease to grow, and is common mixed with larch and spruce at about 6000 ft., assuming in this dense part of the forest a narrow pyramidal form. Higher up, at about 7000 ft., it grows nearly pure in groups, scattered amidst rhododendrons, where seedlings are numerous, and is of a much more branching and picturesque habit, while far above on the rocky crests up to 8000 ft. isolated and broken trees are visible on the sky line. The largest specimens, which are at about 7000 ft., are of great girth, one tree which I saw in 1904 measuring 5 ft. in diameter, and dividing at 8 ft. from the ground into two stems, It is about 60 ft. high. Taller trees, up to 70 or even 80 ft., but of lesser girth, occur at the lower levels. Still larger specimens are said to exist in the forest of Arvieux in the same district. In Switzerland* the tree is usually called Zurbel, Zirbe, or Arve; but is named Schember in the Engadine, which corresponds to the Italian name zeméra or zimébro. The most extensive woods occur in the great central chain, as in the Pennine Alps and in the Engadine, though the tree is nearly extinct in Tessin; whilst smaller woods and scattered trees are met with in the limestone Alps from Vaud and Freibourg to Chiirfiirsten in St. Gall. From here the distribution extends through the Bavarian Alps to Salzkammergut, whilst it is continued through the Tyrol in the main chain to Gamstein, on the Styrian frontier, its most northern and eastern station in the Alps. In the southern Alps the tree grows here and there from Mt. Adamello in the Tyrol to Bleiberg in Carinthia and the Steiner Alps in Carniola. Throughout the Alps P. Ceméra is seen on all formations—granite, slate, lime- stone, dolomite, etc.—but it thrives best and forms the largest woods on moist soils containing a considerable amount of clay, and remains stunted on dry limestone. (A. H.) In the Swiss Alps it is becoming in most places a scarce tree,’ as the wood is in great request for carving, and the seeds are mostly eaten by mice and birds. But in the high Alps on the south side of the Valais many fine old trees may yet be seen. A very beautiful one is shown in Plate 275, which is reproduced from a nega- tive lent me by M. Coaz, Chief Inspector of the Swiss Government Forests, and forms plate xvi. of Les Arbres de la Suisse. \t grows at Muotta da Celerina, near Pontresina, on a formation of mica schist and syenite rocks, at an elevation of 2120 metres, and measures 15 to 16 metres high, with a girth of 4.20 metres. It is divided into three principal stems, with many great branches, which extend to a diameter of 164 metres, and is surrounded by numerous seedlings, which often grow from seeds dropped by the nutcracker (Vuctfraga caryocatactes). By far the best illustrations that I have seen of this tree in its native Alps are a series of twelve plates (27 B to 36 B) in Vegetationsbilder 11 (1905), by Dr. L. Klein. Of these the most remarkable is a tree broken off at a few feet up, where it measures 4+ metres in girth, with eight ascending candelabra-like branches. This grows at 1 A very complete account of this pine in Switzerland has lately been published by Dr. M. Rikli, Die Arve in der Schweiz, pp. xl+455, with 21 maps and 60 illustrations (Georg et Cie, Basel, 1909). A review of this important work is given in Nature, \xxxii. 399, figs. 1, 2 (1910). 2 This species, according to Kirchner, of. cit. 250, was formerly much more widely spread in the Alps and Carpathians than it is at the present time. 1038 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2300 metres behind the Findelen Hotel, on the Riffel Alp. Another decayed tree grows near it, measuring, close to the ground, no less than 7.67 metres (about 25 ft.) in girth, which Dr. Klein computes, from a careful counting of the rings in other trees, to be from 1000 to 1100 years old, and considers to be the oldest recorded tree of the species in Switzerland.’ In the Carpathians* the woods of P. Ceméra are smaller in extent and less frequent than in the Alps, occurring from the Tatra mountains in the north to Baiku in Banat, and ranging from 4200 to 7500 ft. altitude. In north-eastern Russia P. Ceméra occurs in the plains of Vologda, Viatka, and Perm, to the eastward of a line drawn from the source of the river Vaga to the middle reach of the Petchora in lat. 65°, and often forms extensive forests of tall trees, with- out a branch to 70 or 80 ft., which are seldom, however, cut for their timber. In the Ural mountains its range is from lat. 64° to lat. 55°. In Siberia this species occupies a wide territory, its northern limit crossing the Obi at lat. 66°, the Yenisei at 68°, the Lena at 60°, and the Aldan at 55°, and it does not appear to extend farther east than long. 130°, being replaced by P. pumila in north-eastern Siberia and Kamtschatka, and by P. ovazenszs in Amurland, Man- churia, and Korea. The southern limit, beginning in the Ural at lat. 55°, crosses the plain to reach the Alatau, Altai, and Sayan mountains, and, passing south of Lake Baikal, ends in north-eastern Mongolia.* In the Ural Mountains this tree is abundant, though I did not see it myself so far south as the line of the Siberian railway. It occurs in the neighbourhood of Ekaterinburg, where Pallas first described it.* He called it the Siberian cedar or pine of Liban, probably confusing it with the true Cedrus Libani. He says that it grows so slowly that in a tree only 5 in. 4 linesin diameter he counted sixty-two rings, whilst a larch of fifty-nine years old was only 5 in. 9 lines in diameter. He further states that in the Ural it only produces much seed when two wet seasons occur in succession, and that in marshy places it grows to a much greater size than on the mountains, Ledebour®, says that in the south-western Altai this tree ascends from about 4500 ft. to the timber line, which is here about 6500 ft., but this is not the case in the more eastern district of the Altai which I visited, and where, probably on account of the much drier soil, I saw few or no Pinus Ceméra in the Katuna and Tchuja mountains. But on my return journey it formed a considerable part of the forest on the steep mountains forming the southern shore of the north end of Lake Teletskoi, mixed with Adzes sibivica, and was frequented by flocks of nutcrackers, which were feeding on its seeds. These seeds are a favourite article of food in Siberia, as well as in the Ural, and were sold in the market at Barnaoul in September. 1 Cf, Correvon in Gard, Chron. xvii. 80, fig. 12 (1882), who figures an old tree in the Tyrol, about 7 ft. in diameter. 2 Cf. Pax, Pfanzenverb, Karpathen, i, 126 (1898), and ii, 247 (1908). Heuffel saw, just below the alpine pasture of Baiku, the only grove of P. Cembra in the whole territory of the Banat Alps. According to Golesco, in Bull. Soc. Dend. France, 1907, p. 178, it occurs as a scattered tree in the P. montana belt of the mountains of the Muscel district in Roumania. 5 Radde, Reisen im Siiden von Ost-Sibirien, 117 (1861), gives the limit of elevation in the East Sayan as 7095 ft. On the mountains of N.W. Mongolia at Sochondo it only attains 6500 ft. * Pallas, Voyages, ii, 252 (1789). 5 Reise Altai Gebirge, i. 345-9 (1829). Ledebour, of. cé#. 144, mentions a tree in the south-west Altai at 5700 ft. altitude, which measured 13 ft. 8 in, in girth at a foot from the ground, Pinus 1039 CULTIVATION According to Hempel’ the ripe seeds of the Cembra pine fall with the cones in the early spring, and as a rule lie a year before germinating ; but a small pro- portion of the seeds that I have sown have germinated in England in the first season, and some will remain two or even three years before coming up. The seedling has nine to twelve, usually ten cotyledons, and makes but a short shoot im,the first year. As mice and birds will probably devour the seeds unless protected, it is best to sow them in boxes filled with rich light sandy soil, and covered with fine wire netting. The seedlings should remain two or three years in the boxes, and will require three to five years or more'in the nursery before they are large enough to plant out.” They are not often injured by spring frosts, but appear to dislike lime in the soil, and the seedlings which I raised from seed brought from Siberia all died at Colesborne, though one which I planted on sand in Norfolk grew much better. Though a native of climates where the summer is extremely short, and growing naturally on dry rocky situations, the tree seems to want good and fairly deep soil to develop into a fine tree in England, and is usually a very slow grower,’ though when established it will make growths of 9 to 15 in. annually until it reaches 40 to 50 ft. in height. It does not seem so difficult to transplant as some pines. REMARKABLE TREES This tree is said by Loudon to have been introduced by Archibald Duke of Argyll in 1746; and one of the original seedlings mentioned as being at Whitton in 1838 still survives; and though somewhat crowded by other trees which have prevented it from brariching in a natural manner, it is still fairly healthy and the tallest known to us in England, being 80 ft. by 5 ft. when measured by Henry in 1903. At Walcot in Shropshire, the seat of the Earl of Powis, a large number of this species were planted, according to Lambert, about 1820, having been raised from Swiss seed some years previously ; but when I visited this place in 1906 I could not find many survivors, though five or six handsome specimens remain in the grounds, the largest of which were 59 ft. by 8 ft. 11 in., 59 ft. by 8 ft. 10 in., and 65 ft. by 7 ft. 5 in. respectively. At Oakly Park near Ludlow there is a very well-shaped tree, probably of the same age as those at Walcot, on a steep bank below the house, which, though difficult to measure accurately, is about 70 ft. by 8 ft.4in. The trunk of this is much cleaner than usual, and contains about 80 ft. of timber. 1 Hempel u. Wilhelm, Baume und Striucher des Waldes, i. 175 (1889). 2 In his garden at Stratton Strawless, Mr. W. J. Birkbeck showed me in 1907 some seedlings which he had raised from seeds gathered by him at Tolga Monastery in Russia, which were only about 3 in. high four years after sowing. ® Correvon, in Gard. Chron. xvii. 80 (1882), states that seeds sown at Vevey, at 300 ft. elevation above Lake Geneva, and at a high altitude in the mountains, produced seedlings markedly different in their rate of growth. Those at the high elevation attained 8 ft. high, while those at Vevey were scarcely 3 ft, high at the same age. 1040 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland At Barton, Bury St. Edmunds, there is a tree planted in 1825, which is 57 ft. by 5 ft. 1 in. At Linton Park, Kent, a tree which was the largest reported to the Conifer Conference in 1891, when it measured 68 ft., when I saw it in 1903 was only 70 ft. by 4 ft. 6 in., and did not look at all healthy. At Woburn there is a very healthy specimen, branched to the ground, which in 1903 measured 53 ft. by 8 ft. 6 in. At Dropmore a tree said by Loudon to have been about 4o ft. high is now about 60 ft. At Osberton Hall, Notts, there is an old tree 50 ft. by 6 ft. 2 in. At Essendon Place, Herts, Mr. Clinton-Baker in 1907 measured a specimen 60 ft. by 5 ft. 4 in. At Bayfordbury a tree planted in 1840, is now 41 ft. by 54 ft. In Scotland this tree does not seem to have been much planted at an early date, and I have heard of no trees of great age; but it seems to have been a great favourite with the late Queen Victoria and the Prince Consort, and a great number of thriving specimens are growing at Balmoral, where the soil and climate seem to suit it remarkably well, and where it ripens good seed. There is an avenue 12 yards wide from the stables to the back door of the castle, which Mr. Michie believes to be fifty years old, and the trees, planted 6 yards apart, averaged in 1904, 38 to 4o ft. high by 3 to 4 ft. in girth, A much larger tree grows on the north side of the castle, and a number of the trees planted by royal and distinguished visitors in memory of their visits are of this species. This seems to show what I have not noticed in England, that a cold climate and dry sandy soil are, as might be expected, favourable to the health of this tree. At Abercairney, in Perthshire, Henry measured a tree 55 ft. high by 5 ft. 7 in. in girth; and Hunter records one at Cultoquhey near Crieff, planted out from a pot in 1826, which in 1883 was 40 ft. by 6} ft. In Ireland the damper climate does not seem to suit it, as we have not seen any trees of considerable size. A tree planted in the Park of Bogstad near Christiania, which Schiibeler thought to be about 100 years old, and which he says was in 1885, 60 ft. high, was, when I measured it in 1903, about 85 ft. high with a trunk ro ft. in girth, and divided at about 30 ft. into four stems. It is the largest cultivated tree that I have seen anywhere, and shows that it might prove a valuable forest tree in Norway. There is in the Botanical Garden at Christiania a tree believed to be of the Siberian variety which looks healthier, and is growing faster, than the European form. When I saw it in 1903 it was growing at the rate of about a foot per annum, and according to Schiibeler is now about forty-one years old. This variety was growing healthily but slowly at the forest nursery at Storgaard in the upper part of Saltdalen, latitude 67°. , TIMBER The wood of this tree is almost unknown in England except in the form of carvings and toys, for which it is preferred in its native country to that of any other conifer, on account of its softness, density, and the absence of hard rings. It is, however, difficult to procure in large sizes without knots; and among a large ~~ an eS Pinus 1041 quantity of this timber which I saw at Innsbruck, I could not find a log that would cut into clean boards over a foot wide. It is used in the Tyrol for wainscoting and domestic furniture on account of its durability and fragrance, which is said to endure for a very long period. Seebohm,’ who found this tree growing on the Yenesei as far north as latitude 674°, says that the timber has a much higher market value than that of P. sylvestris, and is the best timber found in Siberia. It is dark in colour, but not so dark as larch, and is reputed never to rot, shrink, warp, or crack. It is soft and easy to work, fine in grain, and almost free from knots. (H. J. E.) PINUS KORAIENSIS, Korean Pine Pinus koraiensis, Siebold et Zuccarini, 77. Jaf. ii. 28, t. 116 (excl. figs. 1-4) (1844) ;.Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. ( Bot.) xviii. 504 (1881), and xxxv. 582 (1904); Mayr, Adiet. jap. Reiches, 73, t. v. f. 18 and t. vi. f. 18 (1890), and Fremdlind. Wald- und Parkbiiume, 386 (1906); Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 12, t. ii. ff. 17-33 (1900); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 334 (1900); Komarov, #7. Manshuria, i. 183 (1901); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conif. i. 28 (1909). Pinus mandshurica® Ruprecht, in Bull. Phys. Math. xv. 382, and Mé. Biol. ii. 567 (1857); Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 263, 393 (1859), and JJé. Biol. xi. 349 (1881). A tree, attaining in Manchuria 150 ft. and in Japan roo ft. in height, with a trunk 9g ft. in girth, but usually considerably smaller. Bark reddish grey, not unlike that of a spruce, with scales about 4 in. long and 2 in. broad, the freshly peeled places being reddish brown in colour. Buds, $ to } in. long, cylindric-ovoid, resinous, bristly at the apex, owing to the long subulate free points of the scales. Young branchlets covered with a reddish brown tomentum, and similar to those of P. Cembra, but with the pulvini less prominent; older branchlets brownish or grey, and much smoother than in that species. Leaves similar to those of P. Ceméra in number, size, persistence, arrangement, and structure; differing in the blunter apex,’ which is closely and sharply serrulate to the extreme tip, the apex in P. Cembra being long-acuminate, more remotely and less sharply serrulate, and often entire at the extreme tip as viewed with a lens. The leaves of P. Lovatensis are whiter on the inner surfaces than in P. Ceméra, the stomatic lines being more numerous and more conspicuous, and occasionally show a few broken lines of stomata on the outer surface near the apex. Staminate flowers in clusters, ¢ in. long, pinkish. Female flowers upright, reddish, about an inch long, on stout stalks about } in. long. Cones subterminal, but often becoming lateral by the growth of a summer shoot, on short stalks, ovoid-cylindrical, 5 to 6 in. long, and about 3 in. in diameter at the base, opening when ripe. Scales, 14 to 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, woody ; 1 Siberia in Asia, 234 (1882). 2 This is identical with P. Aoratensis, as pointed out by Maximowicz, Mé/. Biol. xi. 349 (1881); and this opinion is shared by Komarov. 3 In the apical centimetre of the leaf the serrations average seventeen in P, Aoraiensis and only four in P. Cembra. Vv G 1042 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland apophysis shining brown, broadly triangular, reflexed in its upper third, tipped by a resinous thickened umbo. Seed 7% in. long, $ in. wide, obovoid, sharply angled on the two sides and on the upper margin, wingless, brownish, edible. This species closely resembles P. Ceméra, though the cones are very distinct ; but differs in the bristly buds, more silvery foliage, smoother branchlets, and faster growth in this country ; and examination with a lens will show the different character of the apex of the leaf in the two species. Var. vartegata.\—A form introduced from Japan, in which the leaves when young are yellowish white in colour, and said to be liable to injury if planted in a place exposed to full sunshine. Though mentioned in the Kew Handiist, we have seen no specimens of this variety, DISTRIBUTION Pinus koratensis is widely distributed in eastern Asia,’ occurring in Amurland, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. It is not a native of China, being represented in that country by P. Armandi, with which it has been much confused by several authors.° Its northern limit in Amurland is, according to Maximowicz, about 514° lat. in the interior in the Bureja range, and about 49° on the coast. In Manchuria, accord- ing to Komarov, it grows throughout the mountain forests, extending westward to the valleys of the Chun-dsien* and Sungari rivers, and southwards to the middle valley of the Yalu river; often growing in extensive forests mixed with Pzcea ajanensts, Abies holophylla, and many species of deciduous trees, between 500 and 5000 ft. altitude. It attains a great size, up to 150 ft. in height, and the wood is highly valued by the Chinese settlers in Manchuria, and is exported for making coffins and for building purposes. Timber which we believe to be of this tree, resembling that of P. Ceméra, has lately been imported from Nikolaievsk to London, and is considered likely to serve as a good substitute for the wood of P. Strobus, if it can be procured in quantity of a good size. In Korea the pine attains its southern limit in the district of Kang-ge, and was seen by Mr. J. H. Veitch in 1892 wild in various localities, notably in the Diamond mountains, where it is very abundant.° The seeds, which are much used by the Koreans, have been sent to Kew by Consul Carles. They are known to the Chinese in the north as Haz-sung-tze. This tree was long believed by the Japanese ° to be an exotic in Japan, brought from Korea by the soldiers who invaded that country. It is now known to be a native of the great forests of central Japan, where it usually grows mixed with deciduous trees, and occasionally ascends into the higher region of firs and spruces. Mayr saw large trees wild in Kiso and in the virgin forests of the mountains of Kotzuke. It is largely planted in Japan as an ornamental tree, the finest specimens 1 Gard. Chron, i. 710 (1887). 2 This species has been erroneetsly supposed to grow in Kamtschatka and the Karagin Island, where the only pine known is P. pumila, Regel. Cf. Maximowicz, A/é, Biol. xi. 349 (1881). 3 P., koraiensis is erroneously stated to be a native of China in Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 335, in Gard. Chron. xxxiii. 34 (1903), Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 269, etc. Beissner’s record of it from Shensi is also incorrect. Cf. synonymy given under P. Armandi, 4 An affluent of the Yalu. 5 Kent, Veitch’s M/an, Conifera, 335 (1900). ® It is known in Japan as Chosen-matsu, i.e. Korean pine. at a a tl” Ml on i bee ak ws Pinus 1043 being reputed to be those in a temple grove at Chusenji near Nikko, which measure about roo ft. in height and 1o ft. in girth, with clean stems of 30 to 40 ft. CULTIVATION This tree was introduced in 1861 from a Japanese nursery by J. Gould Veitch.’ It appears to be perfectly hardy, but rather slow in growth. The best specimens known to us are growing in Ireland—one at Fota, which was, in 1903, 32 ft. high, with a girth of 2 ft. 2 in.; and another at Kilmacurragh, 40 ft. by 2 ft., in 1907, when it bore cones. A tree at Bicton, 34 ft. high by 2 ft. in girth in 1908, has produced cones, with fertile seed, from which a seedling was raised three years ago. A good specimen at Highnam, about 25 ft. high, was bearing cones in March 1910. Another at Grayswood, planted in 1882, is 24 ft. by 1 ft. 4 in.; and one at Tregrehan is 20 ft. by 1 ft. We know of none in Scotland.’ At Segrez in France there is a fine specimen, which in 1904 was 4o ft. high and 4 ft. in girth. It has peculiar epicormic branches on the trunk, and bears cones and good seeds, from which plants have been raised. At Ansorge’s nursery, Flott- beck, near Hamburg, there is a tree 25 ft. high, which has produced fertile seed. It is perfectly hardy in New England,® and on account of its dense foliage is very ornamental. It produces freely cones and good seeds. The finest specimen, which is growing in Mr. Hunnewell’s pinetum at Wellesley, Massachusetts, was 38 ft. high in 1905, and was bearing cones when I saw it in 1906. (A. H.) PINUS ARMANDI Pinus Armandi, Franchet, Plante Davidiane, i. 285, pl. 12 (1884), and in Journ. de Bot. xiii. 254 (1899); Beissner, in Mit. deut. dend. Ges. 1896, p. 68, Wuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital, iv. 184, t. 5, f. 2 (1897), and Bull, Soc. Bot. Ital. 1899, p. 310; Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 549 (1902), xxxv. 582 (1904), in Gard, Chron. xxxiii. 66, figs. 30, 31 (1903), and in Journ. Bot. 1903, p. 269; Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 6 (1909). Pinus Armandi, Franchet, var. Mastersiana, Hayata, in Tokyo Journ. Coll. Science, xxv. 216, fig. 8 (1908). : Pinus quinquefolia, David, Voyage en Chine, i. 192 (1875), and in Mouv. Archiv. Muséum, vii. 95 (1884). Pinus scipioniformis,* Masters, in Bull. Herb. Boissier, vi. 270 (1898). Pinus koraiensis, Masters, in Gard. Chron, xxxiii. 34, figs. 18, 19 (1903), in Journ. Bot. xli. 269 (1903), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 582 (1904) (in part); Beissner, in Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1899, p. 310; Diels, Flora von Central-China, 215 (1901). (Not Siebold et Zuccarini.) Pinus Mastersiana, Hayata, in Gard. Chron. xiiii. 194 (1908). A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height, with smooth and greenish bark. Buds cylin- drical, obtuse, either non-resinous and bristly with free long-pointed scales, or 1 Gard. Chron. 1861, p. 1114; Hortus Veitchii, 90 (1906). 2 The tree at Ochtertyre, reported in Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 534 (1892) as being 13 ft. in height in 1891, cannot now be found, and may have been wrongly named. 3 Garden and Forest, 1897, p. 296. ’ 4 This species is based on a specimen of P, Armandi, with young cones, collected by myself. The aberrant position of the resin-canals in some of the leaves, noticed by Masters, is not unusual, Cf. Franchet, Journ. de. Bot. loc. cit. 1044 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland resinous with appressed scales. Young branchlets smooth, olive green, glabrous or with minute scattered hairs, becoming dark grey in the second year. Leaves in fives, spreading, and often bent as in P. excelsa, 4 to 6 in. long, green on the convex surface, conspicuously white with stomatic lines on the two flat surfaces, serrulate ; resin-canals usually median ; basal sheath and scale-leaves early deciduous. Staminate flowers cylindrical, # in. long, yellow, with spatulate scarious scales at the base. Cones sub-terminal, on stalks about an inch long, pendulous or spreading, cylin- drical, but tapering to an obtuse apex, 4 to 7 in. long, 2 to 3 in. in diameter. Scales rigid, woody, about 1} in, long and 1 in broad; concealed part broadly triangular, reddish brown ; apophysis triangular, yellow, tipped with a minute brown mucro ; apex of the scale rounded and not reflexed, or shortly cuspidate and slightly reflexed. Seed edible, wingless, $ in. to $ in. long, mottled black on the convex surface, dark brown on the flatter surface, girt all round with a very narrow sharp ridge.’ This species? is variable in the size of the cones, and in the shape of the scales, which are, however, never so much reflexed at the apex as in P. kovaiensis. The foliage resembles that of P. exce/sa; but the resin-canals are marginal in the latter species. The grey-coloured branchlets, which are either glabrescent, or show under the lens a very scattered minute pubescence, are characteristic of P. Avmandz; and are very different from the glaucous glabrous branchlets of P. excedsa, or the reddish brown tomentose branchlets of P. koratensis. This species is widely spread throughout the mountains of western China, at elevations of 4000 to 6000 ft, from lat. 34° in Shensi to lat. 23° in Yunnan. It usually grows on wooded cliffs or on rocky situations, scarcely ever forming pure woods, and seldom attaining more than 50 ft. in height and 6 ft. in girth, The wood is used for building and for the coarser kinds of furniture; and the edible seeds are sometimes sold in the markets, It is called Auo-sung (fruit-pine) in Yunnan, and ts'ung or niu-sung (cow-pine) in Hupeh. It is one of the remarkable discoveries made by Pére David in his third journey through China in 1873, when he first saw it in the Tsin-ling range, south of the Yellow River in Shensi, where it has since been collected by Pére Giraldi. It was subsequently found by Pére Delavay and myself in Yunnan and Hupeh, and by Pére Farges, von Rosthorn,* and Wilson in Szechwan. This species has lately been discovered by several Japanese botanists in Formosa, where it grows on Mount Morrison at altitudes ranging from 8000 to 10,600 ft. The Formosan tree bears cones with scales slightly reflexed at the tip, as is com- monly the case in Yunnan specimens, and on that account has been distinguished as a variety * by Hayata. Pére Farges sent seeds of this species in 1895 to M. Maurice L. de Vilmorin, ) This rim-like margin is absent in the seeds of P. Aoraiensis. ? Some of Pére Giraldi’s specimens, which I saw in the museum of Florence, have been considered by Beissner to be P. koraiensis, on account of their short leaves; but in the branchlets, cones, and seeds they are indistinguishable from P. Armandi, 8 Diels, Flora von Central-China, 216 (1901). 4 Var. Mastersiana, Hayata, in Tokyo Journ. Coll. Science, xxv. 216, fig. 8 (1908); Pinus Mastersiana, Hayata, in Gard. Chron, xiii. 194 (1908). Rk «il a mee Pinus 1045 who informs me that the largest specimen raised from this introduction is growing at Harcourt (Eure), and is now about 8 ft. high, and producing’ annual shoots about a foot in length. There are smaller trees at Les Barres and Verriéres. There are also specimens of the same origin at the Arnold Arboretum, and some of these sent by Professor Sargent in 1902 to Kew are only about 24 ft. in height. A tree from the same source planted at Colesborne in 1905 has gradually pined away, possibly on account of the limy soil. The finest specimens of this species in cultivation are seven trees at Kew, which were raised from seed sent by me from Mengtse in Yunnan in 1897. They are 10 to 15 ft. high; and three of them bore fully developed cones in 1909. Wilson’ sent seeds from Hupeh to the Coombe Wood Nursery in 1900, and the seedlings raised are about 24 ft. high and very flourishing. ?P. Armand: promises to be a valuable ornamental tree. (A. H.) PINUS PUMILA Pinus pumila, Regel, in Cat. Sem. Hort. Petersb. 23 (1858), and in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxii. 1, p. 211 (1859); Mayr, Adiet. jap. Reiches, 80, 103, t. vi. fig. 21 (1890); Komarov, Al. Mansh. 189, 190, 214 (1901); Clinton-Baker, WZ//ust. Conif. i. 46 (1909). Pinus pygmea, Fischer, ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 142 (1847). Pinus Cembra, Linneus, var. pumila, Pallas, Flora Rossica, i. 3 (1784); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 318 (1900). Pinus Cembra, Linneus, var. pygmea, Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2276 (1838); Fischer, in Middendorf, Reise, Flora Ochot. 88 (1856). Pinus mandshurica, Murray, in Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 61 (1884). (Not Ruprecht.) A shrub, usually prostrate, and rarely if ever exceeding 1o ft. in height. Buds resinous, about } in. long, cylindric-conic, ending in a sharp-pointed apex; scales reddish brown, closely appressed. Branchlets covered with a dense’ brown tomentum. Leaves closely crowded on the branchlets and directed forwards, parallel with them, in fives, those in each cluster appressed together, incurved, 1% to 2, rarely 3 in. long, white with stomatic lines on the two inner surfaces, entire or faintly serrulate* in margin; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath entirely deciduous. Cones never opening, sub-sessile, about 14 in. long and 1 in. in diameter, ovoid, often curved, reddish or orange brown when ripe; scales few, about 3% in. broad, concave interiorly with a partition between the cavities for the seeds, upper edge sharp and bevelled ; umbo terminal, darker in colour than the rest of the apophysis, ending in a minute, thickened, triangular, reflexed tip. Seed about } in. long, pear-shaped, convex on the lower, and flattened on the upper surface, brownish, wingless, edible. 1 Cf. Hortus Veitchii, 343 (1906). Seeds of this species, erroneously ascribed to P. horaiensis, were sent by Wilson in 1899 from Yuanchiang in Yunnan, but do not appear to have germinated. Kent, in Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 335 (1900), also erroneously considers the Yunnan tree to be P. horaiensis. 2 Specimens from Japan show both entire and serrulate leaves. Those from other regions have apparently always entire leaves. The cones are identical. 1046 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland This pine, which always remains a shrub, is distinct from P. Cemdra, in the small size and different shape of the cones and seeds, and in the position of the resin-canals in the leaves, which are shorter, and entire or serrulate in margin. It is widely spread’ in eastern Asia, occurring in Kamtschatka, Siberia to the eastward of Yakutsk, Amurland, northern Russian Manchuria, Saghalien, Kurile Isles,? and Japan. It is a native of very cold regions, growing as a dense scrub on wind-swept plateaux or on mountains close to the snow-line. In Kamtschatka* and the Kurile Isles to the north of Urup, it thrives where no other pine is known, at elevations little above sea-level. In Iturup it grows between 1000 and 3000 ft. elevation, and in Yezo at over 3000 ft. In central Hondo it is confined to mountain peaks over 7000 feet elevation, and is often seen in the vicinity of sulphur springs, the poisonous exhalations of which it bears without injury. It is known to the Japanese as Haz-matzu, and to the Ainus as Zodonup or Henekhkeri; and its seeds* are much esteemed by the natives of the Kurile Isles as an article of diet. ; This species appears to have been early introduced into St. Petersburg from eastern Siberia; and Loudon mentions a plant at Dropmore which was only 6 in. high in 1837, though twenty years old, and had increased to 8} in. in height in 1866 when it was examined by Murray. The latter procured seeds for sowing in this year from Regel, but we have not found any specimens now living in England. Specimens with cones and seeds have lately been sent home by Capt. L. Clinton-Baker, R.N., who procured them from Nyoho San, near Nikko, at 8000 ft. elevation ; and two plants ® from this locality have been planted at Bayfordbury. (A. H.) PINUS FLEXILIS Pinus flexilis, James, in Long’s Exped. ii. 34 (1823); Murray, in Gard. Chron, iii. 106, and iv. 356 (in part), f. 75 (1875); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 35, tt. 546, 547 (1897), and Trees NV. Amer. 7 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifer, 330 (1900); Masters, in Journ, Linn. Soc, (Bot.) xxxv. 589 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 21 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 12 (1909). A tree, usually 40 to 50, occasionally 80 ft. high, with a short trunk 6 to 15 ft. in girth. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, grey or silvery white ; becoming on old trunks 1 or 2 in. thick, dark brown, and deeply fissured into broad, scaly ridges. Branches very tough and flexible. Buds ovoid, short-pointed, % in. long, resinous, with the scales appressed or free at their subulate tips. Young branchlets glabrous or covered by a minute dense brown pubescence. 1 It is said by Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xviii. 505 (1881), to have been found on the bay of Kotzebue in Alaska, but we have been unable to confirm this report. 2 Miyabe, Flora of the Kurile Isles, 261 (1890). 3 This species was early mentioned by Abbé Chappe d’Auteroche, who, in Voyage en Sibérie, i, 360 (1768), says that little cedars, creeping on the ground and never growing upright, are found on the mountains and moss-covered plains of Kamtschatka. The inhabitants gather large quantities of the seed for food, and make a drink, something like Awas, by boiling and fermenting the young shoots, considered to be a cure for scurvy. 4 Batchelor and Miyabe, Ainu Economic Plants, 230 (1893). © One of these plants is figured in Gard. Chron. xlvi. 93, fig. 41 (1909). > yet eos ea Pinus 1047 Leaves in fives, persistent for five or six years, densely crowded on the branchlets, directed forwards, 2 to 3 in. long, stout, rigid, curved, scarcely twisted, entire’ in margin, sharp-pointed, marked on the three surfaces with three or four stomatic lines ; resin-canals marginal ; basal sheath $ in. long, early deciduous. Cones sub-terminal, erect when young, spreading in the second year, sub-sessile, 3 to 5, rarely 10 in. long,’ ovoid-cylindrical; scales* opening and spreading hori- zontally when mature, about 1 in. long and # in. wide, obovate, with the upper margin reflexed; apophysis thickened, brown, tipped with a triangular umbo. Seed ovbid, compressed, } to } in. long, brownish, angled on the lateral and upper margins ; wing rudimentary, about +, in. long, lacerated when the seed falls. This species is distinguished from all the cultivated five-leaved pines with a completely deciduous leaf-sheath, except P. pumzla, by the leaves being entire in margin. The latter species, which in its continental form has also non-serrulate leaves, is readily distinguishable from P. /flexilis by the shaggy reddish brown tomentum on its young branchlets. VARIETY Shaw considers the following to be a variety of this species :— Var. reflexa, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Rep. Geol. Surveys, vi. 258 (1878). Pinus reflexa, Engelmann, in Bot. Gazette, vii. 4 (1882); Mayr, Fremdland. Wald- u. Park- baiume, 388 (1906). Pinus strobiformis, Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 17 (1897) (not Engelmann 4) ; Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 33, tt. 544, 545 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 6 (1905). This differs from the type in the much reflexed, usually thin cone-scales. The leaves, either entire or serrulate in margin, are with or without stomatic lines on the back. It was found in northern Chihuahua in Mexico by Pringle in 1887, and seems to be intermediate between P. flexz/is and P. Ayacahuzte, though all the cones seen by Shaw resembled those of P. flexilis in size and general appearance. According to Sargent, this pine attains 80 to 100 ft. in height, and is scattered singly, or in small groups, on rocky ridges of the Santa Catalina, Chiracahua, and Santa Rita mountains of southern Arizona, and on the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua in Mexico. It has not been introduced. DISTRIBUTION AND CULTIVATION This species is widely distributed on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains’ from Alberta to Texas, and occurs also in the mountains of northern Arizona, Utah, 1 In rare cases the leaves are slightly serrulate, and have been distinguished as var. serru/ata, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Wheeler’s Report, vi. 258 (1878). 2 Cones of abnormal length, in addition to those of the ordinary size, are produced on trees growing in the San Francisco mountains of northern Arizona ; and have been distinguished as var. mzacrocarpa, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Wheeler's Report, vi. 258 (1878). . % Shaw, /oc. cit., says: Scales straight or reflexed, and variable in thickness, 4 P. strobiformis, Engelmann, is a variety of P. Ayacahutte. 5 In the Rocky Mountains of Canada P. flexilis is found only on the margins of the rivers issuing from the mountains. Cf. Macoun, in 7rans, R. Soc. Canada, xii. 4, p. 13 (1894). 1048 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Nevada, and south-eastern California, where it reaches the western side of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King’s River. It occupies the sub-alpine zone, usually growing singly or in small groups, but forming open forests on the eastern foot hills of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada. At low elevations it is associated with P. contorta, var. Murrayana, and at higher alti- tudes in the southern part of its area is often scattered with P. aristata. In Colorado, according to Engelmann, it has a tapering trunk, branching almost from the base, and attaining, at 200 or 300 years old, a diameter of one foot. It is largest in size in Arizona and in northern New Mexico, where Fendler saw it 60 to 80 ft. in height.’ In the Sandia Mountains? in this state it ascends to 12,000 ft. ; but in the north is restricted to elevations of 4000 to 6000 ft. It also occurs in a limited area in northern Mexico, where it was collected in Coahuila by Nelson. Sargent figures’? a fine tree, growing in the Yellowstone Park, at 7000 ft. elevation, which was 5 ft. in diameter. P. flexilis was discovered in 1820 by Dr. Edwin James, near the base of Pike’s Peak in Colorado. Plants* were raised in the Harvard Botanic Garden from seeds collected in Colorado by Dr. Parry in 1861, but after thirty-five years’ growth were not more than 5 ft. high with tufts of stunted foliage on the ends of naked branches. There are three trees in Kew Gardens, probably of the same origin, growing near the Isleworth gate, one of which produced cones‘ for the first time in 1896, when it was 25 ft. high and 2 ft. in girth. This tree produces fruit every year, and is now 32 ft. by 2 ft. ro in. At Highnam, a specimen, about 20 ft. high, has borne cones. There are also two trees at Terling Place, Essex, the origin of which is unknown. Both were bearing cones in 1907, the larger measuring 32 ft. by 2 ft. ¢ in. They have smooth green bark and ascending branches. There are four trees about 15 ft. high at Westonbirt which are not thriving. Elwes saw a small tree at Murthly in 1906. (A. H.) PINUS ALBICAULIS, Wuire-Barx Pine Pinus albicaulis, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 209 (1863); J. D. Hooker, in Gard. Chron. xxiv. 9, f. 2 (1885); Sargent, Siva WV. Amer. xi. 39, t. 548 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 8 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man, Conifere, 310 (1900) ; Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 588 (1904). , Pinus flexilis, Balfour, Bot. Exped. Oregon, 1, t. 2, f. 1 (1853) (not James). Pinus flexilis, James, var. albicaulis, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 124 (1880). Pinus Shasta, Carritre, Conif. 390 (1867). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth, usually smaller, and becom- ing at very high elevations a low shrub.’ Bark of young trees white or pale grey, smooth ; on old trees remaining thin and scaling in small polygonal plates. Young 1 Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, ii. 208, 209 (1863). 2 Garden and Forest, x. 162, fig. 19 (1897). 3 Tbid. 461. 4 Garden, li. 73 (1897). 5 On high cold sites, as in northern Montana, where I saw this pine in 1906, it dwindles in size till at absolute timber line it is prone on the ground in the depressions of the rock, with matted branches and a stem less than a foot in height. Pinus 1049 branchlets reddish brown, with a scattered minute stiff pubescence. Leaves similar to those of P. flexilis, persisting five to eight years. Cones sub-terminal, sessile, spreading, never opening, ovoid, 14 to 3 in. long, dark purple when growing, light brown when mature ; scales much thickened, very brittle at their base, # in. long, % in. broad, many undeveloped and unfertile ; apophysis triangular, ending in a sharp-pointed umbo. Seed, } to ¢ in. long, ovoid, more or less compressed, pointed at the apex, pubescent; wing rudimentary or absent. In the absence of cones, this species is best distinguished from P. flexilis by the minute scattered stiff hairs on the reddish brown branchlets. The young branchlets of P. flexilis are either quite glabrous or covered with a soft fine tomentum. This species is more alpine in distribution than P. /flexzlzs, forming the timber line on many mountain ranges from lat. 53° in Alberta and British Columbia,’ southward along the Rocky Mountains to the Yellowstone plateau, and through Washington and Oregon in the Cascade and Blue mountains, and in California, along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino mountains. It reaches an elevation of 5000 ft. in the north, and 12,000 ft. in the south, This species? endures great seasonal ranges of temperature from —60° to 100° Fahr.; severe winds and a very short growing season being characteristic of its habitat. It is probably the least exacting of all conifers as regards both soil and moisture—the annual precipita- tion, a large proportion of it in the form of snow, sometimes being as little as 15 in. In north-western Montana this species* does not cross the continental divide, and grows at elevations between 6000 and 8000 ft., usually in scattered groves, either pure or mixed with Picea Enge/manni and Adzes lastocarpa. It is often seen on high exposed ridges, and strongly resembles P. Ceméra in general appearance, being often irregularly branched and with a flattened crown of foliage. The largest tree (Plate 276) measured by me on Mount Nicholas, and photographed by Prof. Elrod, was 84 ft. high and 9 ft. 2 in. in girth. Sir Joseph Hooker describes and figures * this tree on Mount Shasta, where the trunk becomes scored and polished by the sand blasts. Elwes saw it here in 1904 at about 7000 to 8000 feet elevation. The most remarkable feature of this pine, in which it resembles P. Ceméra, is that the cones never open, the seeds being distributed by squirrels, who readily break off the scales, which are very brittle towards the base. P. albicaulis was discovered*® on the mountains rising above the valley of the lower Fraser river, near Fort Hope, in 1851 by John Jeffrey, who sent seeds from Mount Shasta, California, in 1852, to Scotland, from which a few plants were raised, but none of these appear to have survived. The only specimens we know in cultivation are seedlings at Kew about 6 in. high. The timber when accessible is used by miners for props, fuel, and sleepers. (A. H.) 1 Dawson, in Canad. Naturalist, ix. 328 (1881) says; ‘‘ In the coast or Cascade ranges as far north as the Iltasyouco river (lat. 53°).” 2 Cf. U.S. Sylvical Leaflet 37, White Bark Pine (1908). 3 It occurs also in the Helena National Forest in Montana, 4 Gard. Chron. xxiv. 9, fig. 2 (1885), 5 Sargent, Siva NV. Amer. xi. 41 (1897). Vv H 1050 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS BUNGEANA Pinus Bungeana, Zuccarini, ex Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 166 (1847); Murray, Pines and Firs of Japan, 18 (1863); Hance, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xiii. 87 (1873) ; Maximowicz, Mé7. Biol. xi. 348 (1881); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xviii. 8, figs. 1, 2 (1882), in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 549 (1902), and xxxv. 590, pl. 23, fig. 10 (1904); Lavallée, Arbor. Segrezianum, 111, t. 32 (1885); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 316 (1900); Mayr, remdlind. Wald- u. Parkbdiume, 3732 (1906); N. E. Brown, in Bos. Mag. t. 8240 (1909) ; Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 11 (1909). Pinus excorticata, Lindley and Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. vy. 217 (1850). Pinus Napoleoni, Simon, in Bull. Soc. d’ Acclim. 1863, p. 281. A tree, attaining in China 80 to 1oo ft. in height, and 12 ft. in girth, Bark on young trees dark brown, smooth, and scaling off in thin flakes, exposing the whitish inner cortex; in old trees white’ externally, as if washed with lime and marked by inconspicuous scattered brown lenticels ; on the inner surface it is fawn- coloured and covered with minute resinous depressions. Buds spindle-shaped, brown, about 3 in. long, slightly resinous ; external scales few, lanceolate, acuminate, free at the tips. Young branchlets glabrous, greenish, with slightly raised pulvini, which disappear in the second year, leaving the surface smooth and greyish green. Leaves in threes, with the basal sheaths entirely deciduous early in the first year, remotely placed on the branchlets, persisting three or four years, about 3 in. long, rigid, curved, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; fibro-vascular bundle undivided ; resin-canals four, marginal. Staminate flowers in a loose spike, about 4 in. long; each flower + in. long, girt at the base by ovate-triangular acute bracts. Cones, solitary or in pairs, sub-terminal, though often becoming apparently lateral by the growth of a summer shoot, on stout short stalks; globose-ovoid, 2 to 24 in. long ; scales small at the base of the cone and unfertile, well-developed in the centre and about { in. long and } in. broad; apophysis brown, rhomboidal, with a transverse ridge near the upper margin; the narrow umbo terminating in a short triangular spreading or reflexed prickle. Seeds, one or two on each scale, brownish, pear-shaped, 3 in. long, } in. wide and thick, the testa produced into a narrow rim on each side and a short lacerated wing above, deciduous when the seed falls, incapable of flight, out of the cone. This remarkable pine occurs wild in the mountains of northern China, where Mayr observed it growing on stony slopes; and it has recently been found by Wilson? south-west of Ichang in Hupeh, on precipitous mountains at an altitude of 2000 to 4000 ft. He saw many hundreds of trees scattered for miles, evidently the remains of a considerable forest. Many of these trees were curved at the butt, a few being branched near the ground. It was also collected in northern Shensi, by Pére Giraldi,’ who reports it to be a rare tree 30 to 4o ft. high. It 1 Mayr states that the bark is dazzling whitish-blue on the sunny side of the tree and greenish-white on the shady side. The name ‘‘lace-bark pine” occasionally given to the species is inappropriate. 2 Gard. Chron, xli. 422 (1907). 3 Note in Botanical Museum at Florence, Pinus 1051 was formerly only known as a tree cultivated around temples, as at Peking, Shanghai, and other localities in central and northern China. It is known to the Chinese as faz-sung, “ white pine,” or pat-kuo-sung, “ pine with a white bark.” Chiu-lung-sung,' the pine of the nine dragons, cited as the Chinese appellation by Endlicher, is the name given to a single tree of this species, standing in the celebrated temple of Tieh-tai-sze, near Peking; and was so named by the Emperor Chien Lung, who admired its nine tall stems. As usually seen in cultivation in China, the tree has a short trunk, sometimes 12 ft. in girth, dividing at a few feet from the ground into several upright stems, which, in the oldest examples, attain a height of 80 to 100 ft, Fortune’ gives a good picture illustrating this peculiar habit. Wilson says that the wood is brittle, and only used for fuel. The seeds do not appear to be eaten by the Chinese. P. Bungeana was discovered at Peking by Dr. A. Bunge in 1831, and Zuccarini’s description was based upon his specimens. Fortune introduced this pine into cultivation in England in 1846; and young plants reared from seed sent by him were growing in 1857 in Glendinning’s nursery, Turnham Green.’ Murray reported in 1863 that specimens about 5 ft. high had withstood without injury the severe winter of 1860. Simon‘ sent young plants to Paris from Peking in 1862. No trees in cultivation in Europe are as yet old enough to show the beautiful white bark which renders this pine so remarkable at Peking. As a small tree, how- ever, it is fast in growth, ornamental and distinct in habit owing to its vivid green foliage, and is worthy of a place in all collections. The largest specimen known to us is growing at Pampisford, Cambridge, and is about 30 ft. high, dividing into four slender stems near the ground; but it has been retarded in growth by the crowding of other trees. At Kew, where there are several very healthy specimens, which have produced cones for several years, the tree either assumes an erect pyramidal habit or is rounded and bushy in appearance. The largest tree is 25 ft. high and 23 in. in girth at three feet from the ground. Small trees bearing cones also exist at Flitwick, Highnam, and Tregrehan. At Messrs. Simon-Louis’ nursery *® near Metz, it grows well on calcareous soil and ripened seed when only 12 ft. high. Mayr says that it is perfectly hardy at Grafrath, near Munich, where the winters are very severe. It is very hardy in eastern Massachusetts, where, though it still retains a bushy habit, cones are produced in abundance. The largest specimen in the United States is growing in Mr. Josiah Hoopes’ pinetum at West Chester, Pennsylvania.° (A. H.) 1 Cf. Hance, in Journ. Bot. xi. 91 (1873). 2 Yedo and Peking, 377, 378 (1863). Cf. Gard. Chron. 1863, p. 776. 3 Gard. Chron. 1857, p. 216. Fortune received a further consignment of seed from Peking in 1864, according to Gard. Chron. 1864, p. 197. 4 Bull. Soc. d’Acclim. 1863, p. 281. 5 Beissner, in A/itt. deut, dendr. Ges. 1905, p. 35. 6 Garden and Forest, vi. 458 (1893) and x. 470 (1897). 1052 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS GERARDIANA, Gerarp’s PinE Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich, ex Lambert, Genus Pinus, ii. 145, t. 79 (1832); Loudon,! Ard. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2254 (1838); Royle, Zust. Him. Plants, 353, t. 85, f. 2 (1839); Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense, 53, t. 19 (1839); Cleghorn, in Journ. Agric. Hort. Soc. India, xiv. 266, t. 4 (1867) ; Hooker, #7. Brit. India, v. 652 (1888); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 331 (1900); Gamble, Indian Timbers, 709 (1902); Masters, in Journ, Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 590 (1904); Brandis, Indian Trees, 690 (1906) ; Clinton-Baker, Zi/ust.. Contf. i. 22 (1909). Pinus Gerardi, Forbes, Hort. Woburn, 210 (1833). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth, Bark thin, grey, with scattered brown lenticels, exfoliating in irregular scales, which leave shallow brownish depressions, dotted over with minute holes. Buds about 3 in. long, conic, acuminate ; scales appressed and resinous. Young branchlets glabrous, olive green, with prominent pulvini, which are less marked in following years. Leaves in threes, more crowded on the branchlets, duller in colour, and less rigid than those of P. Bungeana, straight or slightly curved, 3 to 4 in. long, serrulate, sharp-pointed, marked with stomatic lines on the three surfaces ; fibro-vascular bundle undivided, resin-canals marginal; basal sheaths loose, 4 in. long in the first year and completely deciduous in the second year. Cones, on short scaly peduncles, subterminal, broadly ovoid, variable in size, 4 to 9 in. long, and 3 to 5 in. in diameter; scales 14 in. long, 1 in. broad, very thick and woody; apophysis triangular, reflexed downwards at nearly a right angle, and ending in a swollen umbo, which is often tipped with a recurved spine. Seed cylindric, to 1 in. long, edible ; rudiment of the wing present as a narrow deciduous border, remaining on the scale when the seed falls. Gerard's pine is a native of the western Himalayas, extending eastward to the Niti Pass in Garhwal, and occurring also in the mountains of Baluchistan, northern Afghanistan, Kafiristan, and in the Hariab district. It grows in the inner arid valleys, beyond the reach of the south-west monsoon, never forming dense forests, but occurring in isolated groups on dry steep rocky slopes, especially on granite and slate formations; and ranges between 6000 and 11,000 ft. elevation. Thomson? describes it as a compact small tree, with twisted ascending branches and a mottled grey bark, smooth on account of the shedding of the outer layers. Aitchison * speaks of it as a very handsome tree, branching more like an oak than a pine, and readily distinguished at a distance by its ashy grey bark, which on close examination consists of patches of all tints from light green to red and brown, due to the peculiar way in which it exfoliates. According to Gamble, its growth is moderate, about 13 rings per inch of radius. The wood is tough, and used for the hook supporting the passenger’s seat on the native rope bridges; but the tree is hardly ever felled as it is very valuable on 1 Loudon cites as synonymns, P. Meoza, Govan, and P. Chilghosa, Elphinstone, MS. names without description; and it is doubtful whether they were applied to this species or to P. Jongifolia. 2 W. Himalaya and Tibet, 74. 3 Journ. Linn. Soc, (Bot.) xviii. 98 (1881). —_—_ --—_—"- Pinus 1053 account of its edible seeds. These are known as xeoza or chilghoza, and are an article of food in Kunawar and other parts of the Himalayas, being largely imported into the plains of India from the hills of the Punjab and Afghanistan. They are oily, with a slight flavour of turpentine, and are eaten roasted at dessert . by Europeans. The bark is made into baskets and water buckets. The forests of this pine in the Shinghar and Sherghali hills, in north-eastern Baluchistan, and on the adjoining Suliman range and the Maidan plateau, in the North-west Frontier Province of India, have been fully described’ by Mr. E. P. Stebbing. In his account, which is accompanied by excellent illustrations of fine isolated trees and of scattered woods on the arid slopes of the mountains, Mr. Stebbing says that the species is here seen at its best, trees with fine straight stems 70 to 85 ft. high and 9g to 12 ft. in girth occurring at 7500 to 8500 ft. elevation. The tree” grows on what is apparently solid limestone rock, with the scantiest possible supply of water. The tribesmen collect the cones into heaps, and extract the seeds by setting fire to the mass, which causes the cone-scales to gape asunder. Occasionally the tree is tapped for resin. It was first introduced? into England by Lord Auckland, who sent seeds in 1839 to the Horticultural Society, from which plants were raised in the Chiswick Garden. The tree has never thriven in this country, and is the rarest of all pines in culti- vation, the only specimen, exclusive of nursery plants, that we know of in England being a tree, about 15 ft. high, in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is probably over thirty years old. In Ireland there is also a single specimen, growing in Lord Ardilaun’s grounds at St. Anne’s, near Dublin. It measured, in 1903, 25 ft. high and 1 ft. 9 in. in girth, and is pyramidal in habit, with mostly ascending branches. According to Mr. Campbell, the gardener at St. Anne’s, it was about 5 ft. high in 1870. Seedlings planted out in 1908 endured the severe winter at Colesborne, with a slight protection of branches, and are now growing slowly. This species has lived out of doors at Grafrath,® near Munich, for nineteen years, but has made little growth in height. Elwes saw a tree in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier, which was about 20 ft. high in January 1910. It had produced cones * in the preceding year. (A. H.) 1 Indian Forest Bulletin, No. 7 (1906); The Chilgoza Forests of Zhob and the Takht-I-Suliman, with map and 6 plates (Calcutta, 1906). 2 Gordon, in Loudon, Gard. Mag. xvi. 6 (1848), in giving an account of the introduction, says that all the plants culti- vated previously under the name P. Gerardiana were in reality P. longifolia. Cf. also Gard. Chron. 1842, p. 52. 3 Mayr, Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbéiume, 373 (1906). 4 Cf Pardé, in Bull, Soc. Dend. France, 1909, pp. 99, 108. 1054 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS BALFOURIANA, Foxtam Pine Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour, Oregon Exped. Report, 1, t. 3, f. 1 (1853); Murray, in Gard. Chron. v. 332, f. 58 (1876); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer., xi. 59, t. 553 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 8 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 313 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 589 (1904). A tree, usually 30 to 4o ft. high and 6 ft. in girth, rarely attaining go ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth. Bark of young trees thin, smooth, and whitish ; becoming on old trunks # in, thick, dark red brown, and deeply divided into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets stout, yellowish brown, covered with a minute pubescence. Buds ovoid, acuminate at the apex, about $ in. long, with closely appressed brownish scales. Leaves in fives, densely crowded on the branches, persisting ten or twelve years, nearly appressed together in the clusters, incurved, about 14 in. long, rigid, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, green and shining on the back, whitened with numerous stomatic lines on the inner surfaces; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath speedily splitting into five segments that become reflexed and form a rosette around the base of the leaf-cluster. Cones sub-terminal, spreading, sessile, cylindric-conic, 34 to 5 in. long; scales narrow, elongated ; apophysis convex, rhomboidal, transversely keeled, with a minute incurved prickle. Seed pale mottled with violet, 4 in. long; wing narrow and oblique at the apex, about 1 in. long. This species is confined to California, where it is found on Scott Mountain in Siskiyou County, on the mountains at the head of the Sacramento river, on Mount Yolo Bally, in the northern coast range, and in the southern Sierra Nevada, where it attains its largest size. It occurs at elevations of 5000 to 12,000 ft., often forming the timber line,’ and growing usually on bare rocky slopes and the summits of ridges, in loose granitic soil. At high elevations it occurs in small pure scattered groves or in mixture with P. a/ézcaulis, while at lower levels it is associated with P. montzcola, P. contorta, var. Murrayana, and other conifers. The illustration (Plate 277) is from a photograph by Mr. F. R. S. Balfour in the Sierra Nevada mountains, between King’s River and Kaweah River, at an elevation of 9000 to 10,000 ft. This species was discovered in 1852 on Scott Mountain by Jeffrey, who sent a few seeds to the Oregon Association of Edinburgh. It is rare in cultivation, though specimens of small size are to be seen in the botanic gardens of Kew, Edinburgh, and Glasnevin. At Messrs. Little and Ballantyne’s nursery, Carlisle, there is a tree about 20 ft. high, which was planted about thirty years ago. It has never produced a single cone; but large numbers of grafts have been propagated from it. At Welbeck, Elwes saw a small tree about 15 ft. high. (A. H.) 1 Cf. Pinchot, U.S. Forest Service, Sylvical Leaflet 26 (1908). = a Pinus 1055 PINUS ARISTATA, BristTLEe-cone PINE Pinus aristata, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 205, pl. 5, 6 (1863); Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 549, fig. 117 (1875); Sargent, Siva WV. Amer. xi. 63, t. 554 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 9 (1905); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 590 (1904); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. “Conif. i. § (1909). Pinus Balfouriana, Balfour, var. aristata, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 125 (1880); Webster, in Gard. Chron. xx. 719, fig. 126 (1896); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifer@, 314 (1900). A tree, occasionally attaining 40 to 50 ft. in height, with a short trunk 6 to 9 ft. in girth. Bark, buds, branchlets, and foliage, as in P. Balfouriana, though in culti- vated specimens the young branchlets of P. avzstata differ in being covered with a dense reddish brown pubescence; whilst both on wild’ and cultivated trees of P. aristata the leaves are remarkable in being dotted over their outer surface with resinous exudations. Cones subterminal, spreading, sessile, about 3 in. long, ovoid-conic; scales thin, oblong-cuneate, # to 1 in. long; apophysis rhomboidal, transversely keeled, with a slender incurved brittle prickle, nearly } in. long. Seed light brown, mottled with black, 4 in. long ; wing } to 3 in. long. This alpine species is widely distributed from the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado westward through the mountains of southern Utah, and central and southern Nevada, southwards in the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and in the mountains of south-eastern California. It grows on rocky or gravelly slopes, forming the timber line in these mountainous regions at 9000 to 12,000 ft, elevation, and producing a soft light wood, which is occasionally used for fuel and in the mines. This species was discovered? in 1861 by Dr. Parry on Pike’s Peak in Colorado, and plants raised from seed sent by him to Boston had only attained 18 in. in height at the end of thirty-five years.’ Seeds were sent* in 1863 from Colorado to England, and small trees may be seen in botanic gardens, the specimen at Glasnevin, which has produced cones of late years, being about 15 ft. high. The best specimen we have seen in England is one at Hardwick, near Bury St. Edmunds, which is about 25 ft. high by 2 ft. in girth. It was planted by Sir Joseph Hooker, and bore cones in 1905 when Elwes measured it. There is also one at Aldenham about 20 ft. high which bore cones in 1908. There are also specimens at Ponfield, Herts, and at Ochtertyre,° in Perthshire. (A. H.) 1 Cf, Engelmann, in Zrans. St. Louis Acad, ii. 206 (1863). 2 Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 549 (1875), says that it was first seen by Captain Gunnison in 1853, near Pike’s Peak. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). 4 Gard. Chron. iv. 549 (1875). Gordon, in Pinetum, 292 (1875), says that it was first introduced by Mr. Cripps of Tunbridge Wells. 5 See Masters, in Gard, Chron. xxvi. 371 and 382 (1899), 1056 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS MONOPHYLLA, One-.eaFr Nut PINE Pinus monophylla, Torrey, in Fremont, Report, 319, t. 4 (1844); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xx. 48, f. 8 (1883), Ann. Bot. ii, 126 (1888), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvii. 269, f. 10 (1891), xxxv. 584 (1904); J. D. Hooker, in Gard. Chron. xxvi. 136, f. 24 (1886); Sargent, Si/va NV. Amer. xi. 51, t. 551 (1897), and Zrees WV. Amer. 12 (1905) ; Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 33 (1909). Pinus Fremontiana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 183 (1847); Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. iv. 293, fig. (1849). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. monophylla, Voss, in Deut. Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 5 (1909). A tree usually 25 to. 30 ft., occasionally’ 40 to 50 ft. high, with a short trunk rarely more than 5 ft. in girth. Bark reddish, divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected scaly ridges. Young branchlets slender, grey, with scattered minute pubescence. Buds cylindrical, obtuse, $ in. long; scales few, closely imbri- cated, greyish tinged with brown, ovate, apiculate, entire in margin. Leaves solitary, remotely placed on the branchlets, persistent for four or five years or longer, incurved and directed forwards, rigid, terete, about 14 in. long, zs in. in diameter, marked with about twenty stomatic lines, and ending in a sharp cartilaginous point; resin-canals, 3 to 14, marginal. Basal sheath } in. long, its upper part deciduous in the first year, while the lower part persists in the following years as an irregular rosette of reflexed segments. According to Dr. Masters, the solitary leaf is due to the arrested development in the bud of one leaf of a two- leaved cluster. Occasionally the second leaf is fully developed, and two-leaved clusters result. In cultivation adventitious shoots bearing flattish primordial leaves are occasionally produced on the lower branches. Cones sub-terminal, short-stalked, 1} to 2 in. long; scales few, with a thick pyramidal non-prickly apophysis and a central umbo. Seed edible, about @ in. long and } in. wide, brownish, oblong, full and rounded at the base, acute at the apex, with a thin brittle shell, and a narrow wing, about 4 in. wide, remaining attached to the scale. Cotyledons 7 to 10. The primary flattened leaves, about an inch in length, persist on the seedling till it is about five years old; after which they become shorter, buds forming in their axils and producing the adult leaves. This species is readily distinguished by its glaucous terete solitary ® leaves, with reflexed basal sheaths, and its peculiar buds. When two-leaved clusters appear the leaves are semi-terete and entire in margin.* This pine is widely distributed, extending from the western base of the Wasatch mountains in Utah, westward through the mountain ranges of Nevada, to the Sierra Nevada in central California, and southwards to Arizona, and the coast ranges of 1 According to Pinchot, U.S. Forest Service, Sylvical Leaflet 16 (1908), a few trees have been seen in the Tehachapi mountains, 4 ft. in diameter and nearly 1oo ft. in height. 2 Solitary leaves occasionally occur as a sport in other pines, as in P. sylvestris, var. monophylia, but such cases present no difficulty, as the buds, leaves, and basal sheaths are entirely different. 3 Cf, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Report Geol, Surveys, vi, Botany, 259 (1878), Ot a eS eC Pinus 1057 southern California and of northern Lower California. It grows ina very dry climate, the rainfall varying from 16 in. in the northern part of its area to 5 in. in the southern part, while the temperature is extreme, ranging from a minimum of — 2° Fahr. in the Sierra Nevada to a maximum of 122° Fahr. in the Mojave desert. It occurs in arid situations on foothills, gravelly slopes, and rocky elevations, at elevations of 3800 to 6800 ft. in Utah and Nevada, and 4000 to 9500 ft. in the San Bernardino mountains, where the tree is abundant. It usually grows in mixture with other species, but frequently forms pure open woods over large areas. In Arizona it is associated with Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma, J. pachyphloea, and Cupressus arizonica. In Utah its chief companion is /unzperus utahensis, while in southern California it occurs sparingly in the chaparral formations, together with /. ca/ifornzca, oaks, and tree yuccas. Occasionally it grows with Adzes concolor or with Pinus Jeffreyt. P. monophylla was considered by Newberry’ to be a depauperate or desert form of P. edulis, which has a more easterly distribution. Sir Joseph Hooker, however, was convinced that the two species are distinct, and that two-leaved forms of P. monophylla are not identical with P. eduéis. The latter has dull leaden grey foliage,’ whereas that of P. monophylla is glaucous with a silvery sheen. P. monophylla is the stronger plant of the two, and cannot be regarded as depauperate. This peculiar pine was discovered by Fremont in 1844, and was introduced into Europe by Hartweg? in 1848. It is extremely slow in growth, a specimen 5} in. in diameter from Utah, which was examined by Sargent, showing 113 annual rings. It is occasionally seen in botanic gardens, there being a healthy specimen about 5 ft. high at Cambridge. Hooker, writing in 1886, mentions a tree at Kew, no longer living, which was only 6 ft. high, though it was twenty years old, yet he considered it to be faster in growth than P. edulis. The best specimen we know of in England is a tree at Dunburgh House, Beccles, which is about 14 ft. high, and bore a single cone in 1908. Another at Paul's Nursery, Cheshunt, was 13 ft. high in 1909. Seedlings received from Kew have proved hardy at Colesborne, though they grow very slowly. Elwes saw a specimen, about 20 ft. high, in the Botanic Garden at Montpellier, which bore young and old cones with good seed in 1910. The seeds are the staple food of the Indians in Nevada, and are highly esteemed by white people, who eat them roasted. The timber is used for firewood, and is also largely employed in the mines. (A. H.) 1 Bull, Torrey Bot. Club, xiii. 183 (1886). M. E. Jones, in Zoe, iii. 307 (1893), states that the leaves of P. monophylia are much more robust and vigorous than those of P. edu/is. 2 Journ, Hort, Soc. iii. 226 (1848), 1058 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS EDULIS Pinus edulis, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Zour Mexico, Bot. App. 88 (1848), and in Rothrock, Geol. Surveys, vi. Botany, 260 (1878); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 55, t. 552 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer, 11 (1905); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xii. 563, fig. 86 (1892), and in Journ. Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 587, fig. 2 (1904) ; Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 19 (1909). Pinus monophylla, Torrey, var. edulis, M. E. Jones, in Zoe, ii. 251 (1891). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. edulis, Voss, in Deut. Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 6 (1909). A tree, usually small in size, rarely attaining 4o ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth, with a short, often divided trunk. Bark } to } in. thick, irregularly divided into scaly ridges. Young branchlets stouter than in P.. cembrotdes, grey, glabrous. Buds ovoid, acute, } in. long, with brownish, densely imbricated, apiculate scales. Leaves in pairs, with occasional three-leaved clusters, persistent three to five years, not so crowded on the branchlets as those of P. cembrozdes, appressed together in each cluster, # to 14 in. long, rigid, stout, curved, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, with numerous stomatic lines on both surfaces; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath as in P. cembrotdes. Cones similar to those of P: ceméroides, but usually smaller, with the pyramidate apophysis of each scale more elevated than in that species, and the slightly deflexed umbo armed with a minute prickle, often obscured by resin. Seed smaller and lighter in colour than in P. cembrozdes; shell thin and brittle; wing rudimentary, about ¢ in. in length. This species is widely distributed along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado through New Mexico to western Texas, and extends westward through south-western Wyoming to Utah, northern and central Arizona, and southward over the mountains of northern Mexico. Associated with junipers (/. monosperma and /. pachyphloea), it forms extensive open forests between 5000 and 7700 ft. elevation, rarely ascending as a stunted shrub to go00 ft. F. J. Phillips’ states that in southern Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico it is a tree of great economic and silvicultural importance. It succeeds in arid localities, where the average annual precipitation is less than 13 in. Its wood is much used for fuel; and to a lesser extent for fencing, railway sleepers, and mining timber. The seeds are an important article of food among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colorado and New Mexico. This species was described by Engelmann from specimens collected in 1846 by Dr. Wislizenus in New Mexico; and was introduced into cultivation* at Kew many years ago, but is now only represented there by one or two small plants. We have not seen it elsewhere. (A. H.) 1 In Bot. Gaz. xlviii. 216-223 (1909). 2 Cf. J. D. Hooker, in Gard. Chron. xxvi. 136 (1886). 3 Pinus 1059 PINUS CEMBROIDES Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, in Abhand. Akad. Miinchen, i. 392 (1832); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 47, t. 550 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 10 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 321 (1900) ; Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 586 (1904); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conif. i. 15 (1909) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 5 (1909). Pinus Llaveana, Schlechtendal, in Linnea, xii. 488 (1838). Pinus osteosperma, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Zour Mexico, Bot. App. 89 (1848). A tree, usually 20 ft. high with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter, occasionally attaining in sheltered cajions 50 or 60 ft. in height. Bark about } in. thick, slightly fissured, and separating on the surface into thin reddish brown scales. Young branchlets slender, glaucous, minutely pubescent or glabrous. Buds spindle- shaped, acute at the apex, brownish, about } in. long, with densely imbricated scales, free at their subulate points. Leaves in threes, with occasional two-leaved clusters, densely crowded on the branchlets, persistent for three or four years, nearly appressed together in each cluster, 14 to 2 in. long, curved, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, conspicuously whitened with stomatic bands on the inner surface, green with two or three stomatic lines on the outer surface; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath 3, in. long, the basal segments speedily becoming reflexed and forming a rosette around the bases of the leaf cluster. Cones subterminal, nearly sessile, almost globose, 14 to 2 in. in diameter ; “scales few and only well-developed and fertile in the middle of the cone, about an inch long ; apophysis pyramidal, with a sharp transverse keel, and a depressed brown oval unarmed dorsal umbo. Seed, rather more than } in. long; ovoid, irregularly conical or obscurely three-angled ; blackish on the lower surface, dark brown on the upper surface; wing rudimentary, about 4, in. in length, remaining attached to the scale when the seed falls. This species is widely distributed through northern Mexico, where it often forms scattered open forests of considerable extent on the lower slopes of the mountain ranges, though it occasionally ascends to 10,000 ft. The seeds are sold in the markets of Mexican cities, forming an important article of food, and are eaten roasted or are ground into flour. This pine also occurs in the mountains of central and southern Arizona, usually above elevations of 6500 ft., and was found by Brandegee, forming a forest, on the top of the Sierra de Laguna in Lower California. This species’ was introduced into England in 1830, when the Horticultural Society obtained a plant from Mr. Otto of Berlin; and seeds were subsequently sent from Mexico by Hartweg in 1839. The largest specimen is at Highnam, and measured, in 1908, 33 ft. by 2 ft. 8 in. Another at Glasnevin, which is about 25 ft. high, divides into two stems at 8 ft. from the ground, and bears cones freely. There are smaller trees at Kew and Menabilly. (A. H.) 1 Loudon, in Arb, e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2267 (1838), gives an incorrect figure of the cone of P. Liaveana, a synonym of the species ; but in his 77ees and Shrubs, 993 (1842), cones of P. cembroides, both from Otto of Berlin and from Hartweg, are correctly figured; and the tree in the Horticultural Society’s Garden, which was 44 ft. high in 1837, appears to have been undoubtedly this species. Cf. also Loudon, Gard. Mag. xv. 128 (1839). ’ 1060 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland PINUS PARRYANA Pinus Parryana, Engelmann, in Amer. Journ. Science, xxxiv. 332, note (1862) (not Gordon), and in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, 124 (1880); Masters, in Journ. Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 586, fig. 1 (1904); Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 227 (1907); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 39 (1909). Pinus quadrifolia, Parry, ex Parlatore in DC., Prod. xvi. 2, p. 402 (1868); Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 17 (1897); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 43, t. 549 (1897), and Zvees WV. Amer. 10 (1905). Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini, var. Parryana, Voss, in Deut. Gartenrat, Beilage 123 (1904) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 6 (1909). A tree, usually 20 to 30, occasionally 4o ft. in height, and rarely exceeding 5 ft. in girth. Bark, buds, and branchlets similar to P. monophylla. Leaves in fours, with occasional five-leaved clusters, remotely placed on the branchlets, appressed together in the clusters, persistent three or four years, 1} to 14 in. long, incurved, rigid, sharp-pointed, entire in margin, with white stomatic bands on the inner surfaces; resin-canals marginal; basal sheath as in P. monophylla. Cones and seeds similar to those of P. monophylla. This species, which is scarcely distinguishable, except in the leaves, from P. monophylla, is restricted in its distribution to the Santa Rosa? and Toro mountains . in the San Jacinto range of southern California, and to Lower California, where it grows as far south as the foothills of the San Pedro Martir mountain.? It was discovered in 1850 by Dr. Parry, 60 miles south-east of San Diego, California, at 2000 ft. altitude. The four-leaved fon requires a moister climate * than P. monophylla, thriving where the annual rainfall is 15 to 25 in. and growing at elevations between 2500 and 8000 ft. It usually occurs in open forests, mixed with other species, as P. monophylla, oaks, and juniper. It appears to be exceedingly rare in cultivation, the only specimen which I have seen being a small tree at Grignon in France. Dr. Masters appears to have seen young plants, as he states that the species is remarkable for the abundance and long duration of the primary needles, which are of a beautiful bluish colour. (A. H.) 1 It was found, according to S. B. Parish, in Zrythea, vii. 89 (1899), by H. M. Hill on the desert slope of Santa Rosa mountain, where it exists in considerable quantity at about 5000 ft. altitude. It does not exist on the San Jacinto peak. H. M. Hill, in Univ. Calif. Publications, Bot. i. 20 (1902), reports it to be growing sparingly in the neighbourhood of Mount Toro, 2 Cf. Brandegee, in Zoe, iv. 210 (1893). 3 Cf. Pinchot, U.S. Forest Serdice, Sylvical Leaflet 17 (1908). a es “a Pinus 1061 PINUS MONTEZUM£&.,. Montezuma PINE Pinus Montezuma,) Lambert, Gen. Pin. i. 39, t. 22 (1832); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2272 (1838); Kent, Veitch’s A/an, Conif. 345 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 600 (1904); Clinton-Baker, ///ustrations of Conifers, i. 35 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 21, t. xiv. (1909). Pinus Devoniana, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62 (1839). Pinus Russelliana,? Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839). Pinus macrophylla, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839). Pinus filifolia,? Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxvi. Mise. 61 (1840). Pinus Grenvillee, Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 77 (1847); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xv. 112, fig. 22 (1881). Pinus Gordoniana, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 79 (1847). Pinus Wincesteriana, Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 158 (1847). Pinus occidentalis, Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth, Mov. Gen. e¢ Sp. ii. 4 (1817) (not Swartz). A tree, attaining in Mexico 70 ft. in height. Bark brownish red, irregularly divided into scaly plates. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, reddish brown; their decurrent pulvini prominent, keeled, and persistent, with the epidermis peeling off in the second or third year, leaving a greyish-coloured surface. Buds ovoid, pointed, about an inch long, reddish brown, scarcely resinous ; scales ending in long acuminate points, with their bases interlaced by whitish marginal fimbriz, The brown linear- lanceolate scale-leaves with white fimbriz, persist during the first year. Leaves in fives, persistent three years, 4 to 18 in. long, crowded on the branch- lets, spreading, serrulate, with stomatic lines on the three surfaces, ending in a cartilaginous point; resin-canals median; basal sheath 1} to 2 in. long, persistent. Flower buds, with the staminate catkins concealed, and not apparent as swellings externally. Cones, in the first year, subterminal, single or in clusters of 2 to 5, stalked, pale or deep brown, blue, or dull black; scales armed with usually reflexed prickles. Mature cones 24 to 1o in. long, subsessile or stalked, spreading or deflexed, nearly cylindrical or ovoid-conic and tapering, often curved, opening when ripe, and falling soon afterwards, when their stalks and a few basal scales often remain on the branch; scales variable in size; apophyses flat, pyramidal, tumid, or slightly protuberant and reflexed, dull yellowish, reddish brown, dark brown, or nearly black, prickles usually obsolete. Seed oval, brownish mottled with black, } in. long; wing narrow, an inch or more in length. This species is very variable, both in the length of the leaves and in the size of the cones; and is met with, according to Shaw, at all altitudes*® in Mexico, except in the lowlands of the coast, and below 3000 ft. in the interior, where the climate is 1 Roezl’s Catalogue of 82 new Mexican species, published in 1857, does not contain, according to Shaw, a single new species. They represent six or seven pines, all of which had been previously described. Roezl’s list is given by Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc, (Bot.) xxxv. 648, and will not be further noticed by us, 2 The type specimens of the cones of these two species are preserved in the Botanical Museum, Cambridge. P. 4/ifolia is labelled Guatemala, 3 Gadow, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxviii. 432 (1909), makes the timber line in southern Mexico 13,500 to 14,000 ft., where there are only a few scattered trees of P, Montezuma, 1062 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland tropical. At 9000 ft. and below, this pine mingles with the oaks in the more fertile and moister soil; while above, and more especially on the summit ridges, it some- times forms dense forests. Large trees 3 to 4 ft. in diameter occur above Oaxaca." P. Montezume was discovered near the city of Mexico in 1803 by Humboldt and Bonpland, who mistook it for the West Indian P. occédentalis; and it was first recognised and described by Lambert in 1832. VARIETIES The following account of the principal forms of this species in the wild state is taken from Shaw, who has made a special study of the Mexican pines :— 1. The typical form is sub-tropical, inhabiting the slopes and table-lands between 3000 and 6000 ft. It is characterised by long leaves, with basal sheaths exceed- ing an inch in length; by large non-resinous buds; and by cones 6 to 1o in. long, brown in colour, the apophyses of the scales being elevated, with usually prominent brownish umbos. 2. Var. Lindleyt, Loudon, Encyc. Trees, 1004, fig. 1882 (1842); Shaw, Pznes of Mexico, 22, t. xv. (1909). Pinus Lindleyana, Gordon, Pinetum, 229 (1858). Leaves often very slender, and drooping like those of P. pseudostrobus, 6 to 10 in. long; cones 4 to 6 in. long; apophyses small and numerous, flat or slightly pyramidal, often rectangular and very like var. Hartwegiz, but pale brown and not black in colour. This variety occurs at altitudes with a temperate climate. 3. Var. rudts, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 22, t. xvi. figs. 1-5, 8 (1909). Pinus Montezuma, Gordon, in Journ, Hort. Soc. i. 234 (1846); Masters, in Gard. Chron. viii. 466, figs. 91-94 (1890), xv. 273, figs. 29-32 (1894), and xxv. 146, fig. 53 (1899). Pinus rudis, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151 (1847). Pinus Ehrenbergit, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 151 (1847). Pinus Hartwegii, Parlatore, in DC., Prod. xvi. pt. 2, p. 399 (1868) (in part). Leaves 4 to 6 in. long. Cones in the first year blue or bluish-black ; when mature, 2} to 4 in. long, dull, sometimes shining brown. tee This variety, which usually has leaves in fives, though there are occasionally six or seven in a cluster, grows at altitudes with a warm temperate climate, and is con- nected by intermediate forms with var. Lindleyt. 4. Var. Hartwegit, Engelmann, in Tvans. St. Louis Acad. Sc. iv. 177, 181 (1880) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 23, t. xvii. figs. 6, 7 (1909). Pinus Hartwegii, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 62 (1839); Loudon, Lxcycl. Trees, 1000, fig. 1875 (1842); Kent, Veitch’s Man, Conif. 348 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 600 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 24 (1909). Pinus Donnell-Smithii, Masters, in Bot. Gaz. xvi. 199 (1891), and in Journ. Linn, Soc, (Bot.) xxxy. 600 (1904); Smith, in Bot. Gaz. xix. 13, t. 2 (1894). Leaves 3 to 6 in. long, often in threes and fours, as well as in fives. Cones 1 Cf, Garden and Forest, ix, 102 (1896). “ = 7 7 a - Ts 9, Bape, IO GER mie ate nig ‘ Lan ‘a io Pinus 1063 similar to those of var. rudzs, but very dark brown, or almost black in colour when mature. : This variety occurs in colder regions and at higher altitudes than any other Mexican pine, forming the timber line and descending to some distance below it. Mr. Godman wrote to Dr. Masters that this pine forms a complete belt around the Volcan de Fuego, commencing at about 10,000 ft., and on the Volcan d’Agua ascends to the summit. The mixed forest of Cheirostemon and other trees ceases abruptly at about 10,000 ft., and one steps suddenly out of it into the more open pine belt, where the only undergrowth is a coarse grass. CULTIVATION Both the typical form and the varieties were introduced by Hartweg in 1839, when numerous plants were raised in the garden of the London Horticultural Society. As seen in cultivation, this species is readily distinguishable into two principal forms ; one, probably identical with the type, as defined by Shaw, and characterised by long leaves, averaging 9 in. in length, with basal sheaths 1} to 2 in. long, and large, scarcely resinous buds, In the only specimen which we have seen in fruit, a tree cultivated at Bicton’ as P. Russel/iana, the cones produced are 5 in. long, and 2} in. in diameter, with large shining pale brown elevated apophyses, terminating in a dark coloured projecting umbo. It was 60 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in. when measured by Elwes in 1906. The gardener in May 1909 reported that this tree was nearly dead, though it was still bearing a few old cones. The typical form is well represented at Pencarrow, where two trees planted in 1849 measured in 1907, 50 ft. by 9 ft., and 49 ft. by 5 ft. These differ strikingly in habit, but show no differences in botanical characters. Elwes saw a fine spreading tree at Endsleigh in August 1906 which measured about 50 ft. by 94 ft. in girth. There are good specimens at Tregothnan, Heligan, and other places in Cornwall. At Eastnor Castle, a small spreading tree, 26 ft. high, seems healthy. At Grayswood, Haslemere, a tree planted in 1881 had attained 25 ft. by 2 ft. 10 in. in 1906, and did not suffer in the winter of 1895. In Ireland this succeeds well, as at Woodstock, Kilkenny, where a tree was 48 ft. by 6 ft. in 1904; and at Old Connaught House, near Bray, where a tree planted in 1869 was 34 ft. by 2 ft. 9 in. in 1904. The other form, which is probably var. Hartwegzt, produces cones freely, which are ovoid-conic and tapering to an acute apex, 3 to 34 in. long, with numerous small scales, with flat apophyses, and slightly raised dark brown umbos. The leaves, often in fours as well as in fives, are 5 to 6 in. long, with basal sheaths not exceeding an inch in length. The buds are slender, } to ? in. long, with usually resinous appressed scales. Var. Hartwegit is much the hardiest form ; and we have found specimens, even in the eastern counties, as at Pampisford, near Cambridge, where a tree in a sheltered position is 28 ft. by 1 ft. 1o in, At Bayfordbury, Herts, a tree planted in 1845 died 1 The Hon. Mark Rolle wrote to the Director at Kew that this tree produced cones for the first time in 1899. 1064 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland in 1854; another specimen planted in 1875 is now 20 ft. high and 2 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Flitwick Manor, Bedford, a tree measured in 1908, 34 ft. by 2 ft. 7 in. Much finer trees, most of them producing cones, exist farther west, as at Westonbirt, where a tree planted in 1869 measured in 1909, 45 ft. high, and looked very vigorous. At Bicton there are two good specimens, 74 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. and 46 ft. by 4 ft. 4 in. At Eastnor Castle, a fine tree was 55 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. in 1909. At Bury Hill, Dorking, a tree, which R. Barclay, Esq., informs us was planted in 1847, is 36 ft. high and 3 ft. 8 in. in girth at 4 ft. from the ground. At Strete Raleigh, Exeter, H. M. Imbert Terry, Esq., reports a tree 52 ft. by 5 ft. 11 in., from which he raised about fifty seedlings in the spring of 1909. It was planted about 1855. At Pen- carrow a tree measured 44 ft. by 3 ft. in 1906. At Escot, Devonshire, the seat of Sir John Kennaway, Elwes measured a tree 65 ft. by 7 ft. in 1909, with a clean bole about 35 ft. long, which is the finest of its kind that he has seen. We have also received specimens of this variety from Wadebridge and Luscombe Castle, Dawlish. A third form, represented by a tree at Menabilly,’ and another at Fota, has longer leaves and longer cones than in var. Hartwegzt, though the latter are similar in every respect except in size, and may be referred in all probability to var. rudis. The tree at Fota (Plate 278) is a fine one, and measured 50 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1908, the branches covering an area 52 paces around. Lord Barrymore informs us that it was planted in 1878. (A. H.) PINUS PSEUDOSTROBUS Pinus pseudostrobus, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839); Loudon, Znecycl. Trees, 1008, figs. 1887, 1888 (1842) ; Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 605 (1904) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 19, t. xii. (1909). : Pinus orizabe, Gordon, in Journ. Hort. Soc. i. 237 (1846). A tree attaining 100 ft. in height and 6 ft. in diameter. Bark of branches and young trees smooth; in old trees very rough at the base. Branchlets slender, glabrous, very glaucous; the decurrent bases of the leaves persistent, conspicuous at first, but ultimately becoming merged in the smooth bark of the older branchlets, on which they are visible as transverse lines. Buds and leaves, the latter 6 to 12 in. long, similar to those of P. Montezume, but usually more slender. Cones sub-terminal, described by Shaw as ovate or oblong, 3 to 54 in. long, nearly symmetrical or oblique, opening when ripe and falling soon afterwards, the peduncle and a few basal scales usually remaining persistent on the branch ; apophysis variable, flat or protuberant. | 1. Var. apulcensis, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 19, t. xii. (1909). Pinus apulcensis, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxv. Misc. 63 (1839); Loudon, Zuncyel. Trees, 1014, figs. 1899, 1900 (1842). Differs in the prolongation of the apophyses of the scales of the cone. It grows 1 Figured in Gard. Chron., loc. cit. It bore cones in 1899, when it was 20 ft. high, but Mr, Rashleigh said that no perfect seed was produced. Pinus 1065 in Mexico in company with the type, and is connected with it by intermediate forms. 2. Var. tenuifolia, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 20, t. xiii. (1909). Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham, P/. Hartw. 92 (1842). Cones ovate or long-ovate ; basal scales and peduncles persistent on the branch, Hypoderm of the leaves extending from the epiderm to the endoderm, forming partitions across the green tissue.’ Abundant at altitudes with a sub-tropical climate in the Western and south-western states of Mexico, and extending southward to north-western Nicaragua. According to Shaw, P. pseudostrobus occurs in Mexico at altitudes between 6000 and 10,000 ft., where the climate is temperate, with warm days and cool nights. This zone includes the tableland and the slope immediately above it. This species, and var. apudcensis, were discovered in 1839 by Hartweg, who sent home in the same year cones and seeds, from which, according to Loudon, numerous plants were raised. Nearly all these have died, as the tree is evidently only suitable for cultivation in districts where the climate is mild, like Cornwall and southern Ireland. The only specimens which we have found, are two trees in Cornwall. One at Pencarrow, was obtained from Knight and Perry in 1849; and measured, in 1906, 47 ft. high, and 5 ft. 8 in. in girth, Mr. Bartlett kindly sent us photographs of this tree, and of several trees of P. Montezuma, and the difference in the bark of the two species is remarkable. That of P. pseudostrobus is smooth, and only slightly furrowed; whereas in P. Montezuma, the bark is very rough and scaly. Another, growing at Tregothnan, was measured by Mr. A. B. Jackson as 50 ft. by 6 ft. in 1909. Neither tree has produced cones. (A; Py PINUS TORREYANA Pinus Torreyana, Parry, ex Torrey, in Emory, Bot. Mex. Bound. 210, tt. 58, 59 (1858); Sargent, Si/va NV. Amer. xi. 71, tt. 557, 558 (1897), and Trees NV. Amer. 34 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif, 348 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 602 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Ullust. Conif. i, 56 (1909). Pinus lophosperma, Lindley, in Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 46. A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth, but usually considerably smaller. Bark an inch in thickness, deeply divided irregularly into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous; become dull grey in the second year. Buds cylindric-conic, 4 in. long; scales pale brown, interlaced by their marginal white fimbriz, and with appressed points. Leaves? in fives, persistent two years, dark green, 7 to 13 in. long, yy in. 1 A very fine tree near the hotel at Bussaco, Portugal, which Elwes measured in April 1909, 90 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth, is probably this variety ; but in the absence of cones, the identification is uncertain. 2 On young plants the leaves are frequently in clusters of three and four. K Vv 1066 ‘The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland wide, rigid, marked on three sides by stomatic lines, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath an inch long. Cones sub-terminal, spreading or deflexed, on long stalks, broadly ovoid, 4 to 6 in. long; scales thick, 2 in. long, 1} in. wide, shining brown; apophysis rhomboidal, transversely ridged, with an elevated pyramidal four-sided acute umbo, with or without a minute prickle. Seed oval, ? to 1 in, long, dull brown and mottled below, pale brown above ; surrounded by a dark brown wing, thickened at the upper margin of the seed, and extending beyond its apex about $ in. Masters describes the seedlings, raised at Kew, as robust, with a long tapering radicle, stout cylindrical stem, and twelve linear cotyledons, succeeded by primary leaves, elliptic in section. This species is more circumscribed in its distribution than any other pine. It occurs in two localities, the main body growing in a narrow belt, about eight miles long, on the Californian coast, near the mouth of the Soledad river, north of San Diego, nowhere penetrating inland more than a mile and a half. This grove was discovered by Dr. Parry in 1850, whose attention was directed to this pine by J. L. Le Conte, the distinguished entomologist, who was then collecting at San Diego. A single grove, of about one hundred trees, with numerous seedlings, discovered by Brandegee in 1888, also grows on the eastern end of Santa Rosa island,’ on a bluff 500 ft. above the level of the sea. These trees average 30 ft. high. Miss Sessions of San Diego, who sends us an account of this pine, which was fast disappearing, states that of late steps have been taken, which will ensure its preservation. It grows on the sea-coast, buffeted, twisted, and often prostrated by the ocean winds, and averages 30 to 40 ft. in height. At Del Mar, 22 miles north of San Diego, the South Coast Land Company has bought a large tract, including all the sandstone cliffs and cafions leading down to the sea, where the Torrey pines grow in this neighbourhood. The Company has built an hotel, and is protecting all the old pines, and preserving the natural seedlings, and planting in addition. The Torrey Pine Park, which is public property, is on a high and exposed point, south- west of Del Mar; and here all the trees are carefully guarded. William Lobb sent specimens, with cones and seed, to Low’s nursery at Clapton in 1860, which were described by Lindley’ as P. Zophosperma. Plants were reported*® to be growing in the Edinburgh Botanic Garden in 1868. It has, however, proved tender there and at Kew, and seems unsuited for cultivation except in warm districts like Cornwall and southern Ireland. The only specimen now living, that we are acquainted with, was planted at Bayfordbury in 1908. Mayr, however, states * that he raised seedlings in Japan, which bore a temperature of —12° Cent. without injury. There are three fairly large trees of this species in the Public Gardens, Christchurch, New Zealand, which bear a few cones.° (A. H.) 1 Garden and Forest, x.°232 (1897). 2 Gard, Chron. 1860, p. 46. 3 Gard. Chron, 1868, p. 237. 4 Wald. Nordamer. 276 (1890). 5 T. W. Adams, Genus Pinus, 10, paper read at Phil. Inst., Canterbury, N.Z., 7th August 1907. Pinus 1067 PINUS COULTERI, Covutrer’s Pine. Pinus Coulteri, Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 440 (1836); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2250 (1838); Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 23 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xxiii. 415, figs. 73, 74 gy iv. 764, fig. 109 (1888), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 597 (1904); Sargent, lua NV. Amer. xi. 99, tt. 571, 572 (1897), and Zvees N. Amer. 24 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifere, 325 (1900); Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 17 (1909). Pinus macrocarpa, Lindley, in Bot. Reg. xxvi. app. 61 (1840). A tree, attaining in America 8o ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, deeply divided into broad rounded connected scaly ridges. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, glaucous, with very prominent pulvini. Buds ovoid, acuminate or cuspidate, very large, 1 to 14 in. long, and ¢ in, thick; scales appressed, coated with resin, light brown, with white fimbriz on their margins. Leaves in threes, spreading, persistent for three or four years, 8 to 12 in, long, ys to yy in. wide, rigid, curved, twisted, serrulate, marked with numerous stomatic lines on the three surfaces, ending in a long sharp cartilaginous point ; resin- canals median ; basal sheath 14 in. long. Cones’ lateral, on short stout stalks, pendulous, ovoid, 10 to 14 in. long, and 4 to 5 in. in diameter, yellowish brown; scales thick, 24 in. long, 14 in. broad; apophyses obliquely pyramidal, terminating in flattened elongated umbos, straight or curved, and armed with flattened incurved resinous spines. Seeds, on deep depressions on the scales, oval, compressed, 4 in. long, dark brown or blackish, encircled by the wings which, very narrow and rim-like on the sides, expand above, and are oblique, brown, and about an inch in length. Cotyledons, 10 to 14. The cones open in autumn in California, remaining, after the seeds escape, on the branches for several years. Occasionally the cones are shorter and thicker than usual, with short spurs, and then resemble those of P. Sadzuiana; but they may always be distinguished by the long-winged seeds, which leave long depressions on the inner surface of the scales. This species is scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia mountains southwards to the Cuyamaca mountains, at elevations between 3000 and 6000 ft. It is most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto’ ranges, at 5000 ft. altitude. It is usually known as the big-cone pine, from the size of the cones, which often weigh three or four pounds. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians. P. Coudterd differs ! According to Lawson, Pinet. Brit, i. 24 (1884), a tree, eighteen years old, in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, produced two cones in 1852. 2 H. M. Hall, in Univ. Calif. Publications, Botany, i. 20, 53 (1902), says it is commonly met with on the south and west sides of the San Jacinto mountain, where it forms small groves and narrow strips along the lower edge of the belt of P. ponderosa. It is also found scattered among the other pines up to 6500 to 7500 ft. on south slopes, but does not occur on the sides of the mountain facing the Colorado desert. The seeds have a strong oily taste, and are not gathered by the Saboba and Santa Rosa Indians, those of P. monophylla and P. Parryana being much preferred. 1068 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland much in habit’ from P. Sadzniana, always having a straight undivided stem, with wide spreading branches, forming a broad pyramid of foliage. This species was discovered by Coulter? in the Santa Lucia mountains in 1832; and in the same year Douglas sent home specimens with seeds, from which plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society. Young plants were raised * at Kew in 1840 from the seed of a cone, the origin of which is not stated. A further consignment of seed was sent home by William Lobb‘ in 1851. P. Coultert is rare in cultivation, and the finest specimens appear to be in Herts, where a tree at St. Cross, Hoddesdon, planted by Miss Warner in 1857 (Plate 279), bore twenty large cones in December 1908, and measured, according to Mr. Clinton- Baker, 80 ft. in height and ok ft. in girth, but Elwes, who measured it carefully in February 1909, only made it 74 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. Its branches, one of which is 36 ft. long, sweep the ground. At The Frythe, Welwyn, a tree, 56 ft. by 8 ft., bore cones in 1906, and had a few old cones persistent on the stem. At Youngsbury, Ware, a tree, planted in 1866, measured 51 ft. by 6 ft. 5 in. in 1907. At Ponfield, a tree, 40 ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. in 1906, also had a cone persistent on the stem at 25 ft. from the ground. At Bayfordbury, a tree planted in 1841 is 56 ft. by 8 ft. 8 in., and in 1909 for the first time bore a single cone. A larger tree here, planted in 1838, was cut down in 1906, when it measured 72 ft. by 8 ft. 11 in. A plank from it is preserved in the forestry museum, Cambridge. At Garston Manor, Watford, the seat of Mr. Watney, Sir Hugh Beevor has measured a tree’ 75 ft. by 9 ft. ro in. in girth, dividing into two stems at 15 ft. from the ground, which bore cones in 1909. At Knaphill Nursery, near Woking, Elwes measured in 1907 a tree, 71 ft. by 8 ft. 10 in., which has since died. A fine healthy tree, with a few cones near the top, growing at Enville Hall, Stourbridge, measured, in 1905, 71 ft. by 9 ft. 7 in. At Orton Hall, Peterborough, there is a fine specimen 70 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. in 1909, which has only produced a few cones at rare intervals, The largest tree in Kew Gardens is situated near the Succulent House, and measured 55 ft. by 8 ft. in 1909. There is a healthy tree at Toddington Grange, Gloucestershire, the seat of H. Andrews, Esq., which bore cones in 1909 and measures 62 ft. by 64 ft. At Tortworth, there was a tree, growing on a slope with a westerly exposure, on the lower shaly beds of carboniferous limestone, cones ° of which were sent to Dr. Masters in 1896. It died and was cut down in 1902. We have not seen or heard of any tree in Scotland; but at Powerscourt, Ireland, a tree measured 57 ft. by 7 ft. 1 in. in 1903. (A. H.) 1 Mayr, in Wald. Nordamer. 332 (1890), states that it attains in favourable conditions a height of 150 ft.; but this great height is not confirmed by Sargent or Jepson. : 2 An account of Coulter’s expeditions in Mexico and California is given by Coville in Bot. Gazette, xx. 519 (1895). 3 Loudon, Encycl. Trees, 985 (1842). : 4 Hortus Veitchii, 343 (1906). 5 Cones weighing 3 Ib. fromthis tree were shown at a meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society on roth October 1905. 8 Two cones, dried after keeping seven years, weigh 14 Ib. each. Masters mentions a tree at Kenfield near Canterbury, which produced cones in 1886. The gardener informs us that it is no longer living. Pinus 1069 PINUS SABINIANA, DiccEr Pine Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 747 (1833); Loudon, Aré. et. Frut. Brit. iv. 2246 (1838); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i, 85, t. 11. (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron. iv. 44, fig. 4 (1888), and v. 44, fig. 6 (1889), and in Journ. Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 597 (1904); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 95, tt. 569, §70 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 23 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Wan. Conif. 375 (1900) ; Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conif. i. 50 (1909). A tree, usually 20 to 50 ft. high, occasionally attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, irregularly divided into thick con- nected scaly ridges. Young branchlets slender, glabrous, glaucous, with prominent pulvini. Buds narrowly cylindrical, acute at the apex, about 1 in. long; scales closely appressed, more or less coated with resin, pale brown, with long white fimbrize on the margins. Leaves in threes, persistent for three years, spreading or drooping, 7 to 12 in. long, zy in. wide, twisted, greyish green, with numerous stomatic lines on the three surfaces, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point; resin-canals median; basal sheath 1 in. long. Cones lateral, on stout stalks, pendulous, ovoid, dark brown, 6 to 1o in. long, 4 to 5 in. in diameter; scales thick, about 2 in. long and 1 in. broad, with an obliquely raised pyramidal apophysis, prolonged into a hooked process, usually ending in a sharp incurved spine. Seeds in deep hollows on the scale, oblong, dark brown or blackish, # in. long, 4 in. wide, with a thick shell, encircled by the wing, which is reduced to a very narrow sharp rim below, expanding above into a brown thickened membrane, about } in. long. The seeds are eaten and distributed by the Douglas squirrel, and, having a sweet resinous flavour, were formerly used as food by the Indians of California. Cotyledons about 15 to 18. This species is readily distinguished from P. Coudtert by the greyish green foliage and slender glaucous branchlets. Both have very massive cones, with spurred scales, armed with spines, and very large seeds, differing, however, in the length of the wing. The cones of P. Sadeniana are shorter and broader, and in this country open more freely than those of P. Coudterz. According to Jepson,’ the trees in Mitchell Cajion, Mount Diablo, which he refers to P. Coudterz, resemble very closely those of P. Sadznzana in cones and foliage, and are intermediate between the two species. This pine, which often divides into three or four stems 14 to 20 ft. above the ground, forming a round-topped tree, remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, is scattered singly or in small groups over the dry and hot foot-hills of the inner Coast Range, of the Sacramento Valley, and of the Sierra Nevada, throughout almost the whole length of California, attaining its largest size east of the Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state, where it is often the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation. Muir, in an article in Harper's Magazine, notes that in the Sierra Nevada it grows only in the torrid foot-hills, often amongst thickets of scrubby oaks, Ceanothus, 1 Flora W. Mid, California, 22 (1901). 2 Reproduced in Gard. Chron. iv. 44 (1888). 1070 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland and Manzanita, and ranges from 500 to 4000 ft. elevation. No other tree that he knows, is so thin and pervious to light, even the largest giving no shade. In California P. Sadtnzana is occasionally tapped, and exudes a nearly colourless liquid with a strong aromatic smell, resembling that of oil of orange, which is sold in San Francisco under the names abietene, erasine, aurantine, or theoline, as a substitute for benzine in removing grease spots from clothes. Wenzell described’ in 1871 as abietene the hydrocarbon obtained by distilling the crude product; and Thorpe® afterwards showed that this was pure heptane, of which he obtained as much as 7 litres from 74 litres of the liquid exudation of the tree. This species was discovered by Douglas in 1826, but he did not send seeds till 1832, when plants were raised in the Horticultural Society’s garden. It is very rare in cultivation, and is not quite hardy, as Palmer mentions a tree, 46 ft. high, at Rolleston Hall, Staffordshire, which was killed in the severe winter of 1860. A tree planted at Bayfordbury in 1837 was also killed in the same year. There is a fine tree at Madresfield Court, close to the church, which when measured by Elwes in 1908 was 60 ft. high by 6 ft. 9 in. in girth. It has borne ripe cones, and there were young ones near the top in 1908. At Ledbury, in Lord Biddulph’s grounds, a tree (Plate 280) 65 ft. high by 94 ft. in girth bore cones in 1909. A tree at Tortworth, planted by Lord Ducie in 1856, is now about 63 ft. high and 7 ft. in girth below the fork. It is, however, sickly in appearance. A tree at Eastnor Castle, 62 ft. by 64 ft., bore fruit in 1908. At Orton Longueville, a tree with a large lateral branch at 20 ft. up, measured 58 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. in 1909. At Hunstanton Hall, Norfolk, the seat of Hamon le Strange, Esq., there are fourteen trees growing in the park, variable in height, some with single stems, others branching into two or three stems. The largest is 52 ft. by 7 ft. ; and only one tree is bearing fruit, a single old cone. There are two trees in Kew Gardens, the larger® of which, in 1909, was 55 ft. high and 6 ft. 4 in. in girth, A tree at Flitwick Manor, Bedford, was reported in 1908, by Mr. H. Clinton - Baker, to be 50 ft. high and 4 ft. 4 in. in girth. Miss Woolward sends us a branch from a tree, 4o ft. high and 4 ft. in girth, growing in a field belonging. to Mr. Kennet-Were, Cotlands, Sidmouth. Kent reports trees at ° Pampisford, Cambridge, and at Highnam Court, Gloucestershire, which appear to be no longer in existence. (A. H.) ' 1 In a paper read before the Californian Pharmaceutical Society on 13th December 1871, and reprinted in Pharm. Journ. for 30th March 1872. ] 2 Journ. Chem, Soc. xxxv. 296 (1879) and xxxvii. 213 (1881). Cf. Pharm. Journ. iii. 2, p. 789. % Figured in Gard. Chron. v. 44, fig. 6 (1889). sf y a « @ ws Pinus 1071 PINUS PONDEROSA, YeELLow PINE Pinus ponderosa, Lawson, Agric. Manual, 354 (1836); Loudon, Avd. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2243 (1838) ; Forbes, Pinet. Woburn. 44, t. 15 (1839); Sargent, in Garden and Forest, viii. 392 (1895), Silva N. Amer. xi. 77, tt. 560, 561 (1897), and Zrees WV. Amer. 15 (1905); Masters, in Gard. Chron. viii. 557, figs. 110, 111, 114, 115 (1890), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 593 (4904); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Comnif, 363 (1900); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24, pl. 17 (1909); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Conif. i. 45 (1909). Pinus Benthamiana, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847), and iv. 212, with fig. (1849). Pinus brachyptera, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Zour in NV. Mexico, 89 (1848). Pinus Beardsleyi, Murray, in Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 286 (1855). Pinus Craigana, Murray, in Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 286 (1855). Pinus Engelmanni, Torrey, in Pacific Rly. Rep. iv. 141 (1856). Pinus Parryana, Gordon, Pinetum, 277 (1875). A tree, attaining in America 150 to 230 ft. in height, and 15 to 25 ft. in girth. Bark for eighty to a hundred years broken into rounded ridges, covered with small appressed brownish scales ; on older trees 2 to 4 in. thick, deeply divided into large plates, separating on the surface into thick reddish scales. Young branchlets stout, glabrous, shining, reddish, becoming nearly black in the second or third year. Buds cylindric-conic, acute, 2 in. long; scales reddish brown, closely appressed, resinous. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, spreading, densely crowded on the branchlets, 6 to 10 in. long, 34 to 7, in. broad, rigid, curved, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point; resin-canals median ; basal sheath { in. long. The lanceolate-acuminate fimbriated scale-leaves persist long on the branchlets. Cones sub-terminal, solitary or clustered, sessile or sub-sessile, spreading or slightly} deflexed, ovoid, 3 to 5 in. long, light reddish brown; scales oblong, about 14 in. long, 4 in. wide, thin towards the base and thickened at the apex ; apophysis rhomboidal, with a sharp transverse ridge and elevated umbo, armed with a slender prickle. Seed oval, about } in. long, with a dark, mottled shell ; wing about 1 in, in length. The cones shed their seeds’ at the end of the second year, and usually fall soon after, generally leaving some of the lower scales attached to the peduncle on the branch ; and hence this species and its varieties are called “ broken-cone pines” by Lemmon. This species spread over an immense area, consists of a number of geographical races which have been distinguished as distinct species by various authors. As these gradually pass into one another, and do not occupy isolated areas, they are best treated as varieties. 1. The typical form described above occurs mainly on the Pacific slope, where it grows to a large size, and is mainly distinguishable from var. /ef/reyz by its glabrous, shining, non-glaucous branchlets, which erhit when cut an odour of turpentine, and its resinous buds with appressed scales. The cones are ovoid-conic, 1 R. Douglas states that seeds of this species germinate as well in the fifth year as in the first. Cf. Gard, Chron. iv. 185 (1888), 1072 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 4 to 5 in. long, narrow in proportion to their length.. The leaves are variable in size, and average 6 or 7 in. long. 2. Var. scopulorum, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Cai/f. ii. 126 (1880). Pinus ponderosa, Engelmann, in Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts, xxxiv. 332 (1862) (not Lawson) ; Hooker, in Gard. Chron. ix. 796, fig. 138 (1878). Pinus scopulorum, Lemmon, in Garden and Forest, x. 183 (1897); Mayr, Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbiume, 370 (1906). Usually 50 to 75, occasionally 150 ft. in length, and 4 ft. in diameter. Bark dark and furrowed, or bright red broken into large plates. Leaves in clusters of both twos and threes, 3 to 6 in. long. Cones, in clusters of two, ovoid-conic, smaller than in the type, about 3 in. long. This variety occurs in the Rocky Mountains and eastward, in eastern Montana, Nebraska, Dakota,' Colorado, western Texas, northern New Mexico, and Arizona. 3. Var. Jeffreyt, Vasey, U.S. Rep. Dept. Agric. 179 (1875); Sargent, Szlva N. Amer. xi. 79, tt. 562, 563 (1897), and Zrees N. Amer. 16 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Contfere, 364 (1900); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1900). Pinus Jeffreyi, Balfour, Bot. Exped. Oregon, 2, fig. (1853); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 45, t. 6 (1884) ; Masters, in Gard. Chron. v. 360, fig. 65 (1889); Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 27 (1909); Hemsley, in Bot. Mag. t. 8257 (1909). Pinus deflexa, Torrey, in Emory, Rep. Mex. Bound. 209 (1858); Murray, in Gard. Chron. iv. 295, fig. 65 (1875). Attaining 150 to 200 ft. in height, and 20 ft. in girth. Bark bright red, divided into large irregular scaly plates. Young branchlets glaucous, exhaling, when cut, an aromatic odour like that of lemon. Buds reddish brown, non-resinous, and with the points of the scales free. Cones ellipsoid, very large, 5 to 12 in. long, short- stalked, with either stout or slender recurved prickles. Seeds often } in. long, with long wings. This variety occurs in the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca mountains in California, and on the San Pedro Martir mountain in Lower California. 4. Var. Mayriana, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. xi. 81 (1897). Pinus latifolia, Sargent, in Garden and Forest, ii. 496, fig. 135 (1889); Brandegee, in Garden and Forest, vy. 111 (1892); Koehne, Deut. Dendr. 36 (1893). Pinus Engelmanni, Lemmon, in Erythea, i. 134 (1893) (not Torrey or Carriére). Pinus Mayriana, Sudworth, U.S. Forestry Bull. No. 14, p. 21 (1897); Mayr, Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbiume, 367 (1906). Leaves very long and stout, 14 to 15 in. long, 5 in. broad. Cones very oblique ; scales with projecting knobbed umbos, armed with sharp prickles. This variety,’ said to be a tree about 80 ft. high, was discovered on the southern slope of the Santa Rita mountains in Arizona by Mayr in 1887. 1 Cf. Graves, Black Hills Forest Reserve, published in U.S. Geol. Survey, 1897-98, pt. v. Forest Reserves (1899). 2 Toumey, in Garden and Forest, viii, 22, fig. 4 (1895), figures this tree, or a similar form, on Mount Chiricahui, in south-eastern Arizona, and believes that all the varieties of P. fonderosa occur there, gradually passing into one another. Lemmon, in Zrythea, ii. 103, fig. 3 (1894), describes and figures the Chiricahui pine as P. apacheca, Pinus 1073 5. Var. arizonica, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1909). Pinus arizonica, Engelmann, in Rothrock, Rep. Geol. Surveys, vi. 260 (1878); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 75, t. 559 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 14 (1905). A tree 80 to roo ft. high, with black and deeply furrowed bark. Young branchlets glaucous. Leaves usually in fives, but occasionally also in threes, according to Shaw. Cones ovoid, small, 2 to 24 in. long. This occurs on the sides of cafions of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at 6000 to 8000 ft. elevation, sometimes forming nearly pure forests. It is more abundant and attains its largest size on the sierras of northern Mexico, in Sonora, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon. 6. Var. macrophylla, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 24 (1909). Pinus macrophylla, Engelmann, in Wislizenus, Zour VV. Mexico, 103 (1848), and in Zrans. St. Louis Acad. iv. 181 (1880). Pinus Engelmanni, Carritre, in Rev. Hort. 227 (1854). A tree 70 to 80 ft. high. Leaves 12 to 16 in. long, stout, in threes, fours, and fives. Cones large (according to Engelmann, 44 in. long); scales with apophysis pro- longed into a reflexed protuberance, armed with either a stout or slender prickle. Discovered by Wislizenus on the mountains of Cosiquirachi, where it is said to be abundant. According to Shaw, it occurs in Sonora and Chihuahua in northern Mexico. : (A. H.) DIsTRIBUTION AND History This splendid tree is the most important species of pine in western North America, being the most widely distributed, the largest except P. Lambertiana, and the most variable. It occurs over a vast region, extending eastwards to Montana, the Black Hills of Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and western Texas, and westwards to the shores of the Pacific, attaining its most northerly limit in the dry interior of British Columbia,’ in the north Thompson valley, and around Shushwap lake, in lat. 514°, descending the Fraser river to thirty miles above Yale. It reaches south- wards to Lower California, Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. It is essentially a tree of dry regions and sunny aspects, yet able to endure a great degree of cold in winter. It is the first pine which the traveller sees on going west across the prairies in western Nebraska,’ and forms the greater part of the forests, now rapidly disappearing, which cover the Black Hills of Dakota, where it attains a maximum height of 1oo ft. and a diameter of 1g in. In Montana it becomes a larger tree, attaining a height of 150 ft. on the dry slopes of the mountains near Helena, where it ascends to 6000 ft., in company with the Douglas fir and Western larch. In the Flathead valley it grows in scattered groups on the margin of the prairie in the plain of Kalispell, and gradually advances 1 Macoun, Cat. Canad. Plants, i. 466. Palmer, in Brit. Columbia Bull, No. 21, p. 10 (1905), gives its habitat as the dry plateau between the Coast and Gold Ranges, where it is largely used for lumber. The seeds were formerly eaten by the natives. 2 Bessey, in Bot, Gazette, xxii. 245 (1896), gives its distribution in Nebraska, as along the northern border in the valley of the Niobrara river, in the south-western corner, along the river Platte, where I saw it in 1904, and in patches in the centre of the state in cafions of the Loup. Vv L 1074. The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland into the dense mixed coniferous forest of the surrounding mountains. Plate 281, from a negative taken by Prof. Elrod, represents a yellow pine near Flathead Lake. Near Whitefish, Henry measured an average tree, 148 ft. in height and 114 ft. in girth, which showed when felled 34 in. thick of bark, 3 in. of sapwood, and 360 annual rings. In the Blackfoot valley, near Missoula, I measured a tree 140 ft. high by 15 ft. in girth. In Colorado the mountain form’ forms very extensive pure forests on the plateau between 7000 and 8200 ft., ascending occasionally to goo0 ft., and descending to 4500 ft. Here the tree rarely exceeds 80 ft. in height and 3 ft. in diameter. It extends southwards along both sides of the Rockies to western Texas, northern New Mexico, and Arizona, exhibiting in the latter state several peculiar forms, which have been distinguished, on account of their very long needles and peculiar cones, as distinct species (P. Mayriana, P. apacheca). It also spreads into the northern states of Mexico’ in varieties with leaves varying in number, distinguished as P. macrophylla and P. arizonica, the latter being also a native of Arizona. In wet regions, like the coast of British Columbia and Vancouver Island, the tree is unknown ; but it grows in Washington, close to Puget Sound, on dry gravelly prairies. In eastern Washington it forms an open pure forest on the lower timber line, bordering on the arid region, and ranges from 400 to 6200 ft. According to Piper,’ it has a marked preference for granitic soil, though it grows on basaltic clay in the Blue Mountains. It here attains its maximum development at 2000 ft., reaching a height of 200 ft. and a diameter of 6 ft. It is common along the eastern slopes and foothills of the Cascade range, and becomes a conspicuous tree in southern Oregon, where the climate is drier, forming considerable forests at Grant’s Pass and in the Siskiyou mountains. In California it occurs in the coast ranges,‘ as in Sonoma and Napa counties, and there is a fine forest of this species on the Howell mountain plateau ; but no trees are known in the inner coast ranges bounding Solano and Yolo counties, It is not recorded from the San Francisco Bay ranges, except from the Mt. Hamilton ridges. It is abundant in the Sierra Nevada, at or above 5000 ft.; and, according to Muir,’ ranges on the western slope from 2000 ft. to timber line, and, crossing the range by the lowest passes, descends to the eastern base, and pushes far out into the hot volcanic plains. The largest tree measured by Muir grew in the Merced valley, and was 220 ft. high and 8 ft. in diameter. Var. Jeffrey occurs in California,’ frem Scott's Mountain in Siskiyou county, and along the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, forming large forests at the headwaters of the Pitt and M‘Cloud rivers, and often grows on the most exposed and driest ridges, wandering out among the volcanoes of the Great Basin. Sudworth records it from Douglas county in southern Oregon; and it is the chief pine on the lower slopes of Mount Shasta, which it ascends to about 5500 ft., the largest that I 1 A tree growing in Monument Park, Colorado, is figured by Sir J. Hooker in Gard. Chron. ix. 796, fig. 138 (1878). ? Shaw, of. cit. 2, states that P. ponderosa extends in Mexico southwards to lat. 23° or 24°. 3 Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xi. 50, 92, tt. xiv. xv. (1906). 4 Jepson, Flora W. Mid. California, 21 (1901). 5 In Harpers Magazine, xxii. 719. 6 Sir J. Hooker, in Gard. Chron. xxii. 814, fig. 141 (1884), gives a sketch of a tree growing in the Silver Mountains in the Sierra Nevada range, on the eastern slope, and says he met with no specimens nearly so large as 200 ft., the height given by Sargent. ee Cy OE PG I LL OT I OT, TO LG OE CCL TO IO OE EE ELE ELLE A I IAD . Pinus 1075 measured here being 120 ft. high by 134 ft. in girth. It extends southwards to the San Bernardino and the San Jacinto ranges, up to 8000 ft. elevation, in the Cuyamaca mountains, and finds its most southerly point’ on the San Pedro Martir mountain,” in Lower California. P. ponderosa was first mentioned by Lewis and Clarke, who saw it in 1804 on the Upper Missouri, on their memorable journey across the Rocky Mountains, It was not made known to science, however, until David Douglas found it* on the Spokane river, in Washington, in 1826, and in the Companion to the Botanical Magaziné}ii. 111, published in 1836, mentioned it as a new pine under the name of P. ponderosa. This name was taken up in 1836 by Lawson,‘ to whom Sargent attributes its description, which was taken from a tree in the Caledonian Horti- cultural Society’s Garden, raised from the seeds sent by Douglas in 1827 to the London Horticultural Society. The variety /ef/reyc was discovered by Jeffrey in October 1852 in the Shasta ’ valley, in northern California, and introduced in the following year.° CULTIVATION So far as I have seen, this tree succeeds best and attains the greatest size on dry, well drained, but deep soil in the south of England, while it often becomes unhealthy and dies in damp situations; and, though perfectly hardy® in Scotland, is not so large or so thriving there as in the south. It ripens seeds freely in good seasons, from which many plants have been raised at Tortworth and other places. The seedlings are best raised in a box and planted out when a year or two old; when once established they grow fast, and do not seem to suffer from early or late frosts. There are several trees of P. Jonderosa in England, which are about go ft. in height and some over; but we have seen none to equal the tree at Powis Castle near the Welshpool entrance to the park, which, when I measured it in 1908, was 105 ft. high’ and 1o ft. in girth with a clean bole of about 60 ft. At Bayfordbury a tree planted in 1837, and growing on good loamy soil, was carefully measured with a sextant and different base lines in 1906, when it was 100% ft. in height, its girth being 9 ft. 4 in. Exactly three years later, in April 4 1 The southern form, growing on the mountains east of the San Rafael valley of southern California, and on the moun- tain of San Pedro Martir, in a dry climate, is figured in Garden and Forest, v. 184, fig. 28 (1892), under the name P. Jefreyz, var, peninsularis, Lemmon, in 37d Report Calif. State Forestry Board, p. 200 (1891). 2 Brandegee, in Zoe, iv. 201 (1893), describes this mountain as a plateau 7000 to 8000 ft. elevation, with ridges 2000 to 3000 ft, higher. It is cold in winter, ice lasting until May, and the rainfall is considerable. P. Jeffrey¢ is the most common tree on the plateau, a few trees of P. Lamébertiana occurring on the ridges. P. Parryana is common at lower elevations than the plateau. 3 A specimen, collected by Douglas, in the Kew Herbarium, bears a parasitic plant, Arceuthobium occidentale, Engelm., figured by Loudon, t. 2137, as 4. oxycedri, Bieb. 4 Lawson, Agricultural Manual, 354 (1836). 5 These particulars are taken from Jeffrey’s advice note, which Prof. I. B. Balfour has allowed us to consult. 6 At Thorpe Perrow, Bedale, all the conifers raised from seeds collected by Hartweg were killed in the severe winter of 1860-61, when 46° of frost were registered, except P. Benthamiana, the Californian coast variety of P. ponderosa, of which two fine trees were surviving in 1888. Cf. Gard, Chron. iii, 236 (1888). 7 This is the tree mentioned in the notes supplied to the Royal English Arboricultural Society on their visit in 1909 as a Corsican pine, No. 6. 1076 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1909, two measurements taken by Mr. H. Clinton-Baker make it ror ft. by 9 ft. 7 in. It girthed in 1865, 4 ft. 9 in., and in 1900, 9 ft. Sir H. Beevor has measured another at Garston Manor, Watford, go ft. by 8 ft. 2 in. Another at Dropmore is believed to be one of Douglas’s original seedlings, planted in 1829, and, as measured by Mr. Page in 1909, was 99 ft. by 8 ft. 9 in. ; in 1905 I made it 92 ft. by 84 ft. At Arley Castle two trees of the same origin, measured by Mr. R. Woodward in 1909, were 104 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in., and 96 ft. by 6 ft. 7 in. At Highnam there is a tree 72 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in. At Escot St. Mary, Miss F. Woolward measured a tree 94 ft. by 7 ft. 8 in. At Brocklesby Park, Mr. Havelock measured, in 1904, a tree 87 ft. by 6 ft. ro in. On the heavy clay at Orton Longueville the largest is only about 70 ft. by 74 ft. In the damper climate of the west it does not seem to grow so fast, the best tree at Killerton being only 72 ft. by 64 ft. At Eastnor Castle, there are two trees of the typical form, 65 ft. by 7 ft, and 65 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in., and a specimen of var. Jeffrey, 58 ft. by 5 ft., all the measurements being taken by Mr. Mullins in 1909. Var. Jeffreyz is 60 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. at Westonbirt, and 56 ft. by 5 ft. 1 in, at Orton. In Wales I have not noticed any specially noteworthy trees, the climate at~- Penrhyn being clearly too wet to suit its requirements. In Scotland the best we have seen is at Smeaton Hepburn. A tree’ of var. Jeffreyt, planted in 1856, measured in 1902, 72 ft. high and 4 ft. 9. in. in girth, A tree at Scone, Perthshire, measured’ in 1891, 50 ft. by 6 ft. 8. in. Though it grows fairly well in central and eastern Scotland, we have seen no large trees in the west, and Sir H. Maxwell mentions none. In Ireland also it seems to be unsuccessful; none of the reports of the Conifer Conference in 1891 speak well of it, and we have seen no trees worth recording for their size. , In Germany cones matured ® for the first time in 1894, on a tree at Schaffenberg, near Berlin, which was 25 ft. high and growing with great vigour and apparently hardy. Both P. ponderosa and var. Jeffreyz have been experimented with in forest plots* in Prussia, and succeeded for a time, but afterwards for some inexplicable reason gradually withered and died. The seedlings are very liable to the leaf- shedding disease, Lophodermium Pinastrt. As a timber tree it is not likely to have any importance in Europe, the timber being coarse in comparison with that of the native species. In North America, however, it is one of the most useful for mining and general building purposes. As a rule, according to Sargent,’ P. onderosa and its varieties have not proved satisfactory in the eastern states. The long-leaved Californian forms are not hardy in New England. Var. scopudorum is hardy near Boston, where it is impossible, however, to keep it alive more than a few years, as a fungoid disease disfigures and soon destroys it. Var../ef/reyz is more successful, and the best specimens probably 1 Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club, xviii. 211 (1904). 2 Journ, Roy. Hort. Soc. xiv. 536 (1892). 5 Garden and Forest, vii. 95 (1894), where it is stated that at Berlin P. Sadiniana succumbed in the severe winter of 1893; while P. Coulteri is hardy, but grows slowly. * Cf. Schwappach, Anbauversuche fremdliind. Holzart. §7 (1901), and Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 57 (1905). 5 Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). Pinus 1077 in the eastern states are in Delaware Park, Buffalo, where there are eight trees which, planted in 1871, were in 1897, 25 to 37 ft. high. A fine weeping variety, var. pendula, Masters, which was imported from England in 1851, and planted at Woodenethe, Fishkill on Hudson, New York, is figured’ in Garden and Forest, i. 392, fig. 62 (1888); and was, in 1882, 59 ft. high and 5 ft. 7 in. in girth, We have not seen any tree showing this habit either in England or in its native country. (H. J. E.) PINUS TUBERCULATA, Kwnos-cone Pine Pinus tuberculata, Gordon, in Journ, Hort. Soc. iv. 218 (1849), and Pinetum, 288 (1875), (not D. Don) ; Lawson, Pinet. Brit. i. 93, t. 13 (1884); Masters, in Gard. Chron, xxiv. 786, fig. 184 (1885), and Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 594 (1904); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 386 (1900) ; Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 227 (1907); Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 57 (1909). Pinus californica, Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847) (not P. californiana, Loiseleur). Pinus attenuata, Lemmon, in Mining and Scientific Press, Jan. 16, 1892, ex Sargent, Silva NV. Amer, xi. 107, tt. 575, 576 (1897); Sargent, Zrees NV. Amer. 22 (1905). A tree, usually 20 to 3o ft. high and 1 ft. in diameter, occasionally attaining 100 ft. in height and 2} ft. in diameter; often divided about the middle into two ascending stems. Bark 4 to 4 in. thick, brown, irregularly broken into large loose scales. Young branchlets slender, glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent pulvini separated by linear grooves. Buds cylindrical, pointed, brown, about an inch long, with closely appressed scales. Leaves in threes, persistent three or four years, spreading, usually 4 to 5 in. long, slender, firm and rigid, serrulate, ending in a sharp cartilaginous point, marked by stomatic lines on the three surfaces; resin-canals median; basal sheath } in. long. Cones lateral, in one, two, or thrée whorls on the same year’s shoot, in clusters of two to four, deflexed, asymmetrical, oblique at the base, short-stalked, pale brown, elongated-conical, 3 to 5 in. long; scales thin, flat; apophyses transversely keeled, on the outer side of the cone, pyramidate, raised into conical knobs, and armed with sharp spines, on the inner side flattened and with minute prickles. Seed oval, black, grooved, } in long; wing about an inch long. The cones are developed at an early age, often appearing in whorls on the stem, when it is only 2 or 3 ft. high; and remain both on the stem and branches unopened until the advent of a forest fire or the death of the tree. They are some- times found embedded in the bark of old trunks. This species is found in arid sunny situations on the mountains of south-western Oregon, south of the Mackenzie river, in the Siskiyou mountains, and southward along the western slopes of the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada, and in the coast range of California from Santa Cruz to the San Bernardino mountains, where it is abundant at 4000 ft. It is most common in Oregon, usually growing in small groves 1 This tree is also figured in Gard. Chron. x. 236, fig. 42 (1878). 1078 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland amidst the chaparral, and where I saw it on the boundary between Oregon and California, never attained a greater height than 30 ft. with a maximum diameter of a foot, all the trees being narrowly pyramidal with short branches, and bearing numerous whorls of unopened cones on the main stem, Its range here appears to be between 2500 and 3000 ft. Sargent says it occasionally attains a height of 100 ft., but neither Mr. F. R. S. Balfour nor myself saw any but small trees, those of exceptional size being probably restricted to deep ravines on good soil. The hills on which it grows are very liable to be swept by forest fires, and there is no doubt that it rarely if ever reproduces itself, except on burnt areas,’ when the scorched cones let out the seeds. It is often attacked by mistletoe. In the same region it is occasionally accompanied by a peculiar variety of P. contorta with small cones, a tree of similar size and habit, P. tuberculata was discovered by Hartweg* in 1847 in the Santa Cruz mountains, about twenty miles north of Monterey, and was introduced by him into the garden of the Horticultural Society, London, in the same year. This species grows slowly in England, and is of rare occurrence in collections; the best specimen we have seen is a tree 50 ft. high at Bury Hill, Dorking, which divides into several stems at 1 ft. from the ground, where it girths 1o ft.5 in. There is an ill-shaped and decaying tree at Bayfordbury, 36 ft. high, dividing at 3 ft. from the ground into two stems, 3 ft. and 3} ft. respectively in girth. A branch of the tree 4 ft. in length bore forty-one cones. A tree at The Heath, Leighton Buzzard, measured by A. B. Jackson in 1908, was about 35 ft. high. Smaller specimens occur at Kew, Blackmoor in Hants, and Ochtertyre. In New Zealand,’ this species is a rapid grower, second only to P. radiata. At Canterbury, three varieties have arisen, all of which come true from seed and are very constant in character. (A. H.) 1 A graphic account of this pine and its relation to forest fires, by Muir in Harger’s Magazine, xxii. 715, is reproduced in Gard. Chron, xxiv. 786 (1885). Jepson, in Flora W. Mid. California, 23 (1901), says that a burnt forest of the knob-cone pine is promptly re-sown with its own seed. * Hartweg described it in Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189 (1847), but erroneously supposed it to be identical with P. californiana, Loiseleur. 5 Adams, Genus Pinus, 6, paper read at the Philosophical Institute, Canterbury, New Zealand, 7th August 1907. Pinus 1079 PINUS RADIATA, Monterey PINE Pinus radiata, Don, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvii. 442 (1836); Sargent, Si/va WV. Amer. xi. 103, tt. 573, 574 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 21 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifer, 370 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot) xxxv. 595 (1904). Pinus tuberculata, Don, loc. cit. (not Gordon). Pinup,insignis, Douglas, ex Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2265 (1838); Forbes, Pin. Woburn. 51, t. 18 (1839); Lawson, Pin. Brit. i. 37 (1884); Baines, in Gard. Chron. ix. 108, figs. 22, 23 (1878); Masters, in Gard. Chron. ix. 337, fig. 77 (1891); Clinton-Baker, Z/ust. Conif. i. 26 (1909). Pinus Sinclairit, Hooker et Arnott, Bot. Beechey’s Voyage,? 392, t. 93 (1841). Pinus Montereyensis, Rauch, ex Gordon, Pinetum, 197 (1858). A tree, attaining at Monterey about roo ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark about 2 in. thick, dark brown, deeply divided into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent pulvini. Buds } to # in. long, cylindrical, pointed, brown ; scales closely appressed and coated with resin. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, densely crowded on the branchlets, bright green, 4 to 5 in. long, about ;, in. broad, slender and flexible, serrulate, ending in a short cartilaginous tip, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath $ in. long. ; Cones lateral, on stout short stalks, solitary or in clusters of two or three, deflexed or spreading, about 3 to 5 in. long, ovoid with a pointed apex, shining brown, very asymmetrical, with the scales much thickened from the middle to the base on the outer side, their apophyses elevated into protuberances, directed down- wards; elsewhere with the apophyses flatter, rhomboidal, marked with a transverse - linear ridge and a dark brown umbo, armed with a minute prickle. Seed oval, about + in. long, blackish and tuberculate ; wing light brown, with darker longitudinal stripes, about an inch long. In this species the shoots, when vigorous, are multinodal, and often show a ring of buds in the middle of the branchlet, as well as one subtending the terminal bud. At Monterey,® the shoots regularly produce two whorls of cones; and many trees show three, four, or even five whorls, but in this case many of the cones remain unfertilised and shrivel up at the beginning of the second year. In cultivated trees in this country and in dense stands at Monterey the cones are persistent, remaining unopened on the branches for several years, or in some cases even retaining the cones on the main stem or on the largest and oldest branches. In exposed trees at Monterey, the cones usually open, immediately after ripening, with the onset of the warm weather that occurs in autumn. The seedlings have five to seven cotyledons, and are variable in habit, some 1 This is the oldest certain name, and the one exclusively used by American botanists and foresters. . adunca, Poiret, in Lamarck, Zncycl. Suppl. iv. 418 (1816), may be this species, but the description is very imperfect. 2 The drawing and description represent a large coned form of P. radiata. The cone in the Kew Museum labelled “ P. Sinclairii (?)” is P. Montezuma ; but it is not the cone described by Hooker and Arnott; and Engelmann in Brewer and Watson, Bot. Calif. ii. 128 (1880), is incorrect in assuming P. Sinclairit to be a factitious species. 3 J. B. Hickman, in Zrythea, iv. 194 (1896). 1080 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland young plants giving off lateral shoots immediately above the cotyledons, while others have a long unbranched stem.’ The primordial needles are very long, narrow, and finely serrate ; and are succeeded by the ternate leaves when the stem attains 6 or 8 in. in height. VARIETIES Both in wild and cultivated trees there is great variation in the size of the cones ; and the length of the leaves is not constant. P. radiata was formerly supposed to differ from P. zusignis in having larger cones; but intermediate forms are numerous.’ Var. dinata, Engelmann, in Brewer and Watson, Bot. California, ii. 128 (1880). —Leaves usually in twos. Specimens* at Kew bear much smaller cones than in the type, symmetrical at the base and with scales not swollen on the outer side. This variety was discovered in 1875 by Dr. Palmer on Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, and was found in 1888 by Brandegee* on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa isles, off Santa Barbara in California. “Dr. Franceschi says® that this pine is found on the northern and north-western part of Guadalupe, which in times past must have been covered with a dense forest. It grows in company with a palm, Evrythea edulis, and with Quercus tomentella, at considerable elevations. The trees *® are vigorous and handsome, averaging 70 ft. in height and 74 ft. in girth. Near the sea they are cut like a hedge owing to the force of the wind. Var. aurea, A form with bright golden foliage has appeared in New ‘Zesthda’ and is being propagated there for sale.’ DISTRIBUTION This species has a very restricted distribution, occurring only in a narrow belt a few miles wide on the coast of California from Pescadero to San Simeon Bay; on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz off Santa Barbara, and on Guadalupe island, off the coast of Lower California, the insular form belonging as described above, to var. dznata. It is most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos,® south of the Bay of Monterey. At Pacific Grove,® where the forest of this pine is extremely important, 1 Cf. Gard. Chron, ix. 337 (1891). 2 Large cones, var. macrocarpa, Gordon, Pinetum, 206 (1858), are said by Hartweg, in Journ. Hort. Soc. iii. 226 (1848), to be characteristic of the pines forming a wood at San Antonio, some distance from the sea. Lemmon, however, in West American Cone-Bearers, 6 (1895), says that trees with large cones occur near the sea, those with small cones being seen on the outskirts of the forest, farthest from the ocean. 3 Collected in Guadalupe by Dr. Palmer in 1875, by Dr. Franceschi in 1892, and by A. W. Antony in 1896. 4 Cf. Proc. Calif. Acad. i. pt. ii. 217 (1889). 5 In Zoe, iv. 130 (1893). ® According to Palmer, in Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. xi. 119 (1876). 7 Cf. T. W. Adams, Genus Pinus, 4, a paper read at the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, New Zealand, on 7th August 1907. Mr, Adams saved seed from a cone without any knobs on its outer side, and all the trees raised are now bearing cones of the ordinary type’ A number of varieties have arisen in New Zealand, remarkable for the variation in the size of the cones and in the colour of the foliage. 8 Here it mixes slightly with P. muricata. ®.Cf. G. J. Pierce, in Bot. Gazette, xxxvii. 448 (1904), who describes the attacks of a fly, Diplosis pini-radiate, Snow, which produces a basal hypertrophy of the needles of this pine. It is also much attacked by a kind of mistletoe, 4rceuthobium occidentale, Engelm. ; and an interesting account of the dissemination of the seeds of this parasite on the pine is given by Pierce in Ann. Bot. xix, 99-113 (1905). Pe Pinus 1081 being the main protection of the town of that name against the sand, which now piled up in large dunes would otherwise be blown inland over the town. Paths and roads have been cut through the forest, and a few years ago a serious fire swept over part of it, so that the pine is now having a hard struggle for existence. Prof. Jepson informs me that this pine grows on the Monterey peninsula from the sand dunes of the seashore inland over the adjoining hilly ridges, which nowhere exceed 400 ft. elevation. The average rainfall’ for the twenty-three years, 1878 to 4900, was 15°37 in. annually, occurring on forty to sixty days in the winter from October to April. The months of June, July, and August are perfectly dry. The number of cloudy days in the year varies from 120 to 150. The thermometer never rises above 89° F., and rarely descends below freezing-point, and then only for short periods in the night,—though 24° F. was registered in 1905, and 27° F. in 1906. This species was discovered? by Douglas during his stay at Monterey in 1831 and 1832; and from seeds sent home by him in 1833 plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society and in the Duke of Devonshire’s grounds at Chiswick, which were 3 to 5 ft. in height in 1838. Coulter also sent cones at about the same time, from Monterey, which were described by Don as P. radiata in 1836. Subse- quently, in 1850 and 1851, consignments of seed were sent to Messrs. Veitch by William Lobb.° (A. H.) CULTIVATION Near the sea in almost all parts of Great Britain, but especially in the south- west of England, in Wales, and in Ireland, Pius radiata has proved to be a tree of great value for shelter and ornament ; and though its timber is too coarse to come into competition with that of Baltic or even home-grown pine, its growth is so extremely rapid that it may prove profitable to grow for mining timber in Cornwall and South Wales. It produces seed freely at an early age. The seedlings grow more rapidly than those of any other pine which I have raised ; and though they are not so easy to transplant as those of the Scots pine, the proportion of losses in transplantation is much less than in the Corsican species. In a mixed plantation made by C. Daubuz, Esq., of Killiow, about two miles from Truro, in 1864, Monterey pines when I saw them in 1902 averaged about 8 ft. in girth, larch 3 ft., chestnut 3 ft., and silver fir about 40 in. The pines were raised from seeds of a home-grown tree under twenty years old ; and it seemed to me that in this locality, if planted thick enough and cut at the right size, they might be equal to imported pit-props. Though the tree is hardy enough to grow in many inland parts of England, it seems to succeed best near the sea; and at Colesborne, though it has endured frosts as low as zero in sheltered places, the growth is slow, the young shoots are 1 The rainfall, however, has been more considerable lately :—in 1905, 21°63 in.; in 1906, 25:03 in.; and in 1907, iar Colligon, a gardener who accompanied the La Peyrouse expedition, is supposed to have sent a cone of this species to the museum at Paris in 1787, which was described by Loiseleur in Mouv. Duhamel, v. 243 (1812) as P. californiana, The latter states that a plant raised from the seed of this cone was living in 1812 in the open in the Jardin des Plantes. The seed, however, is described as being large and edible like that of P. Ceméra, and the foliage as being in twos and threes; and in all probability this plant was P, Pinea, 3 Hortus Veitchii, 39 (1906). Vv M 1082 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland often killed back by frost, and in low-lying or exposed situations the trees are killed outright in cold seasons. In the garden of the Rev. A. Boscawen at Ludgvan, near Penzance, the growth of seedlings is extraordinary, and the ability of the tree to bear sea-winds is greater than that of any other pine. As regards soil it must be well drained and light to ensure success. Mr. Rogers, of Penrose, Cornwall, says’ that he planted about 1000 trees, many in the most exposed borders of plantations near the sea in Mount’s Bay, most of them being seedlings from his older trees. He considers it one of the best of nurses, giving better shelter and growing faster than either the Austrian or maritime pine; but it suffers severely from snow in a cold winter, losing entire limbs and often dying from its effects.» He has used wood of thirty years’ growth both for furniture and for wheelbarrows, etc., and finds it easily worked, light in weight, tough and strong, though liable, as might be expected from immature timber, to be worm-eaten. If planted closely, it will produce clean straight timber. REMARKABLE TREES The largest specimens reported in 1891 were at Dropmore, then 90 ft. by 11 ft., planted in 1839, and Boconnoc, then 68 ft. by 13 ft. ; but these are now far surpassed by many others. The most remarkable that I have seen is a tree in a sheltered dell called the Wilderness at Cuffnell’s, near Lyndhurst, which in 1907 was 116 ft. by 84 ft., with a clean bole about 4o ft. long. Plate 282 shows how very unlike this is to its usual habit both in California and England. The next tallest was a tree, no longer living, which, as I am told by Rev. A. Boscawen, was carefully measured at Heligan in Cornwall in 1897 by the Hon. Charles Ellis, who found it to be 108 ft. high. This was a seedling of unknown age, raised from a tree which I saw on the lawn at Heligan in 1905; a very rugged and wide-spreading tree which, though only about 50 ft. high, was 18 ft. in girth. It was blown down in May 1909. There are many other very large trees, of which I give particulars in tabular form as follows :— Height. Girth. Year, By whom measured. Haldon House, Devonshire .- . go ft. 14 ft.6in. 1903 H. J. Elwes. Heanton Satchville, Devonshire . 92 ft. 14 ft. 1905 45 Knowle Hotel, Sidmouth, Devon- shire . 3 ; : ee at 14 ft.2in. 1907 Miss F. Woolward. Lamorran, Cornwall . ° . go ft. 13 ft.6in. 1905 H. J. Elwes. Not over fifty years old; very rough tree. Coldrennick, Cornwall . ; 5, FOS at 14 ft. 5in. rg905 A. Bartlett. 1 Woods and Forests, 1883, p. 19. 2 Loudon, in Gard. Mag. xv. 269 (1839), states that plants were killed nearly everywhere in Britain by the severe winter of 1838-39 ; but one survived at Sunning Hill, in the grounds of Mr. R. Mangles. It was growing on dry elevated ground. A tree at Gunnersbury, 48 ft. high, was reported in Gard. Chron. 1868, p. 152, to have been killed by the severe frost of 1867. In the severe winter of 1908-9, when the temperature fell at Kew to 10° F, on 30th December, the leaves on this pine tree were injured, and turned a rusty brown colour. Cf. Kew Bull., 1909, p. 225. Pinus 1083 Height. Girth. Year. By whom measured. Northerwood, Hants . ; . 106 ft. 14 ft.6in. 1907 H. J. Elwes. A very fine tree, painted by Mr. Short. Dropmore, Bucks : ; Sy iy ei 15 ft. 1909 C. Page. Bury Hill, Surrey. 5 . 98 ft. 14 ft.6in. 1908 H. J. Elwes. Deepdene, Surrey. c . . 86 ft. 9 ft. 2 in. tg05 A. Henry. Goodwood, Sussex (Plate 283) . 83 ft. 9 ft. 1906 H. J. Elwes. Very clean stem to ; 35 ft.; not spreading. Beauport, Sussex... : . go ft. 12 ft.9 in. 1905 H. J. Elwes. Raised about 1855 ‘ from seed of tree by house. Sandling Park, Kent . : oS ft; 15ft.roin. 1907 H.J. Elwes. Large branches coming at 2} ft. off at 5 ft, Cobham Hall, Kent - goft. 11 ft. 9 in. 1906 A. Henry. Trebah, Cornwall . ; » 95-100 ft. 12 ft. 5 in. 1909 A. B. Jackson. Essendon Place, Herts c . 69 ft. ro ft. 1906 H. Clinton Baker. Fulmodestone, Norfolk . : ~ 9O kt 10 ft. ro in. 1905 Sir Hugh Beevor. Eastnor Castle, Herefordshire? . 80 ft. tod ft. 1909 J. Mullins. Bellshill, Northumberland. Bel i Bi 9 ft. 1906 H. J. Elwes. Healthy in this cold county three to four miles from the sea. Stackpole Court, Pembrokeshire . 90 ft. 9 ft. 9 in. 1906 H. J. Elwes. Bodorgan, Anglesea. ; . 75 ft. 17 ft. at ground 1906 H. J. Elwes. Large branches come off at 5 ft.; 72 paces round. At Dropmore® trees from cuttings planted in 1839, treated exactly the same way as seedlings put out in the same year, were in 1882 somewhat smaller in height and in girth, At White Knights, Reading, a tree eighteen years old, from seed, measured in 1904, 52 ft. high by 4 ft. in girth. At Highnam Court, Gloucester, there are two trees, one with short leaves and small cones, which measured in 1906, 54 ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. The other, with much larger cones and larger leaves, was 56 ft. by 4 ft. 7 in. At Bicton a remarkable specimen, 75 ft. high and about 15 ft. in girth near the ground, dividing into many large branches higher up, was measured by me in 1902. A large tree at Longford Castle, planted in 1845 and growing on yellow loam close to the river Avon, in 1893 was 60 ft. high and 154 ft. in girth at a foot from the ground, dividing above into eleven great branches.‘ Now it is about 65 ft. high and 75 ft. in diameter, perfectly healthy, and unhurt by frost. There are several fine trees at Osborne. In Scotland this species was killed *® in many places in the severe winter of 1860- 1861; and has not thriven subsequently in other places, as it is a failure at Glamis Castle, Forfarshire, and at Murthly, Perthshire. At Hopetoun, Linlithgowshire, the best specimen was killed in 1860, and a survivor was so much injured by the frost of 1879-80 that it was cut down in 1881. Similarly in the north of England, at Lambton Park, Co. Durham, it has been repeatedly tried and failed. The Monterey pine, however, thrives on the west coast of Scotland; and a tree planted at Monreith, Wigtownshire, in 1884 was 63 ft. high by 5 ft. in girth in 1908. 1 A tree at Essendon Place, perhaps the same as this, measured, in 1866, 50 ft. high by 24 ft. in diameter, according to Gard. Chron, 1866, p. 950. 2 Gard. Chron. ix. 108, fig. 23 (1878). 3 Cf. Hutchison, in Zrans. Highland and Agric. Soc. Scotland, xiv. 59 (1882). Mr. Frost expressed the opinion that cuttings of this pine throve as well as seedlings. * Gard. Chron. xiv. 725 (1893). 5 Cf, Hutchison, of. cit. 58. 1084 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland At Castle Kennedy there are two trees, which girthed in 1904, 9 ft. 4 in. and 8 ft. 6 in., both being 68 ft. in height. At Bargaly, Kirkcudbright, a tree was 75 ft. by 11 ft. 8 in., in 1904. At Keir, Perthshire, there is a healthy tree, although it has never borne cones, which measured in 1905, 73 ft. by 11 ft. This species thrives amazingly in most parts of Ireland. The finest specimens which we have seen are as follows :— Height. Girth. Year. By whom measured. Woodstock, Kilkenny . ‘ « x20. 12 ft. 1909 H. J. Elwes. &. aS ; ; x OO tt 144 ft. 1909 H., J. Elwes. Curraghmore, Waterford! . - 95 ft. 13 ft. 3 in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. re ~ ‘ « 98 11 ft. 3 in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. Fota, Cork . = : : . go ft. 15 ft. 2 in. 1908 H, J. Elwes. An immense tree, 96 paces in circumference. Muckross, Kerry (Plate 284). . 85 ft. 14 ft.10in. 1909 H. J. Elwes. Powerscourt, Wicklow ?. ee fae i 11 ft. 5 in. 1904 A. Henry. Planted 1865. Kilruddery, Wicklow . , ope toa Ste 16 ft. 1904 A. Henry. Charleville, Wicklow. . : , 250 tt 11 ft. 9 in. 1904 A. Henry. Mountshannon, Limerick® . . 8o ft. 15 ft. 2 in. 1905 A. Henry. Adare, Limerick . ; , . 87 ft. 6 ft. ro in. 1905 A. Henry. A narrow, pyramidal tree. Glenstal, Limerick ‘ . + ‘OI 15 ft. 1903 A. Henry. Clonbrock, Galway : ; - go ft. 12} ft. 1903 A. Henry. Planted 1857. Hamwood, Meath : 5 70 ft. 17 ft.atground 1905 A. Henry. Divided into four stems. The Monterey pine Ba; been largely planted on the Pacific coast as far north as Washington, and as a rule has been successful. It thrives well near the coast at San Francisco; but requires careful watering in the arboretum of the Stanford University in the Santa Clara valley. It has been largely planted of late years in South Africa, but is only climatically suited to the winter rainfall districts, and the wholesale planting of the tree in Natal and the Transvaal has produced disappointment.* According to Mr. J. S. Lister, Conservator of Forests, the average annual increment per acre of ten-year-old trees has been no less than 526 ft., as compared with 152 ft. for Blue Gum and 203 ft. for Pinus Pinaster. Lately the leaves have been injured by the larva of a moth, Antherea cytherea. In New Zealand,’ no other tree approaches this species in rapidity of growth, and even should it be found that the timber is not of a durable kind, the rate at which it is produced will render it profitable to grow. Mr. T. W. Adams says that his experience of the wood grown in New Zealand satisfies him that it will prove valuable for many purposes. In Madeira, as I am informed by Dr. Watney, it grows with extraordinary rapidity. A tree at Camacha, sown z# sc¢u in 1883, measured in 1907, 99 ft. high, and about 8 ft. in girth at the base. (H. J.-E.) 1 Here trees about ten years old and 10 to 23 ft. in height were killed in the severe winter of 1879-80. Cf. Hutchison, op. cit. 64. ? Seedlings have been raised from home-grown seed at Powerscourt. 5 This tree was reported, no doubt erroneously, by the gardener, H. Lynch, to have been 98 ft. high in 1878. Cf. Gard. Chron. xv. 21 (1894). 4 Hutchins, in Flint and Gilchrist, Science in South Africa, 396 (1905). 5 In Agric. Journ. Cape of Good Hope, xxii. 447 (1903), and in Rep. Comsere. Forests, 1899, p. 93, app. N. 6 Adams, Joc. cit. Ph eth Neg Pinus 1085 PINUS PATULA, Mexican Pine Pinus patula, Schiechtendal et Chamisso, in Linnea, vi. 354 (1831), and xii. 488 (1838) ; Lambert, Genus Pinus, i. 36, t. 19 (1832); Loudon, Ard, e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2266 (1838); Masters, in Gard. Chron, xxiii, 108, tt. 20, 22 (1885), and in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 598 (1904) ; Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 355 (1900); Clinton-Baker, ///ust. Conif. i. 41 (1909); Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 29, t. xxii. (1909). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height. Bark towards the base fissured longitudinally into large scaly plates ; higher up thin, papery, reddish brown, and scaling off similarly to that of P. sylvestris. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous, with slightly raised pulvini, becoming reddish brown in the second year. Buds cylindric-conic, acuminate, 4 in. to 2 in. long; scales brown, interlaced by their white marginal fimbriz, with apices free and directed upwards or spreading. Leaves in threes, persistent two to four years, very filiform and slender, 6 to 9 in. long, #5 in. or less in width, flexible, bent, pendulous, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point, marked with stomatic lines on the three sides; resin-canals median ; basal sheath about an inch long. Cones lateral, in clusters of two to five, on stout short scaly stalks, deflexed, ovoid-conic, slightly curved, oblique at the base, about 3 to 4 in. long, pale brown, shining; scales oblong, thin, $ in. long, 4 in. wide; apophysis rhomboidal, with upper margin rounded, and a slightly elevated linear ridge; umbo dark grey, depressed, with a minute or obsolete prickle. Seed triangular, grey mottled with black, } in. long; wing } in. to 2 in. long. Cones are borne freely on cultivated trees in Cornwall and the south of Ireland, and apparently contain good seed, though we have not heard of any seedlings being raised. These cones remain closed on the old branches for seven or eight years, as they also do on native trees in Mexico. This species is easily recognisable by its bark, peeling off in the upper part of the stem like P. densiflora and P. sylvestris, its very slender filiform long needles, _multinodal glaucous reddish branchlets, and buds with scales free at the points. This ‘species, according to Shaw, attains 40 to 50 ft. in height, and grows, in company with P. Zzocote, at warm temperate altitudes in the central and eastern states of Mexico. Near Jalapa it occurs at 7ooo to 8000 ft. mixed with P. Montezume and various species of oak. Hartweg found it in the mountains around Real del Monte at 9700 ft. Stahl, in Karsten and Schenk, Vegetatzonsbilder, ii. pl. 13 (1905), figures a wood of this species under the Vigas, about 7000 ft. above sea-level, on the road from Perote to Jalapa. This species was discovered by Schiede and Deppe in 1828, and was probably introduced by them, as Lambert, according to Loudon, had a plant 6 ft. high at Boyton in 1837. Hartweg collected seeds in 1838 from which plants were raised in the garden of the Horticultural Society. (A. H.) This species succeeds in the mild climate of the south-west of England as in 1086 ‘The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Cornwall, and of the south of Ireland, where there are many fine specimens. One at Carclew (Plate 285) measured, in 1908, 61 ft. in height and 6 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Luscombe Castle, Dawlish, a tree 55 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in. was bearing cones abundantly when I saw it in 1908. At Tregrehan, a tree,’ 42 ft. by 8 ft. in 1898, was 60 yards round the branches. At Bicton, Mr. A. B. Jackson measured in 1908 a tree 48 ft. high, dividing at 2 ft. from the ground into two stems, 5 ft. 11 in., and 7 ft. 5 in. in girth, At Pencarrow, Lamorran, and Menabilly, I have seen other specimens of less dimensions. At Fota, near Queenstown, a branchy tree, with a short bole of 8 ft. dividing into wide-spreading limbs, measured in 1908, 63 ft. high by 11 ft. in girth, Many of the branches had been broken by previous gales. This tree was planted in 1847. (H. JE.) PINUS TEOCOTE Pinus Teocote,? Schlechtendal et Chamisso, in Linnea, v. 76 (1830); Lambert, Genus Pinus, i. 37, t. 20 (1832); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2266 (1838), and Lncycl. Trees, 991 (1842) ; Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 356 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxy. 598 (1904) ; Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 16, t. ix. (1909). A tree, attaining go ft. high in Mexico, with bark fissured into scaly plates. Young branchlets glabrous, glaucous, pale brown; the epidermis of the decurrent pulvini peeling off in the second and third year. Buds cylindric-conic, obtuse, about # in. long, resinous ; scales with tips free, interlaced at their bases by white marginal fimbriz. Leaves in threes, persistent three years, 4 to 8 in. long, #5 in. broad, spreading, rigid, sharp-pointed, serrulate, with stomatic lines on the three surfaces; resin-canals median ; basal sheath about an inch long. Cones sub-terminal, rarely lateral, single or in pairs, spreading or reflexed, short-stalked, opening when ripe, and falling soon afterwards, ovoid-cylindrical, about 2} in. long, dull brown or slightly shining ; scales numerous, ¢ in. long, } in. broad ; apophysis thickened at the margin, slightly raised, transversely ridged ; umbo usually depressed and ashy-grey, with a minute, straight, often obsolete prickle. Seed small, with a narrow wing. Var. macrocarpa, Shaw, Pines of Mexico, 17, t. x. (1909). Pinus leiophylla, Bentham, Pl. Hartw. 58 (1842) (in part). Leaves in threes, fours, or fives. Cones considerably larger than in the type, and illustrated by Lambert’s plate. Recorded from a few localities in Mexico, Chiapas, and Tlaxcala. . P. Teocote, according to Shaw, grows at temperate altitudes in the southern, central, western, and north-western Sierras of Mexico, associated with P. lezophylda, 1 This tree is figured in Gard. Chron. xxiii. 108, fig. 22 (1885). Fig, 20 represents a cone from a Carclew tree, Three trees are mentioned as existing at Carclew in 1885, measuring 30 ft. by 6 ft., 40 ft. by 64 ft., and go ft. by 5 ft., the girths being taken at three feet from the ground. One of these has since been destroyed by lightning. The dimensions of other trees in 1885 were :—Lamorran, 244 ft. by 3 ft. 10 in. ; Pencarrow, 43 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. ; and Bicton, 36 ft. in height. 2 According to Shaw, the word ‘‘ ocote,” from which the tree derives its name, signifies in Mexico, pitch pines and their products. Small bundles of firewood offered for sale in the markets of the cities are also called ‘ ocote.” Pinus 1087 Schiede and Deppe. It grows on the high lands, particularly on the sloping sides of the mountains of Orizaba and Real del Monte. It is also plentiful in Oaxaca,’ at gooo ft. elevation, on dry, hard, and poor soil, composed of reddish clay, where it is a slender tree, of moderate size, with hard and resinous reddish wood. According to Loudon, a single plant was in cultivation at Boyton in 1826. Subsequently, in 1839, cones were sent by Hartweg to the Horticultural Society of London, who distributed the seed, from which many plants were raised. Most of these succumbed in severe winters; and only a few trees are now living in this country. There are two at Bicton, one* of which, measured by Mr. H. Clinton- Baker in 1898, is 60 ft. by 5 ft. 9 in.; the other is 57 ft. by 6 ft. 10 in. At Luscombe Castle, another is about 50 ft. high by 5 ft. 4 in. in girth. A small tree also exists at Fota, which I saw in 1907. (A. H.) PINUS RIGIDA, Norrtuern Pitcu Pine Pinus rigida, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 10 (1768); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2239 (1838); Sargent, Siva NV. Amer. xi. 115, t. 579 (1897), and Zrees NV. Amer. 20 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man, Conifere, 373 (1900); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 599 (1904); Mayr, Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbiume, 361 (1906); Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conf. i. 49 (1909); Bean, in Gard. Chron. xlv. 178, fig. 75 (1909). Pinus Taeda, Linneus, var. rigida, Aiton, Hort. Kew, iii. 368 (1789). Pinus Taeda, Linnzus, var. A, Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. v. 340 (1803). A tree, attaining in America 80 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth, Bark on young stems thin and broken into reddish brown scales, on old trunks an inch thick and deeply and irregularly fissured into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, reddish brown, with prominent keeled pulvini. Buds cylindrical or conical, sharp-pointed, 4 to # in. long; scales interlaced and matted together by their white fimbriated edges, their long acuminate brown apices free and spreading. Leaves in threes, persistent two years, spreading, 34 to 4% in. long, rigid, slightly curved and twisted, serrulate, ending in a callous point, marked on the three faces by numerous stomatic lines ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath 3 to } in. long. Cones lateral, usually clustered, sub-sessile, spreading, variable in size, averaging 24 in. in length, ovoid, light brown, symmetrical at the base; scales thin, flat, $ in. long, $ in. wide; apophysis shining, rhomboidal, with a raised sharp transverse keel, and an elevated dark-coloured umbo, terminating in a recurved slender prickle. Seed triangular, with a blackish roughened shell, and a pale brown wing, broadest below the middle; seed with wing about # in. long. Cotyledons five. The cones often persist on the branches, and even on the stem, for many years, many opening when ripe and letting out the seed, others remaining closed for an indefinite period. Cones are freely produced on very young trees. This species is remarkable amongst pines for the frequent occurrence on untouched old stems of adventitious buds, which usually produce branchlets, the shortest of these resembling tufts of leaves arising from the bark, the largest 1 Cf. Garden and Forest, ix. 102 (1896). 2 This tree was labelled P. oocarfa. The other was named correctly P. Zeocote, 1088 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland attaining a few inches in length and branching. Carriére’ records an instance where clusters of staminate flowers, without any foliage, issued from the trunk of a tree of this species. In New Jersey,’ after the destruction of the trees by fires or by felling, sprouts arise from the stumps, which grow to a considerable size, 6 to 8 in. in diameter ; and suckers also spring from the roots, giving rise to a dense bush-like growth. At Grafrath,* near Munich, only 4 per cent of a number of trees, broken by snow, gave stool-shoots, most of which were short-lived. Similarly, at Les Barres, numerous stool-shoots were produced from the stumps of felled trees, but M. Pardé* believes that these will never make trees. This faculty of regeneration by coppice shoots, so rare amongst conifers, appears in this case to be of no economic value. DIsTRIBUTION This species is the one always known in eastern North America as the pitch pine, though having nothing in common with the pitch pine of commerce (P. palustris). It is widely distributed, crossing the northern boundary of the United States, as far north as the valley of the St. John River in southern New Brunswick, the north shore of Lake Ontario, and the valley of the lower Ottawa river; extending southward in the Atlantic States from Franklin County, Maine, where it is a mere shrub, to northern Georgia, and crossing the Alleghany Mountains to their western foot-hills in eastern Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. It is common in the New England states, often forming extensive forests, and grows mainly on sandy plains and dry gravelly slopes, though occasionally it is seen in swamps. In New Hampshire, where I saw this species, the greater part of the land on which it occurs has been repeatedly burnt over ;° and it appears to be adapted for regeneration after forest fires, as, like P. Bankstana, it produces cones freely and at an early age; and a considerable percentage of the cones hold the seed for several years. Near Hinsdale, it grows in pure open woods on poor sand, the trees scarcely ever exceeding 60 ft. in height and 4 ft. in girth; but in slightly better soil, where the sand contained the mould of decayed leaves, P. Stvobus grows with it in mixture, and will eventually suppress it, owing to the taller growth of the Weymouth pine. Sargent® gives an account of a pure forest of the species in Ocean County, New Jersey, which occupies land that had been farmed fifty years previously. An illustration shows a forest of crowded small slender trees about 50 ft. in height. According to Prof. Cooke,’ it is one of the most profitable trees to plant in this 1 Conif. 448 (1867). 2 Garden and Forest, viii. 472 (1895), and x. 192, fig. 24 (1897), the figure showing new growth after the destruction of all the foliage by fire. 3 Mayr, Fremdlind, Wald- u.Parkbdume, 363, fig. 116 (1906), the figure showing a burnt tree with numerous adventitious shoots on the stem. * Principaux Végét. Ligneux Exotiques, 37. Mr. T. W. Adams, in a paper read 7th August 1907, at the Philosophical Institute, Canterbury, New Zealand, says :—‘‘ Trees nearly a foot in diameter, which I cut down in thinning a plantation, sent out leaves along the trunk, while lying on the ground, as some broad-leaved trees do,” 5 Cf. Chittenden, U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No. 55, p. 55 (1905). ® Garden and Forest, i. 166 (1888), 7 Ibid. 59. Pinus 1089 state, where, after thirty years, it yields a net profit averaging $15 per acre. Owing to the facility with which it can be raised by sowing’ on the poorest soil, it has lately been planted in barren tracts on the coast of Massachusetts and New Jersey, for the production of firewood, though old houses timbered and floored a hundred years ago with this wood, grown on better soil, are still in a good state of preservation. Grown singly, it assumes a ragged appearance, as is well shown in a picture of a wind-swept specimen given in Garden and Forest, iv. 397, fig. 65 (1891). . (A. H.) CULTIVATION According to Aiton, it was in cultivation at Woburn before 1759; but though it grows better and lives longer than any of the eastern American pines, except P. Strobus, it has never become common, and has no qualities which make it desirable to cultivate in this country, except in botanic gardens and collections of conifers. It is hardy, and often ripens seed in the south of England; and as it grows well on the seashore and does not object to salt in the soil, it might be planted on barren sandy shores, though it might not be so suitable for this purpose as P. radiata or P. austriaca. It has been tried as a forest tree in Germany, where it was at first believed to be the species which produced the pitch pine of commerce, but has not shown any promise of success.? In France, according to M. M. de Vilmorin,’ it is only fit for firewood and of no economic importance, though it might be tried on sandy soils in localities too cold for P. Pinaster. I saw trees at Baleine, near Moulins, and at Geneste and Catros, near Bordeaux, of considerable age, but of no great size, which seems to prove that a warmer climate does not favour its development. In the Hertogenwald, in Belgium, about fifty trees‘ of this species, planted in mixture with the common pine at 1500 ft. elevation, on poor soil, at fifty-five years old, average 48 ft. high, and, though healthy and bearing cones, show no advantage in this situation over P. sylvestris. Forbes states that there were several trees of this species believed by him to have been planted in 1743 in the evergreens at Woburn in 1839, one of which measured 75 ft. high and 11-ft. in girth; but I could hear of none now living. The largest tree, which we have seen or heard of, is growing at Dropmore, and in 1909 was 84 ft. high by 7 ft. 8 in. in girth. It was probably planted in 1847. There are three good trees at Arley Castle, two of which, represented in Plate 286, measured in 1904, 69 ft. and 66 ft. in height, both being 7 ft. 2 in. in girth. The third is 66 ft. high by 5 ft. 11 in. in girth. A tree in Mr. Kaufmann’s grounds, The Wilderness, White Knights, measured in 1904, 48 ft. by 8 ft. 1 in., and has thrown out from the stem numerous small adventitious branchlets. Mr. A. B. Jackson measured in 1909 a tree at Bury Hill, Dorking, 56 ft. by 4 ft. Another at Essendon Place, Herts, measured 45 ft. by 63 ft. in 1908. There are also smaller 1 It is sown broadcast or in shallow drills. No other conifer grows so rapidly in New England on dry sterile gravels. Cf. Sargent, in Garden and Forest, x. 470 (1897). 2 Cf. Mayr, of. cit.; Schwappach, Andauversuche fremdland, Holzarten, 58 (1901); and Unwin, Future Forest Trees, 49, 86 (1905). 3 Garden and Forest, x. 113 (1897). 4 Seen by Henry in 1908. v N 1090 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland specimens in Kew Gardens, where most of the trees of the species show similar adventitious branchlets; at Nuneham Park, Beauport, Bayfordbury, and Tortworth. A tree at Bargally, in Kirkcudbright, measured 42 ft. by 4 ft. 1 in. in 1904. Trees at Coollattin, Wicklow, about 30 ft. high, are very thriving. TIMBER The wood? of this pine is little valued in its own country except for firewood, being light, soft, and brittle; and so far as I know is never exported. It contains large quantities of resin; and a century ago was of some economic importance in the production of tar and turpentine, though when the pitch pine of the south became more generally known, it was superseded by the abundant supplies yielded by that tree. (H. J. E.) PINUS SEROTINA, Ponp Pine Pinus serotina, Michaux, #7. Bor. Amer. ii. 205 (1803); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. xi. 119, t. 580 (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 20 (1905); Masters, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 599 (1904); Clinton-Baker, J//ust. Conif. i. 51 (1909). Pinus rigida, Miller, var. serotina, Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iv. 2242 (1838); Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Science, iv. 183 (1880); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conif. 374 (1900). This species, which is probably only a southern geographical variety of P. rzgzda, is distinguished from the latter by its more resinous buds, and by its longer leaves, usually 6 to 7, rarely 8 to 10 in. long. The cones are variable in shape, either sub-globose or shortly ovoid, or elongated conical, 2 to 3 in. in length, similar in position and colour to P. vzgida, but with the more slender prickles usually deciduous. The cones, moreover, as a rule, remain closed on the tree for several years before opening and letting out their seeds. Adventitious branches are produced on old trunks.” The pond pine grows in low wet flats or in sandy or peaty swamps, near the Atlantic coast from Albemarle Sound southward to the head of St. John’s river in Florida, and occurs also, according to Roth,® on the west side of the peninsula of Florida, and along the Gulf of Mexico westward to near Pensacola. In its manner of growth it resembles P. Zda, and produces similar timber, and is occasionally ‘ tapped for turpentine. It is generally found, either mixed with P. Zda or with P. Caribea, occasionally associating in North Carolina with broad-leaved trees, and is rarely seen in considerable quantity. It often takes possession of abandoned fields. This species was introduced in 1713, according to Loudon,’ who mentions trees about 30 ft. high, at Dropmore, Syon, Pains Hill, and Kenwood. It is probably 1 Hough, 7rees N. States and Canada, 9 (1907), says the wood is of medium weight and hardness, with coarse conspicuous grain, resinous and of a brownish’red colour with abundant lighter sapwood. It is used for coarse lumber, flooring, sills, etc. ; and to some extent for fuel and charcoal. 2 Cf, Garden and Forest, x. 209 (1897). Engelmann, Joc. cit., states that felled trees or posts set in the ground sometimes produce sprouts bearing primary leaves. 3 In U.S. Forestry Bulletin No. 13, p. 169 (1897). * According to Sargent, in Zyees V. Amer. 21 (1905), but it is not mentioned by Mohr, and must be done ona very small scale. 5 Ency. Trees and Shrubs, 979 (1842). Pinus 10gI short-lived in our climate, where it bears shorter foliage than in America; and the only trees we have been able to identify, are one at Bicton,! which was 53 ft. by 4 ft. 8 in. in 1908; and another at Bayfordbury, in an unhealthy state, measuring 41 ft. in height, and 5 ft. 7 in. in girth. This was planted in 1842. (A. H.) . PINUS PALUSTRIS, Lonc-Lear Pine, Pitcu Pine Pinus palustris, Miller, Dict. ed. viii. No. 14 (1768); Sargent, Sua NV. Amer. xi. 151, tt. 589, 590, (1897), and Zrees V. Amer. 17 (1905); Kent, Veitch’s Man. Conifer, 352 (1900) ; Masters in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxxv. 604 (1904); Clinton-Baker, Z//ust. Cont. i. 38 (1909). Pinus lutea, Walter, #7. Carol. 237 (1788). Pinus longifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 398 (1796). Pinus australis, Michaux, Hist. Arb. Amer. i. 64, t. 6 (1810); Loudon, Ard, e¢ Frut. Brit. iv. 2255 (1838) A tree, attaining in America 120 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth. Bark thin, dark, scaly. Young branchlets thick, orange-brown, much roughened by the numerous prominent pulvini. Buds non-resinous, cylindrical, pointed, 14 in. to 2 in. long; scales lanceolate-acuminate, silvery white, interlaced by their white marginal fimbriz and with their apices free and reflexed. These persist as a dense sheath of reflexed bud-scales at the apex of the branchlet of the second year. Leaves in threes, deciduous at the end of the second year, about 8 in. long on old trees, 9 to 18 in. long on young vigorous trees, densely crowded on the branchlets, slender, flexible, serrulate, ending in a cartilaginous point, with stomatic lines on all three sides ; resin-canals median ; basal sheath } in. to 1 in. long. Cones sub-terminal, spreading or pendulous, on short stout scaly stalks, cylindric- conic, slightly curved, 5 to 8 in. long ; scales thin, flat, 2 in. long, 3 in. wide ; apophysis rhomboidal, slightly elevated, crenate in upper margin, with a transverse sharp ridge, and projecting umbo, armed with a small reflexed prickle. Seed triangular-oval, rather less than } in. long, inner surface whitish and three-ridged, outer surface dark-spotted ; wing narrow, 14 in. long. The seeds are shed during dry weather in autumn ; and occasionally, when wet sultry weather sets in late, begin to sprout in the cones. The cones usually fall, after dehiscence of the seeds, in the latter part of the winter of the second year, leaving as a rule the lowest rows of scales attached to the branch. (A. H.) This* is perhaps of all the pines of North America the one which formerly existed in greatest abundance, throughout a wide belt of country from Virginia through the Carolinas, Georgia, Alabama and Florida, where it extends south to Tampa bay, west to the valley of the Trinity river in Texas, and up the Mississippi valley to the northern borders of Louisiana. It is mainly confined to low-lying tertiary sands and gravels; but Mohr * found it in Talladega county, Alabama, up to 1 This tree has long been labelled erroneously ‘* P. vesinosa.” 2 A complete account of this pine is given by Mohr in U.S. Forestry Bulletin, No, 13, pp. 29-75 (1897). Cf. also G. F. Schwarz, Zhe Longleaf Pine in Virgin Forest, pp. 135, 23 illustrations (1907). 3 Mohr, of. cit. p. 73. 1092 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2000 ft. above the sea. It averages about 1oo ft. in height, and occasionally reaches 120 ft., girthing 6 ft. to 8 ft.; and grows usually in pure forests, but near the limits of its area is mixed with other trees. No tree has suffered so much at the hand of man as the pitch pine. When I first passed through the southern States in 1888 it formed an almost unbroken forest for hundreds of miles along the railway, but is now diminishing so rapidly, that to use Sargent’s words, “it seems hopelessly doomed to lose its commercial importance at no distant day.” The literature of this species is very voluminous, and has been largely quoted by Sargent and Loudon ; but as it seems impossible to cultivate in this country, we need not say much about it, except that it has been repeatedly tried since 1730 and has usually failed to grow’ for more than a few years. However, a tree of about 12 ft. high exists in a stunted state at Kew; and another similar in size and un- healthy was seen by Mr. H. Clinton-Baker in 1908 at Menabilly, Cornwall. A seedling raised at Steventon and planted in the Tubney arboretum near Oxford, survived about 25° of frost in the winter of 1908-9. In France P. palustris* has been grown successfully in one place at least, as we learn from an article* by M. Maurice de Vilmorin, who gives an excellent photograph of two trees at Geneste, near Bordeaux, which were sown in 1831, and are the only survivors of seventeen. In 1897 the largest was 18 metres high by 1°70 metre in girth, the other 16 metres by 1°50 metre. Near them was a Loblolly pine, whose volume was said to be twice as great, though no dimensions were mentioned. They grow on the edge of the dunes near the sea, and M. de Vilmorin states that as producers of timber they cannot in that region compare with P. Pimaster, which is mature at forty years old. I visited Geneste, the property of Mlle. Ivoy, in April 1909, and measured these trees carefully. The two largest are 68 ft. by 6 ft. 3 in., and 59 ft. by 5 ft. They seem perfectly healthy, but bear no cones. As the tempera- ture in occasional severe winters, as in 1893, descends at Bordeaux to — 16° Cent., it seems as though the want of sufficient heat in summer is the reason why this tree will not grow in England. I believe that on the coast of Portugal it would succeed well. On the banks of Lago Maggiore, however, in the garden of Rovelli Fréres, there is a pitch pine with a clean trunk measuring about 60 ft. by 54 ft.; and at Intra, in the grounds of the Villa Barbot, I measured a still finer tree, about 75 ft. by 7 ft. Though the import of the timber of this species to Europe has only assumed great importance in the last twenty years, it is now shipped in larger quantity than any other American timber. Marshall Ward* identified the pitch pine of commerce with P. végida, which it certainly is not; but Laslett himself was evidently writing of the true pitch pine, which he said came chiefly from the ports of Savannah, Darien, and Pensacola, where P. vigida is not found. He says it was much used for masts in shipbuilding, and in architecture wherever long, straight, and large 1 Webster in Hardy Coniferous Trees, 95 (1896), says a few specimens have done well at Penrhyn and Woburn, There are no trees of this species at either place, the tree named P. australis at Penrhyn being P. ponderosa. 2 According to Ann. Hort, Paris, xix. 212, quoted by Loudon, Gard. Mag. xv. 236 (1839), the species may be grafted on P. Laricio, and is then rendered much hardier. 3 Garden and Forest, x. 112 (1897). 4 Laslett, Zimber and Timber Trees, 367 (1894). iN, The original Lucombe oak, in habit, vigour of growth, and branchlets, is similar to Q. Cerrzs ; but differs in foliage, stipules, and fruit. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 23) smaller than in Q. Cerrzs, never exceeding 5 in. long and 2 in. broad, usually smaller, subevergreen, falling early in the following year, usually in January and February, mostly? oblong ovate, acuminate at the apex, unequal at the base; with about seven pairs of regular triangular entire large teeth, each of which ends in a projecting mucro; lower surface covered with a dense whitish tomentum, different from the green or greyish under surface of Q. Cerrts. The stipules around the lateral buds are shorter, and fall earlier than in Q. Cervis. Fruit ripening in the second year; cupule turbinate, smaller in diameter than, and not hemispherical as in Q. Cerris, with grey tomentose scales shorter and broader than in that species, both reflexed and erect irregularly, not showing the definite arrangement of Q. Cerris, in which the upper marginal fringe of erect loose scales is clearly separated from the regularly reflexed scales of the rest of the cupule ; acorn not depressed at the apex. The original Lucombe oak was first described by Holwell in a letter® dated Exeter, February 24, 1772, which states that “About seven years past,” z.e. about 1765, “Mr. Lucombe sowed a parcel of acorns saved from a tree of his own growth of the iron or wainscot species; when they came up, he observed one amongst them that kept its leaves throughout the winter. Struck with the phenomenon, he cherished and paid particular attention to it, and propagated by grafting some thousands from it.” Holwell’s account is repeated, with some additions, in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1773, p. 446, where William Lucombe is described as “an ingenious gardener in the environs of Exeter.” There is no doubt that the iron or wainscot oak is a local name in south Devon and Cornwall for Q. Cerris, and that Lucombe was at this time owner of the garden, which afterwards developed into the famous nursery at Exeter.* The Lucombe oak is said® to have been common in 1773 about St. Thomas’s, a suburb of Exeter, and to have been cultivated with great success by the neighbouring farmers. Holwell’s account is substantiated by Loudon, who was informed by Mr. Pince 1 Sweet used this name for the first time. Holwell, who is often credited with it, gives no scientific name, and simply speaks of the tree as the Lucombe oak. 2 All specimens show some irregularly lobed leaves, which also appear in all the descendants of this tree. The leaves are described above from the tree at Carclew. 3 Published in PA2/, Trans, xii, 128 (1772). * According to the heading of a bill of Lucombe, Pince, and Company, preserved at Kew, the nursery was founded in 1720. 5 Gentleman’s Magazine, xiii. 357 (1773) 1260 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland in 1838 that it was raised about seventy-five years previously (ze. in 1763, a trifling discrepancy in the date) by ‘‘ Lucombe, who was founder of the Exeter Nursery, from seed gathered by him off a specimen tree of Q. Cerris which grew in his nursery, near to one of Q. Suder.” The additional fact in Pince’s account, which was derived from the younger Lucombe, who perfectly recollected the raising of the Lucombe oak in his father’s nursery, is the existence of a cork oak, which must have pollinated one of the flowers of the parent Turkey oak. The botanical characters of Q. Lucombeana, which are partly those of Q. Cerris and partly those of Q. Suber, are thus satisfactorily accounted for ; and, as is often the case in first crosses, the original Lucombe oak is remarkable for its vigour of growth. From Hargham, in Norfolk, Sir Hugh Beevor sends us specimens of a natural seedling, about twenty-four years old, which originated in a similar manner from the acorn of a Q. Cerris, situated about 40 yds. to the westward of a Q. Suber. This tree, which is taller than a pure Q. Cerris of the same age beside it, has not yet borne acorns, but it resembles Q. Lucombeana in foliage. The leaves are similar in shape, having acute, triangular, strongly mucronate teeth; but it is only of late that their under surface has begun to develop the dense white tomentum that is so characteristic of the mature Lucombe oak. The Lucombe oak was always propagated at the Exeter Nursery by grafting it upon Q. Cervris. The original tree was cut down when it was about twenty years old; but a grafted tree in the Exeter Nursery, planted in 1802, had attained 50 ft. in height and 8} ft. in girth in 1837, and is figured’ by Loudon, who mentions older trees* at Killerton and Carclew, the former eighty years old, and the latter seventy years old in 1834. SEEDLINGS OF THE LucoMBE Oak The original Lucombe oak, and the trees propagated from it by grafts, must be carefully distinguished from its seedlings, the history of which was clearly given to Loudon by Pince. These were raised by the younger Lucombe from acorns gathered from one of the grafted Lucombe oaks in 1792. As usually is the case, when the seed of a first cross is sown, a great number of varieties resulted, of which three were selected and propagated in the Exeter Nursery by grafting on Q. Cerris. Two other seedlings were reared at a later period, about 1830. None of these varieties appear to have been as vigorous* as the parent, and all had very corky bark, and kept their leaves till late in the season. These varieties all agree with the parent in the character of the branchlets and the mucronate points on the teeth or 1 Arb, et Frut, Brit, iii. figs. 1712, 1713. The measurement given under fig, 1712 is erroneous; it is correctly stated on p. 1855, where Loudon quotes a letter from Pince, dated 4th April 1837, describing the tree. ® The ages are given in round numbers, and are not strictly accurate, as none of the trees can be so old as 1763 or 1765, the dates given by Holwell and Pince for the original tree, 3 The comparative rate of growth is shown by the following measurements of the trees in the Exeter Nursery, which were taken in 1837— Years old. Height in feet. Girth in feet. Original—grafted Lucombe — é : i 35 50 8} Seedling—var. crispa ; ‘ ‘ Z : 45 63 9 ii var. suberosa . < ; 3 : 45 45 73 oy var, incisa s ; : r ; 45 45 7 Quercus 1261 lobes of the leaves, but differ in the shape of the leaves and in the characters of the fruit. The five seedlings, raised in the Exeter Nursery, were named by Loudon :— 1. Var. suberosa, Loudon. Smaller trees, with very corky bark, raised in 1792. Stipules short and quickly deciduous. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 64) smaller than in the original Lucombe oak, 2 to 24 in. long, 1 in. ‘broad; ovate; broad, rounded, and unequal at the base; acute at the apex, white tomentose beneath, usually with five to seven pairs of rounded or sinuate sharply mucronate teeth ; some of the leaves, however, with fewer teeth, and one to three deep sinuses extending half-way to the midrib. Fruit ripening in the second year ; cupule turbinate, with short broad grey tomentose scales, reddish at the tips, mostly erect. 2. Var. heterophylla, Loudon. Raised about 1830. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 14 in. broad, acute at the apex, irregularly and deeply lobed, with the middle part of the leaf occasionally reduced to a narrow fringe on each side of the midrib. Cupules of the fruit turbinate ; most of the scales short, ovate, ending in red acuminate tips ; a few towards the margin of the cupule, linear-lanceolate, irregularly erect, and reflexed. 3. Var. crispa, Loudon, who calls it the new Lucombe oak. This was raised in 1792, and has very corky bark. Leaves subevergreen, falling in March and April, similar to those of Q. Lucombeana, but smaller in size and wrinkled in margin, 2 to 3 in. long, oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, unequal at the base, with six to eight pairs of acute triangular mucronate teeth ; densely white tomentose beneath. Cupule scales reddish at the tips ; those towards the margin long and directed upwards ; those below short, some appressed, others reflexed. Acorn scarcely depressed at the apex, which is tipped with a short conical tomentose umbo. 4, 5. Var. zucisa and var. dentata, Loudon, with large leaves, more deeply lobed than those of the preceding forms, are scarcely distinguishable from the original Lucombe oak, except in having more corky bark. Var. zucisa was raised in 1792, and var. dentata about 1830. Q. Cerris, var. cana major, Loudon, of. czt. 1849, the origin of which is unknown, is very similar to these varieties. In addition to the original Lucombe oak and its selected seedlings there remain a few forms the history of which is unknown, but which have undoubtedly arisen from the same parentage of Q. Cerris and Q. Suder, It is most convenient to name these as vars. of Q. Lucombeana. 6. Var. fulhamensis. Quercus Cerris, var. fulhamensis, Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii. 1850 (1838). Quercus Cerris, vat. dentata, Watson, Dend. Brit. ii. t. 93 (1825). Quercus hispanica, a, chéne de Gibraltar, Lamarck,’ Encyc i. 723 (1783)- Quercus Pseudosuber, vax. gibraltarica, De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 44 (1864). Trees with less vigorous branches than Q. Lucombeana, forming a rounded head of foliage ; bark moderately corky. Branchlets grey tomentose. Stipules around the 1 Lamarck applied the name Q. hisfanica not toa Spanish oak, but to three trees cultivated at the Trianon, which were specimens of the Lucombe, Fulham, and Turner’s oaks. The first of these was erroneously supposed to grow wild in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar. 1262 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland axillary buds short and early deciduous. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 21) usually de- ciduous in January and February, ovate, broader in proportion to their length, and smaller than those of Q. Lucombeana, about 3 in. long and 14 in. wide; broad, rounded, and unequal, or occasionally auricled at the base; acute at the apex; with 5 to 8 pairs of sinuate mucronate teeth ; white tomentose beneath. Fruit ripening in the second year ; cupule hemispheric, smaller than in Q. Cerris, with lanceolate acuminate grey tomentose scales, red at the tips, usually all reflexed, except a few erect and curving inwards at the margin of the cupule, but not forming a regular fringe as in the Turkey oak; acorn not depressed at the summit, which bears a stout short tomentose umbo. The original Fulham oak grew in Whitley and Osborne’s nursery at Fulham, and was,’ in 1835, 75 ft. high and 114 ft. in girth, Loudon supposed it to be a seedling ; but in 1840 it sent forth a branch from the base, which proved it to have been grafted on Q. pedunculata.? It appears to\have been always reproduced in the Fulham Nursery by grafting on the common oak. The origin of this tree is unknown ; but an oak of apparently the same age, which was 80 ft. high and 4% ft. in diameter at a foot from the ground in 1835, is said by Pince* to have been planted by Lucombe at Mamhead. This tree cannot now be identified, if it still exists. We can only conjecture that the Fulham oak, like a large Q. Lucombeana which grew beside it in the Fulham Nursery, was procured from Lucombe. Different in foliage and in fruit from the original Lucombe oak, it is possibly one of its earliest seedlings, of which no record was kept. There are two trees, which we believe to be of this origin, at Kew, growing near the No. 3 Museum; one (Plate 319) measures 69 ft. by 74 ft.; the other, 63 ft. by 7 ft. 1 in, 7. Var. fulhamensis latifolia. The original Fulham oak produced acorns freely from which many plants were raised, differing greatly in appearance from one another, and from the parent. About 1838, Messrs. Osborne selected a seedling with leaves broader and less dentate than usual, which they propagated under the name Q. fudhamensis latifolia. Specimens * corresponding to this description from Westonbirt, Abbotsbury, and Liphook differ from all the other oaks of this series, in having leaves rounded and not acute at the apex, elliptical, about 33 in. long, and 2} in. broad, grey tomentose beneath, with 7 or 8 pairs of lateral nerves, each ending in the mucronate apex of a broad shallow sinuate tooth. Fruit not seen. 8. Var. diversifolia. Quercus Ilex, var. diversifolia, Nicholson, in Kew Handlist of Trees, 189 (1896). A small tree, with remarkably ascending branches, and thick corky bark. 1 Loudon, Gard. Mag. xi. 128 (1835). Watson, Dend. Brit. ii, t. 93 (1825), gives its measurements in 1825 as bole 10 ft., total height 60 ft., diameter 2 ft. 3 ins. 2 W. K., in Gard. Chron., 1842, p. 111. There are also specimens at Kew of the original Fulham oak, collected by Nicholson in 1881, which show a branch of Q. pedunculata, found growing from the stock. 8 In Loudon, Gard. Mag. xi. 128 (1835). * A small tree outside the garden at Mamhead has foliage very similar, only differing in being somewhat narrower, but with identical nervation and shallow teeth. Quercus 1263 Branchlets grey tomentose ; stipules early deciduous. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 71) about 2 in. long, not exceeding # in. in width, very variable in outline, the central part usually reduced to a narrow fringe on each side of the midrib, basal part with one to four mucronate lobes, apical part expanded ; rounded or acute at the apex ; entire or toothed and mucronate ; dark shining green above, white tomentose beneath. Fruit ripening in the second year; cupule hemispherical, about 4 in. in diameter, with grey tomentose scales, red at the tips, irregular in size, the shorter ovate and appressed, the longer lanceolate-acuminate and slightly spreading, less numerous than the others and irregularly disposed ; acorn depressed at the apex, with a conical tomentose umbo. This peculiar variety, the history’ of which is unknown, has leaves similar in form, but smaller and more coriaceous than those of var. heterophylla, from which it differs strikingly in habit and in fruit. Two trees, about 20 ft. high, in Kew Gardens were procured from Smith of Worcester in 1877. 9. Quercus Pseudosuber,? Santi, Viaggio al Montamiata di Giorgio Santz, i. 150, t. 3 (Pisa, 1795). Quercus Fontanesit, Gussone, Index Sem. Hort. Boccadifalco? 10 (1826). Under these names a number of wild trees, which so far as we can learn, only occur sporadically in the neighbourhood of their supposed parents, have been described, which are probably hybrid forms between Q. Suder and Q. Cerris. The original tree, described by Santi, was found near Florence; others were seen by Gussone in Sicily and Calabria. Kotschy mentions isolated trees in Istria, at Pisino-Corridaro, Carpizza, and near Capo d’Istria. It is also recorded from the neighbourhood of Grasse, in Provence. Specimens from Italy in the British Museum resemble in foliage Q. Lucombeana, var. suberosa. Both Q. Pseudosuber and Q. Fontanesii were said to have been introduced into cultivation in Loudon’s time ; but if any survive, we see no means by which they can be distinguished from the seedling forms of Q. Lucombeana. (A. H.) Q. Pseudosuber has been treated by some French botanists as a species, whilst others consider it to be a hybrid between Q. Suder and Q. Cerris. In order to solve this question I visited the district in which it has been found, near Grasse, in January. 1910, and after some inquiry found the only two trees known to M. Richard, the forest officer of Montauroux. One of these grows by the side of a rivulet close to the house of Mr. Nelson, manager of the Mine de Vaux, a coal mine which is being worked by an English company about three miles south of Montauroux, on the road to Frejus. The largest of these is a tree about 55 ft. by 3 ft. 3 in., with an upright habit, differing from all the other oaks which grew near it, namely the cork oak and Q. lanuginosa (locally known as Chéne blanc). The bark, of which I took a specimen, is corky, but much thinner than that of the cork oak; thé leaves are hardly distinguish- 1 Its corky bark and acorns ripening in the second year exclude it from being a variety of Q. Z/ex. It is incorrectly identified in Kew Handlist of Trees, loc. cit., with var. incisa. 2 Q. Pseudosuber, Desfontaines, is of totally different origin, being the hybrid between Q. Mirdeckit and Q. Suber which is found in Algeria. See p, 1319. 3 Boccadifalco, where there was formerly a Royal Garden, is near Palermo. a a e ~.: 1264 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland able from those of the Lucombe oak,’ and are subevergreen, though many of those near the top of both trees had fallen. The other tree, about 50 yds. to the north of the same house, is also by a rivulet, and resembles the first precisely in habit and bark, though the leaves differ slightly.* I could find no trees of Q. Ceyris anywhere in the neighbourhood, and was inclined to believe that Q. danuginosa and not Q. Cerris is the other parent. The tree is known in the Provencal patois of the district as Drouin. M. Pardé®* spells this name Drouzs or Drouino. M. Coufourier, a botanist of Hyéres, gave me a specimen from another tree growing in the ‘Fond des Gavéts” between Montauroux and Grasse, where he said he had seen no Quercus Cerris, though it is reported to occur in the district. He afterwards sent me acorns from the same place which confirm the opinion that Q. Cerris and not Q. danuginosa is the parent. During a visit to Italy and Sicily in March 1910, I saw in the herbarium of M. Sommier of Florence, a number of specimens identified with Q. Pseudosuber from various places in Tuscany and other parts of Italy. These varied extremely in their foliage. In the Botanic Garden at Florence there is a fine tree about 60 ft. by6 ft. named Q. Pseudosuber. In Sicily I was directed by Signor Lojacano‘ to a place called Ficuzza about 25 miles south-east of Palermo where there is a large oak wood in which a few specimens of Q. Pseudosuber or Fontanesi are found. The forest guard, who knew them under the name of fa/so-sughero (False-cork), guided me to a spot abgut two miles from the village, where five or six trees were growing scattered in a wood mainly composed of Q. sesst/iflora, here called robore; with some trees of Q. [lex (clice), QO. Suber (sughero), and Q. Cerris (Cerro). He considered the two latter to be the parents of the fa/so-sughero, and said that the hybrids produced acorns rarely. The largest tree was very similar in habit to the French trees above mentioned, about 60 ft. by 5 ft., with a hard but slightly corky bark, of which I took a specimen. The leaves were still mostly green on March 3rd, at an elevation of about 1500 ft. REMARKABLE TREES All the original Lucombe oaks are extremely uniform in their habit, bark, and foliage ; they show no resemblance in their bark to the cork oak; and all are characterised by a peculiar swelling at the base of the limbs, which I have only seen in the Turkey oak, and by an extremely vigorous growth and an upright habit. I formerly 1 A microscopical examination of the leaves of these trees by Mr. Boodle of the Kew Laboratory shows no evidence ot the influence of Q. /anuginosa, which has four (sometimes only two) ray-cells in the stellate hairs on the under side of the leaf, whereas in Q. Pseudosuber and Q. Suber there are seven to twelve ray-cells. 2 The specimens from the three trees near Montauroux—two seen by Elwes and one observed by Coufourier—all differ in foliage, showing that all three are probably descendants of the first cross between Q. Suber and Q. Cerris. The acorn-cupules, sent by Coufourier, are slightly different from any that I have seen on English trees ; and have long reflexed marginal scales and short and spreading basal and median ‘scales. The acorns are depressed at the apex, which bears a minute tomentose umbo.—(A.H.) ; 3 Arb. Nat. des Barres, 296 (1906). M. Pardé informs me that the trees here mentioned at Les Barres cannot now be found. 4 The oaks of Sicily have been most carefully studied and described by Signor Lojacano, who recognises in his Flora Sicula, iv. pp. 364-389 (1904), no less than thirty-three species and hybrids, specimens of which I examined in the herbarium of the Botanic Garden at Palermo. In this garden there is a good-sized tree of Q. Pseudosuder, and in the Botanic Garden at Catania another fine tree about 50 ft. by 4 ft. which produces large acorns freely. Quercus 1265 supposed the tree from which they were propagated, to have been, as Holwell states,’ a very vigorous seedling of the Turkey oak which, in the climate of south Devon and Cornwall, where alone this form can be seen at its best, kept its leaves in winter ; and I have raised from acorns of the large Turkey oak, growing near the pond at Kew, two seedlings which up to the age of five years have this subevergreen habit. The seedlings of the original Lucombe oaks, of which the two largest specimens grew near the entrance of the old Exeter Nursery and are now both cut down, had a different habit and much more corky bark, and with the exception of a tree near the chapel at Killerton which, however, is not nearly as large, I have seen no others which could compare with them. None of those propagated later ever seem to have attained the size or vigour of the original Lucombe oak, and none of the seedlings which are on their own roots, show any promise of rivalling the original grafted trees in height or girth. There is no doubt that the original Lucombe oaks which I mention as follows, are among the finest ornamental trees in Great Britain, and deserve to be propagated by grafting in the same way as Lucombe did. For none of those we have seen which have been sold by nurserymen in the last century as Lucombe oaks, can be compared in size or vigour with the originals. In Cornwall the largest I have seen are at Carclew. One of these in a walk leading to the gardens, was believed by Sir Charles Lemon, who formerly owned Carclew, to have been an original Lucombe oak, and from his notebook, which the late Colonel Tremayne showed me, I took the following measurements :— In 1823 ; : 744 ft. by 6 ft. 11 in. at 4 ft. from ground. In 1851 . . ” 9 ” I ” ” ” In 1853 ; P ? Bese 20's »» ” When I saw it in 1903 it was about too ft. high by 13 ft. I have not seen any of its acorns, which, Mr. Simmons, the gardener, told me, are rarely produced. At _ Carclew, in the park, there are four other trees of similar appearance and grafted in the same way which measure from go to 1oo ft. by 10 to 12 ft. in girth. Mr. Napper states that a very fine one stands by the Lodge Gate at Trebarrick, St. Austell; and I am informed by Mr. J. P. Rogers that there are at Penrose, near Helston, some large Lucombe oaks planted about 1773 and grafted on the Turkey oak, which are no doubt original. In Devonshire the tree by.the gardens at Killerton (Plate 321) in 1908 measured about 100 ft, by 12 ft. 11 in, At Powderham in the deer park two trees measured in 1906, 92 ft. by 14 ft. 4 in. and 90 ft. by 13 ft. 4 in. At Ugbrooke Park, Devon, the seat of Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, there are four fine trees in the park near the house, of which the largest in 1908 measured 80 ft. by 16 ft.; another about 80 ft. by 14 ft. At Castle Hill, Devon, a tree on the lawn, which I am told by the Hon. J. W. Fortescue was planted in 1770, in 1905 measured 80 ft. by 15 ft. 8 in. (Plate 320). At Sharpham, near Totnes, just below the house, a rather spreading tree was 90 ft. by 13 ft. 4 in. in 1907. At Kingston Lacy, Dorsetshire, there is a tree 90 ft. by 8 ft., 1 Cf. Gard. Chron. xxxii. 195, 221 (1902). The original Lucombe oak appears, however, to have been a chance hybrid of Q. Cerris with Q. Suber, and not a seminal sport of the Turkey oak. Vv 2M 1266 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland with a clean bole about 4o ft. long. At Sherborne Castle, Dorsetshire, a tree measures about 75 ft. high, and 12 ft. 9 in. in girth at 3 ft. At Corsham Court, Wilts, there are two trees, one 80 ft. by 6 ft. 9 in., which is grafted on the common oak, the other 80 ft. by 7 ft. with a straight clean bole of 40 ft. At Longleat, Wilts, Col. Thynne measured one in 1903, 78 ft. by 11 ft. roin. At Bowood, Wilts, I saw a hand- some tree in 1906, 92 ft. by 9 ft. At Croome Court a tree 74 ft. by 104 ft., which on 4th June 1906 still bore some leaves of the previous year, showed no graft mark at the ground, which indicates that it may be a seedling of more recent origin. At White Knights, Berks, in the grounds of the Wilderness, a tree of moderate size is grafted on the common oak. At Kew a very fine tree, which also appears to have been grafted on the common oak, measured, in 1907, 74 ft. by 12 ft. 3 in. In Wales the only tree that I know is at Stackpole Court. It measured in 1906, 76 ft. by 6 ft. 8 in. In Scotland I have seen one tree which looks like an original Lucombe oak ; it grows in the park at Dunkeld, near the Abbey ruin, and measured in 1904, 62 ft. by 7 ft. 9 in. In Ireland the only tree I have seen which looks like an original, is one in the grounds of Kilmacurragh, said to have been purchased by Mrs. Acton over a hundred years ago; and when I saw it in 1908 was 78 ft. by 7 ft., with a clean bole of about 40 ft. Loudon quotes a letter from Pince as follows: ‘‘When the original tree had attained 20 years’ growth, and was about 3 ft. in circumference, Mr. Lucombe, being then far advanced in years, had it cut down for the purpose of making his coffin out of it. He, however, lived so much longer than he anticipated, that several years before his death, he had another much larger and older tree cut down, sawn into planks, and carefully deposited under his bed in readiness for the above purpose ; and inside those planks, over which for many years he had reposed, he was at length put to rest, at the advanced age of 102 years.” Of this tree I possess a relic in the shape of a corner piece, which I bought ata sale of the effects of Mrs. Woodman,-a granddaughter of Mr. Pince, who told me that it was made with other furniture from the tree above mentioned. The wood is fine and close-grained, showing a good deal of figure, and of a pale yellowish brown. It has not shown the least symptoms of warping or decay, — and is untouched by wood-boring beetles. The seedlings of the original Lucombe oak are quite different in habit, bark, and character, and show their origin very clearly in the corky nature of the bark. The two largest trees of this kind that existed, so far as I know, grew on each side of the entrance of the old Exeter Nursery. One, stated by Napper to be the original var. crispa’ of Loudon, was 12 ft. in girth in 1891. I am informed by Mr. Robert Veitch, of Exeter, that it was cut down some years ago, and I could find no trace of it. The second, when I visited Exeter in 1902, was standing on the west side of the nursery gate, and measured about 60 ft. by. 1 Cf. Loudon, fig. 1718, who gives its dimensions in 1838 as 63 ft. high and 9g ft. in girth, It was raised, as above stated, as a seedling in 1792. Quercus 1267 10 ft. with a straight clean bole of 22 ft. This, according to Napper, was the original var. swserosa of Loudon. It was cut down the year afterwards, when the nursery was sold for building, and I bought the log, containing about 80 ft. in the butt only, for £2. It turned out some very sound hard wood, which, when sawn on the quarter, showed a very varied and beautiful figure. A board from this tree, showing the bark, is now in the museum at Kew, and a cabinet which I had made from it is extremely handsome. The only other large tree which I know of similar character, and almost certainly of the same origin, grows near the chapel at Killerton, and measures about 60 ft. by 8 ft., with a bole 15 ft. long; its bark is very corky, and it produces acorns much more abundantly than the larger original Lucombe oak at the same place; its leaves are smaller than those of the latter. I have raised a number of seedlings from this tree which vary a good deal, and are too tender to grow well on my soil, which does not suit either of the parents. Another very fine tree which I believe to have been of the same origin, though its leaves resemble rather those of the Fulham oak, grows at Redleaf, near Penshurst, Kent, the seat of Mrs. E. Hills. This tree shows in its bark that the cork oak was one of its parents, and has no visible mark of having been grafted. It measures 86 ft. by 9 ft. 10 in., with a clean bole about 20 ft. long, and is a hand- some and vigorous tree, ; There are numerous seedling forms in cultivation, which vary considerably in their foliage, habit, and in the period which they shed their old leaves. Most of them are of very inferior size to the original tree, and the grafted plants, which are usually sold under the name of Lucombe oaks, are, so far as I have seen, slow growers even in the south-west of England. A good example of this may be seen at Powderham Rectory, the residence of the twelfth Earl of Devon, where an avenue of Lucombe oaks was planted, as he told me, about fifty years ago, which, though they came from Lucombe and Pince’s nursery, will never rival their parent trees. There are a number of trees at Syon, which appear in the old catalogue under various names, and which resemble the Lucombe or Fulham oak in their leaves and subevergreen character, but which are not typical of either in their habit. These are most probably seedlings from the Fulham Nursery, but one of them grafted on the common oak, is probably a graft from the original Fulham oak, and measures 81 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in, The tree does not come true from acorns, as Mr. Napper says that he was in the habit of gathering them, and that they invariably produced what he knew as bastard oaks, more like the Ilex than anything else ; and Lord Ducie, who has raised them, tells me the same thing. I found several pans of seedlings of a so-called Lucombe oak in the St. John’s nursery at Worcester in 1902, one of which had made in the first year about 18 in. of growth, but this was not made in one un- interrupted shoot as described in the original, but in two separate periods of growth as usual in the English oak. (H,,J..E.) 1268 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS AZGILOPS, Vatonia Oak Quercus Aigilops, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 996 (1753); Loudon, Ard. et Frut, Brit. iii. 1861 (1838). Quercus ithaburensis, Decaisne, in Ann. Wat. Sc. iv. 348 (1835). Quercus greca, Kotschy, Zichen, t. 30 (1862). Quercus macrolepis, Kotschy, Zichen, t. 16 (1862); A. de Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 45 (1864). Quercus Ungeri, Kotschy, Lichen, t. 13 (1862). Quercus Vallonea, Kotschy, Eichen, t. 7 (1862); A. de Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 45 (1864). A tree, attaining in the Levant, in good moist soil, about 80 ft. in height, but seldom reaching more than 30 to 40 ft. in arid situations. Bark deeply divided into small square scaly plates. Young branchlets covered with a dense greyish tomentum, persistent in the second year. Buds ovoid-prismatic, about } in. long, tapering to an acute or rounded apex, tomentose, usually surrounded by long linear pubescent stipules. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 19) deciduous late in autumn or in the following spring, 3 to 4 in. long, and 1} to 2 in. broad, oval or oblong; base usually broad and rounded, occasionally cuneate, subcordate, or auricled; apex acute; with five or six pairs of lateral nerves, prominent beneath, each ending in a large triangular bristle- pointed tooth or lobule; leaf margin and bristles ciliate ; upper surface shining, with scattered short stellate pubescence; lower surface covered with a grey short tomen- tum, occasionally more or less deciduous between the nerves; petiole, } to 1 in. long, tomentose. Fruit ripening in the second year, sub-sessile, usually solitary ; acorn sub- globose and scarcely exserted or cylindrical and projecting, 3 to 13 in. long, depressed and whitish tomentose at the apex, chestnut brown and glabrescent else- where ; cupule } to 2 in. broad, variable in the shape and consistence of the scales, but broadly distinguishable into two varieties, which are connected by numerous intermediate forms. 1. Var. macrolepis (var. greca). Cupule hemispheric; scales loosely super- posed, thin and ligulate, tomentose, $ to # in. long, spreading or erect, often recurved. This form is prevalent in Greece and the adjoining islands. 2. Var. Ungeri (var. ithaburensis). Cupule sub-globose; scales fewer, thickened, pyramidate, tomentose, + to 4 in. long, spreading or erect, sometimes recurved. This form is prevalent in Asia Minor. Quercus Pyramt, Kotschy, Ezchen, t. 3 (1862), which is often considered to be a variety of this species—var. Pyvamt, Boissier, F?. Orientalts, iv. 1172 (1879)— differs considerably in foliage and is quite distinct for purposes of cultivation. As seen at Kew, where it is a small tree about 20 ft. high, the leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 20) are smaller, about 24 in. long and 14 in. broad, often indented below the middle with a deep sinus on one or both sides; lateral nerves six to eight pairs ending in short mucronate teeth. According to Kotschy, Q. Pyvami grows in the plain of Cilicia, forming large woods at the mouth of the river Pyramus. (A. H.) Quercus 1269 DISTRIBUTION This species is widely spread throughout Greece and the adjoining islands, either solitary or forming small woods. Mr. F. B. Wood, British Consul at Patras, informs us that in that district it is abundant and attains large dimensions. A tree of which he sends a sketch, is about 60 ft. high, and 13 ft. or more in girth at 3 ft. from the ground, above the spreading roots. The tree flourishes equally well in various soils. The forest in Elis grows in a plain of rich loam, where myrtle, arbutus, and lentisk are found in profusion. In late spring this oak forest with its carpet of bracken, mixed with asphodel, crocus, and countless wild flowers, is very beautiful. In Acarnania and Etolia the trees grow on rocky hill-sides, amongst wild sage and thorn. In Elis and Achaia a yellow-berried mistletoe (Loranthus europeus) is found on every second oak. The Valonia oak is also widely spread throughout Asia Minor’ and Crete. According to Sir Joseph Hooker,’ “it is very gregarious in Syria, never forming a bush or growth of underwood, but rising on a stout gnarled trunk 3 to 7 ft. in girth, to the height of 20 to 30 ft. Wherever we saw it, as on the hills east of Nazareth, on Tabor where it is abundant, to the east of Caifa, and on the north-east flank of Carmel, it forms scattered, rather round-headed, densely leafy trees, giving an open park-like appearance tothe landscape. The wood is said to be excellent. The acorn often attains a very large size, some we gathered were 23 in. long and 3 in. in girth, but they vary extremely on the same tree, some being so small that I have had diffi- culty in distinguishing between them and large ones of Q. pseudococcifera. 1 have examples which if they had not been taken by myself from an A%gilops tree which also bore large acorns, I should have attributed to hybridisation between the two. When fully ripe the gland is still green, and in this state it germinates, the peri- carp never hardening. They may be seen in all the bazaars, raw and boiled, in which state they are eaten by Turks and Arabs.” Gay says that in the Jardin des Plantes on 14th November 1862, he found the acorns of a chestnut brown colour and with a nutty flavour; and this was the case with acorns from Greece which I tasted, and found slightly astringent, but quite edible. CULTIVATION According to Loudon this species was introduced as long ago as 1731, but it has always been a rare tree, and probably requires more summer heat than our climate affords. The acorns are often sent from the Levant, but seem to lose their vitality quickly. I received some of remarkably large size in January 1909 from Mr. Wood, which have made nice young seedlings in pots. In Gay’s herbarium, at Kew, there is a specimen from a tree growing in the 1 Balansa in a note preserved in Gay’s herbarium says that in the neighbourhood of Ushak (or Oushag or Uschak), this oak forms vast forests, and the collection of the cupules was an important industry. At that time they were worth about 2d. a pound, one tree producing about ten pounds. 2 In Trans. Linn, Soc. xxiii. 385 (1862). 1270 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland kitchen garden at Milford House, dated September 1859, and a note to the effect that it was introduced by P. Barker Webb. I visited this place in 1909, but could find no trace of this tree, though a small stunted tree exists in another part of the grounds. At Abbotsbury there is a tree measuring 45 to 50 ft. high by 4 ft. 4 in. in girth, which in 1908 produced half-matured acorns, At Devonshurst, Chiswick, Henry found a branching tree of no great height, but 4 ft. 3 in. in girth. At Hardwick, near Bury St. Edmunds, I found a small tree about 30 ft. by 4 ft. At Tortworth a tree is growing on the lawn below the house, which was planted about 1846 by the late Lord Ducie and transplanted when about 1o ft. high to its present situation. It is now about 4o ft. high and produces abortive acorns almost every year, but once produced a ripe acorn which was sent to Kew. At Blenheim, Mr. A. B. Jackson measured a tree 37 ft. by 3 ft. 6 in. dividing into two stems at about 5 ft. from the ground. . Sir C. T. D. Acland has raised plants at Holnicote, which now vary from 14 to 5 ft. high, from acorns gathered at Patras which were sown in 1899. At Lyndon Hall, Rutland, there is a fine healthy tree, 30 ft. by 5 ft. in 1909 (Plate 322). At Syon a tree was reported by Loudon in 1838 to be 22 ft. high and 3 ft. in girth; the only others in England known to him were at Llanbedr Hall, near Ruthin, and at Finborough Hall, Suffolk ; all of these seem to have disappeared. Loudon mentions! a tree at Oriel Temple, in Ireland, 55 ft. high in 1838; but I could find no trace of it in 1908. In France it is hardy at Les Barres, where a specimen? 33 ft. high and 5 ft. in girth rarely produces fertile acorns, The Valonia oak was, introduced*® into Algeria about 1860 by M. Hardy, but though trees are to be found there about forty years old and flourishing, no plantations on a commercial scale appear to have been made. The credit of the introduction‘ of this tree into Australia is due to Mr. George Cunnack, tanner at Castlemaine, Victoria, who imported from Smyrna in 1879 two Wardian cases, one containing rooted young plants and the other acorns covered with earth. They both arrived in good condition, the acorns having sprouted during the voyage, and pro- duced some hundreds of plants. Vatonia, MANNA Valonia® is the name for the cups of the acorns of Q. Zgzlops, which for many years have been imported from the Levant for tanning. According to Loudon who quotes M‘Culloch, in 1831-32 the import amounted 1 Arb. et Frut, Brit. i, 109 (1838). 2 Figured by Pardé, Ard, Nat, des Barres, 293, t. 29 (1906). The specimen which we have of a tree called Q. macro- Jepis at Les Barres agrees well with Q. Pyrami. Albert et Jahandiez, Plant. Vasc. du Var, 447, note 1 (1908), state that Q. dégilops is cultivated in the department of Var, and is occasionally found in woods there in a semi-wild state, 8 Trabut, Le Chéne Vélani, issued as Bull. 27 by the Agricultural Department of Algeria in April 1901, 4 Maiden, Zhe Valonia Oak, New South Wales, Dept. Agric. Misc. Public. No. 313 (1899). 5 Sir W. Thiselton Dyer tells us that va/onia takes its name from Avlona or Valona, a port in Albania, whence it is exported. Quercus 1271 to 7500 tons per annum, worth 412 to £15 per ton. Consul Wood of Patras informs me that though the export from Greece alone in 1896 was over 8000 tons, the price has now fallen to £7 or £8, which scarcely covers the cost of collecting and cleaning. In 1906 the export had fallen to 3900 tons, and it seems as though it would die out altogether. He adds that the figures apply to the cupule alone and not to the acorn also, which is discarded before shipment. Professor Procter of Leeds University informs me that the import has diminished owing to the competition of oak and chestnut extracts, and other tanning materials in the extract form. Valonia extract is now made at Smyrna and may have a considerable future. Greek valonia is well known in the trade and usually averages lower in price than the Smyrna article. As a rule it is less in strength, but good samples of Greek are often better than anything but the best Smyrna. The ripe valonia, either Greek or Smyrna, consists of cups only; but Greek camata and camatina, are unripe varieties valued for their colour. In camatina the acorn is completely enclosed by the unopened cup; in camata the acorn shows, but cannot be removed. He cannot say definitely whether any import comes from Syra or Crete, but Greek island valonia is a well-known commodity and often good. The Valonia oak and an allied species, Q. Zersica, Jaubert et Spach, yield a kind of manna in Kurdistan. These trees are visited in August by immense numbers of a small white coccws, from the puncture of which a saccharine fluid exudes and solidifies in little grains. This exudation is collected by the wandering tribes of Diarbekir, who use it as food. A complete account of this peculiar substance is given by Fliickiger and Hanbury.’ (H. J. E.) QUERCUS CASTANEAZFOLIA, Cuestnut-LEAvVED Oak Quercus castaneefolia, Meyer, Verz. kauk. Pflz. 44 (1831); Mathieu, Hore Forestiére, 367 (1897). Quercus Afares, Pomel, Nouv. Mat. Flore Atlantique, 391 (1874). A tree, attaining roo ft. in height and ro ft. in girth, Bark deeply divided into longitudinal slightly scaly ridges. Young branchlets covered with a minute dense pubescence. Buds (Plate 78, Fig. 4) ovoid, pubescent, those near the apex of the branchlet surrounded by persistent long filiform pubescent stipules. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 47) deciduous in autumn, oblong-elliptical, acuminate at the apex, rounded and unequal or cuneate at the base, 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 23 in. wide; with 8 to 14 pairs of lateral nerves, each ending in a mucronate triangular tooth; upper surface dark green, shining, with deciduous minute white stellate hairs; lower surface paler, coated with a minute tomentum; petiole 4 to ? in, long, pubescent. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or rarely in clusters of two to six, on a stout short pubescent peduncle ; acorn ovoid-cylindrical, ¢ to 1} in. long, glabrous, rounded at the apex, which is crowned by the tomentose style ; cupule hemispheric, 1 Pharmacographia, 415 (1879). Virgil, Zc/. iv. 30, refers to honeydew on oak, and not to manna, as alleged by Hanbury. 1272 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 2 to 1 in. wide, with tomentose scales, reflexed from near their bases, long and linear in the upper ranks, ovate and short elsewhere, but very variable in length and shape. This species has a remarkable distribution, occurring both in Algeria and in the eastern Caucasus and northern Persia. The characters, upon which Pomel tried to separate the Algerian tree as a distinct species, are unreliable. As seen, however, in cultivation and described by travellers in the wild state, the Caucasian or typical form is characterised by its short trunk and widely spreading horizontal branches, with a bark darker in colour and smoother than in the Algerian form, The latter is narrowly pyramidal in habit, with ascending branches, and with a deeply furrowed whitish bark. This species is restricted in the Caucasus to the province of Talysch, where it grows in the forests from sea-level to 4000 ft. In Persia it is met with in the mountains south of the Caspian Sea, In Algeria it is less widely spread than Q. Mirbeckit, being confined to the forests in the mountains near the coast from Kabylia to the borders of Tunis. This oak near E] Snab forms a wood at 600 ft. above sea-level; but elsewhere it is usually a tree of higher levels, occurring in the Akfadou forest between 3700 and 5000 ft., where it is mixed with Q. Mirbeckit, but is less abundant (Plate 323). On the northern slope of Mt. Babor, Q. castanea- folia grows in company with Adzes numidica and Cedrus atlantica. Q. castaneefolia is the southern representative of Q. Cerris in the same way as QO. Mirbeckit replaces Q. sesstliflora; and the mixed oak forests in Algeria closely resemble, in their composition, the forests in Servia where the Turkey oak and the sessile oak are mingled together. In the forest of Akfadou and elsewhere, on the line of contact between the cork oaks of the lower elevations and the mixed forest of Q. Mirbeckii and Q. castaneefolia higher up, the latter species and Q. Swder form hybrids which are readily distinguishable in winter, as in that season Q. castaneefola has lost its leaves, while the hybrids are subevergreen and are different from Q. Suder in their inferior corky bark and in the shape of the leaves. These hybrids,’ which bear a striking resemblance to those of the Turkey oak and Q. Suder, are very variable in the character of the bark, in the period of fall of the leaves, and in the stature and growth of the trees. Those which are closest to Q. castaneefolia in these characters have been named Q. numidica, Trabut ;* those nearest to Q. Suder, QO. kabylica, Trabut.? (A. H.) CULTIVATION We can find no reliable information as to when or by whom this oak was introduced into England, but it was not known to Loudon except from description. ' The only large tree we know of in England is a fine specimen at Kew, near the Palm House, which measured in 1909 about 60 ft. by 93 ft. It produces fertile ? Certain cork oaks in this forest which lose their leaves in winter are also probably hybrids. 2 In Bull. Assoc. France Avance. Sc., 1886, p. 506, and Bull, Soc. Bot. France, xxxvi. 58, 61 (1889). Quercus | 1273 acorns in good seasons, from which | have raised seedlings, and these, though they grow slowly, seem perfectly hardy. It is supposed to have been planted about 1843. A smaller tree, growing beside this, is probably the Algerian form, and measures 47 ft. by 3 ft. 1 in. This is perhaps of the same origin as a very thriving narrow pyramidal tree’ in the oak collection, measuring 34 ft. by 3 ft., which was raised from acorns sent by Playfair from Algeria in 1869. Another tree at Beauport, near Grinsted’s Cottage, is about 35 ft. by 4 ft. 9 in. and, has a short bole with rather corky bark, and a very spreading crown, Henry was informed in Algeria that the wood of this species is similar in its properties to that of Q. Cerris, as it has an abundant sapwood and fails in dura- bility. It is hard, heavy, easy to rive, but difficult to work, and is rejected by the railway companies who have been urged in vain by the forestry department of Algeria to use it for sleepers. Up to the present time it has been mainly used for firewood. (Hi: JOE QUERCUS MACEDONICA Quercus macedonica, A. de Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 50 (1864). Quercus Grisebachit, Kotschy, Zichen, 3 (1862) (name only); Baldacci, Riv. Coll. Bot. Alb. 72 (1892). Quercus dégilops, Grisebach, Spicil, F7. Rum. 333, excl. syn. (1844) (not Linnzus). Quercus ostrya@folia, Borbas, in Erdesz. Lap. xxvi. 932 (1887). A small tree or large shrub. Young branchlets with a minute scattered pubescence. Buds ovoid, 4 in. long, with glabrous ciliate scales. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 41) deciduous late in the season, coriaceous, about 2} in. long and 1 in. broad, ovate-lanceolate, auricled at the broad base, acute or acuminate at the apex, with nine to twelve pairs of lateral nerves each ending in a short mucronate tooth ; margin wrinkled, with the teeth inflexed; upper surface dark green, with minute deciduous scattered brown pubescence; lower surface paler, with a similar pubescence ; petiole 4 in. long, minutely pubescent. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary, or two to three together, on a very short stout pubescent peduncle; acorn pubescent at the tip, enclosed in the lower half in a hemispherical cupule, about 1 in. in diameter with pubescent scales, the lowest ovate and appressed; the middle scales linear, hooked, and recurved ; the uppermost narrow, erect, or incurved. This species was discovered by Grisebach in Macedonia, in the mountains near Vodena, and occurs in Epirus, Albania, Montenegro, southern Herzegovina, and in south-eastern Italy on the coast between Bari and Gallipoli.’ In Herzegovina® it is a rare tree, growing in mixture with Q. Cerris and Q. conferta, in the Dobrava forest near Stolac and in a few other localities. Farther 1 It measured 24 ft. by 2 ft. in 1897. 2 Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i. 180 (1904). 3 Cf. Beck, Vag. illyr. Land, 211 (1901). Vv 2N 1274 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland south it is more common, as in the mountains between Lake Scutari and the sea, and throughout Albania, where it grows above the zone of littoral vegeta- tion, in the lower region of the deciduous oak forests up to 2000 or 3000 ft. It forms pure woods of small extent, or is mixed with Q. Cerris, Q. conferta, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya, and Fraxinus Ornus. This species only attains a moderate size, and can scarcely be expected to form a large tree in England, where the best specimen known to us is at Tortworth, which measured in 1907 about 25 ft. high and 1 ft. 11 in. in girth. The only others we have seen are small trees at Kew, about 10 ft. high, which were raised from acorns sent by Beccari in 1890. Elwes raised a lot of seedlings from acorns sent to Kew in 1905, which seem to thrive on oolite soil, and endured the severe frost of 1908-9 better than Q. /iex. It appears to be perfectly hardy not only in England, but in Germany,’ where young plants raised at Gotha from acorns gathered by Dr. Perona at Gallipoli are thriving. (A. H.) QUERCUS LIBANI Quercus Libani, Olivier, Voy. Emp. Oth, ii. 290, t. 32 (1807); De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 49 (1864); Carritre, in Rev. Hort. 1872, p. 155, f. 18; Boissier, FZ. Orient. iv. 1173 (1879). A small tree or large shrub. Young branchlets minutely pubescent. Buds ovoid, acute, 4 in, long, with ciliate, glabrous, or pubescent scales, Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 39) deciduous in autumn, about 3 in. long and # in. wide, lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded and unequal at the base, with nine to twelve pairs of lateral nerves, each ending in a bristle-tipped inflexed? serration ; both surfaces at first pubescent, usually becoming glabrous in summer, except on the midrib and nerves, where some pubescence is retained ; petiole } in. long, pubescent. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary on short stout pubescent stalks, very variable in size; acorn globose and only slightly projecting beyond the cupule, or cylindrical and half-enclosed by the cupule, depressed and tomentose at the apex; cupule campanulate, # to 14 in. in diameter, covered with appressed tomentose ovate-rhombic scales. This species is extremely variable* in the amount of pubescence on the branchlets and leaves, and in the size of the acorn cup, which shows much variation in the size and shape of the scales. Leaves with irregular deep lobes sometimes occur on vigorous young branchlets; and extreme forms of this are Q. sguarrosa, Kotschy,‘ founded possibly on coppice shoots. @Q. Lzdanz, which was discovered by Olivier on Mt. Lebanon, is widely spread throughout the mountains of Syria, Asia Minor, and Armenia. 1 Schneider, Laubholskunde, i. 180 (1904). 2 The margin is wrinkled on account of the inflexed teeth, but less so than in Q. macedonica, : 3 Quercus regia, Lindley, Bot. Reg. t. 73 (1840); Q. vesca, Kotschy, Eichen, t. 11 (1862); and Q. Tchihatchewt, Kotschy, in Tchihatcheff, 4s. Min. ii. 468, t. 40, f. 1 (1860), are united with Q. Zisané by Boissier, and are perhaps extreme forms of this very variable species. 4 Ex De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 108 (1864). 5 a Og a RES > TF ie ee) ofa Bee Quercus 1275 The oldest plants in Europe were apparently raised at Paris, from acorns sent by Balansa in 1855. A healthy tree in the Jardin des Plantes at Paris produces acorns ; and it is quite hardy at Les Barres. This species is extremely rare in England. The best is a grafted tree at Kew, about 25 ft. high, with a good leader, which was obtained under the name Q. serrata pendula, from Lee’s nursery in 1880. A smaller tree, about 15 ft. high, obtained from Paris in 1883, bore a few acorns in 1909. There are also _ specimens at Tortworth, Grayswood, and Aldenham, The latter, a healthy young tree, produced ripe fruit in 1908. (A. H.) QUERCUS SERRATA Quercus serrata, Thunberg, 77. Jap. 176 (1784); Franchet et Savatier, Znum. Pl. Jap. i. 447 (1875); Hooker, 77. Brit. India, v. 601 (1888); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 520 (1899) ; Shirasawa, Jeon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 51, t. 26, figs. 1-12 (1900); Gamble, /ndian Timbers, 673 (1902). ‘A tree, attaining usually about 4o ft. in height. Young branchlets silky pubescent when young, soon becoming glabrescent; smooth and shining in the second year. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 46) deciduous in autumn, 4 to 8 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, with ten to sixteen pairs of lateral nerves, each ending in a bristle-tipped serration ; upper surface glabrescent ; lower surface green, with deciduous appressed pubescence, glabrous in summer except for slight stellate - pubescent axil-tufts; margin non- ciliate ; petiole } to 1 in. long, with scattered pubescence. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or in pairs, sub-sessile; acorn ellipsoid, glabrous, scarcely longer than the hemispherical cupule, which is ? to 1} in, in diameter, covered with tomentose scales, those at the base ovate-oblong, those above linear, 4 to 1 in. long, more or less spreading. This species is widely distributed, occurring in Japan, China, the Shan and Khasia Hills, and in the Himalayas, through Bhutan and Sikkim to eastern Nepal. In Japan, Sargent saw it growing on dry soil near the coast behind Yokohama, and - on the foothills of central Hondo. Gamble states that it has been largely planted at the cinchona plantations near Darjeeling and succeeded admirably. It has also done well at Dehra Dun, where a tree felled in the garden of the Forest School showed a growth of two to three rings per inch of radius. Gay’ states that four plants of this species, about 3 ft. high, were growing in 1861 at Verriéres, near Paris, where they had been raised from acorns sent from Manchuria by Montigny; but these do not appear to have survived.” Maximowicz in 1864 introduced Q. serrata from Japan into the St. Petersburg Botanic Garden.’ It is probable that this species was introduced into England by Oldham, who collected in Japan, China, and Korea in 1861-64, as a small tree in Kew Gardens, about 20 ft. high, is labelled with his name. Younger specimens, received from 1 Note in Kew Herbarium. 2 In Hortus Vilmorinianus, 55 (1906), mention is only made of young plants of this species, raised from Chinese acorns, obtained a few years ago. 3 Bretschneider, Hist, Hurop. Bot. Disc. China, 609 (1898). 1276 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Veitch in 1893, appear to be more vigorous. At Beauport, Sussex, there is a good specimen, which measured about 40 ft. by 3 ft. 3 in. in 1905. At Bicton, a healthy specimen is about 35 ft. by 5 ft. There is also a good tree in Coombe Wood. This is one of the oaks in China on which some species of wild silkworm feed ; but Mayr,’ who says that it is not hardy at Grafrath, states that the great expecta- tions of its successful cultivation in southern Europe as food for the silkworm of Saturnia Yama-mai have not been fulfilled. ~ (A. H.) QUERCUS VARIABILIS Quercus variabilis, Blume, in Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 297 (1849); Shirasawa, Jcon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 54, t. 28, figs. 1-11 (1900); Mayr, Fremdlind. Wald- u. Parkbdume, 510 (1906). Quercus chinensis, Bunge, Enum. Pl. China, 61 (1835) (not Abel); De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 50 (1864). Quercus acutissima, Carruthers, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) vi. 33 (1861). Quercus Bungeana, Forbes, in Journ. Bot. xxii. 83, 85 (1884); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 508 (1899). Quercus serrata, Thunberg, var. chinensis, Wenzig, in Jahrb. bot. Gart. Berlin, iv. 221 (1886). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 1o ft. in girth. Bark grey, thick, corky. Young branchlets as in Q. serrata. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 40) similar to those of that species, but covered beneath with a dense white tomentum. Fruit with smaller cupules, which have thicker shorter scales. This species, which is very closely allied to, if not a mere variety of Q. serrata, is spread through Japan, Korea, and China, where it is very common about Peking, attaining in the western hills a height of 60 to 80 ft. The acorn-cups are used in China for dyeing purposes, and yield a considerable amount of tannin. This tree produces cork very similar to that yielded by Q. Suder in Europe ; and the Japanese have commenced to utilise its bark for this purpose. Mayr strongly recommends its cultivation for cork in localities where the common chestnut thrives. Fortune,’ in 1861, procured a large quantity of acorns at Peking, from which Standish raised young plants at Bagshot ; but we have found no trees of this origin. It was afterwards introduced by Dr. Bretschneider,’ who sent acorns from Peking, where the tree is very common, to Prof. Sargent in 1881, and to Kew in 1882, where there is a good specimen about 20 ft. high and growing vigorously. A smaller tree, raised from acorns sent by Regel, is probably of Japanese origin. Sargent‘ says that this species is very hardy in the Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A., and of rapid growth, the leaves turning a bright yellow in November. He® also collected acorns in Japan in 1892, from which young plants were raised. (A. H.) 1 Fremdliind, Wald- u. Parkbdume, 510 (1906). 2 Yedo and Peking, 382 (1863), and in Gard. Chron,, 1863, p. 872. 8 Hist. Europ. Bot. Disc. China, 1061 (1898). 4 In Garden and Forest, iii. 556 (1890). 5 Forest Flora Japan, 68 (1894). Quercus 12792 QUERCUS DENTATA Quercus dentata, Thunberg, #7. Jap. 177 (1784), and Jc. Pl. Jap. dec. 5, t. 6 (1794); Franchet et Savatier, Zum. Pl. Jap. i. 445 (1875); Sargent, Forest Hora Japan, 67, t. 23 (1894); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxvi. 511 (1899); Shirasawa, Jeon. Ess, Forest. Japon, text 52, t. 27, I-15 (1900). Quercus obovata, Bunge, Enum. Pl. China, 62 (1835). Quercus Daimio, Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 2, p. 45 (1873). Quercus yunnanensis, Franchet, in Journ. de Bot. 1899, p. 146. A tree, occasionally attaining 80 ft. in height and 1o ft. in girth. Young branchlets covered with a dense brownish or greyish tomentum, retained in the second year. Buds tomentose, the terminal one surrounded by persistent stipules. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 43) deciduous in autumn, 8 to 12 in. long, 3 to 6 in. broad, obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate or subcordate at the base, with six to nine pairs of small rounded lobes; margin ciliate; upper surface pubescent on the midrib and nerves, elsewhere glabrous or with scattered hairs; lower surface pale, sparsely covered with a minute stellate pubescence; petiole 4 to } in. long, tomentose. , Fruit ripening in the first year, clustered, sub-sessile or stalked; acorn sub- globose ; cupule covered with long tomentose scales, those in the basal ranks ovate- oblong, obtuse, and spreading, those towards the rim linear, acute, and reflexed. This species displays a considerable amount of variation in the wild state, and several varieties’ have been distinguished, none of which are in cultivation. The following remarkable variety is cultivated in Japanese gardens, but does not seem to have been introduced :— 1. Var. pinnatifida, Matsumura. Quercus pinnatifida, Franchet et Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 445 (1875), and ii. 497 (1879). Leaves deeply lobed, almost to the midrib. This species is a native of Japan, Korea, Chinese Manchuria, and China. In Japan, according to Sargent, it is found in central Hondo only on the high moun- tains, where it is not at all common; but in the extreme northern part of the island it appears in great numbers on gravelly slopes at no great height above the sea- level. In Yezo, where Elwes collected it at Asahigawa, it grows on low ground with Q. grosseserrata, and though it attains a height of 80 ft., is not a fine or imposing tree. Mayr mentions as remarkable its occurrence on volcanic sands, and states that its bark is the most valuable tanning material in Japan, and recommends it for planting on sand dunes. The wood, according to Sargent, is coarse-grained, porous, and brittle, and worthless except for firewood. In China it is common on poor soil on low hills in the northern provinces, and 1 Var. M‘Cormickii, Skan, loc, cit.; var. oxyloba, Franchet, in Journ. de Bot, xiii. 146 (1899). Q. yunnanensis, Franchet, /oc. cit., is also a peculiar form, occurring in Yunnan. 1278 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland it extends on the high western plateaux as far south as Mengtze in Yunnan, nowhere, so far as I have observed, attaining considerable dimensions. This tree was probably introduced into Europe by Siebold, who sent acorns of several Japanese oaks to Leyden in 1830. According to Loudon,’ young plants were growing in 1842 in the Tooting and Epsom Nurseries. It has never thriven in this country, usually forming a low bushy tree, liable to injury by both spring and late frosts, and seldom displaying its fine foliage to advantage. At Syon, where a specimen is said to be over thirty years old, it has made but little growth. It appears to thrive better in the United States, where it is hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.® (A. H.) QUERCUS ALNIFOLIA Quercus alnifolia, Poech, Enum. Pl. Cypri, 12 (1842); Boissier, HZ. Orient. iv. 1168 (1879); Schneider, Laubholskunde, i. 183 (1904). Quercus cypria, Jaubert et Spach, J//ust. Pl. Orient. i. t. 56 (1843). A shrub or small tree. Young branchlets densely covered with greyish stellate pubescence, retained in the second year. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 60) coriaceous, persistent two years, 14 to 2 in. long and broad, orbicular or obovate; rounded or acute at the apex; rounded or broadly cuneate at the base; with five to eight pairs of prominent lateral nerves, all but the lower one or two pairs, ending in a minute mucronate tooth; upper surface dark green with deciduous stellate hairs; lower surface covered with a dense orange or yellowish grey tomentum;* petiole 4 in. long, tomentose. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or two to three on a short tomentose stalk; acorn 4 to 14 in. long, surrounded at the base by a hemispherical cupule, covered with tomentose scales, the basal ranks ovate and appressed, the median scales lanceolate, and the upper linear scales long and recurved. This species grows as underwood in the pine forests of the mountains of Cyprus at 1600 to 5000 ft. altitude. It is very rare in cultivation,* the only specimens which we have seen being two small trees, about 7 ft. high, at Kew, which were raised from acorns sent by Sir Robert Biddulph in 1885. One of these is in the temperate house and the other is in the oak collection. (A. H.) 1 In Gard. Mag, xviii. 17, 41 (1842). Bretschneider, in Hist, Aurop, Disc. China, 1061 (1898), states that he sent acorns from Peking to the Arnold Arboretum, Mass., from which plants were raised. 2 Sargent, Silva N. Amer. viii. 10, note 41 (1895). , 3 In native specimens the tomentum is orange in colour ; but in the shrubs at Kew it is only slightly tinged with yellow. 4 Cf. Gard. Chron, xiv. 533 (1880), and xvii. 227 (1882); and Zhe Garden, xviii. 486 (1880). Quercus 1279 QUERCUS COCCIFERA, Kerrmes Oak Quercus coccifera, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 1413 (1764); Loudon, Ard.-et Frut. Brit. iii. 1908 (1838) ; Mathieu, /lore Forestitre, 387 (1897). Quercus pseudococcifera, Desfontaines, FZ. Av. ii. 349 (1799). Quercus Mesto, Boissier, Voy. Bot. Esp. ii. 519, t. 166 (1845). Guereegrndente, Borbas, in Erdesz. Lap. xxvi. (1887). A shrub, usually 6 to 12 ft. high, occasionally becoming a small tree, rarely exceeding 20 ft. in height. Young branchlets with scattered brown stellate pubescence. Buds brown, ovoid, minute, glabrescent. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 62) persistent two or three years, coriaceous, variable in size and shape, oval or oblong, 1 to 14 in. long and { in. broad, acute or rounded at the apex, sub-cordate or truncate at the base, wrinkled in margin, and with the upper surface concave; with four to eight pairs of minute teeth, each ending in a cartilaginous bristle ; glabrous and shining green above and below; petiole } to } in. long, stellate-pubescent. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or in pairs, sessile or shortly stalked ; acorn cylindrical-ovoid, about an inch long, glabrous, shining ; cupule hemispheric, 4 to } in. wide, covered with tomentose spine-tipped scales, ovate to linear, and very variable in breadth, thickness, and curvature. The above description applies to the typical form prevalent in the western part of the Mediterranean region, but considerable variation occurs in the size and shape of the leaves (which are occasionally entire) and of the cupules, cupule-scales, and acorns. These differences appear to depend upon the vigour of the plant, and are occasionally present upon the same individual; and the numerous varieties which have been named can scarcely be upheld. The following, however, are note- worthy :— 1. Var. Auzandri, De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 53 (1864). Quercus Auzandri, Grenier et Godron, FZ. France, iii. 119 (1855-6). Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 65) more or less stellate-pubescent beneath. Cupules small with scales flattened at the points. This is supposed by Fliche’ to be a hybrid between Q. //ex and Q. coccifera, and has been observed in the south of France and in Algeria. 2. Var. pseudococcifera, Boissier, Flora Orientalis, iv. 1169 (1879). Var. Calliprinos, Boissier, loc. cit. Quercus pseudococcifera, Labillarditre, Jc. Pl. Syria, Dec. v. p. 9, t. 6 (1812), (not Desfontaines),? J. D. Hooker, in Zrans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 381, tt. 36, 37 (1862). Quercus Calliprinos, Webb, It. Hisp. 15 (1838). The eastern form of the species, often a shrub, occasionally a large tree, Leaves flat, scarcely concave or wrinkled, usually larger than in the type. Fruit variable, but often larger than in the western form. 1 In Mathieu, Flore Forestidre, 389 (1897). Albert et Jahandiez, Plant. Vas. du Var, 445, pl. xv. (1908), distinguish four hybrids between Q. J/ex and Q. coccifera, all of which have been seen in the south of France. 2 Q. pseudococcifera, Desfontaines, described from Algerian specimens, is absolutely identical with Q. coccéfera, 1280 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland The Kermes oak is a native of the Mediterranean region, occurring in northern Africa, Spain, and Portugal, the south of France, Italy, Dalmatia, Albania, Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria. It covers dry poor soils with a shrubby vegetation, being often mixed on limestone with Q. //ex. Its bark, especially that of the roots, is much esteemed for tanning, whilst its branches are often covered with an insect (Chermes Ilicis) called Kermes in Arabic, which was formerly used like cochineal, as a scarlet dye. (A. H.) In Asia Minor and Syria this species occasionally becomes a large tree, of which Hooker gives the following account :—‘ This is by far the most abundant tree throughout Syria, covering the rocky hills of Palestine especially with a dense brush- wood of trees 8 to 12 ft. high, branching from the base, thickly covered with small evergreen rigid leaves, and bearing acorns copiously. Owing to the indiscriminate destruction of the forests in Syria this oak rarely attains its full size. We saw but few very good trees, one of which is the famous oak of Mamre called Abraham’s oak, of which a portrait is given (Plate xxxvi.), and I saw other good ones at Anturah on the Lebanon. Abraham’s oak is supposed to indicate the spot where grew the oak under which the patriarch pitched his tent, and is reverenced by Jews, Mahometans, and Christians, In general habit it much resembles Q. //exas grown in this country. The diameter of the foliage is given, no doubt correctly, by Porter as go ft., the girth of the trunk as 23 ft. In the winter of 1856-57 when in the streets of Jerusalem the snow fell deep and lay for many days, a great branch of Abraham’s oak was broken off, and when cut up was sufficient to load seven camels.” A more recent photograph in my possession shows that this tree has now been protected by a stone wall, and though its foliage is more scanty than as shown in Hooker's draw- ing, the tree is still a very fine one. According to Loudon the species was cultivated as long ago as 1683, but is now rarely seen, except in botanic gardens. At Kew it is perfectly hardy, young Algerian specimens having survived the severe winter of 1860-61, and it occasionally bears fruit. We have specimens from Kew, Eastnor, the Heatherside Nursery near Bagshot, and Fota. At Bitton’ it forms a bush about 20 ft. high, which was raised from an acorn gathered near Athens in 1854-55. It produces root-suckers freely. According to Mouillefert,? it is hardy at Grignon near Paris, where it has borne a temperature of 5° Fahr. without injury, and thrives well on poor calcareous soil. (H. J. E.) 1 Canon Ellacombe, in Gard. Chron., 1870, p. 1155, says that it produces acorns very freely, but these are nearly always abortive. 2 Ess, Forest. 112 (1903). Quercus 1281 QUERCUS ILEX, Itex or Hotm Oak Quercus Ilex, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 995 (1753); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1899 (1838); Willkomm, forstliche Flora, 415 (1887); Mathieu, Hlore Forestitre, 374 (1897). Quercus Gramuntia, Linneus, Sp. P/. 995 (1753); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii, 1906 (1838). Quercutssempervirens, Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. viii. No. 3 (1768). Quercus calicina and expansa, Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. Suppl. ii. 216 (1811). Quercus ilicifolia, Salisbury, Prod. 392 (1796). Quercus pseudoilex, Chatin, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xvi. 22 (1869). A tree, attaining in favourable conditions go ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth; often shrubby or of small size in dry climates and on poor soils. Bark of older stems divided into small scaly plates. Young branchlets covered with grey tomentum, retained in the second year. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 69) coriaceous, persistent two or three years, very variable in size, shape, and margin, even upon the same tree ; larger leaves, often 3 in. long and 13 in, broad, occurring on vigorous branches and on trees growing in moist climates and in good soils; smaller leaves, often 1 in. long and $ in. broad, being characteristic of branches of feeble growth and on shrubby trees growing in dry climates and on hot calcareous soils; larger leaves usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, and tapering at the base; smaller leaves usually oval, acute at the apex, and rounded at the base, but with many inter- mediate forms; margin entire or undulate on the upper branches of older trees, or with holly-like spine-tipped teeth on lower branches and on young trees; upper sur- face dark green, shining, with numerous stellate hairs ; lower surface usually covered with a dense fine white or greyish tomentum, occasionally glabrescent and light green on branches of young trees; lateral nerves seven to ten pairs, ending in the teeth of dentate leaves, dividing and looping before reaching the margin of entire leaves; petiole } to 3 in. long, tomentose. Fruit ripening in the first year, solitary or in pairs, on a short stout grey tomentose peduncle ; acorns, very variable in size and shape, often slightly pubescent towards the apex, which is surmounted by a conical umbo, tomentose except for a glabrescent or glabrous narrow basal zone; cupule hemispheric or rarely turbinate, with closely appressed ovate grey tomentose scales, diminishing in size from the base to the margin of the cupule. VARIETIES Spread over a wide area, occurring in different soils and climates, and showing a large amount of variation in the individual tree, influenced by age, vigour of branchlets, etc.,—this species has numerous forms, impossible to define in the present state of our knowledge, and only a few conspicuous varieties’ can now be alluded to. 1 Albert et Jahandiez, Plant. Vasc. du Var, 439, Pl. xi., xii., xiii., xiv. (1908), enumerate and describe thirty-one varieties, Vv 20 1282 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 1. Var. Ballota, De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 39 (1864). Quercus rotundifolia, Lamarck, Encyc, Méth, i. 723 (1783). Quercus Ballota, Desfontaines, in Mém. Acad. Sc. Paris, 1790, p. 394, t. 6, and FZ. Adfant. ii. 350 (1800) ; Webb, Jter Hisp. 14 (1838); Loudon, Azd. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1905 (1838). Leaves variable, spiny-dentate or entire, usually rounded at the base and white beneath. Acorns large, sweet, edible. This variety is the prevalent form in Spain and northern Africa, and occurs also in Portugal, where Coutinho’ distinguishes another variety, with sweet acorns (var. avellaneformis), very small, sub-globose, and almost enclosed in the cupule. Webb says that the leaves in var. Badlota always have a round rather than an elliptic shape, and that toothed and entire leaves are mixed on the same branch; the down which clothes them is thicker, the branches stiffer, and the acorns besides being very sweet are much longer and more cylindrical. He also found it more tender * than the common form, and said that a specimen which he grew for twenty years in a warm situation only reached 6 ft. high in that time. 2. Var. Gramuntia, Loudon, Trees and Shrubs, 882 (1842). Quercus Gramuntia, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 995 (1753); Loudon, Arb. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1906 (1838). Quercus Cookit, Loudon, Arb, et Frut. Brit. iii. 1926 (1838). Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 68) broadly oval, obovate, or almost orbicular, often sub-cordate at the base, 1 to 14 in. long; margin wrinkled, with a few inflexed teeth, ending in long sharp spines. This variety was described by Linnzus from a specimen growing in the wood of Gramont, near Montpellier, where, however, De Candolle afterwards failed to find it. A tree bearing this name was growing in 1838 at Purser’s Cross. It was raised in 1835 in the Chiswick Garden from acorns procured from Gibraltar. It is probably a form in which the seedling characters are preserved, and was both by Loudon and by Cook confused with var. Ballota, It is a small tree, occasionally seen in gardens, as at Kew and at Osborne, where there was a tree, 36 ft. by 4 ft., in 1908, bearing the name of Q. Ballota. 3. Var. Fordiz, Loudon, Gard. Mag. xix. 36 (1843). Quercus Fordii, Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 2, p. 56 (1873). Leaves narrow, lanceolate, 1 to 14 in. long; margin wrinkled, undulate or with a few irregular teeth, without spiny points. This peculiar form originated many years ago in Lucombe and Pince’s nursery at Exeter, and was named after Ford, one of the proprietors. 4. Var. crispa, Loudon. As seen at Kew, a monstrous form, with very small entire leaves, about 4 in. in length, with the edges rolled inwards and the under surface concave. 5. Var. Smzlax, Nicholson, in Kew Handlist, Trees, 689 (1902). Quercus Smilax, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 994 (1753) Leaves entire, narrow, lanceolate, long acuminate at the apex. 1 In Boll, Soc. Brot. vi. 94 (1888). ® The seedlings which Elwes raised at Colesborne were killed by a frost, which left seedlings of the typical form in the same bed unhurt, ere Quercus 1283 6. Var. Genadit and var. /atifolia are forms with very large leaves, up to 5 in, long, and 24 in. wide, usually dentate towards the apex, 7. In Afghanistan and the western Himalayas, a variety described as a distinct species, Q. Baloot, Griffith, /tin. Notes, 328 (1848), occurs at altitudes between 3000 and 8500 ft." In western China, several peculiar varieties? have been found on the high mountains of Szechwan, Hupeh, and Yunnan. None of these Asiatic forms have been introduced into cultivation, and need not be here further alluded 9. Hysrips Reputed hybrids between Q. //ex and Q. Suder have been reported in France,’ Italy,* Spain,’ and Portugal.* This species also hybridizes with Q. coccifera. Cf. p. 1279. Q. Turneri, supposed to be a hybrid between Q. Ilex and Q. pedunculata, is described on p. 1288. Q. audleyensis, possibly a hybrid with Q. sessiiiflora, is described on p. 1291. DIsTRIBUTION Q. Ilex is a native of the Mediterranean region, occurring in Spain and Portugal, France, Italy, Southern Tyrol, Istria, Dalmatia, Greece, the coast region of Syria, and in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis. _ In France, Q. //ex occurs in the departments bordering on the Mediterranean, and ascends the valley of the Rhone to a point near Valence, spreading on the east along the valleys of its tributaries through Dréme, Basses-Alpes, and Hautes-Alpes, and being limited on the west by a line passing through the southern parts of Ardéche, Lozére, Aveyron, and Tarn, and including the greater part of Aude and Pyrénées Orientales, where M. Flahaut observed it in the valley of the Tet as high as 5000 ft. elevation. In south-eastern France this species is only met with on limestone, and is rarely seen except as coppice, its bark being a valuable tanning material, At low altitudes and in arid situations it is often mixed with Pinus halepensts, and at higher altitudes with Quercus lanuginosa. These coppices consist usually of scattered bushes separated by paths frequented by flocks of sheep. The most remarkable forest of this kind is that of Bédoin, on the southern slope of Mt. Ventoux, where Q. //ex ascends from 300 to 2700 ft., occurring pure up to 2300 ft., and mixed with Q. /anuginosa between 2300 and 2700 ft. In this coppice is found the most esteemed kind of truffle, that of Périgord.’” In the south- west and west of France Q. //ex is found here and there on limestone in small 1 Cf. Hooker, 77. Brit. India, v. 602 (1888). 2 Cf. Skan in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 516 (1899). Q. Zlex, var. phillyreoides, Franchet, a native of Japan and western China, is very different and is treated by us as a distinct species, See p. 1298, 3 Quercus Bertrandi, Albert et Reynier in Bull. Acad. Intern. Géog. Bot., 1902, ex Albert et Jahandiez, Plant, Vasc. du Var, 444, pl. xiv. (1908). * Quercus Morisii, Borzi, in Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. xiii. 10, fig. 1 (1881). This hybrid is reported by Pereira in Bull, Soc. Bot. France, xiv. 69 (1892) to occur near Bastia, in Corsica. ; 5 Mentioned by Laguna, as occurring in Estremadura and Andalusia. ® Continho reports this hybrid to be not uncommon in Alemtejo. 7 Cf, Huffel, Zconomie Forestiore, i. 386-390 (1904). 1284 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland groups, in the Basses-Pyrénées, Gironde, Charente, around Nantes and Poitiers; and is reported as far north as Quimper. In France, though limited in the wild state to the milder regions, it bears a considerable degree of winter cold, having sustained without injury at Grignon a temperature of — 23° Cent. in 1871; but in 1879 when the temperature fell to — 264° Cent, it was killed to the ground, but the root has since produced a vigorous shoot.’ In Corsica, Q. /éex is a common tree, and forms fine forests in the north- western part of the island. That of Pirio, near Calvi, occupies northern slopes between 600 and 2500 ft. altitude, and contains many large trees, up to go ft. in height. (A. H.) In Italy, Q. /éex is widely spread. Bunbury? says that “in the Cascine, near Pisa, mixed with stone pine and pinaster, it forms extensive woods on light sandy soil. The limestone mountains behind Spoleto are entirely clothed with the Ilex ; so are those near Terni, around the famous falls of the Velino, and those bounding the valley of the Nar from Terni to Narni. There are many large trees of it on the banks of the Nar near the Bridge of Augustus. The superb Ilexes in the grounds of the Villa Borghese and Villa Pamfili at Rome are celebrated; but the finest trees of the kind that I remember ever to have seen are on the road between Castel Gondolfo and the Capuchin convent above the town of Albano, They are of vast size.” I measured a very fine tree, said to be over 150 years old, in the garden of the Hotel Hassler at Naples, formerly belonging to the King of Naples. In March 1910 it was over 90 ft. high and 12% ft. in girth, and had borne many large acorns, some of which I brought home. Q. Ilex is generally known in Spain as excina, but sometimes called carrasca, or chaparro; and in Portugal is named aznho or azinhetra. It is an extremely variable tree found throughout Spain except perhaps in Galicia, most abundant in the south, where it ascends, near Ronda, to 1500, and in the Sierra Nevada to 2000 metres; and is a most characteristic tree of large tracts in Estremadura and Leon. Widdrington considered it distinct from the common //x grown in England, and says that he instantly recognised it in a bed of seedlings at Kensington, which on inquiry turned out to have been raised from acorns sent from Valencia by Lord Holland. He adds that it is less hardy, and would barely exist in the north of England, where the Italian form grew well. In passing through the great open plains which lie between the Portuguese frontier and Ciudad Rodrigo this was almost the only tree that I saw scattered over the country for many miles as a sort of open forest, cultivated with wheat or rye between the trees, or grazed. The trees were heavily pruned like olive trees, to make them produce as many acorns as possible; and these acorns, known as dellotas, are looked on as good food for man and beast. In Portugal the tree is not so common generally as Q. Suder and Q. lusitanica in the south, or as Q. pedunculata and Q. Toza in the north; and I saw none of great size ; though a tree at Villa Nova de Baronia, in Alemtejo, is recorded by Gebhart as 3°35 metres in girth, with a crown 19 metres in diameter when less than 100 years 1 Cf. Mouillefert, Essences Forestidres, 104 (1903). 2 Arboretum Notes, 112 (1889). Quercus 1285 old, and was said to produce 1000 litres of acorns in one year. The flowering of the tree is earlier in Portugal than that of the cork oak, and so profuse that in April the trees had quite a golden appearance. The timber is valued for cart wheels and other farm implements, and preferred to that of the cork oak. It is also largely used for firewood and charcoal. CULTIVATION The Ilex or holm’ oak as it was formerly called, was introduced into this country at a very early period, and was known to Clusius in 1581, who spoke of two trees then growing near London, one of which was old enough to bear acorns; and Evelyn * spoke of it as a tree which “ thrives manifestly with us ; witness his Majesty’s privy garden at Whitehall, where once flourish’d a goodly tree of more than four- score years growth, and there was lately a sickly imp of it remaining. And now very many rais’d by me have thriv’d wonderfully, braving the most severe winters, planted either in standards or hedges, which they most beautifully become.” It ripens seed freely in the warmer parts of England, and reproduces itself where conditions are suitable; but pheasants are so fond of the acorns that few get a chance to grow; and they are better sown in a nursery or in pots, as the roots at first have very few fibres, and the tree, as Evelyn long ago remarked, is difficult to transplant. It is better to move them like hollies late in spring, or in August, if the autumn is moist and the climate mild. The Ilex undoubtedly likes sea air, and rarely grows as large inland as near the coast. It grows well on limestone, but also thrives in a good loamy soil, dry and well drained; and is sometimes killed by severe winters on wet and cold situations away from the coast. The tree varies extremely both in habit and foliage; and in a plantation at the Barton Farm, Osborne, I.W., where cork oaks and Ilex have been planted together, there are many seedlings which might be hybrids, though the bark of the older trees is always a good mark of distinction. In the Prince of Wales plantation, a little beyond the statue in Windsor park, I saw in 1909, a number of trees of very upright habit, which are said to have been planted in 1880, and are now in some cases over 40 ft. high. REMARKABLE TREES Among the largest and finest trees in England are those at Mamhead, of which Bradley * wrote as follows: ‘“ That curious gentleman Robert Balle, Esq., F.R.S.,° 1 Murray, Eng. Dict. v. 343 (1901), states that ho/m is a phonetic corruption of holm, from holen, hollin, the Old English equivalents of the modern word holly. Ho/m is used by Chaucer in the Knigh?’s Tale, meaning holly tree. Holm was apparently first used for the evergreen oak by Cooper, Elyot’s Dict. (1552),—‘‘ Ilex, a tree called by some holme.” Holland, Pliny i. 495 (1601), says: ‘* There is an holme growing in the Vatican, elder than Rome it selfe.” Z/ex, however, is so generally used, that it may now be considered an English word. 2 Silva, 17% (1706). 3 In East Anglia, young trees twelve to twenty years old were killed in the severe winter of 1859-60; but old trees escaped with merely a browning of their leaves (cf. Gard. Chron., 1869, p. 167). Many trees at Kew, but not all, were quite defoliated in the severe winter of 1908-9, when the temperature fell to 10° Fahr. on 30th December, Cf, Kew Bull., 1909, p. 236. 4 Bradley, /mprovements of Planting, 38 (1739). 5 In Polwhele’s History of Devonshire (1793) it is said: ‘*‘ The woods and plantations of Mamhead were extensive ; many of the trees were introduced by Mr. Thomas Ball, the last of that family (he died in 1749), who returning from the continent, brought with him a quantity of cork tree, Ilices, wainscot oaks (Q. Cerris), chestnuts, acacias, cedars, and other trees.” 1286 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland has, among other improvements for the good of his country, propagated a large parcel of these trees in England, some of which have in about thirty years grown to a considerable greatness of stature. This gentleman has raised some thousands of them from acorns, and to follow his method we must set the acorns in loam well sifted, in garden pots in February, and turn them out with the earth about their roots when they are two years old.” Ellis’ a year later says that “at Mamhead in a shallow sort of soil of but 9 in. deep, before a red rock appears, these trees had prospered so well that at forty years’ end the diameter of their bodies measured above a foot each, and the height of one of them was above 50 ft., with a straight taper stem without a knot.” R. Pince? of the Exeter Nursery gave the dimensions of some of the trees at Mamhead in 1835 as follows :— Height. Girth. 1. Quercus Suber : 60 ft. 123 ft. 2. r % Pi 50 ft. 11 ft. 3 im 3. QO. [lex . . : 85 ft. 11 ft. One of a group on the confines of Haldon, about 600 ft. above sea-level. aL* CH . ; F 70 ft. 14 ft. Detached in middle of park. Si dvr : : ‘ 55 ft. 22 ft. In a sheltered place about 250 ft. 6. Q. Cerris hybrida, 80 ft. 13% ft. About 500 ft. elevation. Fulham oak 7. Q. Cerris, Turkey or 100 ft. 12 ft, In a sheltered situation about wainscot oak 500 ft. elevation, 8. 5 go ft. 15 ft. 3 in. About 500 ft. elevation, 9. x 80 ft. 14 ft. 1 in, zs exposed situation. Of these I cannot now identify Nos. 3 and 6. No. 4 is probably a fine old tree (Plate 326) near the big cork oak, and, in 1908, was 17 ft. 10 in. in girth. No. 5 is probably a very spreading tree with a short bole, near the gardens, which in 1908 measured® 21 ft. in girth, Besides these there is a group of very tall trees close to the Dawlish Lodge, which Sir R. Newman believes to be some of the earliest planted. The finest of these is at least go ft. high by 164 ft. in girth. At Tregothnan in Cornwall there are great numbers of this tree, which shade a beautiful drive along the shores of the harbour, but owing to the rocky soil do not attain any great size. Perhaps the oldest-looking tree which I know of is at Wilton House, close to the mansion, and, though of no great height, its trunk measures no less than 18 ft. in girth, and its branches, which are supported by props, cover an area 90 paces round, Loudon states that in 1810 this tree was 10 ft. in girth, At Frogmore, there is a large tree, having the leaves much larger than usual, and supposed to have"been raised from Algerian acorns, though I can get no exact history of it. It measured about 50 ft. by 17 ft. in 1904; and another close by it with different leaves was 154 ft. in girth, 1 Ellis, The Timber Tree Improved (1740). 2 Loudon, Gard. Mag. xi. 127 (1835). 3 The girth, 22 ft., recorded in 1835, may have been taken near the ground. Quercus 1287 At Goodwood there are many fine trees in the grounds and in a belt north of the house. Here I measured in 1906 a tree 83 ft. by 7 ft. 7 in. At Siston Court, Gloucestershire, there is a well-shaped and spreading tree which in 1908 was about 60 ft. by 17 ft. At Epping House, Hertford, Mr. H. Clinton Baker measured a tree 60 ft. by 16} ft. in 1909. At Godinton, near Ashford, the seat of G. Ashley Dodd, Esq., there is one of the finest that I have seen in England. This beautiful tree has a short bole 18 ft. 1 in. in girth, dividing into many large spreading branches which reach a height of about 75 ft, and spread over an area no less than 102 paces in circumference. It is a symmetrical tree, in perfect health, and must be considerably over 100 years old. At Betteshanger, in the same county, Lord Northbourne showed me a tree of the same character, which measures about 50 ft. by 17 ft. at 3 ft. from the ground, and shows the suitability of this tree for a chalky soil, in the south-east of England. At Cobham Park a beautifully shaped tree measured in 1905, 80 ft. by 15 ft., with a clean bole 20 ft. high. Lord Darnley thought it was surpassed by a tree at Faringford, Lord Tennyson’s place in the Isle of Wight ; but when I measured this in 1906, I found that, though it covered an area 94 paces round, its trunk, which consists of several stems fastened up by chains, was much inferior to the Cobham tree. In Somersetshire, Sir C. T. D. Acland showed me a big Ilex at Holnicote, a stool with four trunks, about 70 ft. by 17 ft. In the eastern counties near the coast this tree also thrives at many places, among which Holkham is pre-eminent for numbers and size. The Ilex seems to have been a very favourite tree with the late Earl of Leicester and his father, who planted in the park what is now the largest grove of evergreen oaks that I know. In this grove, known as the Obelisk Wood, I measured one in 1903, 75 ft. by ro} ft., with a clean bole 28 ft. long; and another with a remarkable twisted trunk (Plate 324). A third tree on the outside of this grove, with wide-spreading branches, is shown in Plate 325. At Ken Hill near Snettisham, in Norfolk, the seat of Sir E. Green, there are two fine trees, the largest of which measures about 75 ft. by 193 ft. at 2 ft. from the ground, dividing at 4 ft. into two main stems. In Wales the finest I know of is a tree mentioned by Loudon at Stackpole Court, said to be 100 years old in 1838, and then 78 ft. high by 73 ft. in girth. It is probably the same as one which in 1906 measured 80 ft. by 9 ft. 8 in, and though split to the ground, was kept together by a chain. The best Ilex now at Stackpole is a tree on the lawn measuring about 60 ft. by 14 ft. 5 in., whose trunk is curiously gnarled and distorted. In Scotland the Ilex grows well on the south-west coast, especially in the Earl of Stair’s grounds at Castle Kennedy, where there is a tree remarkable for its very weeping habit. This tree has five stems forking close to the ground, where it measures 12 ft. 8 in. in girth, and is about 47 ft. high. Another large tree is re- ported by Mr. Renwick to grow at Mount Stuart, in Bute, the seat of the Marquess of Bute, and to measure 10 ft. 5 in. in girth, At Fullerton House, near Troon, a tree is recorded by Paxton in Remarkable Trees of Ayrshire, 11 ft. 9 in. in girth. 1288 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland As far north as Gordon Castle the Ilex is hardy near the coast; and I measured a tree there, which was 45 ft. by ro ft. 10 in. in 1907. Possibly the oldest if not the largest tree in Ireland, is one growing at Courtown on the Wexford coast, of which the Earl of Courtown has been good enough to send me a photograph. He believes that it may have been planted by Sir Walsingham Cook, whose mansion and garden were conveyed in 1648 to T. Jones, a sea-captain of Stepney: but in any case is a tree of very great age. In 1884 it was 66 ft. high, dividing into several large trunks close to the ground. At Rossanagh there is a very fine old tree 80 ft. high by 16 ft. 7 in. near the ground, dividing at 3 ft. into two big stems, one of which is 10 ft. 9 in., the other 8 ft. 8 in. in girth. At Kilruddery Castle, Co. Wicklow, Henry measured two big trees in 1904, one 77 ft. by 14} ft., the other 77 ft. by 11} ft., with a bole about 25 ft. high. At Castlemartyr there are many fine old trees, one of which in 1908 measured nearly 100 ft. by 12 ft., with a bole of 30 ft. At Belgrove, near Queenstown, Mr. Gumbleton showed me a very handsome and well-shaped tree about 70 ft. by 144 ft., the branches over 80 yds. round. At Doneraile Court, Co. Cork, there is a tree with a short butt, 15 ft. 3 in. in girth, dividing into two main stems about 45 ft. high, with a spread of branches about 80 ft. across. At Cooper Hill, Limerick, Henry saw several very old trees of no great height, but of immense girth, one 21 ft., the other 18 ft., in 1907. (H. J. E.) QUERCUS TURNERI, Turner’s Oak Quercus Turneri, Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. 975 (1809), and Berlin. Baums. 339, t. 3, fig. 2 (1811); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii, 1922 (1838). Quercus hispanica, var. y, le chéne Turnére, Lamarck, Encyc. Méth. i. 723 (1783). Quercus hybrida nana, Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iii. 1924 (1838). A tree, attaining about 50 ft. in height and 8 ft. in girth, variable in bark and foliage, probably hybrid in origin, the supposed parents’ being Q. pedunculata and Q. Ilex. Two distinct forms occur, one with short broad leaves, corresponding to the typical plant described by Willdenow; the other with larger narrower leaves, treated by us as a variety. These two forms are connected by trees intermediate in foliage; and a seedling, about 5 ft. high, raised at Kew in 1894 from an acorn, produced by the narrow-leaved form, has both broad and narrow leaves. The typical form is characterised as follows :—Young branchlets covered with dense stellate pubescence, glabrescent in the second year. Leaves slightly coriaceous, 1 The fruit on long peduncles, and the auricles often present at the base of the leaf indicate Q. peduncu/ata parentage. The subevergreen habit, the pubescence on the branchlets and leaves, and the mucronate teeth of the latter, suggest the influence of Q. ex. The bark usually resembles that of Q. Z/ex more than the common oak. Quercus 1289 falling early in spring, before the new leaves appear, about 3 in. long and 2 in. wide, obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly auricled at the base, with five to eight pairs of lateral nerves, all but the lowest one or two pairs ending in a sinuate tooth, with a cartilaginous tip, long and bristle-like in young plants, short and blunt in old trees; upper surface dark green, with deciduous scattered stellate hairs ; lower surface pale green, with white stellate hairs on the midrib and nerves, elsewhere glabrous or with scattered inconspicuous pubescence; petiole 4 in. long, densely pubescent. Fruit ripening in the first year, three to seven, of which only one or two develop, sessile on a slender tomentose peduncle, about 2 in. long; acorn ovoid, about ? in. long, with appressed long white hairs towards the apex, which is crowned by the conspicuous tomentose style; cupule about } in. in diameter, urceolate, covered with closely appressed grey tomentose ovate scales, reddish at the tips, and diminishing in size from the base to the constricted thin margin of the cupule. Var. pseudoturnert. Quercus glandulifera, Masters, in Gard. Chron. xiv. 714, fig. 134 (1880) (not Blume). Quercus pseudoturnert, Schneider, Laubholskunde, i. 200, fig. 126 g, h (1904). Quercus aizoon, Koehne, in Gartenflora, liii. 657 (1904). Usually a smaller tree than the typical form. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 45) usually longer and narrower, averaging 4 to 5 in. long and 14 to 2 in. wide; teeth larger, with mucronate points often obsolete ; under surface more pubescent than in the type; base rounded, auricled, or cuneate. The earliest account of this oak is by Lamarck, who described it in 1783, from a specimen growing in the garden of the Trianon, as 4% chéne Turnére, said to have been found originally as a seedling in England, which was propagated by grafting. Messrs. Loddiges informed Loudon that it was a hybrid, ‘raised about 1795 or before, by Mr. Spencer Turner, in the Holloway Down Nursery, Essex, which was founded by him about 1787.” The latter account is evidently inaccurate as regards dates; but it may be assumed that the oak was raised by Mr. Turner sometime before 1783, when it was well-known to Lamarck. Willdenow* founded his description on a plant of the broad-leaved form, growing at Berlin, which had been sent to him by Loddiges. The narrow-leaved variety appears to have been the form more generally propagated, especially by Rivers at the Sawbridgeworth Nursery, where Loudon states that there was a tree forty years old in 1838. It is possible that both forms of foliage occurred on the original tree in Turner's nursery. | In the Bristol Nursery, a tree was found in 1825 in a bed of seedling oaks, which Loudon describes as Q. -hybrida nana, and this seems to have been a form of Q. Turneri, bearing both broad and narrow leaves. It is said by Loudon to have been a bush rather than a tree; but the original plant made fairly rapid 1 Willdenow’s statement that the tree came originally from Tibet is evidently due to a confusion between Spencer Turner, the nurseryman, and Samuel Turner, the famous traveller, who visited Tibet about 1786. Vv 2.P 1290 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland growth, having attained 9 ft. high in twelve years. This was propagated by Messrs. Loddiges, and may be the origin of some of the trees now in cultivation. (A. H.) REMARKABLE TREES Of the typical form, we have identified the following, but it is probable that other trees exist which we have overlooked, A tree at Ham Manor, Sussex, forking near the ground, and carrying its leaves until after mid-winter. In 1907 it was about 45 ft. high. A tree at Nuneham Park, with bark like that of the common oak on which it is grafted, measured by Henry in 1907, 48 ft. by 4 ft. 4 in. A tree in the Wilderness at White Knights, grafted on the common oak and not showing much of the Ilex character in the bark, measured’ by me in 1907, when it was 52 ft. by 6 ft. 10 in. above the graft. At Bayfordbury a tree said to have been planted in 1837 with Ilex-like bark, 4o ft. by 3 ft. At Henham Hall, Sussex, a tree 50 ft. by 8 ft. At Lyndon, a tree 53 ft. by 6 ft. grafted near the ground on the common oak and showing no trace of the Ilex parentage in the bark. A small tree in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, is the only one we have seen in Scotland; but Mr. Bean mentions one 45 ft. high in 1906, which he saw at Kinfauns Castle, Perthshire. In Ireland there is a tree at Oriel Temple with typical Ilex-like bark, which in 1908 was 48 ft. by 4 ft. with a bole about 20 ft. high. Of the pseudoturnert form the best specimen we know of is at Syon, a tree 62 ft. by 4 ft. 4 in., having a clean bole of considerable height injured on one side. At Kew there are several trees of which the largest measures 37 ft. by 5 ft. Their history is unknown and they were unnamed before 1880. In the Sawbridgeworth Nursery there are two trees believed to have been propagated from the original tree by grafting on the common oak. The larger of these measured in 1908 about 50 ft. by 5 ft., and on June 4th had a good many of the previous year’s leaves still on it. The other tree, growing in a beech hedge, is much more stunted, and had no old leaves left on it, but was flowering profusely. We have specimens of this form from trees growing at Eastnor Castle; from Alnwick sent by Miss Manders; and from Monreith. I also found a tree at Castlewellan in Ireland. . Judging from all that we know, this hybrid does not seem to have any- thing to recommend it as an ornamental tree, and is much inferior in size and beauty to the Lucombe oak, (Fi. JES Quercus 1291 QUERCUS AUDLEYENSIS Quercus Ilex x Q. sessilifiora (?) At Audley End, Essex, there is a remarkable oak, which we have been unable to identify with any described species, and which is probably a hybrid between the evergreen oak and Q. sesstZiflora. It is characterised as follows :— Young branchlets slender, grey tomentose, the tomentum being retained in the second year. Buds } to } in., ovoid, obtuse, few-scaled, pubescent. Stipules persistent, linear, pilose, 4 in. long, two at the base of each leaf. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 59) slightly coriaceous, falling late in the season, up to 3% in. long and 2 in. broad, very variable in shape on the same branch, narrow elliptical and entire or slightly undulate in margin, or obovate to obovate-oblong with 4 to 5 pairs of sinuate teeth or small lobes in the upper two-thirds, occasionally with one to three teeth near the apex; teeth with or without a minute projecting mucro; nerves five to eight pairs, ending in the teeth or dividing before reaching the margin when it is entire; apex rounded; base unequal, rounded or cuneate; both surfaces stellate pubescent when young, upper surface, when mature, dark green, shining, glabrous; lower surface pale green, retaining the pubescence on the midrib and basal part of the blade; petiole 4 to # in. long, with scattered stellate tomentum. Fruit, imperfect, probably never developing, in pairs at the apex of a short erect tomentose axillary peduncle. In favour of this oak being a hybrid, may be noticed the instability of form of the leaves on the same branch; some resemble the entire leaves of Q. lex; others are like the obovate lobed leaves of Q. sesstliflora. It agrees with both species in the nervation. The slender tomentose branchlets, minute mucros of the teeth, and the persistent stipules are like Q. //ex, from which it may derive its subevergreen habit. It resembles superficially some of the forms of Q. /usttanica in Portugal, but these have uniform leaves on the same branchlet and are different in venation. This beautiful oak, the origin of which is unknown,’ has bark somewhat resembling that of Q. Zéex, and measured in 1908, 86 ft. in height and 11 “ft. 3 in. in girth (Plate 327). It was reported never to bear fruit; but a few imperfect acorns were formed in 1909. (A. H.) 1 Lord Braybrooke informs us that in a catalogue of trees at Audley End, made in 1834, he finds ‘* Lucombe’s Oak ” mentioned ; and as I saw no tree of that species, it is probable that it is the same as the one now described. 1292 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS SUBER, Cork Oak Quercus Suber, Linneeus, Sp. Fl. 995 (1753); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1911 (1838) ; Willkomm, orstliche Flora, 424 (1887); Coutinho, in Bull. Soc. Brot. vi. 82 (1888); Mathieu, Flore Forestidre, 377 (1897). Quercus suberosa, Salisbury, Prod. 392 (1796). Quercus Bivoniana, Gussone, F?, Sicul. Syn. ii. 604 (1844). A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth, usually much smaller. Bark thick and corky, occasionally becoming a foot in thickness on old trunks, which are deeply fissured. Young branchlets covered with a dense greyish tomentum, retained in the second year. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 63) coriaceous, per- sistent two or three years, often convex above and concave beneath, about 2 in. long and 1} in. wide, variable in shape, ovate or oval, acute or rounded at the apex, unequal at the base; with about six pairs of lateral nerves, all but the lowest one or two pairs, ending in a minute mucronate tooth; upper surface bright green, glabrescent ; lower surface covered with a dense grey tomentum; petiole, } to 4 in. long, tomentose. Fruit in the typical form, ripening in the first year, solitary or in pairs on short stout grey tomentose axillary peduncles; acorn # to 1 in. long, variable in shape, glabrous, with a tomentose apical umbo; cupule turbinate, $ to $ in. in diameter at the rim, covered with grey tomentose scales, reddish at the tips, ovate and short in the basal ranks, long linear and mostly erect in the upper half of the cupule. Var. occidentals. Quercus occidentalis, Gay, in Ann. Sc. Nat. vi. 243 (1856), and in Bull. Suc. Bot. France, iv. 449 (1857); Mathieu, Pore Forestiére, 384 (1897). Leaves deciduous in June of the following year, when the next season’s leaves are already developed. Fruit ripening in the second year; cupules hemispherical, with appressed ovate obtuse grey tomentose scales, red at their tips. This variety is the only form of the cork oak in the south-west of France, and is also found on the coast of Portugal, where according to Coutinho,’ the distinction between it and the type disappears, acorns of both kinds being found on the same tree. There the cork oaks flower continuously from January to April. The acorns produced by the first flowers either ripen in September or in October and November, two distinct crops being noticeable. The acorns produced by the last flowers of the season are stopped in their growth by the winter cold, and ripen in the following year, constituting a third crop. The latter, according to Coutinho, Have cupules with scales similar to those of Q. occidentalis in the Landes. This variety is, however, considerably hardier than the type, as plantations made in Brittany in 1826 with acorns from the Landes succeeded, while those made with ' Daveau, who had much experience in Portugal as well as in Provence, in a pamphlet, Note sur le Q. occidentalis, ex Ann. Soc, Hort, Hérault (Montpellier, 1899), confirms the opinions of Coutinho. Quercus 1293 acorns from Catalonia soon perished. At Nancy, var. occidentalis resists the cold of ordinary winters, while the typical form always succumbs in the first winter after planting. DIsTRIBUTION The cork oak is a native of the Mediterranean region, exclusive of the Levant, and occurs in France, Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Sardinia, Italy, Sicily, Istria, Dalmatia, and Albania; and in northern Africa, in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis. It is usually found growing wild on granitic or slate soils, and is never seen on limestone formations, where it is replaced by Q. /é/ex. It usually either forms pure and rather open woods, or is mixed with other oaks; but on sandy soil near the sea-coast is often found scattered in the forests of maritime pine. In France there are three regions where it flourishes and is of commercial im- portance: in the Landes and in Lot-et-Garonne ; in the Pyrénées Orientales, where it ascends to 1600 ft.; and along the Mediterranean coast from Toulon to Antibes, where it is confined to non-calcareous soils. In Corsica, though large woods are rare, it is widely spread and covers an estimated total area of 18,000 hectares. In Sardinia, nearly all the important woods, which were formerly very fine and of large extent, have been destroyed, except those in the valley of Tempio, where there are fine trees producing an excellent cork. The cork tree is of no great importance on the mainland of Italy, though widely distributed on the western coast; but in Sicily there are extensive forests, often composed of large trees, the most notable between Caltagirone and Terranova having an area of 40,000 hectares. In Algeria, the principal forests where this species is met with are in the mountainous region close to the sea, from Dellys eastward to the Tunisian frontier, where the annual rainfall exceeds 24 in. Here three species of oak occur, often mixed ; but as a rule Q. Suber and Q. Mirbeckit occupy northern aspects, the former growing on the slopes and crests of the mountains, and the latter in the better soil in the ravines; while Q. castaneefolia is restricted to southern slopes. In Oran and the western part of the province of Algiers, the oak woods are small in extent, and are mainly composed of Q. Suber, QO. Ilex, and Q. coccifera. The total area covered by the cork oak in Algeria is estimated at 426,000 hectares; and the annual pro- duction of cork, steadily increasing, amounted in 1899 to about 16,000 tons. In Tunis, the forests of this species occur in the north-east in the Khroumir mountains, and cover about 82,000 hectares, with an annual production of cork of 1200 to 1500 tons. In Morocco, there are large forests in the Riff mountains between Tetuan and Melilla; and scattered smaller woods are reported in the interior, as far south as Morocco and Agadir; but up to the present these have not been utilised, except in a trifling way. In Spain, where the woods of Q. Suder are estimated to cover an area of 300,000 hectares, the most important are in Catalonia, in the hills close to the sea-coast, where this species is associated with Pinus Pinea and Pinus Pinaster. There are also ex- tensive forests in Estremadura, and many scattered woods throughout Andalusia. 1294 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland The Catalonian forests furnish the best quality of cork, that used for champagne bottles; and it was here that about 150 years ago, at San Lorenzo de la Muga, the trees were first artificially treated, so as to produce a better quality of cork than the natural bark affords. Throughout Spain, the forests are poorly treated; natural regeneration is rendered nearly impossible by grazing animals, and artificial planta- tions are unknown. (A. H.) In Portugal, where, according to Lefebvre, the largest amount of cork is pro- duced, the forests are well cared for, and many new plantations are made. In central and southern Portugal the cork oak is one of the commonest and most widely cultivated trees, principally on account of the value of its bark, but also for its acorns. It is usually planted on the drier lands which are ploughed for wheat at intervals of two or three years, and are grazed by sheep and pigs at other times. In the better cultivated districts it is barked at intervals of eight to ten years, and from about twenty-five to thirty years up to a hundred and fifty or more, when the quality of the cork begins to decline. The bark is taken off the trunk and lower branches down to about 6 in. in diameter, and the trees so treated have a very different appearance to wild or unbarked trees, being comparatively smooth and reddish brown in colour. In the woods near Cintra, on Sir Frederick Cook’s property, there are many large and very picturesque trees, which are never barked, and have wide-spreading branches, but they do not here attain anything like the size that they do farther inland, where the soil is stronger and the climate drier. On the property of Senhor Suares Mendes, near Abrantes, where the lower parts of the valleys running back into the plateau were full of splendid cork oaks, I measured a magnificent tree nearly 60 ft. high, with a trunk about 12 ft. in girth, dividing at about 12 ft. into twenty large branches, which covered an area 25 paces in diameter. Another, which some years previously had been severely lopped, was about 25 ft. in girth, and though of great age seemed to be perfectly sound. In this valley, which reminded me somewhat of the foothills in San Bernardino county, California, the cork trees were scattered at irregular intervals, as though self-sown, and gave the effect of old oaks in an English park. Their produce is very valuable, and I was told by Mr. Percy Ellis of Lisbon, who has a large cork factory, that there was much difference in the quality in different parts of the’ country, but that the cork of Alemtejo was perhaps equal, if not superior to any in the world. Specimens of the different qualities showing the injuries produced by various causes, which he was good enough to give me, are now in the Cambridge Forestry Museum. I heard of still larger trees than those which I have mentioned; one between Niza and Povoa de Meadas, in Alemtejo, supposed to be 300 years old and growing on granite soil, which seems to suit this tree best, was 18 metres high by 7°20 metres in girth, the diameter of the crown 28 metres; another at St. Anna de Malto in the commune of Concho, § metres in girth, produced in 1879, 1465 kilos, and in 1889, 1755 kilos (nearly two tons) of cork. A third, near the Chapel of San Gongalo, on the road to Palonella, 10 miles south of Lisbon, of which a photograph is given in Bull. Soc. Tosc. d Hort. ser. ii. vol. ii. p. 19 (1887), was 18 m. high by 9 m. in Quercus 1295 girth, with bark 20 cm. thick, and supposed to be 4oo years old. This tree has produced as much as 800 litres of acorns in one year. The cork tree is known in Portugal as sodreivo, and in Spain as alcornogue or suro in Catalonia, and sodrecro in Galicia. I did not see or hear of any cork trees either in the south-west of France, or on the Riviera, which approached the dimensions above given. In the Esterel mountains between Cannes and Frejus, where it is abundant, the trees rarely exceed about 50 ft. in height and 1o ft.in girth. There is a large cork tree in the Botanic Garden at Florence, believed to have been planted in 1805. When I saw it in February 1910, it measured 80 ft. by 104 ft., with a clean trunk about 20 ft. high, and a well- shaped spreading crown. CULTIVATION I am informed by M. Marc Bazille of Montpellier that all the attempts which have been made in the south of France to graft the cork oak upon the Ilex, with the object of extending its cultivation to the calcareous soils of Provence, have failed, and this is confirmed by Prof. Flahault. The cork oak is said’ to have been introduced in 1699 by the Duchess of Beau- fort; but the present Duchess, who has been good enough to search the archives at Badminton, was not able to find anything relating to the introduction. Judging from the age of many existing trees it must have become fairly common early in the eighteenth century. It seems to have been usually grown from acorns, which are commonly produced in the warmer parts of the south of England and usually ripen in the second season.* Though it has in one place reproduced itself naturally, it is best to sow the acorns in pots or in a frame, as the seedlings require protection for two or three years at least. In England the largest* is the splendid tree at Mamhead Park near Exeter, the seat of Sir R. Newman, Bart., which is now about 60 ft. by 15 ft. 2 in. in girth (Plate 328). This noble specimen grows on red loam at an elevation of at least 400 ft., and is exposed on all sides. A second tree about §0 ft. by 114 ft. grows near it. At Haldon House, near Exeter, there is a tree only second in size to the one at Mamhead, and even more perfect in shape. In 1908 it was 60 ft. by 9 ft. 4 in., and looked very healthy. At Sidmouth Miss Woolward has photographed a tree over 60 ft. high and 9 ft. 4 in. in girth; and at Powderham, Killerton, and other places in south Devonshire, there are trees nearly as large. At Tregothnan, Mr. A. B. Jackson measured a tree 58 ft. by 9 ft. in 1908. At Sherborne Castle, Dorset, there is a tree in the walk, east of the old castle, which has been rather drawn up by other trees, and in 1909 was 509 ft. by 8 ft. 2 in. At Claremont there is another which is fast decaying, and of no great height, whose trunk measured in 1903 no less than 16 ft. in girth. At Pains Hill, in Surrey, there is a fair-sized tree which has reproduced itself naturally from seed, and healthy seedlings were growing in the grass near it in 1903. 1 Aiton, Hort, Kew. v. 289 (1813). 2 Judging from the few specimens, which we have seen, with ripe fruit. 3 Cf. p. 1286. 1296 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland But in the midland and northern counties the tree seems to suffer so much from exceptionally severe frosts and lack of summer heat, that we know of no good trees. In the east of England the cork tree is also quite hardy, and at Linton Park, Kent, there is a fine tree, planted by Sir Horace Mann in 1778, which is 50 ft. by 9 ft. At Orwell Park, Suffolk, on the lawn, exposed to the east wind from the North Sea, there is a tree about 4o ft. by 8 ft. whose leaves were only just appearing on 23rd June 1905 when most of the old leaves had fallen. At Henham Hall, Suffolk, the seat of the Earl of Stradbroke, there is a healthy cork tree close to the house, which in 1909 measured about 40 ft. by 11 ft., and sometimes produces ripe acorns. At Stout Hall, in Glamorganshire, Mrs. Nicholl tells me of a tree which is con- sidered to be the largest in Wales, and which is 50 ft. high by 13 ft. near the ground, where it forks into five or six main stems. In Scotland the only tree we have on record is one at Mount Stuart, Bute, which, when measured in 1903 by Mr. A. Renwick, was about 20 ft. by 3 ft. ro in., with a bole ro ft. high. In Ireland the only tree we know of large size is one at St. Joseph's Cemetery, near Cork, which Henry measured in 1903, when it was about 50 ft. high, with a short trunk dividing into four stems which measured from 4} to 6 ft. in girth, The tree at Summerstown, near Cork, figured by Loudon, and said to be 30 ft. by 8 ft. 10 in. below the fork in 1828, has been dead for some years, although, when recently seen by Mr. R. A. Phillips, 6 ft. of the trunk, with the bark quite sound but the timber rotten, was still lying on the ground. TIMBER. Cork The timber of the cork tree seems to be little used except for firewood, and to some extent by wheelwrights in Portugal, probably because it is rarely cut until the tree is worn out and partly decayed, and I could not learn that it is ever exported. According to Mathieu, the wood is similar to that of Q. /dx, but is not so homogeneous or fine in the grain, but is equally heavy and hard. A board which was sent me from a tree which died at Blaize Castle, showed very handsome grain when quartered, but the heartwood was discoloured. The cork naturally produced, what is called in French natural, male, or virgin cork, is of little value on account of its hardness and brittleness, but is taken off the trees when young, which then begin to produce the cork of commerce called female or reproduced cork. This. increases in thickness fastest between the second and sixth year, and is usually taken off after eight to ten years, the quality improving with the age of the tree, which may continue to produce marketable cork for 150 to 200 years or even more. When taken off, the slabs are scorched over a fire and pressed to flatten them. Many details with regard to the commercial production and preparation of cork * are given at length by Loudon and other authors, but as the subject has no economic importance to British arboriculturists, we omit them. (H. J. E.) 1 The best and latest account of the cork tree, with complete statistics of the production, export, and imports of cork throughout the world, is given by Lefebvre, Foréts de [ Algérie, pp. 135-326 (1900). Another monograph on the cork oak in its commercial aspect by E. A, Miiller, published in 45k, 4.4. Geogr. Ges, Vienna, 1900, may also be consulted, Quercus 1297 QUERCUS SEMECARPIFOLIA Quercus semecarpifolia, Smith, in Rees, Cyclop. xxix. No. 20 (1819); Hooker, #7. Brit. India, v. 601 (1888); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 520 (1899); Gamble, Man. Zndian Timbers, 1 (1902); Brandis, Zudian Trees, 625 (1906). Quercus obtusifolia, Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 56 (1825). Quercus Cassura, Don, Prod. Fl. Nepal. 57 (1825). A tree, occasionally attaining in the Himalayas roo ft. in height and 18 ft. in girth, usually considerably smaller. Young branchlets with scattered stellate pubescence. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 53) coriaceous, subevergreen, falling a month or two before the new leaves appear, very variable in size and margin; averaging 3 in. long and 2 in. broad; usually elliptical; rounded or rarely acute at the apex; cordate or rarely rounded at the base; margin on old trees undulate- entire, on young trees with spine-tipped serrations or teeth; lateral nerves six to ten pairs, forking before reaching the margin; upper surface dark green, with scattered stellate pubescence, retained on the midrib, soon deciduous elsewhere ; lower surface pale, with scattered fine stellate pubescence; petiole ~; to } in., stellate-pubescent. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or in pairs, on a short stout pubescent peduncle; acorns globose or ovoid, enclosed at the base in a hemi- spherical cupule, about 4 in. in diameter, and covered with closely appressed tomentose scales. This species, which has holly-like leaves, is readily distinguished from Q. /lex by the subevergreen leaves, which have lateral veins always forked before reaching the margin. It is a native of the Himalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan and Munnipore, occurring at altitudes of 6000 to 12,000 ft. ; and also occurs in the mountains of China, in the provinces of Szechwan and Yunnan. Though mentioned by Loudon’ as one of the Himalayan oaks worthy of a trial in this country, it appears not to have been introduced till lately. Mr. Gamble has raised two plants from acorns received in 1900 from Chakrata in the north-west Himalaya at gooo ft. These have thriven in his garden at East Liss, Hants, and seem perfectly hardy, their present height being 1o ft. and 15 ft. (A. H.) 1 Arb, et Frut, Brit, iii. 1935 (1838). 1298 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS INCANA Quercus incana, Roxburgh, Hort. Bengal, 104 (1813), and FZ. India, iii. 642 (1832) ; Hooker, 77 Br. India, v. 603 (1888) ; Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 675 (1902) ; Brandis, Jndian Trees, 626 (1906). Quercus dealbata, Wallich, List, 2769 (1828-49). Quercus lanata, Don, var. incana, Wenzig, in Jahrb. bot. Gart. Berl. iv. pt. i. 222 (1886). A tree, attaining 80 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth, Young branchlets white tomentose. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 18) coriaceous, persistent two years, 3 to 6 in. long, 1 to 2 in. wide, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or taper- ing at the base; with ten to fifteen pairs of lateral nerves, all but the lowest one to three pairs ending in a mucronate triangular serration; upper surface glabrous; lower surface densely covered with white tomentum ; petiole } to } in. long, white tomentose. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary or clustered on very short tomentose stalks; acorn ovoid-conic, about an inch long, tomentose with a short cylindrical umbo, enclosed for half its length in a hemispherical cupule, 4 in. in diameter, covered with closely appressed tomentose triangular scales. This species is a native of the north-western Himalayas at altitudes between 4000 and 8000 ft. The only specimen we have seen in cultivation is growing in the temperate house at Kew. Mr. Gamble has young plants at East Liss, Hants, which are kept alive with difficulty out-of-doors in winter. This oak has not, however, been tried in the south-west of England or in Ireland, where it would probably be hardy and worth cultivating on account of its handsome foliage. (A. H.) QUERCUS PHILLYRAOIDES Quercus phillyreoides, A. Gray, in Mem. Amer. Acad. vi. 406 (1859); Masters, in Gard. Chron. i. 632 (1874) ;-Franchet et Savatier, Zum. Pl. Jap. i. 446 (1875); Shirasawa, Jeon, Ess. Forest. Japon, text 58, t. 31, figs. 1-12 (1900). Quercus Ilex, Linnzeus, var. phillyreoides, Franchet, in Journ. de Bot., 1899, p. 152 ; Skan, in Journ. Linn, Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 516 (1899). A small tree, 20 to 30 ft. high, or a large shrub. Young branchlets densely covered with minute stellate pubescence, retained in part in the second year. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 66) coriaceous, persistent two years, 1} to 2 in. long, 3 to 1 in. broad, oval or obovate-oblong, rounded or acute at the apex, rounded or sub-cordate at the base; lateral nerves inconspicuous, about eight pairs, dividing and looping before reaching the margin; occasionally entire, but usually with four Quercus 1299 or five pairs of serrations in the apical half of the blade; upper surface dark green, stellate-pubescent on the midrib, elsewhere glabrescent ; lower surface light green, glabrous except for dense pubescence on the base of the midrib, continuous with that on the very short stout petiole. Fruit ripening in the second year, sub-sessile ; cupule hemispherical, about 3 in. in diameter, tomentose within, and covered externally with whitish tomentose closely appressed scales, dark red at the tips; acorn, 4 to ? in. long, tomentose towards'the apex. This species is a native of Japan, where it was discovered near Simoda; and in recent years has been found in the high mountains of western China in the provinces of Szechwan and Yunnan. In Kew Gardens, the only place where we have seen this species, it forms an elegant shrub, with dense bright green foliage, and is perfectly hardy. The oldest specimen, which has not yet produced acorns, is about 15 ft. high, and was intro- duced by Oldham, who made collections in Japan in 1861 and 1862. Smaller specimens, 2 to 6 ft. high, have been obtained since from Japan. (A. H.) QUERCUS CHRYSOLEPIS Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann, in Overs. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 173 (1854); Sargent, Silva N. Amer. viii. 105, tt. 398, 399 (1895), and Zrees WV. Amer. 257 (1905). Quercus fulvescens, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 67 (1855). Quercus crassipocula, Torrey, in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 1, p. 137 (1856). A tree, occasionally attaining 50 ft. in height and 15 ft. in girth, with wide- spreading branches; often shrubby. Bark covered with small appressed scales. Young branchlets with scattered stellate pubescence. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 61) coriaceous, persistent three years, very variable in size and shape, often entire on old trees; on young trees, oblong ovate, about 2 in. long and 1} in. wide, acute and spine-tipped at the apex, broad and usually cordate at the base; margin with twelve to twenty spiny triangular small teeth; upper surface dark green with minute stellate pubescence ; lower surface more or less covered with yellow appressed hairs and dotted with minute shining glands; petiole, 4 in. long, pubescent, glandular. Fruit ripening in the second year, solitary, sessile or sub-sessile ; acorn ovoid, variable in length, slightly pubescent at the apex, enclosed at the base in a thick turbinate cupule, covered with triangular scales, hoary at their short free tips, or hidden in a dense yellow tomentum. This species is extraordinarily variable both in foliage and fruit ; and is most readily recognised by the glands on the lower surface of the leaf. In var. vaccinifolia, Engelmann, in Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 393 (1878), a low prostrate shrub, growing on sub-alpine slopes, the leaves are usually oval and entire, and scarcely exceed an inch in length. This species is more widely distributed than Q. agrifolia and Q. Wistizent, the 1300 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland other Californian evergreen oaks with spiny leaves; as it extends northwards into southern Oregon, southwards to Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California, and eastward to the high mountains of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and the province of Sonora in Mexico. It yields valuable wood, which is used in the manufacture of waggons and agricultural implements. The only specimens which we have seen in cultivation are plants at Kew, 2 to 3 ft. high, raised from acorns obtained from Meehan in 1904. There are also small plants at Coombe Wood. . (A. H.) QUERCUS GLABRESCENS Quercus glabrescens, Bentham, P/. Hartw. 56, 348 (excl. syn. Q. splendens, Née) (1839); De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 34 (1864); Liebmann, Chénes Am. Trop. t. 39 (1868); Hemsley, iol. Centrali-Amer, Bot. iii. 172 (1882). A small tree. Bark peeling off in thin quadrangular scales. Young branchlets slender, with scattered stellate pubescence. Buds minute, globose, surrounded by persistent linear pubescent stipules. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 67) coriaceous, persistent two years, 2 to 24 in. long, # to 1 in. broad, obovate-oblong, rounded or sub-cordate at the base, acute at the apex; margin thickened, revolute, with three to six pairs of gland-tipped small teeth above the middle; lateral nerves seven or eight pairs ending in the margin; upper surface dark green, shining, pubescent on the midrib, elsewhere glabrescent ; lower surface yellowish, with scattered stellate pubescence ; petiole stout, 4 in. long, stellate-pubescent. Fruit ripening in the first year, two or three on a pubescent peduncle; acorn ovoid, surrounded in its lower half by a hemispherical cupule, covered with appressed ovate pubescent scales. » This species is a native of the mountains of southern Mexico, and was first described by Bentham, from specimens collected by Hartweg, the locality being unknown, but supposed to be near Real del Monte. Liebmann afterwards, in 1841 and 1842, found it growing on the peak of Orizaba at 8000 to gooo ft. altitude, and also at Chinantla, Cuesta de Lachopa, and Cerra Leon. It appears to be a small evergreen tree, but its dimensions are not stated. Amongst Liebmann’s specimens at Copenhagen, there is an entire-leaved variety of this species, which I have not seen. , This appears to have been one of the trees introduced by Hartweg, who sent all his specimens of oaks, with acorns of some of the species, to the Horticultural Society ; but Gordon,'.in his account of the new plants introduced into the Chiswick Garden in 1840, states that the acorns of this species were presented by Mr. Strangways. The only tree which survives, so far as we know, is growing in the Botanic 1 In Loudon, Gard. Mag. xvi. 636 (1840). Cf. Loudon, 7rees and Shrubs, 904 (1842). Quercus | 1301 Garden of Trinity College, Dublin, and is now about 25 ft. high, with a bole 94 ft. in height and 2 ft. 5 in. in girth, Mr. S. G. Wild reports that it is healthy and vigorous, and not affected by the winter’s cold. It produced acorns in 1905, which apparently did not ripen. (A. H.) > QUERCUS ALBA, WuirE Oak 2 * Quercus alba, Linnzeus, SP. Pi. 996 (1753); Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iii. 1864 (1838); Sargent, Silva N. Amer, viii. 16, tt. 356, 357, 358 (1895), and Zrees WV. Amer. 259 (1905). A tree, attaining in America 150 ft. in height and 18 ft. in girth. Bark grey, on young trees broken into long thin loose irregular scales; on old trunks about 2 in. thick, and divided into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous, shining. Buds ovoid, obtuse, reddish brown, } in. long. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 33) deciduous in winter, turning reddish before they fall, occasionally withering and persistent during winter, about 7 in. long and 4 in. broad, obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse at the apex, with seven to nine lobes; terminal lobe truncate, sinuate, or with three lobules, of which the two lateral are unequal in size; lateral lobes oblong, usually entire, variable in width and depth; lateral nerves ending in some of the sinuses as well as in the lobes; upper surface dark green, glabrous ; lower surface pale, covered with a very minute pubescence, only discernible with a strong lens, no conspicuous hairs being present on the midrib or nerves; petiole 4 in. long, glabrous. Fruit ripening in the first year, sessile or on a slender stalk, both forms sometimes occurring on the same branch, single or in pairs; acorn edible, ovoid, rounded at the apex, shining, $# in. long, enclosed for one-quarter of its length in a hemispherical cupule, which is covered with tomentose scales thickened and tuber- culate in the lower ranks, thin and membranous towards the rim. Individual trees, believed to be hybrids’ of Q. adda with other oaks, have been observed in different parts of North America, the most noteworthy being that with Q. macrocarpa. See p. 1304. The White Oak has a wide distribution, extending northward to lat. 46° in southern New Brunswick, south-western Quebec, and southern Ontario; westward through southern Michigan and Wisconsin to southern Minnesota, south-eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas; and southward to northern Florida and the Gulf States as far as the Brazos river in Texas. It is one of the most common oaks of the Mississippi basin and of the Atlantic states, growing both on fertile uplands and on alluvial soil, which is not too moist. It is abundant and of large size in Ontario and the northern borders of the United States, furnishing the “Canadian oak” exported to England, which is now supplemented by large supplies from Ohio and Indiana, and even from Kentucky and west Virginia, by way of the Great Lakes. The tree is most abundant and of its largest size in the alluvial lands of the lower Ohio basin, 1 These are described and figured by Sargent, Si/va N. Amer, viii. 18, tt. 359, 360, 361 (1895). 1302 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland in the Carolinas, and on the western slopes of the Alleghanies in Tennessee, rarely ascending above 2000 ft. in the extreme south. Prof. Mohr states that in the forests where the white oak originally formed one-fourth to one-half of the timber growth, it is associated with black and Spanish oaks, hickories, beech, black walnut, and tulip tree; towards the north and at high levels in the south, its companions are red oak, scarlet oak, and chestnut; and in the extreme south it is mixed with the Carolina hickory, Q. Phellos, Q. Schneckit, and Magnolia acuminata. The undergrowth is mostly Cornus, Ostrya, Carpinus, Amelanchier, and Cercis. Where the original forest has been cut down, white oak is scarcely seen in the second growth, the more aggressive species of the red oak group occupying almost exclusively its place. Owing to the difficulty and scarcity of its natural regeneration, together with the fact that forest land suitable for its growth is occupied by the farmer, Prof. Mohr considers that so far as economic interests are concerned, the final extinction of the white oak will take place at no distant date. Even the immense forests of Kentucky and Tennessee are becoming exhausted. Future supplies of white oak must come from the forests south of the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, and the sawmills are being moved southwards. Nashville, until a few years ago, was the most important market. At present Memphis, Mobile, and New Orleans are becoming the main centres, where white oak is sawn and marketed. (A. H.) Ridgway gives many details of the size of white oak in the bottoms of southern Indiana and Illinois, the largest measured by Dr. J. Schneck in Wabash Co. being 150 ft. by 6 ft. in diameter with a clean bole 60 ft. long. The average of ten trees here was about 125 ft. in height by 4 ft. in diameter, whilst on the uplands in the same district the average height was only 100 ft. by 2°40 ft. in diameter. In an article’ on this tree by Sargent, good illustrations are given of the white oak in summer and winter from a tree growing in the grounds of Mr. Fearing, near Jobstown, New Jersey, which shows the form the tree assumes when grown in the open, like the park oaks of Great Britain; but though he says that the white oak in girth of stem and stoutness of branches is not second to its Old-World relative, the dimensions given by various writers do not show that any trees now exist which can rival our big English oaks. The tree in question is of no great height, and has a very short bole, 18 ft. in girth at 3 ft. from the ground. It is remarkable for its very wide-spreading and well-shaped crown, which covers a space 120 ft. in diameter. Sargent also gives’* a picture of a very beautiful and well-shaped tree at Shandy Hall, Maryland, which is 36 ft. in girth at the ground and 22 ft. just below the first limb at about 10 ft. The spread of the branches covers a circle 1224 ft. in diameter. In size, shape, and appearance, this tree is very similar to the Bourton Oak (Vol. II. Plate 93). In Gard. Chron. xxxiv. 51, figs. 19 and 20 (1903), some very large and old white oaks growing in the State reservation at Waverley, near Belmont, Massachusetts, are described and figured. The largest is about 80 ft. by 25 ft. in girth at 5 ft., and its age is estimated at 800 years, though there is no 1 Garden and Forest, iv. 1, figs. 1, 2 (1891). 2 Jbid. v. 254, fig. 50 (1892). Quercus 1303 evidence that this species attains so great an age. It is said that during 100 years no seedling white oaks have come up in the reservation. Prof. Sargent took me to see a fine white oak at Ponkapoug pond, near Boston, which was also very like an English park oak in habit, and measured about 60 ft. by 15 ft., with a spread of 40 paces. What was to my mind even more striking was the inhabited house of a settler dating from 1704, the white oak timbers and part of the weather-boarding of which was still quite sound, though unpainted for 200 years. This oak has been repeatedly tried’ in this country since its introduction in 1724, but has never thriven in our climate, the only specimens, except nursery plants at Kew, which we have seen? being a stunted tree at Tortworth, scarcely 20 ft. high, which was planted many years ago; and some plants at Aldenham, with sickly yellow foliage, planted eight years ago and reputed to be twenty years old from seed. It seems to do rather better in France, where there are three trees at Les Barres in the old nursery, and some smaller ones which are not thriving. The best of them measure from 40 to 45 ft. high, and some produce acorns. At Verriéres le Buisson, near Paris, in M. Philippe de Vilmorin’s garden, there is a fairly healthy and well- grown tree, which, when | saw it last in 1905, measured 58 ft. by 4 ft. 2 in. (H.-J. BE.) QUERCUS LYRATA, Overcup Oak Quercus lyrata, Walter, Fl. Car. 235 (1788); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii. 1871 (1838) ; Sargent, Silva N. Amer. viii. 47, t. 374 (1895), and Zrees NV. Amer. 268 (1905). A tree, attaining in America 100 ft. in height and 9g ft. in girth, but usually smaller. Bark broken into scaly plates. Young branchlets glabrous. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 31) deciduous and turning scarlet in autumn, 6 to 8 in. long, 2 to 3 in. wide, obovate, cuneate at the base, obtuse or acute at the apex, with five to nine lobes, the upper two lateral lobes broad, emarginate, and much larger than the middle and basal triangular lobes; upper surface dull green, with quickly deciduous minute scattered pubescence; lower surface pale, covered throughout with a minute pubescence ; petiole } to ? in. long, glabrous or with a few hairs. Fruit ripening in the first year, sessile or on slender pubescent stalks; acorn pubescent in its upper half, almost or entirely enclosed in a nearly spherical thin cupule, pubescent within and covered with ovate tomentose scales, thick and twisted in the basal ranks, thinner and forming a ragged edge at the margin of the cupule. This species is a native of river swamps and wet alluvial land, from Maryland 1 Loudon, in Gard. Mag. xix. 124 (1843), states that hundreds, even thousands of pounds, had been spent fruitlessly in the importation of acorns from America, In 1843, 30,000 plants which had been sent from New York, packed with moss in barrels, were said to have been thriving in a favourable soil in Surrey, but doubtless these soon perished. 2 Loudon’s account in Ard, et Frut. Brit, iii. 1868 (1838), of white oaks of large size in England is erroneous. In Gard. Mag. xviii. 656 (1842), he admits that there was only one tree known to him in England, growing in Loddiges’ nursery. This was probably a young specimen. A supposed Q. a/éa at Muswell Hill was cut down in 1839, and a tree bearing that name at York House, Twickenham, was ascertained to be Q. Prinus by Loudon. Henry visited York House in 1904, and found no trace of this American oak, 1304. The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland south to Florida, and westward through the Gulf States to Trinity river, Texas, ascending the Mississippi basin to southern Indiana and Illinois, most common and attaining its largest size in Louisiana. - The overcup oak was introduced’ by Fraser in 1786, but Loudon only mentions in 1838 a small plant in Loddiges’ nursery. Probably neglected by nurserymen, and unsuited for our climate, it is now nearly unknown in cultivation, the only specimens which we have seen being two trees in Kew Gardens, about ro ft. high, which were obtained from the Arnold Arboretum in 1897. (A. H.) QUERCUS MACROCARPA, Burr Oak Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 2, tt. 2, 3 (1801) ; Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1869 (1838); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. viii. 43, tt. 371, 372, 373 (1895), and Trees WV. Amer. 267 (1905). Quercus oliveformis,? Michaux f., Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 32, t. 2 (1812); Loudon, Ard, et Frut. Brit. iii, 1869 (1838). A tree occasionally attaining in America 170 ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth, Bark, 1 to 2 in. thick, deeply furrowed, and broken on the surface into irregular flattened scales. Young branchlets stout, with a minute pubescence, gradually dis- appearing in summer. Buds ovoid, 4 to 4 in. long, greyish tomentose; the terminal bud surrounded by persistent stipules. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 29) deciduous in autumn, turning dull brown before they fall, 6 to 12 in. long, 3 to 6 in. wide, obovate, rounded or acute at the apex ; variable in outline, usually with five to seven lobes, the terminal lobe large, ovate, and crenately toothed, the lower lobes smaller, oblong, and separated by deep sinuses; occasionally, more regularly divided into more numerous shallower lobes; upper surface yellowish green, with quickly deciduous scattered hairs; lower surface pale, covered with a minute appressed pubescence, disappearing in greater part before the end of summer; petiole stout, pubescent, $ to 1 in. long. Fruit ripening in the first year, solitary or in pairs, sessile or long-stalked, variable in size and shape; acorn usually broad, ovoid, rounded or depressed at the apex, from 4 in. long in the north to 2 in. long in the south; cupule usually hemi- spheric, thick, pubescent within, covered externally with grey tomentose scales, tuberculate below, prolonged into awn-like tips above, forming a fringed border to the cupule. , Q. macrocarpa is remarkable for the corky wings * on the branchlets, sometimes an inch or more in width, when these are three or four years old. A supposed hybrid‘ between this species and Q. adéa was first discovered by M. S. Bebb at Fountaindale, Illinois, and has since been found in other localities. 1 Aiton, Hort. Kew, v. 295 (1813). 2 This name was applied by Michaux to trees with deeply lobed leaves and small fruit; but the foliage is so variable on this species, even on the same individual, that it is doubtful if it can be maintained even as a varietal name. 5 Cf. Miss Gregory, in Bot. Gas. xiii. 254, pl. xxii. (1888), 4 Quercus Bebbiana, Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i, 201 (1904). Quercus 1305 A tree! of this kind is growing in the Arnold Arboretum, from the acorns of which Elwes has raised seedlings, which are not, however, growing vigorously at Coles- borne, where the summers are too short and cold for it. (A. H.) This is one of the most widely distributed oaks in North America, and extends farther to the northward and westward than any other of the eastern species. Its natural range is from Manitoba, the eastern foothills of the Rockies in Montana, the Dakotas, Nebraska, central Kansas, Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, eastward to the Atlantic coast. In the north-western states and about the Great Lakes, it sometimes grows in pure stands, forming the characteristic “oak openings,” which are an intermediate region between the prairie and the forest. It resisted well the fires which constantly swept over this country before it was settled. An excellent picture of the type of tree found here is given in Garden and Forest, iii. 407 (1890), representing an oak near Whitewater, Wisconsin. In Manitoba, according to Macoun,’ it forms thickets and open forests in many parts, sometimes becoming a fine tree, but dies out west of the Assiniboine. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and westward through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Ontario, it is not so common and does not attain as large a size as Q. alba. It is most abundant and most important in the low ground of the Mississippi basin, where it is associated with white oak, lime, white ash, poplar, black walnut, and hickories. The largest dimensions given by Ridgway are of trees in Wabash county, Illinois, measured by Dr. J. Schneck— 165 ft. by 22 ft., with atrunk 72 ft. long; and 162 ft. by 20 ft. East of the Alle- ghanies it is rare and local; and in the northern and north-western limits of its distribution, where the climate is cold and very dry, it dwindles to a mere shrub. This species was introduced into England in 1811, but was rare in Loudon’s time. Like most of the white oaks from eastern North America, it cannot be said to thrive in this country. From acorns which I gathered from a tree of no great size near Ottawa, I raised seedlings which, at first, were more vigorous than any of the American oaks that I raised at the same time, except the hybrid between this species and Q. adda, but are now, like the latter, apparently suffering from the soil and climate. The best specimen we have seen is a tree at Eastnor Castle, which was 40 ft. high by 3 ft. in girth in 1905. Smaller trees are growing at Hildenley, Yorkshire, in Kew Gardens, at Tortworth, Orton, Fota, and Castlewellan. It does not appear to ripen fruit in this country, but I collected specimens with ripe acorns in September 1907 from a tree in M. Allard’s arboretum at Angers, France. At Les Barres it seems to endure calcareous soil better than other American oaks, and has attained 13 metres in height ; but Pardé does not think it likely to have any value as a forest tree in France. According to Pinchot,’ the burr oak is one of the most valuable hardwood trees in North America, The wood is heavy, hard, very strong, and durable; and in the market is not distinguished from white oak, and is used for the same purposes. (H. J. E.) 1 This tree is one of several raised in the Arnold Arboretum from acorns taken from a hybrid oak growing near Charle- ville, Vermont. They reproduce the foliage of the parent, and grow more rapidly than trees of Q. a/ba and Q. macrocarpa in the same plantation. Cf, Sargent, Silva N. Amer. viii. 18, note 3, t. 350 (1895). 2 In Proc. Roy. Soc. Canada, xii. pt. 4, p. 12. 3 U.S, Forest Service Circular No. 56 (1907). Vv 2R 1306 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS LOBATA, Catirornian VALLEY Oak Quercus lobata, Née, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii. 277 (1801); Sargent, Silva WV. Amer. viii. 23, t. 362 (1895), and Zrees IV. Amer. 261 (1905). Quercus Hindsii, Bentham, Bot. Voy. Sulphur, §5 (1844). Quercus longiglanda, Frémont, Geograph. Mem. Upper California, 15, 17 (1848). A tree, attaining in California 100 to 130 ft. in height, with a trunk often 12 ft. and occasionally 20 to 30 ft. in girth. Bark about an inch thick, with small loosely appressed scales. Young branchlets slender, minutely pubescent. Buds ovoid, acute, } in. long, pubescent. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 30) deciduous in autumn, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 to 14 in. broad, obovate or oblong, cuneate or rounded at the base, obtuse at the apex, with seven to eleven lobes, separated by sinuses of varying depth, the lateral lobes truncate or bidentate at their broad apex or triangular-ovate ; upper surface dark green, with scattered minute stellate pubescence; lower surface paler, with denser similar pubescence ; margin ciliate ; petiole 4 to 4 in. long, pubescent. Fruit ripening in the first year, sub-sessile, solitary or in pairs ; acorns conical, elongated, 1 to 2 in. in length; cupule hemispheric, tomentose, the scales towards the base thickened and tuberculate, the others with long acute ciliate tips, the upper- most forming a fringe-like margin to the cupule. This splendid tree is found in the valleys of western California, between the Sierra Nevada and the ocean, from the upper Sacramento to Tejon Pass. Alone or mixed with Q. Wishzeni and Q. Douglasii, it forms large open park-like groves. The Ukiah valley a few years ago was a vast forest of oaks, many of which still survive and are of a large size, Carl Purdy! having measured here in 1897 one tree 132 ft. high and 23 ft. 9 in. in girth, and another 120 ft. by 194 ft. A heavy rainfall, rich soil, and sheltered situation have produced these surprising dimensions, un- equalled by any other oaks on the Pacific Slope. Mr. Shinn? describes and figures a grove near Visalia, about 150 acres in extent, with trees 55 to 94 ft. in height and 11 to 15 ft. in girth. These grow ona heavy alluvial soil, rich in alkaline salts, Hilyard* also notices the growth of this tree on slightly alkaline soil, as in the delta lands of the Kaweah valley, where it forms a dense forest. Mr. F. R. S, Balfour tells us that these oaks are the most conspicuous landmarks in the great central valleys of Sacramento and San Joaquin. They now stand solitary and stately in the vast expanse of wheat and barley in the grain tracts of Fresno, Merced, and other counties, which are now under cultivation. These trees were left to give shade in former times, when these districts were devoted to cattle-raising. The wood is remarkably brittle, and can only be used for firewood, The date of introduction into Europe is uncertain; but Koch‘ had seen 1 In Garden and Forest, x. 52, fig. 8 (1897). 2 Jbid. x. 202, figs. 25, 26 (1897). 8 Soils, 480 (1906). 4 Dendrologie, ii, 2, p. 54 (1873). Quercus 1307 specimens in 1873 from Simon-Louis’s nursery at Metz. It is rare in cultivation,! the only specimens which we have seen being a tree at Tortworth, about 20 ft. high, and another at Kew, about 30 ft. The latter is a narrow pyramidal fast- growing tree, the date of planting of which is unknown. (A. H.) QUERCUS BICOLOR, Swamp Wuire Oax *, Quercus bicolor, Willdenow, in Neue Schrift. Gesell. Natfr. Berlin, iti, 396 (1801); Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 226 (1907). Quercus platanoides, Sudworth, Rep. Agric. U.S., 1892, p. 327 (1893); Sargent, Silva NV. Amer. viii. 63, tt. 380, 381 (1895), and Zrees WV. Amer. 269 (1905). Quercus Prinus, B platanoides, Lamarck, Dict. i. 720 (1783). Quercus alba palustris, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 120 (1785). Quercus Prinus, B tomentosa, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. t. 9 (1801); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1876 (1838). Quercus Prinus discotor, Michaux f., Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 46, t. 6 (1812). Quercus Prinus, B bicolor, Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 158 (1842). A tree, attaining in America occasionally 100 ft. in height and 25 ft. in girth, usually much smaller. Bark of young trees separating into large membranous per- sistent scales, curling back and exposing the inner bark; on old trunks fissured into broad flat scaly ridges. Young branchlets glabrous. Buds ovoid, obtuse, pubescent, 4 in. long. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 37) deciduous in autumn, 5 to 6 in. long, 2 to 4 in. broad, obovate, rounded or acute at the narrowed apex, cuneate at the base, with six to eight pairs of rounded or acute small lobes; nerves more numerous than the lobes; upper surface shining green, with quickly deciduous scattered hairs ; lower surface pale, often silvery white, covered with a dense tomentum, velvety to the touch ; petiole about } in. long, slightly pubescent. Fruit ripening in the first year, usually in pairs, on pubescent stalks; acorn edible, ovoid, about an inch long, pubescent at the apex, enclosed for one-third its length in a thick hemispherical cupule, covered with tomentose scales, those near the base thickened with twisted tips, those near the margin thinner and often forming a fringe-like rim. A hybrid? between this species and Q. ala was discovered in 1894 by J. G. Jack at Chateaugay in Canada. Q. bicolor is a native of Canada and of the northern and central parts of the United States, extending from the southern peninsula of Michigan, Ontario, south- western Quebec and southern Maine, southwards to the District of Columbia and northern Kentucky; extending along the Alleghany mountains to northern Georgia; and westwards to Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas. It usually grows in small groves on the borders of streams and swamps, in moist fertile soil, but is nowhere abundant, and attains its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio. (A. H.) 1 Sargent, in Silva NV. Amer. viii. 25, states that Q. Jodata, like the other Californian oaks, does not succeed beyond the borders of its native state, and that attempts to establish it in eastern America and in Europe have not been successful. 2 Q. Jackiana, Schneider, Laubholakunde, i, 202 (1904). 1308 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland An excellent account of this oak in Garden and Forest, iv. 241 (1891) says that in its young state, and until it has reached 20 to 30 ft. high, this species develops short stout branches which are very persistent and generally pendulous, as shown in the plate which accompanies the article. The bark separates into long thin papery scales, which remain long on the young trees, and give them a ragged appearance. I have noticed these peculiarities, in a minor degree, on some English-grown trees. The foliage of this oak when newly unfolded in spring is extremely beautiful, the upper surface being bronzed or green, and the lower side covered with white down. In autumn, however, they have no red or orange tints. Sargent says that the largest tree of this kind on record formerly grew at Wadsworth, on the Genesee river, New York, and measured 24 ft. in girth at the narrowest part of its trunk. As the timber is even more valuable than that of the white oak, and the trees bear transplanting better than that species, Sargent recommends planting it in deep moist soils. " In England, however, though introduced probably about 1800, the tree is very rare, and none of the specimens which we have seen look very thriving. Perhaps if it were planted on deeper and moister soils, free from lime, in the south of Eng- land, it might do better, but the seedlings raised from acorns collected in 1904 at Boston soon died at Colesborne. Loudon mentions no trees except small ones in the gardens of the Horticultural Society and of Loddiges. The largest we know of is a tree at Syon, 59 ft. by 54 ft., which seems healthy. Another at Arley Castle, planted about 1820, No. 36 of Hortus Arleyensis, was 50 ft. by 3 ft. 3 in. in 1904. A third at Corsham Court, growing in damp soil, measured 47 ft. by 3 ft. in 1905, and looked fairly healthy, though the twigs seemed to have been repeatedly cut back by frost. A small tree at Kew, with the bark scaling like that of a hickory, is healthy, but grows slowly. There is a well-grown tree in a rather cold and exposed situation at Lyndon Hall (Plate 329), 52 ft. by 4 ft. 3 in. This, when I saw it in 1909, had a large wound at 7 ft., nearly covered over by new wood, and though many young twigs were dead, there was still plenty of healthy foliage on 12th October. In France the finest tree that I have seen is one at Verriéres, 65 ft. by 6 ft. 1 in. in 1909. There is a tree about 35 ft. high in the collection at Les Barres, catalogued by Pardé as Q. dzcolor, which was formerly named Q. alba. Prof. Sargent and Mr. Proctor, who saw it, considered it to be Q. dzcolor, but Mr. Rehder, who saw it still later, thought that it was a hybrid between a/ba and dicolor.! (H. J. E.) 1 Pardé, Arb. Nat. des Barres, 289, note 1 (1906). Quercus 1309 QUERCUS PRINUS, Cuestnut Oak Quercus Prinus, Linneus, Sp. Pl. 995 (1753); Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1872 (1838); Sargent, Silva NV. America, viii. 51, tt. 375, 376 (1895), and Trees WV. America, 272 (1905). Quercus montana, Willdenow, Sf. Pi. iv. 440 (1805). Quercus Castanea, Emerson, Trees Mass. 137, t. 5 (1846). A thee, occasionally attaining in America roo ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth, but usually much smaller. Bark on young trees smooth, thin, shining, purplish brown; on old trunks about an inch thick, dark in colour, and divided into broad rounded scaly ridges. Young branchlets stout, glabrous. Buds ovoid, pointed, about } in. long, pubescent at the tip, with reddish brown glabrous ciliate scales. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 36) deciduous in autumn, turning a dull orange or rusty brown before they fall, averaging about 6 in. long and 3 in. broad, obovate or elliptical ; usually unequal and cuneate, rarely rounded at the base; apex acute or shortly acuminate; lateral nerves 10 to 13, each ending in a rounded or acute oblique crenate tooth; upper surface dark green, shining, glabrous; lower surface pale, covered with a fine pubescence, disappearing in summer; petiole glabrous, 4 to 1 in. long. Fruit ripening in the first year, on stout stalks about 3 in. long, single or in pairs; acorn ovoid-oblong, about an inch long, shining, glabrous, enclosed nearly half its length in a thin hemispherical cup, pubescent within, and roughened or tuber- culated externally, especially near the base, by the small appressed greyish pubescent scales, which are thickened in the centre and free at their tips. This species closely resembles in foliage Q. Mirbeckii; but the leaves of the latter species are readily distinguished by the brown fluffy pubescence along the midrib on the lower surface. The allied species, Q. Michauxit, Nuttall, formerly considered to be a variety of Q. Prinus, is not in cultivation, but is distinguished in the key, and figured on Plate 336, Fig. 34. The chestnut oak ranges from southern Maine, the valley of the Genesee in New York, and the Bay of Quinte in Ontario, southwards to north-eastern Maryland, and along the Alleghany Mountains through the western portions of the Carolinas to northern Georgia and Alabama, becoming, however, in these two states small in size and confined to high altitudes, 2000 to 4500 ft. In the north, in Ontario and New England, it is rare and local and of no commercial importance. It is most abundant in the Alleghany Mountains from southern Pennsylvania, through Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky to central and eastern Tennessee. The tree is now found mostly on poor land, or on exposed hill-sides and high rocky ridges, where it often forms a quarter or a third of the hardwood forest in such situations, while on lower slopes and on alluvial land it seldom forms more than 5 per cent. It is mainly associated with Q. velutina, Q. alba, and hickories, and is slow in growth and intolerant of shade; and on this account tends to be excluded from the better soils and low altitudes, where hemlock, maple, and beech predominate. 1310 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland A good illustration of the trunk and peculiar bark of this tree, taken from the Washington oak at Fishkill on the Hudson river, is given by Sargent,’ who says that it may be eight or ten centuries old, and was 7 ft. in diameter in 1888. This was one of the first American oaks introduced. Mentioned by Ray? in 1688, it was first figured and described by Plukenet*® three years later, and is included * amongst the trees for sale in the Catalogue of the Society of Gardeners, published in 1730. In Loudon’s time it was a rare tree, as he only notices plants in Loddiges’ nursery and in the Chiswick Garden. It apparently has not been successful in our climate, as the only specimens ° which we have seen are small trees at Kew and at Westonbirt. According to Foster and Ashe,’ this species is becoming more valuable as a timber tree than formerly, as the wood is now used as a substitute for white oak. The best qualities are mixed with white oak and sold under that name. The wood is heavy, strong, tough, close-grained, and durable in contact with the soil, but is inclined to check in drying. It is dark brown in colour, with paler sapwood. Slightly softer than white oak, it does not take so high a polish, The medullary rays are not so broad as in the white oak, and when quarter-sawn the silver grain is not so pleasing. In western Virginia half the railway sleepers are now made of chestnut oak, where white oak was once the only wood accepted. In the northern factories it is now being put to uses for which only a few years ago white oak was considered essential, as for furniture, farm implements, tool handles, oil barrels, interior finish, and wagons. The inferior kinds are often marked with black specks, due to the burrowing of a minute larva. Until about 1900 the great bulk of the chestnut oak was cut for the bark alone, the timber being abandoned in the forest. The bark is richer in tannin than any other of the eastern American oaks, and is still much used in local tanneries, and is also made into tannic acid for export. (A. H.) QUERCUS MUEHLENBERGI]I, Yettow Oak Quercus Muehlenbergit, Engelmann, in Trans. St, Louis Acad. iii. 391 (1878); Sargent, in Bot. Gaz. xliv. 226 (1907). Quercus Prinus acuminata, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 5, t. 8 (1801); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii. 1875 (1838). Quercus acuminata, Sargent, in Garden and Forest, viii. 93 (1895), Silva N. Amer. viii. 55, t. 377; (1895), and Zrees NV. Amer. 273 (1905). Quercus Castanea, Willdenow, Neue Schrift. Gesell. Natfr. Berlin, iii. 396 (1801) (not Née). A tree, occasionally attaining in America 160 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth above the broad and often buttressed base. It is mainly distinguished from 1 In Garden and Forest, i. 511, fig. 81 (1888). 4 2 Historia Plantarum, ii. 1801 (1688). 3 Phytographia, t. 54, £ 3 (1691). 4 Cf. Loudon, 4rd. ef Frut. Brit. i. 68 (1838). 5 The tree figured under this name in Gard. Chron. xiv. 617, fig. 101 (1893), is Q. Mirbeckit. ®° U.S, Forest Service Circular No. 135 (1908). Quercus 1311 Q. Prinus by the narrower leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 35), 4 to 7 in. long and 2 to 3 in. wide, with long narrow or short broad apices ; with eight to ten pairs of inflexed teeth, glandular at their tips; upper surface yellowish green, glabrescent; lower surface pale with scattered minute pubescence; petiole 4 to 1 in. long, glabrescent. Fruit smaller than in Q. Prinus; acorn broadly ovoid, 4 to ¢ in. long; cupule hemispherical, pubescent within, covered with appressed ovate tomentose scales, the lower ranks thickened, those above with free tips forming a fringe-like margin to the cupule. This is the most important of the chestnut oaks, being more widely distributed than Q. Prinus, extending farther westward to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and the Guadalupe mountains, Texas. It is rare and local in the Atlantic States, where it is usually found growing on limestone soils, from the district of Columbia and the valley of the Potomac northwards to Lake Champlain and southern Ontario. It is very abundant west of the Alleghany mountains, attaining an enormous size in the luxuriant forest of the Wabash valley in Indiana and Illinois. Ridgway says of this tree’ that it may be recognised at a distance by its thin- scaled very light-coloured bark and tall slender growth, being probably the tallest in proportion to its diameter of any of the white barked species. The tallest, however, that he measured was 130 ft. high by 13 ft. in girth; another 122 ft. high and 84 ft. to the first fork, was only 34 ft. diameter on the top of the stump. He describes the acorns as very small and sweet, much resembling the nuts of Castanea pumila in appearance and taste. The wood is said to be tougher than that of Q. alba, and much used by wagon-builders. This species, though said by Loudon to have been introduced in 1822, is one of the rarest oaks in cultivation in Europe. The only specimens which we know of are two trees, about 8 ft. high, at Aldenham, which were procured, under the name Q. Esculus, about eight years ago from a German nursery. The yellow-green leaves, turning scarlet or orange in autumn, are handsome and peculiar, owing to their wrinkled uneven margin, caused by the teeth being turned inwards and upwards, (A. H.) QUERCUS PRINOIDES Quercus prinoides, Willdenow, in Meue Schrift. Gesell. Natfr. Berlin, iii. 397 (1801); Sargent, Sz/va LV. Amer. viii. 59, t. 378 (1895). Quercus Prinus humilis, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 125 (1785). Quercus Prinus pumila, Michaux, Hist. Chénes Am. No. 5, t. 9, f. 1 (1801); Loudon, Ard, e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1875 (1838). Quercus Prinus Chincapin, Michaux f., Hist. Arb, Am. ii. 64, t. 10 (1812). Quercus Chinquapin, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 634 (1814). Quercus Muehlenbergii, var. humilis, Britton, in Bull. Torrey Bot, Club, xiii. 41 (1886). A shrub, 12 to 15 ft. high. Young branchlets glabrous. Buds ovoid, obtuse, glabrous, 4 in. long. Leaves (Plate 336, Fig. 38) deciduous in autumn, turning 1 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus,, 1882, p. 82 (in separata), 1312 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland orange and scarlet before falling, about 4 in. long and 2 in. broad, obovate or ovate, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base; with four to seven pairs of acute or rounded teeth; lateral nerves five to eight pairs; upper surface dark green, with scattered glandular hairs; lower surface pale, with scattered minute pubescence; petiole glabrous, } to $ in. long. Fruit ripening in the first year, clustered, sessile ; acorn edible, ovoid, 4 to ? in. long, white pubescent and rounded at the apex, enclosed for half its length in a hemispherical cupule, pubescent within, and covered with grey tomentose scales, large and thickened in the lower ranks, thin and forming a fringe-like rim at the upper margin of the cupule. This is usually a low shrub, spreading by root suckers, and growing on rocky slopes and hill-sides, It is distributed from Massachusetts to North Carolina, extending westward to Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and eastern Texas, where it is often seen on the low undulating prairies. It was introduced in 1823, but is very rare in cultivation, the only specimens which we have seen being at Kew and Tortworth, where it does not appear to bear fruit. (A. H.) QUERCUS OBTUSATA Quercus obtusata, Humboldt and Bonpland, P/. Zguin. ii. 26, t. 76 (1813); Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii. 1942 (1838) ; De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 27 (1864); Hemsley, Biol. Centrali-Amer. Bot. iii. 175 (1882). Quercus pandurata, Humboldt and Bonpland, Pi. dZguin. ii. 28, t. 77 (1813) ; Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1942 (1838). Quercus ambigua, Humboldt and Bonpland, P/. dZguin. ii. 51, t. 93 (1813) (not Michaux). Quercus Hartwegi, Bentham, Pl, Hartweg, 56 (1839). Quercus affinis, Martens et Galeotti, in Bull. Acad. Brux. x. 222 (1843). Quercus nudinervis, Liebmann, in Seemann, Bot. Herald, 334 (1852-57), and in Overs. K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsb, Forhand., 1854, p. 182. A large tree in Mexico. Young branchlets with quickly deciduous scattered minute hairs. Buds ovoid, 4 in. long, obtuse, with reddish brown glabrous ciliate scales, Leaves (Plate 333, Fig. 4), deciduous late in the season (January to March), coriaceous, averaging 4 in. long and 2 in. broad, obovate or obovate-oblong ; narrowed and auricled at the base; usually rounded, rarely acute, at the apex; margin with irregular callous-tipped crenate inflexed teeth, variable in size and number, and ‘often obsolete; lateral nerves, ten to twelve, mostly ending in the margin; upper surface dark green, glabrous; lower surface pale or greyish green, glabrous ; petiole } to 4 in., stout, glabrous. Staminate catkins, slender, filiform, 14 to 2 in. long, covered with white hairs ; calyx pilose; anthers six, glabrous. Pistillate flowers two or three, on a slender densely pubescent stalk about # in. long. Fruit, ripening in the first year, solitary or two to three on a slender glabrescent stalk averaging 14 in. in length ; acorn ovoid, ¢ in. long, glabrescent, with a pubescent umbo, enclosed for one-third its length in a hemispherical cupule, $ in. in diameter, Quercus 1313 tomentose within, and covered with closely appressed tomentose scales, reddish at their apices, those at the margin of the cupule minute, gradually increasing in size and thickened towards the base. The above description is taken from specimens in cultivation, which show considerable variation in the shape of the leaves. Herbarium specimens from Mexico show greater variation, and have been grouped by De Candolle into three forms, the type and two varieties, Jandurata and Hartwegt. Thig species appears to be widely spread in the mountains of southern Mexico, where it was discovered by Humboldt near Ario, at an elevation of 6000 ft. He describes it as a lofty tree, 3 to 4 ft. in diameter, with very thick deeply cracked bark, and very compact strong wood, susceptible of taking a fine polish. Galeotti found this oak in the woods and savannas of Mirador and Zacuapan at 2500 to 3000 ft. altitude. It was collected by Hartweg at Tuxpan near Anganguio, by Bourgeau near Santa Fé, and by Berlandier between Tula and Tampico. Seemann found it also on the Cerro de Pinal in northern Mexico. Specimens of this oak, described by Bentham as Q. Hartwegt, were sent by Hartweg to the Horticultural Society in 1839; and seedlings probably were raised in the Chiswick Garden, though there is no definite record of its cultivation. (A. H.) The finest specimen which we have seen is a tree in the Cambridge Botanic Garden, which is grafted on the common oak. It retains its leaves till March or April, and does not appear to suffer from severe winters. In 1908, a favourable season, it bore well-formed acorns ; but in 1909 none of the fruit ripened. A small tree, about 12 ft. high, at Kew, was obtained from Smith of Worcester in 1873. It has long borne the label Q. genuensis ; but this appears to be an abbre- viation of Q. rugosa’ genuensis, the name applied to a tree at Glasnevin, about 16 ft. high, which was obtained from the same firm in 1885. At Kilmacurragh, Co. Wicklow, there is a good specimen, reported by Capt. Acton to be 36 ft. high and 2 ft. 8 in. in girth. Its history is unknown. This species is also in cultivation at Westonbirt ; where a number of uncommon oaks were planted in Silkwood by the late Mr. Holford, on soil too dry and thin to enable them to develop themselves. (H. J. E.) QUERCUS TOZA, Pyrenean Oak Quercus Toza, Bosc, in Journ. Hist. Nat. ii, 155 (1792); Mathieu, More Forestiere, 359 (1 897). Quercus pyrenaica, Willdenow, Sp. Pi. iv. 451 (1805) ; Loudon, Ard. et Frut. Brit. iii, 1842 (1838). Quercus Tauzin, Persoon, Syn. Pi. ii. 571 (1807). Quercus stolonifera, Lapeyrouse, P27. Pyren. 582 (1813). A tree, attaining about 70 ft. in height and 1o ft. in girth, but usually smaller ; producing root-suckers freely. Bark dark brown, fissured longitudinally. Young branchlets covered with a dense grey tomentum, persistent in part in the second and 1 Q. rugosa, Née, Ann. Cienc. Nat. iii, 275 (1801), is a different Mexican species, identified by De Candolle with Q. crassifolia, Humboldt and Bonpland. Vv 258 1314 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland third year. Buds } in. long, pale brown, ovoid, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 28) deciduous in autumn, 4 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 in. wide, oval or obovate, variable in shape, acute or obtuse at the apex, cuneate or sub-cordate at the base; usually pinnatifid, with five or six pairs of deep, entire or sinuately-toothed lobes, either oblong, rounded at the apex, and with narrow sinuses, or triangular and acute with wide sinuses; upper surface dark green, stellate-pubescent ; lower surface grey or whitish, covered with a dense soft tomentum; lateral nerves more numerous than the lobes; margin ciliate ; petiole about } in. long, tomentose. Fruit ripening in the first year, two to four on a tomentose, usually erect, rarely pendulous stalk, 4 to 2 in. long; acorn variable in size and shape, cylindrical, ovoid or globose, pubescent at the apex, elsewhere glabrous; cupule hemispheric, } to 3 in. in diameter, with tomentose scales, closely appressed, except near the margin of the cup, where they are occasionally slightly spreading at their tips. Q. Toza varies extremely in the size and’ shape of the foliage, and in Portugal hybridises occasionally both with Q. dusttanica’ near Coimbra, and with Q. pedun- culata near Castello Novo, where Padre Tavares showed Elwes trees which he considered to be intermediate between them. At Angers, where Q. Zoza is found growing in the hedges with both Q. pedun- culata and Q. sesstliflora, it forms occasional hybrids with these species, which have been described by Abbé Hy.? A small tree at Tortworth appears to be a hybrid between this species and Q. pedunculata. Its leaves are variable in size and shape, usually more deeply lobed than Q. pedunculata, of which it has the auricles at the base; less deeply lobed than Q. Toza, and greyish tomentose beneath, as in the latter species. It bears fruit freely, intermediate in character between the two species, from which seedlings have been reared at Colesborne, which resemble the parent tree in foliage. DISTRIBUTION This oak is a native of south-western France, and of Spain and Portugal. In France it is more or less common in the departments of the Basses-Pyrénées, Gers, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Gironde, Dordogne, Charente, and Charente Inférieure ; and scattered trees are met with as far north as Angers and Le Mans. Its distribu- tion is thus confined to near the coast and to low altitudes; as it succumbs to the cold winters, which occasionally occur in the interior, a temperature of —4° Fahr. being fatal to it. In the Landes,’ a tenth of these oaks were killed in 1829-30, when the thermometer fell to 5° Fahr. A plantation‘ of this species at Les Barres, made in 1829-34, was almost entirely destroyed by the severe winter of 1871-72. In France, it is usually a low tree, with a short and crooked stem, doubtless due to the bad soil where. it is mainly found, as in favourable situations moderately tall trees with straight stems are met with. It commonly grows unmixed with 1 Coutinho, in Bull, Soc. Brotero, vi. 57 (1886). 2 Q. Trabuti and Q. Guerangeri, Hy, in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xvii. 556, 557 (1895), are names given to supposed crosses with Q. sessiliflora, Q. Rechini, and Q. andegavensis, Hy, of. cit. 557, 558, are names applied to the hybrids with Q. pedunculata. 5 Dufour, quoted by Mathieu, of. cit. 360. 4 Pardé, Arb, Nat. des Barres, 288 (1906). Po ee Quercus 1315 other trees on almost pure sand or on sandy clays; but is occasionally seen in mixture with Q. pedunculata. It is usually treated as coppice, as it regenerates freely from cut stools and from the roots; but is of little value except for its bark and for firewood. It produces fruit abundantly every year; and the woods in which this species occurs near Bayonne are celebrated for fattening pigs. (A. H.) This is one of the common trees of the north of Spain and Portugal, extending from the Pyrenees through the Cantabrian mountains to Portugal; and according to Laguna is found more or less in every province of Spain, occurring in the Sierra de Gredos up to 5000 ft., and in the Sierra Nevada to 6000 ft. In Galicia, according to Gadow,’ it is abundant from about 1000 to nearly 3000 ft. Barros Gomes® says that it is with the chestnut, the dominant tree in Beira Trasmontana, on the upper Lezera, the Céa, and the Serra de Montemuro, at an elevation of 200 to 1500 metres. I found it mixed with Q. Aeduncudata in the Serra do Gerez in north Portugal, at about 3000 ft., and abundantly near Castello Novo in Beira Baixa, where it varies very much in the shape and size of its foliage, and was in full leaf by the end of April. It is known in Galicia as cerguinho, and in the Serra do Gerez as carvalho cerquhino, meaning little oak. In Portugal it is sometimes called megra/ or carvalho negro; near Santander, vod/e negro or ¢octo; and in the mountains of Cuenca, melojo. It is rarely allowed to become a large tree, the branches being lopped as fodder for goats and cattle, and it never seems to attain the size of the common and cork oaks, the largest that I saw or heard of, near Castello Novo, which, however, were not old trees, were about 70 ft. by 74 ft.‘ It usually bears numbers of large galls, produced by Cynips Toze, Bosc, which are also characteristic of Q. /usttanica, and are described and figured, with many other galls, in a valuable paper by Padre Joaquim da Silva Tavares.° CULTIVATION This species is said by Loudon to have been introduced in 1822, but the tree at Clonmannon is probably older than this date. It never seems to have been popular with nurserymen, and possibly is short-lived. In England, the best tree appears to be one at Strete Ralegh, which Miss F. Woolward reports to be about 4o ft. high, but with the branches much broken by wind. There is a good specimen at Tortworth, and others at Kew, Syon, Melbury, and Westonbirt. At Smeaton Hepburn, East Lothian, Sir Archibald Buchan-Hepburn, Bart., reports a tree which, although it has lost 12 ft. of its leader, is 35 ft. high and 4% ft. in girth. The branches are distinctly pendulous, but have been repeatedly broken by north-westerly gales. The finest tree that we know of is at Clonmannon, Co. Wicklow, which, when seen by Henry in 1904, measured 66 ft. in height and 9 ft. in girth; but was begin- ning to be attacked by a fungus, a portion of the butt being unsound (Plate 330). There is no authentic information to be obtained concerning the date of planting 1 Flora Forestal Espaftola, 232 (1883). * Northern Spain, 389 (1897). °% Journ. Sc., Acad. Sct., Lisbon, v. 235 (1876). 4 A large tree in the forest of Bussaco is figured in Bull, Soc. Dend. France, 1905, p. 5- 5 Broterid, vi. t. vi, fig, 6 (Lisbon, 1905). 1316 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland of this remarkable tree. A tree, 40 ft. by 24 ft., in the same year, is thriving at Kilmacurragh in the same county. (H. J. E.) QUERCUS CONFERTA, Houncartan Oak Quercus conferta, Kitaibel, in Schultes, Ostr. FZ. i. 619 (1814); Masters, in Gard. Chron, v. 85, fig. 18 (1876). Quercus farnetto, Tenore, Cat. Pl. Hort, Neap. 65 (1819). Quercus apennina, Loiseleur, in Nouv. Duham. vii. 177 (1819) (not Lamarck). Quercus hungarica, Hubeny, in Gemein. Blatt. Ofn. u. Pesth. Zeitschr. xx. 2, p. 754 (1830); Willkomm, Forstliche Flora, 412 (1887); Hempel u. Wilhelm, Baume und Straucher, ii. 71, t. 24 (1889); Beck, Vegetationsverhalt. illyrisch. Land. 210 (1901). Quercus pannonica, Booth, ex Gordon, in Loudon, Gard. Mag. xvi. 637 (1840). A tree, attaining roo ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Bark less deeply fissured than that of Q. sessiliflora, broken on the surface into small square scaly plates. Young branchlets with scattered hairs. Buds (Plate 78, Fig. 5) ovoid, obtuse, } in. long, with pubescent ciliate scales. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 26) deciduous’ in autumn, about 6 in. long and 4 in. broad, obovate, rounded at the apex, usually sub- cordate at the base, with six to eight pairs of oblong, entire or sinuately-toothed lobes, with sinuses extending about half way to the midrib; margin ciliate ; upper surface dull green, with a quickly deciduous scattered minute pubescence ; lower surface greyish or pale green, covered with a thin stellate tomentum ; petiole } to 4 in. long, pubescent. Fruit ripening in the first year, three or four clustered on a short stout pubescent peduncle; acorn $ to ? in. long, rounded at the apex; cupule hemi- spherical, $ to } in. broad, with tomentose loosely appressed scales. This species is closely allied to Q. Toza; but has thinner, not so densely tomen- tose leaves, and almost glabrous branchlets. It is reported* to hybridize with Q. sesstliflora, Q. pedunculata, and Q. lanuginosa. DISTRIBUTION This oak is a native of south-eastern Europe, attaining its northern limit in the southern provinces of the Hungarian kingdom, where it is widely spread through Slavonia, Banat, and the adjoining districts to Transylvania. It extends southwards through the Balkan States, Bulgaria, and northern Greece; and is also found in southern Italy. In Italy, according to Borzi,’ Q. conferta is not found north of lat. 42°, but is common, either pure in small woods, or mixed with Q. sessiliflora and Q. Cerris, in the hills of southern Latium, in the Terra di Lavoro, and in the southern part of the Abruzzi as far as the slopes of Mt. Gargano, Farther south it gradually becomes rare and sporadic, and is not seen in the extreme south of Calabria. Its occurrence in Sicily is doubtful, as it has not been found recently by Lojacano in the locality near Taormina, where specimens were gathered by Di Leo and sent to Borzi in 1884. 1 M‘Nab exhibited a branch of a tree, growing at Edinburgh, which retained its leaves fresh and green in January. This was probably a young tree. Cf. Gard. Chron. v. 113 (1876). 2 Schneider, Laubholskunde, i. 194 (1904). 3 Fl. Forestal Ital. 167 (1880), and in Boll. R. Orto. Bot. Palermo, iv. 48 (1905). Quercus 1317 In southern Hungary and Servia, it is one of the constituents of the oak forests, found on the hilly land and the lower slopes of the mountains, its companions being Q. sessz/zflora and Q. Cerris; and is not met with in the great oak forests of the alluvial plains, where Q. pedunculata is the sole species. It usually grows on dry slopes with a sunny aspect, for which it is well adapted by its pubescent leaves. These check evaporation of water; and on hot days in summer in the Drina valley, I observed the leaves on the upper part of the tree, exposed to the sunjturning their greyish under surfaces to the east in the morning and to the west in the afternoon. It occupies drier situations than Q. sesst/iflora; but does not ascend on the hot exposed ridges, with shallower soil, to as great an altitude as Q. Cerris, which often forms pure forests at 3000 ft. elevation. Q. conferta becomes less common west of the Drina valley, and is only met with in Bosnia in the mountains south of the Save, east of Bréka, and in the valleys of the Drina and Lim rivers. In Herzegovina, Q. conferta occurs in a few localities in the Narenta valley, the most important being the large forest. of Dobrava, south of Mostar and west of Stolac, which is composed of a mixture of this species with Q. Cerris and Q. macedonica. Similar woods are met with in Montenegro and in Albania. In Roumania, according to Huffel,’ it occasionally forms pure woods; but is more commonly mixed with Q. Cerris; and in rare cases grows on moist clay soil with Q. pedunculata. The largest tree,? which I measured in an oak forest in the Drina valley’ at about 1000 ft. elevation, was 85 ft. high and 12 ft. in girth; and here it seemed to be outgrown by the Turkey oaks standing beside it, which attained about 100 ft. by 10 ft.; but I was informed that in many places it grew to a larger size, equalling Q. sessiliflora in height and girth. Q. sessiliflora and Q. conferta, growing in the hills in Servia, produce timber which is practically indistinguishable and is exported under the same name, In Slavonia, this hill oak timber is sold, for similar sizes, at about two-thirds the price of the wood of Q. pedunculata. The latter, grown in the forests of the alluvial plain of the Save, in moist ground, exposed to floods, is claimed locally to be the best oak in the world; and sells in the forest, close to the railway, when of the best quality and over 3% ft. in diameter, at about a shilling per cubic foot. Huffel, speaking of the wood of Q. conferta in Roumania, says that it has the peculiar property of breaking transversely, when force is applied, as neatly as if cut with a saw; and that, on this account, it is unsuitable for building purposes; but he adds that it rends well, is beautifully figured, and not liable to crack or warp in drying. (A. H.) CULTIVATION Q. conferta was introduced into England shortly before 1838, as Loudon* mentions, as a possible variety of Q. Zoza, an oak, in the Horticultural Society’s 1 Les Fortts de la Roumanie, 4 (1900). 2 A tree cut down in this forest, ninety-five years old, showed on a radius of 14 in., 11 in. of heartwood with 85 annual rings, and 3 in. of sapwood with ro rings. 3 Arb. et Frut, Brit, iii, 1844 (1838). 1318 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Garden at Chiswick, which had been received from Pesth, under the name Q. conferta ; and Gordon,’ in a list of the plants cultivated at Chiswick in 1839, enumerates Q. pannonica, which had been obtained from Booth of Hamburg. Grafted plants* were sold soon afterwards in considerable quantity by Lawson of Edinburgh. The species is, however, quite rare in England, though it seems to grow well where it has been planted in the southern and midland counties. The largest we know is at Orton Hall, which in 1905 measured 68 ft. by 84 ft., and is apparently grafted on the common oak (Plate 331). At Beauport there is a fine tree 67 ft. by 7 ft. 3 in. in 1909. At Westonbirt a well-grown tree in the arboretum measured 53 ft. by 5 ft. in 1909. At Kew‘ a fine young tree is about 45 ft. by 6 ft. At Tortworth a well-shaped and thriving specimen was 41 ft. by 3 ft. in 1904. At Osterley Park, there are two healthy young trees about 35 ft. high. Smaller ones are growing at Bicton, Grayswood near Haslemere, Liphook, Saw- bridgeworth, and Aldenham. In the Edinburgh Botanic Garden, a tree,‘ planted in its present position by Sir W. Gibson Craig in 1866, measured in 1905, 39 ft. by 5 ft.; and another, planted by Dr. Masters in 1875, measured in 1905, 30 ft. by 3} ft. (H. J. E.) QUERCUS MIRBECKII, Atcertan Oak Quercus Mirbeckit, Durieu, in Duchartre, Rev. Bot. ii. 426 (1847); Mathieu, More Forestitre, 362 (1897). Quercus lusitanica, Webb, sub-species detica, De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 19 (1864). Quercus Prinus, Masters, in Gard. Chron. xiv. 617, fig. 101 (1893) (not Linnzus). A tree, attaining in Algeria 120 ft. in height and 20 ft. in girth. Bark thick, hard, dark coloured, and deeply fissured into narrow scaly plates. Young branchlets glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs. Buds (Plate 78, Fig. 6) ovoid, angled, pointed, about } in. long; scales pubescent, ciliate. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 44) deciduous in January, February, and March, variable in size and shape, the wider obovate leaves averaging 4 in. long and 3 in. broad, the narrower oval leaves nearly as long, and about 2 in. wide; acute at the apex; truncate, rounded, or auricled at the base; with nine to fourteen pairs of lateral nerves, each, except the lowest one or two pairs, ending in a rounded or acute tooth or short lobe; upper surface dark green, glabrous, except for slight pubescence at the base of the midrib; lower surface paler or slightly glaucous, glabrous, except for a brown flocculent tomentum along the midrib, especially at its base ; petiole, 4 to $ in. long, brown tomentose in part. Fruit ripening in the first year, clustered, sessile; cupule nearly hemispheric, + in. wide, with appressed tomentose scales, those at the base oval, thickened, and 1 In Loudon, Gard. Mag. xvi. 637 (1840). 2 Cf. Masters, in Gard, Chron. v. 85 (1876). 8 This tree is mentioned under the name Q. sessiliflora pannonica, by Hemsley, in Gard. Chron. iv. 455 (1875). 4 This tree was 20 ft. high in 1876, and was one of Lawson’s original plants, which had been for some time in the garden in an unsuitable site. Cf. Gard. Chron. v. 86 (1876). Quercus 1319 larger than the narrow triangular scales towards the thin margin; acorn ovoid, about an inch long, glabrous. This species in Algeria varies’ considerably in the size and shape of the leaves, the largest and most obovate forms occurring in the rainy districts near the coast ; while small and narrow leaves are characteristic of the trees growing in the dry mountains of the interior, as in the cedar forest of Teniet-el-H4ad, where the speci- mens which I collected are scarcely half the size of those of the coast forest of Akfadoy, In the driest regions of the western part of Algeria, where the soil is limestone, the leaves are not only small, but are covered beneath with a thin tomentum, constituting var. ¢lemcensts, Warion.? Q. Mirbeckit also occasionally forms hybrids with Q. Suder, a tree of this kind with corky bark found in the forest of Tlemcen being Q. Pseudosuber, Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii. 348 (1800) (not Santi). A similar tree has lately been found in the same forest by M. Trabut. DIsTRIBUTION This species is a native of southern Portugal (where it seems to be rare,’ and confined to the province of Algarve), Morocco, Algeria, and Tunis, Little is known of its distribution in Morocco, where it was collected in the mountains near Tangier by Ball in 1862; while in Tunis it appears to be limited to and not abundant in the Khroumir mountains. In western Algeria and throughout the Atlas range, owing probably to the insufficient rainfall, Q. Mirbeckit grows only in a few localities, on the northern slopes of the mountains, as in the forest of Hafir, near Tlemcen, at Nesmoth, around Ténés, at Teniet-el-Hdaad, Matmata, and Blida. At Teniet-el-H4ad it grows in company with the cedar, from 4700 ft. to the summit at 5900 ft., and forms wide-spreading branching trees often 12 ft. in girth. This oak is much more abundant and of considerable commercial importance in the extensive broad-leaved forests, which are situated in the mountains near the coast, in eastern Kabylia and in the province of Constantine, where the rainfall is heavy. The forest of Akfadou, near Bongie, which I visited in January 1907, is mainly composed of oaks, with a slight admixture of maples, willows, cherry, and holly. In the lower zone, between 1500 and 3000 ft., Q. Suder predominates, with a few scattered small trees of QO. Mirbeckii; above 3000 ft. the latter becomes the main species, and in- creases in size, the cork oak ceasing at about 3700 ft., and being replaced by Q. castaneefolia. Above this level to the summit, about 5000 ft., the forest is an equal mixture of the latter species and Q. Mirbeckit (Plate 323). In this forest the largest Q. Mirbeckii is reported to be 17 ft. in girth; but I saw none exceeding 13 ft., and the tallest tree which I measured was go ft. by 8 ft. 4 in. M. Trabut informed me that the finest forest of this species, nearly pure, is at Ain-ma-beurd, near Djidjelli, where the trees rival in height and in density upon the ground those of Q. sessiliflora in the famous forest * of Bercé, in France. The total annual yield of 1 Cf, Trabut, in Rev. Gén. de Bot. iv, 1-6, figs. 1-3 (1892). 2 Ex Battandier et Trabut, 77. Algér. 821 (1890). 3 The only specimen which I have seen from Portugal, is one collected by Welwitsch, on the Serra da Picota in Algarve. This specimen is in the Kew herbarium. 4 Cf, vol. ii, p. 331. 1320 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland timber of QO. Miréeckit in the forests of eastern Algeria is said to be about 3,500,000 cubic feet. The wood is very dense and heavy, sinking in water when green, and in the dry state having a specific gravity of o'924. It is easy to rend, but is very liable to warp and split when drying. In structure it differs from the wood of the common oak in having smaller and fewer large pores in the zone formed in spring, these being represented by one, or at most two, rows, the greater part of the annual ring, that formed in autumn, being composed of fibrous tissue. The timber is valuable for building purposes, and for other uses similar to those of the common oak, but up to the present it has been mainly used in Algeria for railway sleepers. (A. H.) CULTIVATION This species was introduced’ about 1844 or 1845, when King Louis Philippe sent acorns, which had been procured in Algeria, to Queen Victoria, who distributed them amongst the ladies of the court. Q. Mirbeckit has handsome foliage, which is subevergreen, and thrives well in the warmer parts of England; and, though we have found no trees in Wales, Scotland, or Ireland, no doubt it would succeed there in many localities. The largest tree we know of is at Bicton, where in 1902 I measured one 75 ft. high and 12 ft. 9 in. in girth, with a spreading crown 30 paces in diameter. At Tregothnan Mr. A. B. Jackson measured a tree about 60 ft. high and 63 ft. in girth in 1908. At Ham Manor, near Worthing, there are two fine trees, the largest of which in 1907 was 70 ft. by 8 ft. 3 in.; the other, close to it, was about 60 ft. by 7 ft. On a lawn at Hursley Park, Winchester, there is a well-shaped specimen which in 1906 measured 62 ft. by 73 ft. (Plate 332). 1 am informed by Colonel Heathcote that it is known as “ The Speaker’s Oak,” because the late Lord Eversley, who was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1837 to 1857, and an intimate friend of the late Sir William Heathcote, then of Hursley, jumped over the tree when it was planted. At Syon there is a tree 53 ft. by 5 ft. 3 in. in 1904, when it ripened a large number of acorns. Some of these which were sown at Colesborne have grown well, and carry their leaves until spring. An older tree, purchased under the name of Q. afghanistanica, has proved quite hardy at the same place, though planted in a situation very subject to spring frost, on a cold clay soil. At Albury there is a small tree 24 ft. high, forking near the ground into two stems, each 23 ft. in girth, which was figured in the Gardeners’ Chronicle, xiv. 617 (1893) as Q. Prinus. At Melbury there is a tree about 4o ft. by 4 ft. in 1909. In the Victoria Park, Bath, another is about 50 ft. At Blenheim, Westonbirt, Tortworth, Howick in Northumberland, and in the Cambridge Botanic Garden there are trees of smaller size. At Tockington Manor, Gloucestershire, Capt. H. Pomeroy Salmon has two trees 1 See correspondence at Kew with Mr. J. W. Ford, of Enfield Old Park, Winchmore Hill, who gives an account of the origin of an old tree of this species which was cut down near Enfield in 1900, Quercus 1321 24 ft. and 17 ft. high, which he raised from acorns collected in the Atlas mountains, where the Kabyles grind the acorns and mix the flour with barley meal to make cakes. He adds that the native name is Ade/ude n’zan, which has been corrupted by French authors into zéen. (5. J,-35) % QUERCUS PONTICA Quercus pontica, Koch, in Linnea, xxii. 319 (1849); De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 49 (1864); Dieck, in Gartenflora, xl. 509, fig. 95 (1891); Albow, Prod. Fl. Colch. 219 (1895); Schneider, Laubhoizkunde, i. 192, fig. 102 (1904). A shrub, attaining 10 to 13 ft. in height. Young branchlets stout, glabrous. Leaves (Plate 339, Fig. 70) deciduous, elliptic, about: 6 in. long and 3 in. broad, often larger on young plants, coriaceous, cuspidate or shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded at the base; with 15 to 20 pairs of parallel lateral nerves, prominent beneath, each ending in a large triangular incurved cartilaginous-tipped serration ; upper surface dark shining green, glabrous ; lower surface glaucous, glabrous except for a few scattered long hairs on the midrib and lateral nerves; petiole stout, swollen at the base, } to } in. long, glabrescent. Fruit not seen. Its affinities are probably with Q. Mirbeckit This species is readily distinguished by its remarkable buds, which are stout, ovoid, pointed, about 4 in. long; scales glabrous, green, with a brown ciliated margin. This species was discovered by Koch in north-eastern Asia Minor, in the mountains of Lazistan, near the source of the river. Asperos, where, in company with alder and beech, it forms a shrubby vegetation above the conifer region, from 5000 to 7000 ft. elevation. It is also widely spread in the mountains of Caucasia, which border on the eastern shore of the Black Sea, where it has been found in numerous stations, in Abkhasia, Mingrelia, Imeritia, Adshuria, and Guria. It grows mainly in the subalpine zone of the forests, between 4000 and 7000 ft., often forming with hazel and birch the timber line. Alboff! describes it as a shrub 10 to 13 ft. in height, with very variable foliage as regards size and shape,—large broad leaves, 5 to 13 in. long and 24 to 5 in. wide being characteristic of warm humid districts near the sea ; while smaller narrow leaves are the prevalent form in the mountains near the central chain of the Caucasus, It was seen by Dieck in 1890, who was unable to procure acorns, but brought back cuttings, It was first introduced into England by Lord Kesteven, who collected acorns in September 1905 in the mountains inland from Sukhum-Kaleh, a port on the Black Sea about 100 miles north of Batum. He raised three seedlings, which retained their foliage in March 1910, when they were about 12 to 18 in. high and very thriving. Schneider states that he has only found it in cultivation in the forest garden at Miinden in Hanover; but Elwes has recently obtained living plants from the nursery of O. Poscharsky at Laubegast, near Dresden. (A. H.) 1 In Bull. Herb. Boissier, i, 259 (1893). Cf. also Radde, Pflansenverd. Kaukasus, 182, 188 (1899). v Fe 1322 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS MACRANTHERA Quercus macranthera, Fischer et Meyer, in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. x. 260 (1838); De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 13 (1864); Boissier, Hora Orientalis, iv. 1165 (1879); Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i. 192 (1904). A tree, about 60 ft. in height. Young branchlets stout, covered with dense brown pubescence, retained in the second year. Buds pubescent, with persistent pubescent filiform stipules. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 42) deciduous in autumn, 4 to 5 in. long, 2 to 3 in. broad, obovate, acute at the apex, unequal and rounded or cuneate at the base, margin ciliate; with seven to eleven pairs of lateral nerves, each ending in a rounded, short, usually entire, rarely toothed lobe; upper surface dark green, with minute scattered brown hairs; lower surface pale, covered with dense tomentum ; petiole } to } in., densely pubescent. Fruits ripening in the first year, sessile or sub-sessile, crowded at the apex of the branchlet ; acorns cylindrical-ovoid, nearly an inch long, glabrous, surrounded at the base by a hemispherical cupule, about } in. in diameter, covered with loosely appressed pubescent scales, ovate in the basal ranks, and lanceolate towards the margin of the cupule. This species, which is closely allied to Q. Toza and Q. conferta, is a native of the mountains of northern Persia and of the Caucasus, between 4000 and 7500 ft. altitude, where it often grows in subalpine meadows near the timber line, It has also been collected in Karabagh and in Armenia. According to Radde,’ who gives a photograph of a large tree growing amidst tall grass, it attains a great age and considerable size, one tree being recorded as 425 years old, 2} ft. in diameter, and with 180 cubic ft. in the stem, exclusive of branches. Q. macranthera, which is a very ornamental species, was introduced some time before 1873, as Koch? in that year mentions small trees in north-eastern Germany, which were perfectly hardy. Mayr® says that it grows fast at Grafrath, near Munich, A tree in Kew Gardens, obtained from Spiath in 1895, is about 20 ft. high, and has borne acorns during the last three years. There are also specimens at Westonbirt and Aldenham. (A. H.) QUERCUS LUSITANICA, PortucuEse Oak Quercus lusitanica, Lamarck, Encyc. i. 719 (1783); Webb, /¢. Hisp. 11 (1838); Boissier, Voy. Bot. Espagne, ii. 575 (1839-45); Hooker, Jc. Plant. vi. t. 562 (1843); Coutinho, in Bull. Soc. Brot. vi. 66 (1888). Quercus australis, Link, ex Loudon, A7d, e¢ Frut, Brit. iti. 1925 (1838). A tree, attaining 60 ft. in height and 10 ft. in girth, Bark thick, divided into small quadrangular scaly plates. Young branchlets tomentose. Buds ovoid, acute, 1 Phlanzenverb, Kaukas, 204, 226 (1899). 2 Dendrologie, ii. 2, p. 44 (1873). 3 Fremdlind. Wald- u, Parkbdéume, 502 (1906), Quercus 333 4 to } in. long, with ciliate scales. Leaves falling late in the season, coriaceous, variable in shape often on the same branch, averaging 3 in. long, 1} in. broad, obovate-oblong, usually rounded at the apex, unequal and cuneate or rounded at the base ; lateral nerves seven to nine pairs; margin wrinkled, revolute, with irregular, mucronate, inflexed teeth; upper surface dark green, shining, glabrescent, except on the midrib, which remains pubescent ; lower surface covered with a dense greyish tomentum ; petiole tomentose, 2 in. long. Fruit ripening in the first year, two or three together on a tomentose peduncle ; acorn ellipsoid, # in. long, glabrous, enclosed to a variable height in a hemispherical or urceolate cup, narrowed at the orifice, and covered with appressed tomentose scales. No species of oak is so variable as Q. /usttanica; and after examination of the abundant Spanish and Portuguese material in herbaria, and of the specimens collected by Elwes at Cintra in Portugal, and a fine series of variations obtained by him from Padre Tavares, I am unable to group the numerous forms into distinct varieties. Coutinho, in his valuable paper on the oaks of Portugal, states that the different forms of leaves graduate into each other, and are sometimes found on the same tree, and even on the same branch. The variations are mainly in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves, which have regular or irregular teeth, with or without a mucro at their apex. The dense grey tomentum on the under surface of the leaf and on the branchlets are constant characters, and serve to distinguish this species from the closely allied Q. /anuginosa, which has always deep and rounded lobes, not present in Q. /usttanica. The variation in some instances is due to the influence of soil, climate, and altitude; but in other cases is perhaps dependent on hybridisation with the other species of oak in the same region. The principal forms are as follows :— 1. Var. Broterit, Coutinho. This is perhaps the typical form, and is described above, from specimens gathered from large trees near Cintra by Elwes. This usually is a large tree, making summer shoots, and characterised by large leaves, with rather irregular teeth. 2. Var. faginea, Boissier, Voy. Bot. Espagne, ii. 575 (1839-45). Quercus faginea, Lamarck, Encyc, i. 725 (1783). Quercus valentina, Cavanilles, 7c. Fl. Hisp. ii. 25, t. 129 (1793). Usually a shrub. Leaves thin in texture, obovate or oblong, 14 to 2 in. long, $ to 1} in. wide, regularly toothed, with sharp mucros. A common form, often a tree, is intermediate between var. faginea and var. Broteri, the leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 25) being small like the former, coriaceous like the latter; and the teeth, though regular, are without mucros. 3. Var. alpestris, Coutinho. Quercus alpestris, Boissier, Elenchus, 83 (1838), and Voy. Bot. Lspagne, ii. 576, pl. 164 (1839-45). Leaves coriaceous, oblong, 2 to 3 in. long, nearly entire, the mucronate teeth being few, irregular, and inconspicuous. This occurs at high altitudes, and is oftener a shrub than a tree, 1324 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland 4. Var. humilis. Quercus humilis, Lamarck, Encyc. i. 719 (1783) (not Miller); Webb, 74 isp. 11 (1838) ; Masters, in Gard. Chron,, 1874, p. 112, f. 31. Quercus fruticosa, Brotero, 77. Lusit. ii. 31 (1804). A low shrub, found in poor sandy soil. Leaves late in falling, 1 to 1 in. long, obovate-elliptic, irregularly and acutely mucronate-toothed ; petiole very short, about 4 in. long. According to Webb, this covers arid tracts in central and southern Portugal, and finds its most easterly station near Gibraltar. 5. At Tortworth there is a grafted tree, about 40 ft. high, which was procured from the Elvaston Nursery about forty-five years ago, under the name Q. serratt- folia.". This has narrow leaves, with triangular mucronate teeth, a cuneate base and a long petiole, and is one of the forms assignable to var. Broteri. It bears fruit freely, from which seedlings have been frequently raised, said to resemble the parent in foliage. One of these seedlings, planted at Kew, has large obovate-oblong leaves, green and glabrous beneath, auricled at the base, and with a short petiole; and is intermediate between Q. /usttanica and Q. pedunculata. Its parent was probably pollinated by an adjoining common oak. (A. H.) - DISTRIBUTION Q. lusitanica is a native of Spain and Portugal, being replaced in the Levant by the closely-allied species, Q. zwfectoria. The range of this species in Spain is very wide. According to Laguna and Avila it is found in all the provinces except Galicia, Asturias, and Biscay, but is commonest in Estremadura and Andalusia. Captain Widdrington seems to have been the first to call special attention to it,’ and says that it was a leading feature in the ancient forests of Spain. He found it from the southern part of Andalusia to the centre of Leon, almost to the watershed of Asturias, and from the western Sierra Morena to near Guadalaxara. He notices its extreme variability, and calls it a very beautiful deciduous tree, with shining green leaves varying from 1 to 4 in. in length, and proposed for it the name of Q. Quexigo. Laguna and Avila spell this—the common Spanish name—Quejigo. In Spain it is usually so much cut for firewood that it is rarely seen as a large tree, but in Portugal it attains a great size; and in a paper by Gebhart, in the Revue des Eaux et Foréts, | find one recorded in the forest of Cazal do Prado, which was 5'40 metres in girth, and with a crown 26 metres in diameter, which produced 840 litres of acorns in one year. I saw this oak growing abundantly in central Portugal, especially in the Serra of Cintra. It is a medium-sized or large tree, usually attaining 50 to 60 ft. in height, and 8 to 10 ft. in girth; and in this mild and comparatively damp climate seems to be subevergreen, a few leaves remaining on most of the trees in the beginning of April. Its habit is spreading and branchy, very similar to that of the cork oak. The bark is more like that of Q. //ex than that of Q. pedunculata, and never becomes corky. 1 According to Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 2, p. 78 (1873), an oak with this name was introduced from Spain by Booth of Flottbeck, near Hamburg. 2 Spain and the Spaniards, i. 385 (1844). Quercus 1325 Coutinho describes and figures the leaves of supposed hybrids between this species and Q. pedunculata and Q. Toza, found near Coimbra and in other localities in Portugal. CULTIVATION This tree, which is very rare in cultivation, was introduced in 1835, when plants were raised in the Horticultural Society’s garden at Chiswick, from acorns gathered in the neighbourhood of Gibraltar. These seedlings were named QO. australis, Link, and in their juvenile stage, according to Loudon’s figure, closely resembled specimens gathered at Cintra in their foliage. A tree on the lawn near the gate of the Director’s Office, Kew, grafted at about 3 ft., which measures about 35 ft. in height and 5 ft. 9 in. in girth, and ripened acorns in 1909, bears smaller leaves, somewhat intermediate between var. Brotert and var. faginea. At Lyndon Hall, Rutland, a low tree, about 6 ft. in girth, which recently died, bore similar foliage. Another tree at Kew, in the oak collection, near the bank of the Thames, about 30 ft. in height, and wide-branching from near the base, has much larger leaves, almost glabrescent in autumn, and is probably one of the forms of var. Broteri. (H. J. E.) QUERCUS INFECTORIA Quercus infectorta, Olivier, Voy. Emp. Othm. i. 252, tt. 14, 15 (1801); Loudon, Ard, e¢ Frut. Brit. ili. 1928 (1838); J. D. Hooker, in Zrans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 383 (1861). Quercus lusitanica, sub-species orientalis, De Candolle, Prod. xvi. 2, p. 18 (1864). Quercus lusitanica, Boissier, FY. Orient. iv. 1166 (1879) (not Lamarck). This species, which is the representative of Q. /usttanica in the Levant, includes a great number of forms, presenting the same range of variation in the foliage as the Peninsular species; and differs’ mainly from it in being less pubescent on the branchlets and leaves. The typical form isa shrub or small tree, with very scaly bark. Young branchlets tomentose or glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, deciduous late in the season, ovate, oblong, or obovate-oblong, about 2 in. long and 1 in. broad; rounded or occasionally acute at the apex ; unequal at the base ; margin wrinkled, with about six pairs of sinuate teeth, with or without mucros; upper surface light green, shining, glabrous ; lower surface pale green, with scattered stellate hairs, glabrescent towards the end of the season; petiole } in. long, glabrescent. Fruit similar to that of QO. lusitanica. 1. Var. Botsstert, De Candolle, Zoc. cit. Quercus Boissieri, Reuter, in Boissier, Diag. Ser. i. 12, p. 119 (1842). Leaves oblong, or obovate-oblong, larger than in the type, up to 3 or 4 in. long, with more numerous acute mucronate teeth. 2. Var. petiolaris, De Candolle, doc. cit, Leaves oblong, almost entire, or with 1 Some specimens from Asia Minor have leaves tomentose beneath, and are indistinguishable from Q. /usttanica. 1326 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland a few inconspicuous irregular teeth. This includes some remarkable forms, which are possibly distinct species." Q. infectoria is widely spread throughout Syria, Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kurdistan ; and occurs also in Turkey near -Constantinople, and in Cyprus; but appears to be unknown in Greece.’ Sir Joseph Hooker saw it in great abundance on the east slopes of Lebanon, on the rocky hills of Galilee south of Safed, and on the summit of Carmel. It occurred as a small tree 15 to 20 ft. high, or more often, as a bush sparingly branched, with a rather slender rugged trunk, and grey deciduous foliage, white on the under surface, and was rendered very conspicuous by the abundance of spherical galls of a deep red brown colour and shining viscid surface.® He also speaks of another gall, of smaller size, paler colour, and softer texture with several angular protuberances, found sparingly in Syria and, as he believed, also on this species. Neither of these- galls is collected in Syria. The larger and commoner is probably not different from the Aleppo gall, though it may be inferior in quality. Hooker adds that the acorns are of a singularly elegant form and of a bright amber colour. The galls of this species, known as Aleppo galls, of which a full account is given by Fliickiger and Hanbury,‘ are exported from Smyrna and Trebizond; and are used in medicine, for dyeing and tanning, for making tannic and gallic acids, and in the preparation of ink. We are indebted to Consul H. Shipley of Erzeroum for some drawings of oak leaves and specimens of galls from Kurdistan, which in the absence of acorns cannot be certainly identified, but which, in Dr. Stapf’s opinion, belong in part to Q. pedunculata. The galls, however, are extremely similar to those commonly found on Q. Zusttanica in Portugal. Loudon says that although, according to the catalogues, this tree was introduced into England in 1822, he had never seen a specimen. Apparently ° it was first culti- vated in the Chiswick Garden in 1850, when seedlings were raised from acorns sent by Sir A. H. Layard from Kurdistan, where he had found the tree abundant, especially near Bitlis, which was the emporium for galls. Sir J. Hooker® also brought home from Syria, in 1860, acorns in damp earth, from which plants were raised at Kew. The only specimens that we have seen are at Kew, where a tree of the typical form, about 23 ft. by 2 ft. 3 in. in 1909, is probably one of Hooker's seedlings. Trees of similar size, belonging to var. Botssteri, were obtained in 1870 and 1873 from Booth of Hamburg. (A. H.) 1 Cf. Schneider, Laubholskunde, i. 191, fig. 120 (1904), who describes and figures, as Q. veneris, Kerner, an oak in the Botanic Garden at Vienna, which was raised from an acorn sent by Kotschy from Cyprus. This is identical with Q. Pfaeffingeri, var. cypria, Kotschy, in Unger and Kotschy, Die Jnsel Cypern, 492 (1865), who state that it once formed extensive woods of fine trees, of which only a few scattered individuals now remain. 2 It is not mentioned as one of the oaks of Greece, by Halacsy, Comp. Fl. Greca, iii. 125 (1904). 3 Figured by Lambert, in 7ranso‘Linn. Soc. xvii. t. 22 (1837). * Pharmacographia, 595 (1879). 5 Journ. Hort, Soc. Lond. viii. 132 (1853). 8 Zrans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 383 (1861). Quercus 1327 QUERCUS GLANDULIFERA Quercus glandulifera, Blume, in Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 295 (1850); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.), xxvi. 514 (1899); Shirasawa, Jeon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 50, t. 26, figs. 13-24 (1900). A small tree, rarely attaining 50 ft. in height. Young branchlets slender, covered with quickly deciduous appressed pubescence. Buds ovoid, } in. long, with ciliate glabrous scales. Leaves (Plate 335, Fig. 27) deciduous in autumn, 3 to 5 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad, membranous, obovate or elliptical, acuminate at the apex, usually cuneate at the base; with eight to eleven pairs of lateral nerves, all but the lowest pair ending in a serration, tipped with a short glandular cartilaginous mucro ; upper surface dark green, shining, with deciduous appressed silky pubescence ; lower surface pale green, with similar but persistent pubescence; petiole 4 to 4 in long, appressed, pubescent. Fruit, ripening in the first year, solitary or clustered, on a glabrescent short peduncle ; acorn } in. long, surrounded at the base by a shallow cupule, } in. broad, covered with lanceolate pubescent scales. This species is widely spread throughout China, Korea, and Japan. There are four small trees at Kew, about to ft. high, which were obtained from the Arnold Arboretum in 1893; and a small specimen is also growing at Aldenham. (A. H.) QUERCUS GROSSESERRATA Quercus grosseserrata, Blume, in Mus. Lugd. Bot. i. 306 (1850); Sargent, Forest Hora of Japan, 67 (1894); Shirasawa, Jcon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 53, t. 27, figs. 16-28 (1900). Quercus crispula,' Blume, var. grosseserrata, Miquel, in Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. i. 104 (1863). A tree, attaining 100 ft. in height and 12 ft. in girth. Branchlets and buds glabrous. Leaves (Plate 337, Fig. 49) deciduous in autumn, sub-sessile, mem- branous, 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 34 in. broad, obovate, acuminate at the apex, tapering to a narrow auricled truncate base, with twelve to fifteen pairs of regular triangular non-mucronate teeth; upper surface dull, dark green, glabrous except for long hairs on the midrib; lower surface paler, glabrous, with long hairs on the midrib and lateral nerves, each of which except the lower one or two pairs ends in the apex of a tooth ; petiole } in., glabrous. Fruit ripening in the first year, clustered at the ends of the branchlets, solitary or two to three on short peduncles; cupule hemispheric, about 4 in. in diameter, with appressed grey tomentose ovate scales, enclosing about one-third of the ovoid acorn, which falls out of the cupule when ripe. (A. H.) 1 Quercus crispula, Blume, in Mus, Lugd. Bot. i. 298 (1850), according to Sargent, is indistinguishable in foliage ; but is said by Miyabe to have different fruit, the cupule being deeper and enclosing half the cylindrical acorn, cupule and acorn falling together when ripe. Shirasawa only mentions and describes one species, Q. grosseserrata. 1328 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland Q. grosseserrata’ is a native of Japan and the Kurile Isles, and is said to have a more northerly distribution than Q. crispu/a, though both, according to Sargent, grow together on the hills of central Yezo, forming large trees and producing timber of excellent quality. I collected this oak at Asahigawa, in this region, at 500 ft. elevation, where it was growing in open forests mixed with Q. dentata. Sargent reports Q. crispula to be common on the low ground and near the banks of streams in Yezo; and states that he saw fine forests of it on the Nikko mountains. It is known as ovara in Japan, where the timber is largely used for sleepers. I believe that this tree produces the greater part of the oak timber which has lately been exported in quantity to Europe and to California, and is very favourably spoken of by Messrs. Marsh, Jones, and Cribb of Leeds, who have used it for furniture. When quarter sawn it shows a good figure, and is not easy to distinguish from Austrian oak. : S Sargent collected acorns of this oak in Japan in 1892, from which plants were raised in the Arnold Arboretum. These are said by Rehder to be perfectly hardy and to bear handsome foliage. Some of these plants, sent to Kew in 1893, are about 10 ft. high, but do not look very thriving. Acorns sent to me by Prof. Miyabé from Sapporo in 1905 germinated, but grew badly on my soil, and are now dead. QUERCUS GLAUCA Quercus glauca, Thunberg, FZ. Jap. 175 (1784); Franchet et Savatier, Znum. Pi. Jap. i. 448 (1875), and ii. 501 (1879); Hooker, FY. Brit. India, v. 604 (1888); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi, 515 (1899); Shirasawa, Jon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 56, t. 30, figs. 13-24 (1900); Gamble, Judian Timbers, 677 (1902). Quercus annulata, Smith, in Rees, Cyclop. xxix. No. 22 (1819) ; Loudon, Ard. e¢ Frut. Brit. iii. 1921 (1838). Quercus phullata, Buchanan-Hamilton, in D. Don, Prod. Nep. 57 (1825). A large tree. Young branchlets pubescent at first, soon becoming glabrous. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 52) coriaceous, persistent two or three years, about 3 in, long and 1 in. broad, lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the base, margin mucronate-serrate in its upper half; lateral nerves about ten pairs, prominent beneath; upper surface green, glabrous; lower surface greyish or white, with scattered appressed silky hairs; petiole } in. long, glabrous or with scattered hairs. Fruit (section Cyclobalanopsis) ripening in the first year, one to three, sessile on a short stalk; acorn ovoid, acute, much exserted, similar to that of Q. Vibrayeana; cupule hemispheric, about 4 in. wide, with grey tomentose scales, connate into four to eight concentric zones, the lower with crenate, the upper with entire margins. 1 Q. grosseserrata is closely allied to Q. mongolica, Fischer, ex Turczaninow, in Bul/. Soc. Nat. Mosc., 1838, p. 101. The latter species is widely spread in Dahuria, Amurland, Manchuria, Mongolia, and northern China. The leaf, bud, and branch- let of Q. mongolica are figured in Plate 337, Fig. 48; and a small tree in Kew Gardens, sent by Sargent in 1893, under the name of Q. crispula, is possibly this species. As a rule, the plants usually found in cultivation under the name Q. mongolica are Q. lanuginosa,—(A. H). Quercus 1329 The above description applies to the Japanese form. The species is very variable in the wild state in foliage, and several varieties have been described. In Himalayan specimens the serrations of the leaves have long mucronate points. The following peculiar variety probably originated in Japanese gardens :— Var. lacera, Matsumura, Shokubutsu Met-1, 243 (1895). Quercus lacera, Blume, in Mus. Lugd, Bat. i. 306 (1850). Leaves obovate, ovate, or lanceolate, with the apex prolonged into a long slender caudate acumen; margin deeply lobed, each lobe ending in a long carti- laginous point. There is a small plant of this variety in Kew Gardens, introduced in 1907 from Yokohama. Quercus glauca is widely spread in eastern Asia, occurring in the Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at 3000 to 6000 ft., throughout the mountains of China, and in Japan and Formosa. Sargent’ states that the acorns are eaten by the Japanese, and are of considerable commercial importance. The Himalayan form was introduced in Loudon’s time, as there were plants about 1o ft. high at Kew, Chiswick, and Loddiges’ nursery; but none of these appear to have survived. The only specimen which we have seen is a small tree at Tortworth, probably of Japanese origin, which appears to be perfectly hardy, but has never borne fruit, (A. H.) QUERCUS VIBRAYEANA Quercus Vibrayeana, Franchet et Savatier, Znum. Pl. Jap. i. 449 (1875), and ii. 498 (1879); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 522 (1899); Shirasawa, Zeon, Ess. Forest. Japon, text 55, t. 29, figs. 16-31 (1900). Quercus bambusifolia, Fortune, in Gard. Chron. 1860, p. 170; Masters,? in Gard. Chron. i. 632 (1874). (Not Hance.) Quercus acuta, Thunberg, var. dambusa@folia, Masters, in Kew Handlist, Trees, 181 (1896). A tree, attaining about 50 ft. in height. Young branchlets slender, glabrous. Buds ovoid, minute, glabrous. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 55) coriaceous, persistent two years, 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 1} in. broad, often larger on young plants, lanceolate, cuneate at the base, long acuminate at the apex, which is often tipped with a mucro; lateral nerves, nine to twelve pairs, slender, inconspicuous ; margin minutely serrate in the upper half of the blade; upper surface dark green, shining, glabrous; lower surface pale green, glaucescent, glabrous ; petiole } to 4 in. long, glabrous. Fruit (section Cycloba/anopsis) ripening in the first year, two to four, sub-sessile on a slender peduncle, about 2 in. long, the upper part of which has fallen, bearing with it the unripened pistillate flowers; acorn ovoid, pubescent towards the tip, which is marked with a lamellate umbo, crowned by the persistent style ; cupule 1 Silva N. Amer, viii. 11, note 48 (1895). 2 The plant here described by Masters is incorrectly excluded from Q. Vébrayeana in Journ, Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 522 (1899). v 2U 1330 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland hemispheric, about 3 in. in diameter, with grey tomentose scales, connate into seven or eight concentric zones, This is a rare tree, occurring in Japan, where it was found near Nikko by Savatier, and in the mountains of Chekiang, in China, whence it was introduced * into cultivation, under the name Q. damdusifolia, by Fortune in 1854. Fortune*® saw trees 30 to 50 ft. in height; but, as far as we have seen, it has remained shrubby in this country, There are specimens at Kew, Eastnor, and Syon. (A. H.) QUERCUS ACUTA Quercus acuta, Thunberg, F. Jap. 175 (1784); Shirasawa, Icon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 60, t. 32, figs. 1-13 (1900). Quercus Buergerit, Blume, in Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 299 (1850). Quercus marginata, Blume, in Mus. Lugd. Bat. i, 304 (1850). A small tree; young branchlets covered with a dense brownish tomentum, speedily deciduous, though traces of it persist near the tip of the branchlet and above the insertions of the leaves. Buds spindle-shaped, 4 in. long, with reddish glabrous scales. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 56) coriaceous, persistent for two years, 4 to 5 in. long, 14 to 2 in. wide, elliptical ; gradually tapering at the base, and pro- longed as a narrow wing on each side of the petiole; abruptly contracted into an acuminate apex; entire in margin or with undulate slight crenations towards the apex; lateral nerves about nine pairs, dividing and looping before reaching the margin ; glabrous on both surfaces, dull or yellowish green below; petiole 4 to 1 in., glabrous. Fruit (section Cyclobalanopsis) ripening in the second year, clustered on a tomentose peduncle; acorn ovoid, with a laminate pubescent umbo; cupule hemi- spheric, with tomentose scales connate into about six concentric zones. This species, which is a native of Japan, was introduced into England by Maries in 1877. It forms a large bush in this country, where it is perfectly hardy, the finest specimen probably being one at Coombe Wood,’ growing on a cold clay soil in an exposed position, and about 20 ft. in height. Seedling plants vary much in habit. , A specimen at Kew, from Holker Hall, bears immature fruit. (A. H.) 1 Cf. F. B. Forbes, in Journ. Bot, xxii. 85 (1884). 2 Gard, Chron., 1860, p. 160. In the Cambridge Herbarium there is a specimen dated 1860, from a plant in Glen- © dinning’s nursery, raised from acorns sent by Fortune, and labelled Q. damébusifolia. The leaves of this specimen, like most of the plants in cultivation, have smaller serrations than those which occur on native adult trees. 3 Hortus Veitchit, 405 (1906). Ff, also Woods and Forests, 1884, p. 85, and The Garden, xix, 285, fig. (1881). Quercus 1331 QUERCUS DENSIFLORA Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott, Bot. Voy. Beechey, 391 (1849) ; Hooker, Zcon. Plant, t. 380 (1841) ; Sargent, Si/va NV. Amer, viii. 183, t. 438 (1895). Quercus echinacea, Torrey, Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. 1, p. 137, t. 14 (1856). Pasania densiflora, Oersted, in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Medd., 1866, p. 83 ; Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i. 161 (1904) ; Sargent, Zrees V. Amer. 225 (1905). A tree, attaining in California 80 or go ft. in height, and 18 ft. in girth. Bark divided by narrow fissures into broad rounded scaly ridges. Young branchlets with a dense stellate tomentum, partly retained in the second year. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 54) coriaceous, persistent two or three years, 3 to 4 in. long, 1 to 2 in. broad, oblong or ovate-oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, rounded at the base; with about twelve pairs of prominent lateral nerves, all but the lower one or two pairs ending in a cartilaginous-tipped serration ; margin revolute ; upper surface shining green, glabrous; lower surface rusty pubescent at first, ultimately becoming glabrous and whitish or greyish, some pubescence being often retained on the midrib near the base ; petiole 4 to # in. long, tomentose. Fruit (section Pasania) ripening in the second year, solitary or in pairs on a stout tomentose peduncle; acorn about 1 in. long, enclosed at the base in a shallow cupule, ? in. in diameter, with scattered long hairs within ; and covered externally with spreading or recurved, long linear rigid stellate-pubescent scales, usually tipped with a reddish gland. Var. echinoides, Sargent,’ is a shrubby form, with small entire leaves, growing at high elevations in the Siskiyou mountains and the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Q. densiflora is distributed from the valley of the Umpqua river in Oregon, southwards through the coast ranges to the Santa Inez mountains in California, and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, below 4000 ft. elevation, to Mariposa County. It is abundant in the coast region north of San Francisco bay, and attains its largest size in Napa and Mendocino Counties. Sargent’ gives a good illustration of a fine tree near San Francisco, This species has been much cut down on account of its bark, which contains a large amount of tannin; but owing to the vigorous way in which the stumps produce coppice shoots, there is little danger of its extinction. This tree is apparently unknown in cultivation in Europe, except at Kew, where there are two healthy trees, which scarcely suffered*® from the severe winters of 1879-80, and 1880-81. One in the oak collection measures 21 ft. high by 14% in., the other, near the flagstaff, is 18 ft. by 1 ft. These were raised from acorns sent to Kew by Prof. Sargent in November 1874. (A. H.) 1 Silva N. Amer. viii. 183, note, 2 Garden and Forest, v. 517, fig. 89 (1892), 8 Cf, Gard. Chron, xvii. 228 (1882), 1332 The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland QUERCUS GLABRA Quercus glabra, Thunberg, 7. Jap. 175 (1784); Franchet et Savatier, Enum. Fl. Jap. i. 447 (1875); Masters, in Gard. Chron. xiv. 784, fig. 153 (1880). Pasania glabra, Oersted, in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Medd., 1866, p. 81 ; Shirasawa, Jeon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 61, t. 32, figs. 14-24 (1900); Schneider, Laubholzkunde, i. 160, fig. 95 (1904). A small tree with smooth bark. Young branches glabrous. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 50) coriaceous, persistent for two or three years, 4 to 5 in. long, 1 to 1} in. broad, lanceolate or elliptical, tapering at the base and prolonged as a narrow wing on each side of the petiole; apex acute or contracted into a short acumen, rounded at the tip; margin entire, revolute; upper surface shining, glabrescent ; lower surface pale, glabrous, with numerous shining minute dots; lateral nerves about ten pairs, dividing and looping before reaching the margin; petiole glabrous, 4 to ¢ in. long. Fruit (section Pasania) ripening in the second year, grouped in threes and numerous, but only a few developing, on an erect spike about 4 in. long; acorn ovoid, about an inch long, pointed, glabrous, surrounded at the base by a shallow cupule, 4 in. in diameter, covered with appressed grey tomentose ovate acuminate scales, Q. glabra is a native of Japan, and was introduced! into cultivation in England in 1842, when plants were raised in the Tooting and Epsom Nurseries. We have not been able to separate as distinct var. /atifolia® introduced by Maries in 1877. This species does not appear to be quite so hardy as Q. acuéa, and remains a large bush, often seen in gardens in the south and west of England, and in Ireland, where it ripens fruit.* There are specimens in the oak collection at Kew. (A. H.) QUERCUS CUSPIDATA Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg, FY. Jap. 176 (1784); Franchet et Savatier, Znum. Pl. Jap. i. 449 (1875); Masters, in Gard. Chron, xii. 232, f. 38 (1879); Skan, in Journ. Linn. Soc. (Bot.) xxvi. 510 (1899). ; Pasania cuspidata, Oersted, in Kjoeb. Vidensk. Medd., 1866, p. 81 ; Shirasawa, Zon. Ess. Forest. Japon, text 62, t. 34, figs. 1-13 (1900) ; Schneider, Laubholskunde, i, 160 (1904). A large tree. Bark smooth on young stems, deeply fissured on old trunks. Young branchlets glabrescent. Leaves (Plate 338, Fig. 51) coriaceous, per- sistent two or three years, 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 1 in. broad, elliptical ; base tapering 1 Loudon, Gard. Mag. xviii. 17, 41 (1842). Gay, in Bull, Soc. Bot. France, v. 32 (1858), mentions a small plant at Verritres in 1858 ; but this is not referred to in Hortus Vilmorinianus, published in 1906. ® Veitch, Cat. Trees and Shrubs, 1881-82, p, 22, and Hortus Veitchit, 405 (1906). 8 It ripened fruit in 1852 at Bishopstoke, Hants, according to Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1852, p. 695. Quercus 1333 and prolonged as a narrow wing on each side of the petiole; apex long acuminate, rounded at the tip; margin entire, revolute; lateral nerves about eight pairs, incon- spicuous, dividing and looping before reaching the margin; upper surface shining, dark green, glabrous; lower surface pale, with deciduous minute appressed pubescence, and showing under the lens shining dots; petiole } in., with scattered minute pubescence. Fruit (section Pasanza) ripening in the second year, six to ten alternate and sessile on an erect peduncle; cupule ovoid, acute, ¢ in. long, composed of several rows of coalesced tomentose scales, completely enclosing the acorn, which is set free by the irregular splitting of the cupule into two to four valves. This species is a native of Japan, Formosa, Korea, and central and southern China. According to Sargent,’ it is the most widely distributed evergreen oak of Japan, often forming extensive forests in southern Hondo, Its acorns are edible when cooked and are sold in the Japanese markets. The most valuable mushroom of Japan is artificially cultivated upon pieces of the bark of this tree.* Siebold® sent acorns of this and other Japanese oaks to Leyden in 1830; but it appears to have been first introduced into England in 1879 by Maries.* The only specimens which we have seen, those at Coombe Wood and at Kew, are shrubby in habit. Maries also sent home from Japan a variegated form (var. vartegata),* which does not seem to be now in cultivation. (A. H.) 1 Silva N. Amer, viii. 11, note 51 (1895). 2 Robertson, Commercial Reports by H.M. Consuls in Japan, 1875, p. 52. 3 Siebold et Zuccarini, 77. Jap. i. 11 (1835). 4 Cf. Gard. Chron, xii, 232, fig. 38 (1879), where a figure is given of var. variegata, Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Limitep, Edinburgh. iat Se 4%