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A Yotume XXI February, 1921 Number 5

_ TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 15

OF

@

The New York State College of Forestry

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

TREES OF NEW YORK STATE
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED

BY
H. P. BROWN, Ph. D.

Professor of Wood Technology

Published Quarterly by the University, Syracuse, N. Y.

Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter

von
ae

Volume XXI February, 1921 Number 5

TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 15

°

OF

The New York State College of Forestry

AT

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY

TREES OF NEW YORK STATE
NATIVE AND NATURALIZED

BY
H. P. BROWN, Ph. D.

Professor of Wood Technology

Published Quarterly by the University, Syracuse, N. Y.

Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter

COPYRIGHT 1922
BY
HARRY P. BROWN, Ph.D.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS
OF
THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

TECHNICAL PUBLICATION No. 1, 1914.

Preliminary Report on the Diseases of Fish in the Adirondacks:
A Contribution to the Life History of Clinostomun marginatum.
By Dr. W. M. Smallwood.

No. 2, 1916.

I. A New Species of Pityogenes. By J. M. Swaine.

II. Observations on the Life History and Habits of Pityogenes hop-
kinsi Swaine. By Dr. M. W. Blackman.

No. 3, 1916.
The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. By Dr. William
L. Bray.
No. 4, 1916.
The Relation of Mollusks to Fish in Oneida Lake. By Frank C. Baker.
No. 5, 1917.
The Hardwood Distillation Industry in New York. By Nelson C. Brown.
Na, 1917.

Wood Utilization Directory of New York. By John Harris, Forest
Service, revised and rearranged by Nelson C. Brown and Henry H.
Tryon.

No: 7; 1917.

The Relation of Birds to the Western Adirondack Forest. By P. M.

Silloway.
No.8, L917.

The Black Zones Formed by Wood-destroying Fungi. By Arthur §.

Rhoads.
No. 9, 1918.

The Productivity of Invertebrate Fish Food on the Bottom of Oneida

Lake, with Special Reference to Mollusks. By Frank Collins Baker.
No. 10, 1918.

I. Notes on Insects Bred from the Bark. and Wood of the American
Larch. By M. W. Blackman and Harry H. Stage.

II. On the Insect Visitors to the Blossoms of Wild Blackberry and
Wild Spirea: A Study in Seasonal Distribution. By M. W.
Blackman.

INGOT LES: 1918:
The Biology of Polyporus pargamenus Fries. By Arthur 8. Rhoads.
No. 12, 1920.

Yellow Birch and Its Relation to the Adirondack Forest. By E. F.
McCarthy and H. C. Belyea.

. 18, 1921.

The Development of the Vegetation on the Grass River Marsh Area.
By Dr. W. L. Bray.

. 14, 1921.

Wood-using Industries of New York State. By R. V. Reynolds and
R. J. Hoyle.
[3]

TRUSTEES
OF

THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY

EX-OFFICIO

Dr AMES Ry DAW GC hanGellony 0) tetslcrst tater Syracuse University
Dr. JoHN Huston FINLEY, Commissioner of Educa-

PRON) She ww 2 OF cle ine ea Seine eee Albany, N. Y.
Hon. Grorce D. Prarr, Conservation Commissioner... New York City
Hon. Harry WALKER, Lieutenant Governor............ Binghamton, N. Y.

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR

Hon. ALEXANDER T. BROWN.......-2+---+--2-0---e: Syracuse, N. Y.
Hon. JOHN R. CuANCY...:. 0. 26. +0226 + 99 igo dee Syracuse, N. Y.
Hon. Harotp D. CORNWALL... <<... «ce 2 jcieem sie = lee Lowville, N. Y.
Hen. ‘Grorce: W.. DRIisCOLns. 2% 2525. oe are Syracuse, N. Y.
Hon. -C. Ci, BURNS: . «nic oo oe oo apie ow cle ie ee Watertown, N. Y.
Hon: LOUIS MARSHAMMs ccc sce «2 ene se ti oe eee New York City
Evom: WirttAM, Hs Kamei vies choc = ola le eye ee eee Syracuse, N. Y.
Fons Bp WARD) i jOHIAR AS 2 ).c0 2 aici kent ei eee Syracuse, N. Y.
Hont J. HENRY (WAUTERS=)...)0>- >= > ose oie tee New York City

OFFICERS OF THE ROAD

Hon: Liouris MARSEATHIT s2 2ISRes oie ite oe one ene President
Hon. JOHN ‘Re “CLANCY. fee ones OE ee eee eee eee Vice-President

[4]

AOE Ft -S

—

Wwirwit *

PREFACE

As an educational institution, the New York State College of
Forestry is obligated to the people of the State of New York to
give information regarding the forest resources of the state,
chief among which are its trees. In the past we as a common-
wealth have been profligate in the natural bounty with which
nature has endowed us. We have watched with public serenity
the wasteful exploitation of our forest resources with no thought
of the future. Today we are faced with an appalling timber
shortage within the state. Thousands of acres of forest lands lie
idle which should be producing the forests of the morrow.

To exercise sane suffrage the public must be educated as to the
natural resources of the state. We must know more of the kinds
of trees which make up its forests, the game which inhabits them,
the fish which live in the forest streams. Succeeding generations
will criticize or commend us as we employ unwise or remedial
measures. A wise forest policy presupposes two things, an exten-
sive campaign of reforestation on idle forest lands within the
state, and a close utilization of such forest resources, chiefly tim-
ber, as still remain. Closer utilization of wood requires a more
specific knowledge of tree species and the information given in the
following pages is an endeavor to meet this demand.

In writing this bulletin no contention is made that the field is
a new one. The information given herein is included in the
larger and more comprehensive ‘‘tree’’?’ manuals covering the
trees of North America or, more specifically, those of the north-
eastern states. Unfortunately, however, many of the manuals
are inaccessible to the general public because of the cost while
others are of such a technical nature as to render their contents
difficult of interpretation by the reading public. Moreover, such
generalities often occur as to cause the reader some doubt as to
what to apply to New York State. The present bulletin, covering
the trees of the state only, omits much extraneous matter which
would otherwise confuse.

In the publication of a tree bulletin the New York State Col-
lege of Forestry is meeting a definite demand as evidenced by the
numerous queries received relative to tree species within the

[5]

6 The New York State College of Forestry

state. It is following a policy of public education already in
force in neighboring states, many of which have tree bulletins.
Trees play a large part in the economic and recreational life of
the state and a better understanding and appreciation of them
is bound to lead to ultimate good. In the treatment of the sub-
ject in hand it has seemed wise to include in these pages not only
those trees which are conceded to be native to the state but also
those which have become naturalized within our boundaries and
propagate themselves in the wild condition. Listed among these
are such foreign trees as the White Willow, the European Crack
Willow, Paulownia, ete., or trees introduced from other parts of
the United States, as Osage Orange and the Catalpas. Orna-
mental trees which are never found as ‘‘escapes’’ are omitted
as are those species such as Witch Hazel or Cordate Willow which
are shrubby within the state but arborescent elsewhere. In some
cases the author has been in doubt as to just where to draw the
line. The treatment throughout must be considered conservative.

There are within the borders of the state one hundred and
thirty-three kinds of trees exclusive of Crataegus. Of these one
hundred and nine may be considered as native and twenty-four
as naturalized. Over two hundred species of Crataegus have
been described for New York State alone but these exhibit such
a multitude of bewildering forms as to be beyond the scope of
the bulletin. The inclusion of Crataegus brings the total num-
ber of native arborescent species well over three hundred and
ranks New York State as one of the richest in the Union in its
arborescent flora. No attempt has been made to include the
shrubby plants of the state in this publication.

The descriptions accompanying the plates are based in part on
fresh and herbarium material available at the College of For-
estry or in the herbarium of the Department of Botany, Syracuse
University, in part from descriptions checked with living mate-
rial from Sargent’s Silva, Britton’s North American Trees,
Hough’s Handbook of the Trees of the Northeastern States and
Canada, Gray’s Manual, and Bailey’s Cyclopaedia of Horticul-
ture. I am especially indebted to Prof. W. C. Coker of the
University of North Carolina, to Prof. J. 8. Llick, of the Penn-
sylvania State Forest Academy, to Mr. Henry Hicks of West-
bury, Long Island, and to Mr. C. Leo Macy of Princeton, New
Jersey, for assistance in collecting specimens of trees which grow
along the southern border of the state. |

Trees of New York State 7

The drawings were all made by Mr. J. Elton Lodewick, a
graduate of the College of Forestry, to whom I am grateful for
the zeal and loyalty which has made this work possible. Except
in rare cases they were drawn directly from fresh material col-
lected at Syracuse or sent to the college upon request and they were
personally checked by the author as to accuracy upon completion.

Grateful acknowledgment is due my colleague, Dr. C. C.
Forsaith, who has contributed the glossary giving the derivation
of scientific names, and has likewise assisted me with many help-
ful suggestions.

. In econelusion I am happy to express my gratitude to all others
who have in any way contributed to the publication. Not least
among these is F. Franklin Moon, dean of the college, whose
kindly interest in the project from the first materially helped
to bring it to a successful conclusion. I have met always with
a ready response from my students and friends in the collection
of material and data covering the trees of the state and extend
to them my sincere thanks.

H. P. BROWN.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

REANIDS AVELRS USMAINTRPATISMI AG Srey me Ahh wee eR ad oink = AA Pe 2 eet ney pepo) rg 11
BI PAECON ONEYHORMETINNITSIN Roe ect lae eee ee reo nte Metal ene ees oe eet te, 13
Nomenclature On Plants: .). ices cecd sie dts ol deste ctoceids Ga tae tome eteo nee. 13
GlnscHiCatiOonoiMelantes 7. Giese ks lee eee eld, Rade a Beene 15
G@laccsthicanonlotmarborescent, lane) .«1,< w-einmie se eyes ae tre hae 21
ANAT EIG A GHOTI Sere ee ore rece eco cdc yee sR SY AS, ce een RO. BET 22
]DSSSSTDTEOWUGYENE., vase Slang deve CBO ORE Ea RO Rie ene gr nel cc tae 24
, Dienae ino) yA DYSTG CSeieeetoeace ee ceterons sae merci iecin Hic iat ba ic eibysecicocasae me oh aaa ed be 24
CritenanorMistineurshine Woodyerlantsiaasee eee ceomise cei ree 24
Kandsroreioodyelante re tt ces Sk Sen a ee ee eee ee ee AEA 25
SEM CUALM VOR PHOLOGY ati cat oc AeA ca tars, <0 oe ht acetone GOMES Cun erat cea 27
Ie OR Eevee Pan wee ees, SNe seat Whe Gye Sens eR ae MU get Abb Gee be, Sa ais 27
(Gare rallies ies acest ee ee Pao eh en ort he Cee AN a inci sce eens oii
Tice WY EM AG @ ee gee ths Aer NIE NR en ace Nd ee vil Ae al Belne: < 28
eat @lassificationt. ss ..c.c cu cose tod wees hee eee Th eee eee Rn air ac coe eet ee 29
Aemloeaves classifiedsasito pOsitionec: ter tice ort eee 29

B. Léaves classified as to composition.......................... 29
@Mheaves classified. as toform.--.:62:c5scc0¢0¢¢crtentare: thee 29

Ds beaves classifiedtas'tovapexct. share Ae. on, «teen neo es sor 31
Hlieavesnclassitied astto bases... ie accion cin wane oe 31

18, ILENE GEIS ais} WO TA, eae ooo benoboaneasauanoauace: 32

Gs lbeavesiclassified!as}toavenation:. 25) 2% so. sas see ace uek. see ay

FTL GEESCEM COS i tcacecec ty oer ae eee EN Teoh EE eeu ks a Ree eee nie Ue 33
OW OLS eerie eta ce rate eS ey iy Sone re eer na hne cyetetee A eens 35
General see eee eA ee ee epee ne oee Ik fee OM ee make aa ta Ly me 35
HlOrale arts yyh ety ota ee in to Seba a ee ws cites in De 35
Rollmavonuversusebentilizavlons sais reise a eres 36
Wanlationsiny tnege lOWeLA cence tines tee Se iene catty ee Se oc ee 36

A. Suppression and symmetry of parts.......................-. 37
BevPositionvOl pabis<e ees, er ewe meee ore nee eae Aes, ue pe, See eS 37
GYAUniontolpartsige avast cs cma se oan ie cite Seen een 38

I) AROTMYOL COLO aren teers Sate ee eet sscc Re ieee ER ee ee 39

DRUG ets Mee ee ora cae Net a A SR rc crs Ut en Te SR a as 39
Generale hare es Ne at Aaa Poy Se a a a Na rg Wie 39
Criteria for thedinterpretation of the Pistil. 6.4... s4aess25) 0062. oe oe 39
Clascriicaintorn Oi Jarra toeyoyenen Mvion 6 oon ands poea see eon cooceucHone 40

A. Fruit classified as to the escape of the seed from the ovary..... 40
Barun classisedcasitontextUreaenr i: maeermo mie cle seracic ena ae eee 40
Caeliroiticlassijedias:tol compositions secre 42

Warten Gar aGtersteici Meas eben ee Pe AG lea. rs a a 43
CRETIST AG ee Mee el creer Rath EAT. coli vo to ee Vig OU ak Lt, 43
Growth in length versus growth in thickness........................ 43
heat —fallllie ee CRN > sea ae oh eee eae Sages eth ees NEBL yee Wl 44
Winter habia ok aie eee te eh cen ee ale sega ot 44
NWWTICET SU WADS ornare rue lorries eee eae Re ratte Perc ire te ce SAN iA ae wp ce Re 45

AVSR WV INTLEE UGS its, SVaatieatn: Crepe mney: ae feet) pe eames Patel ac seek tale ie rat kt OM 45

Beal ScarsranGystlpUle-SC ALS rm siemens ety caterer ee 49
CoavVascularibundle-scarsmerersas-etitcnte ee ee 49

1D) Colowoisiwitst.. sh ose ok NRE See a eee a ee ee 50
Heebasteran dod OreOlet WILS res ara mie eon eae) i ae eee eae 50

Remus Gerth COLS ta Seaccoteeerees res tetee He ae Mey Ry ae 3 ee ky ee eae 51

GARR IC iy open ko Mere rae pares kin... Wee er 0 Sa) aan 52

Ve Loos] BYE ol Fede ln AME a ah Pda beh A AiR WN, Sant eae Ma ate Ui Oh tf Be

10 The New York State College of Forestry

TABLE OF CONTENTS — (Continued) PaGE
man Kmy to rum SPECIBS:» : 2 oierieh uate. aie ae ok ae ee ee 55
Bro Kany To THE SPECIES. :.. .<cfsa0 6 se fee es 0 2 econ 3 eee 63
TwignKey TO THE SPECINS.. . 6.2. silent omen: vo Oe ee 69
PLATES WITH LEGENDS AND TABULATED DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION.......... 75

CoNSPECTUS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA WHICH INCLUDE THE NATIVE AND
NATURALIZED TREES OF NEw YorK STATE WITH ANALYTICAL KEYS LEADING

TOUTHE SPECIES shire tie eee Bere ees has coe oe Se ae 344
TrEE ZoNES AND TREE DISTRIBUTION IN NEW YORK STATE................. 390
Development of Dendroid Plants: 5... 2...) ae eee ne ener 390
The Climax Borest,. 2 o))h8 bcc soya tenctrs «kt eee eee 391
Factors Governing Distribution of Horests: ee onan 392
‘Trans-continental Beltsior Lite) Zonessee sos ae eee 393
Distribution of life Zonesin New, YorkiState ee seen een ene 394
Bray's Life’Zones in New York states... -.- ee eee eee ee 397
Tree Ranges versus Life Zones in New York State....................... 370
Map of New York State Showing Location of Tree Zones................. 370
DERIVATION OF THE) NAMES OF TREES). 5. ..2- 25-57). Soe eee 371
Linguistie’sources!of tree mamies!. .-. 25) iss eee ene ee 371
Explanation of terms usediin thelglossary... -.\0 ose ene eee 373
Glossary of Derivations)... 0... 00.05.20. 42 -- someone Oe eee 374
GENERAL GLOSSARY. 5 5.0 3.0.00 6 34a si 52g nes ae ee ee 386

PLANTS VERSUS ANIMALS

Since this bulletin is concerned with trees and trees are plants,
the proper use of it entails the right concepts as to what a plant
is, its relation to other plants and animals, and to its environ-
ment. The following paragraphs are devoted to an elaboration
of this phase of the subject. While the information thus
imparted is treated in a general and cursory way and is likely
to prove uninteresting, a proper conception and understanding
of plants, and of their classification and general morphology is
absolutely essential if one would glean the most from the descrip-
tions which follow in the text.

People who are not conversant with plants and their life activi-
ties are prone to place them in a category entirely apart from
animals. They do not think of them as living organisms which,
like animals, must meet the vicissitudes of a varying, shall I say
even hostile, environment, but more of the nature of inanimate
objects, bound through the nature of things to one spot, capable
of growth, ’tis true, but insensible to most of their surroundings.
It may be conceded that the higher plants do lack motility. They
do not respond instantly to aggression by teeth or claws or flight.
Nevertheless the response is none the less sure, though less imme-
diate. It may continue over days or months or years, but it is
none the less certain. Plants differ from animals strikingly in
being more plastic to their environment. Once the idea of plant
dynamics is thoroughly ingrained the study of plants becomes
not a toilsome journey in the identification of the inanimate, but
rather a fascinating vista which beckons us onward to greater
discoveries and a happier understanding of the power of the
Infinite.

Life on this planet is absolutely dependent on the activities
of green plants for it is in the green parts of plants that food
in its elementary stages is manufactured from the elements.*
There are plants which lack this green pigment, chlorophyll,
but these exist either as parasites or saprophytes on organic mat-
ter previously elaborated. There are herbivorous and earnivor-
ous animals. But these in turn are wholly dependent for their
existence on the metabolic processes which go on in the green

* A few exceptions occur in the case of certain bacteria which build up compounds
by chemo-synthesis.
[11]

1 The New York State College of Forestry

portions of plants. The basis of all life, be it plant or animal,
is that living substance known as protoplasm, and protoplasm
requires carbon for its nutrition. In fact earbon is one of the
essential constituent elements of that substance. But free ear-
bon in any of the forms in which it occurs in nature cannot be
directly assimilated by plants. Nor is the carbon dioxide which
results from combustion absorbed directly in the processes of
metabolism. It is first combined chemically in the plant tissues
with hydrogen to form sugar or starch. Subsequently other
organic compounds are elaborated from these by the protoplasm
through a readjustment of molecules, and hence molecular weight,
and by the addition of other elements such as nitrogen, sulphur,
phosphorus, ete. The ultimate origin of all the organic com-
pounds which are found in nature is in the green parts of plants.
Plants possess the ability which animals lack of manufacturing
complex organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.

The gulf which separates the higher plants from the higher
animals is obvious —so obvious in fact that one ean never mis-
take the one for the other. The animal possesses motility; it has
a highly developed nervous and circulatory system. Its tissues,
aside from the bones, are soft and plastic. It is wholly dependent
for its food on compounds elaborated by plants or, in the ease
of carnivores, in the bodies of other animals. The plant, on the
other hand, is compelled to spend its whole life in one place. It
lacks a nervous system and while there is a circulatory system
this is less specialized, and utilized wholly in the movement of
plant foods and water. Its tissues are firmer than those of the
animal and differ in their chemical composition. The plant pos-
sesses leaves which contain the green pigment chlorophyll, thus
permitting it to manufacture its own organie food.

But science tells us that the higher plants and animals have
been derived from lower, less complex forms, the simplest of
which are unicellular. Some of these simple plants are motile.
Others, as the bacteria and fungi, are without the green pigment
chlorophyll. The simple animals lack a nervous system worthy
of the name and many engulf or swallow their food bodily.
Others possess chlorophyll granules whose origin is still a matter
of dispute. We are foreed to the conelusion that there is no
sharp dividing line between plants and animals. Differences
which obviously separate the higher plants from the higher
animals will no longer suffice. The simple forms of plants and
animals intergrade.

Trees of New York State 13

TAXONOMY OF PLANTS

Taxonomy comes from the Greek Ȏ0s and 74's, meaning re-
spectively law and arrangement, and is concerned with the
logical arrangement of related things and the laws and princi-
ples governing that arrangement. Thus we may have the tax-
onomy of mollusks, insects, worms, and of fishes, in fact, of any
eroup of organisms or of related things. The taxonomy of plants
deals with the kinds of plants (identification), their nomenclature
and classification.

NOMENCLATURE OF PLANTS

Plants have one or more so-called common names and a scien-
tific name. The common names usually designate some peculiar
feature or characteristic of the plant, the habitat where found,
resemblance to some previously known form, or some use, often
mythical, to which the plant may have been put. Willow Oak
signifies the oak with willow-like leaves. Shining Willow desig-
nates the willow with shiny leaves. Swamp Poplar is found in
swamps. Paper Mulberry refers to the mulberry, the bark of
which is manufactured into paper. Hamamelis virginiana L. is
known under the common name of Witch Hazel owing to the
reputed value of its twigs in colonial times as divining rods to
indicate deposits of precious metals and veins of water.

But common names at best are very confusing. Ironwood in
New York may refer to Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch, or
Carpinus caroliniana Walt. In Australia it is applied to woods
belonging to trees of such widely separated families as the
Leguminosae and Myrtaceae. In Burma, Xylia dolabriformus
Benth. goes under the name of Ironwood. The Ironwood of Cey-
lon and India is Meswa ferrea lL. Added to the above is the con-
fusion resulting from the use of different languages. The Maple
is known as Ahorn in Germany, as Erable in France, as Arce or
Meple in Spain. Scientific names are the same the world over.
They are derived from the Latin or Greek and take Latin end-
ings. Latin is a dead language and the rules which govern its
syntax never change. Pinus Strobus L. will mean the same to
a botanist now or a hundred years from now, be he Russian, Ger-
man, Italian, or English.

A scientific name consists of three parts, a genus name

14 The New York State College of Forestry

(plural-genera) which is always capitalized, a species name
(plural-species) which is rarely capitalized, and the abbreviation
cf the name of the man who is given credit for its original
deseription. The common Sugar Maple is Acer sacchrum Marsh.
while Acer rubrum L. signifies Red Maple. In general practice
it is customary to omit the abbreviation of the author’s name.
The proper use of scientific names* may be well illustrated with
the oaks. The various oaks all are assigned to the genus Quercus ;
in other words, they are different species of this genus. In the
Umited States alone we have some eighty species which are de-
signed by different scientific names as Quercus rubra, Red Oak;
Muercus coccinea, Searlet Oak; Quercus phellos, Willow Oak,
ete., cach with the abbreviation of the author’s name after the
species name.

Generic and specific limits are more of a conception than a
definite thing. Man aims at a natural classification, that is, one
which indicates natural relationships, but the boundaries thus
laid down may not be of those of nature. Plants which resemble
each other as closely as the offspring of common parents are gen-
erally conceded to belong to the same species. A genus may
contain but one species as in the ease of Ginkgo biloba L., the
-Maidenhair Tree, or a hundred or more as in the ease of Salix
(Willow) where some one hundred and seventy species are
recognized. The actual number of species assigned to a genus
depends largely on whether the systematist is radical or conser-
vative in his ideas. Unfortunately botanists often differ widely
in their conception of plant relationships, especially as_ to
specific limits.

In some eases the differences between plants are so slight as to
render their separation into different species unjustifiable. It
may be a difference in stature or in size and shape of the leaves
or fruit which a different environment has occasioned. For
example, the White or Canoe Birch of New York and southern
Canada differs from the European White Birch in its greater size
and larger leaves. In its other characters it approximates the
European species very closely and conservative systematists con-

* For the derivation of the scientific and common names used in this text, the
reader is referred to the glossary on page 375. They may be derived from any of
the following sources: (a) An ancient common name (Latin, Quercus) or aborignal
name (Indian, Powcohiccora—Hicoria) ; (b) the name of the geographical locality
(continent, Prunus americana; country, Tsuga canadensis ; state, Quercus marilan-
dica; city, Picea sitchensis; river, Celtis mississippiensis, ete.), from which the

plant originally came: (c) habitat (Latin. mons mountain and colere — to dwell,
Pinus monticola) ; (d) the name of the discoverer or some person associated with
the discovery, or in honor of some persen (Maclura Wm. Maclure, an early

American geologist; (e) some peculiar feature of the plant (Latin, nigra — black,
Naliz nigra).

Trees of New York State 15

sider it but a variety of the European form and list it as Betula
alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach.

The selection of the scientific names of plants depends upon
a complex system of rules based mainly on considerations of pri-
ority. Conservative botanists in this country are following a
universal code of nomenclature according to a set of rules
promulgated at the International Botanical Congress, held at
Vienna, June, 1905.* The Vienna Code considers the first
edition of Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum of 1753 as the logical
starting point for the nomenclature of the higher plants and
adopts the generic names used by Linnaeus in his text. These
were in part coined by Linnaeus himself and in part adopted
by him and his followers from pre-Linnean authors. In the
adoption of post-Linnean generic names, priority rules. The
Vienna Code likewise adopts the earliest specific name used to
designate a plant rather than that specific name which was first
combined with the correct generic name. Sassafras varwfolium
‘Salisb.) Ktze. indicates that Salisbury first appled the specific
name of variifolium to Sassafras but used it with a different
generic name. Kuntze was the first to use the specific name of
variifolium correctly with the generic name, Sassafras.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

The ultimate aim of botanists and zoologists in the classifi-
cation of plants and animals has been to devise a ‘‘natural
system’’ of classification which would best indicate the natural
affinities of related forms. Such a treatment is both logical and
practical in that related forms are thus brought down together
in congeries which permit of their identification and study
with greater ease. Experience has taught that in the higher
plants variation in the flower offers the best basis for a ‘‘na-
tural’’ classification. Plants exhibiting likeness or parallelism
in floral structure are found to share other characteristics in
common which indicate clearly their common lineage. It is cus-
tomary to consider those plants first which are conceded to
have the simplest or most primitive flowers, thence to proceed to
forms with greater specialization, considering those last which
have the most complex flowers. The system is open to criticism
in that it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a flower
is inherently primitive in structure or simple by reduction.

In classification plants are first divided into large divisions

* There is also a Rochester and an American Code.

16 The New York State College of Forestry

which have certain gross features in common, then successively
into smaller divisions and ultimately into genera and _ species.
The characters enumerated under successive divisions are in-
creasingly specific and of narrower latitude. The divisions of
such a classification are listed below, those in ‘‘italies’’ often
being omitted. Clarity is rendered more certain by classifying
the Paper or Canoe Birch according to this plan:

ISAM P OOM oie. s os yaiee min nie paces = overuse = ieee eee ee Vegetable.
Sub-kingdom yoo. le) o ie saree: oie eleiers coals elle + Steel 2 ato Man Spermatophytes.
Class: tiie alt PES Ree eee oe eee Angiosperms.
Silb-Class) kis. jet. smerciei eke lobes loten ceueteek= Wel dekehe ete een Ree Dicotyledons.
ISG Ua er ee OO GO SO Occ t.ca.0¢ Archichlamydeae.
SUD SERVES a a'ais.s yt sh odie eo peaecaeie hore Apetalae.
Ordere We cme seietecie ele eile ei erelenet iste eee Fagales.
SAbD= ODOT cleer= -1cters neetenors oles neta
Waanily 5 iss 35 ose ier ave ate oe ote cider Betulaceae.
UN INRA DEC OGRE OOD DODO DCO COC
GGUS 6 42 x occ ie inser eee Betula
SPECIES)... iors, sie, silo eysieus elu alba.
VGTACUY) OSs cava atte ote Cee papyrifera
The Vegetable Kingdom is divided into four sub-kingdoms, viz. :
Thallophytes, ...4:.. algae, fungi, bacteria, ete. ’
Bryophytes -.......-. liverworts and mosses.
Pteridophytes, ....... ferns, scouring rushes, horsetails, club-mosses,
and quillworts.
Spermatophytes ..... all seed plants, including conifers and decidu-
ous trees.

A proper conception of the limits of these groups will lead
to a better understanding of trees and the relation which they
bear to other plants.

Thallophytes constitute the lowest division of the aE enie
kingdom and include the simplest forms of plants: The plant
body or thallus exhibits little variation or specialization in struc-
ture (though often a wide range of form) and usually carries
on its. life activities either in water or on a moist substratum.
Included in this group are the algae (pond secums, seaweeds, ete.),
and the fungi (Mushrooms, bracket fungi, ete.), both of which
exhibit a remarkable variation in the form and size of the
thallus but extreme simplicity in its structure. Many of the
simplest Thallophytes are unicellular and some are free swim-
ming and resemble minute animals. Sexuality has become well
developed in may forms while in others it is totally lacking.

Bryophytes are best represented by the mosses although a

Trees of New York State 17

second group, the liverworts, is also included. The Bryophytes
show a distinet advance in specialization over the Thallophytes.
This is evineed through the definite establishment of a sexual
stage in which the sexes may be distinguished, and an ‘‘alternation
of generations’’ whereby a sexual stage or generation is followed
by a semi-dependent, asexual stage which in turn again gives
rise to sexual forms. While more specialized than Thallophytes,
Bryophytes are, relatively speaking, simple plants. The plant
body is an elementary structure which possesses chlorophyll and is
in some eases thalloid, while in others it develops a primitive stem
and leaves. True vascular tissue (vascular bundles) is entirely
lacking.

Vascular plants make their appearance for the first time in the
Pteridophytes, a group which includes the true ferns and what
are recognized as fern allies, the horsetails, scouring rushes,
club mosses, and quillworts. True roots, stems, and leaves
equipped with special conducting or vascular tissue, have become
established as definite structures and function as in the seed
plants. As in the Bryophytes there is a sexual stage in which
the sexes may be distinguished but the sexual organs have be-
come increasingly specialized. This is followed by an asexual
stage in which sexless individuals through spore formation again
give rise to sexual forms. In the higher Pteridophytes it is the
asexual or sporophytie stage that has become dominant while
the sexual generation has been relegated to an obscure, indepen-
dent existence or has become actually parasitic on the asexual
generation. Pteridophytes were formerly represented by a vast
assemblage of plants many of which were arborescent and
flourished during the Carboniferous period, contributing largely
in the formation of our coal deposits of today. Owing to an
altered environment and the development of seed plants which are
better adjusted to withstand modern conditions the group is now
on the wane and is represented only by some 4000 species.

The dominant plants of today are the seed plants or Sper-
matophytes. They represent the highest type of specialization,
though not necessarily the final type. Like the Pteridophytes
they bear true roots, stems, and leaves and have an independ-
ent: asexual or sporophytie stage on which the sexual or gameto-
phytic stage is wholly dependent. The most striking difference
lies in the formation of seeds which are dormant structures rep-
resenting a pause in the development of the new sporophyte, de-
signed by nature to tide the plant over unfavorable periods and to

9?

18 The New York State College of Forestry

insure a wider dissemination. Sexuality is a necessary part of the
life cycle and is insured through the transfer of male elements
to the proximity of the female nuclei by means of pollen grains.
Following the union of the sex nuclei a young sporophyte or
embryo is formed within the ovule or developing seed which, as
the latter matures, passes into a dormant condition. Upon subse-
quent germination of the seed, the young sporophyte again assumes
an active existence.

The Spermatophytes in turn are divided into two classes, the
Gymnosperms and the Angiosperms, which are distinguished by
the manner in which the seeds are borne. The word gymnosperm
is derived from the Greek jvyyo7, meaning naked, and oz<pya seed,
and includes those Spermatophytes in which the seeds are not
enclosed in an ovary but are borne naked, subtended by scales
or fleshy structures. Angiosperm comes from the Greek gy yetov,
meaning vessel, and szzpya seed, and embraces those forms in
which the seeds are borne enclosed in an ovary which may or may
not dehisce at maturity. The boundary between the two groups is
sufficiently clear to serve the purposes of classification although
it in no way indicates the disparity in numbers and size.

Gymnosperms are very ancient and form but a small part
of the present seed-plant vegetation. Some 450 living forms exist
today which are to be regarded as the surviving remnant of a
vast phyllum which had its genesis in the Carboniferous and
flourished during the Triassic. Angiosperms were evolved com-
paratively recently (lower Cretaceous) in a geological sense and
now are represented by a vast assemblage of approximately 125,000
species which comprise the bulk of the seed-plant vegetation of
the present day. They have been able to attain and hold the
ascendancy over the other groups because of adaptive features
which they have developed to meet the environmental conditions
in force at the present time. The chief superficial characters
which separate the group from the Gymnosperms are the presence
of the flower with its showy perianth, stamens and pistil and the
manner in which the ovules or immature seeds are borne enclosed
in an ovary.

Two sub-classes of Angiosperms are recognized, the Monocoty-
ledons and the Dicotyledons, which are characterized as follows:

(a) Monocotyledons possess but one seed leaf or cotyledon
which is terminal on the axis; dicotyledons possess two seed leaves
which are lateral.

Trees of New York State 19

(b) The vascular bundles of monocotyledons are scattered in
the stem; those of the dicotyledons are arranged in a ring, or the
stem contains a vascular cylinder enclosing a pith.

(ec) The leaves of ‘the monocotyledons possess closed venation,
that is, the veins do not end blindly in the margin which, as a
result, is entire; dicotyledons possess leaves with open venation
and the margin is often dissected.

(d) The flowers of the monocotyledons are chiefly 3-merous;
those of the dicotyledons are predominately 4- or 5-merous.

Formerly monocotyledons were believed to be more primitive
because of the greater simplicity of their floral structure. How-
ever, modern science has demonstrated that dicotyledons are of
more ancient origin and that monocotyledons undoubtedly arose
from them as an aberrant off-shoot in comparatively recent times.

The monocotyledons number some 25,000 species and are ar-
ranged in ten orders which are grouped in four series. The
larger division, the dicotyledons, embraces thirty-four orders,
some of which are represented wholly by herbaceous forms,
while others consist wholly of woody plants or of both woody
and herbaceous species. For convenience the first twenty-six orders
of dicotyledons are sometimes listed as Archichlamydeae and in-
clude those forms which have either no petals (Apetalae), or
petals entirely separate from one another (Polypetalae), a con-
dition of the perianth (chlamys) which is conceded to be prim-
itive. The remaining eight orders are characterized by a
gamopetalous corolla and are included among the Sympetalae.

Gross flower characteristics usually distinguish the orders
while minor floral characters are used to separate families and
genera. An order may contain but one family or—as is gen-
erally the case in the large tropical orders—a number of families.
Order names end in the Latin feminine plural ‘‘ales’’, as for
example, the Salicales, Fagales, ete. This literally signifies
‘plant families related to the willow family,’’ ete.

Family names end in ‘‘aceae’’, which is the feminine plural
of the Latin suffix aceus, meaning ‘‘like or related to’’. The
family name is really an adjective agreeing with the understood
name ‘‘Plantae’’, as Plantae Fagaceae, Plantae Oleaceae, ete.
Family names are commonly coined by prolonging the name of
a genus of the group taken as a representative of it. For example,
Fagus is a genus belonging to the Fagaceae, Acer to the Acer-
aceae, ete. Some family names have a different origin which

20 The New York State College of Forestry

indicates the type of fruit prevailing, the manner in which the
flowers are borne, or some other prominent feature of the plant.
For example, the large tropical family, the Legumiosae, is so
named because the fruit is a legume, while the flowers are always
umbelliferous in the Umbelliferae.

The generic name of a plant is one word and substantive.
Commonly it is the old classical name used by the Greeks and
Romans as Fagus for Beech, Acer for Maple, Corylus for the
Hazel, ete. Or it may ‘be derived from some peculiarity of the
plant as Liriodendron which comes from the Greek 2é:pcov, meaning
lily, and ¢6dpov, tree, referring to the lily-like flowers of this
species. Gymnocladus means literally ‘‘naked branch’? and
refers to the stout, leafless branches in the winter condition.
Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or in honor
of some person or of the discoverer of the plant. Robinia is
named after John Robin, the first to cultivate this species in
Europe; Magnolia is from the surname Magnol, in honor of Peter
Magnol, a botanist of the 17th century. Generic names take the
ending of the Latin nominative case.

The specific name is also a single word, appended to that of
the genus. It is generally an adjective and agrees with the
generic name in case, gender, ete. In general the generic names
of trees are of feminine gender and require specific names with
feminine ending, but exceptions to this rule occur, especially
where the generic name was the ancient name of the plant. For
example, Acer was the Latin name of the maple, is of neuter
gender, and is followed by specific names with the endings of this
gender.

Specific names* may denote (a) the locality (country, prov-
ince, state, city, river, ete.), or habitat from which the plant
originally came as Ostrya virginiana—from Virginia, Salix baby-
lonica—from Babylonia, Picea sitchensis—from Sitka, Alaska;
(b) some peculiar feature of the plant as Salix purpwrea—
referring to the purple branches, Maclura pomifera—referring
to the large, pome-like fruits of the Osage Orange; (¢) the name
of the discoverer, or in honor of some botanist or person as Quer-
cus Michauxu, for the surname Michaux, and referring to F.
Michaux, one of the earlier dendrologists; (d) an ancient name,
as Pinus Strobus, strobus being Latin and referring to a cone
or something twisted. A substantive name when used specifi-
eally may not accord with the generic name in gender,

* See footnote, page 14.

Trees of New York State 21

For the derivation of scientific names used in the text, the
reader is referred to the glossary on page 407.

Varietal names, where necessary, follow the same plan as
specific names, and take the same endings. They are written
thus: Betula alba, var. papyrifera.

CLASS FICATION OF ARBORESCENT PLANTS

With the exception of a few tree ferns which are classed
among the Pteridophytes and restricted to tropical habitats,
arborescent plants are confined to the Spermatophytes and are
represented by both Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. The
dendroid Gymnosperms which are of economic importance as tim-
ber producers are restricted to the order Contferales although
Gingko and some of the Cyeads become arborescent. <Angio-
sperms include many monocotyledonous and _ dicotyledonous
species which become trees and grow under manifold conditions
and habitats. These are arranged, according to the usual seheme
of classification, successively in orders and families. A somewhat
arbitrary grouping of the orders into larger artificial divisions,
for the sake of convenience, tends for greater clearness and ren-
ders the approach to the subject of Dendrology easier for the
novice. Arborescent Pteridophytes and Monocotyledons are
omitted as not being representative of temperate regions. The
arborescent plants of the north temperate zone may be grouped
roughly as follows:

(1) Coniferae (one order).
(2) Amentiferae (six orders).
(3) Floriferae (twenty-two orders).

Coniferae are characterized by (a) leaves which are usually
evergreen, (b) seeds borne naked in cones or terminally without
cone formation, (c) excurrent trunks, (d) wood without ducts
or pores. Represented by forty genera and some 350 species,
grouped under two families in the order Coniferales.

Amentiferae are characterized by (a) flowers inconspicuous,
borne in aments, (b) fruit cupiliferous and generally a nut, (c)
generally deliquescent trunks, (d) wood with ducts or pores.
Represented by twenty-two genera grouped in six orders.

Floriferae are characterized by (a) typical flowers which are
showy and not borne in aments, (b) fruit not eupiliferous and

22 The New York State College of Forestry

in general not a nut, (c) generally deliquescent trunks, (d) wood
with ducts or pores. Represented by many genera, widely scat-
tered and interspersed with herbaceous forms through twenty-
two orders.

The Coniferae are all woody, and are mainly inhabitants of
temperate, alpine, or boreal regions. Many are important timber
trees because of (1) the large stature, (2) excurrent trunks, (3)
growth in pure stands, (4) inhabitants of temperate regions
where industrial activity attains the greatest impetus, (5) even-
grained, soft wood which takes nails and is readily worked with
tools. See pages 76 to 105 inclusive.

The Amentiferae are preeminently plants of the temperate
regions, are all woody, and include in their number such valuable
timber trees as Oak, Chestnut, Beech, and Birch. See pages 106
to 199 inclusive.

The Floriferae is a heterogeneous group with great diversity
of form, interspersed and intimately connected with herbaceous
forms, and with many tropical affinities. Listed here are trees
with showy flowers such as Black Locust, Paulownia, Catalpa,
etc. See pages 200 to 343 inclusive.

IDENTIFICAT.ON

The identification of plants may be made from drawings or
pictures by turning directly to the illustrations. This is especially
true where the plant is known to belong to a certain family or
genus. The method is cumbersome and open to criticism in that
it is unscientific and permits the student to acquire no grasp of
the fundamentals underlying taxonomy.

The logical approach to the subject of plant identification lies
in the use of previously prepared ‘‘keys’’ based upon morpho-
logical characters, which permit finally of the determination of
species. Thus one may construct a key for the oaks, the maples,
or the ashes, or, in fact, any group of related plants. It is cus-
tomary for convenience to assemble keys for family, generic and
specific identification into manuals which include all plants of
certain groups represented in a given area. The most important
manuals covering the higher plants of the northeastern states
are, ViZ.:

Pteridophytes and Spermctophytes:
Gray, A. New Manual of Botany, 7th Ed., 1908.
Britton, N. L. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and
Canada, 2d Ed., 1905.

bo
oo

Trees of New York State

Trees: :

Sargent, C.S. Manual of the Trees of North America, 1905.

Sargent, C. S. Manual of the Trees of North America, 2d Ed., 1922.

Britton, N. L. North American Trees, 1908.

Hough, R. B. Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and
Canada, 1907.

‘“Keys’’, as employed in manuals, are of the dichotomous type,
that is, two or rarely more alternatives are presented for con-
sideration, but one of which apples to the plant in question.
These alternatives are co-ordinate in rank, are equally spaced
from the left-hand margin, and deal with the same topic as illus-
trated by the simple key which follows:

PPRSAMERS HeHEDIe Ad Tete se e. o Ors) e SS Se Bee Eee a eee Ue dE 2

fae PACER CS CL OCRINNR PICNENTN OD ee = 98 oe Cool th pgs hel gree cay ag I ch oie og ys 3
2. Leaves palmately netted-veined................ Maple.
2. Leaves pinnately netted-veined.............. Oak.
3. Leaves palmately compound...................-. =
a, Uelves pinnately compound.....5.2.--.----.-<-<- 5
32 DULG ges A i ee a Poison Ivy.
PREIONHCUSS TEV Se oe ow las oe. ova ee ek een dee Virginia Creeper.
S--healets three té seven..:..- 2. 2.0..2 0252. 2%. 2): Shagbark Hickory.
pa leatlets seven’ to; nine /. 6. . ce. tea uh rel. ee Bitter-nut Hickory.

Given: For identification, a plant included in the key, proceed
as follows: Note whether the leaves are simple or compound.
If simple turn to the alternatives listed under 2; if compound,
to those listed under 3. Suppose, for the sake of illustration,
we assume that the leaf is palmately compound and of three leaf-
lets: From 1, you would proceed to 3, thence to 4, and finally to
the specific determination of Poison Ivy.

It follows that the primary divisions of any key are less spe-
cific than the ultimate divisions. The greater the number of species
_ineluded, the longer is the key. Eventually, by the process of
elimination, the various species may be separated from each other.

24 The New York State College of Forestry

DENDROLOGY

DENDROLOGY DEFINED

The taxonomy of woody plants as distinguished from herba-
eceous is called Dendrology. Dendrology means literally the
‘*science of trees’’, but in general usage it has come to have a
broader meaning and to comprise a taxonomic study of all woody
plants.

Unfortunately the line delimiting herbaceous and woody plants
is not a sharp one as the two types intergrade. Some plants are
always woody; others are herbaceous or semi-woody, but on occa-
sion may become woody. Tabulated below are the chief differ-
ences which distinguish woody plants, but it must be understood
in advance that the information thus imparted must be used
with reservation.

CRITERIA3FOR} DISTINGUISHING WOODY,| PLANTS

1. Woody plants are perennial, that is, they live from year to
year. Annuals complete their life cycle within a season and
are tided over the winter by their seed. Biennials may produce
stems or canes, as in the raspberry, which are semi-woody the
second year, but the two-year life span precludes their inclusion
among typical woody plants.

2. Woody plants possess vascular tissue, that is, specialized con-
ducting tissue. Not all vascular plants are woody by any means,
as all the herbaceous flowering plants are numbered among the
vascular plants. This prerequisite, however, excludes the Thal-
lophytes and Bryophytes from the category of woody plants.

3. Woody plants possess an aerial axis or stem which persists
from year to year. In the case of a tree this stem is called the
bole or trunk. Many perennials fail to be classed as woody
plants because they die back to the ground each autumn, the roots
persisting through the winter and producing a new stem the fol-
lowing spring. Other plants, as many of the ferns, possess peren-
nial, creeping stems and are woody plants in a strict sense, but
not in the general sense as used in Dendrology.

4. Woody plants possess vascular tissue which becomes
‘“‘lenified’’ or woody as it matures. This process of lignification
is brought about by certain chemical and physical processes which
take place in the woody part of the vascular tissue whereby its

Trees of New York State 25

cell walls are rendered harder, stronger and more durable than
before. All woody tissues become more or less lignified the first
year, soon after they attain their ultimate growth, and the process
should not be confused with the changes which occur in passing
from sapwood to heartwood. Lignification is in no sense confined
to the so-called ‘‘woody plants’’, or, in fact, to vascular tissue.
Woody stems possess in proportion more tissue that is lignified
than herbaceous plants, and hence seem woody to us.

5. Typical woody plants possess secondary thickening, that is,
have a means of thickening their stems by subsequent growth in
diameter which is not traceable to terminal growing points. This
is achieved through the activities of a growing layer or cambium
which is situated just outside the last formed layer of wood and
beneath the bark, and produces new wood and new bark yearly
which are interpolated between the older wood and bark. This
results in the formation of the annual rings which are character-
istic of cross-sections of the trees of temperate regions. Tropical
trees are often devoid of annual rings because cambial activity
extends over practically the whole year and the resulting wood
is quite homogeneous.

But there are arborescent ferns and monocotyledons (palms)
which are devoid of secondary thickening of the normal type, in
that the woody tissue is not gathered together in a cylinder sur-
rounded by a cambium but is seattered through the stem in the
form of isolated vascular bundles. In such arborescent forms
subsequent seasonal increase in the thickness of the stem, where
it occurs, is due to the continued enlargement, over a period of
years, of tissues which had their inception in the apical growing
point. This explains the fact that many palms support but a
given number of leaves in their crown and new leaves develop
only in proportion as some of the older leaves cease to function.
In other cases, monocotyledonous stems increase in girth through
anomalous secondary thickening, that is, not in the typical way.
Finally there are many woody monocotyledons, especially lianas,
which exhibit little or no secondary thickening, as in the case of
Smilax hispida Mohl., the Hispid Greenbrier.

KINDS:OFZWOODY PLANTS
Woody plants are of three sorts, (1) trees, (2) shrubs, and (3)
lianas, between which no hard and fast lines can be drawn. A
given species may be shrubby near the limits of its range and

26 The New York State College of Forestry

arborescent elsewhere. For example, Witch Hazel and Cordate
Willow are shrubs in New York State but become trees farther
south and west. Certain species of Ficus begin life as lianas but
ultimately become arborescent. Again many woody plants which
are reduced to dwarfed, scraggly shrubs in the boreal zone, attain
to the dignity of large shrubs or even trees to the southward
where they are not forced to contend with such a hostile environ-
ment. In general the kinds of woody plants may be defined as
follows:

1. A tree is a woody plant which attains a height of at least
twenty feet in a given locality and usually (not always) has but
a single self-supporting stem or trunk.

2. A shrub is a woody plant which seldom exceeds twenty feet
in height in a given locality and usually (not always) has a num-
ber of stems. Many shrubs have prostrate primary stems
embedded in the. soil or leaf-mold which send up persistent sec-
ondary branches of fruticose habit. These arise at varying
intervals from the horizontal stem and appear as_ separate
individuals.

3. A liana is a climbing woody vine. Lianas climb by twining,
clambering, aerial roots, tendrils, ete., and are characteristic fea-
tures of tropical rain forests. They are represented in our flora
by such woody vines as Virginia Creeper, Clematis, Moonseed
Vine, and the Wild Grape.

Trees of New York State

bo
ca |

SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY

The use of a tree manual entails an understanding of the
morphology of plant parts and of their proper interpretation.
The primary basis of classification in trees, as in other seed
plants, is the flower, for trees bear flowers as do other plants
which produce seed. But the floral stage of trees is a fleeting
one at best; floral characters are not available for study except
for comparatively short periods. In a taxonomic study of woody
plants, other specific characteristics such as leaf, twig, fruit and
bark are generally stressed at the expense of floral characters.
The following pages are devoted to Special Morphology in an
endeavor to render more lucid that part of the text which follows:

General LEAVES

The expanded green structures which make up the foliage of
the higher plants, and in which physiological processes necessary
to the life of the plant take place, are known as leaves. Fore-
most among such life activities are (1) photosynthesis or the
synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide and water, (2) transpira-
tion or the voiding of excess water that has been taken up
through root absorption, and (3) respiration or breathing.

A foliage leaf always possesses an expanded part or lamina
which is specially adapted by internal structure and the presence
of breathing pores or stomata to perform the functions assigned
to it by nature. In addition there may be a stalk or petiole which
attaches the lamina to the stem, and stipules, inserted separately
on the stem at the base of and on either side of the petiole
(Fig. 1). A leaf which is devoid of petiole is said to be epetiolate

————LAMINA

—--—------— PETIOLE
————~—-—-——-— STIPULES

Fic. 1— Portion or A Twic witH Lear ATTACHED, SHOWING LEAF PARTS

28 The New York State College of Forestry

or sessile; a leaf without stipules is estipulate. Stipules, where
present, are in the majority of cases apparently vestigial struc-
tures and have no real function. In other cases they are modi-
fied into thorns (as in the Black Locust) or act as bud scales which
protect the growing points during the winter (Basswood).

Leaf Variation

Of the primary plant parts, namely root, stem, and leaves, the
latter are by far the most plastic and respond most quickly to
an altered environment or habitat. Such external stimuli mani-
fest themselves in leaves of various shapes and sizes and result
not only in wide differences between the leaves of different

N Sy fF f "2 fj
Ye Ge
Zig = LHe NS”
OW go NN\ WARS
LP gf \ VAS SS Af
& we Z bg) — > y Hi) “i GE
NINN Rye \ Al} Y y if SS aE
ig Bias YOY | AZZESSSS
Lp (ees

Zig 5 a
sh OG
MY ZZ

YW VOR \ 5 MULES
YQ } A HP) f) (ZG >

ee

g SS

D J ZZSSs
LA we

Z
i

RN. = R GUM GM 1
YYARYS WHY GUY Y CG EL

Z23 G9 GO [SS S8Q@r
!

EVEN PINNATELY DECOMPOUNB
LEAF

Fic. 3

Fic. 2—OppD PINNATELY CoM-
POUND LEAF

Fic. 4— PALMATELY CoMPOUND LEAF

Trees of New York State 29

species, but even within one and the same species and on the
same plant. Variation in the size, shape, margin, ete., of foliage
leaves is of the utmost importance in tree identification.

Leaf Classification
A. Leaves classified as to Position (Phyllotaxy)
1. Alternate — one inserted at a node.
2. Opposite — two at a node, inserted on opposite sides
of the stem.
3. Verticillate or whorled — three or more at a node.
Alternate leaves are arranged in ascending left to right spirals
on the stem and according to a definite plan. The portion of the
spiral from one leaf to one directly above it is termed a eyele.
Spiral phyllotaxies are represented by the fractions 14, 1%, 3%,
ete., in which the numerator represents the number of turns and
the denominator the number of leaves in a given eyele.
B. Leaves Classified as to Composition
1. Simple, with undivided lamina. (Fig. 1.)
2. Compound, lamina divided into leaflets.
a. Pinnately compound, leaflets arranged along the
two sides of the rachis.
(1) Odd pinnately compound, with an odd
number of leaflets.* (Fig. 2.)
(2) Even pinnately compound, with an even
number of leaflets.
(3) Pinnately decompound, twice pinnately
compound. (Fig. 3.)
b. Palmately compound, leaflets radiating from the
ends of the petiole. (Fig. 4.)
(1) Ternately decompound, palmately decom-
pound in threes.
C. Leaves Classified as to Form
1. Acieular, long and very slender; needle-like. (Fig.
5. )
2. Subulate, awl-shaped; short, sharp-pointed, broad-
ened at the base. (Fig. 6.)
3. Linear, narrow, several times longer than wide, and
with sides approximately parallel. (Fig. 7.)
4. Oblong, longer than broad, and with approximately
parallel sides. (Fig. 8.)

* Leaflets may be borne opposite or alternate on the rachis in (1) and (2).

30 The New York State College of Forestry

Leaf Classification — Continued
C. Leaves Classified as to Form — Continued

5. Lanceolate, several times longer than broad, broadest
about one-third up from the base, and narrowed to
an attenuate apex. (Fig. 9.)

6. Ovate, shaped like a hen’s egg with the broadest part
down. (Fig. 10.)

7. Elliptical, shaped like an ellipse. (Fig. 11.)

a= ak roan L/NEAR I8LONG LANCEOLATE OVATE ELLIPTICAL OVAL OBLANCEOLATE
10 iat 12 13
pean RENIFORM COA DATE
16

LEAF SHAPES

8. Oval, broadly elliptical, with the short diameter more
than half the long diameter. (Fig. 12.)

9. Orbicular, circular.

10. Oblanceolate, inversely lanceolate (Fig. 13); obovate
(Fig. 14), inversely ovate, ete.

11. Spatulate, shaped like a spatula; rounded above and
narrowed below like a spatula.

13. Reniform, kidney-shaped. (Fig. 15.)

12. Cordate, heart-shaped, with the point upward. (Fig.
16.)

Trees of New York State 31

Leaf Classification — Continued
D. Leaves Classified as to Apex
1. Acute, shaped lke an acute angle but not attenuated.
(Pig. 272)
. Acuminate, shaped like an acute angle and attenu-
atedes’ (Hig: 18: )
3. Obtuse, blunt or rounded at the end. (Fig. 19.)

ML fev nak ole

ae TE Pd ee Té he ONA Ls PIDA fe

iw)

U7 18 19
LEAF APEXES

4. Truncate, abruptly terminated as though cut off
transversely. (Fig. 20.)
5. Emarginate, with a shallow notch. (Fig. 21.)
6. Obcordate, heart-shaped at the apex.
7. Mucronate, tipped with a mucro; abruptly tipped
with a point. (Fig. 22.)
8. Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp, rigid point. (Fig.
23.)
E. Leaves Classified as to Base
1. Acute, shaped like an acute angle, but not attenuated.
(Fig. 24.)
2. Cuneate, shaped lke a wedge; broad above and
tapering evenly to an acute base. (Fig. 25.)

3. Obtuse, blunt or rounded. (Fig. 26.)
4. Cordate, rounded and with broad rounded sinus.
(Fig. 27.)
*
ACUTE OBTUSE CORDATE
ae 26 27

Lear BASES

32° The New York State College of Forestry

Leaf Classification — Continued
E. Leaves Classified as to Base — Concluded
5. Auriculate, with ear-like appendages at the base.
(Fig. 28.)
F. Leaves Classified as to Margin
ie Entire, said of a margin without teeth or indentation.
. Undulate (or repand), shallowly wavy. (Fig. 29.)

as Vi

29 30 31 32 36

LEAF MARGINS

3. Sinuate, strongly wavy. (Fig. 30.)
4. Dentate, toothed, generally with the teeth projected
outward. (Fig. 31.)
. Serrate, with sharp teeth projecting forward. (Fig.
32.)
6. Crenate, dentate or serrate with rounded teeth. (Fig.
33.)
. Lobed, divided into lobes by sinuses which extend not
more than half way to the midrib, either the sinuses
or lobes rounded. (Fig. 34.)
8. Cleft, divided into lobes by sinuses which extend half
way or more to the midrib, either the sinuses or
lobes, narrow or acute. (Fig. 35.)
9. Parted, divided by sinuses which extend nearly to the
midrib. (Fig. 36.)
G. Leaves Classified as to Venation
1. As to the arrangement of veins.
a. Pinnately veined, veins branching laterally from
a strong longitudinal median vein, the mid-
rib. (Fig. 38.)
b. Palmately veined, primary veins radiating from
the apex of the petiole. (Fig. 37.)

On

~

Trees of New York State 33

Leaf Classification — Continued
G. Leaves Classified as to Venation — Continued
2. As to direction of veins with reference to each other.
a. Netted, anastomosing to form a network or
reticulum.
b. Parallel, parallel and without apparent reticulum,

PALMATE AND PINNATE VENATIONS

INFLORESCENCES
The flowering part of a plant, especially the disposition of flowers
on a plant, is known as the inflorescence. Inflorescences have
received distinctive names which indicate the various sorts, but
all are reducible to two main types, the indeterminate and the
determinate, which occasionally intergrade to form a mixed
inflorescence. Inflorescences may be classified as follows:

I. Indeterminate inflorescence. Axis of inflorescence terminated
by a growing point which may prolong the floral
axis indefinitely. Flowers from axillary buds.

a. Solitary. Said of flowers when they appear solitary

in the axils of normal foliage leaves.

b. Clustered. Said of flowers when they are aggregated
in groups. Foliage leaves are reduced to bracts
or disappear altogether.

1. Simple clusters. Secondary axis terminated by
a flower.
(a) Spike. Flowers all sessile along the main
axis. (Fig. 39.)
(b) Catkin or ament. A flexuous, scaly spike.
(Fig. 40).

34 The New York State College of Forestry

Inflorescences — Continued
Indeterminate inflorescences — Continued
Simple clusters — Continued
(c) Raceme. Flowers all on pedicels which
are shorter than the main axis. (Fig.
42.)
(d) Umbel. Flowers all on nearly equal pedi-
cels which spring from a common point
lke the ribs of an umbrella. (Fig. 44.)
(e) Head. Flowers all sessile or nearly sessile
and aggregated into a dense cluster on a
receptacle or short axis. (Fig. 41.)
2. Compound Clusters. Secondary axis bearing sev-
eral flowers arranged according to a
definite plan.
(a) Compound spike. Twice spikately com-

pound.
(b) Compound raceme. Twice racemosely
compound.
(¢) Compound umbel. Twice umbellately com-
pound.

3. Irregular clusters.

(a) Panicle. A racemose flower cluster in which
some of the secondary clusters bear sev-
eral irregularly disposed pedicelled flow-
ers. (Fig. 45.)

(b) Corymb. <A flat-topped flower cluster of
the racemose type, with pedicels arising
at different points along the main axis.
(Fig. 46.)

< IC)
At AMENT o> 29
| 4.0 { ‘3
nae i
SPIKE HEAD RACEME UMBEL PANICLE cOoRYMB
39 44 42 44 45 46

TYPES OF INFLORESCENCE

Trees of New York State 35

II. Determinate inflorescence. Axis of inflorescence termin-
ated by a flower which prevents further elongation of the pri-
mary axis. Represented by but one type with various modi-
fications, the ecyme. (Fig. 43.)

III. Mixed inflorescence. Said of an inflorescence in which
both indeterminate and determinate types of branching are
found; primary branching of one type, secondary branching of
another type; rare in trees.

FLOWERS
General

Flowers are structures characteristic of the Spermatophytes
or seed plants and bear stamens and ovules or immature seeds.
In Gymnosperms these ovules are not enclosed in an ovary but
are borne naked or in the axils of cone scales, and the flowers are
devoid of perianth, while in the Angiosperms an ovary is always
present and is usually accompanied by a more or less showy peri-
anth. The function of flowers is that of seed production and the
various floral parts, included under the terms perianth and essen-
tial organs, are to be considered as modified leaves. The parts of
a typical flower are as follows (see Fig. 47) :

Floral Parts
I. Pedicel or peduncle. Stalk of flower.
II. Receptacle. End of peduncle bearing the remaining parts,
usually somewhat enlarged.
III. Perianth. The outer sets of modified leaves composing the
non-essential part of the flower.

a. Calyx. The outer set, consisting of sepals, usually
green in color.

b. Corolla. The inner set, consisting of petals, usually
showy in color.

IV. Kssential organs. Stamens and pistil.

a. Andrvecium. The outer set of essential organs, the
stamens, each consisting of an anther or pollen-
bearing portion, borne on a stalk or filament.

b. Gynoecium. The inner set of essential organs, the
earpels, which unite to form a pistil. <A pistil con-
sists of (1) an enlarged basal part bearing ovules,
(2) a slender stalk above, the style,* and (3) a ter-
minal portion, receptive to pollen, the stigma.

* Style may or may not be present.

36 The New York State College of Forestry

Pollination versus fertilization

The higher plants, like the higher animals, exhibit sexuality
which insures the continuance of a vigorous race. Early sys-
tematists believed the stamens and pistils of flowers to be male
and female organs, but modern science has dissipated this belief.
Stamens and ovules are rather the ‘‘bearers of sexual elements.”’
The pollen grains which are loosed in immense numbers from
the anther sacs of the stamens bear nuclei which have within
them the inherent feature of the male strain, while in the interior
of the ovule, other nuclei are borne which are female nuclei. The
transfer of pollen from the stamens to the vicinity of the ovules
(stigma of angiosperms) is known as pollination and is brought
about by various agents such as wind, insects, birds, and water.
Subsequently the pollen grains germinate and form a tube which
eventually permits of the union of the sex nuclei. Between po-
lination and fertilization only a few hours may intervene while
in other cases it may be months before fertilization is assured.

Cross pollination, that is, the transference of pollen from one
flower to the vicinity of the ovules of another, is desirable, and
nature has devised many floral modifications to bring this about.
Many plants exhibit diclinism, that is, imperfect flowers which
may be monoecious, dioecious, or polygamous, and rely on wind
or inseets for pollination. Wind pollinated plants are usually
characterized by abundant pollen which is often shed in advance
of the leaves, inconspicuous flowers, expanded or feathery stigmas,
or explosive mechanisms in the stamens which eatapult the pollen.
Flowers which are insect pollinated are usually bright colored
or possess nectarglands which excrete saccharine or mal-odorous
substances attractive to insects.

Other plants, (some of the maples) exhibit dichogamy and
dimorphism as a device to insure cross pollination. In dichogam-
cus forms the stamens of a flower reach maturity in advance of
the pistil (proterandrous) or vice versa (proterogynous) and this
insures the union of sexual nuclei from different flowers.
Dimorphie flowers are insect pollinated and have the essential
organs arranged differently and in such a manner that an insect
cn visiting the one flower is dusted with pollen which is rubbed
off by the stigma of the next.

Variation in the flower.
In addition to the floral modifications which have been obvi-

ously devised to insure cross pollination, flowers exhibit a truly
wonderful variation in form, size, and in the arrangement, sup-

Trees of New York State 37

pression, or union of parts that is quite beyond belief. Botanists
observed this long ago and have learned from experience that
the variation in the flower best indicates the natural affinities
of flowering plants. Plants with comparable floral structures are
related to each other. Flowers may be classified according to
these variations as follows:

A. Suppression and symmetry of parts.
a. Perfect. With stamens and pistils (essential organs)
present.
b. Imperfect. With stamens or pistils or both in sepa-
rate flowers.
1. Monoecious. With the staminate and _pistillate
flowers on the same plant.
2. Dioecious. With the staminate and _pistillate
flowers on separate plants.
3. Polygamous. With the perfect and imperfect
flowers on the same plant.

(a) Polygamo-menoecious. With the perfect
and both sorts of imperfect flowers on
the same plant.

(b) Polygamo-dioecious. With perfect and
staminate flowers on one plant and per-
feet and pistillate on another.

e. Complete. With all four sets of floral organs present.

d. Incomplete. With one or more sets of floral organs
lacking.

e. Regular. With the individuals of each set similar in
form and size.

f. Irregular. With the individuals of some sets vary-
ing in form or size from the others.

B. Position of parts.

a. With reference to insertion on the receptacle.
1. Spiral. With floral organs spirally arranged.
2. Cyclic. With the parts of each set all inserted

on the receptacle at the same height.

b. With reference to each other.

1. Flower hypogynous. With the three outer
(lower) sets inserted below the ovary.

(a) Strictly hypogynous. With the three outer
(lower) sets inserted separately below
the ovary. (Fig. 47.)

38 The New York State College of Forestry

Variation in the flower — Continued
B. Position of parts — Continued
Flower hypogynous — Continued

(b) Epipetalous hypogynous. With ~— the
stamens inserted on the corolla, other-
wise as above. (Fig. 48.)

2. Flower perigynous. With the calyx inserted
below the ovary and the corolla and
stamens inserted on the calyx.

(a) Perigynous with superior ovary. Calyx
free from the ovary, corolla and stamens
inserted on calyx. (Fig. 49.)

(b) Perigynous with inferior ovary. Calyx
adnate to the ovary, corolla and stamens
inserted on the calyx tube above the
ovary., (Fig. 50.)

3. Flower epigynous. With the parts apparently

inserted on the summit of the ovary. (Fig.

51.)
" v

HYPOGYNOUS EPIPETALOUS HYPOGYNOUS

49
PERIGYNOUS PERIGYNOUS EPIOYNOVS
SUPERIOR OVARY INFERIOR OVARY

TYPES OF FLOWERS
C. Union of parts.

1. Polypetalous, polysepalous. With the petals and
sepals distinct.

2. Gamopetalous, gamosepalous. With the petals
united; with the sepals united.

3. Monadelphous stamens. With the stamens united
by their filaments into one set.

Trees of New York State 39

Variation in the flower — Concluded
C. Union of parts — Continued

4. Diadelphous stamens. With the stamens united
by their filaments in two sets.

5. Syngenesious stamens. With the stamens united
by their anthers into one structure, the fila-
ments free.

D. Form of corolla.

1. Rotate. Wheel-shaped with the hmb spreading
at right angles.

2. Salverform. Tubular with the limb spreading
at right angles.

3. Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

4. Ureeolate. Cylindrical or ovoid and contracted

in the throat like a vase.
5. Funnel-form. Tubular, with gradually spread-
ing border.
6. Papilonaceous. Similar to the corolla of the
- Sweet Pea, consisting of a standard, two lateral
wings and a keel (two petals).

FRUIT

General

The seed-bearing product of a seed plant is known as the fruit.
In the Gymnosperms it is usually represented by a cone-like struc-
ture consisting of scales bearing seeds in their axils. (Fig. 54.)
The fruit of Angiosperms is the ripened ovary with such struc-
tures as adhere closely to it. The classification of angiosperm
fruits hinges on the proper interpretation of the structure of the
pistil.

Criteria for the Interpretation of the Pistil

The upper (inner) cycle of modified leaves (carpels) which
enter into the structure of a flower are designated by the col-
lective term of gynoecium. <A gynoecium may consist of but a
single carpel or an aggregate of carpels. In the latter case +he
carpels may retain their individuality as separate simple pistils
or they may cohere into a single structure, a compound vistil.
A simple pistil consists of but a single carpel; a compound pistil
is made up of two or more carpels. The following criteria may
be used to separate simple and compound pistils:

40 The New York State College of Forestry

1. Several styles or stigmas indicate a compound pistil of a like
rumber of carpels. The reverse does not apply as several car-
pels may have completely cohered.

2. Several cells or locules generally indicate a like number of
earpels. The reverse does not apply as a compound ovary may
consist of but a single cell.

3. Several parietal placentae generally faieate a like number
of earpels.

4. Dehiscent dry fruits, resulting from more than one earpel,
generally open by a like number of sutures.

The wall of a ripened ovary is known as the pericarp. Within
the pericarp are one or more ovule-bearing chambers or locules.
A placenta denotes the line or surface within the ovary on which
the ovules are borne. Placentae may be parietal (on the wall),
basal, axile, or free central.

Classification of Angvosperm Fruits

A. Fruit classified as to the escape of seed from the ovary
a. Dehiscent. Said of fruits which open at maturity

to release the fruit. Paulownia (Fig 61).

b. Indehiscent. Said of fruits which do not open at

maturity to release the seed. Elm (Fig. 56).

B. Fruit classified as to texture
a. Fleshy throughout or nearly so.
1. Soft-fleshy throughout except the seed. Berry
(Persimmon, Fig. 65).

Fleshy throughout except the seed and the earti-
lagenous or leathery carpellary surfaces im-
mediately surrounding the seed. Pome (Apple,
Fig. 52).

b. Fleshy without, bony within. Drupe (Cherry,
Wig. 62).
Dry.
1. Indehiscent.
(a) Winged. Samara (Elm, Fig. 56; Maple,
Fig. 58).
(b) Unwinged.
(1) Bony or woody. Nut (Hickory, Fig.
66; Acorn, Fig. 63).
(2) Coriaceous. Indehiscent dry fruit.
(Basswood. )

Trees of New York State 41

MULT IPLE—SYCAMORE
HEAO OF NUTLETS

ris
5 7 gees

56
0

AGGREGATE—cucumBER TREE SA ARA—ELM

FOLLICLES

MULTI PLE—MULBEARY |
OAUPLETS

OOVBLE SAMARA——MAPLE

MULTIPLE— OSAGE ORANGE
LEGUME——SLACK LOCUST

63
NU T—OAK—ACORN

62

DRUPE—CHERRY

65 fb
AGGREGATE—_TULIP TREE NUT—HICKORY
SAMAROIOS BERRY —FERSIMMON DEHISCENT HUSK

TYPES OF FRUIT

42 The New York State College of Forestry

Classification of Angiosperm Fruits — Continued
B. Fruit classified as to texture — Continued
2. Dehiscent.
a. As to number of ovaries or flowers.
(1) Opening by one suture. Follicle
(Magnolia, Fig. 55).
(2) Opening by two sutures. Legume
(Black locust, Fig 60).
(b) Formed from a compound pistil. Capsule
(Paulownia, Fig. 61).
C. Fruit classified as to composition
a. As to number of ovaries or flowers.
1. Formed from one pistil. Simple fruit (Plum).
2. Formed from several pistils in one flower. Aggre-
gate fruit (Tulip-tree fruit, Fig. 64).
3. Formed from several flowers or an inflorescence.
Multiple fruit (Mulberry, Fig. 57; Figs. 53
and 59).
b. As‘to kind of parts.
1. Non-aecessory. Consisting only of ovary or in-
ferior ovary and adnate receptacle. (Apple,
Fig. 52).
2. Accessory. Consisting of ovary and other parts
which are not organically connected with it.
(Osage Orange, Fig. 59).

Trees of New York State 43

General WINTER CHARACTERS

With the approach of winter and the cessation of growth
necessitated by it, biennial and perennial plants make definite
provision to meet the rigors of the unfavorable season. Freezing
temperatures have a drying effect on plant tissue in that the ice
erystals start to form in the intercellular space (chinks) between
cells rather than in the interior of the cell proper. Death may
finally ensue through desiccation resulting from the removal of
too much water from living cell contents as these crystals enlarge,
rather than from the direct chilling action of low temperatures.
Aiborescent plants protect themselves from excessive transpira-
tion during the winter months and resultant winter-killing as
follows:

—

Leaf-fall.

2. Production of winter buds which are protected by bud-
scales, gums, waxes, pubescence, ete.

3. Completion of growth in length and thickness and
‘‘hardening’’ of the new tissue ere cold weather
sets in.

4, Increase in the osmotic pressure of cell sap, requiring
lower temperatures to permit of the extraction of water
from the cells.

Production of corky layers (periderm) on twigs and
bole.

On

Growth in length versus Growth in Thickness

With the reawakening of growth in the spring, trees begin to
grow in height and in thickness. Growth in thickness goes on
throughout the whole length of the tree, including the roots, and
has its inception in the activities of a growing layer (cambium)
underlying the bark, the cells of which begin to divide and form
new tissue. Growth in length is confined to the twig- and root-tips
and results from buds which are either terminal or near the twig
apices. As these buds unfold the embryonic parts contained
within elongate and assume their final size. The number of new
nodes and internodes resulting from the opening of a bud varies
largely with the species and vigor of the individual. In some
cases all of the growth for the following season is found in the
embryonic condition in the bud and, as the bud opens, merely
enlarges to its permanent size. In the majority of cases, however,
there are a number of embryonic nodes and internodes included

44 The New York State College of Forestry

in the bud, capped by a growing point which continues to form
new nodes for a time, or during the remainder of the summer.
By far the majority of the trees of the North Temperate Zone
exhibit definite growth, which ceases by July or August after
which no new growth in length takes place. In other instances
the growth of the season may branch or longitudinal growth is
indefinite and continues into the autumn until stopped by cold
weather. In the latter case, the last formed parts, being soft and
tender, are then usually winter-killed, resulting in a dead stub as
in the case of the Staghorn Sumach.

New leaves are borne laterally at the nodes on the new growth,
one or more as the case may be, and as early as June, the buds
for the following season begin to form in their axils. By mid-
summer, on trees with definite growth, elongation of the new
shoots has ceased, the buds have usually attained their full winter
size, and the remainder of the season is devoted to the ageing
of the new tisues, preparatory to withstanding the rigors of
winter.

Leaf Fall

As autumn approaches, trees with deciduous leaves make ready
for leaf-fall while in persistent leaves, metabolism ceases or is
ereatly inhibited and certain changes occur preparatory to the
winter season. Prior to leaf-fall, an absciss or fission layer of loose
cells forms across the base of the petiole at its place of insertion
cn the twig. This includes all the tissues at that point aside from
the vascular bundles leading from the stem into the petiole (leaf-
traces). Subsequently a corky layer (periderm) forms under the
absciss layer and nature’s preparations for leaf-fall are complete.
With the advent of the autumn rains or the formation on frosty
nights of ice crystals between the cells of the absciss layer which
exert a prying action, the leaf eventually snaps off at the base of
the petiole, leaving a leaf-scar protected by a coating of periderm.

Winter Habit

The winter habit, especially of those species in which the foliage
is deciduous, is of diagnostic value in identification and many
species can be distinguished at some distance by the experienced
observer by this character alone. Two general types of branch-
ing of the trunk are recognized which, however, undergo many
minor variations, the excurrent or upright, and the deliquescent
or spreading. In the former, the primary axis or bole is con-

Trees of New York State 45

tinued, without interruption, entirely through the crown, and is
prolonged annually by a terminal leader which produces laterals
at intervals, usually in whorls or false whorls which give a more
or less storied appearance to the crown. This type of branching
is characteristic of the coniferous trees and a few broad-leaf trees
and is an important feature because long, straight, tapering
trunks are produced which yield the maximum amount of lum-
ber. The second type is characterized by a trunk which, sooner
or later, divides to form several large limbs which give rise to a
broad, spreading crown, as in most of the broad-leaved trees.
While many valuable timber trees are included in this class, they
produce less merchantable lumber in proportion on conversion
because there is a greater wastage in the crown. Both types
exhibit many variations which are in part specific and in part
the result of environment. Certain species in age develop a high,
flat-topped, spreading crown,; in others the crown is oblong or
ovate and extends to within a few feet of the ground. The crown
may be dense or open, consist of upright, horizontal or pendant
branches which are either straight and rigid in habit or lax or
zigzag and variously contorted. Moreover, the crown shape varies
with age and the density of the stand. Many trees in youth pos-
sess a narrow, conical crown which becomes oblong, ovate or
ovoid as they attain maturity. Trees growing in the open usually
have a larger crown development than those in dense stands and
often develop into the so-called ‘‘wolf’’ trees. The best timber
is generally produced in dense stands. In conclusion we may
say that every tree in the winter condition has certain eccentricities
which betray its identity to the trained observer who is familiar
with them.

Winter Twigs

The study of twigs in winter conditions offers an entrancing
subject to the student of trees and is an excellent training in the
observation of details. The more important diagnostie features
of winter twigs are buds, leaf-scars, bundle-sears, and color and
character of the pith. (See Figs, 67-74.)

A. Winter Buds

A bud may be defined as an embryonie axis with its appendages.
Many woody plants from the tropical rain forests where growth
is practically continuous throughout the year, have buds which.
as they are never truly dormant, are unprotected by typical

46 The New York State College of Forestry

bud seales such as are found in the arborescent plants of the tem-
perate regions, but sheathed with embryonic leaves which are
in various stages of unfolding. In such plants there is no demand

BJ -TERMINAL BUD UPPER AXILLARY BVO

,

Bie te
GAOQWING POINT $cAR”%

DIAPHRAGMED PITH

;

J- --- ------------------- LEN TICELS----
HOMOGENEOUS PITH

‘LATERAL
BUDS

LOPSIDED STAA-SHAPED TRIANGULAR
WA ie 73 74

Twic CHARACTERS

for protective devices in that the climate is continually warm
and humid, and low temperature, with its resulting drying action,
is unknown. In regions where a winter season necessitates a
period of dormancy, or where there are distinct seasonal wet and
dry periods, resting buds, generally protected by overlapping

Trees of New York State 47

scales, are characteristic structures of twigs and present many
features which are of value in identification. Such buds may be
classed as follows:

I. As to position.

a. Normal.

1. Terminal.* When terminal on the end of a twig.
(Figs. 67 and 68.)

2. Axillary. When borne laterally on a twig in the
axil of a leaf.

b. Adventitious. Abnormal buds produced under the
stress of unusual conditions on any part of the root,
stem, or leaf.

ce. Accessory. Additional buds produced in addition to

the normal bud.

1. Lateral accessory. Produced laterally, usually
on either side of the normal bud.

2. Superposed. Produced above the normal bud.

STIPULAR LAMINAR PETIOLAR fe
75 76 (ET

Bup DISSECTION SHOWING ORIGIN OF BuD SCALES

* Many woody plants are peculiar in developing pseudo-terminal buds. (Fig. 68.)
Growth apparently continues into mid-summer until the available food supply is
exhausted and the terminal growing point then withers and sloughs off, leaving a
more or less circular scar with a ring of vascular tissue exposed. The last axillary
bud then takes over the function of a terminal bud and continues the axis of growth.
The result is a twig which is really a succession of branches developed by sympodial
growth,

48 The New York State College of Forestry

I. As to position— Continued
d. Subpetiolar. Buds which burst through leaf-sears or
are enclosed in the hollow base of a leaf stalk and
become visible only after leaf-fall. (Fig. 68.)
II. As to covering.
a. Sealy. Protected by scales which are valvate or over-
lap.
1. Laminar. When the bud-seales are modified leaf-
blades (laminae). (Fig. 76.)
2. Petiolar. When the bud-seales are modified (flat-
tened) leaf-stalks (petioles). (Fig. 77.)
3. Stipular. When the bud-seales are modified
stipules. (Fig. 75.)
b. Naked. Devoid of scales, usually protected by hairs
or down or by being sunk in the cortex.

The ideal time to study bud coverings is in the spring at the
time of the inception of the new growth. Transition stages
between typical leaf-parts and typical seales are often visible
which indicate beyond question the origin of bud seales.

It follows that stipular bud scales are always found in
pairs. Laminar and petiolar scales, inasmuch as they are leaf-
parts proper, follow phyllotaxy. Plants with alternate leaves have
alternate bud-scales of either of these types and the same applies to
cpposite-leaved plants. The number of bud-seales to a bud
varies widely in different plants, but is fairly constant within
the species.

IIT. As to contents.

a. Leaf-buds. Buds containing only the rudiments of
leaves.

b. Flower-buds. Buds containing only the rudiments of
flowers or inflorescences.

c. Mixed buds. Buds containing the rudiments of both
leaves and flowers.

IV. As to dormancy.

a. Active. Buds which develop the spring following
their formation. Usually toward the top of the
crowth of the season.

b. Dormant. Buds which remain dormant except under
the stress of exceptional conditions such as defolia-
tion. Usually near the base of the growth of the
season.

Trees of New York State 49

B. Leaf-scars and Stipule-scars

Leaf-sears are the sears on twigs which result from leaf-fall
and of necessity have the same arrangement as leaves. (Fig. 67.)
As pointed out in previous paragraphs, the fall of leaves in
deciduous species is a normal physiological process for which
nature makes preparation some days in advance. Leaf-sears vary
greatly in contour, size, and elevation above the surface of the
twig and are important features in twig identification. They
vary widely in shape from narrowly V-shaped, linear, or lunate
to semicircular, cordate and elliptical. The narrow forms may
extend nearly or quite around the twig while the broad forms
are usually confined wholly to one side. The size varies greatly
in different kinds of trees. Trees with stout twigs, as Ailanthus,
are usually characterized by large leaf-scars, while in other forms
with slender twigs like some of the cherries, they are so small
as to render them difficult of detailed observation without a
pocket lens. Where leaf-scars are elevated above the surface of
the twig owing to the elevation of the absciss layer, they are said
to be decurrent on the twig, an expression which has been coined
to indicate the somewhat fiuted appearance of the twig immedi-
ately beneath the leaf-sear. Leaf-scars remain visible on twigs
for a number of years but eventually slough off as new bark is
formed beneath them by the enlarging branch.

On many twigs leaf-scars are accompanied by stipule-scars
(Fig. 68) which are inserted laterally to the leaf-scars and assume
various shapes. In other cases stipules are either wanting or
speedily fugacious and leave no permanent traces on the stem.
Where present, stipule-scars, like leaf-scars, vary in contour and
may be triangular, semi-circular, ete. In trees like the Sycamore
(Fig. 68) they extend around the stem obliquely and meet in a
point on the back. Stipular thorns are features of the winter
twigs of certain species and offer a ready means of identification.

C. Vascular bundle scars

Vascular bundle-scars, generally termed ‘‘bundle-sears,’’ are
found included in the boundaries of leaf, stipule, and “‘ growing
point-sears’’. (Figs. 67 and 68.) Im stipule-scars they are
generally so minute and indistinct as to be of no diagnostic value
whatsoever. ‘‘Growing point-sears,’’ that is, the scar resulting
from the sloughing off of the growing point in woody plants of
determinate growth, have vascular sears which are circular in

50 The New York State College of Forestry

outline with pith in the center. The grouping of bundle-sears
within leaf-sears is of decided diagnostic value and constant
within the species. The number of bundle-scars may vary from
one to thirty or more. Many plants possess three prominent
sears. In others the number is larger and they are irregularly
scattered, arranged in three groups, in a single lunate line, in
the form of an ellipse, ete., within the boundaries of the leaf-sear.
3undle-scars consist of vascular tissue (leaf-traces) which
extended from the stem into the leaf and were ruptured and
exposed to view at the time of leaf-abscission.

D. Color of Twigs

The color of twigs is very variable and caution must be
employed in using this feature in identification. The colors range
from nearly black through shades of green, red and brown, to
gray or nearly white. Often the color of a portion of a twig
depends upon its exposure. For example, in Basswood the upper
part of the twig which is exposed to direct insolation is of a
decided reddish cast, while the bark of the lower side is generally
olive-green. Subsequently all twigs usually darken with age and
eventually assume the hues of the mature bark. Some twigs are
dull, others are lustrous or glaucous, that is, provided with a
waxy bloom which rubs off. Many are smooth while others are
granular, scabrous, or develop corky excrescences or wings, the
function of which is uncertain. Al] grades of hairiness prevail
from the pilose type with long, soft hairs, through hirsute, pubes-
cent, and tomentose, and are characteristic features of certain
species.

K. Taste and Odor of Twigs

Supplementing the color characteristics of twigs is that of taste
and odor. Cherry twigs have the odor and taste of bitter
almonds. The flavor of Sassafras can be detected in the twigs of
that species. Black and Yellow Birch contain an ethereal oil of
wintergreen odor and taste. Hop-tree and Nannyberry possess
twigs which give off a disagreeable odor when broken. The twigs
of Silver Maple are distinguished from those of the Red Maple by
their rank odor. In employing such characters for identification
care must be taken not to include the twigs of Poison Sumach or
Poison Oak as they would lead to unfortunate results.

Trees of New York State 51

F. Lenticels

An external feature of twigs which is of minor value in identi.
fication is the presence of lenticels (Figs. 67 and 68) which vary
greatly in number, size, and color. Lenticels are organs of aera-
tion which nature has provided to insure a supply of oxygen
to tissues underlying the corky periderm. These often contain
chlorophyll which is active in the elaboration of plant food; in
any case the living cells making up these tissues require oxygen
for their maintenance. The initial covering of all twigs is known
as the epidermis or outer skin. It is usually a single layer of
cells, the outer walls of which are covered with a special water-
proofing material known as cutin, and has, as its chief function,
the protection from desiccation of the deeper lying tissues. In
most woody plants the epidermis is comparatively short lived
and no provision is made for its expansion to accommodate the
enlarging twig; it ruptures and sloughs off the second or third
year. It is at this time that many twigs are covered with a gray,
evanescent skin, the old epidermis, which is no longer a fune-
tional part of the tree but still clings to the twig. But prior to
the rupturing of the epidermis, a new water-and air-proof layer,
several cells in thickness, has arisen from the renewed division
of cells underlying the epidermis. This is known as periderm
and assumes the protective functions of the epidermis after the
latter is ruptured. The cells of the periderm are strongly suber-
ized, that is, corky, and are quite impervious to the passage of
air or moisture, but here and there breaks in the continuity of
the corky layer occur which consist of unsuberized, loosely
attached cells, the so-called lenticels.

Lenticels make their appearance on the new growth during the
first summer soon after the unfolding of the new leaves. In some
species they are relatively abundant and conspicuous structures
and stand out clearly against the green background of the young
stem, while in others they are sparse and relatively ineonspicu-
ous. At this stage they are usually punctate and orbicular in
cutline or somewhat clongated, either vertically or longitudinally
and vary in color from white through shades of orange, brown
and pink, to nearly black. Lenticels are generally uniformly dis-
tributed over the surface of the twig but in some eases there is
a tendency toward aggregation below nodes or on the underside
of twigs. As the twigs mature into branches and larger limbs,
lenticels finally disappear owing to the exfoliation of the bark

52 The New York State College of Forestry

but in such ringbarked species as Birch and Cherry they may per-
sist for many years as enlarged and horizontally elongated bodies
which measure an inch or more in length.

G. Pith

With the exception of the tree ferns, the arborescent Monoco-
tyledons, certain of the primitive Gymnosperms of dendroid habit,
and seattered dicotyledonous species, trees are characterized by
woody stems which possess a central pith or medulla and radial
symmetry, and thicken by the addition of yearly increments which
take the form of annual or seasonal rings as seen in cross section.
The pith differs from the wood not merely in position but in the
nature of the cells which constitute it. These are usually more or
less globose or isogonal, often thin-walled and rather loosely aggre-
gated, and reflect the light differently as seen in cross-sections of
the twig. The function of pith is in doubt. In twigs or small
branches it undoubtedly acts as a storage organ for reserve food
during the winter but in older organs it apparently has no such
function and remains as an obsolete tissue surrounded by heart
wood.

The value of the pith in twig identification lies in its con-
sistency, Shape, and color. In the majority of woody plants it
is homogeneous (Fig. 70) as seen in vertical section without cross-
partitions or interruptions of any kind. In other cases it may
have disappeared entirely leaving a hollow stem although this
is unusual in trees but is commonly found in shrubs such as the
Elders and Honeysuckles. The Black Walnut and Butternut
have a diaphragmed or chambered pith (Fig. 69) which consists
of many thin dissepiments spanning the pith cavity at brief
intervals. Other trees such as the Hackberry and Tupelo possess
a diaphragmed-stuffed pith in which the soft, homogeneous tissue
which fills most of the pith cavity is interrupted by plates of
denser tissue (stone cells).

The outline of the pith in cross-section varies in different kinds
of trees, a character which may sometimes be used in their identi-
fication. Oaks, Chestnut, and Aspens are characterized by a star-
shaped or 5-angled pith (Fig. 73), while the medulla is 3-angled
in Alder (Fig. 74), features related respectively to 2/5 and 14
phyllotaxies. In many species such as the Elm and the Magnolia
the outline is circular (Fig. 71) or somewhat lopsided as in Bass-
wood. (Fig. 72.) The size and color of the pith, especially in

Trees of New York State 53

coarse branches, may be conspicuous twig features. Ailanthus
and Kentucky Coffee Tree both have stout twigs with conspicu-
ous medulla, but in the first case it is ochraceous, while that of
the Kentucky Coffee Tree is salmon pink. In different woody
plants the color varies from white to pale or dark brown, with
shades of pink, red or pale green as the exception, rather than
the rule.

H. Bark

The most important feature in the identification of standing
trees in winter is the bark, though one of the most difficult to
deseribe. Bark characteristics can best be taught by the visual
method, by actual studies in the field supplemented by photo-
graphs and lantern slides.

In the preceding pages mention was made of the fact that the
epidermis, as found in twigs, rarely functions for more than one
year, but is soon replaced by a corky layer or periderm which
takes over the protective function. The first layer of periderm
is usually superficial in origin and has its inception in the layer
of cortex immediately underlying the epidermis. It continues
to function for a long period, often for 20-40 years, provision
being made for the increase in girth through the additions of
new layers from the dividing cells underneath and the imper-
ceptible sloughing off of cell particles from without. Sooner or
later deeper cork formation begins and is immediately evinced
by a roughening of the bark due to the desiccation and death
of deeper-lying tissues. Deep cork formation may result from
new periderms concentric with the first and give rise to ringed
bark, as in Cherry and Birch, but in the majority of cases the
new corky layers are in the form of ares which encroach into the
living tissues for varying distances. The thickness of bark varies
greatly between species and individuals and depends largely on
such factors as (1) the rapidity of formation, (2) time of the
beginning of exfoliation, and (3) the rate of exfoliation. Ash,
Platanus and Osage Orange are thin barked; and in most of the
Oaks and Black Locust the bark is thick. It is due to the many
minor variations in the time and manner of deep cork formation,
the time of exfoliation, as well as the organic content of the tis-
sues concerned that trees have bark characteristic of the species.

Some species have very rough bark with deep longitudinal fis-
sures, as in the Chestnut, Oak and Black Locust. In others the
longitudinal fissures are comparatively shallow amd are separated

54 The New York State College of Forestry

by acute or flat-topped, anastomosing ridges, as in Ash or But-
ternut. In some of the Hickories, the shellbarked species, the
bark exfoliates in broad plates, while in the Hornbeam it is finely
shreddy. Beech and Blue Beech are characterized by a smooth
bark which fails to become rough, even with age. The bark of
some of the Cherries and Birches is comparatively smooth and
marked with prominent horizontal lenticels. Dogwood, Persim-
mon, and Black Gum exhibit the so-called alligator bark, the
vertical ridges being interrupted by horizontal fissures which
give the appearance of alligator skin. Hackberry is rough-barked
and in addition, often has gnarly excrescences. In many eases it
is difficult to put into words the distinctions which characterize
the bark of various species though they may be readily separated
in the field.

The color of bark is extremely variable, both between species
and under different conditions of age, height, or location in the
same species. In many cases these variations between individuals
are puzzling to the novice and require a knowledge of the range
of variation to decipher species. The prevailing colors are gray,
brown, or black, but red and white bark are features of certain
trees. In general the mature bark is darker than that of the
branches and limbs, but exceptions to this occur. Moreover, the
color of the inner bark is likewise characteristic of certain species.
The inner bark of the Black Oak (Quercus velutina) is yellow,
while that of Hemlock is purplish red. Butternut has a yellow
inner bark from which a yellow dye may be obtained. The bark
of many species is a source of valuable forest products such as
tannin, paper and rope fibers, dyes and cork.

Trees of New York State 55
LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES
PAGE
jeeholare, persistent toroureh the WINGED, «cos. sbs.<cs 6: srop0 as, obs ehaze seco won ene, 0) 8 os¥% 2
PING IT OES CE CICUOUIS Metyete sarah Ar nchataick cv ksraiad, ober cmact ied Suattitc head cibial aisheash« 19
2. Leaves 4 ¢ OIMETIRTTGOMOLVIOSS INRWICLUM sis cpa oa ca ta creitiareeiaardels elena a eone 3
Tea vesonOrannincl GF MOL IMs WIGhhy. oq cit om aps ondsre io eumiche ba aeecsacre abe il?
3. aon feb Scie crept ya Dora an ele all a eri alae yar 4
POE CS ODDOSMUCTOR IM SPITS: cece. aus ois Gla save's niet hevereuse tela coke suctebe'ge aidys.onen of oceh3 10
4. Leaves in fascicles of 5; fascicle-sheaths deciduous...... Pinus Strobus77
4. Leaves in fascicles of 2 or 3; fascicle-sheaths persistent ............... 5
Pam MOSUVERSITIET ANGI CEST OLN) states aya. suave Seailcncytea shee ave, Salle sy backs ake a dithon qos) a 6
PTMMIOGE VOI TASCICLCS OL: 2/s1.$au aria cuss cans. «son sususiovaas, sastoeeds SAA Ad isles © havin ab eee i
6. Leaves flexible; foliage bluish green; buds obtuse......... Pinus echinata 85
6. Leaves rigid; foliage yellowish green; buds acute........... Pinus rigida 79
Heme res a OL TNOLGsINCDES! LONG. ac 5 uo ogcy aches bate cee AA ep aoe Gadel chs youayttnibieas yousi tqeder? 8
PLEA VES TIOLOVErOpINCOCS LONG 2: tec saci akera cis dads leeavs (ovchiyin esc ie,exure ¢.ayeindie ase 9
SemHCA VESISCEEULA GE: ied sre cis. 4204 sick hence 'chaspy avers wits’ seRea Reco Pinus resinosa 87
RemmIDCA VERON TILO ey mac pedi ce Sis fat aah pain dae Busses neucceretiavs eis Pinus echinata 85
9. Leaves rl; inches long, serrulate, flexible; buds acute.....Pinus virginiana 81
9. Leaves 13-3 inches long, entire, rigid; buds Obtusess ee Pinus Banksiana 838
10. Teacen Ing Spirals Ne AmOr ACICULAT Tyas e ati a ect aeree tiene ey derek 11
10. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped or scale-like....................-00- 15
11. Leaves 4-angled, stomatiferous on all sides; foliage with a prickly feel . . .12
11. Leaves flattened, with two stomatiferous lines below; foliage without prickly
GEM, sy = ESTAS SARI Sea Hie earners te a OE me 14
2a WAC SE RLADTOUS «Ke ascrs Meee i aye aca. cgnarnde renee sens Sides ak Picea canadensis 91
MLD HEP DCS CEING Sn cs ers atsial a ae OS aoe? atanstinete ao tn Seavrol adsheale coal Shay ot aoe 13
OliarerbiaIshyeTeens.. =. 6-t4 scas chen sveen saat « se agetncar drs tahets Picea mariana 95
Ree Lollacepyelowishs ORCCM:s siscc aj spotuusstert conc artseae dae aces tues ates Picea rubra 93
14. Leaves sessile, in falling leaving circular scars.......... Abies balsamea 97
14. Leaves jointed to short persistent sterigmata, in falling leaving a raised
SDR Sd aan Sees Rec re ICR ee ie eee Tsuga canadensis 99
ES PERV GENO DHA CLEMO p-kert.. tacit. use cacks a sects ciois.< <:apaeeeaee Juniperus virginiana 105
15. Sprays flattened; branchlets appearing as in one plane................. 16
16. Foliage bluish green; median leaves taper-pointed; lateral leaves with
ROUNGEGMKEEM ne pacyo tte macabre to Seco st Cxsh: Chamaecyparis thyoides 101
16. Foliage yellowish green; median leaves abruptly pointed; lateral leaves
Vatulins CULO PK Cesc cotn 5 acava cy nelessccisdatac Pa re tuncatnarroe Thuja occidentalis 103
17. Leaf-margin with distant spinose teeth........................ Tlex opaca 287
IL he LL Sn Rares TW AaT Sa Tee ln Rt Tif RS a Pa Ea at 18
18. Leaves 3-4 inches long, flat; midribs impressed above... Kalmia latifolia 323
18. Leaves 4-11 inches long, the margin revolute; midribs rounded above. .
Rhododendron maximum 321
19. Leaves needle-shaped, borne in many-leaved fascicles on short lateral spurs
; and singly in spirals on the twigs of the season........ Larix laricina 89
OMAben vesin Ob MECOLe-SNADEC A... cyachtvacsiaesad tes see outsrs ae eval deem ay alesis 20
ZA) SeILeeV eESIOppPOsice OL WMOPIE sro a7 earache tora arict ord oncom nal ns cia ver eel ote 21
AA Ga VES ALGCEN ABE, 5 jc: Shae clanse oye ahd Roper doodle storstooiciese, Pon ete cais 39
PIMBUCAV ES SIM DE Merete ost ane ct n't, 1 Sado er AE oe Le 22
lee eR VeSKCOMPOUN G54) 4 spas bers chore re Le Ee oe ole 34
22. Margin entire or nearly so (rarely sparingly lobed toward the base) . .23
224, Marginitoothed) or sinuately, lopedia. 20 ue Jee oes nee ss dee 26
Pe IDOR VES -— O INCHES OTT 0: « <pskare, cia ieucg tein GRIT aaa) « sesh Cornus florida 315
Bemele nV CNL INCHES LONG i... °5,:, 5 «jardpra mena es Geis cn tuba b ix dies Bato wis 24
24. Leaves deeply heart-shaped at the base.......... Paulownia tomentosa 335
24. Leaves rounded or shallowly heart-shaped at the base.............. 25
25. Leaves light green, thin, acute at the apex........... Catalpa bignonioides 337
25. Leaves dark green, thick, acuminate at the apex.......... Catalpa speciosa 339
25s weaves pinnately; veined, NOGWODEd.t.6 coe clades «isk oes ec ds ae Pi

26. Leaves palmately veined and lobed. ..................0ceeeeeeees 29

56

The New York State College of Forestry

LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
27. Leaves broadly ovate to oval; lateral veins prominently arcuate...........
Rhamunus cathartica 305
27. Leaves ovate toelli ptical, oval or obovate; lateral veins not prominently
ATCUBLE Rs oo o6.010 see's ays d ave muause Oke GES Speieaere oe eee 28
28. Leaves abruptly acuminate at the apex............ Viburnum Lentago 341
28. Leaves rounded or acute at the apex........... Viburnum prunifolium 343
29. Leaves 3-lobed near the apex; lobes finely doubly serrate.................
Acer pennsylvanicum 289
29) Leaves ‘3—7 lobed: lobes not finely serrates.-.- ee eee eee eee 30
30; Ibeaves' glabrous or nearly so beneath: 232 5...9ee eee eee ee 31
30: Leaves pubescent beneath. 5.27. -5. coc oe eee ee eee 33
31. Leaves pale green beneath; leaf-lobes sinuately toothed.....Acer saccharum 293
31. Leaves greenish white or silvery white beneath; leaf-lobes coarsely dentate or
serrate. oo. 6i oc bd oe thes ohn 0 eee 32
32. Sides of terminal lobe converging................-25208 Acer rubrum 299
32. Sides of terminal lobe diverging.................-. Acer saccharinum 297
33. Leaves membranous; leaf-lobes coarsely crenate-serrate.... . Acer spicatum 291
33. Leaves rather thick; leaf-lobes entire or somewhat undulate ..............

Acer saccharum, var. nigrum 295

34. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 5-7... .. Aesculus Hippocastanum 303
34. Leaves pinnately compound or in part decompound................ 35
. Leaflets 3-5 (rarely 7 or 9), coarsely and irregularly serrate above the middle,
lobed or‘divided:: 20000 2) ae eee Acer Negundo 301
. Leaflets 5-11, obscurely or sharply serrate, with fine remote teeth....... 36
36. Teaflets sessile(on) the rachis!) 5...) 40 eee eee Fraxinus nigra 333
36.* Leafleta’stalked’ 2.2200...) 37
2 Deaf-rachispubeseent/s. +. -c2. 4-00) | a eee eee Fraxinus pennsylvanica 329
.. Leaf-rachis glabrous.) 0.23.3 60) 02/0. 235 see ee eee 38

38. Leaflets obscurely crenulate-serrate, pale white beneath
Fraxinus americana 327
38. Leaflets sharply serrate, light green beneath...............:.........
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata 331

39; Leaves simples ci.\.6.05.. So's oe) 2 etc ota Sisters ee
39: Leaves: compound. .... 230.52... 65s ana s oh eee eer 151
40). Leaf-margin entire.’. 0 J... 202.0. 2 oo eee 4]
40: Leaf-margin notentire\. ...\¢ 4:24:64 joa. Sao OEE 56
41. Leaves prevailingly linear-lanceolate or lanceolate to narrowly elliptic,
spatulate, or narrowly obovate! —. .°. 5.0: - > asm eee eee 42
41. Leaves prevailingly ovate, oval-elliptical or obovate................... 46
42. Leaves minutely downy and rugose-veined above........ Salix rostrata 123
42. Leaves smooth or nearly so above, not rugose-veined .............. 43
43. Leaves subopposite, oblanceolate to spatulate.............. Salix purpurea 125
43.. Leaves ‘distinctly ‘alternate... 26). oi22 2 Joe. eee eee 44
44, Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or obovate, white glaucous
beneath yo 25. vse. ec cies ce Sh oc ce Sele ote 45
44. Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblong, pale green beneath. .Quercus phellos 199
45. Leaves conspicuously reticulate-venulose; secondary veins arcuate.........
Salix discolor 121
45. Leaves not conspicuously reticulate-venulose; secondary veins not arcuate. .
Magnolia virginiana 217
46. Leaves broadly ovate to reniform, palmately 5-7 nerved; petioles
thickened at the ‘top\s0:0.(. 21.062 eee Cercis canadensis 271
46. Leaves ovate to elliptical, oval, or obovate, with primary midrib and
secondary veins; petioles not thickened at the top............... 47
47. Petioles exuding a milky juice when broken............. Maclura pomifera 209
47. Petioles not exuding a milky juice when broken! = esse eee eee 48
48: Petioles 3-2 of an inch long: 2. 2:2../22, 3. 520 eee eee eee 49
48. Petioles ¢ 4 inches long... . 2.02. ..0+ jaye dee oe eee 52
49. Leaves obov ate to obovate-lanceolate, tapering at the base..Asimina triloba 223
49. Leaves oblong to oval or broadly obovate, rounded or acute at the base. .50
50. Leaves thin, pale green below, 4-10 inches long... . Magnolia acuminata 219
50. Leaves thick, pale glaucous below, 3-6 inches long.. Magnolia virginiana 217
51. Leaves lustrous green above, thick, 2—4 inches long....... Pyrus communis 231

51.

61.
61.

63.
63.

OL.

Trees of New York State

LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE

Leaves dull green above, thin, 4-10 inches long....... Sassafras variifolium ‘

Magnolia acuminata

52. Petioles ciliate, often winged-margined................ Nyssa sylvatica ;

52. Petioles pubescent or hairy, not winged-margined.................. 53

53. Petioles slender, 12-2 inches long. ..........-- ++ sss eee eee eee D4
PePetioles| stout; s—1> (rarely 2) inches long. ..22...).- 22... eee v.50
54. Petioles ienctes exuding a milky juice when broken... Maclura pomifera ‘

54. Petioles grooved, not exuding a milky juice when broken.............
Cornus alternifolia

5. Leaves 3-3 inches long, close white-woolly eneath............ Pyrus Malus
5. Leaves 227 inches long, pale green and pubescent beneath................
Diospyros virginiana ¢

56. Leaf-margin lobed, cleft or divided; lobes entire or variously indented. . 57
56. Leaf-margin serrate, dentate or otherwise shallowly indented........ 75

7. Leaves palnately SV CLIP Crayne sc voc RANTS gah cask A: yaa ae 58

58. Leaf-lobes Doin clygiserratetn... 46 ase0ae oer Liquidambar Styraciflua
58. Leaf-lobes 3-5, sinuately dentate with remote teeth................ 59

. Leaves 4-7 inches long, pale pubescent on the veins beneath

Platanus occidentalis

. Leaves 2-4 inches long, white velvety-tomentose beneath

Populus alba, var. nivea

HOnsteat-lobesbristle-pointed 21.2 2. xc. sles ieee oie he he eee 61
GOMLeaf-lobesinotubristle-pointed saa oan seen s Gn. See ee ere 65
Leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-5 lobed at the summit..................
Quercus marilandica

ikeavesspinnstitidvor pinnatelyslobed'.< a. sce series ore + ois cls sete cere os 62
62. Longest lobes of the leaf about equaling the breadth of the broadish
middleyportion! offtiheslesienas wa cera ssaeee nee ee Quercus rubra
Quercus rubra, var. ambigua

62. Longest lobes of the leaf 2-6 times as long as the breadth of the narrow
middlesportion\ofethewleats seer scene) eee ae. | ae aslo 63
Leaves coriaceous, very lustrous above; petioles 13-6 inches long.........
Quercus velutina

Leaves membranous, somewhat lustrous above; petioles 3-23 inches long. . 64
64. Leaves broadly oval to obovate; leaf-bases prevailingly cuneate.......
Quercus palustris

64. Leaves oval to broadly obovate; leaf-base prevailingly obtuse or truncate
Quercus coccinea

). Leaves truncate or broadly notched at the apex, sinuately 4-lobed.........

Liriodendron tulipifera

). Leaves angled or rounded at the apex, variously lobed................. 66

66. Petioles exuding a milky juice when broken....................... 67
66. Petioles not exuding a milky juice when broken..................... 69

. Leaves velvety-tomentose beneath; petioles 2—4 inches long..............
Broussonetia papyrifera 2
. Leaves more or less pubescent beneath; petioles 3-14 inches long........ 68

68. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular, membranous, dull above,

conspicuously reticulate-veined...................-.-. Morus rubra, ‘

68. Leaves ovate to ovate-oval, firm, somewhat lustrous above, not con-

Spicuouslyreticulate-vemeduese sues. eee. ae eee Morus alba 2
OPaRetioesyls—2 rin ches: long. .\i40.¢. See eae en ee eI 70
69.

Retioles},14: nchesilong: ic. Sse ee ee Ee 71
70. Leaves 3-lobed; margin incised-serrate................ Pyrus coronaria
70. Leaves shallowly 8-10 lobed; margin doubly serrate.................
Crataegus pedicellata
Leaves mitten-shaped or obovate and trilobed at the top................
Sassafras variifolium

= Leaves) lyrate.onsinuate-pinnatifid)-. -alashes vee Sad) ae

72. Mature leaves glabrous beneath.....................6-: Quercus alba
72. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath.................... 73

The New York State College of Forestry

LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
73. Leaves with scattered stellate hairs above, rusty pubescent beneath; upper
leat-lobes usuallyscruciate:..0.. . 5.2 :c2h 84-502 0.6) eee Quercus stellata 177
73. Leaves glabrous or pilose above, white pubescent or tomentose below; terminal
leaf-lobe. much the larger)2).2o8)s on hikes BE ee 0 ee 74
74. Leaves pale or somewhat downy beneath......... Quercus macrocarpa 179
74. Leaves white-hoary beneath.....................+.:: Quercus bicolor 181
75. Leaves prevailingly linear-lanceolate and narrowly ovate to oblong, narrowly
obovate or spatulate:.) 62. 2045.28)... Nee ee
75. Leaves prevailingly ovate, oval, elliptical or broadly obovate............ 98
76. Leaves coarsely serrate or coarsely sinuate-crenate................. Tht
76. Leaves finely serrate, crenate, or sub-entire..................4.... 79
77. Teethiacute nce i bes a ee eee 78
77. Teethiobtiise nine ae eee eee Quercus Prinus 185

81.

78. Leaf-blade thin, smooth beneath; petioles stout, about 4 inch long.....
Castanea dentata 173
78. Leaf-blade thick, pale silvery-pubescent beneath; petioles slender, 7-14

Inches longer Wee ese ance ee Quercus Muhlenbergii 183
, Leaf-margin’ subentire or faintly toothed )> 27) ).22er eele eee 80
| Leaf-margin distinctly toothed .< 3: .2254 52 22 02 eee 83
80. Leaves minutely downy and rugose veined above.........Salix rostrata 123
80. Leaves glabrous above, not rugose-veined....................-.--- 81
Leaves linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, elliptic or narrowly obovate; leaf-
Margin :TeVOlUtC, .- oc... 3 jee sown bate we 2 82

. Leaves oblanceolate to spatulate; leaf-margin not revolute. ..Salix purpurea 125

82. Leaves pale white-glaucous beneath; apex acute......... Salix discolor 121
82. Leaves pale green and generally smooth beneath; apex bristle-tipped. . .
Quercus phellos 199
4

83. Leaves glaucous or white-hairy beneath.....................+++-+-+:- 8
83. Leaves not whitened beneath, glabrous or pubescent................... 89
84; Leaves’ pubescent. beneath... .. 2.4... <.¢/s2.0sck eee eee eee 85
84. Leaves glabrous'beneéath..: 222.0. 21028 see He AE ren eee 86
85. Leaves rugose-veined above; margin remotely serrate........ Salix rostrata 123
85. Leaves not rugose-veined above; margin finely serrate..................
Salix alba, var. vitellina 117
86. Leaf margin irregularly crenate-serrate, revolute......... Salix discolor 121
86. Leaf margin finely serrate, not revolute......................-0--+ 87
87. ‘Leavesithin'»apex long attenuate... ... -- 4:2 aan eee eee eee 88
87. Leaves semi-coriaceous; apex acute or acuminate............. Salix fragilis 115
88. Petioles glandular above, inserted obliquely, generally >} inch or less in
lengthiitac. tie Sek 6 2k ee ae Salix babylonica 119
88. Petioles not glandular, widely divergent, generally 7 inch or more in
lengths .es oe ee ee ee Salix amygdaloides 109
89. Leaves rugose-veined above; margin revolute............... Salix rostrata 123
89. Leaves not rugose-veined above; margin not revolute.................. 90
90. Leaves coriaceous, very lustrous and appearing as though varnished. .91
90. Leaves membranous to thick, dull or somewhat lustrous............ 92
91. Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, or obovate; apex acute........ Salix pentandra 111
91. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; apex attenuate.......... Salix lucida 113
92. Leaf-margin-doubly serrate:......-: ).202 4 eee 95.00
92. Leaf-margin serrate or crenate-serrate. ....:..) 052. aaeeeeres 94
93. Leaves oblanceolate to obovate, with acute apex and tapering base........

93.

95.
95.

97.

Prunus instititia 251
Leaves elliptical to narrowly obovate, with acuminate apex and acute or

rounded base... .082 6 is ss RR ee Prunus americana 261
94. Leaf-margin irregularly serrate...............-.2+0.- Prunus Cerasus 257
94; beaf-margin. regularly serrate...) 4.) .aeeino > occ eee 95
Leaf-blade:tapering’at the !base 2.026 ae eee Prunus Persica 265
Leaf-blade rounded or obtuse at the base..................0c0eeeeeees 96
96. Leaves 2-14 inches wide; petioles 3 inch or more in length.......... 97

96. Leaves 34-3 inches wide; petioles less than 4 inch in length. .Salix nigra 107
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin-textured............. Prunus pennsylvanica 249

97.

99.
99.

101.
101.

103.
103.

105.
105.

107.

107.

109.

109.

Wht.
ied

113.
113.

115.
115.

ay:
Ly

119.
119.

Trees of New York State 59
LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
Leaves lanceolate-oblong, oval, or lance-obovate, thick textured...........
Prunus serotina 245
98. Leaf-petioles exuding a milky juice when broken........... RAS och 99
98. Leaf-petioles not exuding a milky juice when broken.............. 101
Leaf-blades velvety tomentose below; petioles usually 2-4 inches long......
Broussonetia papyrifera 211
Leaf-blades pale pubescent or nearly glabrous below; petioles less than 2
bevel seeish Io) at a Ses pened Ree emer bic tn boca Ones tatem acid ot Cristom cae 100
100. Leaves broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular, membranous, dull above,
conspicuously reticulate-veined...................-.. Morus rubra 213
100. Leaves ovate to ovate-oval, firm, somewhat lustrous above, not con-
spicuously) reticulate-veined.: ...<:...-% 2. 22-6 wile ess Morus alba 215
Leaf-blades inequilateral or oblique at the base...................... 102
Leaf-blades not inequilateral or oblique at the base................... 112
102. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to broadly ovate, oval or orbicular; margin
SHEET Go ap tuo SDS RSISh GSO O EEL OE PRLS ele Ca eet 103
102. Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, elliptical or obovate; margin doubly
RED ALS ARON RAPA Ne a Ae oral Pot rst ayvote a al ets VSL NN be a eran 106
Leaf-blade conspicuously reticulate-veined; petioles less than one inch long.
Celtis occidentalis 207
Leaf-blade not conspicuously reticulate-veined; petioles 3-3 inches long. . 104
104. Leaves smooth below aside from tufts of hairs in axils of prominent
NCTA fei aa aan AO i Saran ye Ae EP este > Pet eater Tilia americana 307
1045 Leaves :pubescenti beneath: : 2) «ss-1i-khe wakes . ke eel seein wc 105
Leaves grayish green beneath, densely pubescent.......... Tilia Michauxii 309
Leaves grayish white pubescent beneath. .Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii 311
106. Leaves thick; margin coarsely doubly serrate...................- 107
106. Leaves thin, margin finely doubly serrate......................- 109
Leaves exceedingly rough-papillose above.................... Ulmus fulva 201
MeaVesssmooth Or nearly: 80 DOVE! 44sec © stecestie cvs 2 susielers ie ol Mate cae 108
108. Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, dull and somewhat scabrous above... .
Ulmus americana 203
108. Leaves oblong-oval to obovate, smooth and lustrous above
Ulmus racemosa 205
Leaves bright green above; base generally heart-shaped....... Betula lenta 161
Leaves dull green above; base rounded or shallowly heart-shaped.......110
110. Petioles about 1 of an inch long................... Ostrya virginiana 157
ile Petiolestmore than of am inch longs) .00s 25 ook Sede ee een 111
Retiolestss ofan inch longs... .00i5s) se <-as elle seek Carpinus caroliniana 159
Retiolesss—lbinehslon gis. S444 . ei ands Airs ARES «cranes «ae Betula lutea 163
tirePetroles: hinchvor less intlengthis:. s..cln «ak eiae nie -eeane wee 113
iiiaeetiolesimore-thans meh ini length)... 2). «. 1.1 aoe g ee 139
Leaf-margin coarsely indented; teeth acute or rounded............... 114
Leaf-margin finely indented or at least. with fine secondary teeth; teeth
ACULE OM TOUNGEG eens Loy fatter see ee rea ey bet 118
114. Leaf-margin coarsely serrate or dentate......................5-. 115
114. Leaf-margin coarsely sinuate or undulate-crenate................ 117
Leaf-margin undulate-dentate; leaves lustrous above. ......Nyssa sylvatica 319
Leaf-margin coarsely serrate; leaves dull above....................... 116
116. Leaves membranous, smooth below; petioles about 3 inch in length... .
Castanea dentata 173
116. Leaves thick, pale silvery pubescent below; petioles 3-1 inch in length
Quercus Muhlenbergii 183
Réat-margin undulate-crenate...\..00...6.. 02 =. < .eehiaee kh ax Quercus Prinus 185
Leaf-margin sinuately-crenate....................... Quercus macrocarpa 179
Se beat-margin) doubly: serrate. «2 se ameak its ait. sae Done eite ele 119
118. Leaf-margin serrate or crenate (sometimes obscurely doubly serrate in
IPrintisuvirriniana) 2) VAs lee eee ae ela urn che eiaeean ee. 126
Leaves with 8 or more pairs of prominent secondary veins............. 120
Leaves with 7 or less pairs of prominent secondary veins.............. 125
120. Petioles less than 4 of an inch in length......................... 121

120.. Petioles 4 of an inch or more in length.................e00e0eees 122

60

121.
121.

123.
123.

131.
131.

133.

133.

135.

135.

137.
137.

139.

139

The New York State College of Forestry

LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE

Petioles about + of an inch in length..............¢..... Ostrya virginiana 157

Petioles about 4 of an inch in length................. Carpinus caroliniana 159
122. Leaves ovate to elliptical, oval or obovate; leaf base rounded or some-
what cordate?) icc. 2. oth 2ooch ok Beene eee eae 123

122. Leaves rhombic-ovate; leaf-base cuneate or subtruncate... Betula nigra 165
Leaves ovate-oval to oblong or obovate, 1 3/5-4 inches long; margin

obscurely;doubly serrate; 2:29--e eee eee Amelanchier canadensis 241
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate or elliptical, 23-6 inches long; margin
obviously double serrate: 4.2.05.) 9. eee ne ee eer 124

124. Leaves bright green above, thickish; base generally heart-shaped....
Betula lenta
124. Leaves dull green above, membranous; |ase rounded or somewhat

heart-shaped... . <..)..220%.3.. oo eee Betula lutea
. Leaves triangular to rhombic-ovate, very taper-pointed; petioles slender,
3—Jxineh longs 2a ner .-e. Sees AUS ee Betula populifolia

Betula nigra
1

5. Leaves ovate, somewhat taper-pointed; petioles stout, 2—{ of an inch long. .

Betula alba, var. papyrifera
126. Lateral veins prominently arcuate, extending from near the base nearly

toxtherapex. niet ss sod ode en oe Oe Rhamunus cathartica

126. Lateral veins not prominently arcuate........................-- 127

. Leaves'round-ovate to orbicular: 23): 2aaee er eee eee eee 128
. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oval, oblong, or obovate................... 129

128. Foliage fragrant, somewhat glaucous; petioles terete. .Prunus Mahaleb
128. Foliage neither fragrant nor glaucous; petioles conspicuously flattened. .

Populus tremuloides

. Petioles glandular at the top, generally with cherry taste.............. 130
. Petioles eglandular, without cherry taste.........................--. 134
130. Leaves smooth above, glabrous or sparingly pubescent on the veins
below . osc die. ce ete ne es vw ioe aiid eel 0 Ge te 131

130. Leaves somewhat rugose above, pubescent below........ Prunus nigra
Prunus domestica

Leaf=-margin regularly ‘serrate. 0420.0. 21. eee oe eee eee 132
Leaf-margin irregularly serrate or crenate-serrate.................-..- 133
132. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oval, or lance-obovate; serrations blunt,
incurved; glandulars. .22 /2ac-s- 4 ee eee Prunus s_rotina

Prunus pennsy ~vanica

132. Leaves ovate to elliptical or obovate; serrations attenuate, asclending,
eglandular. 2) 0.5.: 2250-20. ee be eee Prunus virginiana
Leaves ovate, oblong, oval, or obovate, thin and rather flaccid......
Prunus avium

Prunus nigra

Leaves ovate lanceolate to narrowly obovate, thick and firm........
Prunus Cerasus

134. Leaves pubescent: beneath... ... 2.2.05... 005 a a eee 135
134. Leaves glabrous beneath aside from the veins or veins axils....... 137
Leaves close white-woolly pubescent beneath; petioles {-2 inches in length. .
Pyrus Malus

Leaves pale greenish or grayish pubescent beneath; petioles 3-1 inch long. 136

136. Leaves minutely downy and rugose-veined above....... Salix rostrata
136. Leaves glabrous and somewhat rugose above............ Prunus nigra
Prunus domestica

Leaves white glaucous beneath? 2.2.5. 04. ). 054.) Salix discolor
Leaves pale green beneath......... 0. 2 6.. ¢s.. 2. cl ee eee 138
138. Leaves thin, with tufts of hairs in the vein axils on the lower side;
petioles about + inch in length.................. Fagus grandifolia

138. Leaves thick, without axillary tufts of hairs; petioles 3-1 inch in
lengths i324 ee ee ee eee Amelanchier canadensis
Petioles:conspicuously flattened): 3.2) .3000. 2 = eee eee eee 140
Petioles terete or nearly sos. sss ba 0ek ne. 2: Se eee eee 142
140. Leaves deltoid or deltoid-ovate...............++45. Populus deltoides
140., Leavesovate to:orbicular. i. 3.12). <t5./20s0)m < lus Shelatel ioe atelees eee ere 141

161
163

167
165

169
305

253
129

259
263

245
249

247

255
259

257

235
123
259
263
121
171

241

—"

39

Trees of New York State 61
LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
141. Leaves 3-6 inches in diameter; margin coarsely dentate............
Populus grandidentata 131
141. Leaves 14-3 inches in diameter; margin finely serrate.. .Populus tremuloides 129
aaa tarciniserrateyOricren ates ersc as tetas ce ciis ysb Tone s)ecb ieee + ots 143
142. Margin undulately or sinuately dentate......................... 150
143. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate elliptical or oval; serrations fine........144
143. Leaves oblong, lanceolate or obovate; serrations coarse.............
Quercus Muhlenbergii 183
44> Matureleaves pubescent beneath: ... .. < . ssea.ause a2 sGnrses. oe 145
144. Mature leaves smooth or somewhat hairy on the veins beneath... . 146
145. Leaves appressed pubescent beneath; leaf-margin obscurely crenulate..... .
Cornus alternifolia 317
145. Leaves white woolly-pubescent beneath; leaf margin irregularly serrate. .
Pyrus Malus 235
Gee Marcimwinecised=Serrate: .< 55 so50 sao oe qos betes 1 © oe Pyrus coronaria 233
(AG reMarcinimotincised-serrate ccc... sees a vaos ctecine Saas om sean 147
AARC HOLES RATT Mase tee cvs keu exc sohs sock oa)8 oon sass Cowart a ae eke 8 148
eH em Re tiOleste lA brOUuss mraseetnaols aacis <beos- ne ced i hdevarva ace uer kasd ane teu 149
148. Leaves 3-6 inches long, lustrous above, ciliate on the margin.........
Populus candicans 137
148. Leaves 4-8 inches long, dull above, not ciliate on the margin.........
Populus heterophylla 133
149. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 3-6 inches long, more or less rusty below. .
Populus balsamifera 135
149. Leaves ovate-oblong to oval, 2-4 inches long, not rusty below........
Pyrus communis 231
150. Leaves white velvety-tomentose below................. Populus alba 127
150. Leaves light green and quite smooth below........... Nyssa sylvatica 319
lo lepbenvesypinnately, COMpoundey putes. 2 ate ata. 2 See eee oer 152
i jlesibeaves bipimnnatelyacompound m4 +92 1. ee ieee was 171
NO AelbeaVeS UMOlMAbe anise) sate seat aces: hapireicks ees ce Moo Ptelea trifoliata 275
52a vest orObmMOre TOMAtTC ha ac foo cine eo, o sins Sateannike ae oslo oe 153
sem Wear CHISGWaAn CG. 5-28. cs0mcoyersgenet suet ee ion uve MAREN UN Rhus copallina 283
jae beat or AGhisunOlLWwiNGeds . .caecntetitccs caer os 8 hens a Ee re co 154
aes eatletscentire-Marginedes 5. sich seach e ae Peete sie waar pean 155
54am eatletsmotrentine=mManrrined 7.34. ry orxs eet aie eee eee + as 157
155. Leaves 1-8 feet long; leaflets 13-41................. Ailanthus glandulosa 277
Po selieavess/—14.incheslong vleafletsr4i 19" 2. 4. 4a: 2 ce doa ee eles ae 156
156. Leaflets obovate-oblong, coriaceous, acute at the apex, 3-4 inches
vite Son Ree A eae Ce See ge ah ee. Armes ee Rhus Vernix 285
156. Leaflets ovate-oblong to elliptical, thin, mucronate or retuse at the
apex, Poin chesvlon geass ante eae Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 273
oem besnetsele Oh: tardy ea ae MS oy wks A WARES. roISR Sek cic hig nels ees 158
TE, Wee gta) OE Eg eS Os ae ne ice Ane Se OS Bn A eee 162
158. Three upper leaflets conspicuously larger than the others......... 159
158. Three upper leaflets not conspicuously larger than the others...... 160
159. Leaflets generally 5, glabrous or puberulous below............ Carya ovata 145
159. Leaflets generally 7, soft pubescent below................. Carya laciniosa 147
160. Leaflets glabrous or nearly so below; leaf-rachis smooth...........161
160. Leaflets pubescent below; leaf-rachis pubescent........... Carya alba 149
161. Leaflets chiefly 5 or 7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate.......... Carya glabra 153
Carya microcarpa 151
161. Leaflets chiefly 9, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate........ Carya cordiformis 155
G2 elceafletsrevensini number" <a ees, ask ieee, sole eee ap ee 163
162 {seatletsyoddsinsnumber: $yapy cep eew gee a terse ees aS Se 165
163. Leaves 6-8 inches long, leaflets 1-2 inches long....... Gleditsia triacanthos 269
163. Leaves 1—3 feet long; leaflets 2-5 inches long......................... 164
164. Leaflets sharply serrate except at the base, sessile or sub-sessile. ...
Juglans nigra 143
164. Leaflets entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, short
BUS KC tem eper sen so ies 9 5 sa cP OR Ae EU oe Ailanthus glandulosa 277

165.

HeavesiGa | OumnChesilon Peters aa" cod! crayons ey 166

165.

167.

167.

169.
169.

Wile
171.

The New York State College of Forestry
LEAF KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
Leaves. inches 'to 3 feet long. 973)0')5...') s0e. 28. 20. eee ere een 167°

166. Leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, blunt or acute at the apex.......
Pyrus Aucuparia 239
166. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate at the apex........... Pyrus americana 237

Leaflets entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, short stalked. .
Ailanthus glandulosa 277

Leaflets sharply serrate at least toward the apex, sessile or sub-sessile. .. . 168
168> Leaf-rachis' glabrous? ).):. <.)..62).5.22 ee eee eee Rhus glabra 281

168. Leaf-rachis pubescent’: ..: . 2... 201/08. Se eee 169

Leaflets pubescent’ beneath’... 2! .. 72: 223 5c. 10
Leaflets glabrous or puberulous beneath.................... Rhus typhina 279
170. Leaflets 13-23, lustrous above, 1-1} inches wide........ Juglans nigra 143
170. Leaflets 11-17, rugose above, 13-2 inches wide........ Juglans cinerea 141

Leaves 6-8 inches long; leaflets less than 1 inch in length............
Gleditsia triacanthos 269

Leaves 1-4 feet long; leaflets 1 inch or more in length...............-. 12
172: Leafletsiovate tooval, entire... 45.22 eens Gymnocladus dioica 267
172. Leaflets broadly ovate to lanceolate, finely serrate...... Aralia spinosa 313

_

orc

Trees of New York State 63

FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES

PAGE
era simple, arisme trom: a Single pistil.. 2... 05 no eel ley oes soles + oe 2
. Fruit compound,* arising from several pistils or flowers................ 75
“le, LETELVI(T 0 bea nny eich TREE SAR cue NACRE ED ICI CE NONE ASE RISE POTEET ordre a eR ch
SPRUNG HERIG EE PRT tek orto reise erate OP Ee Re ae Oe 43
MEME CLALIRCENL UPaPaiteae tasted tates chs tales cov Slee Sate Gee et oe nee eae 4
MPLA UP ITICLENISCORE Ma tate tc cys sic excrd. 2 ais aad Sacdere trate Mae cletd evemtnisaen wikea tole ores 22
4. Fruit a bony nut with a dehiscent involucre or husk.................5
PBL IUITERTO UAT OOD TUG. 2.45 sheet ee oss eee ee OF Pan Tee 12
BPEL VO LCOS PICK LY rs fat tas) aaa shaves ae h sh mn ate ete ine ee ee ce 6
MBITHMORICLO MIO US PNIGKLY 5 cio) sles ose foe seas se ee Ate oe ere eee 7K

6. Nut trigonous; burr stalked; spines simple ............ Fagus grandifolia 171

6. Nut ovoid, laterally compressed; burr sessile; spines branched...........
Castanea dentata 173

7. Husk 4-valved to the base; valves rather thick and woody at maturity... .8
7. Husk 4-valved only to the middle or rarely to the base; valves thin and some-
MACHA DETR LeINACUITGY orate beret ele Mee ee aot or 11
Sesh rlit; -arinchrin, diameters: -(2,. «<i - ea een Carya microcarpa 151
See rin —o >. INCHES IN! GIAMELED this aces eee ee eee a eee cee 9
MEN IGEWIICe OF, VELOWISDS «2.0.2 Siig do os yaw te cE eee ee ae eee Menlae eee 10
she Le Ci OG aan: RLS, A ie a ee i A toa aE AREA Carya alba 149
10. Fruit globular or depressed; nut barely mucronate........ Carya ovata 145
10. Fruit ovoid; nut usually strongly pointed at both ends...............
Carya laciniosa 147
Meerut pyruorm to Ovoid’ shell thickes-. 225+. 4c a ee eee et Carya glabra 153
leRH UCC BsOIds Shel CHIN. <2 cc e.4d faeces octets ce dete ee Carya cordiformis 155
Pee NUTU le CTIMIG Ginette ices etl aie eee Ce ee ne eee 13
MPELIT tate CAD SUG Ia 5 chee ite eee ato eee ste ee ee eR ee te ore eee 16
13. Legume 12-18 inches long, twisted, reddish or purplish brown............
Gleditsia triacanthos 269
13. Legume Jess than 11 inches long, not twisted................-2.:-:200- 14
14. Legume thick and woody; seeds about $ of an inch long..............
Gymnocladus dioica 267
14. Legume thin and coriaceous; seeds less than 3 of an inch long....... 15
15. Seeds reniform, orange-brown with darker mottlings.....................
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 273
15. Seeds broadly ovate, chestnut-brown.................-. Cercis canadensis 271
16. Fruit spiny; seeds without appendages. ...:...Aesculus Hippocastanum 303
16. Fruit not spiny; seeds with appendages.....................------ 17
PES COUR COMNORG Ries | Since: Cat ete eee eee eee ee ene ae crs 18
NPESCCORLWITIZCO ate chon rt Ae sotenueta ik ails VR ets OA Lee tee ote 19
18. Capsule subtended by persistent disk................. Populus species 353
18. Capsule not subtended by persistent: disk. Aeon ecice aeltere Salix species 352
19. Capsule linear, subterete, 5 or more inches long.......... Catalpa speciosa 339
Catalpa bignonioides 337
19. Capsule globose to oblong-ovoid, not over 2 inches long................ 20
20. Capsule 2-celled, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds lace-winged............
Paulownia tomentosa 335
20. Capsule 5-celled, septically dehiscent; seeds winged at the ends...... 21
21. Capsule globose, about 3/16 of an inch long.............. Kalmia latifolia 323
212 Sousa oblong-ovoid, about 3 of an inch long... .Rhododendron maximum 321
NDOT BETO ee a i Ee Cae cok Ace he Se Sete Cer ae ea a oe 23
2 ret) LUG Ob Orveleatherys GLUpe serie ae jend ice teeters etter hs 36

* The interpretation of the structures which enter into the fruit is of necessity more
or less arbitrary. A compound fruit is here interpreted as one arising from several
pistils in the same flower or from a cluster of flowers which in fruit give rise to structures
which cohere or at least overlap.

64 The New York State College of Forestry
FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
23. ‘Hruit:a ‘double ‘samara or key: 7.2% |. Y i>. ee... 3. 2 eee 24
20. Hruit‘a single.samara. .. 0.062% .scino2 «nee ae 95 eee 29
2A. Kruit in racemose clusters: ......<-. 2: 2-6-2 0 6-0 eee 25
24. Fruit in corymbose or umbellate clusters............ 2 eeceeeneeee- 27
25; Wings 13-2 incheslong. <.....¢ #o....:.. 238 2 eee eee Acer Negundo 301
25: Wings | inch or. less in length... <0)... d2sg252 see ee eee 26
26. Wings about 3 of an inch long, slightly divergent........ Acer spicatum 2)1
26. Wings about #? of an inch long, widely divergent. .Acer pennsylvanicum 289
2/7. Fruit maturing, in’ spring or early summer. -..2-22555. 20) eee eee 28
2/7. Kruit maturing an theautumn)...........22 eee Acer saccharum 293
Acer saccharum, var. nigrum 295
28. Wings 3-1 inch long, slightly divergent.................. Acer rubrum 299
28. Wings 1—2 inches long, widely divergent............. Acer saccharinum 297
29: Samara 2-celled and 2-seeded.. .. ...2:225..-+-5 eee Ptelea trifoliata 275
29. Samara 1-celled and I-seeded.........:.2.... 2. 30
30. ‘Wing terminal :. : 22%.2)0.,) 22% 2.06 eee eee 31
30. Wing surrounding. the seed....... << ..<). 4-0. eee eae 33
31. Wing rounded or acute at the apex............... Fraxinus pennsylvanica 329
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata 331
31. Wing emarginate or rarely pointed at the apex........................ 32

32. Samara oblong to linear-spatulate; apex pointed or emarginate........
Fraxinus americana 327

32. Samara lanceolate-oblong to linear-oblong; apex conspicuously
emarginate... 052 Si... e500 eats See eee Fraxinus nigra 333

33. Fruit in paniculate clusters; samaras oblong-linear, 13—2 inches long.......
Ailanthus glandulosa 277
33. Fruit in racemose or umbellate clusters; samaras oval-orbicular to obovate-
oblongiless than: 1 inch long..: -... 3. 2. = eee eee 34
34. Margin of samara not ciliate; seminal cavity pubescent on the face....
Ulmus fulva 201
34. Margin of samara ciliate: .... 02.2... J...25) 540 5
35) Surface of samara pubescent... ..... 2 2225-2 eee Ulmus racemosa 205
35: Surface of samaraiglabrous= 4.-4 1 4.70 oe eee Ulmus americana 203
36. Fruit a nut subtended by a cup-like or foliaceous involucre.......... 37
36. Fruit a leathery drupe or drupaceous nut......................... 39
3/. Involuecre cup-like; fruit\an acorm).:i.- 27. .-55552 Soe eee eee 38
37. Involucrefoliaceous, trilobed..-...- 5-540 -e4 = eee Carpinus caroliniana 159
38. Acorns maturing at the end of the first season: shell of nut glabrous on
the inner surface: 22%) s:...0. 45 ds: ote ee Pee ee eee White Oaks 360
38. Acorns maturing at the end of the second season; shell of nut silky-
tomentose on the inner surface.................. Red or Black Oaks 360
39. .Fruit less than.> of an‘inch long. «,., ...:<...4,:804 8 eee 40
39), Fruit over 1 inch long: . . 2.5... sian s.c0 anc <a ee 42
40. Fruit in cymose clusters, adnate to a ligulate bract................. 41
AO. Fruit solitary 5... lobes oe eo eee Celtis occidentalis 207
41; Bruit Ovoidi). <..2) 25 5.02.45 sys. >, los dee eee Tilia americana 307
41. Fruit globose or subglobose.............. Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii 311
Tilia Michauxii 309
42. Nut ovoid or ellipsoid, 2-celled at base................. Juglans cinerea 141
42. Nut globose or rarely oblong, 4-celled at base............ Juglans nigra 143
43. Fruit:a pomes) 20200. 2009... O05) a 44
43. Fruita drupe or berry....... 0... 2000.5 2- + 2200605 cee eee 50
44. Fruits in racemose clusters; pome 10-celled.....Amelanchier canadensis 241
Amelanchier laevis 241
44. Fruits not racemose; pome 1—5 celled: 1 5.2725: 3. eee eee eee 45
45, Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous ...................-..-.-- 46
45. Mature carpels hard and bony, forming nutlets in fruit..................
Crataegus pedicellata 243
46. Fruit pyriform or subglobose; flesh with stone cells. ...Pyrus communis 231
46. Fruit globose or depressed globose. °-.:.-.-:. . +) s= sees eee 47
47. Fruit 3 of an inch or less in diameter, bright red................-.-0-. 48

47.

49.
49.

51.
ol.

50.
53.

55.

50.

57.
57.

59.
59.

61.
61.

63.
63.

65.
65.

67.
67.

69.
69.

wi
71.

73.

Trees of New York State 65

FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
Fruit over 4 of an inch in diameter, yellowish green or reddish in the autumn
48. Fruit about 4 of an inch in diameter... ............. Pyrus Aucuparia 239
48. Fruit about + of an inch in diameter................. Pyrus americana 237
Fruit long-stalked, yellowish green, fragrant.............. Pyrus coronaria 233

Fruit short-stalked, yellowish green or reddish, not perceptibly fragrant
Pyrus Malus 235

50. Seeds or nutlets two or more (rarely one by abortion).............. 51
FMI MES EGCEGERIULIE GONG mkt cis sdictesny oe cterar cacnct avs caja bern oatte: stein exaieracnckonehoter = 55
rater Ol ar IN CHe Ores AN) LENE)... cnc cre, ote; ele 0 ic1 #01001 oie v ouse EO cheeks ee 52
arife loin GC HeOL MOL ene Gl ores aye) o oa aloof hecare eietae ©, sateroier store te clit oneiag: 54
52. Fruit dull red or yellowish, chiefly solitary................. Ilex opaca 287
52. Bruit black, in axillary or terminal clusters................5.-0--+« 53

Fruits numerous in a terminal compound panicle, 3-5 angled.............
Aralia spinosa 313
Fruits in axillary clusters of 2-5, not angled.......... Rhamnus cathartica 305

54. Mature fruit dark brown, oblong-cylindric to oval, 3-5 inches long....
Asimina triloba 223

54. Mature fruit pale orange, depressed-globose to obovate-oblong, 1-13 inches

GTR 5, oS Edie DS hee GOA GEE Ee eee Diospyros virginiana 325
riits mMKcapiuate Or paniculate clusters’ 2.5.2.0. 4-<ae5+ cen ecedes eds «° 56
Fruits solitary or in umbellate, cymose or racemose clusters............ 61
56. Fruit ivory to tawny-white or dark blue...................-2..202- 57
Na, LENE: Lata dais nets lee oait ie per re ear ON Ee cine Re ROR oI Be seen ee 58
Fruit striated, in dropping axillary panicles.................. Rhus Vernix 285
Fruit smooth, in long-stalked clusters of 1-3.............. Nyssa sylvatica 319

58. Fruit in terminal capitate clusters; stone 2-celled and 2-seeded........
Cornus florida 315

58. Fruit in paniculate clusters; stone I-celled and I-seeded............ 59
Fruit in narrow, somewhat open terminal panicles............ Rhus glabra 281
HintitelmesbOUbs. dense PANIGles vse. ero firs dete sce os pea ee eee ete 60
GUO ripelovalonslightly OVALG.a5.0. 225500. eine cssie eo Rhus copallina 283
60. Drupe depressed-globular or hemispherical.............. Rhus typhina 279
Httiplberall ym orOOVe Geer. te ste ois ick ota corona coed 2 oleate. Gees eres 62
Hiriitpronmateralliy: POO Ved) er crc, cc oe ec ertectens char ckss eee ees elias 66

62. Fruit velvety-tomentose; stone deeply wrinkled and pitted......
Prunus Persica 265

62. Fruit glabrous; stone not deeply wrinkled or pitted................ 63
bEuitoran ve to;darksred:in COlOn 4. 2 a2 5 «cs oss okee cuter hare etree 64
MAME RLOIDIACKe in COlOL-ir. ae soie acta clcihetle on eytas ee eee *, .65
Gee brustel—leninchestonte ra. ass cae vas lca hae ome tee Prunus nigra 259
Gam rinoits—lemichlongteate nate his. cst aie yore oats Prunus americana 261
Brartelainch lone without blooms. 2.5.2. 220.5. c0s.00 a6 os Prunus domestica 263
Hinton annem longs 21audcous: 255. sn eric soe Prunus instititia 251
66. Stone conspicuously compressed................... Viburnum Lentago 341
Viburnum prunifolium 343
66. Stone terete or but slightly compressed.................2..2.00008 67
Stone-2-celled and 2-seeded. 0222. oc ns sete neo: Cornus alternifolia 317
Sponew -celledtandl-seeded 5 322 fines ascii meatier e ciers oxeeertte che 68
HommLLUiishtiers COMOSeIGLUSLELS: --- ance ce at cere cere eee ee eters cies 69
Gos ebruits solitary, or in’ umbellate clusters). 5.5202... cecsiees. scene 71
Brottro plone Garkiplue.. ccna vee ae iereion © Sassafras variifolium 225
inrtnG lobose, dark crimson Or nearly, blacks 5+... 4. + 2-0 ne 2s a5- 0s
70. Fruit subtended by persistent calyx................ Prunus virginiana 247
WO Braud, without, persistent Calyx. . = sc 15.406 5 oe isle oc Prunus serotina 245
Fruit a leathery drupe; flesh thin and dry.............. Celtis occidentalis 207
Broigaplesh ys Gripes Hesite] WICy“. 5 «acre eneta ieee a ciate rs mecha ors 12

72. Fruit light red, $ of an inch or less in diameter... Prunus pennsylvanica 249
72. Fruit dark red or reddish black, 4 of an inch or more in diameter... .73
Fruits in racemose umbels; flesh thin and acrid........... Prunus Mahaleb 2538

3

66

85.
85.

87.

87.

89.

89.

ile
Sle

93.
93.

95.
95.

o7.
97.

The New York State College of Forestry

FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE

. Fruits in lateral sessile umbels, rarely solitary; flesh thick and succulent. .74
(4: lesb sweet or but, slightly/acrid- sane e.- aieeeeene Prunus avium 255
(4— Blesh perceptibly acidulous)..--- neces oe Prunus Cerasus 257

. Fruit aggregate, arising from the pistils of a single flower............... 76

. Fruit multiple, arising from a cluster of flowers....................... 78

76. Fruit a cone of imbricated indehiscent carpels (samaroids)............
Liriodendron tulipifera 221
76. Fruit a cone-like cluster of coherent follicles......................- th

. Fruit oval or irregular, about 2 inches long; follicles scarlet..........

Magnolia virginiana 217

. Fruit ovate to oblong, 23-8 inches long; follicles dark red............

Magnolia acuminata 219

78. Fruit fleshy and more or less succulent at maturity................ 79
78 Bruit dry at maturity oi. 0. 82. cortecie Seen ee tee eae eee 83
» Fruit subglobosesto globular >. 2 scr >a cee 80
P Krai oval-oblongitoleylindricale sn) eee eee 82
80. Fruit 3-5 inches in diameter, yellowish green........ Maclura pomifera 209
SO!) Hruit, Pinch or less in/diameter:. + 4> eee eee eee ee 81

1

. Fruit dark blue and glaucous, 4-3 of an inch in diameter............

Juniperus virginiana 105

. Fruit reddish, about $ of an inch in diameter...... Broussonetia papyrifera 211
82. Fruit purple, 1-14 inches long, succulent and edible....... Morus rubra 213
82. Fruit white or pinkish, 2/5-4/5 of an inch long, rather dry and

INSIPIOS |. sis hss Gees alete sels ce eee ee COCR Morus alba 215

» Erut subglobose to/globular:. 77-0. 50-m: Gao Gee eter 84

. Fruit-more or‘less elongated 24.5.6 oo) eae ee eee ene 86

84. Fruit a cone, about 4 of an inch in diameter; scales peltate............
Chamaecyparis thyoides 101

84. Fruit a head, 2 of an inch or more in diameter....................- 85

Head consisting of many beaked woody capsules; abortive seeds resembling
SUWOUSt te ayoae.s ss ceva gate Seen cn eee Liquidambar Styraciflua 227

Head consisting of many achenes, each with a basal ring of hairs......
Platanus occidentalis 229

86. Fruit a cone-like aggregate of saccate involucres, resembling the fruit

Of the* hop. ook. Ses cee ns: cen Gee eater Ostrya virginiana 157
86) Hruit a cone of imbricated scales! 9.45 eee ee eee ieee nee 87
Cone-scales trilobed, each subtending 3 winged nutlets................. 88
Cone-scales not trilobed, each subtending 1-2 winged seeds............. 92
88. Cone oblong-ovoid to ovoid-cylindrical.......................---- 89
88: Cone cylindricalk 22000) cc. ne ns + oo Ree one eee 91
Cone slender pedunculate, maturing in the early summer; wing broader than

thenutlet: -. 2 35 ae eee ho ee eee Betula nigra 165
Cone short pedunculate, maturing in the autumn; wing not broader than

the nutlet 2.0. ye oe es ee ee ee),
90. Cone-scale puberulous; wing narrower than the nutlet..... Betula lutea 163
90. Cone-scale glabrous; wing as broad as the nutlet ......... Betula lenta 161
Cones about 3 of an inch in length, spreading or pendant. . Betula populifolia 167
Cones 1-2 inches in length, drooping.......... Betula alba, var. papyrifera 169
92)\Cone maturing: the first:season: = 22). 44. =.) Rice een 93
92° Cones maturing thesecond' season), 4+ 4- 45 594 sees 99
Cones erect or ascending: ..6.6..05,6...5 + sh o6.54 9 Ee eee eee eee 94
Cones pendants iy. cic ioibecieaide uso o tie 6 30.0 o'ce) > OHS Fea Ree 96
94. Cones 4—3 of an inch long; cone-scales persistent................--- 95
94. Cones 23-4 inches long; cone-scales deciduous.......... Abies balsamea 97
Cone-scales nearly orbicular; seeds terminally winged........ Larix laricina 89
Cone-scales oblong; seeds laterally winged.............. Thuja occidentalis 103
96> Cones 4-2 ofan, inch long; 1.7 202 aebeoiae Oe eee Tsuga canadensis 99
96: ‘Cones $—2% inches long. 2... c:. 5 6c. siti o ofes 22> ce ne eae ee 97
Cones cylindrical ss. eA Ehes. Seve ie ee eee eke eee Picea canadensis 91
Cones ovate to.ovate-oblong. 2.45 4... oeleys tacie lnc eee ene eee 98
98. Cones brown or reddish brown, lustrous.................. Picea rubra 93

98° Conesigrayash brown, dull s.r yecre ie eetale eel eee Picea mariana 95

99.
99.

101.
101.

103.
103,

Trees of New York State 67

FRUIT KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE

Cones cylindrical, long-stalked, 5-11 inches long............ Pinus Strobus 77
Cones ovate-conical to oblong-conical, sessile or nearly sessile, } inches
aye. Be Oa inact Pc aCe OCR CRESS 2 eac Cen RRR ink See eee ee 100

aL Gone-sealesmumarmed m0): cyvciccie cis oe ae cyetere mie eggs = nave Pinus resinosa 87
100. Cone-scales armed with deciduous or persistent prickles...........101

Cone scales unevenly developed; cones strongly incurved. .Pinus Banksiana 83
Cone-scales evenly developed or nearly so; cones not strongly incurved. . 102

NO Zee Seeds mesrl yaw all nateces cress Meusepec xc snsie sd olin sieve sceuslov< Pinus virginiana 81
1022 *Seedstriancular with rounded sides. .... 2.22 ese dene nsec eens 103
Spine of cone-scale about 1/25 of an inch long, early deciduous......

Pinus echinata 85

Spine of cone-scale 1/12} of an inch long, persistent.......... Pinus rigida 79

Trees of New York State 69

TWIG KEY TO THE SPECIES

PAGE
feeHoliace persistent through the WIMter ye ie inj elo efehs-ci-)s wie; Melee wid, o1 je lac ln eles 2
1. Foliage deciduous a CERES AP ARES AE apa ret PI SR ee ee en ae 19
2. Leaves 4 POLAR CN OLUeSS Ir ww bs res aeystere cre es, oareacbtede iene lets love austere ce 3
Pea eaves Olan IN COyOF:INOLE IM, WAGON seco fore avratolerjenetana) dy-heleheeiek el ays saver) «face 17
PB eCLU CSPINGTASCICIES ON HO) cyevekevs sc esac shaves tigeke ulate tote ea ale eR CUA eacasopats: resent 4
3. Leaves opposite or in spirals............ Seer rag aay ROR Meci-cih toy Rel doa fev Shh Vana oe 10
4, Leaves in fascicles of 5; fascicle-sheaths deciduous......... Pinus Strobus 77
4. Leaves in fascicles of 2 or 3; fascicle-sheaths persistent................ 5
LG OCRIITISTASCICIES TOM sc sie) acicra csera ante hous s1eks ie eevee ate osmex behaves Tonspehe aks 6
EPEC ACSA WE ASCIC ESOL a smrcrre cys anc cisele seatereshe) aco atenees aie, abe eps os aatslel Hus, oles, o) alate 7
6. Leaves flexible; foliage bluish green; buds obtuse.......... Pinus echina a 85
6. Leaves rigid; foliage yellowish green; buds acute.............Pinusrigida 79
HABER VESTS OL INOTE INCHES ONL = /5, 45.5.2 sco laevis ol aca rarer niere =, Herel sdonbeysl dtayacstelalan 8
Pe eA eSNG tLOVEL oo, INCHES) ON Ge. Ascs vats co heveyev ne hers Orn reseee as oa ay eh sv aoe, ovafevel> 9
ame WESISEENU ALG ers «5. arch ersrsrencte craters ark che ot cay ey ay ts, eceve vals apnea Pinus resinosa 87
8. Leaves Giltinie See See OR ee ae cee Conner ce Boe oe eee Pinus echinata 85
9. Leaves 3-13 inches long, serrulate, flexible; buds acute...... Pinus virginiana 81
9. Leaves it 4-3 inches long, entire, rigid; buds Ob bUse ava leva: Pinus Banksiana 83
10. een ANSP ITAl Say lineal OL ACICULAT seers s trench teyereie ieee eye 11
10. Leaves opposite, awl-shaped or scale-like........................4- 15
11. Leaves 4-angled, stomatiferous on all sides; foliage with a prickly feel..... 12
11. Leaves flattened, with two stomatiferous lines below; foliage without prickly
FCC EIS eee ec os Seiko, oh) cieuagehs cat Ss eege Ve Ss) A eee MEO NSPS 14
a wars elt DE OUS ck esiacicicie. Sonh= ae eres hacia etoea Sarasin Picea canadensis 91
PANU PHUDUDEACEILG. cena tie ci sueaga) aegcve aca shay 7a! e cota s tes svar eveutiey snag tesyacaycnals age 13
NSepeOliare WLS: OL ECI 15, cats yeccucese) =: shack ssoheteytyene srs eee craen esas Picea mariana 95
fi semOliac evel OWISMS STCOMG cscs cy ese¥e join o tes aya .aia) <rosarenshare <lapica 210 alleseuclers 2 = Picea rubra 93
14. Leaves sessile, in falling leaving circular scars...........£ Abies balsamea 97
14. Leaves jointed to short persistent stergimata, in falling leaving a raised
(SOTO Ss aa ES AORN ee ee ee we eer Tsuga canadensis 99
Ta DEAV SOU A GFEMC Cis cfc oies So:c eis ole yavuegey ef ein ie evar) eas Juniperus virginiana 105
15. Sprays flattened, branches appearing as in one plane.................... 16
16. Foliage bluish green; leaves 1/16—3 of an inch long....................
Chamaecyparis thyoide 101
16. Foliage yellowish green; leaves 1/5-} of an inch long. .Thuja occidentalis 103
17. Leaves undulate, with a few spinose teeth...................... Tlex opaca 287
i Amlbesty GS CN UITC-INATEUNEC «sexys are ces iec- 2. |.) sisieieie = s.s8er eiShc ines Sk denceet Aaa yd STO 18
18. Leaves 3-4 inches long, flat; midribs impressed above... .Kalmia latifolia 323
[18. Leaves 4-11 inches long, the margin revolute; midribs rounded above.
Rhododendron maximum 321
19. Leaf-scars densely clustered on short lateral spurs or scattered and strongly
decurrent, on twigs of the season on... .1.54. <2. 006260066 Larix laricina 89
19. Leaf-scars alternate, opposite or whorled...............2.00eceeeeeeees 20
PO tlhent-SCATSIOpPOSlbe; OF WHOLIEC scree, a: csshevicic) sles site Sc seseeausic ai cierie mista 21
POM Went Scars) AILCrN Abe c.orasicteis crake Taio iene ORS esis oe ae ee 37
21. Bundle-scars in a closed or nearly closed longitudinal ellipse; leaf-scars
THO GUIED A). ene Monn ci oct) Oh he CoC ae ome ome toe Beet orc 22
21. Bundle-scars in a lunate or V-shaped line, distinct or confluent........... 23
22. Ellipse open at the top; pith diaphragmed........ Paulownia tomentosa 335

23.

25.

22. Ellipse closed at the top; pith homogeneous except at the nodes........
Catalpa speciosa, 339
Catalpa bignonioides 337

. Buds sticky-resinous; twigs stout................. Aesculus Hippocastanum 303
Buds not sticky-resinous; twigs slender or stout..................20-005 24
24. Bundle-scars one or more, nearly confluent forming a single line...... 25
Daan Ole-ACATSiiOl In) o CIStINnCt: PLOUPS at pegs vale m ial = chetei esis esol -csieh <a) = 29
Leaf-scars not connected by a transverse line; terminal buds lacking........

Rhamnus cathartica 305

The New York State College of Forestry

TWIG KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
25. Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line; terminal bud present.......... 26
26. Ultimate twigs densely velvety-pubescent...... Fraxinus pennsylvanica 329
26, Uitimate twigs-essentially glabrous), 2-2... .2). 2146 eee ere 2
path _Upper_ oe. of leaf-scar concave or notched; terminal buds obtuse...........

. Upper edie a leaf-scar essentially straight

. Bud-seales of axillary buds 1-3 pairs
| Bud=seales of axillary buds 4— many pairs... >.) 2 sce he eee eee 34

. Buds not scurfy

Fraxinus americana 327

28. Buds rusty-brown; ridges of mature bark not spongy-corky............
Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata 331
28. Buds essentially black; ridges of mature bark spongy-corky . Fraxinus nigra 333
0)

30. Axillary buds covered by the persistent bases of petioles. .Cornus florida 315
30. Axillary buds not covered by the persistent bases of petioles 31

. Buds'scurtyes: sAisaascnas cle cents Gee eee Viburnum Lentago 341

Viburnum prunifolium 343

wodededsabs Se bsee este ces oe gah 32

32. Line connecting upper leaf-scars straight or notched; bud-seales 2 pairs;
pith brownish s.c6 6060s pe See hae bo bd ce eee

32. Line connecting upper leaf-scars acute or ligulate; bud-scales 3 pairs; pith
WHIEISHE, fiery sctedae once dod doe be hae Acer Negundo 301

. Terminal bud smooth and lustrous; young bark with longitudinal white lines.

Acer pennsylvanicum 289

. Terminal bud with grayish appressed pubescence; young bark without white

Linesisvnd.cu s SOREN BRA So Rae eee Acer spicatum 291
34, Buds acute, brownish; accessory buds lacking.....................- 35
34. Buds obtuse, reddish; accessory buds usually present..............-- 36
5. Budsislichtly“puberulous: <== oo. - cee ce eee eee Acer saccharum 293
» Buds hoary-pubescent. = eee ceo ene oeene Acer saccharum, var. nigrum 2)5

36. Bud-scales usually apiculate; twigs with rank odor when broken........
Acer saccharinum 297

36. Bud-scales rarely apiculate; twigs without rank odor when broken......

Acer eee 299

37. Terminal bud’absent.......0.0: 0. on. 2... oodee ot oo Gee
37. Terminal bud present: +. 25 2822/0522 64
38: Stipulé-scars'absent...¢..¢5 ov25 03. Sees Se eee 39
38. Stipule-scars "present: =... 2.25.28) 55 2.5 fe eee 50
39. Bundle-scars 5—- many (often nearly confluent in Osage Orange).......... 40
39. Bundle-scars:1=3 \(distinet):). 02. 92. Ss Ss ee 45
40. Leaf-scars deeply V-shaped, nearly surrounding the bud; buds densely
fomentose) . 2 tha ll. ce be hoe ore oe ene 41
40. Leaf-scars semicircular to heart-shaped, not extending more than half-way
around the bud.s..5..¢ 6 fess les swadcle oe eee 43
Al. Twigs glabrous, usually glaucous’): .).5.. +. -2 4). eee eee Rhus glabra 281
41. Twigs not glabrous: 22.045. 2 2 a oar ee ee 42
42. Twigs finely pubescent; juice watery.................-.- Rhus copallina 283
A?” Twigs velvety-hairy; juice milky’... 2.20. 252 22. esse ne Rhus typhina 279
43. Buds superposed, sunk in the bark; pith salmon-pink....Gymnocladus dioica 267
43. Buds not superposed, exposed; pith white or ochraceous.............-.-. 44
44. Twigs stout, unarmed; pith ochraceous............ Ailanthus glandulosa 277
44. Twigs slender, usually armed with axillary thorns; pith white..........
Maclura pomifera 20)
45. Bundle-scar 1, transversely elongated................. Diospyros virginiana 325
A5.. Bundle-scars 3. 00 oe oo 2 cee 46
46. Buds subpetiolar, at length breaking through the leaf-scars; stipular
spines usually present. ...2.-0. 2.0 ssn oe Robinia Pseudo-Acacia 273
46. Buds not subpetiolar; leaf-scars below or partly encircling the buds... .47
47. Leaf-scars deeply V-shaped, partly surrounding the buds................ 48
47. Leaf-scars not deeply V-shaped; buds inserted above the leaf-scars....... 49
48. Superposed buds distinct, glabrous; twigs often with stout branched
ATOLNB eee Pee eet ee eee TT ee Gleditsia triacanthos 269

48. Superposed buds contiguous, pubescent; twigs unarmed, with fetid odor
whenibroken=e . 2 ff.) ekeee bee eee hee eee Ptelea trifoliata 275

63.
63.

65.
65.

67.
67.

69.
69.

al
Zi.

Trees of New York State 71

TWIG KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
. Buds generally superposed; twigs conspicuously zigzag, dotted with numerous
PITTILORWNI LGM tICGlA Sis wicks etutehtal wh cly aes stele els coe e © Cercis canadensis 271
. Buds not superposed; twigs not conspicuously zigzag........ Prunus (plums) 372
50. Buds sub-petiolar; stipule-scars encircling the twig..Platanus occidentalis 229
50. Buds not sub-petiolar; stipule-scars not encircling the twig...........51
. Bundle-scars in a closed or nearly closed ellipse.................+-+++-4-02
. Bundle-scars scattered or in a single lunate line...................-.-.+.08

52. Buds depressed, chiefly lateral to axillary thorns; twigs essentially gla-
PLOUSM Ree trae ees tec otitove is Seisitysyecdis eke anis « Maclura pomifera 209

52. Buds acute or acuminate; twigs unarmed, pubescent or scabrous........
Broussenetia papyrifera 211

MAIR DIBIUGHSCHIOS ON a aetna aeak rap. cee a tore at aie clits paces. oc O4
. Wide inacl eaqnloe 2 marin, ede panto nites oo Es oleae Gio.o 6 RSP ete career

54. Bundle-scars more than 3, irregularly scattered or clustered.......... 55
PME LESCALBiS IT ALUM ALE MINE. cya 5.e, sare easeieltyain Slave attests ose fee s ,< 56

. Buds conspicuously lopsided; twigs usually zigzag, reddish or olive. Tilia species 381
. Buds not conspicuously lopsided; twigs nearly straight, brownish...........

Castanea dentata 173
Fi mst SCALE ONO e paysin cae cm eee orn crate acs ote ane leielacomiere eve ob Salix species 352
DUG Scales SCVCLAle. mos iA kote scr cle aoe, 8 Say store ate elect sane Betula species 357

. Bundle-scars more than 3, irregularly scattered or clustered......Morus alba 215
Pe bungle-scarseles ain alunabe Linen... ctaiac ted sisics cit cis clues ss cbse 26 ue 58

58. Buds chiefly subopposite; leaf-scars in 4 phyllotaxy.. Rhamnus cathartica 305
58. Buds distinctly alternate; leaf-scars not in 4 phyllotaxy.............. 59

. Bud tips appressed; pith diaphragmed-stuffed............ Celtis occidentalis 207
P Buds tips notioppressed’) pith) homogeneous? ..... 02.22. -+-00s.02e ne = a 60

60. Older twigs with numerous short spurs which are provided with a
terminal bud and densely covered with leaf-scars; twigs often with
WINE TEC V OL tis sprpstemtertnt tba nice ao) oysteteenchs Gai chet ae Betula species 357

60. Twigs without spurs or wintergreen flavor.................++-2-0+> 61

. Leaf-scars smooth, covered with a corky layer; bundle-scars depressed. . . .62
. Leaf-scars not smooth, without corky layer; bundle-scars raised.......... 64

62. Bud-tips with long rusty hairs; twigs gray, mucilaginous....Ulmus fulva 201

62. Bud-tips without long rusty hairs; twigs, brownish, not mucilaginous. .63
Buds prickly to the touch; twigs often with corky ridges... .Ulmus racemosa 205

Buds acute but not prickly to the touch; twigs without corky ridges....
Ulmus americana 203

64. Buds about + of an inch long; twigs about 1/12 of an inch thick; bark
hehtronavishybrownatldkynm atest enee eine eats Ostrya virginiana 157

64. Buds about + of an inch long; twigs about 1/25 of an inch thick; bark
bluish gray, smooth and fluted................. Carpinus caroliniana 159

SLiPUle-SCArSEPLeseN tL ataeea et cn cai oe oles emir eenetetsieiaer es ee 66

SUID Ue SCARSIRUSEM Unc tt petty Ty ry eter ae aks ot elem ebataatere cls. 75

66. Stipule-scars extending one-half way around the stem or more........ 67

66. Stipule-scars not extending half way around the stem............... 69
Visible bud-scales many; pith homogeneous............... Fagus grandifolia 171

Visible bud-scales 2, united into a hood; pith diaphragmed-stuffed........ 68
68. Buds pubescent; leaf-scars mostly lunate........... Magnolia acuminata 219
Magnolia virginiana 217
68. Buds glabrous; leaf-scars mostly orbicular........ Liriodendron tulipifera 221
Bundle-scars scattered; first scale of axillary buds lateral..... Quercus species 360

Bundle-scars 3 or more in a single lunate line; first scale of axil'ary buds

UST AOT RS re Ra Ore REI TOS IS Biro crea orcs bey eer cn Te eeeaeRE 70

70. Terminal buds 3-1 inch long, decidedly resinous, fragrant when

CLUSD COMMER aOR UES. 20 ORS pee Binks © A PACs Se Awe se mae, A

70. Terminal buds 4-4 of an inch long, devoid of resin or but Sreithy

resinous, not conspicuously fragrant when crushed................ 72

Twigs and bud-scales yellowish....................+.-:- Populus deltoides 139
Twigs and bud-scales usually reddish brown............ Populus balsamifera 135
Populus candicans 137

72. Twigs of the season white-tomentose, at least toward the tip...........
Populus alba 127

(Paw osessen bial lye] AbrOUs\aes se setae pate he ce enh elelos otdnre ee = 73

The New York State College of Forestry

TWIG KEY TO THE SPECIES — (Continued) PAGE
73. Twigs with conspicuously orange-colored pith......... Populus heterophylla 133
(os: wigs with: white pith... «<4 sci. cseceeee + ate «sus 4p ee 74
74. Buds smooth, lustrous, conical, acute.............. Populus tremuloides 129
74, Buds downy, dull, ovate, obtuse................ Populus grandidentata 131
(5. Pith with cross partitions: « .\.c1.c.« ao shiek eres ee ee eee 6
75: Pith homogeneous, .. |). .vecre.00 wisistiteye Hoge ee eee 79
76. Pith diaphragmed-chambered with thin septa; tyes SLOUtiy aeeeieryecrt: 77
76. Pith diaphragmed-stuffed; twigs slender. ......:.....-....+-.+.00-. 78
77. Buds tawny; upper margin of leaf-scar with a freee of hairs; pith dark
DOW sisisiarsis see leis 6 pists, 603, hoes Juglans cinerea 141
77. Buds grayish white; upper margin of leaf-scar without hairy fringe; pith light
DIOWI: (ois 0: Glen F Gu Cane leies Mi oaks oe eee Juglans nigra 143
78. Buds naked, rusty-brown-tomentose; bundle-scars 5-7. ..Asimina triloba 223
78. Buds scaly, essentially glabrous; bundle-sears 3......... Nyssa sylvatica 319
79. Bundle scars 1; twigs green, spicy-aromatic............ Sassafras variifolium 225
79. Bundle-scars more than 1

83.

85.

87.
87.

89.
89.

91.
oe

93.
93.

| e).e..0, 0) 8) 0 fe, 8 «Seis, oy a) 0) ip ois e laye) oe! iim se Rain ial Melee etlelels\taltnlielis/isiis

80. Leaf-scars extending nearly around the stem; twigs very stout, with
numerous corticalyprickles..., =. sss re eee Aralia spinosa 313
80. Leaf-scars not extending half way around the stem

. Bundle-scars more than 5, irregularly scattered or arranged in a curved

TRING oat oss veisare Shea) co heute "ols vase nya Ve zs ya one age en
Bundle-sears'3—5; ina lunate line... |. 2.0. +. se see 86
82. Buds small; bark of twigs mottled; pith terete............. Rhus Vernix 285
$2. Buds large; bark of twigs not mottled; pith angular................. 83
Buds bright yellow; bud-scales 4-6 valvate in pairs....... Carya cordiformis 155
3. Buds not bright yellow; bud-scales 10 or more, imbricated............... 84

84. Terminal buds chiefly less than 2/5 of an inch long; bud-scales close,
generally glandular; twigs slender..................... Carya glabra 153
Carya microcarpa 151

84. Terminal buds chiefly more than 2/5 of an inch long; bud-scales jee

loose, essentially glandless; twigs rather stout...................--
Outer bud-scales early caducous; inner bud-scales pale yellowish gray and
BU eyes verevere ives oi (Seanetdob/aucuesvoyscegs es RIE oe Ie Eee eee Carya alba 149
5. Outer bud-scales persisting through the winter................ Carya ovata 145

86. Leaf-scars semi-circular to broadly lunate, 4-1/5 of an inch in diameter;

bundle-sears large, annular; older tina often corky-winged......
Liquidambar Styraciflua 227

86. Leaf-scars narrowly lunate or otherwise less than % of an inch in

diameter. csi: - 6< 4 6:4: «ols! veces o 5,0 eh owl 6 ace eee eee 87
Some of the upper buds more than j of an inch in length................ 88
Upper buds never more than 4 of an inch in length..................... 89

88. Buds lance-linear; bundle scars 3; pith greenish white, angular....
Amelanchier canadensis 241
Amelanchier laevis 241
88. Buds ovate; bundle-scars 3-5; pith brownish, terete. ...Pyrus americana 237
Pyrus Aucuparia 239
Internodes very unequal; branches much exceeding the parent axis.
Cornus alternifolia 317

Internodes essentially equal; branches shorter than the parent axis........ 90

90. Terminal bud narrowly ovate, its scales narrow, thickened and usually
B=OOtHE 5 5.0.55 -seiegs nalieyshevesd toiend sere ee MRA Pyrus coronaria 233

90. Terminal bud usually broadly ovate or hemispherical, its scales broadly
ovate and thin. ....5.5..6¢s0035 65 a0 06 «<5 0 Oc eee ee en eee 91

Leaf-scars in + phyllotaxy; bud-scales thick; twigs with long slender, often
falcate: Thorsen ives docltieied « Ae CL ee ee Crataegus pedicellata 243

Leaf-scars in 2/5 phyllotaxy; bud-scales thin; twigs unarmed or if armed,
with branch-like) spines Or SpUTrs). ...-1-/-)-1--i Eee nein ee 92

92. Buds grayish-white, tomentose, obtuse.................+- Pyrus Malus 235

92. Buds brownish, glabrous or slightly pubescent...............+...+-- 93

Buds conical; twigs without cherry-taste.................. Pyrus communis 231

Buds ovate, somewhat constricted below; twigs generally with cherry taste. .
Prunus (cherries and peach) 372

I think that I shall never see
A poem lovely as a tree.

A tree whose hungry mouth is pressed
Against the earth’s sweet flowing
breast ;

A tree that looks at God all day
And lifts her leafy arms to pray;

A tree that may in summer wear
A nest of robins in her hair;

Upon whose bosom snow has lain;
Who intimately lives with rain.

Poems are made by fools like me,
But only God can make a tree.

[73]

By Joyce KILMER

PLATES WITH LEGENDS AND TABULATED
DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION

White Pine, Weymouth Pine
Pinus Strobus L.

1. A branch with staminate flowers x % 7. Afruiting branch, showing mature cones,

2. A stamen, front view x 5 second year x %4

3. A stamen, lateral view x 5 8. A fruiting branch, showing cones, first

4. A branch with ovulate flowers x %4 year x %

5. Cover-secale, lower side x 10 9. Seale from mature cone, lower side x %

6. Ovuliferous and cover-scale, upper side, 10. Seale from mature cone, upper side,
showing ovules x 10 showing seeds x 4%

11. Winged seed x 1

Trees of New York State

-!
ca |

PINACEAE

Pinus Strobus L.

White Pine, Weymouth Pine

Habit — The tallest conifer of New York State, rarely at maturity attaining
a height of 150 feet, usually 80 to 110 feet in height, with a trunk diam-
eter of 3-4 feet. Trees growing in dense stands have small crowns with
boles with little taper and free from branches for a long distance above
the ground. In the open the crown is large and broadly conical; the bole
is often forked, tapers abruptly, and bears whorls of branches (usually in
fives) which persist nearly to the ground.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 5, needle-shaped, 3-sided, soft and flexible, blu-
ish-green, 3-5 inches long. New leaves at first surrounded by a deciduous
sheath, attaining full size during August, and persisting through the
second, rarely to the third season.

Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June, monoecious, borne in cones.
Staminate cones clustered at the base of the growth of the season, about 1
of an inch long, oval and yellow at maturity. Ovulate cones solitary or
in small groups near the top of the growth of the season, oblong-cylindric,
about % of an inch in length, stalked, upright, pinkish purple at pollina-
tion.

Fruit — A cylindrical green cone, 5 to 10 inches long, long-stalked and pen-
dant, attaining full size during July of the second year, turning brown
and opening in the autumn. Opened cones fall during the winter and
following spring. Cone-scales thin, but slightly thickened at the apex,
unarmed. Seeds reddish-brown, winged, about 14 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets slender, at first green and coated with rusty
tomentum, later smooth and light orange-brown and roughened by the
fascicle-sears. Buds %4-% of an inch in length, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
with many long-pointed and overlapping scales. Mature bark dark gray,
thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad, continuous ridges.

Habitat — Prefers rich, moist, well-drained soils, but thrives on sandy and
gravelly sites. Found in a wide range of habitats. Forms nearly pure
stands in many localities; in others in small groves intermixed with
deciduous species.

Range — Eastern Canada, Maine to Minnesota, south along the Alleghany
Mountains to northern Georgia. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — The most important timber tree of the northeastern states. Wood
light, soft, weak, resinous, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown,
oceasionally with a tinge of red, with thin, whitish sapwood. Used for a
great variety of purposes where a soft, easily-worked wood is desired.
White pine is of rapid growth, responds readily to propagation, and is
widely used in reforestation. Planted both here and abroad (Weymouth
Pine) for shade and ornament.

f

FITS

<<

Ae

wipaie4

Pe te
‘AB ery
DY, v3 IR SAE

i,

A

Pitch Pine
Pinus rigida Mill.

1. A branch with staminate flowers x 14 7. A fruiting branch showing cones, first
2. A stamen, front view x 5 year x &%

5. A stamen, lateral view x 5 Ss. A fruiting branch showing mature cones,
tf. A branch with ovulate flowers x % second year x %

5. Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower side 9% A fascicle showing needles x 1
Ds I 10, Scale from mature cone, lower side x 1
6. Ovuliferous seale, upper side, showing 11. Scale from mature cone, upper side,
ovules x 15 showing seeds x 1
12. Winged seed x 1

“2 > > pa

Trees of New York State ys

PINACEAE
Pinus rigida Mill.

Pitch Pine

Habit — A tree occasionally 70-80 feet in height, usually 40-60 feet tall, with
a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. Crown in young trees narrowly pyramidal
and open, the horizontal branches stout, rigid, produced in regular, rather
distant whorls. In old trees the crown becomes irregular, thin and
rounded, consisting of coarse, gnarled branches, often pendulous at the
tip, bearing tufts of yellow-green foliage.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 3, needle-shaped, sharply serrulate, stout,
blunt-pointed, rigid, yellowish green, 3-5 inches long, divergent from a
short sheath, falling during the second or third season.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June, monoecious, borne in cones.
Staminate cones, clustered at the base of the growth of the season, about
34 of an inch long, cylindrical, somewhat flexuous, yellow at maturity.
Ovulate cones solitary or clustered, lateral near the top of the growth
of the season, subglobose, about 1% of an inch long, borne on short, stout
stalks, upright and reddish green at pollination. Scales acuminate,
divergent.

Fruit — An ovate-conical or ovoid, prickly, green cone, 1 to 3 inches long,
sessile or nearly so, usually at right angles to the branch, attaining full
size during early autumn of the second year, opening tardily during the
late fall and winter, and remaining on the trees for a decade or more.
Cone-seales thickened at the apex, armed with a short, rigid, recurved
prickle. Seeds dark brown or dull black, winged, about %4 of an inch
long.

Winter characters — Branchlets stout, roughened by the persistent, decurrent
leaf-bases of the scale-leaves which subtended the fascicles, at first dull
orange, later dark grayish brown. Buds %—%4 of an inch long, ovate
or obovate-oblong, acute, with lanceolate, dark chestnut-brown scales,
searious and fringed at the margins. Mature bark dark reddish brown,
thick, divided by deep furrows into broad, flat-topped ridges.

Habitat — Occurs on gravelly uplands and sandy plains, rarely in cold
swamps. Thrives well on barren sandy sites. Common in the north
on glacial soils.

Range — New Brunswick to Lake Ontario, south in the Atlantic States to
northern Georgia, and west into West Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky.
Zones B and C.

Uses — Of less importance than White or Red Pine as a source of lumber.
Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, brittle, ight brown or red, with thick
yellowish-white sapwood. Occasionally converted into luniber. Of some
value in reforestation because of its adaptability to poor soils and its
fire-resisting qualities (thick, corky bark). Mature trees generally have
a picturesque appearance.

DU Oo ND ee

at
Oo

he

Scrub Pine, Jersey Pine
Pinus virginiana Mill. [Pinus inops Ait.]

A branch with staminate flowers x %

A stamen, lateral view x 10

A stamen, front view x 10

A branch with ovulate flowers x 1%

Cover-scale, lower side x 10

Ovuliferous scale, upper side,
ovules x 10

A fruiting branch showing a mature cone,
second year x %

showing

8.
9.

10.

A fascicle showing needles x %

A fruiting branch, showing cones,
year x %

Seale from mature
showing seeds x 1

Scale from mature cone, lower side, x 1

Winged seed x 1

Mature cone, after seed dispersal x Y%

first

cone, upper side,

Trees of New York State 81

PINACEAE

Pinus virginiana Mill. [Pinus inops Ait.]

Scrub Pine, Jersey Pine

Habit — In New York State, a small tree usually 30-40 feet in height, with
short trunk rarely more than 18 inches in diameter. Farther south and
west it occasionally attains a height of 100 feet, with a trunk 2-3 feet
in diameter. Crown in young trees pyramidal, reaching to the ground;
in older trees open, flat-topped, pyramidal, with long horizontal or pen-
dulous branches in remote whorls.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2, needle-shaped, semi-cylindrical, rather stout,
closely serrulate, acute, soft and flexible, generally twisted and diver-
gent, bright green and fragrant, 144-3 inches long, persisting three or
four years.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones. Stami-
nate cones in crowded clusters at the base of the growth of the season,
about 144 of an inch long, oblong, pale orange-brown at maturity.
Ovulate cones solitary or paired near the middle of the growth of the
season, subglobose, about 14 of an inch long, long-pedunculate, pale
green tinged with rose.

Fruit — An oblong-conical, prickly, bright green cone, 2—3 inches long, erect,
nearly sessile, often slightly curved, attaining full size the second autumn,
turning dark reddish-brown, and slowly setting free the seeds. Opened
cones persist on the branches for 3-4 years. Cone-scales thin, flattened,
thickened at the apex, and terminated by a prickle. Seeds pale brown,
winged, about 14 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets slender, tough, rather flexible, at first glau-
cous and greenish purple, at length grayish brown. Buds 144-% of an
inch in length, ovate, acute, with ovate, acute, dark chestnut-brown scales,
the scale-tips soon reflexed. Mature bark dark brown tinged with red,
thin, shallowly fissured with scale-like plates.

Habitat — Thrives on poor, sandy soils, spreading rapidly over abandoned
fields and cut-over areas. Frequent on the sand-barrens of New Jersey.

Range — Long Island and Staten Island, New York, south through eastern
Pennsylvania to Georgia and Alabama, west to Indiana, Kentucky and
Tennessee. Attains its best development west of the Alleghany Mountains.
Zone A.

Uses — Of little value as a timber tree in the east because of its small size.
Wood light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil,
pale orange with thick, nearly white sapwood. Used for fuel and occa-
sionally converted into lumber. In reforestation, important as a ‘‘cover’’
tree because of its rapid regeneration on exhausted lands. Of little
ornamental value.

wre

Dye

Jack Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine
Pinus Banksiana Lamb. | Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont de Cours]

A branch with staminate flowers x 14 Ue
A stamen, front view x 15
A stamen, lateral view x 15 se

A branch with ovulate flowers x % 9.
Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower side 10.
11

omliey

. Ovuliferous scale, upper side, showing
ovules x 15 Ze

A fruiting branch showing mature cone,
second year x \%

Mature cone x 1

A fascicle showing needles x 1%

Scale from mature cone, lower side x 1%

Seale from mature cone, upper side,
showing seeds x 1%

12. Winged seed x 1%

Trees of New York State 83

PINACEAE
Pinus Banksiana Lamb. [Pinus divaricata (Ait.) Du Mont de Cours]
Jack Pine, Gray Pine, Scrub Pine

Habit — Usually a small tree 15-40 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
9 to 15 inches and a scrubby, stunted, irregular crown which often extends
to the ground. At its optimum range it becomes 70 feet in height, with
a straight trunk free from branches for twenty or more feet. Gnarly,
scraggly specimens common on poor soils. Branches large, spreading,
characteristically clothed with short needles and incurved cones.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2, needle-shaped, semi-cylindrical, stout, stiff,
generally curved and twisted, dark green, *4—-114 inches long, falling
gradually during the second and third years. Fascicle-sheath short and
persistent.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate
cones in crowded clusters at the base of the growth of the season, about
¥% of an inch long, oblong, yellow at maturity. Ovulate cones in clusters
of 2-4, borne laterally on the shcots of the season (often two clusters to

a shoot), subglobose, about %4 of an inch long, upright, stalked, dark
purple at pollination.

Fruits — An oblong-conical, dull purple or green cone, 1144-2 inches long,
sessile, erect, and strongly curved, attaining full size the second autumn,
turning light yellow and remaining closed for several years. Cones persist
on the branches for a decade or more. Cone-scales thickened at the apex,
armed with minute, ineurved, often deciduous. prickles. Seeds dark
brownish black, winged, about °%4 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets slender, roughened by the persistent, decur-
rent bases of the scale-leaves, at first pale yellowish green, at length
becoming dark purplish brown. Buds %—-%4 of an inch long, ovate, blunt,
with ovate-lanceolate, pale chestnut-brown scales with spreading tips.
Mature bark dark brown slightly tinged with red, thin, divided irregularly
into narrow, rounded ridges, scaly on the surface.

Habitat — Found on sterile sandy soils and rocky ridges, more rarely on
lowlands and boggy plains. Often covers great tracts of barren lands
and sand dunes, mingling with other stunted trees.

Range — Nova Scotia westward to the North West Territory and British
Columbia, south to northern New England, New York, Michigan, northern
Illinois and central Minnesota. Of largest size in the region north of
Lake Superior. Zones C and D.

Uses — Of little importance as a timber tree. Wood light, soft, weak, close-
grained, pale brown to orange in color with a thick white sapwood. Used
for pulp in admixture with other woods. Occasionally manufactured into
lumber, railroad ties, etc.

ily
2. A stamen, lateral view x 10
3. A stamen, front view x 10

4.

5. Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower side

if

Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine
Pinus echinata Mill. [Pinus mitis Michx.]

A branch with staminate flowers x 1%

A branch with ovulate flowers x %

x 8

}. Ovuliferous scale, upper side, showing

ovules x 8
A fruiting branch showing mature cones,
second year x %

Q

WR
& ds

As

. A fascicle showing three needles x %4

9. A fascicle showing two needles x %

year x \%

. A fruiting branch showing cones, first

Scale from mature cone, lower side x 1

Scale from mature
showing seeds x 1
Winged seed x 1

cone,

upper side.

Trees of New York State 85

PINACEAE

Pinus echinata Mill. [Pinus mitis Michx.]

Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 80-100 feet, occasionally
120 feet, with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown broad, pyramidal,
truncate, consisting of slender, somewhat pendulous, very brittle branches.
Trunk long, clean, somewhat tapering.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2-3 (rarely 4), needle-shaped, closely ser-
rulate, abruptly pointed, soft and flexible, dark bluish green, 3-5 inches
long, persisting from two to five years.

Flowers— Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones,
- Staminate cones clustered at the base of the growth of the season, nearly
sessile, about 34 of an inch long, oblong-cylindrical, pale purple at
maturity. Ovulate cones usually in pairs or clusters of three or four,
rarely solitary, subterminal on the growth of the season, oblong to sub-
globose, about 4% of an inch long, on stout ascending stalks, pale rose-
colored at pollination.

Fruit — An ovate or oblong-conical, chestnut-brown cone, 144-2 inches long,
subsessile, horizontal or pendant, attaining full size and maturity during
the second autumn. Opened cones persist on the branches for several
years. Cone-seales with slightly thickened ends, equipped with weak,
usually deciduous prickles.

Winter characters — Branchlets stout, brittle, somewhat rough, at first pale
green or violet, glaucous, later dark reddish brown and scaly. Buds
1% of an inch long, ovate, obtuse, with ovate-lanceolate, closely imbri-
eated, chestnut-brown scales which are divided above the middle into
matted filaments. Mature bark dark brown tinged with red, divided by
fissures into irregular, scaly, angular plates.

Habitat — Occurs on a wide range of sites on plains, foothills, and table-
lands. Thrives on poor clayey and sandy soils. Grows in pure stands
or intermixed with hardwoods, generally the latter in the east.

Range — Staten Island, New York, Pennsylvania, south to Georgia, and west
to Missouri, Oklahoma and Texas. Zone A.

Uses — An important timber species, ranking second in importance among
the Southern Yellow Pines. Wood heavy, heard, strong, resinous, coarse-
grained, variable in quality, orange or yellowish brown in color with pale
white sapwood. Largely manufactured into lumber for a variety of pur-
poses. Within its natural range valuable in reforestation because of the
ease of self-generation.

. Ovuliferous and cover-scale, upper side, 1
showing ovules x 15 123
. A fruiting branch showing cones, first

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Red Pine, Norway Pine

Pinus resinosa Ait.

. A branch with staminate flowers x % 8.
. A stamen, front view x 5

. A stamen, lateral view x 5 9.
. A branch with ovulate flowers x y% 10.
. Cover-seale, lower side x 15

year x &%

A fruiting branch showing mature cones,
Second year x %

A fascicle showing needles x %

Scale from mature cone, upper side,
showing seeds x 1

. Scale from mature cone, lower side x 1

Winged seed x 1

Trees of New York State 87

PINACEAE

Pinus resinosa Ait.

Red Pine, Norway Pine

Habit — A tree, usually 50-75 feet in height, occasionally 100 feet, with a
trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. Crown at first broadly pyramidal, with
stout, thick-spreading branches which are more or less pendulous and
clothe the bole to the ground, in age forming an open, round-topped head.

Leaves — Borne in fascicles of 2, needle-shaped, semi-cylindrical, soft and
flexible, dark green and shining, 4—6 inches long, falling during the fourth
and fifth season. Fascicle-sheaths persistent.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early in June, monoecious, borne in cones.
Staminate cones in dense clusters at the base of the growth of the season,
solitary or in whorls of 2-38 near the top of the growth of the season,
subglobose, about 144 of an inch long, stalked, upright, scarlet at
pollination.

Fruit — An ovate-conical, green cone, 2-21% inches long, subsessile, horizontal,
attaining full size during the second summer, turning light chestnut-
brown and opening in the autumn. Opened cones persist on the branches
until the following season. Cone-scales with slightly thickened and
ridged end, unarmed. Seeds dark chestnut-brown, winged, about 1% of

an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets stout, roughened by the persistent bases of
the leaf-buds, at first orange in color, when older, light reddish brown.
Buds %—% of an inch long, ovate, acute, with lanceolate, loosely imbri-
cated, chestnut-brown scales, white and fringed on the margins. Mature
bark light reddish brown, thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad,
flat ridges.

Habitat — Thrives on dry, gravelly ridges and sandy plains where poor soils
are found. Rare on low, wet ground. Usually forms open groves of a
few acres extent, scattered through forests of other species.

Range—A northern species widely distributed in southeastern Canada,
Maine, west through the northern states to Minnesota, south through
New England and Pennsylvania. Zones C and D.

Uses — An important timber species. Wood light, hard, close-grained, pale
red with thin, yellowish white sapwood. Used for structural timber in
bridges, boat construction, piles, ete. Red Pine is a prolific seeder and
lends itself to ‘‘natural’’ reforestation. It is of ornamental value.

——

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Tamarack, Larch, Hackmatack
Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. [Larix americana Michx.]

1. A branch with staminate flowers x 1 7. A fruiting branch showing mature cones
2. A stamen, front view x 10 x &%

5. A stamen, lateral view x 10 8. Scale from mature cone, upper side, show-
4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 1 ing seeds x 2

5. Cover-scale, lower side x 5 9. Winged seed x 5

6. Ovuliferous and cover-scale, upper side, 10. A winter twig x %4
showing ovules x 5

Trees of New York State 89

PINACEAE
Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch. [Larix americana Michx.]
Tamarack, Larch, Hackmatack

Habit— A tree of medium stature, under optimum conditions sometimes
50-110 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, usually much
smailer, shrubby near the northern limit of its range. Crown in yeung
trees narrowly pyramidal, often extending to the ground, in older trees
in abundant light, forming a broad, open head. Branches slender, slightly
ascending, feathery with the foliage.

Leaves — Linear, triangular, rounded above and ridged beneath, pale green,
34-11 inches in length, deciduous in the autumn of the first year. On the
growth of the season they occur singly in spirals, on the older growth
in clusters terminating short lateral spurs.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June with the leaves, monoecious, borne
in cones. Staminate cones arise laterally along the 1-2-year twigs,
subglobose, sessile, about %4 of an inch long, yellow at maturity. Ovulate
cones lateral on 1—3-year twigs, scattered, oblong, about %4 of an inch
long, short-stalked, consisting of rose-colored bracts with green tips
subtending rose-red fertile scales.

Fruit — An oblong, obtuse, chestnut-brown cone, %4—%4 of an inch long, borne
on a stout, short, incurved stalk, attaining full size in the autumn of the
first year and setting free its seeds during the fall and winter. Opened
cones turn darker with age and persist on the twigs for a season or two.
Cone-seales about 20 in number, strongly concave and semi-orbicular,
usually with erose margins. Seeds light brown, winged, about 4% of an
inch long.

Winter characters— Terminal branchlets light orange-brown with small,
lustrous, globose, red buds. Two and three-year branches darker, with
short lateral spurs. Mature bark thin, close, separating at the surface
into thin, reddish brown scales.

Habitat — In the southern part of its range, mostly confined to cold, springy
swamps, further northward inhabiting well-drained uplands and_hill-
sides. Extending to the limit of tree growth beyond the Arctic Circle
and becoming greatly dwarfed.

Range — Newfoundland west to Alaska and British Columbia, south through
the northern states to northern Pennsylvania, West Virginia, northern
Indiana and Illinois, Wisconsin and central Minnesota. A transcontinen-
tal species. Zones B, C, D, and E.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, light brown with thin,
nearly white sapwood, very durable in contact with the soil. Used largely
‘‘hewn’’ for fence posts, telegraph and telephone poles, railroad ties, ete.
The tree is grown for ornament and is especially adapted, though not
restricted, to moist sites.

White Spruce, Cat Spruce
Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. and P. [Picea alba (Ait.) Link]

. A branch with staminate flowers x 1
. A stamen, front view x 10

A stamen, lateral view x 10
A branch with ovulate flowers x 1
Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower side x 8

. Oyuliferous-scale, upper side, showing

ovules x §

tis
8.
9.

A fruiting branch showing mature cones
x Y%

Scale from mature cone, upper side, show-
ing seeds x 2

Winged seed x 4

Trees of New York State 91

PINACEAE

Picea canadensis (Mill.) B.S. and P. [Picea alba (Ait.) Link, Picea glauca
Voss. |

White Spruce, Cat Spruce

Habit — A tree in the east attaining a height of 60-70 feet at maturity, with
a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, in the western part of its range sometimes
becoming 150 feet in height. Crown irregularly and openly pyramidal,
obtuse at the apex, consisting of long, rather stout, upeurving branches
which are densely clothed with pendant laterals.

Leaves — Borne on sterigmata in dense spirals, those on the under side
curving upward and causing the foliage to appear crowded on the upper
side of the twigs, awl-shaped, 4-sided, acute to acuminate at the apex,
glaucous green when young, becoming dark bluish-green, ¥%-%4 of an
inch long, falling gradually after 7-10 years.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June, monoecious, borne in cones.
Staminate cones terminal or subterminal, borne on stalks nearly 1% of
an inch long, %—%4 of an inch long, reddish yellow at maturity. Ovulate
cones terminal or subterminal, borne on different branches, oblong-cylin-
drical, 44—%4 of an inch long, reddish or yellowish green at pollination.

Fruit — An oblong-cylindric, nearly sessile, green cone, %-21% inches in
length, attaining full size by the middle of the summer, at maturity turn-
ing pale brown and shining, falling during the autumn soon after the
seeds are set free. Cone-scales rounded, pale brown, with nearly entire

margin. Seeds brown, winged, about 4% of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets stout, orange-brown during the first autumn
and winter, at length dark grayish brown. Buds %—-% of an inch in
length, broadly ovate, blunt, with light chestnut, ciliate scales, rounded
at the apex. Mature bark gray, tinged with brown, thin, separating into
thin, plate-like scales.

Habitat — Typically found on low, moist, alluvial soils along the banks of
streams, shores of lakes and ponds, and the borders of swamps. In the
northeast occurring along the sea-cliffs where it is continually bathed
with salt spray. Extending in the far north, in company with Tamarack
and Black Spruce, to the limit of tree growth beyond the Arctic Circle.

Range — Labrador and Newfoundland to Alaska, south through Canada into
New England, northern New York, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the
Dakotas and northern Montana. A transcontinental species. Zones C, D,
and E.

Uses — An important timber tree within its optimum range. Wood light,
soft, fine-grained, weak, light yellow with scarcely distinguishable sap-
wood. Usually not separated in the trade from that of Red Spruce and
used for similar purposes. The principal source of wood pulp at the
present time.

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Red Spruce

Picea rubra (Du Roi) Dietr. [Picea rubens Sarg.; Picea australis Small. ]

Ll. A branch with staminate flowers x 1 7. A fruiting branch showing mature cones
2. A stamen, front view x 5 x %

». A stamen, lateral view x 5 Ss. Scale from mature cone, upper side, show-
4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 1 ing seeds x 2

5. Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower sidex5 9. Winged seed x 2
6. Ovuliferous-scale, upper side, showing
ovules x 5

Trees of New York State 93

PINACEAE
Picea rubra (Du Roi) Dietr. [Picea rubens Sarg.; Picea australis Small. |
Red Spruce

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 70-80 feet, with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, occasionally becoming 100 feet tall, on high moun-
tain slopes often dwarfed and shrubby. Crown, where light permits,
narrowly conical, consisting of slender spreading branches reaching nearly
or quite to the ground. When crowded in the forest, the crown is greatly
reduced in size (sometimes to a mere tip), leaving the bole clean for
two-thirds of its length.

Leaves — Borne on sterigmata in close spirals, standing out from all side
of the branches, ascending, awl-shaped, 4-sided, blunt or acute at the
apex, curved inward above the middle, yellowish green and lustrous at
maturity, %4-5¢ of an inch long, falling gradually after the sixth year.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones. Stami-
nate cones terminal or subterminal, short-stalked, about 144 of an inch
long, oval, bright red at maturity. Ovulate cones terminal or subtermi-
nal, on different branches, oblong-cylindrical, about %4 of an inch in
length, reddish green at pollination.

Fruit — An ovate-oblong, purplish, light green cone, 1-21% inches in length,
borne on short, usually straight peduncles, attaining full size by the
middle of the summer, turning light reddish brown and shining at
maturity, opening and beginning to fall in the late autumn, a few per-
sisting until the following summer. Cone-scales rounded, reddish brown,
with entire margin. Seeds dark brown, winged, about 1% of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets rather stout, ight reddish or orange-brown,
covered with rusty-brown hairs, becoming dark brown and smooth the
second season. Three- and four-year branches scaly. Buds 4-44 of an
inch in length, ovate, acute, with closely appressed, acute scales. Mature
bark reddish brown, thin, flaking off in thin scales.

Habitat — Attaining its best development on well-drained uplands, table-
lands, and mountain slopes, often in admixture with Yellow Birch, Beech,
and Maple, likewise invading swamps in company with Black Spruce and
Tamarack. The common spruce of the Adirondacks. Thrives well on
thin soils.

Range — Newfoundland southwest through the elevated portions of New
England and New York, thence along the Alleghanies to Georgia. Zones
C, D, and E.

Uses — An important timber tree, ranking second only to White Pine in the
state as a timber-producing species and, due to the exhausted supply of
the last, the most important timber tree of the forests of the northeastern
states. Wood light, soft, even-grained, reddish yellow with nearly white
sapwood, resonant. Largely manufactured into lumber and used for a
variety of purposes where a soft, easily workable wood is required. The
best wood for the sounding boards of musical instruments because of its
resonant qualities. An important source of chemical wood pulp.

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Black Spruce

Picea mariana (Mill.) B. 8. and P. [Picea nigra (Ait.) Link.]
A branch with staminate flowers x %4 7. A fruiting branch showing mature cones
A stamen, front view x 1 x \%
A stamen, lateral view x 10 S. Seale from mature cone, upper side, show-
. A branch with ovulate flowers x %4 ing seeds x 2
. Cover and ovuliferous scale, lower sidex 8 9. Winged seed x 4
. Ovuliferous-scale, upper side, showing

ovules x 8

TUR ooh

Trees of New York State 95

PINACEAE
Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S. and P. [Picea nigra (Ait.) Link.]
Black Spruce

Habit — Usually a small tree 10-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
4-12 inches, occasionally at its optimum range reaching a height of 100
feet. An extremely variable form. Crown narrowly pyramidal, irregular
and open, in exposed trees often extending to the ground. Branches short,
declined but curving upward at the ends, the basal ones frequently taking
root and sending up shoots (layering).

Leaves — Borne on sterigmata in close spirals, standing out from all sides
of the branches, awl-shaped, 4-sided, blunt at the apex, straight or slightly
curved, bluish green, 4—-%4 of an inch long, falling gradually after 7-10
years.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June, monoecious, borne in cones.
Staminate cones terminal or subterminal, almost sessile, about 144 of
an inch long, cylindrical to subglobose, dark red at maturity. Ovulate
cones terminal or subterminal, on different branches, oblong-cylindrical
about 4% of an inch long, purple at pollination.

Fruit — An ovate, purplish brown cone, %-1% inches in length, borne on
short incurved peduncles, strongly reflexed, attaining full size early in
the summer, turning grayish brown and opening gradually in the autumn
but remaining on the trees many years. Cone-scales rounded, dull gray-
ish brown, with erose margins. Seeds dark brown, winged, about 4% of
an inch long.

Winter characters— Branchlets at first light or yellowish brown and cov-
ered with short rusty hairs, during the second year becoming dark brown
glabrous, and scaly. Buds %—-% of an inch long, ovate, acute, puberu-
lent, light reddish brown, with closely appressed scales. Mature bark
grayish brown, thin, flaky, with appressed scales.

Habitat — Typically found in sphagnum bogs and cold, springy swamps, more
rarely on drier, better-drained uplands and rocky slopes. In company
with Tamarack, extending northward to the limit of tree growth where
specimens two or three feet in height are found bearing cones.

Range — A transcontinental species extending from Labrador to Alaska,
south through New England and New York to Pennsylvania, northern
Virginia, Michigan, Wisconsin and central Minnesota. Zones C, D, and E.

Uses — Rarely sawed into timber in the state because of its small stature.
Wood light, soft, weak, pale yellowish white with thin sapwood. Used
largely in the manufacture of chemical pulp. Varieties of the Black
Spruce (as the Hudson Bay form) are used ornamentally. Often cut for
Christmas trees.

Balsam Fir,

Abies balsamea

1. A branch with staminate flowers x 1 Tf
2. A stamen, front view x 10

3. A stamen, lateral view x 10 8.
4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 1

5. Cover-secale, lower side x 15 9.
6. Cover- and ovuliferous-seale, upper side,

showing ovules x 15 10.

.

——)

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Balsam
(L.) Mill.

A fruiting branch showing mature cones

x %

Seale and subtending bract from mature
cone, lower side x 1

Scale from mature cone, upper side, show-
ing seeds x

Winged seed x 1%

Trees of New York Sta'e 47

PINACEAE
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

Balsam Fir, Balsam

Habit — A tree usually 40-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-1%
feet, under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a height of 80 feet.
In young trees growing in the open, the crown is pyramidal, open and
broad-based, consisting of slender, elongated, horizontal branches in rather
distant whorls of 4-5, the lower sometimes slightly pendulous. Under
crowded forest conditions the lower branches subsequently die, leaving
a reduced spire-like crown.

Leaves— Borne spirally, those on the young growth or sterile branches
appearing 2-ranked, spreading at right angles to the twig, those near
the top of the crown incurved, almost erect, entirely clothing the branches
on the upper side, stalkless, oblong-linear, flat, generally blunt, entire
margined, dark green and shining above, with 2 broad, white-glaucous
lines beneath, each consisting of about 6 rows of stomata, 4-114 inches
long, about 1/16 of an inch wide.

Flowers — Appearing in May, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones
borne on the growth of the preceding season from axillary buds, clothed
at the base by persisting bud-seales, oval to oblong-cylindrical, yellow at
maturity tinged with reddish purple. Ovulate cones borne similarly but
confined to the upper side of the topmost branches, erect, oblong-cylindri-
cal, about 1 inch long, consisting of purple bracts with green, caudate tips.

Fruit — An erect, oblong-cylindrical, puberulous, dark purple cone, 2%—4
inches long, rounded at the apex, usually bearing globules of resin,
maturing in the autumn of the first year. Cone-scales usually slightly
longer than broad, thin, fan-shaped, longer than the bracts, deciduous
from the upright cone-axis. Seeds winged, about 144 of an inch long,
equipped with resin vescicles.

Winter characters — Branchlets slender, usually borne opposite, pubescent,
at first yellowish green, becoming at length grayish brown tinged with
purple, smooth and somewhat lustrous. Buds about 1/5 of an inch long,
clustered at the ends of the twigs, globose to ovate, covered with a resi-
nous exudation, with dark orange-green, lustrous bud-scales. Bark on
young branches pale gray, thin, smooth, marked by raised areas denoting
the presence of resin cysts. Mature bark pale reddish brown, separating
into small, irregular, scaly plates.

Habitat — Thrives best on moist sites in swamps and peat bogs, or on moun-
tain tops and slopes where condensation offers sufficient moisture. <A
common tree of the Adirondacks in low situations associated with Red
and Black Spruce, Tamarack, and Hemlock.

Range — Labrador west to Athabasca and Alberta, south into the states from

Maine to Minnesota, and along the mountains to Virginia. Zones D
and E.

Uses — Of little value as a source of lumber. Wood light, soft (of cheesey
consistency when green), coarse-grained, not durable, pale brown tinged
with yellow, with thick, lighter sapwood. Used with more valuable spe-
cies in the manufacture of pulp. Balsam is occasionally used ornament-
ally and as a Christmas tree. The Canada balsam of commerce is derived
from this tree.

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Hemlock

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

1. A branch with staminate flowers x 1 7. A fruiting branch showing mature cones

2. A stamen, front view x 2 x %

3. A stamen, lateral view x 20 8. Seale from mature cone, upper side, show-

4. A branch with ovulate flowers x 1 ing seeds x

5. Ovuliferous and cover-scale, lower side 9. Scale from mature cone, lower side x 2
>it) 10. Winged seed x 2

6. Ovuliferous-scale, upper side, showing

ovules x 10

Trees of New York State 99

PINACEAE

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

Hemlock

Habit — A tree at maturity usually 60-70 feet tall with a trunk diameter
of 2-4 feet, under optimum conditions becoming 100 feet in height. With
sufficient light the crown is obtusely pyramidal, broad-based, consisting of
horizontal branches (the lower pendulous) which extend to the ground.
Under forest conditions, the trunk js often devoid of branches for two-
thirds of its length and exhibits decided taper. Branches and foliage
-arranged in flat-topped sprays.

Leaves — Borne spirally on the branches but appearing two-ranked due to a
twist in the petioles, oblong-linear, flat, obscurely grooved, rounded or
notched at the apex, often obscurely denticulate, dark yellowish-green
and lustrous above, with two broad, white-glaucous lines beneath, each
line consisting of 5-6 rows of stomata, %—%% of an inch long, about
1/16 of an inch wide.

Flowers — Appearing in May, monoecious, borne in cones. Staminate cones
borne near the ends of the branches on the growth of the previous season,
axillary, on slender stalks, about %¢ of an inch long, subglobose, yellow
at maturity. Ovulate cones terminal, oblong, about 4% of an inch long,
pale green at pollination.

Fruit — An ovate-oblong, pale green cone, 4%4-%4 of an inch long, suspended
on a slender, puberulous peduncle, attaining full size in the summer and
turning reddish or grayish brown in the autumn, gradually setting free
the seeds during the winter and falling in the spring of the second year.
Cone-seales orbicular to obovate, slightly thickened above. Seeds light
brown, winged, about 1/16 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Branchlets during the first winter yellowish brown and
pubescent, becoming dark grayish or purplish brown and glabrous the
third season. Buds about 1/16 of an inch in length, ovate, obtuse,
slightly puberulous, light chestnut-brown. Mature bark reddish or gray-
ish brown, thick, deeply divided by long fissures into broad ridges, closely
scaly on the surface.

Habitat —-A moisture-loving tree, occurring on damp soils along stream
courses, the sides of glens, northern slopes, borders of lakes and ponds
and margins of swamps. Reaches its best development under dense forest
conditions where it is protected from extreme wind pressure. Shallow-
rooted and subject to wind fall.

Range — Nova Scotia west through Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin to
Minnesota, south along the Appalachians to Georgia and Alabama.
Attains its best development in the southern Appalachians. Zones B,
C, and D.

Uses — Formerly despised as a source of timber. With the depletion in the
supply of the more valuable species, the Hemlock has come to be ar
important timber tree. Wood light, hard, brash, coarse-grained, splintery,
subject to shake, light brown, tinged with red. Chiefly manufactured
into lumber of the coarser grades. The wood is also widely used for
‘mechanical’? pulp. Hemlock bark is an important source of tannin in
the northeastern states.

Ui Gobo et

WhitefCedar, Coast White Cedar

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. and P. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach. ;
Cupressus thyoides L.]

A branch-tip with staminate flowers x 2 G6. Ovulate cone-scale, distal side x 15
A stamen, front view x 8 A fruiting spray showing mature cones
A stamen, axile view x 8 x
A branch-tip with ovulate flowers x 2 8. Mature cone x 2
Ovulate cone-scale, axile side, showing 9. Winged seed x 5
ovules x 15 10. Portion of twig showing phyllotaxy x 2%

“I

Trees of New York State 101

PINACEAE

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. 8. and P. [Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea Spach.;
Cupressus thyoides L.]

White Cedar, Coast White Cedar

Habit — Usually a small tree from 20-50 feet in height with a trunk diam-
eter of % foot, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a height
of 80-90 feet. Crown narrowly conical, consisting of slender horizontal
branches with deciduous laterals, the latter commonly arranged in fan-
shaped sprays.

Leaves — Opposite, keeled, often glandular, dark blue-green, dull. On normal
twigs they are ovate, acuminate, appressed, imbricated, glandular,
1/16—¥g of an inch long. The thrifty shoots have spreading, awl-shaped,
often remote and eglandular leaves, usually about 4% of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in March and April, monoecious, borne in cones on dif-
ferent sprays. Staminate cones terminal, solitary, about 4 of an inch
long, oblong, 4-sided, consisting of 4-6 pairs of stamens with yellow
pollen sacs. Ovulate flowers terminal, usually solitary, 1/16-¥g of an
inch long, subglobose, consisting of 6 peltate spreading scales, liver-
colored at pollination.

Fruit — A globose, glaucous, nearly sessile, inconspicuous, bluish purple cone,
about 4% of an inch in diameter, turning dark reddish brown at the end
of the first season, opening in the autumn and persisting on the sprays.
Cone-seales peltate, the outer face marked by a slight projection. Seeds
grayish brown, about 44 of an inch long, with a dark brown wing as broad
as the body.

Winter characters — Branchlets arranged in fan-shaped sprays which diverge ,
at various angles, at first bluish green from the decussate imbricated
leaves, during the first winter becoming reddish brown, at length dark
brown, slowly losing their leaves and marked by the scars of the deciduous
laterals, with small papery scales. Buds minute, without scales, pro-
tected by the appressed scale-like leaves. Mature bark light reddish
brown, *4-1 inch thick, fibrous consisting of narrow anastomosing ridges
separated by shallow fissures.

Habitat — Thrives along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards in cold, wet swamps
which are inundated for long periods each year, in the north forming pure
stands, farther south intermingled with Bald Cypress. Rarely far from
the coast.

Range — Southern Maine, southward to northern Florida, westward along
the Gulf Coast into Mississippi. Zone A.

Uses— An important timber tree, especially in that it thrives in regions
unsuitable for other species. Wood light soft, weak, rather close-
grained, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown with thin pale sapwood.
Very durable in contact with the soil. Used for fence posts, poles, shin-
gles, railroad ties, etc. The Coast White Cedar is one of the most
beautiful of the eastern conifers and is grown extensively for ornament.
There are numerous horticultural forms.

POE Co bo

Arbor Vitae, White Cedar —

Thuja occidentalis L.

A branch-tip with staminate flowers x 2
A stamen, front view x 10

. A stamen, axile view x 10

A branch tip with ovulate flowers x 2

. Ovulate cone-scale, distal side x 10
. Ovulate cone-scale, axile side, showing

ovules x 10

GA fruiting spray showing mature cones
x 72

8. Scale from mature cone, axile side, show-
ing seeds x 2

9. Winged seed x 8

10. Sterile branch-tip showing decussate,
glandular leaves x 2%

Trees of New York State 103

PINACEAE

Thuja occidentalis L.

Arbor Vitae, White Cedar

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 30-50 feet with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes becoming 70
feet tall. Crown dense, pyramidal, rather wide-based, often extending
nearly to the ground. ‘Trunk usually short, often lobed and buttressed,
sometimes twisted, commonly dividing into several upright secondary
stems. Lateral branches short, horizontal, often declined, with short
pendulous laterals arranged in a horizontal plane. The laterals at length
die and are cast off with the leaves.

Leaves — Opposite, yellowish green; on the thrifty shoots they are scale-like,
closely imbricated, ovate to lanceolate, pointed at the apex, glandular
on the back, aromatic when crushed, 1%,-14 of an inch long; on the
deciduous laterals they are much smaller, of two kinds in alternating
pairs, those on the side of the twig strongly keeled, those on the face
flat and usually glandular, giving the twigs a flattened appearance.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, monoecious, borne in cones on
different branches. Staminate cones terminal, solitary, about 1/16 of
an inch long, ovoid to globose, consisting of 4-6 stamens, yellow at
maturity. Ovulate cones terminal, solitary, similar in size, ovoid, con-
sisting of 4-6 pairs of thin scales, pinkish at pollination. Ovules borne
in pairs.

Fruit — An oblong, erect, green cone, %—-%4 of an inch long, consisting of
6-12 obtuse scales, attaining full size by the middle of the summer, turn-
ing pale cinnamon-brown and opening in the autumn, persisting during
the following winter. Cone-scales thin, dull, coriaceous, oblong, blunt-
pointed, the outer usually sterile. Seeds light brown, about % of an
inch long, nearly encircled by the broad wing.

Winter characters — Branchlets arranged in flat, fan-shaped sprays, yellow-
ish green, flattened, at first completely covered by the decussate, over-
lapping leaves. During the second season, the laterals turn brown and
fall with the leaves. The bark of the primary branches eventually becomes
dark orange-brown and is marked by lateral branch-scars. Buds minute,
without scales, protected by the appressed scale-like leaves. Mature bark
light reddish brown, thin, fibrous, consisting of narrow anastomosing
ridges separated by shallow fissures.

Habitat — Prefers low swampy sites such as stream sources, borders of ponds,
streams and lakes, where it often forms almost impenetrable, pure stands
or grows in company with Spruce and Balsam. Found on higher ground
in the southern part of its range. Thrives on limestone outcroppings.

Range — Nova Scotia westward to Manitoba in Canada, in the United States
from Maine through the border states to Minnesota, south in the moun-
tains to Georgia and Tennesseee. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Wood light, soft, brittle, aromatic, coarse-grained, light yellowish
brown, darkening with exposure, with thin, nearly white sapwood.
Extremely durable in contact with the soil. Largely utilized for fence
posts, poles, and shingles. Arbor vitae is widely used as a hedge plant
and otherwise ornamentally where varieties of abnormal habit have been
developed.

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Red Cedar, Pencil Cedar

Juniperus virginiana L.

1. A branch-tip with staminate flowersx11%4 7. A fruiting spray showing mature berry-

2. A stamen, front view x 10 like cones x

3. A stamen, axile view x 10 8. Section of cone showing mature seeds x 1
4. A branch-tip with ovulate flowers x 11% 9. Tip from a vigorous shoot x 2%

5. Ovulate cone-seale, distal side x 10 10. Portion of normal branch showing phyl-
6. Ovulate cone-secale, axile side, showing lotaxy x 2%

ovules x 10

Trees of New York State 105

PINACEAE

Juniperus virginiana L.

Red Cedar, Pencil Cedar

Habit — At maturity a tree usually 20-50 feet in height with a trunk

' diameter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a

height of 100 feet. Crown narrowly pyramidal, compact, deep, consist-

ing of short, slender branches, horizontal below but ascending above, in

the open often extending to the ground. In old age, the crown usually
becomes broad and round-topped and more or less irregular.

Leaves — Opposite, often glaucous, persisting 3-6 years. On normal shoots
they are scale-like, 4-ranked, closely imbricated, ovate, acute (rarely
obtuse), usually glandular on the back, dark bluish green, about 1/16
of an inch long; on vigorous shoots they are linear-lanceolate, long-
pointed, without glands, light yellowish green, 4-4 of an inch long. The
first type largely predominates.

Flowers — Appearing from February to May, dioecious (rarely monoecious),
borne in cones. Staminate cones numerous, terminal, %—-14 of an inch
long, oblong-ovate, consisting of 10-12 stamens, yellowish at maturity.
Ovulate cones solitary, terminal, about 1/16 of an inch long, ovoid, con-
sisting of about 6 fleshy, spreading, acute, bluish scales, subtended by
seale-like bracts.

Fruit — A subglobose, pale green, somewhat angled, berry-like cone, 4-14
of an inch in diameter, becoming dark blue and glaucous in the autumn,
with firm epidermis and thin sweet flesh. Cone-scales fleshy, coherent.
Seeds 1-2, light chestnut-brown, lustrous, wingless, 1/16-1 of an inch
long.

Winter characters— Branchlets slender, 4-sided, at first green with the
appressed leaves, at length round and dark reddish brown. Buds minute,
inconspicuous, covered by the appressed, imbricated leaves. Mature bark
reddish brown, thin, somewhat grooved, persisting many years, peeling
off at length in long, narrow, fibrous strips.

Habitat — A gregarious species thriving on a wide variety of sites and soils
including abandoned fields, rocky cliffs, limestone outcroppings, swamps,
and bottom-lands. Attains its best development on the alluvial soils of
the southern states.

Range — Nova Scotia west through the northern states from New England,
New York and Ontario, to the Dakotas, south to Florida and Texas.
Widely spread through the agency of birds. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A valuable commercial species. Wood light, soft, fragrant, brittle,
extremely durable in contact with the soil, readily worked, dull red with
thin, nearly white sapwood. The most important species in pencil manu-
facture. Largely used for moth-proof chests, cabinet-making, interior
finish, fence posts, etc. The tree is likewise used extensively orna-
mentally.

OUR CO

——

as

Black Willow, Crack Willow

Salix nigra Marsh.

A twig showing staminate aments x % 6.

A staminate flower, axile view x 5

A twig showing pistillate aments x % 7
A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 8
A vigorous twig showing leaves and stip- 9.

ules x &% 10

A branch showing leaves and fruiting
aments x %

. Mature capsule x 4
. Comose seed x 4

Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged

. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 107

SALICACEAE

Salix nigra Marsh.
Black Willow, Crack Willow

Habit — The largest native willow. <A tree of rapid growth, attaining
maturity between 50-70 years, under optimum conditions sometimes 120
feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, usually much smaller,
often with several crooked medium-sized trunks ascending obliquely from
the same root crown. Crown broad and open, consisting of stout, ascend-
ing branches and drooping branchlets.

Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, %—-%4 of an inch wide, long
attenuate and usually curved at the apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at
the base, finely serrate, at maturity thin, light green, smooth and lustrous
above, pale green and glabrous (except on the veins) beneath, borne on
short petioles. Stipules on vigorous shoots foliacious, semi-cordate and
persistent, on normal shoots minute, ovoid and deciduous,

Flowers — Appearing in May, terminal on short, lateral, leafy branchlets,
dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils of yellow, rounded scales, the
whole forming narrow, cylindrical aments 1-3 inches in length. Perianth
wanting. Stamens 3-5, with long filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil
solitary, consisting of a stalked, glabrous, ovate, l-celled ovary and 2
nearly sessile, thick stigmas.

Fruit — A reddish brown, ovate, smooth, short pedicellate capsule, about 4%
of an inch long, opening by 2 sutures at maturity to set free the minute,
comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth, very brittle at the base, reddish
brown to pale orange. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled,
acute, reddish brown, about 1/16 of an inch long. Mature bark varying
from brown to nearly black, thick, divided by deep furrows into broad,
flat, anastomosing ridges, scaly at the surface.

Habitat — A moisture-loving species growing on wet sites along stream
courses, shores of lakes, flat swampy areas, more rarely in upland situa-
tions. Propagates as readily through natural cuttings as through seeds.

Range — A widely distributed species ranging from New Brunswick west
through southern Canada to the Dakotas, south to Florida and Texas,
thence westward into central California. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Of secondary importance as a timber tree, producing a low grade of
lumber. Wood light, soft, weak, fine grained, pale reddish brown with
light, nearly white sapwood. Made into artificial limbs, slack cooperage,
excelsior, charcoal, pulp and cheap furniture. Because of the ease of
propagation by cuttings and its rapid growth, this species is used exten-
sively in bank revetment along streams.

OUP coho}

Peach-leaved Willow, Almond-leaved Willow

Salix amygdaloides Anders.

A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. Mature capsule x 4
. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Comose seed x 4
A twig showing pistillate aments x %4 8. Winter twig x %
A pistillate flower, axile view x % 9. Portion of leaf-margin,

A branch showing mature leaves and
fruiting aments x %

SS

enlarged

Trees of New York State 109

SALICACEAE

Salix amygdaloides Anders.

Peach-leaved Willow, Almond-leaved Willow

Habit — A tree under optimum conditions occasionally 60-70 feet in height
with a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet and a single, columnar bole, usually
much smaller. Crown rather narrow, rounded, consisting of ascending,
spreading branches.

Leaves
inch wide, attenuate-cuspidate at the apex, wedge-shaped or somewhat
rounded at the base, finely serrate, at maturity thin, firm, light green
and lustrous above, pale glaucous below, borne on long, usually twisted
petioles which diverge nearly at right angles to the twigs. Stipules
minute, fugacious.

Alternate, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 244-4 inches long, %4—1

Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, terminal on short, lateral, leafy
branchlets, dioecious, glandular, in the axils of yellow, broadly ovate
scales, the whole forming an elongated, cylindrical, more or less erect,
hairy ament 2-3 inches in length. Perianth wanting. Stamens 5-9, with
long filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, similarly borne, con-
sisting of an oblong-conical, glabrous, long-stalked, 1-celled ovary, a short
style and 2 spreading stigmas.

Fruit — A pale, reddish yellow, globose-conical, pedicellate capsule, about 4
of an inch long, opening by 2 sutures at maturity to set free the minute,
comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth, pale lenticellate, not brittle at
the base, orange or reddish brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds
brown and lustrous, 1-scaled, rather blunt, ovoid, about 44 of an inch
long. Mature bark brown, thick, irregularly furrowed and scaly ridged.

Habitat — Typically found along the banks of streams, rivers, lake shores,
and on wet bottom-lands, rarely in dry gravelly and sandy soils.

Range — Western Quebee through southern Canada to British Columbia,
central New York westward to Washington, southwest to Texas and
New Mexico. Zones B and C.

Uses — Produces a soft, weak, close-grained, inferior wood, light brown with
rather thick, white sapwood. Occasionally manufactured into cheap
lumber. Used locally for fuel and charcoal.

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Bay-leaved Willow, Laurel-leaved Willow

Salix pentandra L. [Salix laurifolia Hort.]

1. A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. A twig showing leaves and fruiting aments
2. A staminate flower, axile view x 4 x &%
3. A twig showing pistillate aments x Y, . Mature capsule x 3

ii
A pistillate flower, axile view x 4 8. Comose seed x
A twig with mature leaves x % 9. Winter twig x %

ue

Trees of New York State 111

SALICACEAE
Salix pentandra L. [Salix laurifolia Hort.]

Bay-leaved Willow, Laurel-leaved Willow

Habit — A small tree, 25-40 feet high with a trunk diameter of 5-10 inches,
often shrubby. Crown round-topped, symmetrical, consisting of wide-
spreading branches, the lower somewhat pendulous. Bole short, stout,
dividing above into several large, obliquely ascending limbs.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate, oblong-ovate or obovate, 1144-4 inches long, 4/5-2
inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, finely glandular ser-
rate, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, green
and paler below, borne on short glandular petioles. Stipules broadly ovate
to semi-circular, %4-1%4 of an inch long, fugacious except on vigorous
shoots.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the
axils of hairy, narrowly ovate scales, the whole forming rather loosely
flowered aments which are borne terminally on short leafy branchlets.
Staminate aments long-cylindrical, 1-2 inches long. Pistillate aments
similar. Stamens 5, with long, free, smooth filaments and small anthers.
Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth, narrowly ovoid ovary which is
rounded and stalked at the base and attenuate at the apex, and 2 nearly
sessile, spreading stigmas.

Fruit — A short pedicellate, smooth, lustrous, straw-colored or pale brown,
conic-subulate capsule; rounded and somewhat cordate at the base, 44-4
of an inch long, opening by 2 opposite sutures at maturity to set free
the minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters— Twigs, slender, lenticellate, terete, smooth, lustrous,
greenish yellow, at length dull gray and roughened by the leaf- and
branch-sears. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong-ovate,
bluntly acute and smooth, greenish yellow, 4—%6 of an inch long. Mature
bark dark brownish black, deeply fissured with narrow ridges, scaly at
the surface.

Habitat — Readily propagated and not exacting as to soil requirements pro-
vided a sufficient supply of moisture is available. Thrives on gravelly
or loamy, upland soils.

Range— A native of Europe and Asia, extensively cultivated , but seldom
escaping in this country. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — An ornamental species largely used in parks, cemeteries, and private
estates because of its dark green, lustrous, laurel-like leaves. Of no
commercial significance in the United States other than the above.

‘Ze ¢

Shining Willow
Salix lucida Muhl.

6. Mature capsule x 4

A twig showing staminate aments x 1
A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Comose seed x 5
A twig showing pistillate aments x 1 8. Winter twig x %4
5 9. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged

A pistillate flower, axile view x 5
A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-

ing aments x \%

SUB psa

Trees of New York State 113

SALICACEAE
Salix lucida Muhl.

Shining Willow

Habit — Usually shrubby, occasionally a small bushy tree 20-30 feet in height
with a trunk diameter of 6-8 inches. Crown round-topped, symmetrical,
rather broad. Trunk short.

Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 1-114
inches wide, attenuate at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base,
finely serrate, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
paler and lustrous beneath, borne on short, terete, glandular petioles.
Stipules semi-circular, membranous, persistent through the summer.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June, dioecious, glandular, borne in
the axils of yellowish, rounded scales, the whole forming aments termi-
nating short leafy branches. Staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, densely
flowered, 1-114 inches long. Pistillate aments slender-cylindrical, 114-2
inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 5, with long filaments which
are hoary below, and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a
stalked, glabrous, conic-ovoid ovary and 2 nearly sessile stigmas.

Fruit— A pale brown, smooth and lustrous, conic-ovoid capsule, about 14
of an inch long, opening by 2 opposite sutures at maturity to set free
the minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, dark yellowish brown, at length
dark brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-sealed, oval, acute,
yellowish brown and lustrous, about 14 of an inch long. Mature bark
reddish brown, thin, divided into furrows and flat-topped, shallow ridges.

Habitat — A moisture-loving species occurring in swamps, along stream
courses and lake shores, and in springy places.

Range — Newfoundland westward to the North West Territory in Canada, in
the United States from Maine to eastern Montana, south to southern
Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Nebraska. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Of slight economic importance. The tree deserves consideration
ornamentally because of its dark green, shining foliage which resembles
that of the Bay-leaved Willow.

Crack Willow, Brittle Willow

Salix fragilis L. [Salix viridis Fries.; Salix Russelliana Sm.]

1. A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. Portion of twig showing mature aments
2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 x % ;

3. A twig showing pistillate aments x %4 7. Mature capsule x 4

4. A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 8. Comose seed x 4

5. A twig with mature leaves x % 9. Winter twig x %

10. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged

Trees of New York State 115

SALICACEAE

Salix fragilis L. [Salix viridis Fries.; Salix Russelliana Sm.]
Crack Willow, Brittle Willow

Habit — A large tree sometimes attaining a height of 60-80 feet with a trunk
diameter of 3-4 feet. Crown wide and rounded, consisting of upright
and ascending wide-spreading branches.

Leaves — Alternate, petioled, lanceolate, 3-6 inches long, *%4—-1% inches wide,
acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, finely and glandular serrate,
at maturity coriaceous, dark green and glabrous above, paler and some-
what glaucous below. Stipules semi-cordate, glandular-toothed, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the
axils of ovate, rather blunt and hairy, persistent scales, the whole form-
ing densely flowered aments terminal on short, leafy branchlets. Stami-
nate aments narrowly oblong to conic, %4—2% inches long. Pistillate
aments linear-cylindrical, of similar size. Stamens 2, with free, smooth
filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth,
narrowly ovoid, short-stalked ovary, a short style and 2 spreading stigmas.

Fruit — A short-pedicellate, glabrous, long-conical capsule, opening at matu-
rity by 2 opposite sutures to set free the minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs somewhat angular, slender, at first finely hairy,
reddish to yellowish brown, finally smooth, lustrous, brown, lenticellate,
with raised leaf-scars, very brittle at the base. Terminal bud lacking.
Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong-ovate, bluntly acute, and smooth, 1/16-%4
of an inch long. Mature bark gray or grayish brown, thick, with narrow,
scaly, anastomosing ridges separated by rather broad furrows.

Habitat — More cosmopolitan in distribution than Weeping Willow, thriving
well on deep, moist, upland soils as well as along stream courses, margins
of ponds, ete.

Range — A native of Europe and Asia, long introduced into this country for
ornament and shade. Naturalized in the eastern states and Canada
through natural cuttings. Common along our streams and rivers, the
brittle twigs snapping off with a cracking sound, falling, and eventually
taking root. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Of no commercial significance in this country aside from ornament
and shade. Occasionally used for light fuel and charcoal. In the Old
World, the trees are pollarded where fuel is scarce or are sometimes sawed
into lumber.

Golden Osier
Salix alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch. [Salix vitellina L.; Salix blanda Anders.]
1. A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. Mature capsule x 4

2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Comose seed x 4
. A twig showing pistillate aments x % 8. Winter twig x %

. Pistillate flower, axile view x 5
A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-
ing aments x %

9, Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged

Sle eo

Trees of New York State 117

SALICACEAE
Salix alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch. [Salix vitellina L.; Salix blanda
Anders. |

Golden Osier

Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes becoming 70-100
feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-6 feet. Bole short, stout,
irregular, dividing near the ground into several large, obliquely ascending
branches which form a somewhat irregular, broad and rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, short-petioled, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2-5 inches
long 144-%4 of an inch wide, acuminate at the apex, wedge-shaped at
the base, finely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous or slightly
hairy above, glaucous, glabrous or close silky-white hairy beneath.
Stipules ovate-lanceolate, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the axils
of yellow, narrowly ovate bracts, the whole forming aments terminal on
short, leafy branchlets. Staminate aments oblong-cylindrical, densely
flowered, 1-214 inches long, yellowish. VPistillate aments linear-cylin-
drical and whitish at maturity. Stamens 2, with long, smooth filaments
and yellow anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of a smooth, short-

pedicellate, narrowly ovoid ovary and 2 nearly sessile stigmas.

Fruit — A brownish, nearly sessile, smooth, ovoid-conie capsule, opening by 2
opposite sutures to set free the minute comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, rather brittle at the base, finely hairy
at first, at length smooth and lustrous, bright yellow, becoming yellowish
brown. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong to ovoid,
rounded at the apex, closely appressed, greenish yellow. Mature bark
dark gray, deeply furrowed, with prominent, scaly ridges.

Habitat — Typically found along stream courses where there is abundant
moisture, spreading by suckers and natural cuttings, rarely through
seeds. Thrives well on moist uplands.

Range — A species originally introduced from Europe for shade and orna-
ment, now widely naturalized in eastern North America. Zones A, B
and C.

Uses — Of value chiefly as a shade and ornamental tree. Sometimes planted
along water courses to prevent erosion as it is readily propagated by
cuttings and grows rapidly. Wood light, soft, close-grained, tough, light
brown with thick, nearly white sapwood. Used for light fuel and charcoal.

Sua goto

Weeping, Willow
Salix babylonica L. [S. pendula Moench. ]

A twig showing staminate aments x % a.

A staminate flower, axile view x 5

A twig showing pistillate aments x 14

A pistillate flower, axile view x 5

A pendant twig showing mature leaves
and aments x %

~

Lavy

Mature capsule x 4

. Comose seed x 4
. Winter twig x %
. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged

Trees of New York State 119

SALICACEAE
Salix babylonica L. [S. pendula Moench. ]

Weeping Willow

Habit — A tree of characteristic habit, at maturity sometimes attaining a
height of 60-75 feet with a short, stout trunk 2-6 feet in diameter.
Crown broad, globose to globose-oblong, consisting of arching limbs which
bear long, pendant, leafy twigs, giving the tree a very bizarre appearance.

Leaves — Alternate, petioled, pendant, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 3-6
inches long, %5-34 of an inch wide, long attenuate at the apex, wedge-
shaped at the base, finely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous
above, pale glaucous green beneath. Stipules small, semicordate,
fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing with the leaves in April and May, dioecious, glandular,
borne in the axils of ovate-lanceolate, greenish yellow bracts, the whole
forming aments terminal on short, leafy, lateral branches. Staminate
ament. elongate-cylindrical, densely flowered and usually curved, yellow-
ish, 1-2 inches long. Pistillate aments linear-cylindrical and greenish at
maturity. Stamens 2, with rather short, smooth filaments and yellow
anthers. Pistil solitary, consisting of an ovate, nearly sessile, smooth
ovary, a short style and 2 spreading stigmas,

Fruit — A smooth, beaked, ovate, pale brown capsule opening by 2 sutures at
maturity to set free the minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, yellowish green to brown, smooth, some-
what lustrous, drooping. Terminal bud lacking. Lateral bud 1-scaled,
oblong-ovate, acute, appressed, 1/6-14 of an inch long. Mature bark
gray, rather smooth, shallowly and reticulately ridged. ,

Habitat — A moisture-loving species thriving along streams, about lakes and
ponds or on sites where the water table is close to the surface.

Range — Originally a native of Asia, whence its name, ‘‘babylonica,’’ from
Babylonia. Now widely cultivated in Europe and North and South
America. Established in many places through natural cuttings, the
twigs falling upon the surface of the water, and floating away to eventu-
ally find lodgment farther down, taking root, and growing into trees.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Widely used for ornament and shade, especially about artificial ponds
and lakes in city and suburban parks. Of no significance in this country
from the standpoint of lumber. A number of horticultural varieties are
recognized.

Tie Cote

Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow

Salix discolor Muhl.
6.

Th
8.
9.

A twig showing staminate aments x %
A staminate flower, axile view x 5

A twig showing pistillate aments x %
A pistillate flower, axile view x 5

A twig with mature leaves x 14

A twig showing
aments x %
Mature capsule x
Comose seed x 5
Winter twig x %

9

leaves

and

fruiting

Trees of New York State 121

SALICACEAE
Salix discolor Muhl.

Glaucous Willow, Pussy Willow

Habit — Usually shrubby with many ascending branches, occasionally a small
tree 15-25 feet in height with a short bole 5-8 inches in diameter. Crown
round-topped, consisting of stout, ascending branches and twigs.

Leaves — Alternate, petioled, in the typical form lanceolate to elliptic, 38-5
inches long, *4—1 inch wide, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped at the base,
irregularly crenate-serrate or entire and revolute on the margin, at
maturity thick and subcoriaceous, bright green and glabrous above, pale
white-glaucous beneath. Stipules lunate, foliaceous, fugacious. Leaves
very variable in size and form, running into several varieties.

Flowers — The first of the willows to blossom in the spring, the flower buds
beginning to open in March and April. Flowers dioecious, glandular,
borne in the axils of oblong-obovate, reddish brown, copiously hairy seales,
the whole forming stout, nearly sessile, oblong-cylindrical aments about 1
inch long appearing before the leaves from axillary buds along the stout
twigs. Stamens 2, with elongated, smooth filaments and yellow anthers.
Pistil solitary, consisting of a villous, oblong-cylindrical, attenuated, long-
stalked ovary and a short style with spreading, entire stigmas.

Fruit — A large, pale pubescent, long-beaked, stalked, light brown capsule,
yl, of an inch long, opening at maturity by 2 opposite sutures to
set free the minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, lenticellate, terete, at first somewhat
pubescent, at length dull reddish purple and glabrous. Terminal bud
lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, ovate, flattened and acute at the apex,
dark reddish purple and lustrous, about 84 of an inch long. Mature bark
thin, light brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures into thin,
oblong, deciduous scales,

Habitat — Wet marshy sites along stream courses and lakes, hanging bogs,
spring holes, and low meadows.

Range — Nova Scotia and Manitoba, Maine to northeastern North Dakota,
south to Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Of little commercial significance. The aments are showy in the spring
and are sometimes collected for ornament.

Ol Co bo et

SS

SA “ WN

Bebb Willow, Beaked Willow

Salix rostrata Rich

A twig showing staminate aments x %
A staminate flower, axile view x 5

A twig showing pistillate aments x %
A pistillate flower, axile view x 5

A twig with mature leaves x %

. [Salix Bebbiana Sarg.]

6. A twig showing leaves
aments x %

7. Mature capsule x 2%

8. Comose seed x 5

9. Winter twig x %

and fruiting

Trees of New York State ]

bo
co

SALICACEAE
Salix rostrata Rich. [Salix Bebbiana Sarg.]

Bebb Willow, Beaked Willow

Habit — Usually shrubby and 6-10 feet in height, occasionally a small bushy
tree 20-25 feet high with a short, often oblique and twisted trunk 5-8
inches in diameter. Crown broad and rounded.

Leaves — Alternate, short-petioled, obovate to elliptic-lanceolate, 1-3 inches
long, %-1 inch wide, acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the
base, remotely serrate or entire, at maturity thick, dull green and rugose-
veined above, pale green or grayish pubescent beneath. Stipules folia-
ceous, semicordate fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the
axils of oblong, rounded scales, the whole forming aments terminal on
short leafy branchlets. Staminate aments cylindrical-obovate, densely
flowered, %4-1 inch long. Pistillate aments oblong-cylindrical, loosely
flowered, about 1 inch in length. Stamens 2, with free, smooth filaments.
Pistil solitary, consisting of a gray-pubescent, narrowly ovoid, stalked
ovary, prolonged into a slender beak capped by 2 broad, sessile stigmas.

Fruit— A gray-pubescent, ovoid, beaked long-pedicellate capsule, 4-5/16
of an inch long, opening at maturity by 2 opposite sutures to set free the
minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, at first hairy, during the first winter
smooth, purplish to brown, lenticellate, with elevated leaf-scars. Terminal
bud lacking. Lateral buds 1-scaled, oblong, rounded at the apex, closely
appressed, chestnut-brown, about 44 of 1 inch long. Mature bark reddish
green to grayish, smooth or shallowly furrowed.

Habitat — Has a wider range of habitat than most willows, occurring in
swamps, along borders of streams and lakes, likewise on drier upland
sites on open hillsides, slashes and burns, often on comparatively dry soil.

Range — A widely distributed species ranging from Newfoundland to Alaska,
south in the United States to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Iowa, south-
west through Colorado to Arizona. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Of no economic importance.

Purple Willow, Purple Osier

Salix purpurea L. [Salix Forbyana Sm.]

1. A twig showing staminate aments x % 6. Portion of a twig showing fruiting aments
2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 x &%

3. A twig showing pistillate aments x % 7. Mature capsule x 5

4. A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 8. Comose seed x 5

5. A twig with mature leaves x % 9. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 12%

or

SALICACEAE
Salix purpurea L. [Salix Forbyana Sm.]

Purple Willow, Purple Osier

Habit — Usually a shrub, occasionally a small tree 25-30 feet in height with a
rather broad, rounded crown and short, irregular trunk 5-8 inches
through. Branches ascending, bearing long, slender, flexuous and some-
what pendulous twigs.

Leaves — Alternate or cften subopposite, short-petioled, oblanceolate to spatu-
late, 1-3 inches long, 4—% wide, acute at the apex, narrowed and rounded
at the base, entire or slightly serrulate, at maturity dark dull green and
very smooth above, paler, smooth, and glaucous below. Stipules small,
fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May, dioecious, glandular, borne in the
axils of blunt, hairy, purplish, persistent bracts, the whole forming
densely flowered, narrowly cylindrical, nearly sessile aments which meas-
ure 1-2 inches in length and appear before the leaves on twigs of the
preceding season. Stamen 1, with free, smooth filament and orange or
reddish yellow anther. Pistil solitary, consisting of a grayish-tomentose,
ovoid-conical, sessile ovary, a short style and 2 small stigmas.

Fruit — A sessile, grayish-tomentose, ovoid, obtuse capsule, about 1/12 of an
inch long, enclosing minute, comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs long, slender, flexuous, glabrous, purplish, some-
times glaucous, lenticellate, with raised leaf-scars. Terminal bud lacking.
Lateral buds alternate or subopposite, ovate-oblong, acute smooth, %4-™%4
of an inch long. -~Mature bark grayish black, shallowly fissured and nar-
rowly ridged, the ridges scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Grown extensively for wickerware on low, wet, alluvial soils. A
water-loving species requiring a moist (not necessaz?'y wet) soil.

Range — A European species largely cultivated at Liverpool, N. Y., and else-
where in the East for wickerware. An occasional ‘‘escape’’ throughout
the eastern and central states, usually in wet situations. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — An important osier-willow thriving well in New York State. This
species may be grown profitably on low, wet, farm meadows that are
unsuited for other crop. Occasionally grown ornamentally.

=

OUe Cob

White Poplar, Silver-leaved Poplar, Abele
Populus alba L.

A twig-tip showing staminate aments x 4%
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5

A twig-tip showing pistillate aments x %
A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

A twig with mature leaves and fruiting
aments x %

. A leaf of Populus alba, var. nivea Wesm.
x \&

. Mature capsule x 2

. Comose seed x 5

. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 12

—~]

SALICACEAE
Populus alba L.

White Poplar, Silver-leaved Poplar, Abele

Habit — A large tree, sometimes attaining a height of 80-100 feet with a
trunk diameter of 2—4 feet, usually 40-70 feet tall. Crown irregular, open,
broad and round-topped. Bole massive, breaking up 10-20 feet above the
ground into stout, ascending limbs and arching, somewhat pendant twigs.
Propagates-naturally by suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, white-tomentose or nearly gla-
brate, terete petioles, in the type form suborbicular to broadly ovate,
obtuse or acute at the apex, truncate or cordate at the base, irregularly
sinuate-dentate, 2-4 inches long, at maturity firm, dark green, smooth,
and somewhat lustrous above, white-tomentose or pale-glabrate below.
The variety Populus albe, var. nivea Wesm. with palmately 3—5-lobed
leaves which are white velvety-tomentose below, is a common ‘‘eseape’’ in
this country.

Flowers — Appearing before the leaves from separate flower-buds, dioecious,
borne in the axils of obovate, dentate, hairy scales, the whole forming
pendulous, densely flowered, hairy, cylindrical aments 2-3 inches long.
Perianth wanting. Stamens 6-10, with short slender filaments and pale
purple anthers, inserted on the oblique, cup-shaped disk. Pistil solitary,
enclosed at the base by the closely appressed disk, consisting of an ovoid
ovary and 2 nearly sessile, 2-lobed, yellow stigmas.

Fruit — An ovoid-oblong, canescent, short pedicellate capsule, about 3/16 of an
inch long. The capsules are borne in naked, pendant, rather stout-
stemmed aments 2—2% inches long, mature in late May or June, and open
by 2 valves to set free the minute, white-comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, lenticellate, purplish or olive-brown,
white-tomentose, becoming smooth and gray the second season. FF lower-
and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate-oblong, acute, white-downy, 15-4
of an inch long. Flower-buds ovoid, blunter and more divergent. Bark on
young treees or large limbs grayish or greenish white, smooth or roughened
by brownish warty excrescences. Mature bark brownish black. Deeply
fissured, with rough, irregular ridges.

Habitat — A rapidly growing tree thriving best in deep, moist, alluvial soils
where a constant supply of moisture is assured.

Range — Native of southern Europe, Asia and northern Africa. Long culti-
vated as an ornamental and shade tree about dooryards and estates,
spreading readily, chiefly through its stoloniferous roots. Zones A, B,
and C.

Uses — Valuable chiefly as an ornamental tree because of its showy leaves.
Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, pale reddish yellow with nearly
white sapwood. Occasionally used for light fuel in this country, and
abroad for packing cases and flooring.

Trembling Aspen, American Aspen, Popple

Populus tremuloides Michx.

A twig-tip showing staminate ament x %4 6. A twig showing immature foliage and
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 fruiting ament x 4

A twig-tip showing pistillate aments x % 7. Mature capsule x 4
A pistillate flower, axile view x 5 ‘. Comose seed x 5
A twig showing mature leaves x % 9. Winter twig x %

Sd

Trees of New York State 129

SALICACEAE

Populus tremuloides Michx.

Trembling Aspen, American Aspen, Popple

Habit — At maturity usually a small tree 30-60 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet tall.
Crown narrow, round-topped, open and irregular, consisting of slender,
somewhat ascending branches which often droop at the tip. Bole in large
trees with little taper until the crown is reached, in smaller trees tapering
gradually into the crown. Propagates by root suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to orbicular, acute at the apex, rounded,
cordate or broadly cuneate at the base, finely serrate, 144-3 inches in
diameter, when they first appear smooth, lustrous, pale green with ciliate
margins, at maturity thin, tirm, smooth, dark green and lustrous above,
dull yellowish green and smooth below.

Flowers — Appearing in late March and April before the leaves from separate
flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of laciniately 3—5-lobed, hairy
scales, the whole forming cylindrical, hairy aments, 14-21% inches long.
Perianth wanting. Stamens 6—12 with short, slender filaments and red-
dish anthers, inserted on an oblique shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enlcosed
at the base in the tubular, slightly oblique disk, consisting of a conical,
green, puberulous ovary, a short style and 2 spreading, lobed stigmas.

Fruit — A curved, pale green, thin-walled capsule, about % of an inch long.
The capsules are borne rather loosely in naked, peduneculate aments 3—4
inches long, mature in May and June before the leaves have attained full
size, and open by opposite sutures to set free the minute, light brown,
white-comose seeds.

Wincer characters — Twigs rather slender, lenticellate, smooth and lustrous,
reddish brown, at length dark gray and roughened by the leaf- and lateral
branch-sears. lower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds conical and
somewhat curved, slightly resinous, acute, about 144 of an inch long, cov-
ered by 6-7 lustrous and glabrous, reddish brown scales scarious on the
margins. Flower-buds similar but larger, more obtuse and divergent.
Mature bark appearing rather tardily at the base of the old trees, nearly
black, thick, roughened by deep fissures and broad, flat ridges. Bark
higher on the bole and on the larger limbs thinner, smooth, yellowish
green to nearly white, roughened by areas of wart-like excrescences,

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree thriving on a variety of sites, swamps excepted, but
preferring rather dry, upland soils. Frequent in slashes and burns, on
abandoned fields, limestone hills, ete.

Range — A widely distributed transcontinental species extending from south-
ern Labrador through the Hudson Bay region to Alasaka, south in the
United States to northern Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Missouri, and in
the west to Mexico and California. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, light brown with nearly white
sapwood. Largely used with Spruce and Fir in the manufacture of pulp.
Occasionally sawed into lumber and used for turnery, ete. Like the Large-
toothed Aspen, the tree is valuable as a cover tree, establishing itself
quickly in slashes and burns and protecting the soil until more valuable,
slower-growing species can dominate the terrain.

3)

OU CO DO

twig showing mature leaves x

Large-toothed Aspen

Populus grandidentata Michx.
twig-tip showing staminate aments x %4
staminate flower, lateral view x 5
twig-tip showing pistillate aments x

¢f
8
t

M5

fruiting aments x
Mature capsule x 4
Comose seed x

Trees of New York State 131

SALICACEAE

Populus grandidentata Michx.

Large-toothed Aspen

Habit — A tree at maturity sometimes attaining a height of 60-75 feet with
a trunk diameter of 1-2 feet, usually 25-50 feet tall. Crown narrow,
round-topped, open, consisting of slender, rather rigid branches and stout
twigs. This species propagates itself readily by root suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, flattened petioles, broadly ovate
to orbicular, acute at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base,
coarsely and irregularly dentate, 3-6 inches long, 2-4 inches wide, at
first densely white-tomentose, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark
green and smooth above, paler and smooth below. Stipules linear, %4—%4
of an inch long, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in late March and April before the leaves from separate
flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of pale, gray-hairy scales which
are divided above into 4-6 short, acute lobes, the whole forming eylindri-
eal, hairy aments 1144-2% inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 6-12,
with short, slender filaments and reddish anthers, inserted on an oblique,
shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base in the tubular, slightly
oblique disk, consisting of an oblong-conical, green, puberulous ovary, a
short style, and 2 spreading, lobed stigmas.

Fruit — A curved, oblique, conical, pedunculate capsule, at maturity pale
green and puberulous, thin-walled, %-% of an inch long. The capsules
are borne loosely in naked, pedunculate aments 5-6 inches long and open
in May as the leaves unfold to set free the minute, brown, white-comose

seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, lenticellate, smooth and lustrous or
eray-pubescent (especially toward the apex), dark reddish or yellowish
brown, at length dark gray and roughened by the leaf- and lateral twig-
sears. Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds broadly ovate, divergent,
light chestnut-brown, grayish puberulous, covered by 6-7 rounded scales
(the first seale anterior), about 4% of an inch long. Flower-buds similar
but larger and more strongly divergent. Mature bark appearing tardily
at the base of old trees, dark brownish black, thick, firm, roughened by
fissures and broad, flat ridges. Bark higher on the bole and on the larger
limbs thinner, smooth, light greenish gray.

Habitat — A ‘‘ weed ’’ tree attaining its best development on rich, deep, moist
soils, but occurring over a wide range of habitats on dry, upland, sandy

or stony sites.

Range — Nova Scotia southwest through southern Quebee and Ontario, in the
United States from Maine to Minnesota, south along the Appalachians to

North Carolina. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — Most important silviculturally because of the rapidity with which it
comes in on slashes and burns, establishing a forest cover which permits
more valuable species to rehabilitate themselves. Wood light, soft, weak,
close-grained, pale brown with nearly white sapwood. Used for excelsior,
pulp and occasionally for wooden ware.

Swamp Cottonwood, Swamp Poplar, Black Cottonwood
Populus heterophylla L.

1. Portion of a twig showing staminate 5. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-

aments x %4 ing aments x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Mature capsule x 2
2 Portion of a twig showing pistillate 7. Comose seed x 3

aments x % S Winter twig x %

4. A pistillate flower, axile view x 5

Trees of New York State 13:

Ge
We

SALICACEAE
Populus heterophylla L.

Swamp Cottonwood, Swamp Poplar, Black Cottonwood

Habit — In New York State a small tree 25-40 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 12 inches or less, farther south sometimes 90-100 feet tall.
Crown rather narrow, open, round-topped, consisting of a few large limbs
which are irregularly arranged. Bole in large trees straight and columnar,
bearing a high crown. In small trees it is much shorter and tapering, and
continues into the crown.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, hairy, terete petioles, broadly ovate,
obtuse or subacute at the apex, rounded to cordate at the base, crenate,
4-8 inches long 3-5 inches wide, at first densely hoary-pubescent, at
maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green and smooth above, paler
and glabrous below. Stipules linear-lanceolate, %—1 inch long, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May before the leaves from separate flower-
buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of brown, oblong-obovate scales which
are divided above into numerous filiform lobes, the whole forming aments.
Staminate aments cylindrical, stout, densely flowered, at first short and
erect, finally pendant, 2-21%4 inches long. Pistillate aments broad, cylin-
drical, few flowered, pendant, 1-2 inches long. Stamens 12-20, with
short, slender filaments and dark red anthers, inserted on an oblique
shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base in the campanulate,
lobed, deciduous disk, consisting of an ovoid ovary, a short style and 2-3
spreading, lobed stigmas.

Fruit — An ovoid-oblong smooth, thick-walled, long-pedicellate, reddish brown
capsule, about 1%, of an inch long. The capsules are borne loosely in
naked, erect or ascending aments 4—6 inches long and open in May when
the leaves are about half grown by 2-3 sutures to set free the minute,
dark brown, white-comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, at first velvety, soon becoming
lustrous or dull grayish or reddish brown, with conspicuous orange-
colored pith. Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate, acute,
puberulous, reddish brown, covered by 4-7 scales, about %4 of an inch long.
Flower-buds similar, broadly ovate, more strongly divergent, about 1% of
an inch long. Mature bark light reddish brown and thick, with narrow,
shallow fissures and long, narrow, flat ridges.

Habitat — A moisture-loving tree occurring intermixed with other species in

low, swampy situation, often where the soil is inundated for long periods
each year.

Range — Connecticut south in the coastal swamps to Georgia, through the Gulf
States to western Louisiana, thence north in the Mississippi basin to Ken-
tucky and Missouri. Zone A.

Uses — Of little economic significance. Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained,
pale brown with thin, brownish white sapwood. Occasionally sawed into
lumber in the lower Mississippi basin.

toe

—

el

»

Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac

Populus balsamifera L.

twig-tip showing staminate aments x 4%
staminate flower, lateral view x 5
twig-tip showing pistillate aments x 4
pistillate flower, axile view x 5

D.

7.
$.

d,

A twig showing mature leaves and

ing aments x %

Mature capsule x 3

Comose seed x
Winter twig x

1

72

)

fruit-

Trees of New York: State 135

SALICACEAE
Populus balsamifera L.
Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac

Habit — A tree attaining a height of 60-70 feet with a trunk diameter of 1-3
feet, under optimum conditions in the forest sometimes 100 feet tall.
Crown rather narrow, irregular, open, bluntly pyramidal in exposed trees,
consisting of stout, sparse, erect branches which are bushy at the ends.
Propagates by root suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, smooth, terete petioles, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base,
finely crenate-serrate, 3-6 inches long, 144-3 inches wide, at maturity thin
but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous above, paler and somewhat
rusty, and reticulate-veined below. Stipules oblong-lanceolate, ciliate,
about % of an inch long, tardily fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate
flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of light brown, obovate, hairy,
laciniate scales, the whole forming pendulous, densely flowered, hairy,
cylindrical aments, 2%—4 inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 20-
30, with short, slender filaments and light red anthers, inserted on an
oblique, short-stalked, shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base
by the cup-shaped, slightly lobed disk, consisting of an ovoid, slightly
2-lobed ovary, and 2 Jarge, nearly sessile stigmas.

Fruit— An ovoid-oblong, light brown, thin-walled, pedunculate capsule, acute
and often curved at the apex, about 1% of an inch long. The capsules are
borne rather closely in pedunculate, stout-stalked, naked aments 4-5 inches
long and open by 2 opposite sutures in late May or June to set free the
minute, pale brown, white-comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, bright red-
dish brown, at length dull orange and finally yellowish or greenish gray.
Flower- and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate, acuminate, usually
divergent, dark red, water-proofed with a fragrant, amber-colored resin
which exhales a pleasing odor as the buds unfold in the spring, 44-1 inch
long. Flower-buds similar but somewhat broader. Bark on young trunks
and limbs smooth, light reddish brown. Mature bark dark gray tinged
with red, thick, with narrow fissures and broad scaly ridges.

Habitat — Prefers alluvial soils in the bottom-lands of river valleys, along
banks of streams and lake shores, borders of swamps, etc. A moisture-
loving species, occasionally growing in drier situations.

Range — A transcontinental species widely spread throughout Canada from
Labrador to Alaska, south into northern New England, New York, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Montana, Nevada and Oregon.
Zones C and D.

Uses — Wood light, soft, weak, close-grained, pale brown with thick, nearly
white sapwood. Intermixed with that of other species in the manufacture
of pulp. Occasionally manufactured into small wooden containers such as
pails and boxes.

Balm of Gilead

Populus candicans Ait. [Populus balsamifera, var. candicans (Ait.) Gray]

1. A twig-tip showing staminate aments x % 5. A twig showing mature foliage and fruit-
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 ing aments x %4

3. A twig-tip showing pistillate aments x 4% 6. Mature capsule x 2

4. A pistillate flower, axile view x 4 7. Comose seed x 5

8. Winter twig x 4%

Trees of New York State 137

SALICACEAE
Populus candicans Ait. [Populus balsamifera, var. eandicans (Ait.) Gray]
Balm of Gilead

Habit — A tree at maturity 50-80 feet high with a trunk diameter of 2-4
feet, occasionally 100 feet tall. Crown rather broad, irregular and open,

r limbs. <A short-

consisting of stout, sparse, spreading, somewhat drooping

lived tree propagating readily by suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, pubescent terete petioles, broadly
ovate, acuminate at the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely
crenate-serrate and ciliate on the margin, 3-6 inches long, 1144-4 inches
wide, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous above,
paler and hairy on the veins beneath. Stipules oblong, lanceolate, ciliate,
about 3% of an inch long, tardily fugacious,

Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate
flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of light brown, obovate, hairy,
laciniate scales, the whole forming pendulous, densely flowered, cylindrical
aments 244-4 inches long. Perianth wanting. Stamens 20-30, with
short, slender filaments and light red anthers, inserted on an oblique,
short-stalked, shallow disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base by the
cup-shaped slightly lobed disk, consisting of an ovoid, slightly lobed
ovary, and 2 large, sessile stigmas.

Fruit — A narrowly ovoid, pale brown, thin-walled, pedunculate capsule, acute
and often curved at the apex, 4—'4 of an inch long. The capsules are
borne rather loosely in pedunculate, stout-stalked, naked aments 4-6
inches long and open by 2 opposite sutures in late May or June to set
free the minute, pale brown, white-comose seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, reddish brown,
at length dull yellowish or greenish gray. Flower- and leaf-buds distinet.
Leaf-buds narrowly ovate, acuminate, somewhat divergent, dark red,
water-proofed with a very fragrant, amber-colored resin which exhales a
pleasing odor as the buds unfold in the spring, %-1 inch long. Flower-
buds similar, usually broadly ovate. Mature bark dark gray, thick, with
narrow fissures and broad, scaly ridges.

Habitat — In deep, moist soil about dwellings and dooryards.

Range — Imperfectly known. Widely planted in North America from New-
foundland to Alaska, south to Virginia and Missouri. Said to have come
originally from the state of Michigan but now occurring as an ‘‘escape’’
about the dwellings of man.

Uses — A fast-growing species planted ornamentally about dwellings but not
to be recommended because of its short life and unsightly appearance in
age. Suckers from these trees are a nuisance about dooryards. Wood
similar to that of Balsam Poplar and occasionally used for the same
purposes.

‘oshoe

Carolina Poplar, Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar

Populus deltoides Marsh. | Populus monilifera Ait. Populus canadensis, var.
Eugenie Schelle. |

. A twig-tip showing staminate aments x %
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5

. A twig-tip showing pistillate aments x %
A pistillate flower, axile view x 5

. A twig showing mature leaves x 1%

Portion of twig showing fruiting aments
x Vy

Mature capsule x 2

Comose seed x 5

Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 139

SALICACEAE

Populus deltoides Marsh. [Populus monilifera Alt. Populus canadensis,
var. Eugenie Schelle.]

Carolina Poplar Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar

Habit — A tree usually 50-70 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3
feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 or more feet tall. Crown
at first pyramidal, with age becoming rounded and open and nearly as
broad as long. Limbs sparse, stout, ascending or the lower horizontal.
Branchlets drooping. Bole tapering and continuous well into the high
crown. Propagates naturally by suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on long, slender, smooth, flattened petioles, broadly
deltoid-ovate, acute at the apex, truncate or cuneate at the base, crenate-
serrate, 3-5 inches long and broad, at maturity thick and firm in texture,
light green, smooth and lustrous above, paler and smooth below. Stipules
ligulate to linear-lanceclate, 14-1 inch long, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves from separate
flower-buds, dioecious, borne in the axils of pale brown, hairy or glabrous,
obovate, laciniate scales, the whole forming pendulous aments. Staminate
aments cylindrical, stout, densely flowered, 3-4 inches long. Pistillate
aments linear-cylindrical, sparsely flowered, 244-314 inches long. Stamens
40-60, with short, slender filaments and dark red anthers, inserted on ;
broad, shallow, oblique disk. Pistil solitary, enclosed at the base by the
cup-shaped, shallow disk, consisting of a subglobose ovary and 3-4 nearly
sessile, spreading, lobed stigmas.

Fruit — An oblong-ovoid, acute, pedicellate, dark green capsule, thin-walled
and glabrous at maturity, 4—% of an inch long. The capsules are borne
loosely in naked, pendant, thin-stemmed aments 8-12 inches long, and
open in May or early June by 38-4 valves to set free the minute, pale
brown, white- or rusty-comose seeds.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, lenticellate, terete or angled below the
buds, smooth, sometwhat lustrous, pale yellow tinged with green. Flower-
and leaf-buds distinct. Leaf-buds ovate, acute, somewhat divergent,
smooth, lustrous, chestnut-brown, covered by 6—7 scales which are water-
proofed on their inner surface with a yellow, fragrant resin, 4%4—%4 of an
inch long. Flower-buds similar until they begin to swell in early spring.
Mature bark ashy gray, thick, deeply fissured with broad, rounded ridges.
Younger bark pale yellowish green, thin and smooth.

Habitat — A moisture-loving, rapidly growing species preferring rich, damp
soils along stream courses, borders of lakes and on wet meadows and
bottom-lands. A form of this species, the Carolina Poplar, is widely
planted as a shade tree along streets, in dooryards, ete.

Range — Southern Quebee west through southern Canada to the Rocky Moun-
tains, south to Florida and New Mexico. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood light, soft, weak, fine-grained, difficult to season, dark brown,
with thick, nearly white sapwood. Used for pulp, packing cases, light
fuel. A staminate form of this species, the Carolina Poplar, is extensively
used as a street and park tree, especially where quick effects as in real
estate developments are desired. The tree is not to be recommended
because it is short-lived and sheds many branches during the autumnal
rains. The roots cause trouble by penetrating and clogging drains and
sewers.

Butternut, White Walnut

Juglans cinera L.

1. A flowering branch showing pistillate and 4. A mature leaf x %

staminate flowers x 4 5. A fruit cluster x 4%
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 G. Winter twig x %

Ph pistillate flower, lateral view x 2%

Trees of New York State 141

JUGLANDACEAE

Juglans cinera L.

Butternut, White Walnut

Habit — Usually a medium sized tree 30-50 feet in height, with a short. stout
trunk 1-2 feet in diameter which divides 15-20 feet above the ground
into several stout, horizontally-spreading limbs. Crown broad, unsym-
metrical, round-topped and rather open. Under optimum conditions the
tree may attain a height of 100 feet with a tall, stout, straight bole which
is free of branches for half its length.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 15-30 inches long, consisting of
11-17 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout,
pubescent petiole, the terminal leaflet long-stalked. Leaflets oblong:
lanceolate, 3-4 inches long, 114-2 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the
apex, inequilateral and rounded at the base, finely serrate except at the
base, at maturity thin, yellowish green and rugose above, pale and soft
pubescent beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are about half
grown, monoecious, the staminate in stout, unbranched, elongated aments
on the growth of the preceding season, the pistillate in terminal, 6-8-
flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proximal.
Staminate flowers about %4 of an inch long, epaulet-shaped, consisting of
a rusty-pubescent, acute bract bearing adaxially a 6-lobed, light yellowish
green perianth subtending 8-12 nearly sessile stamens. Anthers dark
brown. Pistillate flowers about 144 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of
an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style and 2 clavate,
spreading, bright red stigmas nearly half an inch in length. The ovary is
closely invested by glandular, coherent bracts and the calyx.

Fruit — An ovoid or ellipsoid, 4-ridged, sculptured nut, abruptly acute at the
apex, l1-celled above, 2-celled at the base, covered by a glandular, hairy,
indehiscent, fleshy, green husk.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, greenish gray to reddish buff
and lustrous the first winter, turning reddish or orange-brown the second
season, at length gray. Pith dark brown, diaphragmed. Leaf-scars ele-
vated, obcordate, hairy fringed on the upper margin, with 3 equidistant
U-shaped clusters of bundle-scars. Terminal buds truncate, %—%s of an
inch long, the outer scales lobed. Lateral buds smaller, ovate, blunt, often
superposed. Staminate catkins preformed the preceding season, appear-
ing as scaly, cone-like, lateral buds. Mature bark light gray, *4—1 inch
thick, divided by deep fissures into broad ridges scaly on the surface.

Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soils. Frequent along fences and roads, stream
courses, in pastures and low moist woods, or on rocky hills.

Range — New Brunswick and Quebee through Ontario, Maine to Minnesota,
south to Delaware, northern Georgia, and northeastern Arkansas. Com-
mon in the lowland forests of the northeast, rare south of the Ohio basin.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood light, soft, weak, rather
coarse-grained, easily worked and polished, light brown darkening with
exposure, with thin, light sapwood. Used occasionally for interior and
cabinet work. The oily and nutritious nuts could no doubt be greatly
improved by selection. The bark and husk of the nuts contain a yellow

dye.

Ss

Black Walnut

Juglans nigra L.

1. A branch showing nearly mature leaves, 3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 4
and pistillate and staminate flowers x 1% 4. Globose fruit x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 3 5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 143

JUGLANDACEAE
Juglans nigra L.

Black Walnut

Habit — A large tree 75-100 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet,
in the rich alluvial soils of the Ohio basin sometimes attaining a height
of 150 feet with a bole 5-6 feet in diameter. The trunk is straight and
continuous into the crown, gradually breaking up into stout, spreading
limbs which form a narrow or broad, round-topped crown. In tall indi-
viduals the bole is often clear of branches for 50-60 feet.

Leaves — Alternate, cdd-pinnately compound, 1-2 feet long consisting of 13-
23 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a puberulent
petiole, the terminal leaflet often suppressed. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate
331% inches long, 1-114 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded and
usually inequilateral at the base, sharply serrate except at the base, at
maturity thin, yellowish green, lustrous and glabrous above, soft pubes-
cent beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half
grown, monoecious, the staminate in stout, unbranched catkins, 3-5 inches
in length on the growth of the preceding season, the pistillate in terminal
2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two sorts proxi-
mal. Staminate flowers about 1% of an inch long, epautet-shaped, consist-
ing of a nearly triangular, rusty-tomentose bract bearing adaxially a
rounded, 6-lobed perianth subtending 20-30 nearly sessile stamens.
Anthers purple. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile, con-
sisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a style and 2 clavate,
ascending stigmas which are yellowish green tinged with red and %4—%4 of
an inch long. The ovary is closely invested by glandular, cohering bracts
and the calyx.

Fruit — A globose or oblong, deeply sculptured nut, 4-celled at the base,
slightly 2-celled at the apex, 144-114 inches in diameter, covered by a
rather thick, indehiscent, yellowish green husk which is roughened with
clusters of pale hairs.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, dull orange-brown and pilose
the’ first winter, gradually darkening to a light brown. Pith pale buff,
diaphragmed. lLeaf-scars elevated, 3-lobed, often cordate, with 3 equi-
distant U-shaped clusters of bundle-scars. Buds pale grayish white.
Terminal bud rounded, ovate, 144 of an inch long, covered by 4 scales, the
outer pair rounded and lobed, the inner pinnatifid at the apex. Lateral
buds smaller, blunt, often superposed. Staminate aments preformed the
preceding season, appearing as scaly, cone-like, tomentose lateral buds.
Mature bark dark brown to grayish black, 2-3 inches thick, divided by
deep fissures into broad, rounded ridges, thick, scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Requires a deep, rich, moist, well-drained soil. Thrives best in the
deep alluvial soils of bottom-lands and on fertile slopes.

Range — Central New England west through central New York, Michigan and
Wisconsin, to Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A,
B, and C.

Uses — One of the most valuable timber trees of eastern United States. Wood
hard, heavy, strong, somewhat coarse-grained, easily worked, durable in
contact with the soil, rich dark brown with thin pale sapwood. Prized
for gun stocks, furniture, interior finish and cabinet making. Supply
greatly depleted. Nut rich in oil, nutritious, often found in the eastern
markets. Black Walnut is of decided ornamental value.

Shagbark Hickory, Shellbark Hickory
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. [Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt.; Carya alba Nutt.]

1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature leaf-x %4
pistillate and staminate flowers x %4 6. A twig with fruit x %

2. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 7. Nutx &%

3. A staminate flower, abaxile view x 5 8. Cross section of the nut x 14

4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6 9. Winter twig x 14

Trees of New York State 145

JUGLANDACEAE
Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. [Hicoria ovata (Mill.) Britt; Carya alba Nutt. ]
Shagbark Hickory, Shellbark Hickory

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 60-90 feet with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall.
Crown in the open usually irregular and open, narrowly oblong-cylindrieal,
the bole usually forking low down into stout, ascending limbs. In the
forest the bole is typically tall and columnar and often free of branches
for 50-60 feet, bearing aloft a narrow head.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-14 inches long, consisting of
5-7 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout,
glabrous or pubescent, slightly grooved petiole, the lower pair the smallest
and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate
to obovate, 4-5 inches long, usually acuminate at the apex, inequilateral
at the base, serrate and ciliate except near the base, at maturity thin,
firm, dark yellowish green and glabrous above, pale, glabrous or puberu-
lous below.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June after the unfolding of the leaves,
monoecious, the staminate in slender, light green, drooping catkins 4—5
inches long which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of
the preceding season, rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the
pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the sea-
son, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers pedicellate, glandular-
hirsute without, about 4 of an inch long, consisting of an elongated,
ovate-lanceolate bract and 2 ovate, concave calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly
3-4 stamens. Anthers nearly sessile, yellow, tinged with red. Pistillate
flower about 44 of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled
ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spreading, pale green, papillate stigmas.
The ovary is invested by the perianth-like, cohering, rusty-tomentose
involuere.

Fruit — Subglobose to obovate, 1-244 inches long, 4-channeled from apex te
base, at maturity dark reddish brown or nearly black, lenticellate, glabrous
or pilose. Husk thick, splitting to the base. Nut white, thin-shelled usu-
ally oblong but very variable in form, 4 angled or ridged, with large, light
brown, sweet kernel.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lenticellate, usually somewhat pubescent or
occasionally lustrous and smooth, reddish brown or grayish. lLeaf-scars
slightly elevated, inversely triangular to oblong, with scattered bundle-
sears. Terminal bud broadly ovate, dark brown, 4-34 of an inch long,
the outer scales loose and pubescent on the outer surface and often keeled
and projecting above into a point. Lateral buds smaller. Mature bark
light gray, *4—1 inch thick, separating into rough strips or plates which
remain attached to the trunk, giving it a shaggy appearance.

Habitat — Prefers deep, moist soil. Common and of its largest size on the
rich alluvial soils of the lower Ohio basin.

Range — Southern Quebee and Ontario, Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas. Zones B and C.

Uses — One of the most valuable hickories, producing excellent hickory stock.
Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough, elastic, close-grained, light
brown with pale nearly white sapwood. Largely used in the manufacture
of wagons, automobile wheels, axe helves, agricultural implements, ete.
This tree produces the common hickory nut of commerce.

Big, Shellbark, Kingnut

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Laud. [Hicoria laciniosa Sarg.; Carya suleata Nutt.]

1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature Teaf x ¥%,
pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. A twig with fruit x %4
A pistillate flower, lateral view x 2% T.wNut x44
A staminate flower, abaxile view x 3 8. Cross section of the nut x %
2 9 Winter twig x 4

A staminate flower, axile view x 32

gens

Trees of New York State 147

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Laud. [Hicoria laciniosa Sarg.; Carya suleata
Nutt. ]

Big Shellbark, Kingnut

Habit — Similar in gross features to the Shagbark Hickory. A tree 50-90 feet
in height with a trunk diameter of 2-38 feet, occasionally 120 feet tall.
Crown narrowly oblong to subovoid, consisting of rather short lateral
branches, which extend in the epen to within 8-10 feet of the ground.
Lower branches pendulous. Under forest conditions the bole is tall,
straight, and columnar and often free of branches for half its length,
bearing aloft a reduced crown.

Leaves — Alternate, odd pinnately compound, 15-22 inches long, usually con-
sisting of 7 (5-9) sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along
a stout, glabrous or pubescent, flattened, grooved petiole, the lower pairs
the smaller and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, the 3 upper usually obovate, 4-9 inches long, acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, ciliate and finely
serrate except near the base, at maturity thin, firm, dark green and
somewhat lustrous above, paler and soft pubescent below.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June after the unfolding of the leaves,
monoecious, the staminate in slender, light green, drooping catkins 5-8
inches long which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth
of the preceding season, rarely at the base of the growth of the season,
the pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the
season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers pedicellate, rufous-
tomentose without, about 44 of an inch long, consisting of a linear-
lanceolate, acute bract and 2 rounded calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 3-5 sta-
mens. Anthers yellow, nearly sessile. Pistillate flowers about 144 of
an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted
by 2 sessile, spreading, pale green, papillate stigmas. The ovary is
invested by the perianth-like, cohering, pale tomentose involucre.

Fruit — Ellipsoid, ovoid, or subglobose, 13%4-2% inches long, 4-channeled at
least above the middle, at maturity light orange to pale chestnut-brown,
glabrous or pubescent, orange-lenticellate. Husk thick, splitting to the
base. Nut dull white or yellowish, thick-shelled, usually ellipsoidal but
very variable, 4-ridged or angled, with large, light brown, sweet kernel.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, orange-lenticellate, usually somewhat
pubescent, orange-brown turning to ashy gray the second winter. Leaf-
scars slightly elevated, inversely triangular, the upper margin indented.
Terminal bud ovate, dark brown, %4—1 inch long, the outer scales rather
loose and pubescent on the outer surface and often keeled and long pointed
at the apex. Lateral buds much smaller. Mature bark light gray, 1-2
inches thick, separating into broad, thick plates which persist on the tree
for a number of years giving the trunk a shaggy appearance.

Habitat — Distinctly a bottom-land tree, preferring wet but rich soils which
are often inundated for several months in the spring. Occasional on
fertile uplands.

Range — Central New York and Pennsylvania, west to eastern Nebraska,
south to Tennessee, northern Arkansas and Oklahoma. Zone B.

Uses — Among the most valuable of the hickories as a source of timber. Wood
similar to that of Shagbark Hickory and usually not distinguished in the
trade. Nuts often found in the eastern markets, larger than those of the
Shagbark but not as finely flavored.

AW? »
eg sv

Mockernut
Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. [Hicoria alba Britt.; Carya tomentosa Nutt. ]

1. A branch showing immature leaves, and
pistillate and staminate flowers x %

2. Pedunculate clusters of staminate aments
x &%

3. A staminate flower, axile view x 5

4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6

SPDADM

A mature leaf x %

A fruit x %

Nut x %

Cross section of the nut x %
Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 149

JUGLANDACEAE
Carya alba (L.) K. Koch. [Hicoria alba Britt.; Carya tomentosa Nutt. ]
Mockernut

Habit — A tree usually 50-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3
feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet tall. In the forest
the crown is narrowly oblong and reduced, extending down about half
way on the clean, straight bole. Trees in the open usually develop a broad,
open, rather ragged crown.

Leaves — Alternate, very fragrant, odd-pinnately compound, 8—12 inches long,
consisting of 7—9 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along
a rather stout, pubescent, flattened, grooved petiole, the lower pairs grad-
ually reduced in size and the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate or obovate-oblanceolate, acuminate at the apex,
somewhat rounded and inequilateral at the base, serrate, at maturity
rather thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale orange-brown and
pubescent below.

Fiowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half
grown, monoecious, the staminate in slender, yellowish green drooping
catkins 4-5 inches in length which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3
on the growth of the preceding season or rarely at the base of the growth
of the season, the pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the
growth of the season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short
pedicellate, pale yellowish green, 1/16—1% of an inch long, consisting of
an ovate-lanceolate bract and 2 rounded calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 4
stamens. Anthers bright red and nearly sessile. Pistillate flowers about
1% of an inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled ovary sur-
mounted by 2 sessile, spreading, dark red stigmas. The ovary is invested
by the greenish, tomentose, perianth-like involucre.

Fruit — Ellipsoidal to obovate, 1442-2 inches in length, 4-channeled from apex
to base, at maturity dark reddish brown, lenticellate, nearly glabrous.
Husk thick, splitting to the base. Nut pale reddish brown, very thick-
shelled, globose to ellipsoidal but very variable in shape, 4-ridged toward
the apex, with small, dark brown, sweet kernel.

Winter characters — Twigs very stout, pale-lenticellate, pubescent, reddish
brown turning gray the second season. lLeaf-scars inversely 3-lobed, the
bundle-scars in marginal clusters. Terminal bud reddish brown or yel-
lowish, usually tomentose, 43-34 of an inch long. Lateral buds much
smaller. Mature bark gray, rather thin, shallowly fissured, close-scaly.

Habitat — A moisture-loving tree preferring rich, deep-soiled bottom-land
woods, more rarely on fertile slopes and hills.

Range — Massachusetts west through central New York and southern Ontario
to eastern Kansas, south to Florida and Texas. Zones A and B.

Uses — Produces the best grade of hickory stock. Wood hard, strong, heavy,
tough and elastic, dark brown with thick sapwood. Used similarly as the
wood of the other hickories. Nuts occasionally found in the eastern
markets.

VY
A

Small-fruited Hickory

Carya microcarpa Nutt. [Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.; Hicoria glabra,
var. odorata Sarg.]

1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature leaf x %

pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. A twig-tip with fruit x %
2. A staminate flower, abaxile view x 5 7. Nut x &%
3. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 8. Cross section of nut x %
4. A pistillate flower. lateral view x 5 9. Winter twig x 1%

Trees of New York State 151

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya microcarpa Nutt. | Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britt.; Hicoria glabra,
var. odorata Sarg.]

Small-fruited Hickory

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 50-80 feet with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 100 feet tall.
Crown narrowly oblong with rather short, spreading branches, the lower
mostly pendulous. Bole continuous into the crown, sometimes forked.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long, consisting of
5-7 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in» pairs along a stout,
smooth, slightly grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into a
stalk. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to oblong, 3-5 inches long, 1-2 inches
broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and usually inequilateral at the
base, sharply serrate except at the base, at maturity thick, firm, dark
yellowish green and shining above, paler and glabrous below.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the unfolding of the leaves,
monoecious, the staminate in slender drooping catkins 3-6 inches long
which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the preced-
ing season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate
in terminal 2-5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two
sorts proximal. Staminate flower short-pedicellate, somewhat pubescent,
about 4 of an inch long, consisting of an ovate-lanceolate bract and two
salyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Pistillate flowers about *4 of an
inch long, sessile, consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by
2 sessile, spreading, yellowish green stigmas. The ovary is invested by
the cohering, pale green involucre.

Fruit — Subglobose, 44-1 inch long, 4-channeled from apex to base, light
brown and scaly at maturity. Husk thin, tardily splitting. Nut brownish
white, thin-shelled, subglobose and often slightly angled, with small, sweet
kernel.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth and lus-
trous, light brown turning dark red the second season. Leaf-scars bluntly
and inversely triangular, the bundle-scars in clusters in the lobes. Termi-
nal bud reddish brown and lustrous, ovoid, %4—%4 of an inch long, the
scales imbricated and close-fitting. Mature bark thin, at first close and
shallowly furrowed, at length shaggy with thin plates.

Habitat — An upland species preferring the same sites as the Pignut Hickory
and usually not distinguished from this species.

Range — Central New England west through New York, southern Ontario
and Michigan to Iowa, south to Georgia and Missouri. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood similar to that of the Pignut Hickory and put to similar uses.
Nuts sweet but too small for general commercial exploitation.

a

Pignut
Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. [Hicoria glabra Britt.; Carya porcina Nutt. ]

1. A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A mature leaf x %
pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. A twig-tip with fruit x %

2. A staminate flower, abaxile view x 5 fo INhbie ee as

3. A staminate flower, axile view x 5 8. Cross section of nut x %

4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6 9. Winter twig x 14

Trees of New York State

bd
Or
oN)

JUGLANDACEAE
Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach. [Hicoria glabra Britt.; Carya poreina Nutt.]
Pignut

Habit — A tree at maturity attaining a height of 80-90 feet with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, occasionally 120 feet in height. Crown oblong,
rather narrow, consisting of short, spreading branches, the lower some-
what pendulous. Bole tall, slender, tapering, often free of lateral branches
for some distance, occasionally forked.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long, consisting of
5-7 (rarely 9) sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender, glabrous
or pubescent, slightly grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into
a stalk. Leaflets lanceolate to obovate-oblanceolate, 38-8 inches long,
1-2% inches broad, acuminate at the apex, rounded and usually inequi-
lateral at the base, sharply serrate except at the base, at maturity thick,
firm, dark yellowish green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous or with
axillary tufts of hairs below.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the unfolding of the leaves,
monoecious, the staminate in slender drooping catkins 3-7 inches long
which are borne in pedunculate clusters of 3 on the growth of the pre-
ceding season or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the
pistillate in terminal, 2—5-flowered spikes capping the growth of the
season, the two sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short pedicellate, pale
tomentose, about 4 of an inch long, consisting of an ovate or lanceolate
bract and 2 calyx-lobes bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Anthers nearly ses-
sile, orange-colored. Pistillate flowers about 14 of an inch long, sessile,
consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile, spread-
ing yellow stigmas. The ovary is invested by the cohering, glabrous or
pubescent, pale green involucre.

Fruit — Pyriform or globose, 144-2 inches long, 4-sutured at least above the
middle, at maturity reddish brown and often pubescent. Husk thin, often
opening rather tardily at the apex, sometimes enclosing the nut after it
has fallen. Nut brownish white, thick-shelled, ellipsoidal to subglobose
with light brown, bitter kernel.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth and lus-
trous, light reddish brown turning dark red the second season. Leaf-scars
bluntly and inversely triangular, slightly indented above, rather small.
Terminal bud reddish brown and lustrous, ellipsoidal, 4—% of an inch
long, the scales rather close-fitting. Lateral buds much smaller. Mature
bark thin, close, light gray with shallow fissures separating narrow ridges,
never shaggy.

Habitat — An upland species preferring dry ridges and hillsides, often in
admixture with Oak and Chestnut.

Range — New England west through southern Ontario and Michigan to south-
ern Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones
A, B, and C.

Uses — Produces a valuable grade of hickory timber. Wood heavy, hard, very
strong, tough, elastic, close-grained. Used similarly as the wood of the
other hickories for wheels, tool handles, etc. Nuts very variable in flavor.

Bitternut

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch, [Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.;
irya amara Nutt.]

._ A branch showing immature leaves, and 5. A twig-tip with fruit x %
pistillate and staminate flowers x % 6. Nut x %

view x 5 7. Cross section of the nut x %

A pistillate flower, lateral view x 7% S. Winter twig x %

. A staminate flower,

. A mature leaf x %

oN

Trees of New York State 15

JUGLANDACEAE

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch. [Hicoria minima (Marsh.) Britt.;
Carya amara Nutt.]

Bitternut

Habit — A tree 40-75 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2% feet,
under optimum conditions in the southern part of its range sometimes
attaining a height of 100 feet with a tall, straight, clean trunk. Crown
round-topped, broadest near the top, consisting of rather slender, stiff,
upright, ascending branches, under forest conditions usually much
restricted in size.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-10 inches long, consisting of
5-9 sessile leafletes arranged in pairs along a slender, pubescent, slightly
grooved petiole, the terminal leaflet narrowed into a stalk. Leaflets
lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 inches long, 34-114 inches wide, acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded or subcordate and usually inequilateral at the
base, rather coarsely serrate except at the base, at maturity thin, firm,
dark yellowish green and glabrous above, paler, often yellow glandular
and glabrous or somewhat pubescent below.

Flowers — Appearing in May or early June after the unfolding of the leaves,
monoecious, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins 3-4 inches long
which are borne in clusters of 3. on the growth of the preceding season
or rarely at the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate in ter-
minal, 2—10-flowered spikes capping the growth of the season, the two
sorts proximal. Staminate flowers short pedicellate, somewhat pubescent,
about 1/10 of an inch long, consisting of a rufous, ovate, acute bract and
2 ealyx-lobes of the same color bearing adaxilly 4 stamens. Anthers
yellow, ovate, short-stalked. Pistillate flowers about % an inch long,
sessile, consisting of an inferior 1-celled ovary surmounted by 2 sessile,
spreading, pale green stigmas, papillate on the stigmatic surface. The
ovary is invested by a perianth-like, cohering, slightly 4-ridged, yellowish
green involucre.

Fruit — Ovate or subglobose, 4-114 inches long, 4-winged along the sutures
from the apex half way to the base, greenish yellow, scurfy and pubescent.
Husk thin. Nut thin-shelled, as broad or breader than long, smooth,
abruptly pointed, with reddish brown, very bitter kernel.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, glossy, often yellow glandu-
lar and hairy toward the apex but smooth below, grayish or orange-
brown during the first winter, at length light gray. Pith brown, angular.
Leaf-scars elevated, obcordate, with 3 groups of bundle-scars. Terminal
bud yellow, oblique and blunt at the apex, 4-34 of an inch long, con-
sisting of 4 glandular scales valvate in pairs. Lateral buds smaller, some-
what 4-angled, superposed, %—%4 of an inch long, the lowest or axillary
bud sessile and sharp-pointed, the upper pedunculate and angular. Mature
bark light gray, 144-%4 of an inch thick, close, with shallow fissures
and narrow ridges, the surface peeling in small flakes.

Habitat — By preference a bottom-land tree growing on low, wet sites in
pastures, fields, along sluggish streams, and in lowland deciduous for-
ests. Occasionally found in hilly situations, on limestone outcroppings,
and mountain slopes.

Range — Southern Quebee and Ontario, Maine to southern Minnesota, south
into the Gulf States. Zones B and C.

Uses — A valuable timber species contributing a part of the hickory wood of
commerce. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, elastic, close-grained, dark
brown with paler sapwood. Valued for wagon and automobile wheels,
wagon tongues, whippletrees, tool handles, ete. Nuts bitter, not edible.

Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.
pistillate 5

A twig showing
aments x 14

A bract from
view x 5

. A staminate flower with bract, axile view

and staminate

staminate ament, abaxile

> a)
. A bract from pistillate ament, abaxile
view x 6

D.
6.

Te

Pistillate flowers with bract, axile view x 6

A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Vertical section of fruiting involucre show-
ing enclosed nutlets x 2

S. Nutlet x 2%
. Winter twig with staminate aments x %

Trees of New York. State 15

~

BETULACEAE
Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.
Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood, Leverwood

Habit — At maturity a small tree usually 25-40 feet in height with a short
trunk 8-15 inches in diameter, occasionally seventy feet tall. Crown
rather high, open, broad, round-topped, consisting of slender branches, the
lower wide-spreading and often penduluous with fine, ascending branchlets.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on slender, terete petioles about %4 of an inch long,
ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 8-5 inches long, 1144-2 inches wide, acu-
minate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate and inequilateral
at the base, finely doubly serrate, at maturity thin, coriaceous, smooth
and dull yellowish green above, pale green below with tufts of pale hairs
in the axils of the veins.

Flowers — Appearing in April or early May with the leaves, monoecious,
borne in aments. Staminate aments, preformed the preceding season,
clustered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis reddish brown, pendant,
about 2 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing with the leaves, terminal
on the growth of the season, pedunculate, lax, pale green, 4—%4 of an
inch long. The staminate flowers consist of 6-28 yellow half-anthers
which are long-hairy at the apex and are raised on short, bifurcated fila-
ments inserted on a pilose torus, the group subtended by a broadly ovate,
concave scale. The pistillate flowers are borne in pairs at the base of an
ovate acute bract which persists until mid-summer, and consist of an
ovary closely invested by a hairy sac-like structure formed of a bracteole
and 2 secondary bractlets, a short style, and 2 long, filiform, red stigmas.

Fruit — A long-pedunculate, pendulous, creamy-white, oblong strobile, 144-2%
inches long, 24-1 inch in width, consisting of ovate, acute, membrana-
ceous, bladder-like, reticulate-venose, imbricated involucres forming a hop-
like fruit. Fruiting involucre about 4 of an inch long, slightly hairy
at the apex, with sharp, stiff, stinging-hairs at the base, enclosing but
much larger than the ovate, acute, flattened, chestnut-brown nutlet, at
length deciduous from the strobile axis.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, tough, pale-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous,
dark reddish brown and often zigzag, becoming dull and darker the second
year. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, slightly puberu-
lous, divergent, light chestnut-brown, about 4 of an inch long. Mature
bark light grayish brown, thin, consisting of narrowly oblong, thick scales
which are loose at the ends and give a shreddy appearance to the bole.

Habitat — Dry gravelly and stony soils on slopes, ridges and limestone out-
crops, rarely on moist sites. A tolerant species occurring in admixture
with Beech, Hard Maple, Yellow Birch, White Ash, Elm, etc., seeding
abundantly and forming the bulk of the under-growth in many places.

Range — Nova Scotia through southeastern Canada to Lake Superior, in the
United States from Maine to Minnesota, South Dakota and Nebraska,
southward to the Gulf. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, light brown, red-
dish brown or nearly white, with thick, pale white sapwood. Not durable
in contact with the soil. Used for tool handles, mallets, levers, fence
posts and for fuel.

Blue Beech, Hornbeam, Water Beech

Carpinus ¢aroliniana Walt.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate
aments x %

2. Pistillate flowers with bract, axile view
x 4

bract

view x

¢. A bract from staminate ament with sta-
mens, abaxile view x 5

3. A from pistillate ament, abaxile

5. A staminate flower with bract, axile view

Key

6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit

x \%

7. Nutlet with
lucre x 1%

8S. Involuecre and nutlet, axile view x 5

9. Winter twig x %4

trilobed invo-

subtending

Trees of New York State 159

BETULACEAE
Carpinus ¢caroliniana Walt.
Blue Beech, Hornbeam, Water Beech

Habit — A shrub or low bushy tree 25-30 feet in height with a short fluted
trunk 6-12 inches in diameter, under optimum conditions sometimes 40
feet in height with a trunk 18-24 inches in diameter. Crown round-
topped and wide-spreading, consisting of long, wiry, ascending branches
which are often pendulous at the tips, and short, thin laterals, the two
forming horizontal sprays.

Leaves — Alternate, borne on slender, terete, hairy petioles about 4 of an
inch long, ovate-oblong, 2-4 inches long, 1-1%4 inches wide, acuminate at
the apex, rounded or cuneate and often inequilateral at the base, finely
doubly serrate, at maturity thin, firm, smooth and deep green above, pale
green and glabrous or puberulous below with tufts of pale hairs in the
axils of the veins.

Flowers — Appearing in April and early May with the leaves, monoecious,
borne in aments. Staminate aments arising from lateral buds similar to
leaf-buds but larger, at anthesis reddish green, pendant, about 14% inches
long. Pistillate aments appearing with the leaves, terminal on the
growth of the season, lax, green, %4—%4 of an inch long. The staminate
flowers consist of 6-40 yellow half-anthers which are raised on short,
bifurcated filaments inserted on a pilose torus, the group subtended by
a short-stalked, broadly ovate, concave scale. The pistillate flowers are
borne in pairs at the base of an ovate, acute, deciduous bract and consist
of an ovary invested by a bracteole and 2 secondary bractlets, a short
style, and 2 elongated, filiform scarlet stigmas.

Fruit — A long-pedunculate, pendulous cluster of 3-lobed, foliaceous, green
involucres, 1144-4 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, each involucre bearing
adaxilly a corrugated, ight brown nutlet. The involucres arise from the
fusion of a bracteole and 2 secondary bractlets and are borne vis-a-vis
in pairs.

Winter characters— Twigs very slender, tough, pale-lenticellate, smooth,
lustrous, dark reddish brown and often zizag, at length dull reddish
gray. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, slightly puberu-
lous, somewhat divergent, light chestnut-brown, about 14% of an inch long.
Mature bark bluish gray tinged with brown, thin, forming a smooth layer
on the fluted trunk.

Habitat — A moisture-loving species usually found in swamps, along the
banks of streams, in low wet woods and on moist slopes.

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Minnesota,
southward to Florida and Texas. Zones B and C.

Uses — Of no commercial significance. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, light brown with thick white sapwood. The tree is occasionally
used ornamentally on wet, springy sites.

Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black Birch
Betula

pistillate and staminate

A twig showing
aments x 4

Bract and bracteoles from staminate ament
showing stamens, distal view x 3

Staminate flowers with subtending bracts,
and sepals, axile view x 3

Bract and bracteoles from pistillate aments

showing styles, abaxile view x 3

lenta L.

5d. Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts,
axile view x 3 ;

6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruiting
strobiles x %4

7. Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view
56 3

8. Winged nutlet x 3

; Winter twig x 4

Trees of New York State 161

BETULACEAE
Betula lenta L.

Sweet Birch, Cherry Birch, Black Birch

_ Habit— A tree under optimum conditions sometimes attaining a height of
.75-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet, usually 50-60 feet tall.
Crown at first rather narrowly conical, clothed with ascending branches
which extend nearly to the ground, at length open, round-topped and
rather narrow, with long, slender, horizontal or somewhat pendulous,
much-forked branches. Bole in mature trees tapering.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate or oblong-ovate, 2144-5 inches long, 1144-3 inches
wide, acute at the apex, slightly cordate or rounded and inequilateral at
the base, sharply doubly serrate, at maturity membranaceous, smooth,
dark dull green above, pale yellow-green and smooth below aside from the
axillary tufts of white hairs, borne on stout, hairy petioles 34-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or early May before the leaves, monoecious,
borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season,
clustered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 3-4 inches
long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and soli-
tary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, cylindrical, sessile,
%-%4 of an inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate
flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short, bifurcated fila-
ments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3 covered
distally by a peltate, obovate bract and 2 bracteoles. The pistillate flower
consists of a small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted by 2 spreading, fili-
form, pink styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract
and 2 adnate bracteoles.

Fruit — A sessile, pale brown, short-cylindric, obtuse, woody strobile 1-114
inches long and about 1% inch thick, consisting of glabrous, imbricated,
3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn
from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, oblong to obovate, about
¥g of an inch long, surmounted at the apex by the 2 persistent styles,
with lateral marginal wings as broad as the nutlet.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, light red-
dish brown, at length dull dark brown tinged with red, with wintergreen
taste when chewed. Short spur-like lateral fruiting branches present.
Staminate aments grouped at the tips of vigorous branchlets, oblong-
cylindric, reddish brown, lustrous, about %4 of an inch long. Buds ovate,
acute, lustrous, divergent, light chestnut-brown, about ™4 of an inch
long. Bark on young trunks smooth, lustrous, dark reddish brown, with
conspicuous horizontal lenticels. Mature bark dull brownish black, fur-
rowed and broken into large, irregular plates.

Habitat — Usually in upland situations on moist or dry gravelly or rocky
soils.

Range — Newfoundland, New York and Pennsylvania, south along the moun
tains to Florida, west through southern Ontario to Iowa and Tennessee.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark reddish brown with
thin, pale sapwood, capable of high finish and used in the manufacture of
furniture to imitate mahogany, likewise for woodenware, fuel, ete. Oil
of wintergreen is distilled from the wood, and birch beer can be made by
fermenting the sap.

6

2

qin

Yellow Birch, Gray Birch
' Betula lutea Michx. f.

A twig showing pistillate and staminate

aments x %

Bract and _ bracteoles from staminate
ament, distal view x 7%

Staminate flowers with subtending bracts
and sepals, axile view x 7%

Bract and bracteoles showing — styles,
abaxile view x 7%

D.

Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts,
axile view x 7%

;. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-

ing strobiles x %

7. Seale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view

x
. Winged nutlet x 4
9. Winter twig with staminate aments x %&@

Trees of New York State 163

BETULACEAE
Betula lutea Michx. f.

Yellow Birch, Gray Birch

Habit — A tree at maturity usually 60-75 feet in height with trunk diameter
of 2-3 feet, sometimes 100 feet tall and 3-5 feet through. In the open
the crown is broadly ovoid, consisting of long, wide- spre: ading, somewhat
pendulous branches borne aloft on a short bole which is continuous into
the crown or breaks up a short distance above the ground into several
large, ascending limbs. Under forest conditions the bole is usually clean
for some distance below.

"Leaves — Alternate, ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptical, 3-414 inches long, 1%4-2
inches wide, acute at the apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped and
inequilateral at the base, sharply doubly serrate, at maturity smooth,
dull and dark green above, pale yellowish green and hairy at least on
the veins below, borne on slender, pale yellow, hairy, terete petioles %4—1
inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in late March or April before the leaves, monoecious,
borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, clus-
tered, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 3-3% inches
pone. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and soli-
tary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, oblong-cylindrical,
nearly sessile, about 3 of an inch long. ’ Flowers borne in clusters of 3.
The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short,
bifurcated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster
of 3 covered distally by a peltate broadly oval bract and 2 bracteoles.
The pistillate flower consists of a small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted
by 2 spreading, filiform styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong,
obtuse bract and 2 adnate bracteoles.

Fruit — An erect, sessile or nearly sessile, pale brown, oblong-ovoid, woody
strobile, 1-114 inches long and about *4 of an inch wide, consisting of
imbricated, 3-lobed bracts which are puberulous on the back and subtend
winged nutlets, both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis.
Nutlets compressed, ovate to oval, chestnut-brown, about 4% of an inch
long, crowned by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral marginal wings
narrower than the nutlet.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, light yellowish
brown, becoming dark brown and lustrous and finally dull silvery-gray,
with faint wintergreen odor when chewed. Short, spur-like, lateral fruit-
ing branches present. Buds meee OMY ovate, acute, lustrous, somewhat
divergent, chestnut-brown, about %4 of an inch long, covered by 3-8 scales
downy on the margins. Staminate aments grouped at the tips of vigorous
twigs, oblong-cylindric, light chestnut-brown and lustrous, 34—1 inch long.
Bark on young trunks or limbs lustrous, close and firm, bright silvery-
gray, separating at the surface into ‘thin, revolute, ‘clinging scales.
Mature bark reddish brown to nearly black, broken into large, thick,
irregular plates.

Habitat — Rich moist uplands in company with Beech, Sugar Maple, Ash,
Hornbeam, Hemlock, Red Spruce, ete.

Range — Newfoundland south along the mountains to North Carolina and
Tennessee, west through southern Ontario, Michigan and Wisconsin to
Minnesota. Zones B, C, D, and E.

Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown with
thin, nearly white sapwood. Used for furniture, flooring, interior finish,
agricultural implements, turnery, and for fuel.

y

a

a
wa

i

HAN,
a)

>,

River Birch, Red Birch, Black Birch
Betula nigra L.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 5. Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts,
aments x 1 axile view x 6

2. Bract and bracteoles from staminate 6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-
ament showing stamens, distal view x 8 ing strobiles x % : ‘

3. Staminate flowers with subtending bracts 7. Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view
and sepals, axile view x 8 x

4. Bract and _ bracteoles from pistillate 8. Winged nutlet x 4
ament showing styles, abaxile view x 6 9. Winged twig x %

Trees of New York State 165

BETULACEAE
Betula nigra L.

River Birch, Red Birch, Black Birch

Habit — A tree 30-60 feet in height with a short trunk usually dividing near
the base into several large, obliquely ascending limbs which form in age a
round-topped, open, irregular crown. Under ecptimum conditions some-
times 80-100 feet in height with a bole 4-5 feet through, at other times
a bushy tree branching from the ground.

Leaves — Alternate, rhombic-ovate, 1144-3 inches long, 1—2 inches wide, acute
at the apex, cuneate at the base, doubly serrate, at maturity thin but firm
in texture, dark green, smooth, and lustrous above, pale yellowish green
and glabrous or slightly pubescent below, borne on slender, pubescent
petioles about 4% of an inch long. Stipules pale green, ovate, fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in March and April before the leaves, monoecious, borne
in aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, clustered, .
subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 2-3 inches long. Pis-
tillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and solitary on
short, 2-leaved lateral branches, bright green, cylindrical, pedunculate,
about 144 of an inch long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The staminate
flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short, bifurcated fila-
ments accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal and covered distally by a peltate,
broadly oval bract and 2 bracteoles. Pistillate flowers consisting of a
small, green, ovoid ovary surmounted by 2 spreading filiform styles, the
cluster of 3 subtended by an oblong, obtuse bract and 2 bracteoles.

Fruit — An erect, pedunculate, pubescent, pale brown, ovoid-cylindrical, woody
strobile, 1-144 inches long and about % inch wide, consisting of imbri-
eated, 3-lobed bracts which are pubescent on the back and subtend winged
nutlets, both deciduous in mid-summer from the slender rachis. Nutlets
compressed, broadly oval, chestnut-brown, about 144 of an inch long,
crowned by the 2 persistent styles, with lateral, marginal, pubescent wings
narrower than the nutlet.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, smooth, reddish brown and
lustrous, at length darker, the bark exfoliating in thin, papery scales.
Buds ovate, acute, smooth or somewhat hairy, divergent, covered by 3-7
chestnut-brown scales. Staminate aments clustered, subterminal, cylin-
drical, %—-1 inch long. Bark on limbs and upper part of bole light red-
dish brown to cinnamon red, exfoliating in papery, clinging scales, giving
the trunk a ragged appearance. Mature bark at the base of the trunk
dark reddish brown and fissured.

Habitat— A moisture-loving species typically found along the banks of
streams, ponds, and lakes, more rarely on drier sites.

Range — Central New England, south to Florida, west to Minnesota and
Texas. Zones A, B, and C. .

Uses — Wood light, medium hard, strong, close-grained, light brown with
wide, pale sapwood. Used in the manufacture of cheap furniture and
woodenware. The tree is attractive ornamentally and is grown in parks,
cemeteries and private estates.

”

1

Gray Birch, Old Field Birch, White Birch
Betula populifolia Marsh.

A twig showing pistillate and staminate
aments x %

Pract and bracteoles from staminate ament
showing stamens, distal view x 5
Staminate flowers with subtending bracts

and sepals, axile view x 5
Bract and bracteoles from pistillate ament
showing styles, abaxile view x 15

oO.

,

SRnrN

Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts,
axile view x 15

A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-
ing strobiles x %

Scale from fruiting strobile, abaxile view 5

Winged nutlet x 10

Winter twig x %&

Trees of New York State 167

BETULACEAE
Betula populifolia Marsh.

Gray Birch, Old Field Birch, White Birch

Habit — A small tree 20-35 feet high with a trunk diameter of 6—12 inches,
occasionally 50 feet tall with a diameter of 18 inches. The boles usually
arise in groups of 2-6 from a common root-crown. Crown open, rather
irregular, narrowly pyramidal, often extending to the ground, consisting
of slender, ascending or horizontal branches and drooping branchlets.
Bole continuous to the top of the crown.

Leaves — Alternate, triangular to rhombic-ovate, 244-3 inches long, 1144-21%
inches wide, long attenuate at the apex, cuneate or truncate at the base,
coarsely doubly serrate, at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green,
lustrous and somewhat glandular above, pale green and glabrous or hairy
on the veins below, borne on long, black-glandular, terete petioles.

Flowers — Appearing in late March or April with the leaves, monoecious,
borne in aments. Staminate aments preformed the previous season, usu-
ally solitary, subterminal, narrowly cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yel-
low, 2144-4 inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold,
terminal and solitary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green,
linear-cylindical, pedunculate, 44-1 inch long. Flowers borne in clusters
of 3. The staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on
short bifurcated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the
cluster of 3 covered distally by a peltate, obovate bract and 2 bracteoles.
Pistillate flowers consisting of a small, green, ovoid ovary crowned by 2
spreading, filiform, pale red styles, the cluster of 3 subtended by an ob-
long, obtuse bract and 2 adnate bracteoles.

Fruit — A pedunculate, pale brown, cylindrical, obtuse, woody strobile, about
*% of an inch long and % of an inch wide, consisting of puberulous, imbri-
cated, 3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets, both deciduous in the
autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets compressed, oval-obovate, chest-
nut-brown, 1/16—1/12 of an inch long, crowned by the 2 persistent styles,
with lateral marginal wings broader than the nut.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, lenticellate, lustrous, roughened by warty
glands, reddish brown or nearly white near the trunk. Buds ovate, acute,
smooth, somewhat resinous and divergent, covered by 3-4 scales downy at
the margins. Staminate aments usually solitary, subterminal, linear-
cylindrical, 114%4-1% inches long. Mature bark thin, close, dull grayish
white with bright orange inner bark, nearly black and fissured at the base
of the tree.

Habitat — A short-lived ‘‘weed’’ tree establishing itself rapidly in abandoned
fields, burns and on waste lands. Thrives on moist soil along streams and
lakes.

Range — Nova Scotia, south to Delaware and southern Pennsylvania, west-
ward to Central Quebec, southern Ontario, and western New York. Zones
INS EY (OR ers DE

Uses — Not an important timber species. Grown ornamentally. Wood light,
soft, weak, close-grained, pale brown with thick, nearly white sapwood.
Used largely for fuel, also for spools, shoe pegs, ete.

Se ss

moe

Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch
Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. [Betula papyrifera Marsh.]

A twig showing ptstillate and staminate
aments x %

Bract and bracteoles from staminate ament
showing stamens, distal view x 7
Staminate flowers with subtending bracts

and sepals, axile view x 7

. Bract and bracteoles from pistillate ament

showing styles, abaxile view 15

Cl

fen)

SON

Pistillate flowers with subtending bracts,
axile view x 15

A twig showing mature leaves and fruit-
ing strobiles x %

Scale from fruiting strobile x 4

Winged nutlet x 4

Winter twig x %

=

Trees of New York State 169

BETULACEAE
Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach. [Betula papyrifera Marsh.]*

Paper Birch, Canoe Birch, White Birch

Habit — A tree at maturity usually 50-75 feet in height with a trunk diame-
ter of 1-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall. Crown
in young trees extending nearly to the ground, narrowly pyramidal, con-
sisting of short, slender, spreading branches. In mature or crowded trees,
the bole is clean below and supports a rather narrow, round-topped, open
head with pendulous branches.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cuneate at the
base, coarsely doubly serrate, 2-3 inches long, 1144-2 inches wide, at ma-
turity thick and firm in texture, dull dark green and usually eglandular
above, pale yellowish green, glabrous or somewhat hairy and marked with
minute black glands beneath, borne on stout, yellow, black-glandular
petioles. Stipules fugacious.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, monoecious, borne in
aments. Staminate aments preformed the preceding season, usually in
group of 2-3, subterminal, cylindrical, at anthesis brownish yellow, 344-4
inches long. Pistillate aments appearing as the buds unfold, terminal and
solitary on short, 2-leaved lateral branches, pale green, linear-cylindrical,
pedunculate, 1-114 inches long. Flowers borne in clusters of 3. The
staminate flowers consist of 4 yellow half-anthers raised on short bifur-
cated filaments and accompanied by a calyx of 1 sepal, the cluster of 3
covered distally by a peltate, broadly obovate bract and 2 bracteoles. Pis-
tillate flowers consisting of a small, green, ovoid ovary crowned by 2
spreading, filiform, bright red styles, the clusters of 3 subtended by an
oblong, obtuse bract and 2 bracteoles.

Fruit — A pedunculate, drooping, pale brown, cylindrical, obtuse, woody stro-
bile, about 114 inches long and 14 of an inch thick, consisting of puberu-
lous or glabrous, imbricated, 3-lobed bracts subtending winged nutlets,
both deciduous in the autumn from the slender rachis. Nutlets com-
pressed, elliptical to oval, chestnut-brown, about 1/16 of an inch long,
with marginal wings broader than the nut.

Winter characters— Twigs rather stout, lenticellate, smooth, dull reddish
brown, at length orange-brown and lustrous, finally white from the exfoli-
ation of the outer bark. Buds ovate, acute, smooth, divergent, chestnut-
brown, covered by 3-5 scales downy at the margins. Staminate strobiles
in groups of 2-3, subterminal, cylindrical, 34-1144 inches long. Bark on
the trunk and older branches chalky to creamy-white, peeling off in thin
papery layers, marked by elongated, horizontal lenticels. Mature bark at
the base of mature trunks brownish black, sharply and irregularly fur-
rowed.

Habitat — Thrives on moist sites about lakes, streams, swamps, wooded moun-
tain slopes and hillsides, usually intermingled with other hardwoods, more
rarely with conifers.

Range — A transcontinental species ranging from Newfoundland to Alaska,
south through New England to central Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wiscon-
sin, Colorado and Washington. Zones C, D, and E.

Uses — Wood light, strong, hard, close-grained, light reddish brown with
thick, nearly white sapwood. Largely used in the manufacture of spools,
likewise wocdenware, shoe-lasts, wood-pulp and fuel. The papery bark is
made into canoes and souvenirs. The tree is grown ornamentally in the
northern states, replacing in many places the European White Birch
destroyed by the Bronze Birch Borer,

*A variety of paper birch, Betula alba, var. cordifolia (Regel) Fernald, is found
at higher elevations on cool mountain slopes in the Adirondacks and Catskills.

7 Ai, 4
‘

Beech |

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. [Fagus americana Sweet; Fagus atropunicea (Marsh)
Sud.; Fagus ferruginea Ait.]

1 A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
owers, and immature leaves x c

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Trigonous nut x 2
5. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State bf |

FAGACEAE

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. [Fagus americana Sweet; Fagus atropunicea (Marsh)
Sud.; Fagus ferruginea Ait. ]

Beech

Habit — A tree under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet in height, usu-
ally 60-80 feet in height with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. Crown com-
pact and narrow under forest conditions, borne aloft on a long, straight,
columnar bole. In the open the trunk is short and thick and breaks up
a few feet above the ground into numerous spreading limbs and slender,
somewhat drooping branches, forming a broad, round-topped head.
Spreads by root suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate, 244-5 inches long, 1-3 inches wide, acu-
minate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply serrate with
rather distant teeth, at maturity thin, coriaceous, smooth and dull green
above, pale green and lustrous beneath, with tufts of hairs in the axils
of the prominent rib-like secondary viens, borne on short, terete, heavy
petioles about 144 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May when the leaves are about one-third
grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in many-ilowered, drooping, globose
heads which are 1 inch in diameter and are borne on slender, scaly ped-
uncles about 2 inches long arising from the axils of the inner bud-scales
or of the lower leaves. Calyx narrowly campanulate, pale hairy without,
4-8-lobed, borne on a short peduncle. Stamens 8-10, with pale green
anthers and slender filaments, the filaments about twice the length of the
calyx. Pistillate flowers in clusters of 2 on short, clavate, woolly ped-
uncles from the upper leaf-axils, the cluster surrounded by an involucre
of accrescent scales clothed with long white hairs and subtended by several
deciduous, pink bracts. Calyx hairy, adnate to the ovary, with 4-5 linear
lobes. Pistil consisting of a trigonous, 3-celled ovary surmounted by 3
slender, reflexed styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — A stalked, prickly, thick-walled, ovoid bur, about %4 of an inch long,
opening in the autumn by 4 valves to set free the 2 trigonous, lustrous
brown nuts. Kernel sweet, edible.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, zigzag, wiry, orange-lenticellate, smooth,
lustrous, bright reddish brown, at length dark brown turning to ashy
gray, with tardily. deciduous leaves. Buds narrowly conical, sharp-
pointed, strongly divergent, *4—-1 inch long, covered by numerous, thin,
lustrous, pale chestnut-brown scales with hairy margins. Mature bark
thin, close, smooth, dull light gray, often mottled with dark spots.

Habitat — A tolerant species preferring rich, moist uplands in admixture
with Hard Maple, Yellow Birch, Hornbeam, Hemlock, ete. In the south
occurring on moist bottom-lands and the borders of swamps.

Range — Nova Scotia through southern Ontario to Wisconsin, south to
Florida and Texas. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — A timber species producing a hard, strong, tough, close-grained wood
which is susceptible of high polish but difficult to season and not durable
in contact with the soil. Heartwood light or dark red; sapwood nearly
white. The wood is used for cheap furniture, tool handles, basketry (as
veneer), and largely in the rural districts for fuel. The tree is to be
recommended ornamentally because of its striking appearance, especially
during the winter months. The nuts occasionally appear in the eastern
markets.

LASS
NS
N\A

1 \i\\ AES
2 il, Ni IN

i\i

Chestnut

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. [Castanea vesca, var. americana Michx.;
Castanea sativa, var. americana Sarg.]

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate
flowers and mature leaves x

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 8
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 10

4, ter burs showing nuts and nut-scars
x 72

bo aN ex ol

6. Spine from bur x 1%

7. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 173

FAGACEAE

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. [Castanea vesca, var. americana Michx.;
Castanea sativa, var. americana Sarg.|
d

Chestnut

Habit — An important timber species, usually 60-80 feet tall, under optimum
conditions sometimes 100 feet in height with a restricted crown and tall
columnar trunk 3-4 feet in diameter. Trees in the open have a short,
massive bole which soon breaks up into stout, wide-spreading limbs to
form a very broad, ovate, rounded head. Chestnut sprouts readily from
the stump after cutting (coppice growth) and it is not uncommon to find
several trees that have arisen from sprouts in this way, grouped about
an old stump.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-lanceolate, 6-8 inches long, 144-2 inches wide,
acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely serrate, at maturity
thin, glabrous, dull, dark green above, smooth and pale yellow beneath,
borne on stout, puberulent petioles about % of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in late June or July after the leaves have attained full
size, monoecious. Staminate flowers in erect deciduous aments 6-8 inches
long consisting of stout, green, puberulous stems arising from the axils
of the leaves of the year or of the inner scales of the terminal bud, and
sessile flower clusters. Calyx campanulate, pale brown, puberulous, 6-
lobed. Stamens 10-20, with long, slender, white filaments and pale
yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers at the base of the upper androgynous
aments in clusters of 3 (2-5), each cluster enclosed in a green, sessile
involuere of thick, imbricated, sharp-pointed, slightly hairy scales sub-
tended by several bracts. Calyx hairy, adnate to the ovary, with short,
6-lobed limb. Pistil consisting of a 6-celled ovary surmounted by 6 white,
linear, spreading styles stigmatic at the apex.

Fruit — A sessile, globose, light brown bur, 2-214 inches in diameter, densely
echinulate with branched spines and usually tomentose without, opening
the first autumn by 4 valves and exposing the 1-3 nuts and the velvety
inner surface. Nuts ovoid, laterally compressed, pubescent at the apex,
lustrous below, dark chestnut-brown, marked at the base by a large, pale,
oval sear. Kernel sweet, edible.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, white-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous,
olive or yellowish green, at length dark brown. Terminal bud absent.
Lateral buds ovate, acute, divergent, dark chestnut-brown. Mature bark
dark brown, thick, divided by shallow fissures into broad, flat ridges scaly
on the surface.

Habitat'— Thrives on a wide variety of sites and soils but avoids a wet
habitat. In the north common on gravelly, well-drained, glacial soils;
farther south it is an inhabitant of cool mountain slopes.

Range — Maine westward through southern Ontario to Michigan, southward
to Delaware and along the mountains to Alabama, Mississippi, Kentucky
and Tennessee. Attains its best development in the mountains of the
South. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — An important timber tree. Wood light, soft, rather weak, coarse-
grained, difficult to season but very durable in contact with the soil.
Heartwood reddish brown; sapwood thin and pale. Largely used for
railroad ties, telephone and telegraph poles, fence posts, coffins, cheap
furniture, interior finish and as a souree of tannin extract. The tree is
important silviculturally because of the readiness with which it may be
coppiced. The chestnuts of commerce are produced by this species. The
supply of American Chestnut has been greatly depleted through the rav-
ages of the chestnut-bark disease.

BWA

HN NY

Boe
ENG

sae
aN

TRANS

White Oak

Quercus alba L.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x ¥4 x &% :
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with eup, lateral view x 1

3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 ¢. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 175

FAGACEAE

Quereus alba L.

White Oak

Habit — A valuable timber species, usually attaining a height of 60-80 feet
with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter, under optimum conditions sometimes
140 feet tall. Trees in dense forest stands have long, clean boles with
little taper, bearing aloft a narrow crown. In the open the bole is short
and stout and soon breaks up into massive, gnarled, wide-spreading limbs
and slender rigid branches to form a broad, open, irregular crown,

Leaves — Alternate, obovate-oblong, 5-9 inches long, 2—4 inches wide, cuneate
at the base, 3—9-lobed, the lobes ascending and blunt and separated by
wide, rounded sinuses which are shallow or may extend nearly to the
midrib. Upper lobes irregular, often with secondary lobes at the apex.
At maturity leaves thin, firm, glabrous, dull or lustrous and bright green
above, paler, smooth and sometimes glaucous beneath. Petioles stout,

glabrous, 4-1 inch long.

Flowers — In our range appearing in late May or early June when the leaves
are about one-third grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers ebracteolate,
in interrupted, filiform, pendulous, deciduous aments 244-3 inches long
which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils
of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, bright yel-
low, pubescent, acutely lobed. Stamens 4-6, with filiform exserted fila-
ments and yellow, notched anthers. Pistillate flowers solitary, peduncu-
late or nearly sessile, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each
subtended by broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales. Calyx urn-shaped,
shallowly lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled
(rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short, dilated, spreading, red
styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — A sessile or pedunculate acorn, ripening the first season. Nut ovoid-
oblong, light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity, rounded at the
apex, about %4 of an inch long, enclosed about one-fourth its length in
the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, somewhat pubescent within, consisting of
numerous seales, those at the base thickened and tuberculate.

Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, pale-lenticellate, lustrous or
somewhat glaucous, reddish gray becoming ashy gray the second season.
Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal
bud, broadly ovate, obtuse, reddish brown, about 4% of an inch long.
Mature bark light gray or nearly white, thick, divided by shallow fissures

into long, irregular, thin scales.

Habitat — A cosmopolitan species growing on sandy soil, on moist bottom-
lands, rich uplands, and stony ridges, preferring rich moist soil.

Range — Maine to Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas. Zones A, B,
and C.

Uses — An important lumber species producing the best grade of oak timber.
Wood hard, heavy, strong, durable, pale brown with lighter sapwood.
Prized for furniture, tight cooperage, wagonry, railroad ties, ete.

ey RN
RY

UA?
erg

Post Oak, Iron Oak
Quercus stellata Wang. [Quercus minor Sarg.; Quercus obtusiloba Michx. ]

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x 14 x

A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6, Winter twig x %4

Lhe

Trees of New York State 177

FAGACEAE

Quercus stellata Wang. [Quercus minor Sarg.; Quercus obtusiloba Michx.]

Post Oak, Tron Oak

Habit — A tree usually 50-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2
feet, under optimum conditions sometimes becoming 80-100 feet tall with
a long, clean bole, in the northern limits of its range often reduced to a
shrub. Crown broad, dense, round-topped, with stout spreading branches,
much reduced in forest-grown specimens.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-obovate, 4—7 inches long, 8-5 inches wide, broadly
cuneate at the base, sinuately cut in 5—7 rounded, divergent lobes, the
upper 3 much the larger and often notched. At maturity leaves thick,
firm, dark green above with scattered stellate hairs, and rusty pubescent
beneath. Petioles stout, pubescent, 1%—1 inch in length.

Flowers — In our range, appearing in May when the leaves are about one-
fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers bracteolate, in interrupted,
pendulous, deciduous aments 2%—4 inches long which are borne on the
growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of
the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, yellow, hirsute, with laciniate,
acute lobes. Stamens 4-6, with filiform, exserted filaments and yellow,
notched anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or pedunculate, borne in the
axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by broadly ovate, hirsute
involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, shallowly lobed, adnate to the
ovary. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted
by 3 short, dilated, red styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — A sessile or pedunculate acorn, ripening in one season. Nut oval,
obtuse and often pubescent at the apex, light chestnut-brown and striate,
1%4-1 inch long, enclosed about one-third of its length in the cup. Cup
turbinate, downy within, consisting of numerous thin, flat, tomentose
scales.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, pubescent, pale-lenticellate, orange to red-
dish brown, at length dark brown or nearly black. Buds alternate, those
near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate,
bluntly acute, chestnut-brown and pubescent, 4%-%4 of an inch long.
Mature bark grayish brown, thick, divided by deep fissures into broad
ridges, scaly on the surface.

Habitat — An upland species preferring dry, sandy or gravelly sites. Thrives
on limestone soils.

Range — Central New England west to Kansas and Missouri, south to Florida
and eastern Texas. Usually shrubby in the northeast. Zones A and B.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, durable, pale brown with lighter
sapwood. It is not distinguished in the trade from that of Quercus albc

and is put to similar uses.

Bur Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup Oak

Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. \ twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x %4 x %

’. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 o. Nut with cup, lateral yiew x 1

5. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 179

FAGACEAE

Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

Bur Oak, Mossy-cup Oak, Over-cup Oak

Habit — One of the largest of American oaks, under optimum conditions
sometimes 170 feet in height with a trunk 4-7 feet in diameter which is
free of branches for 50 feet or more. Usually smaller, becoming shrubby
at the northern limits of its range. Crown in the open broad and round-
topped, with massive, spreading limbs and drooping, bushy branchlets.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate or oblong, 6-12 inches long, 38-6 inches wide,
cuneate at the base, sinuately cut or nearly divided into 5-7 lobes, the
terminal lobe the larger and crenately lobed. At maturity leaves thick,
firm, lustrous and usually smooth above, greenish or silvery pubescent
below. Petioles stout, 144-1 inch long.

Flowers — In our range appearing in late May or early June when the
leaves are about one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in
interrupted, hairy, filiform, pendulous, deciduous aments, 4—6 inches long
which are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils
of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx hemi-spherical, yellowish
green, pubescent with 4-6 laciniate lobes. Stamens 4-6, with short fila-
ments and yellow, glabrous anthers. Pistillate flowers sessile or pedun-
culate, solitary or paired, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season,
each subtended by broadly ovate, pubescent involucral scales. Calyx
campanulate, shallowly lobed, adnate to the ovary. Pistil enclosed aside
from the 3 spreading styles which are reddish and stigmatic on their
inner surface.

Fruit — A sessile or short-pedunculate acorn ripening the first season. Nut
chestnut-brown, oval or broadly ovate, rounded and finely pubescent at
the apex, from 44-2 inches long, enclosed from one-half to its whole
length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, pale brown and pubescent within,
hoary-tomentose without, with pointed, imbricated scales, the upper pro-
longed to form a fringe.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, pale-lenticellate, glabrous, pale orange-
yellow, at length dark brown. Older twigs often develop corky wings.
Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal
bud, broadly ovate, obtuse, pubescent, pale reddish brown, 4%—™% of an
inch long. Mature bark pale brown, medium thick, divided by deep fur-
rows into irregular, scaly plates.

Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring rich, deep, moist soils, more
rarely on drier, upland sites.

Range — Nova Scotia to Manitoba and Montana, south to Pennsylvania, Ten-
nessee and Texas. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A valuable timber species producing lumber equivalent in quality to
that of White Oak. Wood hard, heavy, strong, durable, rich brown with
paler sapwood. Prized for furniture, cooperage, interior finish, railroad
ties, ete.

ay) J
RUIN
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PAM

Swamp White Oak

Quercus bicolor Willd. [Quercus platanoides Sudw.]

A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit,
flowers, and immature leayes x 1% x 4%

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x : 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x %

3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

de

Ol

Trees of New York State 181

FAGACEAE

Quercus bicolor Willd. [Quercus platanoides Sudw.]

Swamp White Oak

Habit — A tree usually 60-80 feet high when mature with a trunk 2-4 feet
in diameter, occasionally under optimum conditions 100 feet tall. In the
open the crown is broad, open, and round-topped with basal drooping
branches which give the tree a bizarre appearance. In dense stands the
bole is free of branches for some distance, continuing well into the crown.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate or oblong-obovate, 5-6 inches long, 2-4 inches
wide, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely sinuate-crenate
or occasionally pinnatifid, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and lustrous
above, white-hoary below, borne on stout petioles %4—%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about
one-fourth developed, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, fili-
form, pendulous, hairy aments 3—4 inches long which are borne on the
growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of
the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, pale yellowish green, pubescent,
deeply cut into 5-9 lanceolate segments. Stamens 5-9, with slender fila-
ments and glabrous, yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in few-flowered,
white-tomentose, pedunculate spikes borne in the axils of the leaves of
the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales.
Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, shallowly. lobed above. Pistil
consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 short
styles stigmatic on their inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a long peduncle, ripening the
first season. Nut oval or oblong, light chestnut-brown, round-pointed and
pubescent at the apex, %4-—1%4 inches long, enclosed about one-third of its
length in the cup. Cup broadly turbinate, thick, woody, pale brown and
pubescent within, hoary-tomentose without, often fringed at the upper
margin.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, pale-lenticellate, smooth or puberulous,
yellow or reddish brown, at length darker and glaucous. Bark on older
branches exfoliating in thin strips. Buds alternate, those near the branch-
tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate, obtuse, pale chestnut-
brown, 4%—-4 of an inch long. Mature bark grayish brown, thick, divided
by deep fissures into long, flat ridges scaly at the surface.

Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring moist, fertile soils along stream
borders, the edges of swamps, and low, poorly drained pastures.

Range — Maine west to Michigan and eastern Iowa, south to Georgia and
Arkansas. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, pale brown with lighter
sapwood. It compares favorably with that of White Oak and is used for
similar purposes, but is more inclined to knots.

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Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak, Chinquapin Oak

[Quercus acuminata Houba.]

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x 1%4 x
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1
5 6. Winter twig x %

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A pistillate flower, lateral view x

Trees of New York State 18:

FAGACEAE

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm. [Quercus acuminata Houba.]

Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak, Chinquapin Oak

Habit — In our range a shrub or small tree 20-50 feet in height with a trunk
%-2 feet in diameter, in southern Indiana and Illinois attaining an
optimum development of 100-160 feet. Crown narrow, round-topped.
Bole often buttressed below.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong, lanceolate, or obovate, 4-7 inches long, 1-5 inches
wide, pointed at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, coarsely and
regularly serrate except at the base, at maturity thick, firm, glabrous,
yellowish green above, pale silvery-pubescent below, borne on slender,
nearly terete petioles 94—1% inches long.

Flowers— In our range appearing in late May or early June when the
leave are about one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in
interrupted, filiform, pendulous, hairy aments 3-4 inches long which are
borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of the
inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, yellow, pubescent,
deeply divided into 5-6 acute lobes. Stamens as many as the calyx-lobes,
with short smooth filaments and yellow, oblong, notched anthers. Pistil-
late flowers clustered, sessile or pedunculate, white-tomentose, borne in
the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the broadly
ovate, hairy involucral scales. Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary,
shallowly lobed above. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled)
ovary surmounted by 3 bright red styles, stigmatic on their inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a short peduncle or sessile,
ripening the first season. Nut ovoid or oval, pale chestnut-brown, pubes-
cent and round-pointed at the apex, 144-1 inch long, enclosed from one-
third to one-half of its length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, thin, pale
brown and pubescent within, hoary tomentose without, with small obtuse
seales.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth, grayish or
reddish brown, at length brownish gray. Buds alternate, those near the
branch-tip chestnut-brown, 4%—% of an inch long. Mature bark gray or
nearly white, thin, shallowly fissured into flat-topped, scaly ridges,
approaching in appearance that of Quercus alba.

Habitat — In New York State, an upland species preferring barren limestone
ridges, farther west attaining its largest size on the bottom-lands of the
Wabash. river.

Range — Vermont to Iowa and eastern Nebraska, south to the District of
Columbia, and southwest through the mountains to Alabama and Texas.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, durable in contact with the
soil, dark brown with pale sapwood. Used for wagonry, cooperage, rail-
road ties, ete. Of minor importance in this state because of its small
stature.

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Chestnut Oak

Quercus Prinus L. [Quercus Michauxii Nutt.]
1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4
flowers, and immature leaves x %4
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

As twig showing mature leaves and fruit
x 2

5. Nut with cup, lateral view x %

6. Winter twig x 4%

Trees of New York State 185

FAGACEAE
Quereus Prinus L. [Quercus Michauxii Nutt.]

Chestnut Oak

Habit — Usually a medium sized tree 30-70 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-4 feet, rarely under favorable conditions 100 feet tall.
In the open the bole breaks up 15-20 feet above the ground into stout,
spreading limbs which form a broad, low, open, rounded crown. Trees
under forest conditions have a stout, columnar bole which continues well
into the high, reduced crown.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate, oblong, or lanceolate, 5-9 inches long, 2—4 inches
wide, rounded to acuminate at the apex, cuneate at the base, undulately
erenate-toothed, at maturity thick, firm, yellowish green and somewhat
lustrous above, pale and somewhat pubescent beneath, borne on stout or
slender petioles %—1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are about
one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform,
pendulous, hairy aments 2-3 inches long which are borne on the growth
of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scale of the terminal
bud. Calyx campanulate, light yellow, pubescent, deeply cut into 7-9
acute lobes. Stamens 7-9, with slender glabrous filaments and oblong,
glabrous, notched, bright yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in groups of
2-3 (occasionally solitary), pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves
of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy involucral scales.
Calyx campanulate, adnate to the ovary, with shallow, ciliate lobes.
Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3
short, dilated, spreading, reddish styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on a short peduncle, ripening
the first season. Nut oval or ovate, light chestnut-brown and lustrous at
maturity, round-pointed at the apex, %4-1% inches long, enclosed for
about one-third of its length in the cup. Cup bowl-shaped, thin, pale
brown and pubescent within, heary-pubescent without, the scales toward
the base tuberculate.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, bitter, pale-lenticellate, smooth, orange to
reddish brown, becoming brown or dark brown the second year. Buds
alternate, those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud,
ovate-conical, acute, light chestnut-brown and pilose, %4—% of an inch
long. Mature bark dark reddish brown to nearly black, thick, very rough,
characteristically divided by deep fissures into broad, rounded, continuous,
longitudinal ridges, scaly at the surface.

Habitat — An upland species preferring well-drained sites on ridges, wooded
hilltops, the sides of high rocky glens, climbing higher near the southern
limits of its range.

Range — Southern Maine to Ontario, south along the mountains to northern
Georgia and Alabama. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, durable in contact with the
soil, dark brown with paler sapwood, somewhat inferior to that of White
Oak in value. Used for construction, railroad ties, fencing, etc. The
bark is an important source of tannin.

A twig showing pistillate and

Red Oak

Quercus rubra L.
4.

staminate

flowers, and immature leaves x %4
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5
A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

o.

6.

A twig showing mature Jeaves and fruit
x

Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 187

FAGACEAE

Quercus rubra L.

Red Oak

Habit — One of the largest of the oaks, usually 50-80 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 2—4 feet, occasionally under exceptional conditions 150
feet tall. In the open the trunk is short and massive, soon breaking up
into stout limbs to form a broad symmetrical crown. In dense stands
the bole continues into the narrow, round-topped head.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong to oval-obovate, 5-9 inches long, 4-6 inches wide,
acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, 7-11 lobed, the lobes
usually sinuately 3-toothed and bristle-tipped and separated by wide,
rounded, oblique sinuses which extend about half way to the midrib. At
maturity the leaves are thin, firm, glabrous, dull dark green above, paler
and glabrous or puberulous below. Petioles stout, 1-2 inches long.

Flowers — In New York State appearing in late May or early June when the
leaves are about half grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers pedunculate
in interrupted, filiform, pendulous, hairy aments 4-5 inches long which
are borne on the growth of the preceding season or from the axils of
the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx campanulate, green, pubes-
cent, deeply cut into 4-5 narrow, ovate lobes. Stamens 4-5, with large,
oblong emarginate, yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in groups of 2-3
(oceasionally solitary), pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves of
the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy, involucral scales.
Calyx adnate to the ovary, with lanceolate acute lobes. Pistil consisting
of a 3-celled (rarely 4—5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 elongated, spread-
ing, strap-shaped green styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs, sessile or on a short, stout
peduncle, ripening the second season. Nut oblong-ovoid, chestnut-brown
and lustrous at maturity, round-pointed at the apex, *%4—1% inches long,
enclosed for about one-fourth of the length in the cup. Cup saucer-shaped,
thick, reddish brown and pubescent within, reddish brown, lustrous and
puberulous without.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth, dark red, at
length reddish or greenish brown. Buds alternate, those near the branch-
tip clustered about the terminal bud, ovate, acute, light chestnut-brown,
about 44 of an inch long. Mature bark dark brown, thick, divided by shal-
low fissures into regular, continuous, flat-topped ridges scaly at the
surface.

Habitat — Requires a well-drained site, thriving best on gravelly or sandy
loams but not exacting as to soil requirements.

Range — Nova Scotia to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Florida and Texas.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale reddish brown with
paler sapwood. Used for construction, furniture, interior finish, railroad
ties and timbers, but less durable and inferior to that of the white oaks.
The most rapidly growing species of oak, recommended over others in
silvicultural practice.

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Pin Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak

Quercus palustris Muench.

A twig showing pistillate and staminate
flowers, and immature leaves x %
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5

A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

J. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
x Y%

5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 189

FAGACEAE

Quercus palustris Muench.

Pin Oak, Swamp Spanish Oak

Habit — At maturity a tree usually 60-80 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions occasionally 120 feet tall.
Crown in young trees symmetrical, conic, at length broader and open,
the lower branches pendulous and shorter than those above. Bole straight,
clean, continuous into the crown.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly oval to obovate, 4-6 inches long, 2—4 inches wide,
acute at the apex, cuneate or truncate at the base, 5—-9-lobed, the lobes
dentate and bristle-tipped and separated by wide, rounded sinuses which
extend more than half way to the midrib. At maturity the leaves are
thin, firm, dark green and lustrous above, and paler below. Petioles
slender, 44-2 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in May in our range when the leaves are about one-
third grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform,
pendulous, hairy aments 2-3 inches long, which are borne on the growth
of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud. Calyx broadly campanulate, yellowish green, puberulous,
deeply cut into 4-5 oblong, rounded, slightly sinuate lobes. Stamens 4-5,
the yellow anthers slightly emarginate and glabrous. Pistillate flowers
in groups of 2-3 (occasionally solitary), borne on short tomentose pedun-
cles from the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the
broadly ovate, tomentose involucral scale. Calyx adnate to the ovary,
the lobes acuminate. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled (rarely 4-5 celled)
ovary surmounted by 3 elongated, spreading, strap-shaped red styles stig-
matic on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs, sessile or short stalked, ripening
the second season. Nut nearly hemi-spherical, light brown and often
striate, round-pointed at the apex, about % of an inch long, enclosed for
about two-fifths of its length in the cup. Cup thin, shallow, saucer-
shaped, dark reddish brown and puberulous within, pale reddish brown
without, the scales thin and closely appressed.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, tough, pale-lenticellate, lustrous, dark .
reddish or grayish brown. Buds alternate, those near the branch-tip
clustered about the terminal bud, ovate, acute, light chestnut-brown,
about 1% of an inch long. Mature bark light grayish brown, quite smooth,
with low scaly ridges and shallow fissures.

Habitat — A bottom-land species, preferring deep, rich, moist, soil, more rarely
on moist upland sites. Transplants thrive well in dry situations.

Range — Central New England west through southern Michigan and Missouri,
southward to Virginia, Tennessee and Oklahoma. Zones A and B.

Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-
grained, pale brown with lighter sapwood. Used for railroad ties, cheap
construction and fuel. The tree is planted extensively for shade and
ornament because of its symmetrical form, beautiful foliage, rapidity of
growth, and the ease with which it may be transplanted.

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Scarlet Oak

Quercus coccinea Muench.
1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4+. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit

flowers, and immaiure leaves x % x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x_5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig with immature acorns x 4%

Trees of New York State L9T

FAGACEAE

Quercus coccinea Muench.

Scarlet Oak

Habit — A medium sized tree 60-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
2-3 feet, often much smaller. Crown in the open narrow, irregular,
rounded or oblong, with wide-spreading basal.branches, in dense stands
greatly reduced.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly obovate to oval, 3-6 inches long, 214-4 inches
wide, acute at the apex, truncate or cuneate at the base, 7—9-lobed, the
lobes repandly dentate and bristle-tipped at the apex and separated by
deep, wide, rounded sinuses which extend over half way to the midrib.
At maturity the leaves are thin, firm, glabrous, lustrous and dark green
above, and paler below. Petioles slender, 144-2% inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are about half
grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform, pendulous,
hairy aments 3-4 inches long, borne on the growth of the preceding season
or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud. Calyx cam-
panulate, greenish red, pubescent, cut into 4-5 ovate, acute lobes.
Stamens 4-5, with glabrous, pale yellow anthers. Pistillate flowers in
groups of 2-3 (or solitary), pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves
of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate, hairy, involucral
seales. Calyx campanulate, shallowly lobed. Pistil consisting of a 3-
celled (rarely 4-5-celled) ovary surmounted by 3 elongated, spreading,
strap-shaped, red styles stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs, sessile or long pedunculate,
ripening the second season. Nut ovoid, pale reddish brown and often
striate, round-pointed at the apex, %-1 inch long, enclosed for one-third
to one-half of its length in the cup. Cup turbinate, thin, pale reddish
brown within, reddish brown with closely appresssed scales without.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, pale-lenticellate, smooth, lustrous, light
reddish brown, at length dark brown. Buds alternate, those near the
branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, broadly ovate, acute, dark
reddish brown, somewhat pubescent. Mature bark dark brown, thin,
divided by shallow furrows into irregular ridges, scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Prefers light sandy or gravelly soils in company with Red and
Black Oak.

Range — Southern Maine west to southern Minnesota and eastern Nebraska,
south to North Carolina and Nebraska. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — The wood of this species is inferior to that of Quercus rubra but is
put to the same uses. The tree is desirable ornamentally because of its
beautiful foliage which turns scarlet in the autumn, but is subject to
early decay resulting in windbreak.

Gray Oak

uercus rubra, var. ambigua (Michx. f.) Fer. [Quercus borealis Michx. f.;
Quercus ambigua Michx. f.; Quercus coccinea, var. ambigua Gray.]
4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate
flowers, and immature leaves x % x %
5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5
8. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 193

FAGACEAE

Quercus rubra, var. ambigua (Michx. f.) Fer. [Quercus borealis Michx. f.;
Quercus ambigua Michx. f.; Quercus coccinea, var. ambigua Gray.]

Gray Oak

Habit — Similar in habit to the Red Oak, Quercus rubra L. but never attaining
to the maximum size of that species. A tree usually 50-60 feet in height
with shcrt, massive trunk, stout limbs and a broad, symmetrical, rounded
crown.

Leaves — Similar to those of the Red Oak.
Flowers — Appearing in early June. Comparable to those of the Red Oak.

Fruit — Acorn approaching that of Quercus coccinea Muench. Nut oblong-
ovoid to obovoid, chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity, pointed at
the apex, about 1 inch long, enclosed for one-fourth to one-third of its
length in the cup. Cup turbinate or hemispheric, thick, reddish brown
and pubescent within, reddish brown and nearly smooth without.

Winter characters — Not to be distinguished from Red Oak in the winter
condition.

Habitat — An upland species preferring well-drained sites but not exacting
as to soil requirements.

Range — Insufficiently known. Said to occur from Quebee and Ontario south-
ward through New York and Pennsylvania but most common in our state
along the northern border.

Uses — The wood is said to be stronger and more durable than that of Red :
Oak but is not distinguished from the wood of this species in the trade.

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Black Oak, Yellow-bark Oak

Quercus velutina Lam. [Quercus tinctoria Bartr.; Quercus coccinea, var. tinc-.* |’
toria A. DC.]

A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x 1% x %

A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5 Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

A wistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 195

FAGACEAE

Quercus velutina Lam. [Quercus tinctoria Bartr.; Quercus coccinea, var. tine-
toria A. DC.]

Black Oak, Yellow-bark Oak

Habit — One of the commonest and most variable oaks of New York State.
A tree usually 60-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet,
in the lower Ohio basin sometimes 150 feet in height. Crown oblong,
irregular, wide-spreading in the open with rather slender branches.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate to oblong, 4-6 inches long, 3-6 inches wide,
acute at the apex, obtuse or truncate at the base, 5-7 lobed, the lobes
repandly dentate and bristle-tipped and separated by deep, wide, rounded
sinuses which extend over half way to the midrib. At maturity the
leaves are thick, firm, glabrous, dark green and very lustrous above, and
paler and pubescent beneath. Petioles stout, 2-6 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about
one-third grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform,
pendulous, hairy aments 4-6 inches long which are borne on the growth
of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud. Calyx campanulate, reddish green, pubescent, deeply cut into
4 ovate, acute lobes. Stamens 4, exserted, with yellow, apiculate anthers.
Pistillate flowers in groups of 2-3 (occasionally solitary) on short tomen-
tose peduncles, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each sub-
tended by the ovate, hairy involucral seales. Calyx campanulate, adnate
to the ovary, the lobes acute and hirsute. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled
(rarely 4-5 celled) ovary surmounted by 3 ascending red styles stigmatic
on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs, sessile or on a short, stout
‘ peduncle, ripening the second season. Nut ovate to oval, reddish brown,
often striate and pubescent at maturity, round-pointed at the apex, 4—-%
of an inch long, enclosed for about half of its length in the cup. Cup
thin, turbinate, dark reddish brown and puberulous within, pale hoary
and chestnut-brown without, the ovate acute scales with free scarious tips
toward the top.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, pale-lenticellate, smooth or sparingly
pubescent, dull reddish brown, at length dark brown. Buds alternate,
those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, ovate, acute,
yellowish gray, pubescent, %4—%% of an inch long. Mature bark dark
brown or nearly black, thick, rough, divided by deep fissures into broad,
rounded ridges, scaly at the surface. Inner bark orange-colored.

Habitat — An upland species preferring well-drained sites on ridges, hills and
dry plains. Thrives on poor soils.

Range — Southern Maine westward through Ontario to central Minnesota and
eastern Nebraska, south to Florida, and eastern Texas. Zones A, B,
and C.

Uses — Of little importance as a timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong,
coarse-grained, light reddish brown with paler sapwood. Largely used for
fuel. A yellow dye (quercitron) may be obtained’ from the inner bark.

Black Jack Oak, Barren Oak

Quercus marilandica Muench.

1. A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
lowers, and immature leaves x %4 x %

A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 ; 6. Winter twig x %

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Trees of New York State 197

FAGACEAE

Quercus marilandica Muench.

Black Jack Oak, Barren Oak

Habit — A small tree usually 20-40 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
6-12 inches, under favorable conditions sometimes 40-50 feet tall. Crown
in the open narrow and round-topped with wide-spreading and somewhat
pendulous branches, much restricted under forest conditions.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 3- (rarely 5-)
lobed at the apex, the lobes rounded or acute, entire, or dentate and
bristle-tipped. At maturity the leaves are thick, firm, dark green and
lustrous above, and rusty brown and pubescent below. Petioles stout,
1%4-—% of an inch long.

Flowers — In our range appearing in May when the leaves are about one-
fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted, filiform,
pendulous, hairy aments 2-4 inches long which are borne on the growth
of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud. Calyx campanulate, reddish green, pubescent, deeply divided
into 4-5 broad, ovate, rounded lobes. Stamens 4-5, with oblong, apicu-
late, glabrous, dark red anthers. Pistillate flowers solitary or paired,
pedunculate, borne in the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended
by the broadly ovate, rusty-tomentose involucral scales. Calyx adnate
to the ovary, its lobes shallow and acute. Stigmas spatulate, reflexed,
dark red.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs on stout peduncles, ripening the
second season. Nut ovoid, pale chestnut-brown and often striate, round-
pointed at the apex, %4-%4 of an inch long, enclosed for about half of
its length in the cup. Cup turbinate, thick, pale brown and puberulous
within, reddish brown without, its scales tomentose and loosely imbricated.

Winter characters — Twigs stout. pale-lenticellate, smooth or puberulous,
reddish brown, at length dark brown or gray. Buds alternate, those near
the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, ovate, acute-angled,
pubescent, reddish brown, about %4 of an inch long. Mature bark dark
brown or black, thick, rough with deep fissures separating squarish plates
i-3 inches in diamter.

Habitat — In our range a tree of the sand barrens, preferring dry, sterile
soils where conditions are adverse for most tree species.

Range — Long Island west through Pennsylvania to southeastern Nebraska,
south to Florida, and eastern Texas. Zone A.

Uses — The tree is of no commercial value in New York State. Wood hard,
heavy, strong, dark brown with paler sapwood. In the south it is used
for fuel, railroad ties, and occasionally manufactured into lumber.

24,
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Winter twig x %

Willow Oak

Quercus phellos L.

A twig showing pistillate and staminate 4. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
flowers, and immature leaves x ¥ x %
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 5. Nut with cup, lateral view x 1

Trees of New York State 199

FAGACEAE
Quercus phellos L.

Willow Oak

Habit — A tree under optimum forest conditions occasionally 70-80 feet in
height with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet and a restricted crown. In the
open the trees are usually 50-60 feet tall at maturity with narrow, usually
open, round-topped pyramidal crowns.

Leaves — Alternate, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblong, 2—5 inches long, 14-1
inch wide, sharply acute and bristle-pointed at the apex, acute at the
base, entire or slightly undulate and revolute on the margin, at maturity
thick, firm, light green, glabrous and lustrous above, paler and smooth

or rarely pubescent below, borne on stout petioles %—-%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — In New York State appearing in May when the leaves are about
one-fourth grown, monoecious. Staminate flowers in interrupted filiform,
pendulous, hairy aments 2-3 inches long which are borne on the growth
of the preceding season or from the axils of the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud. Calyx campanulate, yellow, pubescent, deeply cut into 4-5
ovate, acute lobes. Stamens 4-5, the anthers oblong, hairy, slightly
apiculate. Pistillate flowers solitary or paired, pedunculate, borne in
the axils of the leaves of the season, each subtended by the broadly ovate,
brown, hairy involucral scales. Calyx adnate to the ovary, the lobes
shallow and acute. Styles elongated, spreading, strap-shaped, bright red,
stigmatic on the inner surface.

Fruit — An acorn, borne solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-pedunculate,
ripening the second season. Nut globose or globose-ovoid, pale yellowish
brown and pubescent at maturity, round-pointed at the apex, about %
of an inch long. Cup saucer-shaped, thin, silky-pubescent within, reddish
brown and pubescent without.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, dark-lenticellate, glabrous, lustrous, red-
dish brown, at length dark reddish or grayish brown. Buds alternate,
those near the branch-tip clustered about the terminal bud, ovate, acute,
chestnut-brown, about 4 of an inch long. Mature bark reddish brown,
thin, divided by shallow fissures into irregular plates, scaly on the surface.

Habitat — Chiefly a bottom-land species preferring moist sites along stream
courses and swamp borders, more rarely in well-drained, sandy, upland
situations.

Range — Staten Island, N. Y., south through the maritime belt to Florida,
west through the Gulf states to eastern Texas, northward to southern
Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky. Zone A.

Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood medium hard, heavy, strong,
coarse-grained, pale reddish brown with lighter sapwood. Used locally
for construction, railroad ties and wagonry. The importance of the
species lies more in its value as an ornamental and shade tree.

Slippery Elm, Red Elm
Ulmus fulva Michx. [Ulmus pubescens Walt. ]

. A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x % 4. A twig with fruit and leaf-buds x %

A flower, lateral view x 4 9». Winter twig x %

3. A twig with mature leaves x %

Trees of New York State 201

ULMACEAE

Ulmus fulva Michx. [Ulmus pubescens Walt. ]

Slippery Elm, Red Elm

Habit — A medium-sized tree, usually 40-60 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-24 feet, occasionally under optimum conditions 80 feet
tall. Bole usually short, soon breaking up into a number of large, spread-
ing limbs to form a broad, open, flat-topped head.

Leaves — Alternate, oval to obovate, 5-7 inches long, 2-3 inches wide acumi-
nate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, coarsely doubly
serrate, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and rough papillose with
impressed veins above, pale dense white-hairy below, borne on stout,
pubescent petioles about 4% of an inch long.

Flowers — Perfect, short pedicellate, appearing before the leaves during April
and early May in short pedunculate, 3-flowered inflorescences from the
axils of the inner scales of separate flower buds, each bud giving rise to
a globose cluster. Calyx campanulate, green, pale-hairy, 5—9-lobed, the
lobes short and rounded. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes, exserted,
with slender, pale yellow filaments and red anthers. Pistil consisting of
a compressed, 2-celled ovary surmounted by 2 reddish purple, divergent
styles stigmatic along their inner margin.

Fruit — A l-seeded, oval-orbicular, short-stalked, pale green samara, 1%4—%4
of an inch long, marked by a horizontal line indicating the union of the
2 carpels, smooth aside from a rusty-tomentose area on the face over the
seminal cavity, ripening when the leaves are about half grown. Wing
broad, slightly emarginate at the apex of the fruit, rounded or somewhat
wedge-shaped at the base, naked on the margin, obscurely reticulate
veined.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, somewhat scabrous, roughened by the raised
lenticels and leaf-scars, pale pubescent, ashy gray to grayish brown, at
length dark grayish brown. Terminal bud absent. Leaf-buds toward the
end of twig, ovate, bluntly acute, rusty-tomentose, dark chestnut-brown.
about 14 of an inch long. Flower buds stouter and thicker than the leaf-
buds, situated farther back on the twig. Mature bark thick, rough, shal-
lowly fissured, ashy gray to dark reddish brown. Inner bark pale white,
fragrant, strongly mucilaginous.

Habitat — Stream banks and low fertile slopes, preferring deep, rich soils.
Thrives on limestone outcrops.

Range — Southern Canada, west to North Dakota, south to Florida and Texas.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, coarse-
textured, dark reddish brown with paler sapwood, durable in contact with
the soil. Used for fence posts, railroad ties, slack cooperage, wheel hubs
and agricultural implements. The mucilaginous inner bark is of value

medicinally.

White Elm, American Elm

Ulmus americana L.

1. A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x %4 4. A twig showing fruit and unfolding leafs
2. A flower, lateral view x 4 & __ buds x %
3. A twig showing mature leaves x %4 >. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 203

ULMACEAE

Ulmus americana L.

White Elm, American Elm

Habit — The largest of the elms. A tree usually 60-100 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 2—5 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 140 feet
tall with a crown spread of 50-70 feet. In the open the crown is very
variable. Well known varieties are the vase form, the umbrella form and
the feathered form. Bole tall and straight, bearing a high crown of grace-
ful, drooping branches, or short and often buttressed at the base and soon
breaking up into large, ascending limbs.

Leaves — Alternate, oval to obovate-oblong, 4—6 inches long, 1—3 inches wide,
acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base, coarsely
doubly serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrate and slightly scabrous
above, paler and soft pubescent or quite glabrous below, with prominent
midrib and parallel secondary veins, borne on stout petioles about 4 of an
inch long.

Flowers — Perfect, pedicellate, appearing before the leaves during April and
May in long pedunculate, 3-4 flowered inflorescences from the axils of the
inner scales of separate flower-buds, each bud giving rise to 5-8 fascicles.
Calyx campanulate, reddish green, puberulous, 7—9-lobed, the lobes short,
rounded and ciliate on the margins. Stamens as many as the corolla lobes,
exserted, with slender filaments and red anthers. Pistil with light green,
compressed, 2-celled ovary surmounted by 2 green styles white papillate
along the inner surface.

Fruit — A 1-seeded, oval to obovate-oblong, long-stalked, pale greea samara,
about % of an inch long, marked by a horizontal line indicating the union
of the 2 earpels, smooth aside from the ciliate margin, ripening as the
leaf-buds begin to unfold. Wing reticulate-venulose, ciliate on the mar-
gin, deeply notched at the apex, the teeth incurved and overlapping.

Winter characters —- Twig slender, lenticellate, glabrous or puberulous, light
reddish brown, at length dark brown or ashy-gray. Terminal bud absent.
Leaf-buds ovate, acute, chestnut-brown, about 14 of an inch long. Flower-
buds slightly larger, borne below the leaf-buds. Mature bark thick,
rough, ashy-gray, irregularly divided by deep fissures into broad, sealy
ridges.

Habitat — Typically a bottom-land species, preferring moist, rich alluvial
soils along stream courses and lakes but thriving well on upland sites,
usually in admixture with other species. Not exacting as to soil require-
ments.

Range — Newfoundland west through southern Canada to the eastern slopes
of the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and eastern Texas. The most
widely distributed of the American elms. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — A valuable species. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, tough,
difficult to split, ight brown with wide, paler sapwood. Widely used for
cheese boxes, cooperage, and a variety of purposes including planking,
wheel hubs, ete. The tree with its various forms is valuable as a shade
and ornamental species along avenues and highways.

whe

Rock Elm, Cork Elm

Ulmus racemosa Thomas [Ulmus Thomasi Sarg.]
A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x % 4. A twig showing fruit and immature leaves
A flower, lateral view x 4 x \%
A twig showing mature leaves x %4

>. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 205

ULMACEAE

Ulmus racemosa Thomas [Ulmus Thomasi Sarg.]

Rock Elm, Cork Elm

Habit — A tree usually 50-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3
feet, occasionally under optimum conditions 100 feet tall with a trunk 4-5
feet through. In the open the crown is narrowly oblong and round-topped,
consisting of numerous short, slender branches, those near the base droop-
ing and extending to within 6-8 feet of the ground. Bole continuous into
the crown, under forest conditions sometimes free of branches for 40-60
feet.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-oval to obovate, 2-2% inches long, %4—1 inch wide,
abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the base,
coarsely doubly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, smooth, dark green and
lustrous above with prominent midrib and secondary veins, pale pubescent
beneath, borne on stout petioles about 4% of an inch long.

Flowers — Perfect, long-pedicellate, appearing before the leaves during April
and early May in long-pedunculate, puberulous, 2—4-flowered racemose
eymes from separate flower-buds. Calyx campanulate, green, divided
nearly to the middle into 7-8 rounded, dark red lobes. Stamens as many
as the corolla lobes, exserted, with slender, pale green filaments and purple
anthers. Pistil consisting of a compressed, pale-hairy, 2-celled ovary sur-
mounted by 2 green styles stigmatic along their inner margin.

Fruit — A l-seeded, oval to obovate-oblong, long-stalked, pale green samara,
about 44 of an inch long, pubescent, ciliate on the margin, ripening when
the leaves are about half grown. Wing broad, shallowly notched at the
apex of the fruit, obscurely veined, somewhat thickened and ciliate at the

border.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, lenticellate, glabrous and lustrous or
puberulous, light reddish brown, at length dark brown or ashy-gray and
often corky-ridged. Terminal bud absent. Leaf-buds imserted near the
end of the twig, ovate, sharply acute, about 44 of an inch long, the scales
chestnut-brown with ciliate margins. Flower-buds occasionally bearing
1-2 small leaves, similar but slightly larger than the leaf-buds, borne
below the leaf-buds on the twig. Mature bark thick, rough, grayish brown,
divided by deep fissures into broad, flat ridges, scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Prefers dry stony uplands, especially limestone outcrops, but
thrives on heavier, poorly drained clay soils.

Range — Southern Quebec westward through southern Ontario, central Michi-
gan and Wisconsin, to Nebraska, southward to Tennessee and Missouri.
Zones B and C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, tough, difficult to split, light
brown with wide, paler sapwood. Considered superior to that of the
other American elms. Used for planks, bridge construction, cheese boxes,
wheel hubs, agricultural implements, and railroad ties.

\

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a) DS

Hackberry, Sugarberry

Celtis occidentalis L. [Celtis canina Raf.]

. A twig showing polygamous flowers and
immature leaves x 1

view xX

3. A perfect fle

2. An expanded staminate flower,

)
vw
ywer, lateral view x 3

lateral

4,

A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2

Rugose nutlet, lateral view x 2

Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 207

ULMACEAE

Celtis occidentalis L. [Celtis canina Raf.]

Hackberry, Sugarberry

Habit — In our range usually, a small tree 20-60 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of %-2 feet, attaining its maximum size of 130 feet in the rich
alluvial soils of the Ohio basin. In the open the trunk is short, breaking
up 8-10 feet above the ground into stout spreading limbs to form a bushy,
ovoid or oblong, round-topped head comparable to that of the Sugar Maple.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate and somewhat faleate, 244-4 inches long,
1-2 inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded and inequilateral at the
base, coarsely serrate except at the ends, 3-ribbed, at maturity thin, lus-
trous, smooth or scabrous and light green with sunken veins above, paler
and glabrous or somewhat hairy on the prominent veins beneath, borne on
slender, hairy petioles %4—%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, polygamo-monoecious, the
staminate cymose from flower-buds at the base of the growth of the season,
the perfect and pistillate solitary or in few-flowered fascicles from the
axils of the upper leaves. Calyx pale yellowish green, divided nearly to
the base into 5 linear, acute, scarious lobes. Stamens in sterile flower
inserted marginally on the white-tomentose receptacle. Filaments incurved
above the middle before anthesis, bearing proximal, oblong, emarginate
anthers, straightening abruptly and catapulting the pollen as the flower
opens. Stamens in perfect flower shorter with slightly curved filaments
and anthers equal to or slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes, similar in
anthesis. Pistil consisting of a sessile, green, lustrous, 1-celled, ovate
ovary surmounted by a short, sessile style dividing into 2 broadly diverg-
ent lobes white papillate and stigmatic on their inner surface.

Fruit — A thick-skinned, 1-seeded, subglobose or oblong, long-stalked, dark
purple, dry drupe, about %4 of an inch long, tipped by the persistent style,
maturing in the autumn and persisting into the winter. Flesh thin, dry,
orange-colored. Nutlet oblong-oval, thick-walled, apiculate, light brown.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, glabrous or puberulous,
semi-lustrous, reddish brown, at length dark reddish brown. Terminal
bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, closely appressed and flattened,
pubescent, chestnut-brown, about % of an inch long. Mature bark thick,
grayish brown, scaly at the surface, often roughened by characteristic,
irregular, wart-like excrescences.

Habitat — Attains its best development in the deep alluvial soils of river bot-
toms but thrives on gravelly and stony upland sites, especially limestone
outerops. Widely scattered and usually solitary.

Range — Southern Quebec, westward to eastern Washington and Oregon,
southward to Florida, eastern Texas, New Mexico and Nevada. Rare and
widely scattered in the east through the agency of birds. Zones A, B.
and C,

Uses — Of no economic importance in New York State because of its scarcity.
Wood rather soft, heavy, not strong, coarse-grained, pale yellow with wide
sapwood. Used for cheap furniture, boxes, slack cooperage and fencing.

wn

a

Osage Orange

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schn. [Toxylon pomiferum Raf.; Maclura aurantiaca
ig ) d p ;

Nutt. ]

A twig showing staminate flowers and im- ay
mature leaves x % 6.

A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 ic
A twig showing pistillate flowers and im- &.
mature leaves x 1% 9.

A pistillate flower. lateral view x 4 L

Portion of a twig with fruit x %
Section of fruit showing seeds x %
Seed, lateral view x 2

Twig with short lateral spurs x %4
Vigorous twig with lateral spines x %

Trees of New York State 209

MORACEAE

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schn. [Toxylon pomiferum Raf.; Maclura aurantiaca
Nutt. ]

Osage Orange

Habit — A tree of medium size, within its natural range sometimes 50-60 feet
in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, in New York Staté usually
much smaller, often a large shrub. Trunk short, dividing a few feet from
the ground into stout, ascending branches, the lower arching to form an
open, rather irregular, round-topped head.

Leaves — Alternate, narrowly ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, 2—3
inches wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at the
base, entire, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and lustrous above, paler,
dull and slightly pubescent on the midribs below, borne on slender pubes-
cent petioles 1144-2 inches long which exude a milky juice when broken.

Flowers — Appearing during May and June when the leaves are about two-
thirds grown, dioecious, the staminate in stout, globose, long-stalked
racemes from the axils of the leaves crowded on short spurs, the pistillate
sessile in short-stalked, dense, globose, many-flowered heads axillary on
shoots of the year. Staminate flower slender-pedicelled. Calyx campanu-
late, pubescent without. divided to the middle into 4 acute lobes. Sta-
mens 4, inserted opposite the calyx-lobes, becoming exserted abruptly at
anthesis. Calyx of pistillate flower obovate, pubescent above, cleft to the
base into 4 oblong, thick, concave lobes which are longer than the ovary
and closely invest it. becoming fleshy and persisting in the fruit. Pistil
consisting of an ovate, sessile, flattened, glabrous, green ovary surmounted
by a long filiform style covered with white stigmatic hairs.

Fruit — A multiple, short-stalked, spherical, yelWowish green synearp, 4-5
inches in diameter sculptured on the surface by the persistent, fleshy peri-
anth-tips, enclosing in its milky pulp the oblong, compressed, pale chest-
nut-brown seeds.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, tough, flexible, smooth, pale orange-brown,
the more vigorous armed with stout, straight, axillary spines, the older
twigs unarmed but bearing short, spur-like branches. Pith thick, orange-
colored. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate, blunt, small, pale
chestnut-brown and ciliate, party immersed in the bark. Mature bark
thick, dark orange-colored, deeply furrowed.

Habitat — In its natural range, preferring rich moist bottom-lands. Grown
in the east under a variety of conditions as a hedge plant.

Range — Southern Arkansas and Oklahoma south into northern Louisiana and
eastern Texas. Extensively planted in eastern United States as a
hedge plant. Zones B and C.

Uses — Of no commercial importance in New York State. Wood heavy, very
hard and strong, coarse-grained, durable, bright orange on fresh section
with thin, pale sapwood. Used for fence posts, railroad ties, wheel hubs,
and as a source of a yellow dye. The tree makes a good hedge plant if
kept trimmed.

Paper Mulberry

Broussonetia papyrifera (l.) Vent. [Morus papyrifera L.; Papyrius papyri-
fera (L.) Kuntze.]

1. A twig showing staminate aments and im- 5. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit
mature leaves x \% x &%

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 7 6. A druplet subtended by persisting calyx x 5

3. A twig showing heads of pistillate flowers 7. Druplet, lateral view x 10

and immature leaves x %4 8. Winter twig x %

. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 7

Trees of New York State 211

MORACEAE

Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) Vent. [Morus papyrifera L.; Papyrius papyri-
fera (L.) Kuntze.]

Paper Mulberry

Habit — A small or medium-sized tree 30-50 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-4 feet. Bole stout, in age often oddly gnarled and convo-
luted. Crown wide-spreading, round-topped, consisting of many rather
stout, densely hairy branches. Spreads freely by root-suckers.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to oval, 3-8 inches long, acuminate at the
apex, rounded or cordate at the base, serrate, dentate on the margin or
mitten-shaped or 3-lobed with oblique sinuses which are rounded or jagged
at the bottom, at maturity dark green, dull and scabrous above, paler and
velvety-tomentose below, borne on pubescent, terete petioles 2-4 inches
long which exude a milky juice when broken.

Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are partly grown,
inconspicuous, dioecious, the staminate in cylindrical, stalked, nodding
aments, the pistillate in dense, globose heads. Calyx of staminate flower
pubescent without, deeply 4-cleft, its lobes ovate, rounded and spreading.
Stamens 4, exserted, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx. Rudimen-
tary ovary present. Calyx of pistillate flower tubular, enclosing a stalked
ovary which bears an exserted, laterally inserted, filiform style and ter-
minal stigma.

Fruit — Globular, loosely multiple, pedunculate, about %4 of an inch in diame-
ter, consisting of many small, fleshy, red druplets, each exserted above a
persistent calyx.

Winter characters — Twigs medium stout, zigzag, greenish gray, pubescent or
scabrous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, attenuate, divergent,
greenish brown, about 4% of an inch long. Visible bud-scales 2-3. Mature
bark nearly smooth, greenish gray marked by longitudinal, anastomosing,
pale yellow lines, becoming gnarled and convoluted with age.

Habitat — Waste places along roadsides, in abandoned fields, and about the
habitations of man.

Range — Introduced as an ornamental plant from eastern Asia and the neigh-
boring islands. Now widely naturalized in the eastern states as far north
as New York City. Zone A.

Uses — The fibrous inner bark is an important source of paper-making mate-
rial in China and Japan. Readily propagated by seeds or cuttings and
extensively grown for ornament where the climate is not too rigorous.
Wood soft, light, coarse-grained, easily worked. Of no importance in the
United States.

Yar VI
Ay : e

oh

a]

ee,

Red Mulberry

Morus rubra L.

inflorescences

and immature leaves x
. A staminate flower prior to anthesis, lat-
eral view x
staminate flower
showing pistillate inflorescences
and immature leaf x %

5. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5
6. A twig showing mature leaves and fruit

x %

7. Fleshy calyx enclosing a nutlet, lateral
view x 2

. Nutlet, lateral view x 2

9. Winter twig x 4%

92}

Trees of New York State 213

MORACEAE

Morus rubra L.

Red Mulberry

Habit — A tree of medium size, usually 30-50 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-14% feet, under optimum conditions in the Ohio and Missis-
sippi valleys sometimes 70 feet tall. Trunk short, dividing near the
ground into stout, ascending limbs to form a dense, broad, round-topped
crown.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to ovate-orbicular, 3-5 inches long, 214-4
inches wide, acute at the apex, cordate at the base, singly or doubly ser-
rate on the margin or mitten-shaped or 3-lobed with deep, broad, oblique,
rounded sinuses, at maturity thin, membranous, veiny, dark bluish green
and nearly smooth above, pale pubescent below, borne on stout petioles
%4-14%4 inches long which exude a milky juice when broken.

Flowers — Appearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half
grown, chiefly dioecious, the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate spikes
from the axils of the inner bud-scales or lower leaves, the pistillate in
oblong, sometimes androgynous, pedunculate, densely-flowered spikes from
the upper leaf-axils. Staminate flower with deeply 4-lobed calyx, its lobes
ovate, rounded, revolute toward the apex. Stamens 4, inserted opposite
the calyx-lobes, at first included but straightening elastically at anthesis
and becoming exserted. Pistillate flower with 4-parted calyx. Calyx-
lobes ovate to obovate, pubescent above, the outer pair valvate and incles-
ing the others, becoming fleshy and closely investing the ovary in fruit.
Pistil consisting of an ovate, flattened, glabrous, pale green ovary sutr-
mounted by a short style and 2 spreading white stigmas.

Fruit — A fleshy, multiple, pedunculate, cylindrical syncarp, 1-114 inches
long, maturing during July in New York, composed of many small drupes
each enclosed in a fleshy calyx, at first greenish red, at maturity dark
purple, juicy and edible. Nutlet ovoid, sharp-pointed, light brown.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, slightly zigzag, smooth, semi-lustrous to
dull, pale reddish or orange-brown, at length dark reddish brown. Ter-
minal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate, ovate, rounded or biuntly
pointed at the apex, somewhat divergent and laterally inclined, chestnut-
brown, about 4% of an inch long. Mature bark thin, dark reddish brown,
with longitudinal, flaky plates.

Habitat —Prefers deep moist soils along stream courses, in rich woods, and
on fertile slopes in admixture with other species.

Range — Central New England, scuthern Ontario, west to Nebraska and
Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Not an important timber species because of its mediocre size and
scattered distribution in admixture with other species. Wood soft, light,
weak, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil,. pale orange turn-
ing russet-brown with exposure to the light, with thick, lighter sapwood.
Used for railroad ties, fence posts, loose cooperage and furniture.

White Mulberry
Morus alba L.

A twig showing mature leaves and fruit

A twig showing staminate inflorescences
and immature leaves x %

A staminate flower at anthesis, lateral sec-
tional view x 5

A twig showing pistillate inflorescences
and immature leaves x 14

. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

Ol

[=3)

OOm1

x %
Fleshy calyx enclosing a nutlet, laterak
view x 3%

Nutlet, lateral view x 10

. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State

bo
—
or

MORACEAE
Morus alba L.

White Mulberry

Habit — A medium-sized tree 30-40 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of
1-3 feet. Bole short, stout, often irregular, fluted and swollen at the base,
branching low down into stout, ascending, wide-spreading limbs to form a
low, broad, rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate to ovate-oval, 2-6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide,
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, serrate
and variously lobed, at maturity thin, firm, smooth, light green and some-
what lustrous above, paler and hairy along the prominent veins beneath,
borne on slender, slightly hairy petioles 4-144 inches long which exude
a milky juice when broken.

Flowers — Appearing in May when the leaves are about half grown, dioecious,
the staminate in cylindrical, pedunculate spikes %—% of an inch long
from the axils of the leaves of the season, the pistillate in oblong, pedun-
culate, densely-flowered spikes 44-3 of an inch long, from the upper
leaf-axils. Staminate flower with deeply 4-lobed calyx, its lobes ovate,
rounded, revolute toward the apex. Stamens 4, inserted opposite the
lobes, at first included but ‘straightening elastically at anthesis and
becoming exserted. Pistillate flower with 4-parted calyx. Calyx-lobes
ovate to obovate, the outer pair valvate and inclosing the others, becom-
ing fleshy and closely investing the ovary in fruit. Pistil consisting of
an ovate, flattened, glabrcus, pale green ovary surmounted by a short
style and 2 white stigmas.

Fruit— A semi-fleshy, multiple, pedunculate, oval-oblong synearp, 75-45
of an inch long, maturing in July or early August, composed of many
small drupes, each inclosed in a fleshy calyx. At maturity the fruit is
white or pale pinkish, and rather dry and insipid. Nutlet ovate, pointed
light brown.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, swollen at the nodes,
smooth, semi-lustrous, pale yellowish green to brownish gray, at length
dark brown. Lateral twigs numerous, short, giving the crown a bushy,
scraggly appearance. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds alternate,
broadly ovate, somewhat appressed and laterally inclined, chestnut-brown,
about 4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, pale yellowish brown, broadly
fissured into long, somewhat wavy, blunt ridges.

Habitat — Occurs as a ‘‘ weed’’ tree on waste lands along fences and on rocky
hillsides. Not exacting as to soil requirements.

Range — Widely naturalized through the agency of birds in eastern North
America from southern Canada southward. Originally introduced into
this country in an endeavor to establish the silk industry, its leaves fur-
nishing the favorite food of the silk worm. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Of no economic significance in the United States. Widely grown in
China, Japan, India and about the Mediterranean where the silk indus-
try flourishes. Wood rather hard and heavy, close-grained, pale yellowish
brown, with thick, lighter sapwood. Durable in contact with the soil.

Sweet’ Bay, Swamp Bay, Sweet Magnolia
Magnolia virginiana L. [Magnolia glauca L.]

1. A twig showing a flower, and mature and

5. Drupaceous seed, lateral sectional view
immature leaves x 1% x 1%
2. Lateral view of the flower, perianth re- 6. Seed with
moved x 1

outer fleshy integument re-
moved x 1%

8. Cone-like fruit of coalescent follicles x % 7. Winter twig x %

4. Drupaceous seed, lateral surface view
<. 14
>.< y

Trees of New York State 217

MAGNOLIACEAE
Magnolia virginiana L. [Magnolia glauca L.]
Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Sweet Magnolia

Habit — In our range a large shrub or slender tree 20-30 feet in height with
a trunk diameter of 6-9 inches, farther south under optimum conditions
occasionally 50-70 feet tall. Trunk short, slender, often swollen at the
base. Branches erect, at length spreading to form an oblong or rounded
crown.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong to oval, 3-6 inches long, %-1% inches wide,
obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, at maturity thick, dark green, smooth
and lustrous above, minutely pubescent and pale glaucous below, borne
on slender petioles 4%4-%4 of an inch long, falling in the north during the
late autumn.

Flowers — Appearing in the north over a period of several weeks in late May
or early June, terminal, creamy-white, globular perfect, fragrant, 2-3
inches across. Sepals 3, membranaceous, obtuse, spreading, deciduous.
Petals 9-12, obovate, obtuse, concave, erect, deciduous. Stamens numer-
ous, inserted in many ranks on the base of the torus, apiculate, with short
filaments, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils densely imbricated on the
receptacle, each consisting of a fleshy ovary and short recurved style
stigmatic on its inner surface.

Fruit — Aggregate, cone-like, fleshy to dry, oval or irregular, about 2 inches
long, consisting of many coherent scarlet follicles which open at maturity
along the outer suture to release the fleshy seeds. Seed red, lustrous,
drupaceous, compressed, about 4 of an inch long, suspended at maturity
by a long, thin, funicular cord.

Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, finely pubescent, bright green,
at length reddish brown. Pith diaphragmed-stuffed. Buds alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, bright green, pubescent, ™%4—34 of an inch
long, covered by stipular bud-scales. Mature bark thin, hght brown,
smooth or covered with thin, appressed scales.

Habitat — A moisture-loving species found in swamps, on moist bottom-lands,
and along the shores of lakes and streams.

Range — Eastern Massachusetts south along the coast to Florida and through
the Gulf States to southwestern Arkansas and eastern Texas. Attains its
largest size on the Flordia peninsula. Confined to Long Island and
Staten Island in New York State. Zone A.

Uses — Not a valuable timber species. Wood soft, light, rather coarse, pale
brown tinged with red, with wide pale sapwood. Used locally in the south
in the manufacture of wooden ware. The importance of the species lies
rather in the ornamental value of hardy varieties and hybrids.

Cucumber Tree

Magnolia acuminata L.

1. A twig showing flower and mature leaves 5. Drupaceous seed, lateral sectional view
x % 3 by

2. Lateral view of the flower, perianth re- 6. Seed with outer fleshy integument re-
moved x 1 moved x 1%

3. Cone-like fruit of coalescent follicles x % 7. Winter twig x %

4, Drupaceous seed, lateral surface view x 114

Trees of New York State 219

MAGNOLIACEAE

Magnolia acuminata L.

Cucumber Tree

Habit — A large tree attaining under optimum conditions a height of 80-90
feet with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. In the open the bole is tapering
and continuous through the pyramidal crown, the lateral limbs clothing
the trunk nearly to the ground. Under forest, conditions the slightly
tapering trunk may be free of branches for 40-50 feet and the crown
much restricted.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong to oval 4-10 inches long, 2-6 inches wide, acute
at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base, entire, at maturity
thin, dark green, smooth and glabrous above, paler and slightly pubescent
beneath, borne on slender petioles 1-1% inches long, turning yellow in
the autumn before falling.

Flowers — Appearing in the North during May and early June, terminal,
glaucous-green tinged with yellow, campanulate, about 3 inches long, per-
fect. Sepals 3, membranaceous, acute, shorter than the petals, at length
reflexed and deciduous. Petals 6, obovate, acute, concave, erect, 2144-3
inches long, deciduous. Stamens numerous, inserted in many ranks on
the base of the torus, apiculate, with short filaments and pale yellow
anthers, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils densely imbricated on the
receptacle, each consisting of a fleshy ovary and short, recurved style
stigmatic on its inner surface.

Fruit — Aggregate cone-like, somewhat fleshy, oblong or ovoid, usually curved,
glabrous, 2-2% inches long, consisting of many coherent, dark red
follicles which open at maturity along the outer suture to release the fleshy
seeds. Seed scarlet, drupaceous, compressed, about 34 of an inch long,
suspended at maturity by a long, thin, funicular cord.

Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, lustrous, glabrous or sparingly

i: pubescent, bright reddish brown, at length gray. Pith diaphragmed-
stuffed. Terminal bud ovate-oblong, acute, somewhat curved, densely
covered with pale silky hairs, %-44 of an inch long. Lateral buds
smaller, blunt, nearly surrounded by the leaf-scar. Bud-scales stipular,
valvate. Mature bark thin, dark grayish brown, separated by long fur-
rows into scaly ridges.

Habitat — Usually found in rich woods on moist slopes and along stream
courses.

Range — Central New York westward through southern Ontario to southern
Illinois, southward along the Appalachian Mountains into the Gulf States
and Arkansas. Zones B and C.

Uses — A timber species of some importance. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
brittle, pale yellowish brown with thin, yellowish white sapwood. Not
distinguished in the trade from that of the Yellow Poplar and used for
similar purposes. The tree is also grown ornamentally in eastern United
States and abroad.

Yellow Poplar, Tulip Tree

Liriodendron tulipifera L.

1. A twig showing a flower, and mature and 5. Aggregate cone of samaroids, lateral view
immature leaves x 4 x %
2. Lateral view of the flower, several petals 4. A samaroid from the cone, lateral view x 1
/ =

removed x % 5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 221

MAGNOLIACEAE

Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Yellow Poplar, Tulip Tree

Habit — One of the largest trees of the eastern states, in the south commonly
150 feet in height with a straight trunk 5-6 feet through* and free of
branches for 60-80 feet, in New York State usually 50-80 feet tall with
a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. In the open the crown is narrowly pyra-
midal or oblong, the branches extending to within 8-10 feet of the
ground. Trees in the forest have flat, wide-spreading crowns borne aloft
on tall, straight, naked trunks.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to orbicular, 5-6 inches long and broad,
truncate or broadly notched at the apex, rounded or slightly cuneate at
the base, sinuately 4-lobed, at maturity dark green, smooth and lustrous
above, dull green and paler below, borne on slender angled petioles 5—6
inches long.

Flowers — Appearing during May and June after the leaves, terminal, soli-
tary, greenish yellow with orange markings, cup-shaped, 2-5 inches wide,
1-1% inches deep, perfect. Sepals 3, ovate-lanceolate, greenish white,
at length reflexed and early deciduous. Petals 6, broadly ovate, rounded,
erect, light green marked with orange at the base, deciduous. Stamens
numerous, inserted in many ranks on the base of the torus, with filiform
filaments and linear yellow anthers, deciduous after anthesis. Pistils
densely imbricated on the elongated receptacle, each consisting of a
1-celled ovary surmounted by an acuminate and laterally compressed style
and short recurved stigma.

Fruit — A light brown cone, 2-3 inches long, composed of many closely
imbricated, indehiscent carpels (samaroids). Carpels dry, woody, con-
sisting of a laterally compressed, 4-ribbed pericarp and large, persistent,
winged style, falling during the autumn and winter from the persistent,
upright cone-axis. Seed solitary by abortion.

Winter characters—— Twigs rather stout, smooth, lustrous, somewhat glau-
cous, reddish brown, at length dark gray. Pith diaphragmed-stuffed.
Terminal bud oblong, compressed, obtuse, dark red, glaucous and white-
punctate, 4%—1 inch long, the scales stipular and valvate in pairs. Lateral
buds similar, divergent, sometimes superposed or terminal on short spurs, _
%-% of an inch long. Mature bark thick, brown, with long shallow .
furrows and rounded ridges.

Habitat — Prefers deep moist soil in admixture with other species. Occurs
along streams, on bottom-lands, and on moist mountain slopes.

Range — Rhode Island and southwestern Vermont westward through Ontario
to Wisconsin, south to Florida and Arkansas. Zones A, B and C.

Uses — A valuable timber species producing the Yellow Poplar or White-
wood of commerce. Wood light, soft, brittle, weak, straight-grained,
pale greenish yellow or brown with thin, nearly white sapwood. Largely
manufactured into lumber and used where a soft, easily-worked wood is
required. The tree is widely cultivated in the east and abroad for its
ornamental value.

* ‘Trees are known which have reached a height of 200 feet with a trunk diameter
of 8-10 feet.

Papaw
Asimina triloba Dunal. [Anona triloba L.]

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 7. Fruit, surface and sectional views x %
leaves x 14 8. Portion of twig showing lateral bud and

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 leaf-scar x 1

3. A stamen, dorsal view x 5 9. Mature seed enclosed in its aril x 1

4. A stamen, ventral view x 5 10. Mature seed x 1

5. A pistil, lateral sectional view x 3 11. Winter twig x %

6. A mature leaf x %

Trees of New York State 223
ANONACEAE
Asimina triloba Dunal. [Anona triloba L.]
Papaw
Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-40 feet in height with a maximum trunk
diameter of 12 inches. Bole short and slender. Branches slender, spread-

. . . ’ . . . . .
ing, forming a rather broad, high crown. This species often forma
dense thickets in the shade of other trees.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate-lanceolate, 4-12 inches long, 2-6 inches wide,
sharply acute at the apex, tapering gradually at the base, entire, at
maturity dull green and glabrous above, paler and glabrous below, borne
on a short, stout petiole 4%4—-%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in our range in late May and June, with the leaves
but usually below them on the twigs, axillary, solitary, perfect, at
maturity reddish purple, 114-2 inches in diameter, borne on short, stout,
hairy, brown pedicels. Sepals 3, ovate, pale green, densely pubescent on
the outer surface. Petals 6, purple, reticulate-venulose, the 3 outer
broadly ovate and reflexed above the middle and much longer than the
sepals, the 3 inner smaller, erect, nectariferous at the base. Stamens
numerous, densely packed on the receptacle. Pistils sessile on the summit
of the receptacle, projecting above the stamens, each consisting of a
l-celled ovary and sessile stigma.

Fruit — An oblong-cylindrie or oval, somewhat falcate, smooth, green berry,
becoming dark brown, pulpy and edible at maturity. Seeds dark brown,
lustrous, ovate-oblong and compressed, about 1 inch long and half as
wide, enclosed in an aril, horizontally imbedded in the fleshy pulp.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, quite glabrous, thickened at the
nodes, reddish brown and marked with narrow, shallow grooves. Buds
alternate, naked, rusty brown, tomentose. Leaf-buds slender, somewhat
flattened, the lateral buds closely appressed to the twig and set in the
notch of the leaf-scar. Flower-buds lateral, spherical in outline, divergent.
Pith smail, white. Mature bark thin, close, dark brown, slightly scaly at
the surface.

Habitat — Prefers moist sites along streams in rich bottom-land forests and
on low, fertile slopes. Very tolerant of shade. At its optimum range
often forming the bulk of the undergrowth under other species but in
New York State usually in small isolated groups.

Range — Western New York westward through southern Michigan to eastern
Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zone B.

Uses — Of no timber value ‘because of its small size and the character of
the wood. The edible fruit is sold in the regions where the tree abounds
but is not grown commercially. The species possesses some ornamental
value.

S

So

"
2

a’ DRS
~ ‘

Ue

ANSE Faas

WH
L PY

eS 4

ake
i

SS iam oF:

ee

Sassafras
[Sassafras Sassafras Karst.; Sassafras

officinale Nees.

Sassafras varlifolium (Salisb.) Ktze.
and 4;
X wo
A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
r If

and Eberm.]
A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view

1. A twig showing immature leaves
staminate flowers x 1 x
A staminate flower, lateral sectional view bye
x ‘2
6. Drupe, lateral sectional view x 2
7. Pit, lateral view x 2
1%,

x 3
A twig showing immature leaves and pis-
8. Winter twig x

5
tillate flowers x

Trees of New York State 225

240

LAURACEAE

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze. [Sassafras Sassafras Karst.; Sassafras
officinale Nees. and Eberm. |

Sassafras

Habit — A medium-sized tree, commonly 40-50 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-3 feet, generally shrubby at the northern limits of its
range, in the south occasionally 100 feet tall. Trunk short, stout, soon
breaking up into many stout, more or less abruptly spreading and con-
torted branches to form a flat-topped or rounded-oblong, bushy crown.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate or obovate, 4-6 inches long, 2-4 inches wide, entire
and acute at the apex or 2—3-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate and acute
with broad, rounded sinuses. At maturity the leaves are thin, dull dark
green above, paler and glabrous or pubescent below, borne on slender
petioles, 34-11% inches long.

. Flowers — Appearing in May with the leaves, dioecious, borne in lax, pilose,
few-flowered racemes from the axils of large, obovate bud-scales. Calyx
pale yellowish green, divided nearly to the base into 6 narrow obovate
lobes. Stamens 9, inserted in 3 sets on the margin of the calyx-tube,
those of the inner set with orange-colored glands at the base and reduced
in the staminate flowers to orange-colored staminodia. Anthers opening
by 4 pores. Pistil consisting of a 1-celled, light green, glabrous ovary, a
slender curved style and a capitate stigma.

Fruit — An oblong, 1-seeded, dark blue, lustrous berry, %-84 of an inch
lang, borne upright on a bright red, club-shaped, fleshy stem which is
terminated by the fleshy, obscurely 6-lobed calyx-limb in which the fruit
rests, falling soon after maturity from the persisting stalk.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth and lustrous or somewhat downy,
rather brittle, spicy-aromatic, light yellowish green, at length reddish
brown. Vigorous shoots branch freely the first season. Inner bark mu-
cilaginous. Pith large, white. Terminal bud ovate, acute, green, 14—-%
of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller and divergent. Mature bark
thick, reddish brown, with deep furrows and flat-topped ridges crossed by
horizontal cracks.

Habitat — Prefers a rich, sandy loam but thrives in a variety of sites along
fences, in abandoned pastures, and in open, hardwood forests.

Range — Central New England west through southern Ontario, southern
Michigan to Iowa and eastern Kansas, south to Florida and eastern Texas.
Zones A, B and C.

Uses — Not an important timber species. Wood soft, brittle, coarse-grained,
aromatic, dull orange-brown with pale yellow sapwood, very durable in
contact with the soil. Used for fence posts, pails, in cooperage, etc. The
oil of sassafras which is used to scent soap and liniment, is distilled from
the roots and bark of this species.

8

afr

»
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6

y)
Uf

SB

Sweet Gum, Bilsted, Red Gum

Liquidambar

A twig showing staminate and pistillate
inflorescences, and immature leaves x 4%
A stamen, lateral view x 6

Styraciflua L.

4. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

5. Winged seed, lateral view x 2

. Winter twig x %

. Portion of twig with corky wings x 1

AD

Trees of New York State 227

HAMAMELIDACEAE
Liquidambar Styraciflua L.
Sweet Gum, Bilsted, Red Gum

Habit — An important timber species, usually 40-80 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 150 feet
tall with a trunk 4-5 feet through. Bole tapering, continuous into the
crown. Crown at first pyramidal and symmetrical, becoming narrowly
oblong in older trees.

Leaves — Alternate, nearly orbicular, 3-6 inches in diameter, truncate or
cordate at the base, deeply 5-7-lobed and palmately veined, the lobes
acuminate, widely divergent (stellate), finely glandular, serrate. At
maturity the leaves are thin, smooth, lustrous and bright green above,
green and smooth below except for tufts of rufous hairs in the vein
axils, borne on slender petioles 5-7 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in our range during May on the growth of the season
when the leaves are about one-third grown, monoecious, borne in capitate
heads, subtended by 4 deciduous bracts. Staminate heads about 4 of
an inch in diameter, borne in terminal racemes. Staminate flowers with-
out calyx or corolla. Stamens indefinite, interspersed among minute
scales. Pistillate heads about half an inch in diameter, borne solitary
on long peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves. Pistillate flowers
interspersed among long-armed scales. Calyx obconic. Stamens 4,
inserted on the summit of the calyx, usually sterile. Pistil consisting
of an inferior ovary surmounted by 2 elongated, recurved, persisting, subu-
late styles stigmatic on the inner surface. Ovules numerous,

Fruit — A long-stalked, globose, light brown, aggregate head, 1-144 inches in
diameter, consisting of many imbedded, woody capsules, each capped by
the 2 horn-like, wide-spreading, woody styles. The fruits mature in
autumn but persist far into the winter. Fertile seeds angular, winged,
light brown, seldom more than one to a capsule. Sterile seeds numerous,
resembling sawdust, rattling out of the capsules along with the fertile
seeds at maturity.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, somewhat angled and lus-
trous, roughened by dark, raised lenticels, light orange to reddish brown,
becoming darker the second season and often developing characteristic
corky wings. Pith pale brown, rather large and angular. Buds ovate
to conical, obtuse or acute, lustrous orange-brown, 4-14 of an inch in
length, fragrant when crushed. Mature bark thick, dark reddish brown,
with deep furrows and broad, flat-topped, scaly ridges.

Habitat — A bottom-land species preferring the deep, rich, moist soils of river
flats and the borders of swamps and lakes where the ground is inundated
for a period each year. An intolerant species usually forming open, even-
aged groves, or in admixture with other species.

Range — Southern Connecticut westward through Pennsylvania to southern
Missouri, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zone A.

Uses — A ‘‘weed’’ tree occupying sites suited for other more valuable species
or for agriculture, but producing a fair grade of lumber. Wood medium
soft, rather heavy, straight- and close-grained, weak, dark reddish brown
and streaked, with thin, nearly white sapwood. Widely used for loose
cooperage, veneer, boxes, crates, woodenware and for interior finish as a
substitute for Circassian Walnut under the trade name of Satin Walnut.
The tree is also grown ornamentally.

Sycamore, Buttonwood, Plane Tree

Platanus occidentalis L.

1. A twig showing staminate and pistillate 5. An achene with pappus-wing x 3

inflorescences, and immature leaves x %4 6 A twig-node showing persistent stipules,
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 bud, and hollow leaf-stalk x 1
3. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5 7. Winter twig x 4%

4. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x

Trees of New York State 229

PLATANACEAE

Platanus occidentalis L.

Sycamore, Buttonwood, Plane Tree

Habit — The most massive tree of eastern North America, commonly 50-100
feet in height with a trunk diameter of 8-8 feet, under optimum condi-
tions sometimes 150-170 feet tall with a trunk diameter of 11 feet. Bole
erect or often declined, tapering, continuous through the oblong head or
soon breaking up near the ground into several large, massive limbs to
form a broad, rounded, irrregular crown.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate or orbicular, 4-7 inches in diameter,
truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate at the base, shallowly 3—5 lobed and
palmately veined, the lobes broad, acuminate, sinuately dentate with
remote acuminate teeth, or entire. At maturity the leaves are thin, firm,
smooth and bright green above, paler and white-woolly below on the
principal veins, borne on stout petioles 1-2% inches long.

Flowers — Appearing on the growth of the season during May when the
leaves are about one-fourth grown, monoecious, borne in capitate heads.
Staminate heads dark red, about 44 of an inch in diameter, borne axillary
on long, stout, woolly peduncles. Perianth of 3-5 minute sepals and
petals. Stamens 3-6, nearly sessile, with yellow, clavate anthers. Pistil-
late heads pale green tinged with red, about 44 of an inch in diameter,
borne terminally on long, stout, woolly peduneles. Perianth of 3--6
sepals and petals. Pistils as many as the sepals, superior, surrounded
by a like number of spatulate staminodia, each consisting of an ovate-
oblong ovary surrounded at the base by long pale hairs which persist in
fruit, and long, tapering, bright red styles stigmatic along the ventral
suture.

Fruit — A spherical, brown, aggregate head, about 1 inch in diameter, borne
on a long, smooth peduncle 244-6 inches long, consisting of many closely-
compacted, clavate, 1-seeded nutlets, each crowned by the remains of the
persistent style and furnished with a ring of bristly hairs about the base.
The heads mature in the late autumn but persist on the branches into
the winter and following spring.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, smooth, somewhat lustrous, zigzag,
enlarged at the nodes and encircled by stipule-scars, dark orange-brown,
at length light gray. Pith white and rather broad. Terminal bud absent.
Lateral buds divergent, conical, obtuse, lustrous, reddish brown, 1%4—*%
of an inch long, subpetiolar until leaf-fall. Mature bark at base of
trunk thick, dark brown, deeply furrowed with broad ridges which peel
off as dark brown scales. On young trunks or large limbs the bark is
much thinner and flakes off during the early summer in large plates,
exposing a whitish, yellowish, or greenish inner bark.

Habitat — Thrives best along river banks and on rich, moist bottom-lands
but will grow in rather dry soils. Attains its best development in the
Ohio and Mississippi River basins.

Range — Southern Maine westward through southern Ontario and Michigan
to Minnesota and Nebraska, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones
Ac Brandes

Uses — A timber species of secondary importance. Wood hard, heavy, weak,
coarse-grained not durable, light brown with pale yellowish sapwood.
Used for crates, tobacco boxes, butchers’ blocks and for interior finish as
quartered sycamore. Occasionally planted ornamentally.

iF

,
”..

A twig

leaves x % 5. Fruit, lateral sectional view x %
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2
3, A branch with mature Jeaves x ¥ (,

Pear

Pyrus communis L.

showing flowers and immature 4. A branch with mature leaves and fruit x %
6.

Seed, lateral view x 2
Winter twig x \% .

Trees of New York State 231

ROSACEAE

Pyrus communis Li.

Pear

Habit — A slow-growing, long-lived tree attaining under optimum conditions
a height of 75 feet with a trunk diameter of 2 feet, usually much smaller
in cultivation. Bole straight, continuous into the crown, bearing short,
stout, ascending branches which form an oblong or pyramidal crown.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate-oblong to oval or obovate, 2-4 inches long, %4-11%4
inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the
base, finely serrate or entire, at maturity thick, smooth, dark green and
lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender petioles 114-4
inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, perfect, 34-1 inch
in diameter, borne on slender, usually downy pedicels in few- or many-
flowered, umbel-like cymes on short spur-like branches of the previous
season. Calyx gamosepalous, urn-shaped, pubescent, 5-lobed, the lobes
acuminate, as long as the tube and ciliate on the margin. Petals white,
broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, contracted at the base, inserted
with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, shorter than the
petals. Pistil consisting of an inferior 5-celled ovary and 5 styles which
are connate at the base and bear capitate stigmas.

Fruit — A pyriform or subglobose, waxy-green pome, about 2 inches long in
the wild form, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes and stamen-
filaments, borne on a slender stalk about 1 inch long, ripening and turn-
ing yellowish green in the autumn. Flesh in the wild form rather dry,
sour, permeated with grit cells. Carpels coriaceous, enclosing 2 lustrous
brown seeds.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, nearly smooth and somewhat lustrous,
brownish red with scattered, pale yellow lenticels. Short spinescent twigs
commonly present. In addition fruiting-trees have stout, slow-growing
fruit spurs marked by numerous leaf-scars. Terminal buds conical,
sharply acute, smooth or slightly pubescent at the tip, chestnut-brown,
about 144 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish brown, at first
smooth, at length dissected by shallow fissures into broad, flat, scaly
ridges.

Habitat — Thickets, open woods, fence rows, old pastures and waste lands,
occurring as an escape. Seeds often disseminated by cattle which eat the
acidulous fruit.

Range — Native to Eurasia but now widely cultivated in its various varieties
for its fruit throughout the temperate regions of the world. Widely
naturalized in the northeastern states as an escape. Zones A, B, and C,

Uses — Not a timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, red-
dish brown with paler sapwood. Used occasionally for tool handles, knife
handles, wood engraving, and for fuel. The value of the species lies in
its horticultural and ornamental varieties,

Sweet Crab, Fragrant Crab, American Crab Apple

Pyrus coronaria L. [Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.]

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Iruit, lateral sectional view x 1
leaves x %4 ». Seed, lateral view x 2
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x 1%

5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Trees of New York State 233

ROSACEAE
Pyrus coronaria L. [Malus coronaria (L.) Mill.]
Sweet Crab, Fragrant Crab, American Crab Apple

Habit — A bushy shrub or small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk 6-14
inches in diameter. ‘Trunk short, dividing 8-10 feet above the ground
into several stout, wide-spreading limbs to form a broad, round-topped,
bushy crown.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate or nearly triangular, 38-4 inches long, 1144-2%
inches broad, sharply acute at the apex, rounded or acute at the base,
the margin incised-serrate with gland-tipped teeth or 3-lobed, at maturity
thin, smooth, dark green above, pale green and glabrous or slightly pilose
below, borne on slender petioles 144—2 inches long.

Flowers — Perfect, fragrant, 144-2 inches in diameter, long-pedicellate,
appearing during May and early June when the leaves are nearly grown
in 5-6-flowered, terminal umbels. Calyx urn-shaped, white-tomentose,
5-lobed, the lobes long, acute, subulate-tipped, spreading, hairy on the
upper side, persistent in the fruit. Petals rosy-white, obovate, rounded
at the apex, clawed at the base, entire or crenulate-serrate, inserted with
the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens usually 20, shorter than the
petals, the filaments united into a tube at the base. Pistil consisting of
an inferior 5-celled ovary, 5 filiform styles which are hairy and somewhat
united below, and a like number of capitate stigmas.

Fruit — A depressed-globose, glaucous-green pome, 144-2 inches in diameter,
borne on a long, slender stalk, ripening in late autumn and becoming
yellowish green and fragrant. Flesh very tart. Seeds chestnut-brown,
lustrous.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pale-lenticellate, glabrous or slightly
pubescent, reddish brown. In the second year they become light brown
and develop short, stout spurs or sharp spines. Buds ovate, obtuse or
acute on the more vigorous shoots, bright red, 4%—%4 of an inch long.
Mature bark thin, reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures into broad,
flat-topped, scaly ridges.

Habitat — In rich moist soil, in copses, open woods and along fences, occa-
sionally forming thickets of limited extent.

Range — Central New York westward through Ontario and Michigan to
southern Minnesota, south into the Gulf States.

Uses — Not a timber species. The acid fruit is sometimes made into preserves.
The species has ornamental value because of its showy, fragrant flowers.

1. A

2 A
3. A

Apple
Pyrus Malus L. [Malus Malus (L.) Britt.]

twig showing flowers and immature
leaves x %

flower, lateral sectional view x 2
branch with mature leaves and fruit x 14

4,
De
6.

Fruit, lateral sectional view x %4
Seed, lateral view x 3

Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 235

ROSACEAE
Pyrus Malus L. [Malus Malus (l.) Britt.]

Apple

Habit — A small tree 30-50 feet in height with a short trunk J-3 feet in
diameter which breaks up a few feet above the ground into stout, wide-
spreading limbs to form a broad, rounded head.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate to oval, 34-3 inches long, blunt or abruptly pointed
at the apex, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, irregularly
serrate or entire, at maturity thick, dark dull green and quite glabrous
above, close white-woolly beneath, borne on stout, hairy petioles, %4-2
inches long.

Flowers — Appearing during May and June when the leaves are about one-
third grown, perfect, 1-2 inches in diameter, borne on stout woolly pedi-
cels in terminal, few-flowered cymes. Calyx gamosepalous, urn-shaped,
woolly, 5-lobed, the lobes narrowly triangular and acute, reflexed, per-
sistent in the fruit. Petals white or pinkish white, obovate, rounded at
the apex, clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-
tube. Stamens about 20, shorter than the petals, the stout filaments
bearing yellowish or purple anthers. Pistil consisting of an inferior 5-
celled ovary and 5 filiform, hairy styles, each terminated by a capitate
stigma.

Fruit — A depressed-globose, waxy-green pome, 1-3 inches in diameter,
marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, borne on a slender stalk
1-1% inches long, ripening and turning yellowish green or reddish in the
autumn. Flesh coarse and sour. Seeds chestnut-brown, lustrous.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, sparingly pubescent or smooth, red-
dish or purplish brown, at length dark grayish brown and smooth. Fruit-
spurs short, stout, roughened by numerous leaf-scars, Buds ovate, obtuse,
tomentose, grayish white, %-—144 of an inch long. Mature bark thin,
grayish brown, sloughing off in small, thin, irregular scales.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree growing as an escape on a wide variety of sites in
pastures, thickets, and along fences and roadsides. Seeds often dissemi-
nated by cattle which eat the sour fruit.

Range — Supposed to have come originally from southeastern Europe and
western Asia but cultivated since early times in the Old and New World.
Widely naturalized in the eastern United States as an escape. Zones A, B,
Copand Ls

Uses — Not a timber species. Wood hard, strong, close-grained, reddish brown
with thin, pale sapwood. Used for firewood and occasionally for tool
handles. The importance of the species lies in its horticultural value as
the stock from which the various varieties of cultivated apples have been
derived. Dwarf- and double-flowered forms are grown ornamentally.

American Mountain Ash

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. [Sorbus americana Marsh. ]

1. A branch showing inflorescence and ma- 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 3
ture leaves x % 5. Seed, lateral view x 5
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 5 G. Winter twig x %

3. A fruit cluster, lateral view x ™%

wa
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Trees of New York State 2:

ROSACEAE
Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC. [Sorbus americana Marsh. |
American Mountain Ash

Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 4-12
inches, often a shrub propagating by means of root-suckers. Trunk short,
breaking up a few feet above the ground into spreading, slender branches
to form a narrow, round-topped head.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-8 inches long, consisting of
13-17 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender
petiole, the terminal leaflet stalked. Leaflets lanceolate, acuminate at the
apex, rounded or cuneate and inequilateral at the base, serrate, 2-3 inches
long, %-% of an inch broad, at maturity thin, glabrous and dark

yellowish green above, paler below.

Flowers — Appearing during May and June after the leaves are fully grown,
perfect, about 4% of an inch in diameter, borne on short, stout pedicels in
flat, compound cymes 2-38 inches in diameter. Calyx gamosepalous,
obconic, puberulous, 5-lobed, the lobes short, triangular and tipped with
minute glands. Petals white, orbicular, short-clawed, inserted with the
stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, exserted, with purplish

9

anthers. Pistil consisting of a 3-celled, inferior ovary surmounted by 3
distinct styles with capitate stigmas.

Fruit — A stalked, globose, berry-like, bright red pome, about 14 of an inch
in diameter, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, ripening in
the autumn and persisting until the following spring unless devoured by
birds. Flesh thin, acrid. Seeds light chestnut-brown, about 44 of an
inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, gray-
ish to reddish brown, at length dark brown. Terminal bud ovate to
broadly conical, somewhat curved, gummy and somewhat pilose without,
dense-woolly within, dark purplish red, %4%—% of an inch long. Lateral
buds smaller, somewhat flattened and closely appressed. Mature bark
thin, light gray, smooth or somewhat scaly.

Habitat — Prefers open, moist sites along lake shores, mountain streams, the
margins of peat bogs and in damp woods, but thrives in drier situations
on the thin soils of ledges and rocky hillsides.

Range — Newfoundland and southern Labrador westward to Manitoba, south-
ward into the northern border states and along the Appalachian moun-
tains to North Carolina. Zones C, D, and E.

Uses — Of no commercial importance. The tree has ornamental value, espe-
cially the ‘‘decora’’ variety, and is occasionally cultivated in the north-
eastern states and southern Canada. The inner bark and fruit possess

some medicinal qualities.

N

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KY \fe

GC foi

2

European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree

Pyrus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh. [Sorbus Auecuparia L.]

1. A branch showing inflorescence and ma- 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2
ture leaves x 1% 5. Seed, lateral view x 3
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig x %

3. A fruit cluster, lateral view x %

Trees of New York State 239

ROSACEAE
Pyrus Aucuparia (.) Ehrh. [Sorbus Aucuparia L. |
European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree

Habit — A small, quick-growing tree, usually 20-40 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 6-15 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 60
feet tall, at the northern limits of its range in Eurasia often reduced to
a small shrub. Trunk short, separating a few feet above the ground into
stout, spreading branches to form a rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-10 inches long, consisting of
9-15 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a slender
hairy petiole, the terminal leaflet stalked. Leaflets oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, blunt or short-pointed at the apex, rounded and inequilateral
at the base, serrate, 34-2 inches long, %4—%4 of an inch broad, at matur-
ity dull green and somewhat pubescent above, paler and sparingly tomen-

tose beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves are fully grown, per-
fect, about 1 of an inch in diameter, borne on short pedicels in compact,
woolly cymes 4-6 inches in diameter. Calyx gamosepalous, obconic, with
short, acute, pubescent lobes. Petals white, orbicular, short-clawed,
inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 20, as long
as the petals. Pistil 3-5-celled with a like number of distinct styles and
capitate stigmas.

Fruit — A stalked, globose, berry-like, bright red pome, about 14 of an inch
in diameter, marked at the top by the persistent calyx-lobes, ripening in
the autumn and persisting into the winter unless devoured by birds.
Seeds chestnut-brown, about 4% of an inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pubescent, grayish brown, at length
dark brown. Terminal bud ovate, white-villous-tomentose, dark purplish
red, %4-% of an inch long. Lateral buds smaller, somewhat flattened,
closely appressed. Mature bark thin, dark gray, smooth or somewhat
sealy.

Habitat — Widely planted in the northeastern states around the habitations
of man as a shade and ornamental tree. The fruit is devoured by birds
and wild trees thus sown are occasionally found along fences, in upland
bogs, and around the borders of swamps.

Range — Through northern Europe to Western Asia and Siberia. Naturalized
in the northeastern states and eastern Canada. Zones B and C.

Uses — Chiefly an ornamental species because of its showy white flowers and
large clusters of bright red fruit which persist into the late fall and
winter. Grown widely in the United States as a park tree, especially
the various horticultural varieties. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, light
brown with paler sapwood. Used occasionally in the Old World for tool
handles, agricultural implements, ete.

MTL
;

5 LES /} MD
Shad Bush, Serviceberry, Juneberry

Amelanchier canadensis (1.) Medic.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature t. Fruit, lateral sectional view xX 2%,
ieaves x 1 5. Seed, lateral view x §
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 G. Winter twig x %

3. Branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x Vy

Trees of New York State 241

ROSACEAE
Amelanchier canadensis (l.) Medic.*
Shad Bush, Serviceberry, Juneberry

Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12
inches, occasionally under optimum conditions 50 feet tall, at times
shrubby and fastigiately branched. Trunk long, slender, usually straight
and with slight taper. Crown narrow, oblong, round-topped, dense with
many slender branches.

Leaves — Alternate, obovate to oblong or ovate-oval, 134-4 inches long,
45-2 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or rounded
at the base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, at maturity thick, firm,
glabrous, dull dark green above, paler and slightly pubescent on the veins
beneath, borne on slender petioles 4-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May when the leaves are about one-third
grown, perfect, 4-1 inch broad, borne on slender bibracteolate pedicels
1%~] inch long in erect or lax, tomentose racemes 3-4 inches long. Calyx-
tube campanulate, quite smooth, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong-triangular, acute
or obtuse, tomentose at least above. Petals white, linear-oblong or some-
what obovate, rounded or obtuse at the apex, inserted on the calyx-tube,
%-4% of an inch long. Stamens usually 20, shorter than the petals,
the subulate filaments bearing oblong yellow anthers. Ovary smooth,
inferior, 5-celled. Styles 3-5, connate below, bearing terminal stigmas.

Fruit — A globose, berry-like, glaucous, bright red pome, 4%-% of an inch
in diameter, marked at the apex by the persistent calyx-lobes and stamen-
filaments, borne on slender pedicels *4-114 of an inch long, ripening
in June or July and turning purplish red. Flesh dry, rather tasteless.
Seeds numerous,’ small.

Winter characters Twigs slender, somewhat zigzag, smooth but usually
covered with a thin, grayish, evanescent outer layer, reddish brown with
small minute lenticels, at length dark reddish brown. Terminal bud
narrowly ovate to conical, acuminate, greenish or purplish brown, hairy
at the apex and along the scale-margins, %4—% of an inch long. Lateral
buds on vigorous twigs normal, smaller than the terminal bud, somewhat
divergent. On slow-growing twigs the lateral buds are often rudimentary.
Mature bark thin, smooth, grayish brown, on older trees divided by
shallow fissures in narrow, scaly, longitudinal ridges.

Habitat — Dry banks and hillsides, open upland woods and limestone ridges,
seemingly preferring calcareous soils.

Range — New Hampshire westward to Iowa, Kansas and Missouri, southward
to Georgia and Louisiana. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Not a timber species because of its small size. Wood hard, heavy,
strong, close-grained, dark brown often tinged with red, with thick, paler
sapwood. Occasionally used for tool handles and in the manufacture of
fishrods. The showy white flowers which appear in dense masses in early
spring before the leaves have become green, render this species of orna-
mental value. The fruit is a favorite food of birds.

* A second arborescent species of Amelanchier, A. laevis Wieg., has been reported
as occurring within the borders of New York State. This is found in moist, more
protected places in revines and gorges, seeming to avoid excessive isolation, and dif-
fers from A. canadensis in that the foliage has a bronze cast at blossom time (in
contrast to the white-tomentose foliage of the other form), in its looser racemes
with longer flower pedicels and petals, and in the larger, longer-stalked fruit.

Thorn Apple, Hawthorn

Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit in section showing nutlets x 1%
leaves x % 5. Nutlet, lateral surface view x 2

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x %

3. A braneh showing mature leaves and fruit
x

Trees of New York State 243

ROSACEAE
Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.
Thorn Apple, Hawthorn

Habit — A small tree 18-20 feet in height, with a trunk diameter of 6—12
inches and many slender, elongated, ascending or spreading branches
which form a rounded, symmetrical, dense crown.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate or sometimes obovate, 3-4 inches long,
2-3 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly cuneate or
truncate at the base, divided above the middle in 4 or 5 pairs of short,
pointed, divergent lobes, doubly serrate on the margin except toward the
base, at maturity thin, dark green and scabrous above, paler and nearly
glabrous below, borne on slender, glandular petioles 144-214 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in late May and early June when the leaves are about
half grown, perfect, %4—-44 of an inch broad, borne on long, slender
pedicels in loose, lax, many-flowered, somewhat villose corymbs. Calyx-
tube urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes broad, acute, coarsely glan-
dular-serrate, subsequently reflexed. Petals 5, white, obovate, rounded at
the apex, contracted at the base, entire, inserted on the calyx-tube.
Stamens 10, with elongated filaments and rose-colored anthers. Ovary
inferior, 5-celled. Styles 5, surrounded at the base by a ring of tomentum.
Stigmas capitate, terminal.

Fruit — An oblong, rounded, lustrous, dark punctate, bright scarlet pome,
3,44 of an inch long, marked at the apex by the persisting calyx-lobes
and stamen-filaments, borne on slender pedicels in lax, few-fruited, gla-
brous, corymbose, clusters, deciduous in early autumn.’ Flesh thin, dry,
mealy, enclosing 5 rounded, vertically-grooved, 1-seeded, bony nutlets.

Winter characters — Twig slender, somewhat zigzag, smooth, dark chestnut-
brown and lustrous, becoming light gray the second season, armed with
straight or slightly curved, lustrous spines 144-2 inches long. Buds
globose, bright-red, about 4 of an inch in diameter. Mature bark thin,
close, reddish brown, scaly on the surface.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree occurring in waste places along fence rows, in fence
corners, old pastures, and open upland woods.

Range — Northeastern United States but imperfectly known. Said to occur
from southern Connecticut to southern Ontario and Illinois, south to
Pennsylvania and Delaware. Zones B and C.

Uses — Of no commercial importance. A tree ‘‘ weed ’’. Oceasionally grown
ornamentally in arboretums.

Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry

Prunus serotina Ehrh,

1. A twir showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2
leaves x 4 5. Stone, lateral view x 2
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 6. Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Trees of New York State 245

ROSACEAE

Prunus serotina Ehrh.

Wild Black Cherry, Rum Cherry

Habit — The largest of the cherry trees occurring in the United States, com-
monly 50-75 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under favor-
able conditions sometimes 110 feet tall. Under forest conditions the bole
is long, clean, with but slight taper. Trees in the open have a short bole
which continues into the narrowly oblong, irregular crown.

Leaves — Alternate, oval, oblong-lanceolate cr lance-obovate, 2—5 inches long,
1—-1% inches wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base,
glandular-serrate with incurved teeth, at maturity thick, glabrous, dark
green and lustrous above, paler and glabrous below, borne on slender,
biglandular petioles %—45 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May or June when the leaves are nearly grown, per-
fect, %4—-'4 of an inch broad, borne on short pedicels in many-flowered,
erect or nodding racemes which are 3-6 inches long and terminate short
leafy branches. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, glabrous or slightly puberulous,
5-lobed, the lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse, reflexed at maturity, persistent.
Petals white, broadly obovate, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the
stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens with glabrous, filiform filaments and
oval anthers. Pistil consisting of a green, glabrous, 1-celled ovary, thick
style and clavate stigma.

Fruit — A globose, short-stalked, dark red, lustrous drupe, 4-14 of an inch
in diameter, borne in drooping racemose clusters, ripening in August and
September and turning dark purple or black. Skin thick. Flesh thin,
juicy, dark purple, of a vinous flavor when fully ripe. Stone obovate,
thin-walled, ridged on one side.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, glabrous, reddish or grayish brown,
marked with numerous, pale lenticels, often covered in part with a thin,
grayish, evanescent skin which rubs off easily. Bruised twigs have the
odor and taste of bitter almonds. Buds ovate, acute, somewhat lustrous,
chestnut-brown, divergent or flattened and appressed, %—-%, of an inch
long. Mature bark thin, dark reddish brown, reticulately fissured into
small, scaly, persisting plates with upraised edges.

Habitat — A long-taprooted species requiring a deep soil. Prefers the moist
alluvial soils of river-bottoms and fertile slopes but occurs in drier situa-
tions on a variety of soils. Under forest conditions it usually grows soli-
tary or in small groves, intermixed with other species.

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to South Dakota,
south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — One of the most valuable timber trees of the forests of the eastern
United States. Wood rather hard, light, strong, close-grained, pale red-
dish brown with thin yellow sapwood. Valuable for furniture, cabinet
making and interior finish. Supply largely depleted through inroads
made by furniture manufacturers. The delicate, nedding racemes of
small, white flowers and dark green, subcoriaceous leaves render this
species of ornamental value.

1.

9

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oe

A

A br.

twig
leaves x

x 2%

showing
1{,

A flower, lateral sectional view x 4

anch showing mature leaves and fruit

ans

flowers

Choke Cherry

Prunus virginiana L.
4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2
)

and

immature

6,

Stone, lateral view x
Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 247

ROSACEAE

Prunus virginiana L.

Choke Cherry

Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
4—8 inches, occasionally 35 feet tall with a bole 12 inches through. Trunk
usually inclined. Crown narrow, irregular.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate, elliptical or obovate, 2-4 inches long, 1-2 inches
wide, abruptly acute at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, sharply
serrate with slender, sharp teeth, at maturity thin, bright green and
glabrous above, paler and quite glabrous beneath, borne on slender,
biglandular petioles %-44 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May or June when the leaves are nearly grown, per-
fect, 4;-% of an inch broad, borne on short pedicels in many-flowered
erect or nodding racemes which are 3-6 inches long and terminate short
leafy branches. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes short,
broad, obtuse, reflexed, early deciduous. Petals 5, white, orbicular, short-
clawed at the base and inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube.
Stamens with filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil consisting of »
a green, glabrous, 1-celled ovary, short thick style and broad, simple
stigma.

Fruit — A globose, short-stalked, bright red, lustrous drupe, 4-44 of an
inch in diameter, borne in drooping racemose clusters, ripening in July
and August and turning dark crimson or nearly black. Skin thick. Flesh
thin, juicy, dark colored, very puckery until dead ripe. Stone globose,
apiculate, ridged on one side.

Winter characters — Twigs slender to medium stout, glabrous, light brown
to reddish brown, with small, punctate, pale yellowish lenticels. Bruised
twigs with rank odor. Buds conical to ovate, acute, glabrous, pale chest-
nut-brown, %—4 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish brown,
smooth aside from the rounded lenticels, in age somewhat roughened by
shallow ridges.

Habitat — On a variety of soils along fences, highroads, stream courses, in
open woods, and waste land, often forming extensive thickets. Spreads
by means of root-suckers or by seeds disseminated by the birds.

Range — A transcontinental species extending from Newfoundland westward
through the Hudson Bay region to British Columbia and the coast, south-
ward to Georgia and along the eastern slopes of the Rockies to Texas and
New Mexico. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — An obnoxious ‘‘weed’’ shrub and tree. The seeds are sown by the
birds along fences and hedge rows and soon produce extensive thickets
which are difficult to eliminate owing to the formation of numerous root-
suckers. Of no commercial value. The appellation of ‘‘ Choke Cherry ’’
is apropos because of the puckery nature of the fruit before it becomes
dead ripe.

£)

Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry, Fire Cherry, Pin Cherry

Prunus pennsylvanica L, f.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Portion of leaf-margin, enlarged.
leaves x % 5. Ivruit, lateral sectional view x 2 %
A flower, lateral sectional view x 3 6. Stone, lateral view x 2%
’. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit 7. Winter twig x %
1

xX

Trees of New York State 249

ROSACEAE

Prunus pennsylvanica L, f.

Wild Red Cherry, Bird Cherry, Fire Cherry, Pin Cherry

Habit — Usually a shrub or small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 6-10 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 40 feet
tall. Trunk short, continuous into the crown. Crown narrowly oblong,
somewhat rounded at the top, consisting of slender ascending branches.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-lanceolate and occasionally slightly faleate, 3-414
inches long, *4—-114 inches wide, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded
or cuneate at the base, finely serrate with incurved teeth, at maturity
bright green, smooth and lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne
on slender, glabrous petioles 44-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May or early June when the leaves are about one-
fourth grown, perfect, about 4% of an inch broad, borne on slender pedicels
about 1 inch long in 4—5-flowered, short pedunculate, 2—3-clustered umbels.
Calyx-tube urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse, red-
margined, reflexed at maturity. Petals 5, creamy white, nearly orbicular,
clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens
about 380, with long filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green,
glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inserted in the bottom of the
calyx-tube, a filiform style and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — A globose, long-stalked, thick-skinned, light red drupe, about 4 of
an inch in diameter, maturing in July and early August. Flesh thin,
sour. Stone oblong, apiculate at the apex, thin-walled, slightly com-
pressed, ridged on one side.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, glabrous, bright red and lustrous or
partly covered with a grayish, evanescent skin, with prominent, pale lenti-
cels. Broken twigs have a characteristic bitter taste and odor. Buds
ovate, obtuse, reddish brown, clustered at the twig-tip and sometimes
along the sides, about 1/12 of an inch long. Mature bark thin, reddish
brown, smooth aside from the large, horizontally elongated lenticels.
Inner bark bright green.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree widely distributed through seeds scattered by the
birds. Occurs in fence rows, abandoned pastures, along road sides and on
limestone outcrops. Comes in rapidly in burns and slashes after defor-
estation, providing a temporary ground cover until overshadowed by the
more important timber species.

Range — Newfoundland westward to British Columbia, southward along the
mountains to Georgia and Tennessee, and through the Lake States. Zones
A, B; C, and D.

Uses — Not a timber species. Its chief value lies in its ability to establish
itself rapidly after deforestation and forest fires, protecting the soil and
acting as a nurse-tree until other larger and more permanent species
occupy the site.

fruit x 14

Black Thorn, Bullace Plum, Sloe

Prunus instititia L. [Prunus spinosa, var. instititia Gray]
4, Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2

A twig showing flowers and immature
leaves x 14 5. Stone, lateral view x 2

Flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig xv 14
branch showing mature leaves and

i)
or
_—

Trees of New York State

ROSACEAE

Prunus instititia L. [Prunus spinosa, var. instititia Gray ]
Black Thorn, Bullace Plum, Sloe
Habit — Generally a bushy shrub 2-15 feet high with short, stiff, spiny

branches forming a dense, compact top, occasionally a small tree 20-25
feet in height with a trunk diameter of 5-8 inches and a narrow, compact,

rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, oblanceolate to obovate, 114-2 inches long, broadly acute
at the apex, attenuate at the base, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate,
at maturity firm, dark green and glabrous above, paler and pubescent
below, borne on slender petioles, %-%5 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1% of
an inch broad, borne solitary or in 2—3-flowered, umbellate clusters from
lateral buds on the growth of the preceding season. Calyx-tube campanu-
late, green, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes narrow and acute. Petals 5,
elliptical, blunt at the apex, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube.
Stamens about 30, with filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green,
glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary, a long filamentous style, and
capitate stigma.

Fruit— A globular, glaucous, deep blue or nearly black drupe, %-% of
an inch in diameter maturing in July but usually persisting until winter,
scarcely edible. Flesh thin, acidulous. Stone oval, somewhat compressed,
grooved on one side.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, glabrous, lustrous, dark brown, at length
becoming dark gray. Lateral spinescent spurs well devolped. Terminal
bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, light brown, %—% of an inch
long. Mature bark thin, quite smooth, nearly black.

Habitat — An ‘‘escape’’ that has become established along highroads, fence
rows and in waste places.

Range — Central and southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia.
Naturalized in New England, Long Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey,
and possibly elsewhere. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Occasionally used as a hedge plant because of its dense habit and
spiny branches, but objectionable as it produces root-suckers in abundance.
A double-flowered form is propagated in this country for ornamental
purposes. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish brown with paler
sapwood. Used abroad in the manufacture of furniture and for cabinet
work.

Mahaleb Cherry, St. Lucie Cherry

Prunus Mahaleb L.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 2
leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x 2
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2% 6. Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Trees of New York State 25

Ce

ROSACEAE
Prunus Mahaleb L.

Mahaleb Cherry, St. Lucie Cherry

Habit — A small, slender tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
6-12 inches, or a flowering shrub. Bole short, breaking up a short distance
above the ground into stout, ascending branches to form a broad, low,
rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, round-ovate to orbicular, 1-2 inches in diameter
abruptly sharp-pointed at the apex, rounded or somewhat cordate at
the base, finely glandular-serrate, at maturity thin, firm, light green,
smooth and somewhat glaucous on both sides, fragrant, borne on slender
petioles 44-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June when the leaves are partly grown,
perfect, white, about % of an inch broad, borne on stout pedicels in
several-flowered, racemose corymbs terminal on short leafy branches of
the year. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, glabrous, with 5 strongly reflexed
lobes. Petals 5, white, obovate, obtuse, short-clawed at the base, inserted
with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with slender
filaments and oblong anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a
l-celled ovary, long style, and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — A depressed-globose or globose-ovoid, long-stalked, reddish black and
lustrous, unpalatable drupe, about 4% of an inch in diameter, ripening
in early summer. Flesh thin, firm, bitter. Stone small, globose, slightly
compressed.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, glabrous, grayish red and _ lustrous,
fragrant. Buds ovate, acute, grayish red, those near the branch-tip some-
what clustered. Mature bark thin, close, dark gray, somewhat roughened
by shallow ridges.

Habitat — In waste places along roadsides, fence rows, and about abandoned
homesteads, preferring a moist, rich soil.

Range — Native to middle and southern Europe. Sparingly naturalized in
southern New York and southward. Zones A and B.

Uses — Introduced from abroad as a stock on which to graft garden cherries.
Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, fragrant, dark red. Prized abroad as a
cabinet wood and for the manufacture of small trinkets. The species
has ornamental value but is seldom used here.

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A twig showing flowers and immature 4.
leaves x a)
A flower, lateral sectional view x 1% 6

Sweet Cherry, Mazzard
L.

Prunus avium

A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

x

Fruit,

lateral

. Winter twig x

sectional

Ys

view x 1%

5. Stone, lateral view x 1%

Trees of New York State 255

ROSACEAE

Prunus avium L.

Sweet Cherry, Mazzard

Habit — A medium-sized tree usually 30-50 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 feet, under favorable conditions sometimes 75 feet tall.
Trunk tapering, continuous into the crown. Lateral branches slender,
ascending, beginning a few feet above the ground, forming a narrowly
pyramidal ¢rown which becomes broad-spreading in age.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate to obovate, 2-4% inches long, abruptly
short acuminate at the apex, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
irregularly serrate, at maturity thin, rather flaccid, glabrous, dull dark
green above, paler and pubescent on the veins beneath, borne on slender
petioles 44-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch
broad, borne on slender pedicels in 2—5-flowered, lateral, sessile umbels.
Calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, reddish at the top, 5-lobed, the lobes
oblong, obtuse, reflexed. Petals 5, white, orbicular, shallowly notched
at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the
calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with long, filiform filaments and oval
anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary, long style,
and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — A depressed-globose, long-stalked, dark red or nearly black drupe,
about 4% of an inch in diameter in the wild form, usually borne in clus-
ters, appearing in June or July. Flesh sweet or somewhat tart, adhering
to the globose or ovoid stone.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, light reddish brown and lustrous,
or partly covered with a grayish, evanescent skin, with characteristic bitter
taste and odor when broken. Older twigs with short, stout, fruit-spurs
marked with many leaf-scars and terminally clustered buds. Buds ovate,
acute, divergent, glabrous, reddish brown, clustered near the tips of the
fruit-spurs or scattered on vigorous shoots, %—14 of an inch long. Outer
bark thin, reddish brown, smooth aside from the prominent, horizontally
elongated lenticels, peeling off transversely to expose the lighter inner
bark. Mature bark in old trees roughened with shallow ridges.

Habitat — An ‘‘ escape ’’ in waste places along fences, hedge rows, roadsides,
and in open woods. Widely disseminated through the agency of birds
and hence known as European Bird Cherry.

Range — A native of southern Europe but now widely naturalized in eastern
United States. Frequent in New York State. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Many of the cultivated garden cherries have been derived from this
species. Ornamental varieties, including double-flowered forms, may be
purchased from nurserymen. Wood heavy, rather soft, brittle, close-
grained. Used abroad for the manufacture of furniture, musical instru-
ments and in turnery.

Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry

Prunus Cerasus L.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1%
leaves x % 5. Stone, lateral view x 14%
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 6. Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x %

Trees of New York State 257

ROSACEAE

Prunus Cerasus L,

Sour Cherry, Morello Cherry

Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 10-12
inches, occasionally under favorable conditions 40 feet in height. Bole
seldom more than 4-6 feet long, breaking up into stout, ascending, spread-
in branches to form a broad, low, rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate-lanceolate to narrowly obovate, 244-4 inches long,
1-1% inches wide, acute or abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded or
cuneate at the base, unequally crenate-serrate, at maturity thick, firm,
smooth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and smooth below, borne on
slender, usually biglandular petioles 44-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch
broad, borne on slender pedicels in 1—5-flowered, lateral, sessile umbels
which are scaly at the base from the persisting appressed scales of the
flower-buds. Calyx-tube-urn-shaped, glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes oblong,
obtuse, minutely glandular-serrate and reflexed. Petals 5, white, broadly
obovate and sometimes notched at the summit, short-clawed at the base,
inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with
long filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consist-
ing of a 1-celled ovary, long style and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — A depressed-globose, long-stalked, red or reddish black drupe, about
1% of an inch in diameter in the wild form, maturing in June or July.
Flesh juicy, sour. Stone subglobose, apiculate at the apex, slightly ridged
on one side.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous, red or grayish brown and
somewhat lustrous cr partly covered with a grayish evanescent skin, with
characteristic bitter taste and odor when broken. Older twigs with short,
stubby fruit-spurs. Buds ovate, acute, reddish brown, clustered near the
tips of the fruit-spurs or scattered along vigorous shoots, about 14 of
an inch long. Outer bark thin, reddish brown, smooth aside from the
prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels, soon peeling back to expose
the rougher inner bark.

Habitat — In rich, moist soil about abandoned homesteads, along fences and
roadsides and the margins of woods. Spreads readily from seeds or root-
suckers.

Range— A native of southern Europe but now widely naturalized as an
‘* escape ’’ in the eastern United States. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses —.The importance of the species lies chiefly in its horticultural value as
the source of various varieties of canning cherries. Wood heavy, rather
soft, brittle, close-grained. Used in Europe for furniture and interior
finish.

9

1
as
3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

Canada Plum, Red Plum
Prunus nigra Ait.

Iruit, lateral sectional view x 1
Stone, lateral view x
Winter twig x %

. A twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x 4%

A flower, lateral sectional view x 4

x &%

bo
or
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Trees of New York State

ROSACEAE

Prunus nigra Ait.

Canada Plum, Red Plum

Habit — A shrub or occasionally a small, bushy tree 20-30 feet in height
with a trunk diameter of 5-6 inches. Bole short, dividing 5—6 feet above
the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs to form a low-spread-
ing, rounded top of many rigid, more or less contorted branches and zigzag
twigs.

Leaves — Alternate, oblong-ovate to obovate, 3-5 inches long, 114-8 inches
wide, abruptly acuminate at the apex, rounded cr somewhat cuneate at
the base, unequally crenulate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth, at maturity
thick, firm, dull dark green and glabrous above, paler, somewhat pubescent
and with prominent midrib beneath, borne on stout, usually biglandular
petioles %—1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May before the leaves, perfect, 34-1 inch
broad, borne on red pedicels 74-45 of an inch long in 2—5-flowered. lateral
glabrous umbels. Calyx-tube urn-shaped, dark red without, pngnt red
within, 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, glandular-toothed, usually somewhat
pubescent above, reflexed after anthesis. Petals 5, white fading to pink
with age, orbicular-obovate, rounded and somewhat erose at the apex,
short-clawed at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube.
Stamens about 30, with long, filiform filaments and small, oval anthers.
Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a 1-celled ovary inserted in the bottom
of the calyx-tube, a filiform style, and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — An oval or oblong-oval, slightly glaucous, thick-skinned, orange-red
drupe, 1-114 inches long, ripening during the latter half of August.
Flesh yellow, sour, adhering to the stone. Stone oval, thick-walled, com-
pressed, slightly grooved on one side. Seed ovate, light brown, compressed.

Winter characters— Twigs rather stout, slightly zigzag, glabrous or some-
what puberulous, dark reddish brown and partly covered with a grayish,
evanescent skin. Lateral spinescent spurs usually present. Terminal bud
absent. Lateral buds conical, acute, chestnut-brown, about 1% of an
inch long. Mature bark thin, light grayish brown, at first smooth and
marked with prominent, horizontally elongated lenticels, soon splitting
and curling back in thick-layered plates exposing the darker, inner scaly

bark.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree preferring moist sites along fence rows, abandoned
pastures, and in open glades and the margin of woods. Thrives on lime-
stone outcrops.

Range — Newfoundland westward through southern Canada to Minnesota,
southward into New England, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and
Iowa. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Occasionally cultivated for its showy flowers in southern Canada and
the northeastern states. Several varieties of cultivated plums have been
derived from this species by horticulturists.

Id Plum, Wild Yellow Plum

i

WwW

Prunus americana Marsh.

%

Yu
neh showing spinose twigs

Y%

lateral sectional view x 1

5. Stone, lateral view x 1

4
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6.
7

Winter twig x
- Portion of bra
x &%

. Fruit

branch showing mature leaves and fruit

twig showing flowers and leaf-buds x %
x &

uower, lateral sectional view x 214

1.
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2. A
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Trees of New York State 261

ROSACEAE

Prunus americana Marsh,

Wild Plum, Wild Yellow Plum

Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-35 feet in height with a maximum trunk
diameter of 12 inches. Trunk short, usually dividing 4-5 feet above the
ground into many slender, spreading, slightly drooping branches which
form a broad, rather deep crown.

Leaves — Alternate, elliptical to narrowly obovate, 2-4 inches long, %—-1%
inches wide, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base,
sharply doubly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, dark green and somewhat
scabrous above, paler and glabrous or pubescent below, borne on slender,
eglandular petioles %4—%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May when the leaves are about one-third
grown, perfect, about 1 inch broad, ill-scented, borne on slender pedicels
%—/, of an inch long in 2-5-flowered lateral, glabrous umbels. Calyx-
tube narrow, urn-shaped, light red and glabrous or puberulous without,
green within, 5-lobed, the lobes acuminate and reflexed after anthesis.
Petals 5, white, obovate, rounded and irregularly erose at the top, with
short red claws at the base, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube.
Stamens about 30, with long filiform filaments and small, oval anthers.
Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of a l-celled ovary inserted in the
bottom of the calyx-tube, a filiform style, and broad, simple stigma.

Fruit — A subglobose or globose-oblong, glabrous, pale punctate, thick-skinned,
bright red drupe, 34-1 inch in diameter, maturing in late summer or early
autumn. Flesh succulent, sour, adhering to the stone. Stone oval, thick-
walled, slightly grooved on one side. Seed oval light brown.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, glabrous or slightly pubescent, pale
orange-brown, at length smooth and reddish brown. Lateral spinescent
spurs usually present. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds broadly coni-
eal, acute, brown, about 14 of an inch long, the margins of the bud-scales
ciliate. Mature bark thin, light reddish brown, breaking up into large,
thin, persisting plates.

Habitat — Prefers rich soil in moist situations along stream courses, in hedge
rows and fence corners, or the borders of swamps, often forming extensive
thickets, more rarely on dry limestone outcrops.

Range — Central New York westward to Montana and Colorado, south to
Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A. B, and C.

Uses — Not a timber species because of its diminutive size. Various varieties
are cultivated ornamentally for their showy blossoms and bright green
foliage, and for their fruit which has been greatly improved by selection.
The tart fruit of the wild form is sometimes made into preserves.

Plum

Prunus domestica L. [Prunus communis Huds.]

1. Portion of a twig showing flowers and im- '. Fruit, lateral sectional view x %
mature leaves x 4 5. Stone, lateral view x %4

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 u. Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

x %

Trees of New York State 263

ROSACEAE

Prunus domestica L. [Prunus communis Huds.]

Plum

Habit — A small tree attaining a height of 20-25 feet with a trunk diameter
of 5-8 inches, or many times shrubby and forming extensive thickets.
Trunk short, dividing 4-8 feet above the ground in stout, ascending limbs
and many spreading, slender, slightly drooping branches to form a low,
rounded crown.

Leaves — Alternate, varying greatly in form from ovate or oval to obovate,
2-3% inches long, broadly acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, coarsely
and irregularly serrate, at maturity thick, firm, dull dark green and some-
what rougose above, pale, soft pubescent below, borne on stout petioles
14-1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April or May with the leaves, perfect, about 1 inch
broad, borne solitary or in 2-3-flowered, umbellate clusters from lateral
buds on the growth of the preceding season. Calyx-tube cup-shaped, green,
glabrous, 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, reflexed after anthesis. Petals
white, oval or obovate, rounded at the apex, short-clawed at the base,
inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens about 30, with
filiform filaments and oval anthers. Pistil green, glabrous, consisting of
a 1-celled ovary, a long, filamentous style, and capitate stigma.

Fruit— A drupe, very variable in size, shape and color, ripening during
August. It is commonly about an inch long, glaucous, and blue or bluish
black in color. Stone large, slightly roughened, prominently grooved on
one side.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, pubescent at least at first, reddish
to grayish brown. Lateral spinulose spurs often present. Terminal bud
absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, appressed light brown, about %4 of an
inch long. Mature bark thin, grayish or brownish black, breaking up into
large, thin, persisting plates.

Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soil but grows on a variety of sites about the
habitations of man, along roads and fences, and borders of woods, often
forming extensive thickets.

Range — Point of origin obscure but probably originally from the region of
the Caucasus. It is held by some that P. domestica never existed in the
wild form but that it is purely a horticultural species. Now widely cul-
tivated in the Old and New World, often becoming an ‘‘escape.’’ Zones
AS Bands:

Uses — The source of the ‘‘old time’’ or garden plums. Various ornamental
varieties, including the double-flowered and variegated-leaved forms are
propagated by nurserymen. The wood is hard, heavy, close-grained, red-
dish brown with pale sapwood. It is used abroad in cabinet work and
for trinkets.

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Peach

Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes.

A twig showing flowers and
leaves x

immature

A flower, lateral sectional view x 1
A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

x %

4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x %
5. Stone, lateral view x %
6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 265

ROSACEAE
Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes.

PEACH
Habit — A small tree usually about 20 feet in height with a trunk diameter
of 5-6 inches, occasionally 25-30 feet tall. Bole short, breaking up 2-4
feet from the ground into stout, ascending limbs and branches to form a
low, broad, globose crown.

Leaves — Alternate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate at
the apex, tapering at the base, sharply serrate, at maturity light green,
glabrous and lustrous above, paler and glabrous beneath, borne on stout

9

petioles 4%4—%6 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May before the leaves, solitary, perfect,
%-2 inches broad, borne laterally on short pedicels from scaly buds
formed the previous season in the leaf-axils. Calyx-tube cup-shaped,
pubescent within, 5-lobed, the lobes obovate, acute, purplish green. Petals
pink, oval, obtuse at the apex, short-clawed at the base, inserted with the
stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens 20-30, with long slender filaments
and oval anthers. Pistil sessile, inserted at the base of the calyx-tube,
consisting of a 1-celled pubescent ovary surmounted by a simple style
and small capitate stigma.

Fruit — A short-stalked, globose, laterally grooved, velvety-tomentose, yellow-
ish green drupe 1—3 inches in diameter, maturing in late summer or early
autumn and becoming roseate or reddish pink. Flesh thick, aromatic,
mildly acidulous and sweet, adhering to or free from the stone. Stone
ovoid, laterally compressed, apiculate at one end, deeply wrinkled and
pitted. Seed aromatic, rather bitter, pale brown.

Winter characters — Twigs medium stout, glabrous, lustrous, pale punctate-
lenticellate, greenish or reddish purple where exposed to direct sunlight,
green below. Bruised twigs with the odor and taste of bitter almonds.
Flower- and leaf-buds separate. Leaf-buds ovate, obtuse, densely pale
woolly-tomentose, about ¥% of an inch long. Flower-buds stouter than
the leaf-buds, usually accessory and lateral to the leaf-buds. Mature
bark thin, dark reddish brown, smooth aside from the prominent, hori-
zontally elongated lenticels, becoming rougher and scaly at the base of
the bole.

Habitat — An ‘‘escape’’ in waste places along fences, high roads and about
the habitations of man, preferring protected sites where the climate is
ameliorated by the proximity of large bodies of water.

Range — Supposed originally to have been a native of eastern Asia but long
cultivated in North America for its fruit. The wild form has become
naturalized as an ‘‘escape’’ in eastern United States. Zones A and B.

Uses — This species in its numerous varieties produces the peaches of com-
merce. Two well-marked strains, the ‘‘cling stones’’ and the ‘‘free
stones’’ have been evolved. The fruit of the wild form is far inferior to
that of the cultivated forms. Double-flowered dwarf forms with con-
spicuous flowers, etc., are grown ornamentally. During the World War,
peach pits were used in the manufacture of gas masks.

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TYP

Kentucky Coffee Tree

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch [Gymnocladus canadensis Lam.]
. An inflorescence from the staminate tree 4. A mature leaf x 14
x &% 5. Fruit, lateral view x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 6. Seed, lateral view x 1
ep 7. Winter twig x %

—

Xa2
3. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
x2

Trees of New York State 267

LEGUMINOSAE
Gymnocladus dioica (L.) K. Koch [Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. ]

Kentucky Coffee Tree

Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a height
of 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 2—4 feet, generally much smaller in
central and western New York. Trunk usually short, dividing ten or
fifteen feet above the ground into several stout, ascending limbs to form
a narrow, obovate crown. Under forest conditions the bole may be
columnar and free of branches for 70-80 feet.

Leaves — Alternate, bipinnate, 1-3 feet long, 142-2 feet broad, with 7-13
pinnae and 1-2 basal pairs of lobed leaflets, borne on glabrous, terete,
purplish green leaf-stalks which are prominently enlarged at the base.
Pinnae consisting of 6-15 leaflets borne subopposite or alternate on the
secondary rachis. Leaflets ovate to oval, taper-pointed at the apex,
rounded and inequilateral at the base, entire, at maturity dark green and
lustrous above, paler beneath, short-stalked, 1-244 inches long, falling
separately in the autumn.

Flowers— Appearing in June after the leaves, regular, greenish white,
polygamous, borne in terminal racemes or panicles. Staminate inflores-
cence 3-4 inches long, the lower branches usually several-flowered.
Pistillate inflorescence 10-12 inches long, the flowers fewer and longer-
stalked than in the staminate clusters. Calyx about %4 of an inch long,
narrowly tubular, white-tomentose, 10-ribbed and 5-lobed, the lobes linear-
lanceolate. Petals oblong, slightly keeled and inrolled, nearly white,
tomentose on the inner surface, longer than the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10,
included, inserted on the calyx-tube, with awl-shaped hairy filaments and
orange anthers. Pistil consisting of a hairy, linear-lanceolate sessile,
ovary, short style and oblique stigma.

Fruit — A broad, flat, thick, somewhat glaucous, reddish brown, woody legume,
4—10 inches long, 1-2 inches broad, borne on a stout stalk 1—2 inches long,
persisting on the trees into the winter. Flesh thick, dark-colored, sweet.
Seeds ovate to oval, somewhat compressed, thick-walled, about 34 of an
inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs very stout, blunt-pointed, dark brown or greenish
brown and usually with a pale evanescent skin, marked with orange-
colored lenticels and broad, heart-shaped leaf-scars. Pith large, salmon-
colored. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds 2 or 3 at a node, small,
bronze, silky-pubescent, sunken in the twig so that they scarcely project
beyond its surface, surrounded by a hairy, incurved ring of bark.
Accessory buds superposed, the upper the larger. Mature bark rather
thick, dark grayish brown, divided by shallow fissures into shallow ridges
covered with reflexed scales.

Habitat —In the wild state a typical bottom-land species preferring deep,
rich, alluvial soils in company with Black Ash, Cottonwood, Honey Locust,
etc. Will thrive in drier situations if not overtopped by other species.
An intolerant tree.

Range — Central New York westward to southern Minnesota and eastern
Nebraska, southwest through Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Oklahoma.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Of wide distribution but one of the rarest forest trees of eastern
United States. Wood rather soft, heavy, coarse-grained, light brown with
thin, paler sapwood. Occasionally used for fence posts, railroad ties, in
cabinet making and in general construction. Widely planted as an orna-
mental tree in parks, cemeteries, and gardens because of its striking
appearance, particularly during the winter months. The seeds were used
by early pioneers as a substitute for coffee, hence the name, ‘‘ Kentucky
Coffee Tree.’’

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Honey Locust
Gleditsia triacanthos L.

2 ” )
8. A twig showing pistillate flowers and ma- 7. Seed,
ture pinnate leaves x &% 8. Winter twig x
9. Branched thorn x %

Trees of New York State 269

LEGUMINOSAE
Gleditsia triacanthos L.

Honey Locust

Habit — Usually a medium-sized tree 40-80 feet high with a trunk diameter
of 1-3 feet, under favorable conditions on rich river bottoms occasionally
140 feet tall. Trunk generally short, characteristically marked with
clumps of thorns, dividing a few feet above the ground into a number of
stout, ascending limbs and slender, spreading, somewhat pendulous, zigzag
branches to form a broadly obovate or flat-topped head.

Leaves — Alternate, pinnate or bipinnate, 6-8 inches long, borne on flattened,
pubescent petioles which are grooved above and enlarged at the base.
Pinnate leaves with 18-28 nearly sessile leaflets borne subopposite cr
alternate on a hairy rachis. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate to elliptical, bluntly
acute or rounded at the apex, acute and slightly inequilateral at the base,
remotely crenulate-serrate, at maturity dark green and lustrous above,
dull yellowish green below, 1-2 inches long. Bipinnate leaves with 4-7
pairs of pinnae. Leaflets similar to those of the pinnate leaves but
smaller.

Flowers — Appearing in June when the pinnate leaves are nearly full grown,
small, greenish, polygamous, borne in lax racemes from the axils of the
leaves of the season or of preceding seasons. Staminate racemes often
clustered, pubescent, densely-flowered, 2-244 inches long at maturity.
Pistillate racemes slender, few-flowered, usually solitary, 24%-34% inches
long. Calyx campanulate, unequally 5-lobed, the lobes acute and hairy.
Petals oval or oblong-oval, erect, longer than the calyx-lobes, the margin
inrolled and pubescent. Stamens 10, exserted, inserted on the calyx-tube,,.
with slender filaments and green anthers. Pistil consisting of a linear-
lanceolate, white-tomentose, subsessile, 1-celled ovary, a short style, and
a terminal capitate stigma.

Fruit — A flat, thin, thick-margined, somewhat faleate and twisted, reddish
or purplish brown legume, 12-18 inches long, 1-114 inches wide, tapering
at either end, borne in clusters of 2 or 3 on short stalks, tardily deciduous
during the fall and winter. Flesh thin. Seeds oval, compressed, brown,
about 1% of an inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, zigzag, thickened at the nodes and
apex, lustrous, reddish or greenish brown, at length grayish brown.
Simple or branched thorns, often 3-4 inches long, are borne above the
leaf-scars and on the trunk and main branches of some trees. Terminal
bud absent. Lateral buds minute, several at a node, superposed, the
upper larger and scaly, the lower wholly submerged in the bark. Mature
bark rather thick, grayish brown to almost black, usually roughened and
divided by deep fissures into long, narrow, longitudinal ridges which are
scaly on the surface.

Habitat — By preference a bottom-land species attaining its best development
in deep, moist soils along stream courses, but occupying a variety of
sites in rich woods and on moist mountain slopes. Propagates readily
from seeds but requires plently of light.

Range — Southern Ontario westward to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, south-
ward to Florida and Texas. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A timber species of secondary value southward beyond the borders of
the state. Wood hard, heavy, strong, coarse-grained, very durable in
contact with the soil, reddish brown with thin pale sapwood. Used for
railroad ties, fence posts and occasionally in construction. This species
is widely propagated as a hedge plant because of its vigorous growth and
well-armed branches. It is especially free from fungal and insect enemies
and is to be recommended as an ornamental tree.

URE

Red Bud, Judas Tree

Cercis canadensis L.

1. A twig showing flowers and immature 3. A_ branch showing mature leaves and
leaves x % fruit x %
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 4. Seed, lateral view x 3
5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State

bo
|
—

LEGUMINOSAE

Cercis canadensis L.

Red Bud, Judas Tree

Habit— A large shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 5-8 inches, occasionally 45 feet tall with a trunk a foot in
diameter. Trunk straight, usually separating 8-10 feet above the ground
into a number of stout limbs which are either ascending and form an
ovate crown, or wide-spreading, forming a flat, shallow, broad crown.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate, 3-5 inches in diameter, abruptly acute at
the apex, cordate or truncate at the base, entire, 5-7-nerved, at maturity
medium thick, glabrous, bright green above, paler and glabrous below
aside from the tufts of hairs in the axils of the veins, borne on slender
petioles which are thickened at either end and 2-5 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in March and April before the leaves, or as the leaf-
buds open, perfect, papilionaceous, about % of an inch long, borne on
slender pedicels %-% of an inch long in lateral fascicles of 4-8.
Oalyx-tube dark purplish red, campanulate, oblique and gibbous at the
base, the 5 lobes short and rounded. Petals pink or rose colored, oblong-
obovate, rounded at the apex, the upper one the smallest, enclosed by
the lateral wing-petals and the basal keel-petals. Stamens 10, separate,
shorter than the petals, inserted in 2 rows on the margin of the disk.
Pistil short-stalked, inserted obliquely in the bottom of the calyx-tube,
consisting of a pubescent 1-celled, many-ovuled ovary, a filiform, upeurved
style and capitate stigma.

Fruit — A short-stalked, oblong or linear-oblong, compressed legume, 214-314
inches long, curved on one side, acute at either end, attaining full size
and turning pink or light brown by midsummer but persisting on the
trees into the autumn and early winter. Seeds broadly ovate, compressed,
thick-walled, chestnut-brown, about 44 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, zigzag, glabrous and somewhat lustrous,
dotted with many small lenticels, light brown, at length grayish brown.
Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds blunt, appressed, dark purplish red,
about % of an inch long. One or two accessory, superposed buds often
present, the upper one the largest. Mature bark thin, reddish brown to
dark brown, shallowly reticulately fissured and scaly.

Habitat — In rich moist soils on bottom-lands, along the borders of streams,
on brush lands and in open forest where it often forms a large part of
the understory growth.

Range — New Jersey westward through Pennsylvania and southwestern New
York to Minnesota, south to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A and B.

Uses— Of no importance as a timber species because of its small size.
Cultivated in this country and abroad for its ornamental value.

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Fie
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Locust, Black Locust, False Acacia
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L.
1. A flowering branch x &%
2. A flower with corolla removed, lateral x %
view x 2 4, Seed, lateral view x 5
». Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaf and fruit
x I,

Trees of New York State 273

LEGUMINOSAE
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L.

Locust, Black Locust, False Acacia

Habit — A medium-seized tree usually 30-60 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of %-2 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 60-80 feet
tall with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. In the open the bole is short,
dividing a few feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending
branches which form a narrow, oblong, open crown. The trunk of forest
grown specimens is often free of branches for three-fourths of its length.

Laeves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 8—14 inches long, consisting of
7-19 subopposite or alternate leaflets arranged along a slender, puberulous
rachis which is grooved above and swollen at the base. Leaflets ovate-
oblong to elliptical, 1144-2 inches long, mucronate or retuse at the apex,
rounded at the base, entire, at maturity dull, dark blue-green and glabrous
above, paler and glabrous below except on the midrib, borne on stout
petioles %-% of an inch long, turning yellow and falling early in the
autumn.

Flowers — Appearing in late May or early June when the leaves are nearly
grown, perfect, irregular, white, fragrant, about 1 inch long, borne on
slender, reddish pedicels in drooping, puberulous racemes 4—5 inches long.
Calyx campanulate, gibbous on the upper side, reddish green and pilose,
persistent, 5-lobed, the lower lobe longer than the others, corolla resem-
bling that of a sweet pea, consisting of a broad, obcordate, reflexed
standard (one petal), marked on the inner surface with a yellow spot,
two oblong faleate wings (one petal each), and acurved keel (two petals
united below). Stamens 10, diadelphous, the upper free, the remainder
united into a cylinder which is cleft on the upper side and encloses the
style. Pistil consisting of a linear-oblong, stipitate ovary, a geniculate,
subulate style bearded toward the top on the inner side, and a small
terminal stigma.

Fruit— A flat, oblong-linear, somewhat faleate, glabrous, reddish brown
legume, 2-4 inches long, % of an inch wide, borne on stout, thick-stemmed
racemes, early dehiscent but persisting on the trees into the winter.
Seed reniform, compressed, orange-brown with darker mottling, about
3/16 of an inch long, borne on a curved funiculus, 4-8 to a pod.

Winter characters— Twigs slender or rather stout on vigorous growth,
brittle. more or less zigzag, terete or angular in cross section, glabrous,
light reddish to greenish brown. Divergent or slightly recurved stipular-
thorns present on vigorous growth. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds
small, 83-4 at a node, superposed, imbedded in the twig under the leaf-scar,
at length erumpent. Mature bark thick, reddish or yellowish brown,
deeply furrowed into rounded ridges covered with squarish persistent
scales.

Habitat — Moist, fertile mountain slopes and along stream courses in rocky,
gravelly or alluvial soils. Widely naturalized in eastern United States,
occurring about dwellings, along highways and in waste places as a
““weed’’ tree, spreading by means of root-suckers and often forming
extensive thickets.

Range — Originally confined to the slopes of the Appalachian Mountains
from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Now widely naturalized in the United
States east of the Rocky Mountains. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A valuable timber species, easily propagated by cuttings and of rapid
growth, but in certain sections subject unfortunately to the attacks of
several serious pests including the Locust Borer. Wood very hard, heavy,
strong, very durable, brown or greenish yellow with narrow, pale yellow
sapwood. Used for fence posts, insulator pins, tree nails, railroad ties,
in shipbuilding and for other purposes where strength, freedom from
checking, and durability in contact with the soil are requisite. Widely
planted both at home and abroad for timber and ornament.

A
Ny,

Hop Tree, Wafer Ash
Ptelea trifoliata L.

. A twig showing inflorescence and imma- 4. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
ture leaves x 1% x &%
. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. Fruit, lateral surface view x 1
x 6. Seed, sectional view x 3
A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view 7. Winter twig x %
xo

oe

Trees of New York State 275

RUTACEAE
Ptelea trifoliata L.

Hop Tree, Wafer Ash

Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
6-12 inches. Trunk straight, slender, bearing a broad, rounded crown
of many slender twigs.

Leaves — Alternate or rarely opposite, compound, 4-6 inches long, 214-3
inches wide, consisting of 3 nearly sessile leaflets borne at the top of a
stout petiole which is thickened at the base and 2%4-3 inches in length.
Leaflets ovate or oblong, acute at the apex, cuneate at the base, entirely
or remotely crenulate, the terminal usually larger and more contracted
at the base than the others, at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and
lustrous above, paler and smooth or pubescent beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in June after the leaves, greenish white, polygamous,
borne intermixed on slender pedicels in terminal, often compound cymes.
Calyx 4-5-parted, with ovate, acute lobes. Petals 4-5 hypogynous, longer
than the sepals. Stamens 4—5, alternate, exserted in the staminate flowers,
much smaller or abortive in the pistillate flower. Pistil consisting of an
oblong, compressed, puberulent ovary surmounted by a short style and
2-3-lobed stigma.

Fruit — A 2-celled, 2-seeded, orbicular, compressed, buff-colored samara sur-
rounded by a broad, reticulate wing. Fruits ripen in the late autumn and
are borne on long, slender, reflexed pedicels which persist on the twigs
during the winter.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, yellowish brown, lustrous, conspicuously
marked by leaf-scars, with a rank odor when broken. Terminal bud
absent. Lateral buds small, whitish-hairy, rotund, mostly superposed,
borne in the upper angle of V-shaped leaf-scars. Mature bark thin,
smooth, dark gray, with numerous, oblong, wart-like excrescences.

Habitat — On rocky, upland slopes about the borders of forests and woods.

Range — Central New York westward through southern Ontario to Minne-
sota, southward to Florida and Texas. Zones A and B.

Uses — Occasionally propagated as an ornamental plant in the parks and
gardens of eastern United States. The bitter principle obtained from the
roots is sometimes used as a tonic.

Ailanthus, Chinese Sumach, Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.

1. A staminate inflorescence x % 4. A pistillate flower with one petal removed,
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view lateral view x 10

x 10 5. A mature leaf x %
3. Portion of a pistillate inflorescence x % 6. A cluster of samaras x %

4

. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 277

SIMAROUBACEAE
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.

Ailanthus, Chinese Sumach, Tree of Heaven

Habit — In New York State usually a medium-sized tree 30-40 feet in height
with a trunk diameter of %4-2 feet, occasionally where conditions are
favorable 100 feet tall with a trunk 3 feet in diameter. Bole usually
short, dividing 6-10 feet above the ground into a few, stout, ascending
limbs to form a wide, flat-topped crown of sparse, coarse branches.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 1-3 feet long, consisting of
13-41 short-stalked, subopposite or alternate leaflets arranged along a
long, tapering, smooth rachis. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long,
acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate and somewhat inequilateral
at the base, entire except for a few coarse teeth toward the base, at
maturity thin, light green and glabrous above, paler, pubescent and often
glandular on the basal lobes beneath.

Flowers — Appearing during June after the leaves are fully developed, polyga-
mous, greenish white, about 14 of aninch broad, borne in terminal panicles,
the staminate often a foot in length, densely-flowered and ill-scented, the
pistillate smaller and fewer flowered. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes broadly
ovate, acute. Petals 5, oval, acute, valvate, inrolled, much longer than
the sepals. Stamens 10 in the staminate flowers, inserted with the petals
on the edge of the disk, exserted, the filaments hairy toward the base.
Perfect flowers with 2-3 stamens. Pistil consisting of a deeply 2—5-lobed
ovary surmounted by an equal number of short styles and spreading
stigmas.

Fruit — A flat, veiny, oblong-linear, glabrous, twisted, pale yellow samara,
114-2 inches long, about 4% of an inch wide, rounded at the apex, tapering
at the base, notched on one side and bearing the solitary seed near the
middle, borne in ample clusters on short stalks, persisting on the tree into
the winter and following spring.

Winter characters—Twigs very stout, blunt-pointed, yellowish to reddish
brown, glabrous or fine velvety-pubescent, marked with scattered, ochre
lenticels, ill-smelling when crushed. Pith large, ochraceous. Terminal
bud absent. Lateral buds hemi-spherical, reddish brown, pubescent, %—%
of an inch long, usually with but 2 visible scales, located in a notch
above the large leaf-scar. Mature bark thin, dark gray, slightly rough-
ened by shallow, whitened fissures.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree growing vigorously on a variety of sites in vacant
lots, about cities, and along streets and highways where less resistant
species cannot compete, owing to adverse conditions.

Range — A native of China, introduced into this country for ornamental pur-
poses and now widely naturalized as a ‘‘weed’’ tree in the northeastern
states and Ontario. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Undesirable either as a lumber tree or for ornament. Wood soft, weak,
coarse-grained, not durable. Objectionable as a shade or park tree because
difficult to eliminate when once established, owing to root-suckers. The
staminate trees should never be propagated because of the disagreeable
odor of the flowers. It recommends itself only as a shade tree where
urban conditions are too rigorous for other species.

. A pistillate flower with two petals

Staghorn Sumach
Rhus typhina L. [Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.; Datisca hirta L.]

A staminate inflorescence x Y¥,

A staminate flower, lateral sectional view
x 0

re-
moved, lateral view x 10

. A mature leaf x %

4
= Fruit cluster x 4%
Fy
1h
Ss

Hairy drupe x 8
Pit, lateral view x 3
Winter twig x 4%

Trees of New York State 279

ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus typhina L. [Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw.; Datisca hirta L.]

Staghorn Sumach

Habit — A small tree 25-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 4—8 inches,
occasionally 40 feet tall with a trunk a foot in diameter, more often
shrubby, spreading by means of underground shoots and forming extensive
thickets. In the aborescent form, the bole is short and often inclined, and
bears a low flat crown consisting of stout, ascending, more or less con-
torted, irregular branches.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 144-2 feet long, consisting of
11-31 nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a stout, hairy, red-
dened rachis. Leaflets cblong, 2-5 inches long, acute at the apex, rounded
or slightly cordate at the base, remotely and sharply serrate, at maturity
dull dark green and quite glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside
from the midrib.

Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves, dioecious (by abor-
tion), yellowish green, borne on slender, bracteolate pedicels in dense, ter-
minal panicles 5-12 inches long, the staminate the larger and more open.
Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes lanceolate, acute, woolly without, longest in the
pistillate flower. Petals 5, strap-shaped, yellowish green and reflexed at
anthesis in the staminate flower, green, narrower, thickened at the apex
and erect in the pistillate flower. Stamens 5, inserted on the margin of
the red disk, exserted, the anthers bright orange. Pistil consisting of an
ovoid, pubescent ovary, 3 short, spreading styles and a similar number of
capitate stigmas.

Fruit — A depressed-globular or hemi-spherical drupe, about 4 of an inch in
diameter, densely covered with crimson acid hairs, borne in dense panicles
which persist throughout the winter. Pit somewhat reniform, orange-
brown, smooth.

Winter characters — Twigs very stout, densely pubescent with olive-brown to
nearly black hairs, exuding a milky juice when broken, usually winter-
killing through several nodes. Lenticels orange-colored and conspicuous.
Pith large, orange-colored, homogeneous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral
buds conical, obtuse, protected by a dense, pale brown tomentum, nearly
surrounded by the leaf-sear. Mature bark dark brown, dotted with hori-
zontally elongated lenticels, occasionally with small, superficial scales.

Habitat — A ‘‘weed’’ tree found on a variety of soils and sites along fences
and highways, in pastures, and on talus slopes and cliffs, usually in dry
situations, often forming copses of wide extent.

Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Canada to Minnesota,
south to Georgia and Alabama. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Of little commercial value. Wood light, soft, golden yellow tinged
with green, with paler sapwood. Occasionally used for picture frames and
nicknacks. This species is sometimes propagated ornamentally because of
its showy autumal foliage and fruits, and grotesque habit. Several hor-
tricultural varieties have been evolved.

2

W"\ Gof
i 4
VE, 4

Y,

Ye

Smooth Sumach
Rhus glabra L.

1. A staminate inflorescence x %
»

. A mature leaf x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view

. Fruit cluster x %
. Drupe, lateral view x 5
. Pit, lateral view x 5

x0
3. A pistillate flower with two petals re-
. Winter twig x %4

moved, lateral view x 10

COVA

Trees of New York State 981

ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus glabra L.

Smooth Sumach

Habit — Usually a low, spreading shrub, propagating by means of root-suckers
and often forming extensive thickets, occasionally becoming a small tree
20-25 feet in height with a short trunk 4-5 inches in diameter which
divides 3-4 feet above the ground into a number of stout, ascending
branches to form a broad, flat-topped crown.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 1-3 feet long, consisting of
11-31 nearly sessile leaflets arranged suboppositely or alternately along
a smooth, stout, reddish rachis. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 inches
leng, acute at the apex, rounded and somewhat inequilateral at the base,
sharply and remotely serrate, at maturity dark green and glabrous above,

pale glaucous beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in June or July after the leaves, dioecious, yellowish
green, borne in terminal panicles 5-12 inches long, the staminate panicles
more open and larger than the pistillate. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate-
lanceolate, acute, somewhat pubescent without, longest in the pistillate
flowers. Petals ovate, acute, yellowish green. Stamens 5, inserted on the
margin of the conspicuous disk, shorter than the petals. Pistil consisting
of an ovoid, pubescent ovary surmounted by 3 short styles and capitate
stigmas.

Fruit — A depressed-globular, crimson drupe, about 4 of an inch in diameter,
covered with short, close, acidulous pubescence, borne in rather open, nar-
row panicles, persisting on the tree into the winter and following spring.
Pit ovoid, orange-brown, smooth.

Winter characters — Twigs very stout, lenticellate, pale bronze, usually glau-
cous and in part covered with a grayish, evanescent skin exuding a milky
juice when broken, usually winter-killing through several nodes. Pith
large, orange-colored, homogeneous. Terminal bud absent. Lateral bud
conical, obtuse, densely covered with pale brown tomentum, nearly sur-
rounded by the leaf-scar. Mature bark thin, gray, quite smooth.

Habitat — On a variety of sites and soils in open pastures, on hillsides and on
waste ground, seeming to prefer well-drained situations, often forming
thickets of considerable extent.

Range— Nova Scotia westward through Ontario to Minnesota, south to
Florida and Louisiana. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — The importance of this species lies in its use as an ornamental shrub.
In New York State it is numbered among the best for mass planting. A
cut-leaved form, var. laciniata, is widely propagated for the same purpose.

pistillate flower with

two petals re-
moved, lateral view x 10

Dwarf Sumach
Rhus copallina L.

. A staminate inflorescence x % p :
. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view

4
5
6.
7
S

. A mature leaf x %
5. Fruit cluster x %
Pubescent drupe, lateral view x 5
. Pit, lateral view x 5
5. Winter twig x

Trees of New York State 283

ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus copallina L.

Dwarf Sumach

Habit —In the north usually a shrub 5-8 feet tall, spreading by means of
root-suckers, and often forming extensive copses in pastures and aban-
doned fields, occasionally a small tree 20-30 feet in height with a short,
usually oblique trunk 8-10 inches in diameter bearing a wide-spreading
crown of stout branches.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 6-12 inches long, consisting of
9-21 sessile or nearly sessile leaflets arranged in pairs along a winged
rachis. Leaflets oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 144-214 inches long, acute at
the apex, cuneate and usually inequilateral at the base, entire or remotely
serrulate above the middle, at maturity thick, dark lustrous green and
glabrous above except on the midrib, paler and pubescent below.

Flowers — Appearing in late June or July after the leaves are full grown,
dioecious, yellowish green, borne in short, compact, pubescent, terminal
or axillary panicles 4-6 inches long, the staminate panicles usually the
larger. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, acute, puberulous on the inner sur-
face. Petals ovate, acute, greenish yellow, at anthesis reflexed above the
middle. Disk red, conspicuous. Stamens 5, exserted, with slender fila-
ments and orange-colored anthers. Pistil consisting of an ovate, pubes-
cent ovary surmounted by 3 stout, spreading styles terminated by capi-
tate stigmas. Vestigial organs occur in flowers of both sexes.

Fruit — An oval or slightly ovate, somewhat compressed, thin-fleshed, bright
red drupe about 4 of an inch in diameter, covered with close, glandular
pubescence, borne in stout, pubescent clusters, ripening in the early
autumn but persisting on the trees into the winter and following spring.
Pit somewhat reniform, orange-brown, smooth.

Winter characters— Twigs medium stout, tapering and somewhat zigzag,
pubescent, reddish brown with prominent leaf-scars and conspicuous len-
ticels, exuding a watery juice when broken, usually winter-killing through
several nodes. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds small, spherical, coy-
ered with rusty brown hairs, superposed above the leaf-scar. Mature bark
thin, pale reddish brown, dotted with horizontal elongated lenticels, ex-
foliating tardily in large, papery scales.

Habitat — Dry sandy soils on hillsides, ridges, and in abandoned fields and
pastures, often forming extensive thickets, more rarely on rich bottom
lands.

Range — Central Maine westward through southern Ontario and Michigan
to eastern Nebraska, southward to Florida and Texas.

Uses — Not a timber species because of its small size. Widely used as an
ornamental shrub in the parks and cemeteries of eastern United States
and prized for its dark green, lustrous leaves which turn a rich maroon
in the autumn, for its small stature, and persisting, showy fruit-clusters.

Poison Sumach

Rhus Vernix L. [Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Shafer; Rhus venenata DC.]

1, A pistillate inflorescence x 1 4. A mature leaf x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. Fruit cluster x 2%
xO 6. Drupe, lateral view x 2%
3. A miptimate flower, lateral sectional view is Pit, lateral view x %
xd :

Winter twig x &%

Trees of New York State

bo
or

ANACARDIACEAE
Rhus Vernix L. [Toxicodendron Vernix (L.) Shafer; Rhus venenata DC.]

Poison Sumach

Habit — A shrub or small tree 20-25 feet in height with a trunk 5-6 inches in
diameter which generally divides near the ground into a number of stout,
spreading limbs to form an open, rounded, bushy crown of coarse branches.

Leaves — Alternate, odd-pinnately compound, 7-14 inches long, consisting of
7-13 leaflets arranged suboppositely along a smooth, greenish red rachis.
Leaflets obovate-oblong, 3-4 inches long, acute at the apex, cuneate and
inequilateral at the base, entire, revolute margined, short-petiolate aside
from the terminal leaflet, at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous
above with scarlet midribs, paler and glabrous below.

Flowers — Appearing in June and July before the leaves have attained full
size, dioecious, yellowish green, borne in rather narrow, drooping, axillary
panicles 244-8 inches long clustered near the tips of the twigs. Calyx
5-lobed, ovate, acute, glabrous. Disk prominent. Petals ovate-lanceolate,
acute, erect. Stamens 5, exserted, with slender filaments and orange-col-
ored anthers. Pistil consisting of an ovoid-globose, glabrous ovary sur-
mounted by 3 short, thick, spreading styles terminated by proximate, capi-
tate stigmas. Vestigial organs occur in flowers of both sexes.

Fruit — A globose, slightly compressed, thin-fleshed, lustrous, ivory-white or
tawny white, somewhat striated drupe, tipped with the style remnants,
about 14 of an inch in diameter, borne in loose, pendant clusters, ripen-
ing in September but persisting on the trees far into the winter. Pit pale
yellow, thin-shelled, prominently grooved.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, brown to orange-brown, marked
by numerous, minute, raised lenticels, exuding a watery, poisonous juice
when broken, at length light gray. Pith large, yellowish brown, homo-
geneous. Terminal bud conical, acute, purplish, finely pubescent, 4%-%5
of an inch long. Lateral buds similar but much smaller. Mature bark
thin, pale light gray, smooth or somewhat striate, marked with prominent,

horizontally elongated lenticels.
RAN”
Habitat — In old peat bogs and cold, wet swamps which are often inundated

for a portion of the year.

Range — Northern New England westward through southern Ontario to Min-
nesota, southward into the Gulf States. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A poisonous species to be shunned by people susceptible to its poison-
ous properties. The active principle is a non-volatile oil similar to and
causing the same reaction as that from Poison Ivy. The symptoms are
acute irritation of the skin including itching, swelling and the formation
of blisters which exude a hyaline, somewhat viscid fluid when ruptured.
It is recommended that the parts be scrubbed vigorously with alcohol or
a saturated solution of lead acetate as soon after exposure as possible. In
lieu of this, use soap and water. More advanced stages may be relieved
with an aqueous solution of baking soda, applied directly to the affected
parts. The species has no economic value.

Holly
Tlex opaca Ait.

1. A twig showing staminate flowers x % 4. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view >.6
x ©, A branch with mature leaves and fruit x 4
38. A twig showing pistillate flowers x % 6. Fruit in lateral sectional view x

7. Ribbed nutlet x 3

Trees of New York State 287

AQUIFOLIACEAE
Ilex opaca Ait.
Holly

Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-18
inches, under favorable conditions sometimes 50 feet tall with a trunk
3 feet in diameter. Bole continuous through the crown. Crown compact,
conical, consisting of slender, spreading, horizontal or somewhat drooping
branches bearing evergreen leaves, often extending nearly to the ground.

Leaves — Alternate, elliptical to obovate-oblong, 2-4 inches long, pungently
acute at the apex, broadly cuneate at the base, sinuate with rather dis-
tant spiny teeth or entire, at maturity coriaceous, dull dark green, gla-
brous and centrally grooved above, paler and smooth beneath, borne on
short, stout, thickened petioles.

Flowers — Appearing in late May and June in New York State, small, dioe-
cious, axillary on slender, puberulous, bracteolate pedicels, the staminate
in 3—9-flowered cymes, the pistillate singly or 2-3 together. Calyx minute,
4-6-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute, ciliate, persistent. Petals 4-6,
oblong, obtuse, greenish white, about % of an inch long. Stamens 4-6,
alternate with the petals, exserted, with subulate filaments and oblong
anthers. Pistil consisting of a sessile, subeylindrical, 4—6-celled ovary and
sessile, usually confluent stigmas which persist in fruit.

Fruit — A spherical or ovoid, glabrous, dull red or occasionally yellow drupe,
about 144 of an inch in diameter, subtended by the persistent calyx, usually
borne solitary on short, stout stalks, ripening in the autumn but remain-
ing on the branches until the following spring. Nutlets light brown, promi-
nently few-ribbed on the back.

Winter characters — Leaves persisting on the twig about three years, turning
yellowish green during the winter months. Twigs rather stout, glabrous,
pale brown, with inconspicuous lenticels. Buds short, the terminal acute,
the lateral obtuse and somewhat downy. Mature bark grayish white,
roughened by warty excrescences, about 144 of an inch thick.

Habitat — Prefers moist sites on the borders of swamps and on rich bottom-
lands but thrives on drier soils in protected situations. Along the coast
it is frequently found growing behind the protecting sand dunes.

Range — Coastal region from Maine to Florida and eastern Texas, extending
north in the Mississippi basin to southern Illinois and Indiana. It is ex-
ceedingly rare at higher elevations in the interior. Zone A.

Uses — The sprays of evergreen leaves and bright berries (drupes) are used
in immense quantities for holiday decoration. The tree possesses orna-
mental value but is not used extensively for this purpose because of its
slow growth. Wood light, tough, rather weak, close-grained, ivory-white
when first cut, turning brown with exposure. Used for umbrella handles,
tor turnery of all sorts, and in the manufacture of souvenirs and nick-
nacks.

Striped Maple, Moosewood
Acer pennsylvanicum L.

2
vo.

1. A flowering branch x % A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x 10
x 10 4. A fruiting branch x %
5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State IL9

ACERACEAE

Acer pennsylvanicum L,

Striped Maple, Moosewood

Habit — Usually a large shrub or small tree 10-25 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 2-6 inches, occasionally 30-40 feet in height with a
trunk 8-10 inches in diameter. Trunk usually short, dividing a few feet
above the ground into slender, straight, ascending branches which form
a deep, broad crown, often several stems together.

Leaves — Opposite, broadly obovate to orbicular, 4-6 inches long, 4-5 inches
wide, cordate or rounded at the base, palmately 3-nerved and acutely
3-lobed at the apex and occasionally with 2 short additional lobes at the
base, sharply and finely doubly serrate, at maturity membranous, pale
green and glabrous above, paler and nearly smooth beneath, borne on
stout, grooved petioles which are enlarged at the base and 114-2 inches
long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June when the leaves are nearly full grown,
dioecious or occasionally the two sorts on the same .plant, yellowish
green, borne in terminal, drooping, stalked racemes 4-6 inches long.
Sepals linear-lanceolate, yellowish green, about 1% of an inch long. Petals
obovate to spatulate, bright yellow, slightly longer than the sepals.
Stamens 7-8, shorter than the petals, with slender filaments and oval
anthers. Pistil consisting of a sessile, broadly obovate, laterally com-
pressed, purplish brown, puberulous ovary surmounted by a stout style
and 2 spreading recurved stigmas, Vestigial organs present in both
types of flowers.

Fruit — A double samara consisting of two dark reddish brown, 1-seeded,
laterally-compressed and somewhat rugose, nut-like carpels each about
1% of an inch long and bearing on its back a thin, oblong to obovate,
divergent wing about *%4 of an inch long. Fruiting racemes glabrous,
drooping, 4—6 inches long.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, reddish brown, with scattered,
inconspicuous lenticels and brown pith. Buds opposite, obtuse, some-
what 4-sided, appressed, short-stalked about 34 of an inch long, entirely
covered by single pair of red, smooth, valvate scales. Terminal bud
larger than the appressed lateral buds. Mature bark thin, quite smooth,
green or reddish brown, conspicuously marked longitudinally by white
streaks, at length becoming dark gray and rougher.

Habitat — A retiring, tolerant species. Shaded situations in cool, moist woods,
deep glens, and on northern exposures where it is protected from excessive
isolation. Forms the bulk of the shrubby undergrowth in many places.

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada and the northern
border states to Minnesota, southward along the Applachians to northern
Georgia and eastern Tennessee. Zones B, C, D, and E.

Uses — Of no economic importance. The tree possesses ornamental value
and is occasionally grown in the larger parks of the northeastern states
but its exacting site requirements preclude its extensive use.

10

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Mountain Maple

Acer spicatum Lam.

1. A flowering branch x % 3. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view x 5D
x 5 4. A fruiting branch x %

5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 291

ACERACEAE

Acer spicatum Lam.

Mcuntain Maple

Habit — Occasionally a small bushy tree 20-35 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 4-8 inches, more often a shrub growing in clumps of a half
dozen or more, or forming extensive thickets.

Leaves — Opposite, broadly ovate to orbicular, 3-5 inches long, cordate at
the base, palmately 3-lobed or obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acu-
minate at the apex and coarsely crenate-serrate with gland-tipped teeth.
At maturity the leaves are membranous, prominently 3-nerved with con-
spicuous veinlets, glabrous above, dense hoary pubescent below, borne on
slender petioles 2-3 inches long which are enlarged at the base and
usually turn scarlet during the summer.

Flowers —Appearing in June when the leaves are nearly full grown,
polygamo-dioecious, greenish yellow, borne in narrow, erect, terminal,
pubescent, long-stalked, compound racemes, the fertile flowers towards
the base. Calyx usually 5-lobed, the lobes narrowly obovate, pubescent
on the outer surface. Petals usually 5, linear-spatulate, acute, longer
than the sepals. Stamens 7-8, free, with slender, glabrous filaments and
oblong. glandular anthers, exserted in the staminate flower. Pistil con-
sisting of a sessile. broadly obovate, laterally compressed, pale tomentose
ovary surmounted by a columnar style and 2 short, spreading stigmas.

Fruit — A double samara consisting of 2 bright red, 1-seeded, laterally com-
pressed, nearly glabrous. strongly striated, nut-like carpels which develop
from the back oblong or obovate, coriaceous, divergent wings about 1%
of an inch long. The samaras are borne in drooping, racemose clusters.
As they mature in September, the nut-like carpels turn brown and fal

separately from the persisting axis.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, bright red, appressed grayish-pubescent
at least toward the tip, at length pale grayish brown, often streaked with
green toward the base. Buds opposite, acute, appressed, short-stalked,
greenish red. about 44 of an inch long including the stalk. Terminal
bud larger. Bud-scales 2-3 pairs, but one or two pairs visible, the inner
pair tomentose. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, smooth or slightly
furrowed.

Habitat — A retiring species preferring moist sites in rocky glens, gulfs and
on talus slopes with northern exposure. Frequent on the moist alpine
slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Range — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and the northern border
states as far west as Minnesota, south along the Appalachians to north-
ern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. Zones B, C, D, and E.

Uses — The species possesses little economic importance. Occasionally eculti-
vated for ornament in arboretums and parks. The wood is sometimes
used for fuel.

-wNe

dd

Sugar Maple, Black Maple
Acer saccharum Marsh. [Acer saccharinum Wang. ]

twig-tip showing staminate flowers x %4 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

staminate flower, lateral view x 2 : xed
twig-tip showing pistillate flowers x 1% 6. Winter twig x %
perfect flower, lateral view x 2

Trees of New York State 293

ACERACEAE

Acer saccharum Marsh. [Acer saccharinum Wang. ]

Sugar Maple, Black Maple

Habit — A valuable timber species usually 50-80 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 feet, under optimum conditions sometimes 120 feet tall
with a trunk 3-4 feet through. In the open the bole divides 8-10 feet
above the ground into stout, ascending branches which form a broad,
ovoid, round-topped crown. Trees under forest conditions have long,
straight, columnar boles often free of branches for 60-70 feet and bear-
ing shallow, rounded crowns with a few large limbs.

Leaves — Opposite, orbicular to broadly obovate, 3-5 inches across, cordate
or rounded at the base, palmately 3—5-nerved and lobed, the lobes acu-
minate, sparingly sinuately toothed and separated by rounded sinuses.
At maturity the leaves are rather thin, glabrous, dark green and dull
above, paler and smooth below, borne on slender, glabrous petioles 144-3
inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in April and May with the leaves, greenish yellow,
polygamous, the staminate and pistillate flowers on the same or on dif-
ferent trees, borne on long, filamentous, hairy pedicels in drooping, many-
flowered, nearly sessile, umbel-like corymbs from terminal leafy buds or
lateral flower-buds. Calyx campanulate, hairy without, 5-lobed, the
lobes shallow and obtuse. Corolla wanting. Stamens 7—8, exserted in
the sterile flowers, with slender, glabrous filaments and oval anthers.
Pistil consisting of a sessile, broadly obovate, laterally-compressed, pale
green, pilose ovary surmounted by 2 filamentous styles united at the
base and bearing long, exserted stigmas.

Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 light reddish brown,
laterally compressed, 1-seeded carpels about 44 of an inch long, equipped
on the back with bread, thin, divergent wings 144-114 inches long. The
samaras are borne in clusters on long, smooth, filamentous stalks.

Winter characters.— Twigs slender, lustrous, reddish brown to buff, marked
by numerous, conspicuous lenticels, becoming paler the second season.
Terminal bud conical, reddish brown, hairy toward the apex, with 8—16
visible scales, about 14 of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, similar
to the terminal bud but smaller. Mature bark thick, light grayish brown,
separated by deep furrows into longitudinal ridges which are sealy at
the surface, that of smaller trunks quite smooth.

Habitat — An upland species preferring the rich, well-drained, rocky soils of
slopes, ridges and hills. Thrives on sites underlaid with limestone.

Range — Newfoundland westward to Manitoba and the Dakotas, south to
Florida and northeastern Texas. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — One of the most valuable timber trees of the forests of eastern
United States. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale reddish
brown with narrow, paler heartwood. Largely used for furniture, floor-
ing, interior finish, turnery, and for fuel in the rural districts. Bird’s-eye
and eurly maple are especially prized in cabinet work. This tree is
tapped in the spring and produces the maple syrup and sugar of the trade.
It makes an excellent shade and ornamental tree and is commonly planted
along country roads and on private estates.

. Portion of a branch showing staminate 4, A pistillate flower, lateral view x 2

. A staminate flower, lateral view x 2 x

t

A
ANSY, lin S

Black Maple
Acer saccharum, var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. [Acer nigrum Michx. f. |

flowers and immature leaves x % 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
a %
Portion of a branch showing pistillate 6. Winter twig x %4

flowers and immature leaves x %

Trees of New York State 295

ACERACEAE

Acer saccharum, var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britt. | Acer nigrum Michx. f. |

Black Maple

Habit — Similar in habit to Sugar Maple and not distinguished in the trade.
a valuable timber species, becoming under optimum conditions S0-—100
feet in height with a trunk 3-4 feet in diameter. In the open the crown
is ovoid, at length becoming broad and round-topped. Under forest con-
ditions the bole is long and columnar, bearing aloft a shallow, flat-topped
crown.

Leaves — Opposite, orbicular to broadly obovate, 3-5 inches across, cordate
at the base, palmately 3-veined and 3-lobed (rarely 5), the lobes acumi-
nate, entire or somewhat undulate, and separated by broad, rounded
sinuses. At maturity the leaves are rather thick, dull, dark green and
glabrous above, yellow-green and pubescent below, borne on rather stout,
pubescent petioles 2-5 inches long.

Flower — Similar to those of Sugar Maple, but opening a few days later
than those of the species when the leaves are about one-third grown.

Fruit —- Similar to that of Sugar Maple and not to be distinguished from it.

Winter characters — Twigs rather stout, lustrous or dull, orange-brown or
grayish brown, marked by conspicuous, oblong, grayish white lenticels.
Terminal bud conical to ovate, grayish brown, hoary pubescent, about ™%4
of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, similar to the terminal bud but
smaller. Mature bark similar to that of Sugar Maple and not to be
distinguished from it.

Habitat — The Black Maple is said to prefer lower ground than the Sugar
Maple. In central New York it grows on upland sites, intermixed with
or in places wholly replacing the Sugar Maple.

Range — Quebec westward to South Dakota and Kansas, southward to north-
ern Georgia and Louisiana. Zones B, C, and D.

Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood similar to that of Sugar Maple and
not distinguished in the trade. The trees are tapped indiscriminately
with those of Sugar Maple for their sugary sap.

Silver Maple, White Maple

Acer saccharinum L. [Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. ]

4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x §
5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

1. A twig showing staminate flowers and un-
opened leaf-buds x %

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 10 x %
A twig showing pistillate flowers and un- 6. Winter twig x %

2
9
3
opened leaf-buds x %

Trees of New York State 297

ACERACEAE
Acer saccharinum L. [Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.]
Silver Maple, White Maple

Habit — A large tree 60-80 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 2-4 feet,
under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet tall. Bole usually short,
dividing 10-15 feet above the ground into several stout, ascending limbs
which ultimately bear brittle, pendulous branches and form a_broad-
topped, rounded crown.

Leaves -— Opposite, nearly orbicular, 6-7 inches across, cordate or truncate
at the base, palmately 5-nerved and deeply 5-lobed, the lateral lobes acu-
minate, coarsely and irregularly dentate and separated by acute sinuses,
the terminal lobe usually with three divergent secondary lobes. At
maturity the leaves are thin, pale green and glabrous above, silvery-
glaucous beneath, borne on slender, drooping, red petioles 4—5 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing during the first warm days of March and April before
the leaves in dense, sessile, axillary clusters on the growth of the pre-
ceding season, greenish yellow, polygamous, the staminate and pistillate
in separate clusters on the same or on different trees. Calyx tubular in
the staminate flower, urn-shaped in the pistillate flower, shallowly
5-lobed, usually pubescent without. Corolla lacking. Stamens 3-7, long
exserted in the staminate flower, with slender filaments and red anthers.
Pistil consisting of a short, compressed, pubescent, 2-lobed ovary sur-
mounted by 2 widely divergent styles with stigmatic tips.

Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 pale, reddish brown and
wrinkled, laterally compressed, 1-seeded carpels about 4% of an inch long
bearing from the back straight or somewhat falcate, widely divergent
wings 1-2 inches long, borne on slender, drooping stalks. The samaras
mature in April and May and the seeds germinate as soon as they fall to
the ground.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, lustrous, conspicuously lenticel-
late, light chestnut-brown becoming paler the second season. When
freshly cut or broken, the twigs exhale a rank odor. Terminal bud ovate-
oval, obtuse, red, about 44 of an inch long, covered with 3-4 pairs of
visible scales which are rounded and ciliate on the margin. Lateral leaf-
buds similar, short-stalked, usually accompanied by globose flower-buds
on either side which are larger and more conspicuous than the true axil-
lary bud. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, separating at the surface
into elongated, loose, longitudinal plates giving the tree a shaggy appear-
ance, that of young trunks and branches smooth and light gray.

Habitat — Typically a bottom-land species preferring moist situations along
sluggish streams and the borders of swamps where the soil is often inun-
dated for a part of each year. Propagated for shade and ornament in
drier soils.

Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Ontario to eastern
South Dakota and Nebraska, south to Florida and Oklahoma. Zones
Band (C-

Uses — The chief value of the species lies in its use as an ornamental and
shade tree, a number of horticultural varieties being recognized. This
tree should not be planted in exposed situations as the branches are brittle
and subject to storm injury. Wood medium hard heavy, strong, brittle,
close-grained, pale brown with thick, paler sapwood. Used for cheap
furniture and occasionally for flooring.

Red Maple, Swamp Maple

Acer rubrum L.

A twig showing staminate flowers and un-
opened leaf-buds x %
. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5

lp

9)
9
Oo.

o

opened leaf-buds x %4

A twig showing pistillate flowers and un-
5

4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5
5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x ¥4

_ 6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 299

ACERACEAE

Acer rubrum L.

Red Maple, Swamp Maple

Habit — Generally a medium-sized tree 40-50 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 feet, under favorable conditions occasionally becoming
100 feet tall with a trunk 4 feet in diameter. In the open the bole is
usually 6-10 feet long and branches low down into stout, spreading,
upright and horizontal branches to form a compact, narrow, oblong or
cbovoid head. Under forest conditions the bole is much longer and bears
a restricted crown.

Leaves — Opposite, orbicular or obovate, 2-6 inches long, truncate or sub-
cordate at the base. palmately 3—5-nerved and lobed, the lobes acute or
acuminate, irregularly doubly serrate and separated by shallow, acute
sinuses. At maturity the leaves are light green and glabrous above, pale
greenish white and glabrous below aside from the prominent veins, borne
on slender, red or green petioles 2-4 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in March and April in advance of the leaves in dense,
sessile, axillary clusters on the growth of the preceding season, scarlet or
yellowish red, polygamous, pedicellate, the staminate and pistillate in
separate clusters on the same or on different trees. Calyx campanulate,
deeply 5-lobed, the lobes oblong and obtuse. Petals 5, oblong or linear,
equaling the calyx-lobes. Stamens 5-8, exserted in the staminate flowers,
with slender filaments and scarlet anthers. Pistil consisting of a gla-
brous, compressed, laterally lobed ovary and 2 widely divergent styles
which bear elongated stigmatic lobes.

Fruit — A glabrous, scarlet or reddish brown, double samara consisting of
somewhat striate, laterally compressed, seed-like carpels about %4 of an
inch long bearing from the back thin, erect, divergent wings 14-1 inch
long, borne in clusters on drooping stalks 3-4 inches long. The samaras
mature in May and June and the seeds usually germinate at once.

Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, lustrous, pale lenticellate, light
or dark red, at length gray tinged with red, odorless when crushed.
Lateral leaf-buds opposite, oval-ovate, obtuse, red, short-stalked, about
1 of an inch long, covered with 3-4 pairs of visible scales which are
soe and ciliate on the margins. Terminal bud similar but slightly
larger. Flower-buds numerous, stout, collateral, usually one on either side
of the leaf-bud. Mature bark thin, dark gray, divided by shallow fissures
into long, longitudinal ridges which separate into long plates at the
surface giving the tree a shaggy appearance, that of young trunks and
branches smooth and light gray resembling Beech.

Habitat — Typically a bottom-land species inhabiting and attaining its best
development on river banks and in low, wet swamps in company with
Black Ash, Red Gum, Pepperidge, etc., or often occupying such sites to the
exclusion of other species It also frequents higher ground, often forming
an important part of the forest in hilly areas in company with other
species,

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Manitoba, south
to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — This species possesses ornamental value, more especially because of
its foliage which is whitened beneath and turns red or scarlet in the
autumn. It is to be recommended for roadside and park planting but is
not sufficiently hardy for city streets. Wood medium hard, heavy, not
strong, close-grained, light brown often with a roseate cast, with thick
paler sapwood. Used for cheap furniture, flooring, in turnery and for
woodenware.

. A twig showing

Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple

Acer Negundo L. [Negundo aceroides Moench.]

staminate flowers and 4
opening leaf-buds x %

. Winter twig x 4

. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 2
hy 5. A mature leaf x %

2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 3 6. Portion of twig with fruit clusters x %
3. A twig showing pistillate flowers and im- 7 “

mature leaves x %

Trees of New York State 301

ACERACEAE

Acer Negundo L. [Negundo aceroides Moench.]

Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple

Habit — A tree of medium size, under favorable conditions attaining a
height of 50-75 feet with a trunk 2-4 feet in diameter. Bole usually
short, dividing low down into stout, spreading limbs to form a broad,
rounded, bushy crown, occasionally long and free of branches for some
distance.

Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound or in part decompound, 6-15
inches long, long-petioled, consisting of 3-5 (rarely 9) leaflets. Leaf-
lets ovate-lanececlate, oval, or obovate, acuminate at the apex, cuneate
or rounded at the base, coarsely and irregularly serrate above the
middle or deeply lobed or divided, at maturity thin, hight green, gla-
brous or somewhat pubescent above, paler and nearly smooth below,
borne on stout petioles, that of the terminal leaflet often 1 inch long

Flowers — Appearing in April or May with or before the leaves on the
growth of the preceding season, yellowish green, dioecious, the stami-
nate in fascicles with long, pendulous pedicels 1—2 inches long, the
pistillate in narrow, drooping racemes. Calyx hairy without, cam-
panulate and obscurely 5-lobed in the staminate flower, tubular and
deeply lobed in the pistillate flower. Corolla wanting. Stamens 4-6,
exserted, with slender filaments and elongated anthers. Pistil con-
sisting of a short, compressed, pubescent, laterally lobed ovary sur-
mounted by elongated styles which are stigmatic along the inner surface.

Fruit — A glabrous, double samara consisting of 2 pale, reddish brown acutely
diverging l-seeded carpels, %-34 of an inch long, bearing thin, reticu-
lately veined, straight or somewhat faleate wings 1144-2 inches long, borne
in drooping racemes, ripening in the autmun and separating from the
fruit stalks which persist on the twigs during the winter.

Winter characters— Twigs stout, green or purplish green, smooth, lus-
trous or covered at least toward the tips with a glaucous bloom, marked
by scattered, pale lenticels. Terminal bud ovoid, acute, pale tomentose
about 44 of an inch long. Lateral buds opposite, short-stalked, obtuse,
shorter than the terminal bud, nearly or quite enclosed by the first
pair of bud-scales which commonly bear lateral accessory-buds in their
axils. Mature bark thin, pale gray or light brown, shallowly ‘fissured
with narrow, anastomosing ridges.

Habitat — A moisture-loving species preferring the banks of streams and
rivers, margins of lakes, and low bottom-lands in company with other
species. It is often planted and will thrive in drier situations.

Range — Western Vermont southward to Florida, westward through stuth-
ern Ontario to the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, Texas, New
Mexico and Arizona. Rare east of the Appalachian Mountains. Zones
A, B, and ¢€.

Uses — Of little commercial importance as a timber tree. Wood soft, light,
not strong, close-grained, creamy white. Occasionally manufactured into
cheap furniture, woodenware, paper pulp, etc. The tree possesses some
ornamental value and is planted extensively in the east as a shade, lawn,
and roadside tree. A number of horticultural forms are recognized. <A
variety (A. Negundo, var. Californicum Sarg.) oceurs in California.

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus Hippocastanum L.,

1. An inflorescence, lateral view x ™% 4. A mature leaf x %

2. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view 5. Mature truit, lateral view x %
x 6. Winter twig x %

3. A perfect flower, lateral sectional view x 1

Trees of New York State 303

SAPINDACEAE

Aesculus Hippocastanum L.

Horse Chestnut

Habit — A large tree, under favorable conditions sometimes attaining a
height of 70-80 feet with a trunk diameter of 2—3 feet. Trunk continuous
into the crown or more frequently dividing 6-8 feet above the ground
into a number of stout, ascending limbs and spreading branches which
form an oblong or broadly conical crown. Lower branches drooping, with
upturned tips.

Leaves — Opposite, palmately compound, 6-15 inches in diameter, consisting
of 5-7 (usually 7) leaflets, borne on stout petioles which are swollen at
the base and measure 4-7 inches in length. Leaflets obovate, 4-8 inches
long, abruptly acuminate at the apex, tapering to a sessile base, irregu-
larly crenate-dentate, at maturity dark green, rugose, and nearly glabrous
above, paler beneath.

Flowers — Appearing in June and July after the leaves, polygamous, in
compact, terminal, upright thyrses 6-12 inches high, only those near the
base of the inflorescence fertile. Calyx campanulate, finely pubescent,
usually gibbous on the lower side near the base, 5-lobed. Petals 5, white
spotted with yellow and purple, unequal in size, inserted by a claw at the
base. Stamens 6-8, longer than the petals, with slender, upeurving fila-
ments and small, elliptical anthers. Pistil consisting of an oblong,
pubescent ovary terminated by an elongated, slender, upcurving style and
terminal stigma.

Fruit — A light green, coriaceous, echinulate, 3-celled capsule, 2-3 inches in
diameter, turning brown in the autumn and opening by several sutures to
set free the 1-3 large, lustrous, brown seeds, each marked by a conspicu-

ous sear.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, reddish brown, glabrous, or finely pubes-
cent, marked by the large, inversely triangular leaf-scars which enclose
a U-shaped line of 5-7 bundle-scars. Twigs fork after flowering, an
axillary bud then functioning as a terminal bud. Buds large, reddish
brown, water-proofed with a sticky gum. Terminal flower-buds, *5~-1
inch long, much larger than the lateral buds. Bud-seales opposite, paired,
about 5 pairs visible in the largest buds. Mature bark thin, dull brown,
shallowly fissured into small, irregular plate-like scales.

Habitat — Prefers deep, moist soils. Extensively planted as a shade and
ornamental tree in this country and found as an ‘‘eseape’’ along highways
and about the habitations of man.

Range — Originally from southern Asia but now much planted in America
and Eurepe as a shade and ornamental tree. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses —Its chief value lies in its extensive use as a shade and ornamental
tree. A number of horticultural varieties including forms with laciniate
leaves and double flowers are propagated. Wood light, soft, not strong,
close-grained, pale yellowish white. Employed in Europe in carving,
turnery and as blind-wood in veneering.

Common Buckthorn , Waythorn, Plumberry
Rhamnus ecathartiea L.
4.

. A twig showing staminate flowers and im-

mature leaves x \%4
A staminate flower, lateral sectional view
x 5

Ae?" twig showing pistillate flowers and im-

mature leaves x %

A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
x
A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

: 2 5 é
Fruit, lateral view, showing nutlets x 2

. Nutlet, dorsal view x 3

Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 305

RHAMNACEAE

Rhamnus cathartica L.

Common Buckthorn, Waythorn, Plumberry

Habit — A large shrub or small tree occasionally becoming 30 feet in height
with a stout trunk 6-12 inches in diameter. Bole short, dividing 2-5 feet
above the ground into a number of stout, ascending limbs which form an
oblong or globular, bushy crown.

Leaves — Chiefly subopposite, more rarely alternate, tufted, broadly ovate
or oval, 1144-3 inches long, abruptly acute or obtuse at the apex, rounded
or obtuse at the base, finely crenate-serrate, at maturity dark dull green
and glabrous above, paler and glabrous or pubescent beneath, borne on
slender petioles %4—1 inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the leaves in 2-5-flowered,
axillary clusters, green, 4-merous, dioecious. Calyx-tube in staminate
flower cylindrical, in pistillate flower campanulate. Calyx-lobes triangu-
lar, acute, ascending or somewhat reflexed. Petals narrow, shorter than
the calyx-lobes, inserted with the stamens on the calyx-tube. Stamens
shorter than the calyx-lobes, with awl-shaped filaments and oblong
anthers. Pistil consisting of a globose, 4-celled ovary surmounted by 4
linear styles which are united below and bear terminal stigmas.

Fruit — A subglobose, lustrous, black drupe, about 14 of an inch in diameter,
containing thin, acrid flesh and 3-4 bony nutlets. Nutlets strongly sul-
cate on the outer face.

Winter character — Twigs rather slender, pale reddish brown with a grayish
evanescent skin, at length brownish black. Shoots of two sorts, long
shoots and short, often spinulose, dwarf shoots which bear flowers and
tufted foliage during the summer. Buds ovate, acute, appressed, brownish
black, about 4% of an inch long. Mature bark thin, very rough, nearly
black in color.

Habitat — In waste places along fence rows and highways where it is widely
spread through the agency of birds. Thrives on a variety of upland sites.

Range — Europe and western and northern Asia. Introduced into the country
as a hedge plant and now widely naturalized throughout the eastern
United States. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses —Its economic status in this country rests on its use as a hedge plant
for which it is well adapted because of its compact head of many small,
spiny branches, and the ease of propagation. The bark yields a cathartic
and a yellow dye. The close-grained wood is sometimes used for turner)
and tool handles in the Old World.

Basswood, American Linden

Tilia americana L. [Tilia glabra Vent.]

1. A branch showing inflorescences and ma- 3. A fruit-cluster with leafy bract x ™%
ture leaves x 1% 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 3
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 5. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 307

TILIACEAE
Tilia americana L. [Tilia glabra Vent.]
Basswood, American Linden

Habit — A valuable timber tree, generally 60-70 feet in height with a trunk
1-3 feet in diameter, under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet tall
and 414 feet in diameter. Bole straight, continuous into the crown, bear-
ing slender, lateral branches which form a dense, ovoid crown. In the
open the lower branches are pendulous and reach within a few feet of the
ground. Forest grown specimens have straight, columnar trunks and high
crowns.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate to oval, 5-10 inches long, abruptly acumin-
ute at the apex, cordate and inequilateral at the base, coarsely serrate
with incurved, glandular teeth, at maturity thick, dark green lustrous anél
glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside from tufts of brown hairs
in the axils of the prominent veins, berne on slender petioles 144-2 inches
in length.

Flowers — Appearing in early July after the leaves, perfect, fragrant, yel-
lowish white, borne in drooping, cymose clusters on long peduncles which
are united for about half their length with conspicuous pale green bracts.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, pubescent, about 4 of an inch long. Petals 5, lanceo-
late, longer than the sepals, with a spatulate staminode at the base.
Stamens numerous, hypogynous, shorter than the petals, colleeted in 5
groups one of which is inserted at the base of each staminode. Pistil con-
sisting of a sessile, pubescent globose, 5-celled ovary crowned by an erect
style bearing a 5-lobed stigma at the tip.

Fruit — An ovoid, obscurely ribbed, apiculate, tawny-brown, pubescent, woody,
nut-like drupe, about the size of a pea, borne in cymose clusters on a long
stalk attached at the base to the persistent, leafy bract, usually persist-
ing on the trees far into the winter. Fruiting bract usually tapering or
stalked at the base. Drupe 1-celled and usually 1-seeded by «abortion.
Seed broadly ovoid, about 4 of an inch long.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, zigzag, glabrous, lustrous, bright
red, becoming olive-red or covered with a gray, evanescent skin the second
season, marked with scattered, oblong lenticels. Terminal bud lacking.
Lateral buds ovate, acute, lopsided, divergent, dark red or greenish red,
smooth or somewhat pubescent at the apex, %—%4 of an inch long.
Visible bud-scales, 2-8, thick, rounded at the back, inserted separately.
Mature bark thick, light brown, divided by deep fissures into rounded,
anastomosing ridges which are scaly at the surface. Bark on young
stems dark gray and smooth.

Habitat — In rich woods and loamy soils usually in admixture with other
species. Thrives in moist, fertile, bottom-land forests.

Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Canada to Manitoba,
southward in the United States to Georgia and eastern Texas. Zones A.
B, and C.

Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood light, soft, moderately strong, fine-
textured and even-grained, light brown to nearly white, with thick, scarcely
distinguishable sapwood. Used extensively for crating, cheap furniture,
wagons, woodenware, drawing boards, trunks, etc., where a soft, tough,
easily worked wood is desirable. Small quantities are manufactured into
paper pulp and excelsior. The flowers are nectariferous and are eagerly
sought by honey bees. The inner bark is fibrous and mucilaginous and is
sometimes manufactured into cordage. The tree possesses ornamental

value and is to be recommended for planting in the northern states.

ij

(or

ill

—

Ses

. A branch showing inflorescences and ma-

. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4

Basswood, Linden
Tilia Michauxii Sarg. [Tilia neglecta Spach.]

A fruit-cluster with leafy bract x
lateral sectional view x 3
. Winter twig x 1%

3.
4.
5

Trees of New York State 309

TILIACEAE
Tilia Michauxii Sarg. [Tilia neglecta Spach.]
Basswood, Linden

Habit — A large tree becomng under favorable conditions 70-80 feet in height
with a trunk diameter of 2-3 feet. In habit it resembles Tilia amerivanc
L. and is seldom distinguished from it by layman.

Leaves — Alternate, broadly ovate usually 5-6 inches long, abruptly acumin-
ate or acute at the apex, cordate or truncute and very oblique at the base,
sharply serrate with glandular teeth, at maturity thick, dark green, lus-
trous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, grayish green and rather
densely pubescent with long hairs below and with prominent tufts of pale
hairs in the axils of the principal veins, borne on slender petioles 144-2
inches in length.

Flowers — Somewhat larger than those of Tilia americana and opening a few
days late1, otherwise similar.

Fruit — Similar to that of Tilia americana but smaller (about % of an inch
in diameter) and more globose.

Winter characters The tree cannot be separated with certainty in winter
condition from Tilia americana. The branches are said to be smoother
and lighter colored than those of that species but this character should
be used with reservation in identification.

Habitat — Similar to that of Tilia americana. Prefers the moist, well-drained
soils of rich woods in admixture with other species.

Range — Impertectly known. Said to extend from southeastern Canada and
New England southward into the Gulf states. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — The wood is not distinguished in the trade from that of Tilia ameri-
cana and is put to the same uses. The tree is occasionally grown orna-
mentally.

White Linden, White Basswood

Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii Sarg.

1. A branch showing inflorescences and ma- 3. A fruit-cluster with leafy bract x 4%
ture leaves x % 4, Fruit, lateral sectional view x 8
ey

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 o. Winter twig x

Trees of New York State 311

TILIACEAE
Tilia heterophylla, var. Michauxii Sarg.
White Linden, White Basswood

Habit — Generally somewhat smaller than the American Linden. <A _ tree
usually 50-60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet, under
favorable conditions occasionally 80 feet tall with a trunk 4 feet through.
Bole straight, continuous into the crown, under forest conditions long
and columnar. Crown at first dense and narrowly pyramidal, at length
becoming broad and rounded.

Leaves — Alternate, orbicular-ovate or oblong-ovate, 6-7. inches long, abruptly
acuminate at the apex, truncate or cordate and very oblique at the base,
sharply serrate with short, slightly incurved, glandular teeth, at maturity
membranous, dark green and glabrous above, grayish-white pubescent
below, borne on slender petioles 2—3 inches in length.

Flowers — Appearing in July. Larger than those of the American Linden,
otherwise similar.

Fruit — Resembles that of Tilia Michauaii. Subgobose, rusty-tomentose,
about 144 of an inch in diameter, 1-celled and usually l-seeded througu

abortion.

Winter characters — Twigs generally more slender than those of the Bass-
wood, otherwise similar. Buds usually smaller than those of Basswood.
Bark not distinguishable from that of other basswood species.

Habitat — On limestone outcrops and in rich soils on moist slopes, growing
in the open or in forests in admixture with other species.

Range — Central New York southward along the Appalachians to northern
Alabama, westward to southern Indiana, Illinois and central Tennessee.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — The wood is not distinguished in the trade from that of Basswood. In
New York State this species does not attain the size of Basswood and
hence is less valuable. In West Virginia it is an important timber species.
Occasionally grown for oinament.

Hercules’ Club

Aralia spinosa L,

1. A portion of the inflorescence x 1

»

3. A portion of a compound leaf
leaflets x %

4. Terminal portion of a fruit-cluster x

2. A perfect flower, lateral sectional view x 10
showing

1,

ra

5. Fruit, apical sectional view x 3
6

Fruit, apical view x 3_
Seed, lateral view x 5d

. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State

oo
Lond,
Co

ARALIACEAE

Aralia spinosa L.

Hercules’ Club

Habit — A small tree of rapid growth, usually 20-35 feet in height with a
trunk 6—9 inches in diameter, often a shrub sending up coarse, vigorous
shoots 10-20 feet in height from stoloniferous roots. Crown flat-topped,
consisting of a few stout, spreading branches. Bole generally clean below.

Leaves — Alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches, odd-bipinnately
compound, 2-4 feet long, 2-2% feet wide, borne on long, stout, spinulose
petioles which are enlarged at the base and sheath the twigs. Leaflets
opposite, short-stalked, broadly ovate to lanceclate, acuminate at the
apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, finely serrate, at maturity dark
green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous or somewhat pubescent and
often with prickles on the midribs beneath. Terminal leaflet long-stalked.

Flowers— Appearing in late July and August, perfect or staminate by
abortion, about 1/16 of an inch long, borne on slender, straw-colored
pedicels in panicled umbels the branches of which are pale brown, bracteo-
late and puberulous, the whole forming a terminal paniculate cluster 3-4
feet long. Terminal clusters solitary or 2-3 together above the spreading
leaves. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the limb minutely 5-toothed.
Petals 5, white, ovate, obtuse, inserted by a broad base on the margin of
the disk. Stamens 5, alternate with and about equalling the petals, with
slender filaments and ovate anthers. Pistil consisting of an inferior
5-celled ovary surmounted by 5 connivent styles crowned with capitate
stigmas.

Fruit — An ovoid, 5-angled, black berry about 44 of an inch in diameter,
capped by the blackened, persistent styles. The fruit ripens in late
August and September. Seeds oblong, rounded at the end, embedded in
the thin, purple, very juicy flesh.

Winter characters — Twigs very coarse, 144-1 inch in diameter, pale orange,
‘lustrous, lenticellate, characteristically armed with stout, irregularly
scattered prickles. Leaf-scars narrow, nearly encircling the twig, with a
single row of bundle-scars. Terminal bud conical, obtuse, chestnut-brown,
14-34, of an inch long. Lateral buds much smaller, flattened, appressed,
triangular. Mature bark thin, brown, separated by shallow depressions
into broad, anastomosing ridges. Inner bark yellow.

Habitat — Fertile bottom-lands and moist or wet woodland slopes. Occa-

sionally found as an ‘‘escape’’ in dumps and waste places.

Range — Southern New York westward through southern Indiana and Illinois
to Missouri, southward to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A and B.

Uses — Of little economic importance aside from its ornamental value. It is
a short-lived tree of rapid growth and grotesque habit and is extensively
planted for ornament in regions where it is hardy. The bark of the root
and the berries possess some medicinal virtues.

il

»

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o.

Flowering, Dogwood

Cornus florida L. [Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Rafinesque]

A twig-tip showing terminal inflorescence 4. Drupe, lateral sectional view x 3
x % 5. Pit, lateral view x 3
A flower, lateral sectional view x 3 6 Winter twig x %

A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x &%

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Trees of New York State

CORNACEAE

Cornus florida L. [Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Rafinesque |

Flowering Dogwood

Habit — A low, bushy tree 15-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
6-10 inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 35-40 feet tall with
a trunk 12-18 inches in diameter. Trunk short, with little taper, often
oblique, abruptly breaking up 6-10 feet above the ground into a number
of stout, elongated, wide-spreading limbs which form a bread, low, flat-
topped crown.

Leaves — Opposite, clustered near the ends of the branches, ovate to elliptical
cr oval with prominent arcuate veins, 3-5 inches long, acute at the apex.
cuneate at the base, entire or remotely crenulate, at maturity thick, light
green with scattered hairs above, paler and puberulous below. Petioles
grooved, %—%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June when the leaves are about half grown,
sessile in the axils of small, deciduous bracteoles, the whole forming a
dense, terminal head surrounded by an involucre of 4 large, white or
pinkish white, obovate, notched, petaloid bracts. Inflorescence 2—4 inches
in diameter when fully expanded; individual flowers about % of an inch
across at anthesis. Calyx slightly urceolate, puberulous, somewthit
4-angled and 4-lobed at the top, adherent to the ovary. Petals 4, ligulate,
reflexed after anthesis, inserted with the stamens at the top of the ovary.
Stamens 4, exserted, with slender filaments and oblong anthers. Pistil
consisting of an inferior 2-celled ovary crowned with a slender filiform
style and capitate stigma.

Fruit — A bright scarlet, ovoid drupe, about 34 of an inch long, crowned
with the persistent calyx and withered style, borne in clusters of 3 or
more and surrounded at the base by the remnants of abortive flowers.
Drupes mature in September and October. Pit ovate, 2-celled, grooved
on one side.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, red or yellowish green, usually appearing
somewhat mealy from minute, closely appressed pubescence. Leaf-sears
decurrent, with V-shaped notch between, those on the older growth nearly
encircling the twig. Terminal buds of two sorts. Terminal leaf-bud flat-
tened, conical, covered by a single pair of bud-scales. Terminal flower-
buds subglobose, covered “by 4 seales which enlarge and turn white in the
spring. Lateral buds minute, covered by the persistent bases of the leaf-
stalks. Mature bark dark brown to black, broken into quadrangular
seales, resembling alligator leather.

Habitat — Attains its best development on rich, well-drained soils along
streams and on moist slopes, generally in the shade of other species.
Common in open woodland on rocky slopes and ridges.

Range — Central New England westward through New York and southern
Ontario to Missouri, southward to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A,
B, and. C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with
wide, paler sapwood. Largely used in turnery, for shuttles, wheel hubs,
tool handles, and occasionally for engraving. It is prized as an orna-
mental tree because of its unusual form and showy flowers and fruits.
A form with bright pink or red flowers is extensively propagated.

Blue Dogwood, Alternate-leaved Dogwood

Cornus alternifolia L. f.

1. Portion of a twig showing inflorescence 38. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
and leaves x % x %
2 <A flower with two petals removed, lateral 4. Drvre, lateral sectional view x 3
view x 4 5. Pit, lateral view x é
6. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 317

CORNACEAE

Cornus alternifolia L. f.

Blue Dogwood, Alternate-leaved Dogwood

Habit — A small tree 20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-8 inches
or occasionally a foot through, commonly a tall shrub. Trunk short,
beginning to divide 2-6 feet above the ground. Crown broad, deep, flat-
topped, having a storied appearance owing to clusters of branches which
radiate out from the stem at intervals in horizontal planes.

Leaves — Alternate or subopposite, clustered near the branch-tips, ovate,
elliptical or oval, 3-5 inches long, acuminate at the apex, cuneate or
rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate, at maturity membranous, yel-
lowish green and glabrous or sparingly pubescent above, pale and
appressed pubescent beneath, borne on slender pubescent grooved petioles
14%4-2 inches long.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June after the leaves, borne on slender,
jointed pedicels in flat, puberulous, many-flowered cymes 144—2% inches in
diameter terminal on short, leafy, lateral branchlets. Individual flowers
creamy-white, about 4% of an inch long. Calyx oblong, pubescent, con-
stricted above and obscurely toothed. Petals 4, oblong, obtuse, reflexed
after anthesis, inserted with stamens at the top of the ovary. Stamens
4, exserted, with slender filaments and oval anthers. Pistil consisting of
an inferior, 2-celled ovary, surmounted by a columnar style and terminal
stigma.

Fruit — A bluish black, subglobose drupe, about 14% of an inch in diameter,
tipped by the remnant of the style, borne in loose, spreading, red-stemmed
clusters. Ripens in October. Pit obovoid, longitudinally many-grooved,
2-celled.

Winter characters— Twigs rather slender, elongated. glabrous and often
lustrous, green or greenish brown, ill-scented and bitter to the taste when
broken. Buds alternate or subopposite, oval, acute, chestnut-brown, with
2-3 visible scales. Mature bark thin, reddish brown, smooth or divided
by shallow, vertical fissures into narrew, interrupted ridges.

Habitat — Rich, well-drained soils along the borders of forests, fence rows,
and stream courses, usually in admixture with other species. Tolerant of
shade.

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Ontario to Minnesota,
southward to northern Alabama and Georgia. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Of no economic value aside from its use as an ornamental species.
It is occasionally propagated in the eastern United States because of its
unusual form, profusion of its blossoms and fruit, and the beauty of its
autumnal coloration.

i

Black Gum, Pepperidge, Tupelo
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. [Nyssa multiflora Wang. ]

A twig showing staminate inflorescences 5. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

and immature leaves x % x %
A staminate flower, lateral view x 6 6. Drupe, lateral sectional view x 2
A twig showing pistillate inflorescences 7. Pit, lateral view x 2

and immature leaves x % 8. Winter twig x %
A pistillate flower, lateral view x 6

=a wn

Trees of New York State 319

CORNACEAE

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. [Nyssa multiflora Wang. ]
Black Gum, Pepperidge, Tupelo

Habit —In New York State generally a medium-sized tree 40-70 feet in
height with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet, farther south occasionally 100
feet tall, at the northern limits of its range often reduced to a shrub.
Trunk straight, continuous into the crown, clothed with tough, slender,
pendulous branches to within a few feet of the ground. Crown variable,
sometimes short, cylindrical and flat-topped, at others pyramidal, conical,
or inversely conical and flat-topped.

Leaves — Alternate, oval to obovate, 2-5 inches long, acute at the apex,
cuneate at the base, entire or rarely coarsely dentate, at maturity thick,
dark green and lustrous above, paler and often hairy below, borne on
ciliate petioles %4-1% inches long. Leaves turn bright scarlet on the
upper side before falling in the autumn.

Flowers — Apearing in May and early June when the leaves are about half
grown, yellowish green, polygamo-dioecious, borne on long, slender, hairy
peduncles. Staminate flowers in dense, many-flowered heads. Calyx
tubular, minutely 5-lobed. Petals ligulate, acute, thick. Stamens 5-10,
exserted in the sterile flower, sessile or wanting in the fertile flower.
Fertile flowers in bracteolate clusters of 3. Calyx cylindrical, shallowly
5-lobed. Petals ovate, obtuse, blunt, much shorter than the calyx-tube.
Pistil consisting of an inferior 1—2-celled ovary surmounted by a terete,
pointed style stigmatic toward the tip.

Fruit — An ovoid, dark blue drupe, from 4%-24 of an inch long, borne on
long, slender peduncles in clusters of 1—3, ripening in October. Flesh
thin, acid. Pit ovoid, slightly compressed, with 10-12 low, longitudinal
ribs.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, smooth, grayish to reddish brown, with
numerous lateral, short, slow-growing spurs crowded with leaf-scars. Pith
diaphragmed-stuffed. Buds ovate, acute, smooth, reddish brown, about
% of an inch long, with 3-5 visible scales. Mature bark thick, grayish,
divided by deep fissures and interrupted ridges into quadranglar or
hexagonal blocks, resembling alligator skin.

Habitat — This species is widely disseminated by birds and grows on a variety
of habitats. It attains its best development along stream courses and
about the margins of ponds and sluggish streams, but thrives on hillsides
and in abandoned pastures.

Range — Southern Maine westward through southern Ontario to central
Michigan and southeastern Missouri, southward to Florida and eastern
Texas. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — A timber species of secondary importance. Wood heavy, soft, strong,
very tough, not durable, difficult to season, pale yellow or nearly white
with thick, paler sapwood. Largely used as ‘‘thin’’ lumber in the manu-
facture of egg- and orange-crates. The toughness of the wood renders it
valuable for wheel hubs, rollers, ete. When treated, it is suitable for
railroad ties.

Rhododendron, Great Laurel

Rhododendron maximum L,

1. A flowering branch x % 4. Fruit, lateral view x 1%
2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 2 d. Seed x 15
3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

x %

Trees of New York State

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bo
mr

ERICACEAE

Rhododendron maximum L.

Rhododendron, Great Laurel

Habit — A shrub 5-12 feet tall, or southward in the mountains becoming a
bushy tree 30-35 feet in height with a trunk 10-12 inches in diameter.
Trunk generally short, crooked, ascending or often prostrate. Branches
stout, contorted, forming a bushy, round-topped crown.

Leaves — Alternate, persistent, clustered near the branch-tips, ovate-lanceo-
late or obovate-lanceolate, 4-12 inches long, 1144-214 inches wide, acute
at the apex, cuneate or rounded at the base, entire and somewhat revolute
on the margin, at maturity thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous
above, pale whitish below, borne on stout petioles 1-11% inches in length.

Flowers — Appearing in June and July from separate flower-buds formed the
previous summer, showy, perfect, pale rose to white in color, borne on
slender, glandular-pubescent, pink pedicels in 16—24-flowered umbellate
clusters 4—5 inches in diameter. Calyx light green, puberulous, persistent
in fruit, with 5 oblong, rounded, rather remote lobes. Corolla campanu-
late, puberulent in the throat, gibbous posteriorly, cleft to the middle
into oval, rounded lobes, the upper one yellow-spotted on the inner face.
Stamens 8-12, of varying length, consisting of filaments which are flat-
tened below and bearded with stiff white hairs, and white, oval anthers.
Pistil consisting of an ovate, green, glandular-pubescent ovary, termi-
nated by an elongate, slender, declined style, and terminal, scarlet stigma.

Fruit — An oblong-ovoid, dark reddish brown, glandular-hispid capsule, about
1% of an inch long, subtended at the base by the persistent calyx and
crowned with the persistent style. In the autumn the capsule splits
septicidally into 5 carpels which separate from the persistent central axis
and open down the inner side. Seeds oblong, flattened, winged at the
ends. Capsules persist on the twigs until the following season.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, dark green, glabrous, becoming bright red-
dish brown the second year. Leaf-buds conical, dark green, covered with
many closely imbricated scales. Flower-buds usually terminal, cone-
shaped, 1-1% inches long, covered with many imbricated, ovate scales.
Mature bark thin, reddish brown, peeling off at the surface into thin
scales.

Habitat — At the northern limits of its range, confined to cold, springy
swamps. Farther south it is found in moist, shady situations along the
precipitous banks of mountain streams and in hilly woods at elevations
up to 3000 feet.

Range — Nova Scotia westward to the northern shores of Lake Erie, south-
ward along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama. Zones A and B.

Uses — The Great Laurel is of distinct ornamental value because of its large,
coriaceous, persistent leaves and showy flowers. It is often collected in
earload lots directly from the woods and used extensively in moist, pro-
tected situations in park planting. Like the Mountain Laurel, it will
not thrive on limestone soils. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained. Occa-
sionally used in engraving as a substitute for boxwceod. for tool
handles, ete.

at

i

cy

”

A flowering branch x %

Mountain Laurel
Kalmia latifolia L.

4. Fruit, lateral view x 2

. A flower, lateral sectional view x 1 5. Seed x 10

A branch showing mature leaves and fruit

x

Trees of New York State 323

ERICACEAE

Kalmia latifolia L.

Mountain Laurel

Habit — Generally a shrub 5-20 feet in height with a stem 1-6 inches in
diameter, farther south at its optimum range occasionally 30-40 feet in
height with a trunk 18-20 inches through. Trunk short, stout, often
oblique, usually forking into a number of divergent branches which form
a compact, round-topped crown.

Leaves — Alternate or occasionally opposite or in whorls of 3, persistent,
oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, 3-4 inches long, acute and sometimes bristle-
tipped at the apex, cuneate at the base, entire, at maturity thick, coria-
ceous, dark green and rather dull above, yellowish green and paler below,
borne on stout petioles about 24 of an inch in length, falling during
their second summer.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June from separate flower-buds formed the
previous summer, showy, perfect, borne on red or green seurfy pedicels
in terminal, compound, many-flowered corymbs about 4 inches in diameter.
Calyx divided nearly to the base into 5 narrow, acute, green lobes which
persist in fruit. Corolla white or rose-colored, rotate, with 10 pouches
below the 5-parted limb. Limb divided into 5 ovate, acute lobes. Stamens
10, hypogynous, shorter than the corolla, with filiform filaments and
oblong anthers. Prior to anthesis the anthers are held in the corolla-
pouches. At anthesis the ‘‘bowed’’ filaments straighten elastically, rais-
ing the anthers aloft and catapulting the pollen from terminal pores.

Fruit — A globose, glandular-hispid, slightly 5-angled and 5-celled, woody
capsule, about 3/16 of an inch in diamter, crowned by the persistent
style and subtended at the base by the persistent calyx, maturing in
September and October. At maturity the capsule splits septicidally into
5 earpels which separate from the persistent central axis and open down
the inner side by a narrow suture. Mature capsules persist on the plant
until the following year. Seeds oblong, numerous, minute, winged.

Winter characters — Twigs reddish green and lustrous, becoming bright red-
dish brown the second year. Twig-tips often winter killing. Leaf-buds
ovate, small, acute, axillary. Flower-buds clustered above the leaf-bud,
stouter, covered by numerous, glandular-pubescent scales. Mature bark
thin, reddish brown, dissected by longitudinal fissures into narrow ridges
which flake into long scales at the surface.

Habitat — At the northern limits of its range, mainly confined to low, rich
bottom-lands, farther south thriving on rich, rocky hillsides, often ascend-
ing to elevations of several thousand feet and covering extensive tracts
in deciduous forests with a dense, almost impenetrable thicket.

Range— New Brunswick westward through southern Ontario and Ohio,
southward along the mountains into the Gulf States. Zones A and B.

Uses — One of the most attractive shrubs of the eastern United States,
especially when it is covered with showy clusters of white or pink blos-
soms. It is easily raised from seed and may be readily transplanted. It
will not thrive on limestone soils. The addition of leaf-mold as a top
dressing to the soil is recommended. Hardy in shady or open situations
in central and southern New York.

Persimmon

Diospyros virginiana L.

. Portion of twig showing pistillate flowers

and immature leaves x 1%

. A pistillate flower, lateral sectional view
x

. Portion of twig, showing staminate flowers

and immature leaves x %

. A staminate flower, lateral sectional view
r ")

xX 4

A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x

. Fruit in cross section, apical view x %
. Fruit in cross section, lateral view x 1%
. seed,

. Winter twig x %

lateral view x 1

Trees of New York State 329

EBENACEAE
Diospyros virginiana L.
Persimmon

Habit — A small tree 40-50 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-12
inches, under optimum conditions occasionally 100 feet tall with a trunk
2-3 feet in diameter, Trunk slender, tapering, continuous into the crown,
short or in forest grown specimens often free of branches for 60-70 feet.
Crown cylindrical, with slender, spreading or drooping branches, becom-
ing broad and round-topped with age.

Leaves — Alternate, ovate or oval, 3-7 inches long, acuminate at the apex,
rounded or subcordate at the base, entire, at maturity thick, coriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, borne on
stout, pubescent petioles %-1 inch in length.

Flowers — Appearing in May and June on the shoots of the year when the
leaves are partly grown, yellowish green, dioecious, the staminate in
2-3-flowered, pubescent, pedunculate cymes, the pistillate solitary and
borne on short, recurved pedicels. Calyx deeply 4-lobed the lobes ovate,
acute, accrescent under the fruit. Corolla tubular or somewhat urceolate,
with 4 short, reflexed lobes at the top. Stamens 16 in the staminate
flower, inserted in 2 sets, with short filaments and sagittate anthers;
stamens 8 in the fertile flower, generally abortive. Pistil consisting of a
conical ovary which is pilose toward the top, surmounted by 4 slender
styles bearing 2-lobed stigmas.

Fruit — A depressed-globose or somewhat obovate-oblong, glaucous, pale
orange-colored and often red-checked berry, 1-144 inches in diameter,
subtended by the four, accrescent calyx-lobes, borne on a short, thick,
woody stalk. Seeds 1-8, oblong, compressed, embedded in the juicy,
astringent flesh which becomes sweet and yellowish brown as the fruit
ripens in the late fall.

Winter characters— Twigs slender, astringent, pubescent or glabrous,
orange-lenticellate, grayish or light brown becoming darker the second
year. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds ovate, acute, about 1% of an
inch long, covered by 2 dark reddish brown or purplish scales. Mature
bark thick, dark reddish brown to dark gray or nearly black, divided by
deep fissures into small blocks which are scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Dry sandy soils in open woods, or on the deep moist soils of river
bottoms, especially in the South.

Range — Connecticut westward to southern Iowa, south to Florida and Texas.
Restricted in New York State to the vicinity of New York City. Zone A.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, fine-textured, dark brown or nearly black with
thick, paler sapwood. Used in the manufacture of shoe lasts, shuttles,
sporting and athletic goods, ete. The fruit which is edible but very
variable in its astringent qualities, is to be found in the markets of our
southern cities in season.

Yam

=

White Ash

Fraxinus americana L.

1. A twig-tip showing staminate inflorescences 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5
and immature leaves x 1 5. A mature leaf x %

A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Portion of fruit cluster x %

Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores- 7. Winter twig x yw

cence xX

2.
3.

Trees of New York State 327

OLEACEAE
Fraxinus americana L.
White Ash

Habit — A valuable timber species attaining a height of 70-80 feet with a
trunk diameter of 2-3 feet, under favorable conditions sometimes 120 feet
in height with a trunk 5-6 feet in diameter. In the forest the trunk is
tall, straight, and massive, and bears a narrow, reduced, pyramidal crown.
When growing in the open the crown is broadly pyramidal or oblong and
round-topped, and often extends nearly to the ground.

Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 8-15 inches long, borne on stout,
grooved petioles, consisting of 5-11 stalked leaflets arranged, except for
the terminal, in pairs along the rachis. Leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
generally falcate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, unequally
cuneate or rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate-serrate, at maturity
thick, dark green, glabrous and often somewhat lustrous above, pale
white and glabrous or pubescent below.

Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves, dioecious, the staminate in
dense, purplish red clusters, the pistillate in rather open panicles. Calyx
campanulate, inconspicuous and obscurely 4-lobed in the sterile flower,
conspicuous and deeply 4-lobed in the fertile flower. Corolla lacking.
Stamens 2 (occasionally 3), with large oblong-ovate, apiculate anthers
and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate ovary contracted above
into an attenuate style bifurcated into stigmatic lobes.

Fruit — An oblong or linear-spatulate, light brown samara, 1-2 inches long,
consisting of a basal, terete, many-rayed, seed-bearing portion prolonged
above into a wing which is pointed or emarginate at the apex and about
144 of an inch in diameter. The samaras are borne in dense, drooping
panicles 5-7 inches long which generally persist into the winter.

Winter characters — Twigs opposite, stout, flattened at the nodes, glabrous,
lustrous or covered with a slight bloom, grayish brown, marked with
scattered pale lenticels and prominent, semi-orbicular leaf-scars. Termi-
nal bud hemi-spherical or broadly ovate and obtuse, rusty-brown to
brownish black, seurfy or slightly downy, about 1% of an inch long.
Visible scales 2-3 pairs. Lateral buds smaller, with blunter bud-scales.
Superposed buds present on vigorous shoots. Mature bark rather thick,
grayish brown, divided by deep narrow fissures into anastomosing ridges
which are flattened, transversely checked, and scaly at the surface.

Habitat — Attains its best development in rich, moist, well-drained woods in
admixture with other species. Common in rolling country in fields, pas-
tures, and along fence rows and stream courses.

Range — Nova Scotia westward through southern Canada to Minnesota, south
to Florida and eastern Texas. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — A valuable timber species. Wood hard, heavy, strong, close-grained,
tough, elastic, brown with wide, paler sapwood. Extensively used in the
manufacture of tool handles, agricultural implements, furniture, automo-
biles, refrigerators, woodenware, novelties, etc. White Ash is of rapid
growth, relatively immune from fungal diseases, and is to be recommended
for reforestation in admixture with other species. Often planted as a
shade and ornamental tree and hardy under adverse conditions.

2

ov.

Red Ash_

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. [Fraxinus pubescens Lam. ]

4.
. A mature leaf x %

. A twig-tip showing staminate inflorescence
2.

and unfolding leaf-buds x 1
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5
Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores-
cence x 1

a

6.

a

(.

Portion of fruit
Winter twig x

A pistillate flower, lateral view x. 5

eluster x %
Ye

Trees of New York State 290

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. [Fraxinus pubescens Lam.]

Red Ash

Habit — A small or medium-sized tree generally 30-60 feet in height with a
trunk diameter of 6—18 inches, under favorable conditions occasionally
70 feet in height and 3—4 feet in diameter. Bole similar to that of White
Ash but more slender and sometimes buttressed at the base. Crown com-
pact, irregular, consisting of numerous, upright branches.

Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 7—12 inches long, borne on stout,
pubescent petioles, consisting of 7—9 stalked leaflets arranged, except for
the terminal, in pairs along the pubescent rachis. Leaflets oblong-
lanceolate to ovate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, unequally
cuneate at the base, obscurely serrate, at maturity thin, light yellow-
green and glabrous above, pale silky-pubescent below.

Flowers — Appearing in May before or with the leaves, dioecious, the stami-
nate in dense, purplish red clusters, the pistillate in open, greenish red
panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, minute, obscurely toothed in the staminate
flower, urceolate, more prominently lobed and closely appressed to the
ovary in the pistillate flower. Corolla lacking. Stamens 2, with linear-
oblong, apiculate anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an
ovate ovary prolonged above into an elongated style bifurcated at the
apex into green stigmatic lobes.

Fruit — An oblong-spatulate or spatulate, light brown samara, 1-2 inches
long, consisting of a slender, basal, terete, many-rayed body prolonged
above into a thin, decurrent wing with rounded or acute apex. Wing as
long or longer than the body. Samaras borne in open, pubescent panicles
which persist into the winter.

Winter characters — Twigs opposite, rather slender, flattened at the nodes,
ashy-gray or pale reddish brown, generally densely velvety-pubescent and
marked with conspicuous semi-circular leaf-scars. Terminal bud ovate,
acute, rusty-brown and tomentose, smaller than that of White Ash.
Lateral buds smaller, with rounded bud-seales. Visible scales 2 pairs.
Mature bark thin, grayish brown, similar to that of White Ash but more
shallowly furrowed.

Habitat — Swampy situations along sluggish rivers and lakes, often on lands
inundated for a portion of each year, occasionally at higher elevations
along stream courses.

Range — New Brunswick westward through southern Ontario to Minnesota,
southward into the Gulf States. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, medium strong, brash, light brown with thick,
paler sapwood. Inferior to that of White Ash but used for the same
purpose and often confounded with it in the trade. Occasionally planted
for ornament but not superior to White Ash except on moist sites.

Green Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. [Fraxinus lanceolata
30rkh.; Fraxinus viridis Michx. f.]

1. Portion of twig showing staminate inflores- 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

cence x 1 >. A mature leaf x %
2. A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Portion of fruit cluster x %

3. Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores 7. Winter twig x %

cence x 1

Trees of New York State 331

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. | Fraxinus lanceolata
Borkh.; Fraxinus viridis Michx. f.]

Green Ash

Habit — Similar to that of Red Ash. A small or medium-sized tree 30-60
feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-3 feet. In the open the crown
is broad and round-topped, and extends to within 6-8 feet of the ground.
Trees in bottom-land forests have slender boles and high, reduced crowns.

Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 8-12 inches long, borne on stout,
glabrous petioles, consisting of 5-9 stalked leaflets arranged, except
for the terminal, in pairs along the smooth rachis. Leaflets lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, attenuate at the apex, cuneate at the
base, sharply serrate, at maturity thin, bright green, glabrous, and some-
what lustrous on both sides.

Flowers — Appearing in May before or with the leaves, dioecious, the stami-
nate in purplish red clusters which are usually less dense than those of
Red Ash, the pistillate in open, greenish red panicles. Calyx cup-shaped,
obscurely toothed in the staminate flower, cup-shaped with jagged, more
prominent lobes in the pistillate flower. Corolla lacking. Stamens 2, with
linear-oblong, emarginate anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting
of an ovate ovary prolonged above into an elongated style bearing 2
stigmatic lobes at the apex.

Fruit — Similar to that of Red Ash. An oblong-spatulate or spatulate, light
brown samara, 1—2 inches long, with slender, terete, many-rayed body and
terminal, decurrent wing. Fruiting panicles open, glabrous, persisting
into the winter.

Winter characters — Twigs opposite, rather slender, spreading, flattened at
the nodes, glabrous, ashy-gray, marked by scattered lenticels and semi-
circular leaf-scars. Terminal bud ovate, acute, flattened, rusty-tomentose,
larger than the lateral buds. Visible scales 2 pairs. Mature bark thin,
ashy-gray, with narrow fissures and narrow, anastomosing ridges.

Habitat — Similar to that of Red Ash. Damp situations along stream courses,
lake shores and bottom-lands.

Range — New York westward through the Lake States to Saskatchewan and
the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, southward into the Gulf and
Border states. Rare in the eastern part of its range but common in the
Mississippi basin. Zones A, B and C.

Uses — Wood hard, heavy, strong, light brown with thick, paler sapwood.
Used for the same purposes as that of White Ash and not distinguished in
the trade. Extensively planted as a shade and ornamental tree through-
out the Central States.

wr

Black Ash

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. ]

. Portion of twig showing staminate inflores- 4. A pistillate flower, lateral view x 5

cences x 1 5. A mature leaf x 1%
A staminate flower, lateral view x 5 6. Portion of fruit cluster x %
Portion of twig showing pistillate inflores- 7. Winter twig x %

cence x 1

Trees of New York State 333

OLEACEAE

Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [Fraxinus sambucifolia Lam. ]

Black Ash

Habit — Generally a medium-sized tree 40-70 feet in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-1% feet, under optimum conditions occasionally 80-90 feet
tall with a diameter of 30 inches. Trunk tall, slender, bearing a high,
narrow, shallow crown of numerous, ascending branches. In the open
the tree is usually shorter with a round-topped crown which extends
nearly to the ground.

Leaves — Opposite, odd-pinnately compound, 10-16 inches long, borne on
stout pale petioles, consisting of 7-11 leaflets sessile and arranged in pairs
along the rachis except for the stalked terminal one. Leaflets oblong-
lanceolate, 3-5 inches long, acute at the apex, unequally cuneate or
rounded at the base, remotely serrate, at maturity thin, dark green and
glabrous above, paler and glabrous below aside from tufts of rufous hairs

along the midrib.

’ Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves, polygamous the staminate in
dense, dark purplish clusters, the pistillate in elongate, rather open pani-
eles. Perianth wanting. Stamens 2, with large, oblong, apiculate, dark
purple anthers and short filaments. Pistil consisting of an ovate, gla-
brous ovary which gradually narrows above into a slender style bifur-
cated at the apex into broad, purple stigmas. Two stamens or staminodia
are usually inserted below the pistil.

Fruit — A lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, light brown samara, 1—2 inches
long, consisting of a basal terete or somewhat flattened, seed-bearing por-
tion terminated above by a conspicuously notched wing. The samaras
are borne in open panicles and mature in early autumn.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, ashy-gray or pale orange, marked
by conspicuous, scattered lenticels and large, suborbicular leaf-scars.
Terminal bud ovate, acute, black, 144-34 of an inch long. Lateral buds
broadly ovate, acute, dark brownish black and slightly puberulous, much
smaller than the terminal bud. Visible bud-scales 1-2 pairs. Mature
bark thin, ashy-gray to nearly black, divided by shallow anastomosing
fissures into narrow, scaly and somewhat corky ridges.

Habitat —In low, wet woods on bottom-lands or along sluggish rivers, at
higher elevations along cold, mountain streams and in deep, poorly
drained swamps.

Range — Southern Newfoundland westward through Canada and the northern
border states to Manitoba and North Dakota, southward at higher eleva-
tions to Virginia and Arkansas. Zones A, B, C, and D.

Uses — Wood heavy, rather soft and weak, tough, coarse-grained, durable,
dark brown with thin, paler sapwood. Because of its toughness the wood
is used for hoops, chair bottoms, baskets, and for interior finish in houses.
This species is occasionally grown ornamentally in swampy situations but
is not to be recommended for this purpose.

Paulownia

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. [Bignonia tomentosa Thung.; Paui-
ownia imperialis Sieb. and Zue. ]

A portion of an inflorescence x % 5. Capsule, cross section, showing placentae
A flower, lateral sectional view x 1 _ and seeds x %
A mature leaf x % 6. Winged seed, lateral view x 5

id

Cluster of capsules x 14 7. Winter twig x %

Trees of New York State 335

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. [Bignonia tomentosa hung.; Paul-
ownia imperialis Sieb. and Zue. ]

Paulownia

Habit — A low, wide-spreading tree 20-40 feet in height with a trunk 1-3
feet in diameter. Bole short, dividing 5-8 feet above the ground into a
few stout, spreading limbs which form a broad, flat-topped crown.

Leaves — Opposite, broadly ovate, 5-8 inches long or on vigorous shoots much
larger, acuminate at the apex, cordate at the base, entire or 3-lobed, at
maturity thick, dark green and nearly smooth above, paler and tomentose
beneath, borne on stout, terete petioles 3-5 inches in length.

Flowers — Appearing in May before the leaves unfold, perfect, showy, frag-
rant, 144-2 inches long, borne on stout, pubescent pedicels in terminal,
upright panicles, 8-12 inches long. Calyx rusty-tomentose, deeply 5-cleft,
persistent in fruit, the lobes short and acteu. Corolla pale violet, pubes-
cent without, irregular, the tube enlarged above and divided into 5 spread-
ing, rounded, somewhat unequal lobes. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla
tube, included, didynamous, with slender filaments and wide-spreading
anther-sacs. Pistil consisting of an ovate, 2-celled ovary surmounted by
a filiform style somewhat thickened at the apex and stigmatic on the
inner side.

Fruit — A leathery, olive-brown or bronze, broadly ovoid, pointed capsule,
1-2 inches long, *4—1 inch thick, shallowly longitudinally grooved on
either side, subtended by the persistent calyx. At maturity the capsule
opens by 2 loculicidal sutures to set free the numerous, small, lace-winged
seeds. Opened capsules persist on the branches throughout the winter.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, glabrous, greenish brown, conspicuously
marked with large, nearly orbicular, elevated leaf-scars and prominent
lenticels, at length dark brown. Flower-buds ellipsoid, pubescent, nearly
1% of an inch long, preformed the previous season, borne in large, upright,
paniculate clusters. Leaf-buds semi-circular, compressed, light brown, 4%
of an inch long the bud-seales spreading at the apex of the bud. Pith
diaphragmed. Mature bark rather thick, dark grayish brown, mottled
with shallow, grayish white, anastomosing fissures.

Habitat — In waste places about the habitations of man. Prefers deep, rich,
moist soils.

Range— New York City southward to Florida and western Texas. Intro-
duced from the Orient and now naturalized as far north as the latitude
of New York City. Zone A.

Uses — Propagated in the eastern United States for its large, showy, fragrant
flowers and large leaves which give a tropical effect. It will not flower
beyond the latitude of New York City. Farther north it usually winter-
kills to the ground each season but will continue to send up vigorous
sprouts for a number of years. The soft, light wood is prized in the

Orient.

OD
O22.

Catalpa, Indian Bean
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. [Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst.]
1. A portion of an inflorescence x % 4. Portion of fruit cluster x %

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x %4 5. Winged seed x %
3. A mature leaf x % 6. Winter twig x

Trees of New York State 337

BIGNONIACEAE
Catalpa bignonioides Walt. [Catalpa Catalpa (L.) Karst.]

Catalpa, Indian Bean

Habit — In New York State generally a small tree 20-40 feet in height with
a trunk 6-15 inches in diameter, farther south in its natural range occa-
sionally 60 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 3-4 feet. Bole short,
bearing a high, broad, symmetrical crown consisting of coarse, sparse
branches and dense foliage.

Leaves — Opposite or 3 at a node, broadly ovate, 5-6 inches long, 4-5 inches
wide, acute at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire or some-
times laterally lobed, at maturity thin, light green and glabrous above,
paler and pubescent below, borne on stout, terete petioles 5-6 inches in
length.

Flowers — Appearing in June and early July after the leaves, perfect, showy,
borne on slender pubescent pedicels in terminal, many-flowered, compact
panicles 8-10 inches long. Calyx green or purplish, 4% of an inch long,
cleft nearly to the base into 2 broadly ovate, entire lobes. Corolla white
spotted with purple, nearly 2 inches long, with broad, campanulate, flat
tube and spreading 5-lobed limb. Tube marked on the inner surface of
the lower side with 2 rows of yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges.
Stamens 2, slightly exserted, with flattened, twisted filaments and oblong
anthers borne vis-a-vis on either side of the stigma. Pistil consisting of a
sessile, ovoid, 2-celled ovary, abruptly contracted into an elongate, filiform
style bifurcated at the tip into stigmatic lobes which are exserted above
the anthers.

Fruit — A linear, subterete, bright chestnut-brown capsule, 6—20 inches long,
%4—% of an inch thick at the center and tapering toward each end.
The capsules are borne in thick-stemmed, persistent panicles and remain
closed and persist on the trees until spring, finally splitting into 2 con-
cave valves before falling to set free the seeds. Seeds numerous, oblong,
compressed, winged. The wings entirely surround the seed and are pro-
duced longitudinally into fringed ends.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, lustrous or somewhat glaucous, yellowish
brown, marked by numerous, large lenticels and raised, circular leaf-
sears, usually winter-killing at the tip in New York State. Terminal bud
absent. Lateral buds minute, hemi-spherical, chestnut-brown, imbedded
in the bark, with loosely imbricated bud-scales. Pith large, white, homo-
geneous or chambered at the nodes. Mature bark thin, light brown tinged
with red, divided by shallow fissures into large, thin irregular scales.

Habitat —In New York State an ‘‘escape’’ in rich, moist soils about the
habitations of man, in its natural range along stream courses and river
banks, more rarely in drier situations.

Range — Western Georgia and Florida westward through Alabama and Mis-
sissippi. Now extensively propagated in all parts of the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains and hardy as far north as central New
England. Zones A and B.

Uses — Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact
with the soil, light brown with narrow, nearly white sapwood. Used for
railroad ties, fence posts, poles, etc. Extensively propagated for orna-
ment in the parks and gardens of the eastern United States and in
Europe.

Hardy Catalpa, Cigar Tree

Catalpa speciosa Warder.

A portion of an inflorescence x %4
A flower, lateral sectional view x %
A mature leaf x ¥

4. Capsule x %
5. Winged seed x %
6. Winter twig x te

Trees of New York State 339

BIGNONIACEAE

Catalpa speciosa Warder.

Hardy Catalpa, Cigar Tree

Habit — In New York State generally a small or medium-sized tree 25-50 feet
in height with a trunk 6-15 inches in diameter, farther west in the Ohio
basin reaching a height of 100 feet with a trunk diameter of 4 feet. In
the open the bole is short and bears a broad, spreading crown. Trees in
the forest possess tall, straight trunks and reduced crowns.

Leaves — Opposite or 3 at a node, broadly ovate, 8-14 inches long, 6-8 inches
wide, acuminate at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, entire or
with 2-3 lateral teeth, at maturity thick, firm, dark green above, paler
and soft pubescent below, borne on stout, terete, pubescent petioles 4-6
inches in length.

Flowers — Appearing in June and early July after the leaves, perfect, showy,
borne on slender, purple pedicels in terminal, open, few-flowered panicles
5-6 inches long. Calyx purple about % of an inch long, divided to the
base into 2 ovate, apiculate divisions. Corolla white, spotted with purple,
2-2% inches long, with broad, campanulate, flat tube and spreading,
5-lobed limb. Tube marked on the inner surface of the lower side with 2
rows of yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges. Stamens 2, slightly
exserted, with flattened, twisted filaments and oblong anthers borne vis-
a-vis on either side of the stigma. Pistil consisting of a sessile, ovoid,
2-celled ovary abruptly contracted above into a slender glabrous style
bearing 2 stigmatic lobes at the apex.

Fruit — A linear, subterete, dark brown capsule 8-20 inches long, %4—%4 of
an inch thick at the center and tapering toward each end. The capsules
are borne in thick-stemmed persistent panicles and remain closed and
persist on the trees most of the winter, eventually splitting into 2 concave
valves before falling to loose the seeds. Seeds numerous, oblong, com-
pressed, winged. The wings entirely surround the seed and are produced
longitudinally into fringed ends.

Winter characters — Twigs stout, smooth or somewhat downy, often covered
with a slight bloom, reddish or yellowish brown, marked by numerous,
conspicuous lenticels and raised, circular leaf-scars, usually winter-killing
at the tip in New York State. Terminal bud absent. Lateral buds
minute, hemispherical, chestnut-brown, imbedded in the bark. Bud-scales
loosely imbricated. Pith large, white, homogeneous or chambered at the
nodes. Mature bark, thin, reddish or grayish brown, broken by shallow
fissures into longitudinal, flat ridges.

Habitat — Prefers rich, moist soils along stream courses and on bottom-lands.
In New York State it occasionally becomes naturalized about door-yards
and abandoned homes.

Range — Restricted in its natural range to central and southern Indiana and
Illinois, eastern Missouri, northeastern Arkansas and western Kentucky
and Tennessee. Now widely propagated for ornament and timber in the
eastern United States. Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact
with the soil, light brown with thin, nearly white sapwood. Used for
railroad ties, fence posts, poles, ete. A profitable tree to grow in sections
where the climate is not too rigorous, but not to be recommended for
planting in New York State. Propagated as an ornamental tree both here
and abroad.

IP

. A fruit cluster x %

Nannyberry, Sheepsberry
Viburnum Lentago L.

A branch showing inflorescence and mature
leaves x 14

oo.
A flower, lateral sectional view x 5

4. fruit, lateral sectional view x 2
5. Pit, lateral view x 2

6. Winter twig x %4

Trees of New York State 341

CAPRIFOLIACEAE
Viburnum Lentago L.

Nannyberry, Sheepsberry

Habit — Generally a shrub 10-15 feet in height, occasionally a bushy tree
20-30 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 6-10 inches. Trunk gener-
ally short, soon breaking up into slender, ascending, tortuous branches
which form a wide, rounded top.

Leaves — Opposite, ovate to oval, 244-5 inches long, abruptly acuminate at
the apex, narrowed or rounded at the base, sharply and finely serrate on
the margin, at maturity thick, bright green and lustrous above, yellowish
green, dark punctate, and smooth below, borne on grooved, often winged
petioles 1-144 inches in length.

Flowers —- Appearing in May and early June after the leaves in dense, sessile,
many-flowered, several-rayed, terminal cymes 3-5 inches broad. Calyx-
tube narrowly ovoid, adherent to the ovary, with 5 minute, persistent
lobes. Corolla pale cream-colored or white, rotate, deeply 5-lobed.
Stamens 5, exserted, inserted at the base of the corolla and alternate with
its lobes, with long slender filaments and yellow anthers. Pistil consist-
ing of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short, conic style
bearing 3 stigmatic lobes at the apex.

Fruit — An oval, black or dark blue, thick-skinned, glaucous drupe, %—%4
of an inch long, borne on slender, reddish stalks in drooping clusters,
ripening in September. Flesh juicy, sweet. Pit oval, flattened, granular.

Winter characters — Twigs slender, somewhat scurfy, light red, with scat-
tered orange-colored lenticels, ill-smelling when broken. Terminal flower-
buds ovate, long acuminate, about °4 of an inch long, protected by a pair
of opposite light red, scurfy-pubescent scales. Terminal-shoot buds lan-
ceolate, otherwise similar to the flower-buds. Lateral buds lanceolate,
appressed, much smaller than the terminal buds. Mature bark thin, red-
dish brown, divided by shallow fissures into small, irregular, scaly plates.

Habitat — In low, moist, fertile soils along stream courses and lake shores,
occasionally in drier situations along fence rows.

Range — Quebee westward to Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Oklahoma.
Zones A, B, and C.

Uses — Of no economic value except as an ornamental plant. Propagated in
parks and private estates for its showy fragrant flowers, attractive foliage
and showy, edible, autumnal fruit.

Black Haw, Stag Bush

Viburnum prunifolium L.

1. A twig showing inflorescence and imma- 4. Fruit, lateral sectional view x 1144
ture leaves x 1% 5. Pit, lateral view x 1%

2. A flower, lateral sectional view x 4 6. Winter twig x %

3. A branch showing mature leaves and fruit
x &%

Trees of New York State 343

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Viburnum prunifolium L.

Black Haw, Stag Bush

Habit — A shrub or small tree 15-25 feet in height with a trunk diameter of
3-6 inches, at its optimum range occasionally 35 feet in height with a
trunk one foot in diameter. Trunk short, often crooked or inelined.
Crown broad, round-topped, consisting of many rigid branches and spur-
like branchlets.

Leaves — Opposite, oval or occasionally ovate or obovate, 1-3 inches long,
obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex obtuse or rounded at the base,
finely serrate, at maturity firm, dark green and glabrous above, paler
and glabrous or with axillary tufts of rusty tomentum below, borne on
grooved, generally tomentose petioles %4—%4 of an inch long.

Flowers — Appearing in May after the leaves on slender pedicels in dense,
many-flowered, sessile, terminal cymes 3-4 inches broad. Calyx-tube nar-
rowly ovate, adherent to the ovary, with short rounded lobes. Corolla
white, rotate, about 14 of an inch in diameter, divided deeply into 5
oval lobes. Stamens 5, exserted, inserted at the base of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes, with long slender filaments and yellow anthers.
Pistil consisting of an inferior, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a thick,
conic style terminated by a broad stigma.

Fruit — An oval or slightly obovate, dark blue or nearly black, glaucous
drupe, about 44 of an inch long, borne on slender, reddish stalks in
drooping, few-fruited clusters, ripening in October. Flesh sweet and
edible after the first autumnal frost. Pit oblong, compresser.

Winter characters — Twigs rather slender, smooth and often covered with a
slight bloom, gray tinged with red, marked by orange-colored lenticels
and lunate leaf-scars.. Spine-like branch spurs usually very numerous.
Terminal flower-buds ovate, obtuse, about 44 of an inch long, protected
by a single pair of rusty pubescent scales. Terminal-shoot buds lanceo-
late, otherwise similar to the flower-buds. Lateral buds ovate-lanceolate,
flattened, appressed to the twig, about 14 of an inch long. Mature bark
thin, reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures into irregular, warty
scales.

Habitat — Rather dry situations on gravelly hills, along fences and hedge
rows, and about the margins of woods, often forming extensive thickets
on abandoned lands.

Range — Central New England and New York southward to Georgia and
Arkansas. Zones A and B.

Uses— The Black Haw is used as an ornamental plant throughout the
arboretums and parks of eastern United States and Europe. The bark
of the roots has medicinal value.

844 The New York State College of Forestry

CONSPECTUS

OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA WHICH INCLUDE THE NATIVE AND
NATURALIZED TREES OF NEW YORK STATE WITH

ANALYTICAL KEYS
LEADING TO THE SPECIES

CLASS I. GYMNOSPERMAE
NAKED-OVULED PLANTS

Flowering plants in which the seeds are borne naked upon the
face of a scale and not inclosed in a ripened ovary or pericarp.
The ovuliferous scales are usually aggregated into cones, the scales
of which spread at maturity to permit the escape of the seeds.
Gymnosperms are all woody and include trees, shrubs, and lianas.
Formerly represented in large numbers during the Triassic and
Jurassic periods of the Mesozoic, the group has waned in recent
times to about four hundred and fifty species which are grouped in
four orders, the Cycadales, Coniferales, Gingkoales, and Gnetales.
Of these the Coniferales are most important because they include
many forest trees which cover extensive tracts in temperate regions.
The others are not represented among the native or naturalized
trees of New York State.

CONIFERALES. PINE ORDER

1. Ovuliferous scales not forming a definite cone; seeds provided with a par-

tially, fleshy testa, or an aril. = «5 61-)-1-150 re cle reeneneaeeeen Taxaceae
2. Ovuliferous scales aggregrated into definite cones; seeds ripening dry
Pinaceae

YEW FAMILY. TAXACEAE

Represented by eleven genera and some one hundred odd species,
grouped in two tribes, the Podocarpineae and the Taxineae. The
Podocarpineae are characteristic of the southern hemisphere and
include valuable timber trees. The Taxincae are chiefly inhabit-
ants of the northern hemisphere and are represented in New York
State by but the one species, Taxus canadensis Marsh., the Ground
Hemlock.

PINE FAMILY. PINACEAE

The Pine family of twenty-nine genera and approximately two
hundred and forty-five species includes the dominant conifers.

Trees of New York State 345

Aside from a few shrubs they are all arborescent and world-wide
in distribution but with a preponderance of forms in the north
temperate zone. Certain species form almost pure stands of ever-
green forest which cover extensive tracts.

Buds sealy. Leaves acicular, narrowly oblong, awl-shaped or scale-like,
parallel-veined, solitary or fascicled, generally persistent. Flowers usually
monoecious (dioecious in Jwniperus), destitute of perianth, consisting of
groups of sporophylls which are arranged spirally or cyclic in catkin-like
clusters and bear ovules or pollen sacs on their faces; flowers usually sub-
tended by an involucre of enlarged bud-scales; scales of male cone bearing
2 anther sacs; scales of ovulate cones bearing 2 or more ovules on the inner
face. Fruit a woody or rarely a fleshy (Juniperus) cone consisting of indu-
rated or fleshy scales; seeds often winged, copiously albuminous; embryo axile,
with 2 or more cotyledons.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Leaves spirally arranged or borne in fascicles.................-.2----0-- 2

Hee esves, allnenpOsite: in) Parsee wy. eee I, Se 6
2. heaves*acicular, born in fascicles Of 2-5, 5. .--.2).-f.rer ters ewrots ee toe Pinus 345

2. Leaves linear or filiform, fascicled or scattered.................0..2.-. 3

3. Leaves fascicled on short spurs and scattered spirally on the growth of the
REAROM MET Olive GECIGUOUSS aes bete een ce cre icne rin oirerome riers ee Larix 346

3. Leaves spirally arranged; foliage persistent.................--.00--0---- 4

4. Leaves, 4-sided, harsh and prickly to the touch, not prominently white-
linedion thenlowenisidens ; Siok tra Atl actae eh eden Wie es es re Sole Picea 347

4. Leaves flattish, with soft feel, whitened along two prominent lines

DETERS Sek eC eee Set catenin. SERENE CAEP Tee RSE OES 5

5. Leaves jointed to persistent woody stalks; branchlets roughened by persistent
[IGS OAS RS ee ee ee ets erat ban ee Tsuga 347

5. Leaves sessile, leaving round leaf-scars on falling; branchlets smooth........
Abies 348

6. Sprays flattened; branchlets appearing in one plane................... 7

6. Sprays not flattened; branchlets spreading.................... Juniperus 349
7. Leaves of 2 sorts; young twigs prominently flattened............... Thuya 348
7. Leaves all alike; young twigs not prominently flattened...... Chamaecyparis 349

THE PINES. Genus PINUS (Tourn.) L.

The genus Pinus is represented by evergreen trees and a few
shrubs which are natives of the northern hemisphere and chiefly
of temperate regions. Many species are of great economic impor-
tance as timber trees and cover extensive tracts, often in nearly
pure stands. About eighty species are recognized of which thirty-
four are indigenous to the United States. Six species are found
within the boundaries of New York State.

Leaves evergreen, acicular, in fascicles of 2-5 which are borne on rudimen-
tary branches in the axils of primary scale-leaves; fascicles arising from scaly
buds, the scales of which lengthen and form a more or less persistent sheath
at the base of the fascicle. Flowers vernal, monoecious; staminate flowers

clustered at the base of the growth of the season, each flower subtended by an
involucre of 3-6 scale-like bracts; stamens numerous, spirally arranged and

346 The New York State College of Forestry

imbrieated, the 2 pollen sacs terminated by a crest-like, nearly orbicular
connective; ovulate flowers conical or cylindrical, consisting of spirally
arranged, imbricated, ovuliferous scales borne in the axils of non-accrescent
bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit a pendant, woody cone maturing at the end
of the second or rarely of the third season, consisting of the enlarged and
indurated scales of the ovulate flower which are thickened and sometimes
awned at the end; at maturity the cone-scales dry out and spread to liberate
the 2 nut-like, winged seeds; cotyledons 3-12, linear.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaves in fascicles of 5; cones cylindrical, 4-10 inches long....... P. Strobus 77
1. Leaves in fascicles of 2-3; cones conical or ovate-conical, 1-3} inches long. .2
2. Leaves in fascicles of 3

2. ‘Leaves in fascicles 0f:2). 2). 6.0.00 0-6 os ose ee EEE EEE 4
3. Leaves somewhat rigid; cone-scales armed with stout prickles...... P. rigida 79
3. Leaves flaccid; cone-scales armed with weak prickles ........... P. echinata 85
4. Leaves 3-6 inches longs... . so. %2022).0% 42....2h 2 oe eee
4. Leaves 2=3 inches long: ., .:.)5.2.5:-)2 «2 ss 92/2: Giese eee 6
5. Cone-scales unarmed; cones subterminal.....................-.. P. resinosa 87
5. Cone-scales with slender prickles; cones lateral................. P. echinata 85
6. Leaves 3-14 inches long; cone-scales unarmed or at most with weak
prickles s $1.2. fists sh ee/e's dele oR A a ee P. Banksiana 83

6. Leaves 13-3 inches long; cone-scales armed with slender prickles.........
P. virginiana 81
The various species of pines fall into two groups, the soft and
the hard pines, which are characterized as follows:
Soft Pines—- Wood soft, light, even-textured, with thin, nearly white

sapwood; fascicle-sheaths deciduous; leaves with one
vascular bundle.

Hard Pines— Wood hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark colored, often
with thick sapwood; fascicle-sheaths persistent; leaves
with two vascular bundles.

THE LARCHES OR TAMARACKS. Genus LARIX (Tourn.)
Adans.

Larix is a genus of nine species of trees which are widely dis-
tributed over the northern and mountainous regions of the north-
ern hemisphere in both the New and Old World. They produce
hard, heavy, strong and durable wood which is valuable for struc-
tural purposes. Three species are indigenous to the United States,
one of which, Larix laricina, oceurs in New York State.

Leaves deciduous, narrowly linear, triangular or rarely 4-sided, rounded
above, keeled and stomatiferous beneath, borne solitary in spirals on the
leading shoots and in sheathless fascicles on short spurs on the older growth,
turning yellow before falling in the autmun. Flowers solitary, terminal,

monoecious, appearing with the leaves; staminate flowers oval, globose or
oblong, yellow, sessile or stalked, consisting of numerous, spirally arranged

Trees of New York State 347

stamens, each with 2 pollen sacs and apiculate connective; ovulate flowers
subglobose, consisting of a few or many, nearly orbicular, stalked, green,
ovuliferous scales subtended by scarlet, projecting, mucronate bracts; ovules
2, inverted. Fruit an ovoid-oblong, woody, short-stalked, erect cone, maturing
the first season; cone scales thin, concave, reduced to sterile bracts at the
base of the cone; seeds nearly triangular, shorter than their wings;
cotyledons 6.

THE SPRUCES. Genus PICEA Link.

The genus Picea consists of eighteen species confined wholly to
the cooler parts of the north temperate and subarctic zones, often
forming extensive forests on mountain slopes and plains. Seven
species are native to North America, three of which occur in New
York State.

Leaves persistent, linear, 4-sided, stomatiferous on all faces, spirally
arranged and coming out from all sides of the twig, or occasionally appearing
2-ranked due to a twist in the petiole, articulated to persistent leaf-bases.
Flowers terminal or in the axils of the upper leaves, monoecious, vernal;
staminate flowers cylindrical, usually long-stalked and subtended at the base
by accrescent bud-seales, consisting of numerous, spirally arranged stamens
with 2 pollen sacs and connective produced distally into a broad, nearly cir-
cular, toothed crest; ovulate flowers oblong, oval, or cylindrical, the ovuli-
ferous scales rounded or pointed and subtended by bracts; ovules 2, inverted.
Fruit an ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, pendant, woody cone, maturing the first
season, generally crowded on the uppermost branches; cone-scales thin, con-
cave, unarmed, entirely concealing the bracts at maturity; seeds ovoid or
oblong, acute at the base, much shorter than their wings; cotyledons 4-16.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Branchlets glabrous and usually glaucous; cones oblong-cylindric........... 91
P. canadensis
1. Branchlets pubescent; cones ovate or ovate-oblong...................... 2
2. Foliage yellowish green or dark green; cones elongated-ovoid, reddish
| OVeONGTAA So eh cP SRR wins hale EE AUER a ERE Pe ene P.rubra 93
2. Foliage bluish green and glaucous; cones short-ovoid or sub-globose, dull
SAYA DEOWIUM Cra Piette Ee tin aaa AC ENE Sea Siamreta. FO P. mariana 95

THE HEMLOCKS. Genus TSUGA (Endl.) Carr.

Tsuga is represented by seven species which are scattered over
temperate North America, Japan, central and western China and
the Himalayas. Four species occur in the United States, two
eastern and two western forms respectively. The hemlocks are
trees with pyramidal crown, horizontal or drooping branches and
horizontal, flat sprays of folage. The bark is rich in tannin.

Leaves persistent, linear, flat or angular, acute, obtuse or emarginate at
the apex, stomatiferous in two white bands below or on both faces in Tsuga

Mertensicna, spirally arranged but usually appearing 2-ranked by a twisting
of the petioles, those on the upper side of the branchlet much shorter, abruptly

wo

348 The New York State College of Forestry

narrowed into short petioles which are articulated to woody, persistent bases.
Flowers monoecious, solitary, vernal; staminate flowers subglobose, axillary,
composed of numerous, spirally-arranged stamens with subglobose anthers and
connective produced into an apiculate tip; ovulate flowers oblong to cylin-
dric, erect, terminal; ovuliferous scales nearly orbicular, somewhat longer
than the subtending bracts; ovules 2, inverted. Fruit an ovate-oblong to
oblong, pendant, sessile or short-stalked, woody cone, maturing the first season
and opening tardily during the winter; seeds ovate-oblong, acute at the base,
smaller that the wings; cotyledons 3-6. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. is
found in New York State.

THE FIRS. Genus ABIES (Tourn.) Hill.

Under optimum development the firs are tall, pyramidal trees
with slender, horizontal, wide-spreading branches in regular
remote whorls of 4-5, and bark which is smooth when young and
contains numerous resin-vesicles. The twenty-five species which
are now recognized, are all natives of the northern hemisphere,
chiefly of the cooler regions, and are scattered through North
America, Japan, Asia, Europe, and northern Africa. Hight
species are found in western United States while two occur in the
Atlantic States.

Leaves persistent, linear, sessile, those on young trees and on lower sterile
branches flattened and mostly grooved on the upper side (4-sided in Abies
magnifica), rounded or emarginate at the apex, centrally grooved above,
spirally arranged but generally appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their bases,
stomatiferous only below, those on vigorous shoots and fertile branches
crowded, incurved, more or less erect and quadrangular, obtuse or acute at
the apex, sometimes stomatiferous above; leaves persist 8-10 years and in
falling leave circular scars flush with the twig. Branch-buds usually resin-
coated. Flowers axillary, monoecious, surrounded at the base by accrescent
bud-seales; staminate flowers numerous on the lower side of branches above
the middle of the tree, oval or oblong-cylindrical, composed of numerous,
spirally arranged stamens with 2 anthers and connective ending in a knob;
ovulate flowers erect on upper side of branchlet, usually confined to topmost
branches, globose or oblong-cylindrical, consisting of spirally arranged ovuli-
ferous scales, subtended but not overtopped by mucronate bracts; ovules 2,
inverted. Fruit an ovoid or oblong-cylindrical, erect cone, maturing the first
season; ovuliferous-scales numerous, broad, thin, subtended by a thin, mem-
branous bract which projects in some species; at maturity the ovuliferous
scale, bract and seed fall away from the upright, persistent cone-axis; seeds
ovoid or oblong, winged; cotlyledons 4-10. The genus is represented in New
York State by Abies balsamea (L.), Mill., the Balsam Fir.

THE ARBOR-VITAES. Genus THUJA L.

The arbor-vitaes are resinous, evergreen trees with pyramidal
crowns, flat, fan-shaped, 2-ranked sprays of foliage, soft, even-

Trees of New York State 349

garined, durable wood and thin fibrous bark. The genus is repre-
sented by four species and is confined to northern North America,
Japan and eastern Asia. Two species are indigenous to North
America, the western species, a valuable timber tree of the Pacific
slope, the eastern species confined to the Atlantic States and
Canada.

Leaves persistent, small, scale-like, decussate, acute, imbricated in 4-rows,
stomatiferous on the back; on leading shoots, leaves rounded on the back and
narrowed to long points; on lateral flattened shoots, lateral rows strongly
keeled, much compressed and nearly covering the central rows. Flowers ter-
minal, minute, monoecious, the two kinds generally on different branches;
staminate flowers subglobose, composed of 4-6 decussate stamens, each con-
sisting of a peltate connective and 4-6 anthers; ovulate flowers oblong or
ovoid, consisting of 8-12 oblong, acute, decussate scales, the ovuliferous inner
seales with 2 erect, bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a small, oblong-ovoid cone
which matures the first season, consisting of a few, thin, leathery scales, only
the inner of which are fertile; seeds oblong, compressed, laterally winged;
cotyledons 2. The genus is represented in New York State by Thuja
eccidentalis L.

THE COAST CEDARS. Genus CHAMAECYPARIS Spach.

The genus Chamaecyparis includes tall, evergreen trees with
pyramidal crowns, spreading branches, fan-like sprays of foliage,
and even-grained, durable wood. Six species have been described,
confined to North America and Japan. Two of the North Ameri-
can species are found on the Pacific Coast. The Coast White
Cedar, Chamaecyparis thyoides (l.) BSP., occurs along the
Atlantic coast from Maine southward to Florida and the Gulf
States.

Leaves persistent, very small, scale-like, ovate, acuminate, appressed or
with spreading tips, decussate on vigorous shoots often acicular or linear
and spreading. Flowers monoecious terminal, minute, the two sexes on dif-
ferent branches; staminate flowers oblong, consisting of numerous decussate
stamens with ovate connective bearing 2 anther sacs; ovulate flowers subglo-
bose, consisting of decussate, peltate scales, the fertile bearing 2-5 erect,
bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit a small, erect, globose cone maturing the first
season but persisting on the branchlets; cone-scales thick, peltate, centrally
embossed, the fertile bearing 1-5 compressed, laterally winged seeds at the
base; cotyledons 2.

THE JUNIPERS. Genus JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L.
The Junipers are pungent-aromatic, evergreen trees or shrubs
of the northern hemisphere with slender branches, soft, fine-
grained and extremely durable wood and thin, shreddy bark. The

350 The New York State College of Forestry

thirty-five representatives of this genus are widely distributed
from the Arctic Cirele to the West Indies, the highlands of Mexico,
northern Africa and Japan. One species, J. communis L., is
circumpolar in its range. Eleven species become arborescent
within the boundaries of the United States. Juniperus virginiana
L. is found in New York State.

Leaves trimorphic; one sort in whorls of 3, linear-subulate, acute, non-
glandular, convex below, concave and stomatiferous above; a second kind
scale-like, ovate, opposite or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed, adnate to
the branch, glandular on the back on lateral shoots; the third sort free and
awl-shaped, borne on vigorous shoots. Flowers dioecious, axillary or terminal,
minute; staminate flowers solitary, oblong-ovate, consisting of numerous
stamens decussate or in 3’s with ovate or peltate connectives bearing 2-6
pollen sacs; ovulate flowers ovoid, bracteolate at the base, consisting of 2-6
opposite or ternate scales bearing minute, 2-ovuled, fertile scales on their inner
face. Fruit a berry-like, succulent, blue-black, blue or red cone often with
glaucous bloom, smooth or marked by the tips of the coalescing scales, con-
taining 1-6 bony, wingless seeds; cones require 1-3 years to attain maturity;
cotyledons 2-6.

Trees of New York State

NS
> |
—-

CLASS II. ANGIOSPERMAE
PLANTS WITH OVULES ENCLOSED IN AN OVARY

Flowering plants in which the ovules are borne enclosed in an
ovary which remains closed in fruit or dehisces to set free the
seeds. This class includes the great bulk of the typical flowering
plants which number approximately 125,000 species and are widely
spread over the earth wherever plants grow. The essential feature
of the group which separates it from Gymnosperms is the presence
of the pistil in the flower in addition to stamens. Angiosperms
are of more recent origin than Gymnosperms and comprise both
herbaceous and woody types.

Angiosperms are divided into two sub-classes which are char-
acterized, viz. :

Dicotyledons have (a) lateral cotyledons (generally two); (b) vascular
bundles or tissue in a ring; (¢) open venation; (d) 4- or 5-merous flowers.

Monocotyledons have (a) a single terminal cotyledon; (b) vascular bundles
scattered in the stem; (c) closed venation; (d) 3-merous flowers.

Dicotyledons includes among their numbers herbs, shrubs and trees, and
arborescent forms which are found in all regions from beyond the Arctic Circle
to the Equator. Arborescent monocotyledons are confined to warm climates

and are represented by Palms, Yuccas, etce., some of which grow in the
warmer parts of the United States.

Subclass 1. DICOTYLEDONS

The Dicotyledons number about 100,000 species and comprise
by far the greater part of the flowering plants. All of the arbo-
rescent plants of northern regions, with the exception of the
coniferous trees, are included in this group which is interspersed
with many herbaceous forms. Dicotyledons are more primitive
than Monocotyledons and are thought to have been derived from
ancestral forms of Gymnosperms during the lower Cretaceous.

Series 1. APETALAE

Dicotyledons in which the corolla is wanting; calyx may or may
not be present.

WILLOW FAMILY. SALICACEAE

Trees or shrubs with brittle twigs, alternate, simple leaves,
aments of dioecious flowers, soft light wood, and bitter bark. The

302 The New York State College of Forestry

family includes but two genera, Salix comprising the willows and
osiers, and Populus, the aspens and cottonwoods.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, stipulate (stipules often caducous).
lowers dioecious, without perianth, borne solitary in the axils of scales in
axillary aments which appear before the leaves in spring; staminate flowers
consisting of 1—many stamens, inserted on a receptacle, subtended by a gland-
like or cup-shaped disk; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistillate
flowers consisting of a pistil with a 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style
and 2-4-lobed stigma; ovules numerous. Frwit a 1-celled, 2—4-valved, ovoid
capsule bearing numerous, comose, minute, exalbuminous seeds.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Seales of the ament entire; disk minute. glandular; buds with a single scale... .

Salix 352
2. Seales of the ament laciniate; disk cup-shaped; buds with numerous scales... .

Populus 353

THE WILLOWS. Genus SALIX (Tourn.) L.

The genus Salix includes about one hundred and seventy
moisture-loving species of trees and shrubs, widely scattered
throughout the northern hemisphere, a few forms occurring south
of the equator. They thrive along stream banks and on moist
bottom lands, and invade alpine summits and subarctic regions
as scraggly, dwarfed shrubs. Approximately seventy species occur
in North America, twenty-one of which are recognized as trees.
A number of European species have been introduced for ornament
and have become widely naturalized in eastern United States.
Hybrids between European and native species are common.

Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate to linear or obovate, short-petioled ;
stipules conspicuous oblique, serrate and persistent, or small and caducous.

Flowers dioecious, borne in aments, with entire bracts and minute, gland-like,

nectiferous disk; staminate flowers consisting of 1-12 stamens (generally
2 or 5) inserted at the base of the scale, with slender, mostly free filaments
and small, oblong anthers; pistillate flowers consisting of a sessile or short-
stalked, 1-celled ovary surmounted by a short style and 2-cleft or entire, more
or less curved stigmas; ovules numerous. Fruit an acuminate capsule open:
ing by 2 recurved valves, maturing in late spring or early summer; seeds

minute, comose, exalbuminous. Winter buds covered with a single scale.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Stamens: 122) he tec bs clae seis eisitein oe ones oe 3 err ed
1. Stamens’3 or more! (generally, 5)... oo. oe de eee ene eee eee i
2. Capsules glabrous...) 22 2i.0c2..000.+000+d ea ene ee errr
2. Capsules silky or tomentose fir: . . sec) hls anol = Peete een 5

3. Mature leaves with pale silky pubescence on both sides................---
S. alba, var. vitellina 117

3. Mature leaves glabrous or essentially glabrate...............-.--+++++-- 4
4. Branches long and drooping; capsules sessile...........-...+ S. babylonica 119
4. Branches not drooping; capsules short pedicelled.,............. S. fragilis 115

Trees of New York State 353

Pennlaments united scapsulesessiles. -: .... 6 na seid © «ene ee eel S. purpurea 125
Paeliiiaments separate; capsule pedicelled. . . 2... c eee s cece ns cess cne nee 6
6. Mature leaves glabrous and glaucous beneath; pedicel of capsule shorter
Lavan, TLOGHOHIGS Se Sara lve B Cu eich eraed Ceo iis mid = SIE Seem S. discolor 121
6. Mature leaves pubescent and somewhat glaucous beneath; pedicel of capsule
lon@ershuenyinesCRleniaie sytscee scr sacra sine je lace S. rostrata 123
7. Leaves without petiolar glands; sterile aments elongated, slender
GHMMOLICA Pa ee et roman Mens se cn itielete cre wie doses = estas Gt sre ere oes 8
7. Leaves with petiolar glands; sterile aments short cylindrical or ellipsoid-
OWN), 05 cfd. cooiah Oc SOU Se CRIS ASC He EE ODIO Ce Re IG Deny eee oe 9
. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath; petioles generally 3 of an inch or more
Thay [eravigel oly Neha aenaks See ei eMee eon ietaneter oer cee ne meee S. amygdaloides 109

8. Leaves green beneath; petioles less than 4 of an inch in length. ...S. nigra 107

9. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate at the apex... ..
8. lucida 113
9. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate at the apex.......... S. pentandra 111

THE POPLARS AND COTTONWOODS. Genus POPULUS
(Tourn.) L.

Trees of rapid growth and large size, with scaly, generally resin-
ous buds, long-petioled leaves, fugacious stipules, and bark which
is at first smooth but eventually furrowed. Some twenty-five
species have been described, natives of the northern hemisphere
and. ranging from the Arctic Circle to the tropics. Eleven species
occur within the boundaries of the United States.

Leaves alternate, simple, ovate-lanceolate to orbicular or deltoid, long-
petioled; stipules minute, fugacious. Flowers dioecious, borne in aments, each
flower subtended by a fimbriate, caducous scale and cup-shaped, oblique disk;
staminate flowers consisting of 4-60 stamens, with short free filaments and
purplish anthers; pistillate flowers consisting of a sessile, 1-celled ovary sur-
mounted by a short style and 2—4 entire or 4-lobed stigmas; ovules numerous.
Fruit a subglobose or ovoid-oblong capsule subtended by the persistent disk,
niaturing in the late spring or early summer and dehiscing by 2-4 recurved
valves; seeds minute, comose, exalbuminous. Winter buds covered with a
number of scales, generally resinous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
leePenolesistronglytlattened laterally: sper ae soles sas later yatasiek tet) 2
1. Petioles terete or channeled, not strongly flattened...................--- +

Damlbea yy eSiC Cl COLO tec etoyitace eRe Scenic pees Ae ae oe Ee P. deltoides 123
Paplleaves broadly ovate OL Orbiculanien) cian emerenica sate aoe aes Soci 3

3. Leaves round-ovate, coarsely dentate; buds scurfy-pubescent..............
P. grandidentata 115

3. Leaves ovate to orbicular, finely crenate-serrate; buds glabrous............
P. tremuloides 113
4. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath.....................-.. P. alba 111

4, Leaves essentially glabrous when mature...............-:6----eee-e0s 5

5. Leaves densely white-tomentose when young; capsules slender-pedicelled. .. .
P. heterophylla 117

5. Leaves not densely white-tomentose when young; capsules stout-pedicelled. .6

6. Leaves broadly ovate, cordate or truncate at the base; petioles and lower

Suriaceron leaves; pubescentas- Ms acerie ete) Sette. oars = = P. candicans 121
6. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to cordate-ovate; petioles and lower surface of
JES ESISMOOUN ea chase cia «sf oporte Seweasays al eyay= veia) ones - 6; P. balsamifera 119

12

304 The New York State College of Forestry

WALNUT FAMILY. JUGLANDACEAE
The walnut family consists of aromatic trees with watery juice,
alternate, estipulate, odd-pinnately compound, deciduous leaves,
monoecious flowers, and a fruit which is a nut. They are chiefly
confined to the warmer parts of the north temperate zone. Two

genera occur in North America, each of which is represented in
New York State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnate, estipulate, with long, grooved
petioles; leaflets sessile or subsessile aside from the terminal, arranged in
pairs along the rachis. Flowers monoecious, appearing after the leaves;
staminate flowers in elongated drooping aments on the growth of the previous
season or at the base of the growth of the season, each flower in the axil of
a bract; calyx 3-6 lobed adnate to the subtending bract; pistillate flowers
in terminal spikes or terminal and solitary, generally subtended by a bract
and 2 bracteoles; calyx 3-5 lobed, adnate to the ovary; pistil consisting of a
l-celled or incompletely 3-4 celled, 1l-ovuled ‘ovary terminated by a short
style and 2 plumose stigmas. Fruit a bony nut, indehiscent or dehiscent with a
4-valved exocarp; seed large, solitary, 2-lobed, oily, exalbuminous; cotyledons
fieshy.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Staminate aments simple, sessile or short stalked; husk of the nut indehiscent;
pith diaphragmed. 2... 2.0 245... ale Sa ee Juglans 354

1. Staminate aments branched, long stalked; husk of the nut 4-valved; pith
HOMOPENECOUS., 0h os. cee le on a tere ee En eee Carya 355

THE WALNUTS AND BUTTERNUTS. Genus JUGLANS L.

Trees with spreading crowns, stout branches, superposed buds,
diaphragmed pith, and alternate, odd-pinnate leaves with sessile
or nearly sessile leaflets. About ten species are known, four of
which occur in the United States, two in the eastern states, one
in the Pacifie Coast region and one in the southwest.

Leaves alternate, odd-pinnately compound, consisting of 11-17 sessile or
nearly sessile leaflets; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute at the apex, imequi-
lateral at the base, finely serrate except at the base, arranged aside from the
terminal in pairs along a stout pubescent petiole. Flowers monoecious, vernal,
staminate flowers in drooping, cylindric aments 3-6 inches long borne on the
twigs of the previous season; perianth 3-6 lobed; stamens 8-40 in 2 or more
series; pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes terminating the growth of
the season; perianth adnate to the ovary, 4-lobed; petals 4, small, adnate to
the ovary at the sinuses; pistil consisting of a usually 2-celled ovary, a short
style and 2 plumose stigmas. Fruit a globose or ovoid nut with fibrous,
somewhat fleshy, indehiscent exocarp and thick-walled, bony, rugose or sculp-
tured, indehiscent endocarp; seed exalbuminous, deeply lobed, oily, edible.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaflets 15-23: fruit subglobose} not viscid... 2. .).. 22.) eee J. nigra -143
1. Leaflets 11-17; fruit ovoid and pointed, viscid................... J. cinerea 141

Trees of New York State 355

THE HICKORIES. Genus CARYA Nutt.

Trees with aromatic watery sap, tough flexuous branches, alter-
nate odd-pinnately compound leaves, tough elastic wood and homo-
geneous pith. The genus is endemic to the temperate region of
the eastern United States and includes twelve species, eleven of
which oceur within the boundaries of this country.

Leaves alternate, odd-pinnately compound; leaflets ovate or obovate, gener-
ally acuminate, inequilateral at the base, serrate, sessile or short-stalked
aside from the terminal and arranged in pairs long a rachis. Flowers
monocious, vernal; staminate flowers in slender drooping aments borne in
pedunculate clusters of 3 on the base of the growth of the season or near the
summit of the growth of the preceding season; perianth adnate to the bract,
2-3 lobed or cleft; stamens 3-10; pistillate flowers in 2-10-flowered, terminal
spikes; perianth unequally 4-lobed, adnate to the ovary; stigmas short-papil-
lose. Fruit a subglobose, oblong, ovoid or pyriform nut with dehiscent,
4-valved exocarp and a bony endocarp which is 4-celled at the base and 2-
celled at the apex. Seed variously lobed, exalbuminous, oily, generally edible.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Bud-scales few, valvate; lateral leaflets usually curved....... C. cordiformis 155
1. Bud-scales numerous, valvate; lateral leaflets slightly, if at all faleate ...... 2
2 Hiiskion Gheanuitthick. splitting, tothe bases 4... ase ea. canes clo. s- 3
2. Husk of the fruit thin, usually not splitting to the base................ 5

3. Bark close and rough; foliage stellate pubescent.................... C. alba 149
ou batkeshagoy. extoliatinpy im long. loose plates: s.. 4.5.2.0. s2 ee ene wees oe 4

4. Leaflets generally 3-5; twigs orange-lenticellate.............. C. laciniosa 147

4. Leaflets generally 7-9; twigs pale lenticellate.................. C. ovata 145

5. Fruit nearly globose; bark of old trunks exfoliating in long strips...........
C. microcarpa 151

. Fruit obovoid or pyriform; bark close, not exfoliating in long strips.........
C. glabra 153

or

BIRCH FAMILY. BETULACEAE

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, petioled, simple,
stipulate leaves, monoecious or rarely dioecious flowers and a
fruit which is a small winged or unwinged nut. The Betulaceae
are indigenous to the cooler portions of the northern hemisphere
and include 6 genera and approximately eighty species. Three
genera are represented by arborescent forms in New York State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, stipulate (stipules generally fugacious),
pinniveined. Flowers monecious, vernal, appearing before or with the leaves;
staminate flowers in elongated pendulous lateral aments, borne in clusters of
1-6 in the axils of bracts; perianth present or wanting; stamens 2—20_ erect,
inserted on a receptacle, with short filaments and oblong anthers; pistillate
flowers in short, spike-like or capitate aments, borne in clusters of 1—3 in the
axils of bracts; perianth present or wanting; pistil consisting of a 2-celled
ovary terminated by a 2-cleft style, the lobes stigmatic at the apex or on the
inner surface; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit a, small, mostly 1-celled,

396 The New York State College of Forestry

l-seeded nut, winged in some genera; seed small, exalbuminous; cotyledons

fleshy.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Staminate flowers solitary in the axils of ament-scales; scales of the pistillate

ament deciduous: nutlet wingless:.7 0... .. ..). tases eiete ieee eee eens 2

1. Staminate flowers 3-6 in the axils of ament-scales; scales of the pistillate
ament persistent, forming a strobile; nutlet winged............... Betula 357

2. Involucre of the fruit foliaceous, 3-cleft; staminate aments enclosed in buds
during the Winter. \.)\. 22.45. 6 os odessa eae eee Carpinus 355

2. Involucre of the fruit saccate, enclosing the nutlet; staminate aments
exposed during the winter................. ot ae Ee Ostrya 356

THE HOP-HORNBEAMS. Genus OSTRYA (Michx.) Scop.

A genus of wide distribution throughout the northern hemi-
sphere and including trees with alternate simple leaves, slender
terete branchlets, scaly bark, and heavy close-grained wood.
Four species have been deseribed, two of which are indigenous
to North America. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch., the Hop-
hornbeam, is widely distributed in the United States east of the
Rocky Mountains. The other species is confined to a restricted

‘

area in the southwest.

Leaves alternate, simple, oblong-lanceolate to oval or obovate, acute or
rounded at the apex, rounded at the base, short-petioled, Flowers monoe-
cious, expanding before the leaves; staminate flowers in short-stalked or ses-
sile, clustered aments which are preformed the preceding season near the tips
of the branchlets, consisting of 38-4 stamens with short, bifurcated filaments
terminating in hairy anthers, inserted on a receptacle at the base of a broadly
ovate, acute, concave scale; pistillate flowers in erect, lax aments terminat-
ing short leafy branchlets, borne at the base of a narrowly ovate, foliaceous,
ciliate scale which persists until mid-summer, each flower enclosed in a saccate
involucre formed from the union of a bract and two bracteoloes; calyx adnate
1o the ovary; style short, bearing 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit a small, ovoid,
compressed, acute nutlet enclosed in an enlarged, pale straw-colored, saccate
involucre, the cluster resembling the fruit of the hop, hence the name
Hop-hornbeam.

THE HORNBEAMS. Genus CARPINUS (Tourn.) L.

Carpinus ineludes about twelve species of small trees or shrubs
seattered over the north temperate zone from Quebee to Central
America in the New World and through Europe, Asia, China and
Japan in the Old World. They are characterized by smooth gray
bark, furrowed and fluted trunks, and a prominently ribbed nutlet
subtended by a trilobed, foliaceous, involueral bract. But one
species, Carpinus caroliniana Walt. is found in the United States.

Trees of New York State 357

Leaves alternate, simple, ovate, acute or acuminate, cordate or rounded at
the base, petioled; stipules strap-shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers monoe-
cious, vernal; staminate flowers in pendant aments which appear from buds
produced the previous season, naked, consisting of several stamens with
bifureated filaments terminated by anthers borne in the axils of broadly ovate,
acute, nearly sessile scales; pistillate flowers in slender, few-flowered aments
terminal on leafy branchlets of the year, in pairs at the base of an ovate,
acute, leafy, deciduous scale, each pair subtended by a bract and two bract-
lets; calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary; stigmas 2, subulate. Fruit a small,
acute, compressed, longitudinally-ribbed nutlet, tipped with the calyx-lobes
and attached at the base until maturity to a large, foliaceous, 3-lobed, pale
green involucre formed by the union of the accrescent bract and bracteoles.

THE BIRCHES. Genus BETULA L.

The genus Betula is represented by some thirty odd species of
aromatic trees and shrubs seattered through the subarctic and
north temperate zones in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Some are large ornamental trees with white or silvery, laminated,
papery bark. Others are reduced to scragely, nearly resupinate
shrubs and are confined to subaretic regions or alpine summits.
Thirteen species occur in North America, ten of which have
become arborescent.

Leaves alternate, simple, serrate or dentate, peticled. Flowers monoecious,
unfolding with or before the leaves, anemophilous; staminate flowers in pen-
culous, solitary or clustered, sessile aments which are preformed the previous
season and remain erect and naked on the twigs during the winter, borne in
groups of 3 under a peltate bract and two bracteoles, each flower consisting
of 2 2-parted filaments terminating in anther sacs and accompanied by a
calyx of a single sepal: pistillate flowers without perianth, borne in clusters
of 3 subtended by a 3-lobed, persistent accrescent scale, the many closely-
imbricated scales forming short, oblong or cylindrical, usually short-stalked
aments which terminate short, lateral, 2-leaved branches; pistil consisting of
a compressed sessile ovary terminated by 2 spreading persistent styles which
are stigmatic at the apex. Fruit an erect, inclined or pendant, oblong or
oblong-ovoid strobile consisting of thin, woody, 3-lobed, imbricated scales,
each bearing 3 laterally-winged, compressed nutlets; at maturity the scales
fall away from the persistent cone-axis, releasing the nutlets.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaves with 9-11 pairs of lateral veins; strobiles oblong-ovoid; bark of branch-

LGESPAT OMAGH Mir. At AN ORR DOLE eS ree ere nese Oe eee a eh hares 2

1. Leaves with 5—9 pairs of veins; strobiles cylindrical or oblong; bark of branch-

RET OGFALOLIASUTC I ss OE. op atte Laee ne teed e, da oa SEP BAe MS ck Ee ad She Ss 3

2. Leaves heart-shaped at the base; strobile-scales smooth; bark dark brown,
Cher SS a ec eee tens oe 3 ee eae B. lenta 161

2. Leaves cuneate or slightly heart-shaped at the base; strobile-scales
pubescent; bark silvery-gray, exfoliating in’thin layers......... B. lutea 163

3. Leaves rhombic-ovate; strobiles oblong, ripening in May or June; bark light
reddish brown, exfoliating’ in thin persistent scales............ B. nigra 165

ce

308 The New York State College of Forestry

3. Leaves deltoid or ovate and rounded at the base; strobiles cylindrical, ripening

inthe autumn ot): {eSB ss. oS a 4
4. Leaves triangular, taper pointed; lateral lobes of ament scales short and
divergent: gobo». «+ «ise once tae oe B. populifolia 167

4. Leaves ovate, acute; lateral lobes of ament scales ascending.............
B. alba, var. papyrifera 169

THE BEECH FAMILY. FAGACEAE

Trees and shrubs with watery juice, slender terete branchlets,
alternate stalked stipulate leaves, and monoecious flowers. The
Fagaceae number some four hundred odd species arranged in six
genera and are of wide distribution, mainly in the northern hemi-
sphere. Five genera are found in the United States of which
one is of general distribution, two are confined to the eastern
states, and the remaining two are found on the Pacific slope. —

Leaves alternate, simple, pinniveined; stipules linear, caducous. Flowers
monoecious, small; staminate flowers in aments or capitate; calyx 4-8 lobed;
stamens 4-20 with slender filaments and elongated 2-celled anthers; pistillate
flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters or spikes subtended by a scaly,
persistent involucre; calyx 4-8 lobed, adnate; pistil consisting of a 3-7 celled
cvary surmounted by a like number of linear styles. Fruit a 1-seeded nut,
subtended or enveloped by a persistent, accrescent involucre; seed exalbumi-
uous, with fleshy cotyledons.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE
1. Staminate flowers capitate; nut trigonous..........-........5-.-58. Fagus 358
1. Staminate flowers in slender aments: nut rounded.....................6. 2
2. Pistillate flowers 2-5 in each involucre; involucre becoming a prickly burr
in fruit. feb ee ee ee ee, Le a eee Castanea 35)
2. Pistillate flowers 1 in each involucre; involucre forming a subtending cup
In frit coi «ele duis he dievsa Bled amiak cn aytteae ae Quercus 359

THE BEECHES. Genus FAGUS (Tourn.) L.

A genus of about six species characterized by smooth gray bark,
slender wiry branchlets, chestnut-brown lanceolate buds, and hard,
close-grained wood. The beeches are widely distributed through
Europe, Asia and eastern North America. But one species, Yagus
grandifolia Ehrh. is found in the United States and this is con-
fined to regions east of the Great Plains.

Leaves alternate, simple, firm, deciduous, strongly straight-veined, plicate
in the bud, short-petioled; stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers monoecious,
expanding with or soon after the leaves; staminate flowers in capitate many-
flowered drooping heads borne on long 2-bracted peduncles; pedicels short;
calyx-tube campanulate, 4-8 lobed, greenish yellow; stamens 8—16, exserted,
inserted on the calyx-tube; pistillate flowers in sessile or stalked clusters of
¥-4 arising in the axils of the upper leaves, each subtended by numerous awl-
shaped bracts, the lower of which are bright red and deciduous, the upper
united to form a 4-lobed burr; calyx 4- or 5-lobed, villous, adnate to the

Trees of New York State 399

ovary; pistil consisting of a 3-celled trigonous overy surmounted by 3 filiform,
recurved styles which are longer than the involucre and stigmatic at the top.
Fruit a woody, thick-walled, ovoid burr covered with stout recurved prickles,
opening at maturity to set free the 2 (1-3) ovoid, trigonous, lustrous brown
nuts; seed albuminous, oily, edible.

THE CHESTNUTS. Genus CASTANEA (Tourn.) Hill.

Trees or shrubs with astringent sap, terete twigs, furrowed bark,
alternate straight-veined leaves, monoecious flowers appearing
after the leaves, and a fruit which is a prickly burr enclosing one
or more nuts. Castanea is wholly confined to the northern hemi-
sphere and is widely distributed through eastern North America,
southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia, and Japan. Four or
five species have been described including the one American
species, Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely
serrate with secondary veins running into the teeth, short-peticled; stipules
linear-lanceolate to ovate, caducous. Flowers monoecious, ill-smelling, appear-
ing in midsummer after the leaves; staminate flowers in 3—7-flowered cymes
in the axils of minute ovate bracts, the clusters borne in elongated, inter-
rupted, simple aments which arise from the axils of the inner bud-scales of
the upper bud or from the axils of the lower leaves of the year; calyx-tube
straw-colored, puberulous, deeply divided into 6 ovate, rounded segments ;
stamens 10-20, exserted, with filiform filaments and globose or ovoid anthers;
pistillate flowers scattered or spicate at the base of the shorter, persistent
androgynous aments from the axils of the upper leaves, sessile, solitary or
2-3 together and surrounded with an involucre of numerous acute green
bracts, the whole subtended by a bract and 2 bracteoles; calyx urn-shaped,
6-lobed, adnate to the ovary; 6 staminodia present; pistil consisting of a
6-celled ovary surmounted by 6 linear, spreading, white styles which are hairy
below and bear terminal stigmas. Fruit a densely-spiny burr, maturing in
the autumn and dehiscing by 2-4 valves to expose an inner surface clothed
with lustrous pubescence, and 1-3 ovate, acute chestnut-brown nuts which
are pubescent toward the apex and marked at the base by a large, conspicuous,
rounded sear; seed usually solitary, exalbuminous, sweet and edible; cotyle-
dons fleshy.

THE OAKS. Genus QUERCUS. (Tourn.) L.

This genus comprises nearly three hundred trees and shrubs
widely spread in various habitats over the temperate regions of
the northern hemisphere and the high mountains of the tropics.
In the New World they range from Canada southward through
Mexico and Central America to the mountains of Columbia and
in the Old World through Europe and Asia to the Indian Archi-
pelago, the Philippines and Japan. Fifty-odd species occur within
the boundaries of the United States, most of which are arborescent.

360 The New York State College of Forestry

Numbered among these are some of our best timber trees, pro-
ducing hard and strong woods excellent for structural purposes,
furniture, interior finish, tight cooperage, etc. A number of
natural hybrids have been described.

Leaves alternate, simple, deciduous or persistent, entire, pinnately lobed
or variously toothed, often very variable on the same tree; stipules scarious,
caducous or occasionally pesistent. Flowers monoecious, appearing with or
before the leaves; staminate flowers in clustered, drooping, interrupted aments
arising from the axils of the leaves of the previous year, the axils of the
inner scales of the terminal bud, or of the leaves of the year; calyx yellowish
ereen, campanulate, 4-7 lobed or divided; stamens 4-12 with filiform exserted
filaments and yellow anthers; pistillate flowers solitary or in few-flowered
spikes from the axils of leaves of the year, each flower subtended by a bract
and two bracteoles; calyx urn-shaped, adnate to the ovary, with short cam-
panulate 6-lobed limb; pistil consisting of an incomplete, mostly 3-celled ovary
which is nearly enclosed in an accrescent involucre of imbricated scales, sur-
mounted by 3 short or elongated styles. Fruit an ovoid-oblong or subglobose
1-seeded nut (acorn) maturing in 1-2 years, subtended at the base and more
or less enveloped in a woody cup (involucre) of imbricated, partly united
scales; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex and entire.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Acorns maturing at the end of the first season; shell of acorn giabrous on the
inner surface; leaves and their lobes obtuse (rarely with teeth and then
never bristle tipped), bark pale, often scaly (White Oaks).............. 2

1. Acorns maturing at the end of the second season; shell of acorn tomentose

on the inner surface; leaves with bristle-tipped lobes or entire; bark dark,

furrowed (Black Oaks)... < ccc: 0» s«stic+ «co ciehe errs ie ote eee eee i

2. Leaves pinnately lobed or lyrate-pinnatified........................- 3

2: Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed: < . 5... .): 2/1. - + aeisieieerieie eee eee 5
3. Mature leaves glabrous beneath)... - 4... 22-3) eee eee Q. alba 175

3. Mature leaves pubescent or tomentose beneath...................+-+-- 4

4. Mature leaves pubescent beneath; upper scales of the acorn-cup not
awned.,¢2. 8.330. 8 Pe: a eee Q. stellata 177

4. Mature leaves white tomentose beneath; upper scales of the acorn-cup
Jone <A Wmned x <5): osu securing i> seus Sie, Te eee Q. macrocarpa 179

5. Mature leaves hoary tomentose beneath; fruit long-stalked, the peduncle
longer than the petioles... 2 ha. 24+. 4+ cise 1 eee eee ee Q. bicolor 181

5. Mature leaves pubescent beneath; fruit sessile or short-stalked........... 6

6. Leaves with acute or pointed teeth; mature bark ashy-gray, shallowly
FISSUTEU, j.:-5 ¥ synod weds haloes las OS Seo eae ee Q. Muhlenbergii 183

6. Leaves with somewhat rounded teeth; mature bark dark brown to black,
deeply fissured... . 2.5000 .24....4.. 0.380 eee Q. Prinus 185

7. Leaves pinnately lobed or pinnatifid. .. ..:. 0.1...) 4242 a ee ner 8

7. Leaves entire or 3-0 lobed at the summit... 022 5 2) ener 12

8. Longest lobes of the leaf about equaling the breadth of the middle portion

(0) Se -: MRE S oc cc soe Soo es 9

8. Longest lobes of,the leaf 2;or more times the breadth of the middle portion

of the leaf. oo. a6 ecto eie eps o/b bee oe eid cea 00 ote le Oe 10
9: Cup saucer-shaped.s oc3.. 0-265 dsc cu okies «4 0.0 Opn eae eee Q. rubra 187
95 (Cup iturbinate te 2h eae seen oc nae eee are Q. rubra, var. ambigua 193
10... Cup saucer-shaped so. e.<s;.2- owsd tense eet a ae Q. palustris 189

10. Cup tirbimate a. oo ise ce sos ne, to ce ett «BO Ue op ailet eet aaa 11
11. Seales of the cup hoary, the upper loosely imbricated.......... Q. velutina 195
11. Seales of the cup puberulous, the upper closely imbricated...... Q. coccinea 191

12. Mature leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; cup turbinate. ..Q. marilandica 197
12. Mature leaves glabrous beneath; cup saucer-shaped......... Q. phellos 199

Trees of New York State 361

ELM FAMILY. ULMACEKAE

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, terete branchlets, alternate
simple leaves, perfect or polygamous flowers, and a fruit which is
a samara, nut, or drupe. The family includes thirteen genera and
some one hundred and forty species, widely distributed through-
out the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Five
genera are represented within the boundaries of the United States,
three by arborescent forms in the eastern and southern states.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, serrate, pinniveined, petiolate, inequi-
lateral at the base; stipules usually fugacious. Flowers small, perfect, monoe-
cious or polygamous, clustered or the pistillate solitary; calyx-tube regular,
4—9-lobed or parted; petals lacking; stamens 4-6, exserted, with straight
filaments and longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistil consisting of a 1-celled,
l-ovuled ovary surmounted by 2 styles and stigmas. Irwit a samara, drupe

or nut.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE
IeeRhowers pertech, WnWitys SamMananco4 iss e aisle Glesiaei tia dictac eaanetanc Ulmus 361
1. Flowers polygamo-monoecious; fruit a drupe..................-...-- Celtis 362

THE ELMS. Genus ULMUS (Tourn.) L.

Trees or shrubs with sealy bark, alternate serrate inequilateral
leaves, perfect flowers, a fruit which is a samara, and heavy tough
wood. Some sixteen species are known which are widely dis-
tributed through the subarctic and temperate regions of the
northern hemisphere, western North America excepted. Six
native species occur in the United States, all confined to regions
east of the Rocky Mountains, three of which extend into New York
State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, simply or doubly serrate, with straight
secondary veins; stipules scarious, caducous. Bud-scales several. Flowers
on twigs of the previous season, vernal and appearing before the leaves or
autumnal and arising from the axils of the leaves of the season, perfect,
borne on bibracteolate pedicels in fascicles or racemes; calyx-tube campanu-
late, membranaceous, 4—9-lobed; stamens 5-6, exserted, with slender filaments
and oblong anthers; pistil consisting of a sessile or stalked, compressed,
1-celled, l-ovuled ovary surmounted by 2 divergent styles stigmatic on their
inner faces. Fruit a flat, ovate or oblong, often oblique, sessile or stalked,
i-seeded samara, subtended at the base by the remnants of the calyx and
tipped with the remnants of the styles; seed compressed, exalbuminous, in our
forms germinating in early summer.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaves scabrous above; flowers nearly sessile; samara naked on the margin. . .
U. fulva 201

1. Leaves smooth or nearly so above; flowers on slender, drooping pedicels; fruit
Cilinteronine MAng itl wre fe ERIS rhe se Ots oe wean oa ahalevel 2

362 The New York State College of Forestry

2. Flowers in racemose clusters; samara faces pubescent; winter buds prickly
to the touch; branchlets often with corky wings............ U. racemosa

2. Flowers in short-stalked fascicles; samara faces smooth; winter buds acute
but not prickly to the touch; branchlets without corky wings..........

U. americana 203

iw)
j=)
or

THE HACKBERRIES. Genus CELTIS (Tourn.) L.

The genus Celtis includes some fifty or sixty species of trees
and shrubs widely scattered throughout the temperate and tropical
regions of the world. They resemble the elm in many respects
but differ in having polygamous flowers and a drupaceous fruit.
The American forms are very variable in the shape of the leaves
and the number of species is as yet not definitely fixed. At least
cne aborescent form (Celtis occidentalis lL.) oceurs in New York
State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, serrate, prominently 3-5 nerved; stipules
membranous, caducous. Flowers small, axillary, polygamo-monoecious, pedicel-
late, appearing with the leaves on branchlets of the year; staminate flowers
fascicled toward the base of the growth of the season, the pistillate solitary or
2-8 together in the upper leaf-axils; calyx deeply 4-5 lobed or parted, greenish
yellow, deciduous; stamens 4-5 with incurved subulate filaments which
straighten abruptly at anthesis in the staminate flowers and catapult the
pollen, but remain curved and shorter in the perfect flowers; pistil consisting
of an ovoid, sessile ovary crowned by the 2 reflexed styles which are stigmatic
on the inner faces. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe with thick firm skin, thin
flesh, and thick-walled, bony, rugose or smooth nutlets.

MULBERRY FAMILY. MORACEAE

A large family of trees, shrubs, and herbs, numbering over nine
liundred species distributed in fifty-five genera, scattered over the
tropical and temperate regions of the world. Three genera are
represented by indigenous arborescent forms in North America
while a fourth includes the naturalized Paper Mulberry, Brous-
sonetia papyrifera (.) Vent.

Sap generally milky. Buds scaly or naked. Leaves alternate, simple, petio-
late; stipules enclosing the leaf in the bud. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
small, arising from the axils of caducous bud scales or from the lower leaves
of the season, borne in ament-like spikes or heads which are borne without
or within a receptacle; calyx of staminate flower 3-4 lobed or parted; stamens
1-4, inserted on the calyx; calyx of pistillate flower deeply 3-5 lobed; pist?]
consisting of 1—2-celled ovary surmounted by 1-2 styles and stigmas, Fruit
drupaceous, enclosed in the fleshy calyx, multiple.

Trees of New York State 363

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Staminate and pistillate flowers in ament-like spikes.................Morus 363

1. Staminate flowers racemose; pistillate flowers cB piietes Ra eI 2

2. Leaves crenate-serrate or variously lobed, fruit 2-5-1 inch in diameter;
UWL SUIT RDITIOU Ay Nets isceia se ccatale sratsicieiirte slteia. sis e'are are mies Broussonetia 363
2. Leaves entire; fruit 3-5 inches in diameter; twigs armed......... Maclura 364

THE MULBERRIES. Genus MORUS (Tourn.) L.

Morus is represented by six or seven species of trees with milky
sap, scattered over the tropical and temperate zones of both the
eastern and western hemispheres. Two species are found in the
United States, the Red Mulberry with a wide distribution east
of the great plains, and a southwestern form. The White Mul-
berry, a native of northern China and Japan, was introduced
in an attempt to establish the silk industry and has become widely
naturalized in the eastern states.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, entire, serrate or variously lobed,
3-nerved at the base; stipules enclosing the leaf in the bud, lanceolate, cadu-
cous. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, the staminate and pistillate on
different branches of the same plant or on different plants, vernal, in peduncu-
late clusters from the axils of caducous bud-scales or the lower leaves of the
year; staminate flowers in elongated cylindrical spikes; calyx with 4 rounded
lobes; stamens 4, inserted opposite the lobes and inflexed in the bud, straight-
ening elastically at anthesis and becoming exserted; rudimentary ovary
present; pistillate flowers sessile, in short compact spikes; calyx 4-parted with
thickened ovate or obovate valvate lobes (outer pair longest) enveloping the
flattened ovoid ovary; styles 2, white, spreading. Fruit a multiple, fleshy
synearp resembling a blackberry, consisting of many druplets each enclosed
in the succulent, thickened, colored calyx and crowned with the style rem-
nants; seed penduluous, albuminous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaves glabrous beneath or sparingly pubescent on the veins; fruit white or
LIRA ETE WLLL Meee nee er P re Peet ee tae ee enn ee cat ee ae Sey tea M. alba 215
1. Leaves soft pubescent beneath; fruit reddish purple............... M. rubra 213

THE PAPER MULBERRY. Genus BROUSSONETIA L’Her.

Broussonetia includes three or four species of trees or shrubs
with milky juice, alternate or opposite entire or lobed leaves,
capitate clusters of pistillate flowers, and fibrous inner bark. One
species, Broussonetia papyrifera (l.) Vent.; has became widely
naturalized in the temperate portions of the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, entire, serrate or variously 1—5-lobed,
3-nerved at the base, long-petioled. Flowers dioecious, vernal, the staminate
in oblong, cylindrical, nodding, ament-like spikes; the pistillate in capitate
clusters; staminate flowers with 4-parted calyx; stamens 4, inserted opposite
the lobes, exserted at anthesis; rudimentary ovary present; pistillate flowers

364 The New York State College of Forestry

with a tubular calyx, stalked ovary and laterally attached filamentous style.
Fruit a globular head consisting of many red drupes each exserted above a
fleshy red stipe and perianth.

THE OSAGE ORANGE. Genus MACLURA Nutt.

A genus endemic to the United States and consisting of a single
species, Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schw., originally confined to a
restricted area in southern Missouri, Oklahoma and northeastern
Texas but now widely naturalized in eastern United States. <A
medium-sized tree with rounded crown, spinescent twigs, milky
juice, and deeply furrowed orange-brown bark.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or
sub-cordate at the base, entire, at maturity dark green and lustrous above,
duller and conspicuously reticulate-veined beneath, turning bright yellow in
the autumn; petioles long, terete; stipules small, caducous. Branchlets with
short lateral spurs or armed with sharp axillary spines. Flowers dioecious,
appearing after the leaves; staminate flowers in long-stalked, sub-globose
heads from the axils of crowded leaves on short lateral spurs, slender-pedi-
celled; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 4, opposite the lobes of the calyx, inflexed in
the bud but straightening elastically at anthesis and becoming exserted;
pistillate flowers in dense, sessile or short-stalked heads arising in the axils
of the leaves of the season; calyx ovate, divided to the base into thick, oblong,
concave lobes which closely invest the ovary, the outer pair the larger; pistil
consisting of an ovate, compressed, green, 1l-ovuled ovary surmounted by an
clongate, filiform style. Fruit a globose, yellowish green, mammillate aggre-
gate consisting of many oblong, compressed druplets and the thickened, much
elongated perianths, the whole saturated with milky juice; seed oblong, com-
pressed, light chestnut-brown, exalbuminous.

Series 2. POLYPETALAE
Dicotyledons in which both calyx and corolla are present (or
without corolla in Liquidambar, certain species of Acer., ete.),
the corolla consisting of separate petals.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY. MAGNOLIACEAE

A family of ten genera and some seventy species, widely dis-
tributed in temperate and tropical regions. They are trees or
shrubs with watery juice, bitter aromatic bark, alternate leaves,
showy flowers, and thick rootlets. Four genera are represented
in North America, two by arborescent forms in eastern United
States.

Bud-scaies stipular, enclosing the leaves in the bud. Leaves alternate,
pinniveined, petioled, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers large, showy, termi-
nal, perfect, peduneulate, enclosed in the bud in a caducous stipular sheath;

Trees of New York State 365

sepals and petals generally of the same color, imbricated in the bud, hypogy-
nous, deciduous; stamens numerous, imbricated, inserted on the elongated
receptacle; pistils numerous, similarly arranged, inserted above the stamens.
Fruit an aggregate head of 1—2-seeded follicles or samaras forming a naked,
cone-like structure, the axis marked below by the scars of the deciduous sta-
mens and perianth-lobes.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE

1. Leaves entire or auriculate at the base; anthers introrse; carpels fleshy at
MINUUPIL a CODISCEN Uy PELSISCENU ss sa dids ccc Sues secede ne >t sie ecre Magnolia 365

1. Leaves 4-6 lobed; anthers extrose; carpels dry at maturity, indehiscent,
OCIUOUS emt s ayers eionrs aiciatay #. fea tune ee mh Neate ory cients eas Liriodendron 365

THE MAGNOLIAS. Genus MAGNOLIA UL.

Trees or shrubs with smooth or scaly bark, branchlets encircled
by stipular sears, stipular membranous bud seales, and showy ter-
minal flowers. The genus includes some twenty species, natives
of eastern North America, Mexico and Asia. Seven species are
indigenous to the eastern states, two of which occur in New York
State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, simple, entire or auriculate at
the base, often minutely punctate. lowers perfect, hypogynous, terminal,
showy, appearing before or after the leaves; sepals 3, spreading or reflexed ;
petals 6-12, concave, erect or spreading, arranged in series of 3; stamens
numerous, with short filaments and linear anthers, early deciduous; pistiis
numerous, inserted above the stamens on the receptacle, consisting of a
j-celled, 2-ovuled, sessile ovary and a short recurved style. Fruit an aggre-
gate, scarlet or rusty-brown cone consisting of coalesced, drupaceous, per-
sistent follicles which dehisce at maturity on the dorsal suture; seeds scarlet,
drupe-like, compressed, albuminous, suspended from the follicles by thin cords
of uncoiled spiral vessels.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1, Leaves oval or broadly lanceolate, thick, subpersistent, 4-6 inches long... . .
M. virginiana 217

1. Leaves ovate to oblong-oval, thin, deciduous, 4-10 inches long.............
M. acuminata 219

THE TULIP TREES. Genus LIRIODENDRON L.

Trees with deeply furrowed brown bark, branchlets encircled
by stipular sears, stipular membranous bud-seales, lobed truncate
leaves, and a strobilus of samaroids. The genus includes but two
species, one widely distributed in the eastern United States, the
other in central China.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple truncate, heart-shaped or somewhat
cuneate at the base, truneate at the apex by a broad shallow sinus, sinuately
4- (rarely 6-) lobed. Flowers perfect, hypogynous, terminal, showy, appearing
after the leaves; sepals 3, greenish white, concave, erect or spreading, early
deciduous; petals 6 in 2 series, erect, early deciduous; stamens numerous,
with filiform filament and linear, 2-celled anthers; pistils numerous, inserted

866 The New York State College of Forestry

above the stamens on the receptacle and imbricated in a spindle-shaped
column, with winged style and small stigma. fruit a narrow, erect, pale
brown cone consisting of the many flattened samara-like, indehiscent, 4-ribbed
earpels which fall away from the axis at maturity; seeds 1-2, suspended,
albuminous.

CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY. ANONACEAE

A large tropical family widely distributed throughout the
tropical and subtropical regions of both the New and Old World,
consisting of over five hundred species grouped in fifty-one genera.
But two genera are represented in North America, one in the
eastern United States, the other confined to southern Florida and
the West Indies.

Sap watery. Branchlets terete, with conspicuous leaf-scars. Leaves alter-
nate, entire, pinniveined, estipulate, petioled. Flowers perfect, solitary,
axillary or opposite the leaves; sepals 3, valvate in the bud; petals 6, in two
series; stamens numerous on the elevated rounded receptacle, with short dis-
tinct filaments and 2-celled anthers which are prolonged above into a broad,
fleshy, truncate connective; pistils few, inserted on the summit of the recep-
tacle; ovary 1-celled, l-many ovuled. Fruit baccate or compound, generally
fleshy, formed of the ripened pericarp of one or several pistils; seeds inclosed
in an aril, large, smooth, brown and lustrous, with ruminate albumen.

THE PAPAWS. Genus ASIMINA Adans.

A genus of six or seven species including small trees or shrubs
confined to eastern North America. But one species, Asimina
triloba Dunal. becomes arborescent and occurs as far north as
New York State. The remaining forms are low shrubs of the
South Atlantic and Gulf states.

Twigs ill-scented when bruised. Suds minute, cinero-pubescent. Leaves
membranaceous, entire, petioled, deciduous. Flowers mostly from the axils
of the leaves of the previous season, nodding, pedunculate, purplish, ill-
smelling; sepals green, ovate, concave, smaller than the petals, early decidu-
ous; petals 6, ovate or obovate-oblong, reticulately veined, accrescent, the 3
exterior alternate with the sepals and spreading, the inner series erect and
much smaller; stamens numerous, linear-cuneate, densely packed on the recep-
tacle; anther cells separate on the fleshy connective; pistils few on the summit
of the receptacle, projecting above the stamens; ovary 1-celled; style oblong,
slightly curved, stigmatic on the margin; ovules 4-20, horizontal, 2-ranked
on the ventral suture. Fruit an oval or oblong, smooth berry; seeds ovate,
compressed, marked at the base with a large hilum.

LAUREL FAMILY. LAURACEAE
A large chiefly tropical family consisting of aromatic trees and
shrubs grouped in about forty genera and nine hundred species,

Trecs of New York State 367

of wide distribution throughout the warmer parts of the world.
Six genera are represented in. North America, two of which include
only shrubby forms; three of the remaining arborescent genera
are found in the Atlantic States while the fourth occurs on the
Pacific Slope.

Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, rather thick, pellucid-punctate, estipu-
late. Flowers small regular, yellowish green, perfect, unisexual or polyga-
mous, generally fragrant; calyx 6-lobed, the lobes in 2 series, imbricated in
the bud; corolla lacking; stamens 9 or 12, inserted at the base of the calyx
in 3 or 4 sets of 3, distinct, the inner set sterile; anthers 4-celled, superposed
in pairs, opening by uplifted lids; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; stigma discoid
or capitate. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe; seed with erect embryo, the
cotyledons fleshy.

THE SASSAFRAS. Genus SASSAFRAS Nees.
Aromatic trees with deeply furrowed bark, smooth green pithy
mucilaginous twigs, and entire or lobed, alternate leaves. Two
species have been described, one a native of the temperate portion
of eastern North America, the other of China.

Leaves alternate, membranaceous, deciduous, ovate or obovate, entire and
acute or 1—3-lobed at the apex with breadly ovate, oblique lobes separated by
deep broad sinuses, cuneate at the base, conspicuously, reticulate and arcuate-
veined, at maturity dark green, glabrous and impressed-veined above, paler
beneath. Flowers vernal, appearing with the leaves, usually dioecious borne
on slender pedicels in Jax, pilose, umbelled, few-flowered racemes in the axils
of accrescent, obovate bud-scales; calyx yellowish green, divided nearly to the
base into 6 narrowly obovate, subequal, spreading lobes; stamens 9, inserted
in 3 series on the thickened margin of the calyx-tube; filaments elongated,
compressed, light yellow, those of the inner series equipped with two orange-
colored, stalked glands; anthers oblong, orange-colored, those of the fertile
flowers generally reduced to staminodia; pistil consisting of an ovoid, green,
glabrous ovary terminated by a long style and capitate stigma. Frwit a
globose-oblong, dark blue, lustrous berry, borne upright in the red, accrescent,
obscurely-lobed calyx and enlarged end of the pedicel; flesh thin; seeds brown,
smooth and pointed.

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY. HAMAMELIDACEAE

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, slender terete branchlets,
naked or scaly buds, alternate leaves, and fibrous roots. Some
eighteen genera and thirty-five species are included, natives of
eastern North America, southern and eastern Asia, the Malay
Archipelago, Madagascar and South Africa. Three genera are
represented in North America, two by arborescent forms.

Leaves alternate, simple, stipulate, petiolate, deciduous. Flowers perfect
or unisexual; calyx 4-parted the tube adherent to the ovary, or none; petals

368 The New York State College of Forestry

4 or none; stamens 4-8 or indefinite, with 2-celled introrse anthers; pistil
consisting of a 2-celled ovary inserted in the bottom of the receptacle; crowned
with 2 subulate styles stigmatic on the inner face. Fruit a woody, 2-beaked
capsule, dehiscent at the summit; seeds 1 or several, albuminous, with straight
embryo.

THE SWEET GUM. Genus LIQUIDAMBAR L.

Large timber trees with balsamic juices, scaly bark, terete and
often winged pithy branchlets, star-shaped leaves and fibrous roots.
Four species are included in the genus, one of which is indigenous
to the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, nearly orbicular, serrate, deeply 5-7
palmately-lobed, borne on long petioles; stipules lanceolate, caducous. Flowers
monoecious (or rarely perfect), the staminate in terminal, racemose, subglobose,
capitate clusters each subtended by 4 caducous bracts, the pistillate in solitary
long-stalked globular heads from the axils of the upper leaves; stamens
numerous, interspersed with minute scales, with oblong anthers and. filiform
fllaments; pistillate flowers surrounded by long-awned scales; calyx obconiec,
short-limbed, bearing 4 stamens or staminodia at the summit; pistil con-
sisting of a partly inferior ovary terminated by two elongated, subulate,
recurving styles. Fruit a globose, spiny, woody head consisting of many
united capsules, each tipped with the 2 hardened, incurved, beak-like, elongated
styles and dehiscing by two valves at the summit; seeds 1-2, compressed,
angulate, winged; sterile seeds numerous, much smaller, resembling sawdust.

PLANE-TREE FAMILY. PLATANACEAE

A monogeneric family consisting of trees with watery juice,
zigzag branches, subpetiolar buds, alternate stipulate leaves, and
bark which exfoliates in large irregular scales from the trunk and
larger branches. The sole genus consists of six or seven species
confined to North and Central America, eastern Europe, and
southwestern Asia. Three species are found in the United States,
one widely distributed in the eastern states, a second on the Pacific
Coast, and a third in the southwest. Platanus orientalis Li. from
the Old World, is widely grown in the United States as a street
and shade tree.

Leaves alternate, simple, broadly ovate, cordate, cuneate, or truncate at
the base, palmately 3—7-lobed and veined, the lobes entire, dentate, or coarsely
sinuate-toothed; petioles long, abruptly enlarged and enclosing the buds at
the base; stipules large, foliaceous and sheathing the branchlet on sterile
shoots, thin, scarious and caducous on flowering shoots; when young the
branchlets, leaf-blades, petioles and stipules are covered with stellate hairs.
Flowers monoecious, minute, appearing with the unfolding of the leaves in
unisexual, pedunculate, globose heads; staminate head dark red, axillary;
sepals 3-6, scale-like, slightly united at the hase; petals 3—6, cuneiform,
about twice as long as the sepals; stamens 3-6, opposite the sepals, with

Trees of New York State 369

short filaments and elongate clavate anthers crowned with a pilose, truncate,
connective; pistillate heads green tinged with red, solitary and terminal or in
terminal spicate clusters, the lateral heads then embracing the peduncle at’
maturity; sepals 3-6, rounded; petals 38-6, acute, longer than the sepals;
staminodia present; pistils 3-6, superior subtended at the base with per-
sistent straight hairs, with long curved styles stigmatic on the ventral side.
Fruit a subgobose head, consisting of many clavate, crustaceous 1-seeded
achenes tipped with the persistent styles and subtended at the base with bristly

hairs; seed oblong, albuminous.

THE PLANE TREES. Genus PLATANUS (Tourn.) L.

For distribution and characters of the genus, see description of
the family.

ROSE FAMILY. ROSACEAE

Trees, shrubs and a few herbs numbering upwards of fifteen
hundred species, grouped in about ninety genera. Rosaceous
plants are widely distributed throughout the temperate regions of
the world and include many of our important fruit trees such as
the Apple and the Pear. Ten genera are represented by arbores-
cent species within the United States.

Sap watery. Branchlets terete. Buds scaly Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite, simple or compound, deciduous or persistent, stipulate. Flowers
perfect, generally showy; calyx-tube 5-lobed; petals 5 and separate, or want-
ing; stamens numerous, distinct, inserted with the petals on a disk lining
the calyx-tube; anthers small, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistils
l-many, distinct or united and combined with the calyx-tube; ovules 1—2 in
each cell. Frwit various.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE
1. Ovary inferior, 2-5 celled, adnate to the eniarged calyx-tube (or receptacle) ;
AEE ReUn OOM tee meee eer na ruin qenncl cy) oe Ae Mths eer chacuaencne sere ares ene 2
Le Ovanvasipenore!-celledstirunh a drupes. se a. 44s ase). scence oerae Prunus 371
2. Mature carpels papery or soft-cartilaginous at maturity ............... 3
2. Mature carpels hard and bony at maturity ................... Crataegus 371
3. Cells of the ovary as many as the styles, without false partial partitions .....
Pyrus 3.9

3. Cells of the ovary twice as many as the styles, with false partial partitions. .
Amelanchier 370

THE APPLES AND PEARS. Genus PYRUS (Tourn.) L.

Small or medium sized trees of the northern hemisphere, chiefly
of the Old World. Some forty species are included, of which five
are native to North America, four in the eastern states and one
on the Pacific Slope. In addition several introduced species have
become widely naturalized,

370 The New York State College of Forestry

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple or compound, petioled; stipules free
from the petioles, caducous. Flowers white or pink, in simple or compound
“cymes, terminal on short, often spinescent spurs or on leafy shoots; calyx-
tube urn-shaped, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud and generally persistent ;
petals 5, rounded, short-clawed, spreading; stamens numerous, the filaments
persisting in the fruit; pistil consisting of a compound ovary of 3-5 cells
udnate to the calyx-tube terminated by a like number of styles which are
free or united at the base and bear terminal stigmas; ovules 2 to each cell,
Fruit a large fleshy or small berry-like pome formed by the enlarged ovary
and adnate calyx and crowned with the vestigial stamen-filaments and calyx-
lobes; seeds erect, lustrous brown, exalbuminous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaves simple; pome large, subglobose or pyriform...................... 2

1. Leaves compound; pome small and berry-like, globose ................... 4

2. Leaves coriaceous and lustrous above; fruit pyriform, the flesh with grit
Cells hs et Eo aac s ocean oe P. communis 231

2. Leaves membranous and dull above; fruit subglobose, the flesh without grit

COL Sia ais: 62sec wip le o's bibs hn ttle omepae eed ee eee 3

3. Leaves ovate, glabrous at maturity; petioles and fruit-stalks elongated and
slender; branches spinescent.. = 4). 055-11. -- Sele eee eee P. coronaria 233

3. Leaves ovate-oval, pubescent or woolly beneath; petioles and fruit-stalks short
and stout; branches not spimescent...................++-«:- P. Malus 2385

4, Leaflets lanceolate, taper-pointed, glabrous above; fruit {4 of an inch or
less ‘in. diameter. «(5.5.5 1c: 6:2, es ens inci exter eee P. americana 237

4. Leaflets narrowly oblong, obtuse, more or less pubescent on both sides;
fruit more than } of an inch in diameter.................. P. Aucuparia 239

THE SERVICE BERRIES. Genus AMELANCHIER Medic.

The genus Amelanchier includes trees and shrubs with slender
unarmed branches, lanceolate buds covered with closely imbricated
seales, simple petioled leaves and racemose or rarely solitary
flowers. The thirty or forty species are widely distributed
throughout the north temperate regions of both hemispheres. In
addition to the shrubby forms there are at least three arborescent
species indigenous to North America, two in the eastern states and
the third in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific Coast region.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, entire or serrate, petioled; stipules
linear, eaducous. Flowers borne on slender bibracteolate pedicels in erect or
nodding racemes or rarely solitary, appearing with the leaves; calyx-tube
campanulate or urceolate, adnate to the ovary, with 5 lanceolate, reflexed,
persistent lobes; petals 5, white, oblong-obovate, spatulate or ligulate, with
short claws; stamens numerous, inserted with the petals on the rim of the
calyx-tube, with subulate filaments and oblong anthers; pistil consisting of a
5-celled but falsely 10-celled ovary terminated by 2—5 styles which are connate
below and bear terminal truncate stigmas; ovules erect, 2 in each cell. Fruit
a small berry-like, globose pome maturing in our species in early summer,
purplish or blue when ripe, crowned with the calyx-lobes and persistent
stamen-filaments; flesh sweet, rather juicy, carpels membranaceous; seeds
5-10, oblong, compressed, exalbuminous.

Trees of New York State 371

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Leaves densely white-tomentose when young, at length becoming green;
pedicele.of drut 2/omleineh long... 6 fetes side stare la winless A. canadensis 241

1. Leaves essentially glabrous from the first; pedicels of fruit 1 1/5-2 inches long
A. laevis 241

THE THORN-APPLES. Genus CRATAEGUS L.

Low, wide-spreading trees or shrubs with usually dark or gray
scaly bark, rigid terete more or less zigzag branches often armed
with stiff sharp thorns, alternate simple leaves, showy flowers, and
pomaceous fruit. The genus attains its best development in east-
ern North America where many puzzling and intergrading forms
have beén described. In New York State alone over two hundred
species are said to oceur although the validity of some of these
is open to question. Undoubtedly several hundred species will be
found to be authentic, the bulk of which are found in eastern
United States, with scattered forms in the Rocky Mountains, on
the Pacific Coast, in Japan and Eurasia.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, serrate and sometimes variously lobed,
petioled; stipules caducous or foliaceous on vigorous shoots. Flowers perfect,
regular, showy, borne in simple or compound corymbs terminating short leafy
branchlets, the lowermost pedicels of a cluster often from the axils of the
uppermost leaves; calyx-tube obeonic, adnate to the ovary, the 5 lobes acute,
1eflexed and generally persistent; petals 5, white or pinkish, spreading,
inserted on the throat of the calyx, early deciduous; stamens variable in the
same species, normally 5 and alternate with the petals, but varying in multi-
ples of 5 up to 25; filaments subulate, incurved, often persistent on the fruit;
anthers pale yellow to white or from pink to dark rose and purple; pistil
consisting of a 1—5 celled inferior ovary crowned with a like number of styles
and stigmas; ovules 1-2 in each cell. Fruit a small, short-globose, oblong or
pyriform pome, varying in color chiefly from red to yellow, containing 1—5
bony nutlets, each with a single upright seed.

THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES. Genus PRUNUS (Tourn.) L.

Trees or shrubs with bitter astringent properties, slender branch-
lets, scaly buds, alternate simple leaves, showy flowers and drupa-
ceous usually edible fruits. Many contain prussie acid and exude
a gum from the bark when wounded. The species of Prunus num-
ber about one hundred and twenty forms which are widely dis-
tributed throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the
northern hemisphere. Some thirty species oceur in the United
States, eighteen of which are arborescent. In addition a number
of species from the Old World have become naturalized.

Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, simple, serrate or entire, petioled,
the petioles often glandular; stipules small, caducous. Winter buds scaly, the

312 The New York State College of Forestry

inner scales accrescent. Flowers perfect, regular, showy, borne in axillary
umbels or corymbs or in terminal or axillary racemes; calyx-tube inferior,
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 5, white, spreading, inserted
with the numerous stamens on the calyx-tube; filaments filiform, free, bearing
oval 2-celled anthers; pistil solitary, consisting of a simple 1-celled ovary
terminated by an elongated style and capitate stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded
drupe; flesh thick and pulpy or dry and thin; pit bony, compressed, smooth,
rugose or pitted; seed solitary, pale brown, exalbuminous; cotyledons fleshy.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Ovary glabrous; pit smooth or shallowly sculptured...................... 2
1, Ovary velvety-tomentose). 22.0% Jao cnc > Jee eee Eee P. Persica 265
2. Flowers in racemes terminating leafy branches....................... 3
2. lowers umbellateorcorymbose. 90... ee eee ahaa

oo

. Leaves oblong, rather thick, crenate-serrulate with incurved teeth..........
P. serotina 245
3. Leaves chiefly obovate, thin, sharply serrate, the teeth somewhat spreading. .
P. virginiana 247
4, Flowers in axillary umbels appearing before or with the leaves.......... 5
4. Flowers in terminal corymbs appearing after the leaves....... P. Mahaleb 253
Leaves conduplicate in the bud; fruit without ventral groove; stone globose
OF -SUNGIODOSE.,s)c0p05 bi eaisde Aro nse whee bo se else oe eee ee 6
Leaves convolute in the bud; fruit usually with a ventral groove; stone com-
PE@SSEG . 5) 5.5; Sycrsese jes bvesieln ap aaj ache ufo eee pense eens AEP ee CIR ea 8
6. Leaves ovate, oval or obovate; petals 3-3 of an inch long.............. 7
6. Leaves oblong-lanceolate; petals less than 3 of an inch long.............
P. pennsylvanica 249
Leaves membranous, pubescent beneath at least on the veins; fruit generally
sweet; inner accrescent scales of flower-buds ligulate and spreading at
blossom time's)... 25 Mec Mesos bo ols eae ote P. avium 255
Leaves semicoriaceous, glabrous; fruit sour; inner accrescent scales of flower-
buds not ligulate, ascending at blossom time.................. P. Cerasus 257
8. Leaves ovate to obovate; fruit more than 4 of an inch in diameter......... 9 :
8. Leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate; fruit 4 of an inch or less in diameter
P. instititia 251

Cr

or

“I

9: Umbels several flowered sc ctscz,< exec sm sons obsiel sneyeves cet 10

9 Umibels 1=2 flowered 46) crate eso cated «er eee eee P. domestica 263
10. Leaves crenulate-serrate; calyx-lobes glandular-serrate.......... P. nigra 259
10. Leaves sharply-serrate; calyx-lobes entire............. ...P. americana 261

PULSE OR PEA FAMILY. LEGUMINOSAE

An extremely large family of some four hundred and fifty
genera and seven thousand species including trees, shrubs, woody
vines, and herbs, widely distributed through the tropical and tem-
perate regions of the world. Many are valuable timber trees while
others are important forage crops or are otherwise valuable to
man. In addition to the many herbaceous and shrubby forms,
there are seventeen genera which are represented by arborescent
forms in the United States.

Leaves alternate, usually compound, stipulate. Flowers papilionaceous or
sometimes regular; stamens 10 (occasionally 5 or many), monadelphous,
(hadelphous, or rarely distinct; pistil simple, superior, solitary. Fruit a

legume.

Trees of New York State ola

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE
1. Leaves doubly pinnate at least in part; flowers regular, polygamous or
(HOSA OWE Sie Suen ora Occ eG Ott Seo) BEE Ee SE aS ioc ca 2
1. Leaves simple or pinnate; flowers papilionaceous or imperfectly pseudo-
MAMIONACEOUS eer iy tl eer ivy. nk, syal Me yarcabtaue pra Aetaele’ Sends Bicls) ose oO
2. Leaves bipinnate; calyx-tube elongated, 5-lobed; legume thick and woody
Gymnocladus 373
- 2. Leaves pinnate and bipinnate; calyx-tube short, 3-5 lobed; legume
CONEACE QUIS er teers ac cis Meee aioe ah os tae ince, Sear erties Gleditsia 373
3. Leaves simple; upper petal enclosed by the others in the bud......... Cercis 374
3. Leaves pinnate; upper petal enclosing the others in the bud......... Robina 374

KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. GYMNOCLADUS Lam.
Large trees with stout pithy twigs, large alternate bipinnate
leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and large woody legumes. <A genus
of two species, one native to eastern North America, the other to
southern and southwestern China.

Buds superposed. Leaves alternate, deciduous, unequally bipinnate, the
primary pinnae aside from 1 or 2 basal pairs with many, usually, alternate
leaflets; stipules foliaceous, caducous. Flowers regular, dioecious or polyga-
mous, greenish white, borne in terminal racemes; calyx elongated-tubular,
10-ribbed, with 5 narrow, nearly equal lobes; petals 5, oblong, equal, pubes-
cent, spreading, somewhat longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 10, distinct,
short, inserted with the petals on the calyx-tube; filaments pubescent, of two
lengths; pistil consisting of a sessile ovary terminated by a short style and
oblique 2-lobed stigma; ovules numerous. Fruit a large, oblong, subfaleate,
somewhat compressed, woody legume, tardily dehiscent, containing several
seeds separated by a jelly-like pulp; seeds large, ovoid or somewhat obovoid,
albuminous, with thick, brown seed-coat.

THE HONEY LOCUSTS. Genus GLEDITSIA L.

A genus of ten or twelve species of trees, natives of eastern North
America, Asia, Japan and tropical Africa. Three species are
found in the United States, one widely distributed in the east, a
second inhabiting the lower Mississippi basin, and a third restricted
to a small area in Texas. But one species, Gleditsia triacanthos
(L.), is found in New York State.

Lecves alternate, deciduous, long-petioled, often fascicled on second year
twigs, evenly pinnate, twice pinnate or with some of the secondary pinnae
replaced by simple leaflets; leaflets subsessile and irregularly crenulate;
stipules small, caducous. Flowers regular, polygamous, small, greenish yel-
low, borne in slender axillary, sometimes fascicled, spike-like racemes with
minute caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, with 3-5 nearly equal lobes,
petals 8-5, equaling the calyx-lobes; stamens 6-10, distinct, inserted with
the petals on the edge of the disk; pistil consisting of a nearly sessile ovary
terminated by a short style and terminal dilated stigma; ovules 2—many.
Fruit a compressed, many-seeded, elongated, straight, indehiscent legume or
an ovate, 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent legume; seeds suborbicular or oblong,
compressed, albuminous, with long funicles.

Ne
—I
=

The New York State College of Forestry

THE RED-BUDS. Genus CERCIS L.

A genus of seven species of small trees or shrubs, natives of
North America and Eurasia. Three species occur in North Amer-
ica, one widely distributed as a small tree in central and eastern
United States, a second in southern Texas, and a third shrubby
species in California.

Bark scaly. Branchlets slender, zigzag, prolonged by an upper axillary
bud. Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, ovate, orbicular or reniform, with
5-7 prominent veins; peticles slender, elongate, enlarged at the base; stipules
small, membranous, caducous. Flowers appearing before or with the leaves
on thin, jointed pedicels in simple fascicles cr racemose clusters, borne on the
growth of the preceding season, on the older twigs, or even on the trunk,
pink, pseudo-papilionaceous; calyx-tube oblique-campanulate, 5-toothed; petals
5, unguiculate, those forming the keel the larger and free; standard smaller
than the wings and enclosed by them in the bud; stamens 10, distinct,
declined; filaments enlarged and pilose at the base; anthers oblong, pistil
consisting of a short-stalked, obliquely-inserted ovary terminated by a filiform
style and stout obtuse stigma; ovules numerous, 2-ranked. Fruit a linear-
oblong, compressed legume, acute at both ends and margined along the upper
suture, at maturity reddish purple and 2-valved; seeds oblong, compressed,
reddish brown, albuminous.

THE LOCUSTS. Genus ROBINIA L.

A genus of seven or eight species of trees and shrubs character-
ized by slender zigzag, often armed branchlets; minute superposed
subpetiolar buds, alternate pinnate leaves, and showy papiliona-
ceous flowers. The locusts are confined wholly to the temperate
parts of North America. Three arborescent and one shrubby
species occur within the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound; leafiets entire, petio-
lulate, with minute bristle-like stipules; stipules persistent, spinescent at
least on vigorous growth. Flowers large, showy, papilionaceous, perfect,
borne on long pedicels in short pendulous racemes from the axils of leaves
of the year; calyx-tube campanulate, 5-lobed or cut, the upper lobes the longer
and cohering for a part of their length; corolla consisting of a large, reflexed,
obeordate standard, cblong-faleate free wings and obtuse, incurved keel-petals
united below; stamens 10, diadelphous, the nine inferior united; anthers uni-
form or the alternate ones smaller; pistil superior, consisting of a stipitate
elongated ovary terminating in a subulate inflexed hairy style and terminal
stigma; ovules numerous, 2-ranked, attached to the ventral suture. Fruit
a many-seeded, linear oblong, compressed, nearly sessile legume, flat-margined
along the seed-bearing suture and opening by 2 thin membranous valves; the
legumes are generally borne in drooping many-fruited racemes and open tar-
dily; seeds oblique, reniform, albuminous with persistent incurved funicle.

Trees of New York State 375

RUE FAMILY. RUTACEAE

Trees and shrubs or rarely herbs with bitter aromatic oil, simple
or compound, generally glandular-punctate leaves, and perfect or
polygamous, usually strongly-scented flowers. The Rue family con-
tains in the neighborhood of one thousand species grouped in one
hundred odd genera, widely distributed throughout the warm tem-
perate and tropical regions of the world but most abundant in
South Africa and Australia.

Leaves simple or compound, generally glandular-punctate, estipulate or
with spinescent stipules. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual, chiefly in
cymes; calyx 3—5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5, imbri-
cated in the bud; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, distinct
or united below, hypogynous; pistils 2-5, separate or united, sessile or stipi-
tate, the styles usually united; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a capsule, samara,
drupe or hesperidium; seeds albuminous.

THE WAFER-ASHES. Genus PTELEA L.

Small trees or shrubs with bitter bark, 3—5-foliate leaves, polyga-
mous flowers, and samaroid fruit. The genus is endemic to North
America and is represented by four or five species, natives of the
United States and Mexico. One species becomes a small tree and
is found locally in New York State.

Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, estipulate, long-petioled, generally
trifoliate, the leaflets ovate or oblong, entire or crenulate-serrate, pellucid-
punctate. Flowers polygamous, greenish white, borne on slender bracteolate
pedicels in terminal or compound cymes; calyx 4—5-parted; petals 4-5, imbri-
cated; stamens of the same number as the petals and alternate with them;
filaments subulate, pilose at the base, shorter in the pistillate flowers; pistil
consisting of a stipitate, compressed 2-3-celled ovary terminated by a short
style and 2-3-lobed stigma. fruit a 2-3-celled, broadly winged or rarely
wingless samara; wing broad, reticulate; seeds oblong, acute at the apex,
rounded at the base.

QUASSIA FAMILY. SIMAROUBACEAE

Trees or shrubs with bitter often milky juice, alternate pinnate
leaves, dioecious or polygamous flowers, and a samaroid or drupa-
ceous fruit. The family includes about one hundred and fifty
species which are grouped in twenty-eight genera, and is chiefly
confined to the tropics and the milder parts of the north temperate
zone.

Leaves alternate, persistent or deciduous, pinnate, estipulate. Flowers

regular, dioecious or polygamous; calyx 3-5 lobed, the lobes imbricated in
the buds; petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud; disk annular or elongated; sta-

376 The New York State College of Forestry

mens as many as the petals or twice as many, distinct; filaments with a scale
or hairs at the base, inserted under the disk; anthers 2-celled, introrse; pistil
consisting of a 2—5-celled ovary terminated by a like number of styles. Fruit

ra drupe or samara.

TREE OF HEAVEN. Genus AILANTHUS Desf.

Trees or shrubs with pale bitter bark, pinnate leaves, greenish
white flowers and samaroid fruit. The genus contains seven or
eight species, all natives of eastern Asia, the East Indies and
Australia. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. has become widely natural-
ized about cities and towns in eastern United States.

Leaves alternate, petioled, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound, consisting
of numerous, somewhat oblique, ovate or ovate-lanceolate sub-entire leaflets.
Flowers small, polygamous, greenish white, borne in large terminal panicles;
calyx short, 5-cleft; petals 5, spreading, valvate; disk hemispheric, 10-lobed;
staminate flowers ill-scented, with ten stamens; fertile flowers with 2-3 abor-
tive or functional stamens; pistil consisting of a deeply 2-5-lobed ovary
surmounted by a like number of united styles. Fruit a linear-oblong samara
with membranous veiny wing surrounding the 1-seeded seminal cavity;
samaras generally clustered.

SUMACH FAMILY. ANACARDIACEAE ;

Trees, shrubs or vines with acrid resinous or milky juice, pithy
branchlets, alternate simple or compound leaves, generally polyga-
mous flowers, and drupaceous fruit. A large family comprising
about fifty genera and some four hundred species, natives of
tropical or the milder portions of the temperate zones.

Leaves alternate, simple or pinnate, estipulate. Flowers regular, minute,
Gioecious or polygamous; calyx-lobes generally 5; petals of the same number
or wanting; stamens of the same number as the petals or twice as many
and inserted with them on the edge of an annular disk; filaments filiform;
anthers oblong, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent; pistil consisting of a
1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary terminated by 1-3 styles and stigmas. Fruit a small
drupe; seed exalbuminous; cotyledons fleshy.

THE SUMACHS. Genus RHUS L.

The genus Rhus includes more than a hundred species of trees,
shrubs, and climbing vines, chiefly natives of the milder portions
of the north and south temperate zones. Some are extremely
poisonous; others are important as sources of tannin material,
waxes and gums, and as ornamental plants. Sixteen or seventeen
species are indigenous to the United States and are seattered from
coast to coast. Five of these become small trees.

Trees of New York State S17

Branchlets stout, pithy, exuding a milky or watery juice when bruised.
Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, chiefly odd-pinnately compound.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, white or greenish white, borne in more or
less compound axillary or terminal panicles; calyx generally 5-cleft or parted,
persistent; petals 5, spreading, longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 5, alter-
nate with the petals, inserted with them under the margin of an annular
disk; pistil consisting of a sessile ovary terminated by 3 terminal styles and
stigmas. Fruit a globose, smocth or hairy drupelet, borne chiefly in thyrses;
flesh thin, often acidulous; pit bony or crustaceous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES . PAGE

1. Flowers in terminal thyrsoid panicles; drupelet clothed with acid crimson
hairs 2

2. Rachis of the leaf not winged; juice milky.................-..:--+--- 3

2. Rachis of the leaf winged; juice watery.................... R. copallina 283
3. Leaf-stalks and branchlets densely velvety-hairy............... R. typhina 279
poulent-sialks andspranchlets plawcous!.) 22s saci ae sete ten tes R. glabra 281

HOLLY FAMILY. AQUIFOLIACEAE

Trees and shrubs with terete branchlets, scaly buds, alternate
simple leaves, inconspicuous flowers, and a drupaceous fruit. <A
family of about one hundred and seventy-five species widely dis-
tributed in the temperate and tropical regions of the world. One
genus is represented by arborescent forms in the United States.

Leaves alternate, deciduous or persistent, simple, entire, crenate or pun-
gently toothed, stipulate. Flowers greenish white, dioecious, axillary, soli-
tary or cymose; calyx 4-6-lobed; petals 4-6, imbricated in the bud; stamens
4-6 alternate with the petals, inserted on the petals at the base, reduced to
staminodia in the pistillate flower; ovary 4-8 celled; style short or none;

stigmas 4-8. Fruit a drupe with thin flesh, containing 4-8 horny or crusta-
ceous nutlets; seeds pendulous, albuminous.

THE HOLLIES. Genus ILEX L.

A genus of about one hundred and sixty species of trees and
shrubs widely scattered throughout the temperate and tropical
regions of the world with the exception of western North America,
Australia and neighboring islands. Thirteen species are found in
eastern United States, five of which become arborescent. Two of
the latter are found in New York State, one of which, J/ex opaca
Ait., becomes a small tree within our range.

For generic characters, see those of the family.

MAPLE FAMILY. ACERACEAE
Trees and a few shrubs with watery often saccharine juice,
terete branches, opposite simple palmately lobed or pinnate leaves,
and polygamous or dioecious flowers. The Aceraceae consist of

78 The New York State College of Forestry

Oo

but two genera, Dipteronia, represented by a single species in
China and Acer, with numerous species widely distributed over
the northern hemisphere.

Leaves opposite, deciduous, simple and palmately lobed or pinnate, long-
petioled, chiefly estipulate. Flowers regular, polygamous, dioecious, or rarely
perfect, borne in lateral fascicles arising from separate flower-buds before
the leaves or in terminal and lateral racemes or panicles with or after the
leaves; calyx chiefly 5-parted, the segments imbricated; petals 5 or none;
disk thick, annular, lobed, or sometimes lacking; stamens 4-12 (usually 7-8),
hypogynous, with filiform filaments and oblong or linear anthers; pistil con-
sisting of a 2-lobed, 2-celled, compressed, wing-margined ovary surmounted
by 2 styles which are stigmatic on their inner surface; ovules 2 in each cell.
Fruit a double samara, the halves usually long-winged and 1-seeded, and
joined at the base; wings papery, thickened on the margin; seed compressed |
ascending, exalbuminous; cotyledons thin, folded.

THE MAPLES. Genus ACER L.

The genus Acer consists of seventy to eighty species of trees and
shrubs scattered over the northern hemisphere of the New and the
Old World, one species crossing the equator into Sumatra and
Java. Some thirteen forms are found in North America, six
species (including one variety) occurring within the area of New
York State. Some species are important timber trees producing
a close-grained, moderately hard wood which is prized for furni-
ture, in turnery and for interior finish. Maple sugar is obtained
from the sap of Acer saccharum Marsh. The maples are also used
extensively as shade trees.

For generic characters, see those of the family.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Leaves simple, palmately veined and lobed.....................----+---- 2
1; eaves! pinnately compound= >. ..22 4-2 sen: sare eee eee A. Negundo 301
2. Flowers in. terminal ‘racemes: 3. .)2.):). 224)". > 20 Se eee nee 5)
2. Flowers im lateral clusters... 0... 6... 2 alets osha ob poe 4

3. Racemes erect; leaves coarsely serrate, usually 3-lobed at the apex.........
A. spicatum 291

3. Racemes drooping; leaves finely doubly serrate, 3-lobed at the apex........
A. pennsylvanicum 289

4. Flowers appearing with the leaves in nearly sessile, umbel-like, pendant

COLYIMDS..... ois else cesece ec ved ee wees sb aly Fede apace See 5
4. Flowers appearing before the leaves in umbel-like fascicles from separate
DUS « 0.5. 5 eS S oasis Land bo) ys est 2a Rew A «SR ee 6

5. Leaves dark green above, glabrous beneath at maturity....... A. saccharum 293
5. Leaves yellowish green above, usually downy beneath....................

A. saccharum, var. nigrum 295

6. Petals wanting; sides of terminal lobe of leaf diverging....A. saccharinum 297

6. Petals present; sides of terminal lobe of leaf converging....... A rubrum 299

Trees of New York State 379

SOAPBERRY FAMILY. SAPINDACEAE

Trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbaceous vines with watery juice,
chiefly alternate compound estipulate leaves, and mainly polyga-
mous unsymmetrical flowers. A large family comprising more
than one hundred genera and one thousand species widely dis-
tributed in the tropical and warm temperate regions of the world.
But one genus, Aesculus, is represented by a naturalized arbores-
cent form in New York State.

Leaves alternate (opposite in one genus), pinnate or palmate, persistent or
deciduous, estipulate. Flowers regular or irregular, polygamous; sepals or
calyx-lobes 4-5, imbricated in the bud; petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud; disk
annular, fleshy; stamens generally 7-10, inserted on the disk, with free fila-
ments and introrse 2-celled anthers; pistil consisting of a 2—4-celled ovary sur-
mounted by a terminal style and capitate or lobed stigma; ovules solitary or
2in a cell. Fruit a drupe or capsule; seed usually solitary by abortion, exal-
buminous.

THE HORSE-CHESTNUT AND BUCKEYES.
Genus AESCULUS L.

Trees and shrubs with stout branchlets, large buds, ill-scented
bark, and showy paniculate flowers. Aesculus includes ten or
twelve species which are found in North America and Eurasia.

Leaves opposite, deciduous, digitately compound, petiolate, estipulate; leaf-
lets 3-9, serrate. Flowers polygamous, showy, borne in large terminal panicles,
generally only the lower flowers fertile; pedicel jointed; calyx campanulate,
5-lobed, the lobes unequal and imbricated in the bud; petals 4-5, unequal,
clawed; disk hypogynous, annular; stamens chiefly 7, with elongated filiform
unequal filaments and introrse, longitudinally dehiscent anthers; pistil con-
sisting of a 3-celled sessile ovary surmounted by a slender, elongated curved
style and capitate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a coriaceous, 3-valved,
1-2 seeded capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; seeds large, globose or hemispher-
ical, smooth, lustrous, brown, with large pale hilum, exalbuminous; cotyledons
thick fleshy, hypogean.

Aesculus is represented in New York State by but the one
naturalized species A Hippocastanum L., a native of the Orient.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY. RHAMNACEAE

Small trees and erect or climbing shrubs with bitter bark, simple
and mainly alternate leaves, and perfect, polygamous, or dioecious
inconspicuous flowers. The Rhamnaceae include about forty-five
genera and some six hundred species, chiefly natives of the tropical
and warmer parts of the temperate regions. But one genus,
Rhamnus, is represented by an arborescent species in New York
State.

380 The New York State College of Forestry

Leaves simple, chiefly alternate and generally 3-nerved, stipulate. Flowers
perfect or polygamous, regular, greenish, inconspicuous; calyx 4-5-lobed;
petals 4-5, inserted on the calyx or wanting; stamens 4-5, opposite the
petals; disk fleshy; pistil consisting of a sessile 2—5-celled and ovuled ovary
surmounted by a columnar style and terminal stigma. Fruit drupaceous,
tipped with the remnants of the style; seeds mainly albuminous.

THE BUCKTHORNS. Genus RHAMNUS (Tourn.) L.

Small trees and shrubs with bitter bark, often spinescent
branches, simple pinniveined leaves, and greenish, perfect, polyga-
mous or dioecious flowers. Rhamnus is represented by about sixty
species scattered over the temperate and in many parts of the
tropical regions of the world. Five species are indigenous to the
United States, three of which become arborescent.

Leaves alternate or subopposite, deciduous or persistent, simple, entire or
dentate, petiolate, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers perfect or polygamo-
dioecious, axillary, borne in simple or compound racemes or fascicled cymes;
calyx, campanulate, 4—5-lobed; petals 4-5, emarginate, infolded around the
stamens or lacking; stamens 4-5, with short filaments and ovate-oblong or
sagittate anthers; pistil consisting of a free 2—4-celled, ovoid ovary sur-
mounted by a 3-4-cleft or lobed style. Fruit an oblong or spherical drupe
with thick succulent flesh, containing 2-4 l-seeded nutlets; seed erect,
grooved, with scanty albumen.

Rhamnus ecthartica L. was introduced from Europe for ornamental pur-
poses and has become naturalized in New York State,

LINDEN FAMILY. TILIACEAE

A large family of trees, shrubs and herbs comprising about
thirty-five genera and approximately two hundred and fifty species,
mainly tropical and most abundantly represented south of the
equator. Three genera are North American, one of which, Tilia,
is arborescent.

Leaves chiefly alternate, simple, deciduous, stipulate. Mlowers perfect, regu-
lar, generally in cymes or panicles; sepals 3-5, valvate, deciduous; petals of
the same number, fewer, or none; stamens numerous, generally 5-—10-
adelphous; pistil consisting of a sessile, 2—10-celled ovary terminated by a
columnar style and capitate stigma. Fruit drupaceous or nut-like; seeds
albuminous; cotyledons foliaceous.

THE LINDENS OR BASSWOODS. Genus TILIA (Tourn.) L.

The genus Tilia comprises some twenty species of trees and is
widely distributed in the temperate regions of the northern hemis-
phere with the exception of western North America and Central
Asia. Most of the species are characterized by fragrant, nectar-
bearing flowers, fibrous inner bark, and a soft, even-textured valu-
able wood, and are valuable timber trees in the regions to which
they are indigenous.

Trees of New York State 381

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, mainly cordate and inequilateral at
the base, serrate, long-petiolate. Flowers perfect, pale yellow, fragrant,
nectariferous, borne on slender clavate pedicels in axillary or terminal cymes,
the stalk of the cyme in part adnate to the axis of a ligulate or obovate, pale
green, membranous bract; sepals 5; petals 5, alternate with the sepals, creamy
white; stamens numerous, 5-adelphous, each cluster (in the American spe-
cies) united with a petal-like scale opposite each petal; filaments forked at
the apex, each fork bearing a half-anther; pistil consisting of a sessile, tomen-
tose, 5-celled ovary surmounted by a columnar style and 5 spreading stigmatic
lobes. Fruit nut-like, woody, subglobose to ovate-oblong, 1-celled by abortion
and containing 1-2 albuminous seeds; cotyledons palmately 5-lobed.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

PERRET OIAGTONS DELO Wise fi.) see 5 02 ile, dla Givi, oD slaleislete be opel cs T. americana 307
1. Leaves pubescent or hoary=tomentulose belowar-1s2ce aces aay needy ine 2
2. Leaves stellate pubescent below, with conspicuous axillary ge of hairs.

T. Michauxii 309

2. Leaves hoary white-tomentulose below. ...T. heterophylla, var. Michauxii 311

GINSENG FAMILY. ARALIACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice, alternate compound
leaves, racemose or panicled umbels of flowers, and baccate fruit.
A large family of about fifty genera and five hundred species,
mainly confined to the tropics with a few genera extending into
the northern hemisphere. Aralia is represented by four species
in New York State, one of which becomes a small tree.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, compound, petiolate, mainly stipulate. Flowers
perfect or polygamous, regular, 5-merous, in racemose or panicled umbels;
calyx adnate to the ovary, 5-lobed; petals 5 or 10, inserted on the margin of
the calyx; stamens 5 or 10, alternate with the petals; pistil consisting of an
inferior 2—5-celled ovary surmounted by 2—5 styles and simple stigmas; ovules
one to each cell. Fruit a 2—5-seeded, baccate drupe; seeds exalbuminous.

HERCULES’ CLUB. Genus ARALIA (Tourn.) L.
Aromatic spiny trees or shrubs with stout pithy branches, and
bristly or glabrous perennial herbs. The genus comprises about
thirty species and is confined to North America and Asia. Aralia
spinosa L. is the only North American species which becomes
arborescent.

Leaves alternate, pinnately or ternately decompound, the petioles enlarged
and clasping at the base; stipules present. Flowers perfect or polygamous,
small, greenish white, 5-merous, borne on slender, jointed pedicels in umbels
or panicled umbels; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, the lobes minute and
valvate; petals ovate, imbricated in the bud; stamens alternate with the
petals, with filiform filaments and oblong or ovate anthers, inserted with the
petals on the margin of the disk; pistil consisting of an inferior 2—5-celled

Boe The New York State College of Forestry

ovary surmounted by a like number of styles and capitate stigmas. Fruit
a 2—5-seeded, laterally compressed or angled, baccate drupe, tipped with the
remains of the styles and calyx-lobes; nutlets orbicular to ovate-oblong,
compressed, 1-seeded; seeds albuminous.

DOGWOOD FAMILY. CORNACEAE

Trees, shrubs, or herb-like shrubs, with watery juice, terete
branchlets, alternate or opposite deciduous leaves, and perfect or
polygamo-dioecious flowers. The family includes about sixteen
genera and some ninety species, chiefly natives of the north
temperate zones. Two genera have arborescent species in North
America.

Leaves alternate or opposite, deciduous, simple, estipulate. Flowers regular,
borne solitary, in heads or cymes; calyx-tube adherent to the ovary, its limb
4—5-toothed cr wanting; petals 4-5 or sometimes wanting; stamens 4-5 or
more numerous with subulate or flat filaments, inserted with the petals on
the margin of the epigynous disk; pistil consisting of an inferior, 1-2 celled,
1-2 ovuled ovary surmounted by a simple style and stigma. Fruit a 1-2
seeded, 1-pitted drupe; seeds oblong, albuminous.

KEY TO THE GENERA PAGE
1. Leaves mostly opposite; flowers perfect, 4-merous................-. Cornus 382
1. Leaves alternate; flowers polygamo-dioecious, 5-merous............-.-. Nyssa 383

THE DOGWOODS OR CORNELS. Genus CORNUS (Tourn.) L.

Trees, shrubs, or shrub-like herbs, with astringent bark, opposite
or rarely alternate leaves, small perfect flowers and drupaceous
fruit. The genus comprises some forty species, confined to the
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere aside from a single
species in Peru. Some seventeen species occur in North America,
four of which become arborescent.

Lecves opposite or rarely alternate, simple, deciduous. Flowers perfect,
small, white, greenish white or yellow, 4-merous, borne in cymes or heads,
the latter subtended by showy white bracts in some species; calyx adherent to
the ovary, the limb minutely 4-toothed; petals 4, valvate in the bud; stamens
4, alternate with the petals and inserted with them on the margin of the
disk, the filaments slender and exserted; pistil consisting of an inferior
2-celled, 2-ovuled ovary surmounted by a columnar style and capitate or
truncate stigma. Fruit an oblong or ovoid drupe, with thin flesh and bony
or crustaceous 2-seeded stone.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Leaves opposite; flowers greenish, capitate, the heads surrounded by 4 large,
white. involucrall bracts .6uib Ted: se a. se. eee eee Cornus florida 315

1. Leaves alternate; flowers creamy white, in naked cymes; fruit dark blue.....
Cornus alternifolia 317

Trees of New York State 383

THE TUPELOS. Genus NYSSA L.

Trees with alternate simple leaves, inconspicuous polygamo-
dioecious flowers, and drupaceous fruit. Nyssa is represented by
five species in the eastern United States and a single species in
Southern Asia. One species, Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., occurs in
New York State.

Leaves alternate, deciduous, simple, entire or angulate-toothed, petiolate,
generally grouped near the end of the branches. Flowers appearing before
the leaves, polygamo-dioecious, small, greenish white, inconspicuous, borne in
capitate clusters, short racemes, or solitary at the summit of slender axillary
peduncles; staminate flowers numerous; calyx 5-parted; petals 5, minute,
fleshy, or none; stamens 5-15, with slender filaments and oblong anthers;
fertile flowers solitary or in few-flowered clusters, subtended by bracts;
calyx-limb 5-toothed or truncate; petals 5, minute or none; stamens 5-10,
with short filaments and fertile or abortive anthers; pistil consisting of an
inferior, 1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary surmounted by a slender curved style stig-
matic on one side toward the apex. Fruit an oblong or ovoid drupe, with
thin acidulous flesh and thick-walled, bony, terete or compressed, ridged or
winged, generally 1-celled, 1-seeded pit; seed pale, filling the cavity of the pit.

Series 3. GAMOPETALAE

Plants with petals more or less united, or sometimes separate
or wanting.

HEATH FAMILY. ERICACEAE

Trees and shrubs with sealy buds, alternate simple leaves, per-
fect regular flowers, and capsular, drupaceous or baceate fruit.
A large family consisting of about sixty-seven genera and over one
thousand species, widely scattered throughout the world in tropical
and temperate regions. Twenty-one genera are represented in the
United States, seven of which include arborescent forms.

Leaves alternate, simple, estipulate. Flowers perfect, regular, 4- or 5-
merous; calyx 4—5-lobed, free or adnate to the ovary; corolla regular,
4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens as many or twice as
many as the lobes of the corolla, with short filaments and anthers opening
by a terminal pore and often appendaged; pistil consisting of a 4—10-celled
superior or inferior ovary terminated by a columnar style and capitate stigma.
Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or baccate; seeds generally minute, albuminous.

KEY TO THE GENERA

PAGE
1. Leaves flat; flower clusters axillary; corolla 5-lobed................. Kalmia 3884
1. Leaves revolute; flower clusters terminal; corolla 5-cleft...... Rhododendron 384

384 The New York State College of Forestry

THE LAURELS. Genus KALMIA L.

Small trees and shrubs with terete branchlets, minute axillary
leaf-buds, elongated axillary inflorescence-buds, and fibrous root.
Five or six species are recognized, natives of the United States
and Cuba. One species, Kalmia latifolia L., becomes arborescent
in eastern United States.

Leaves alternate, persistent, entire, short petiolate. Flowers perfect, showy,
pink, purple or white, borne on slender bibracteclate pedicels from the axils
of persistent bracts in axillary umbels; calyx 5-parted, persistent, the lobes
imbrieated in the bud; corolla saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, with short tube and
10 pouches just below the limb, the lobes ovate and before anthesis promi-
nently 10-ribbed from the pouches to the acute apex of the bud; stamens 10,
shorter than the corolla, with oblong anthers and filiform filaments; prior
to anthesis the anthers are retained in the pouches but at maturity the stamen
straightens abruptly and catapults the pollen grains from terminal pores in
the authers; disk 10-lobed; pistil consisting of a subglobose, 5-celled, many-
seeded ovary terminated by a filiform exserted styles and capitate stigma.
Fruit a subglobose crustaceous, 5-celled capsule which is tardily septicidally
dehiscent; seeds minute, albuminous.

THE RHODODENDRONS. Genus RHODODENDRON L.

Small trees and shrubs with astringent juice, scaly bark, terete
branchlets, alternate leaves, and showy flowers. The genus includes
over two hundred species which are seattered over eastern and
southern Asia and adjoining islands, and North America. Eighteen
species occur in North America, one of which, Rhododendron maxi-
mum l., becomes arborescent. In addition horticulturists have
introduced and hydridized many exotic forms for ornamental
purposes.

Leaves alternate, clustered near the ends of the branchlets, persistent;
coriaceous, with revolute entire margins and broad midribs, short-petiolate.
Flowers perfect, showy, arising from scaly, cone-like buds, borne in terminal
corymbs or panicles; calyx 5-parted or toothed, persistent; corolla campanu-
late, 5-cleft, deciduous; disk fleshy, lobed; stamens generally 10, somewhat
unequal, declined and spreading; filaments pilose at the base; pistil consisting
of a 5-celled ovary surmounted by a slender, exserted, persistent style and
capitate stigma. Fruit a 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, septicidally dehiscent
capsule; seeds numerous, minute, laciniately winged at the ends, albuminous.

EBONY FAMILY. EBENACEAE
Trees and shrubs with watery juice, alternate simple entire
leaves, dioecious or polygamous flowers, and baceate fruit. The
Ebenaceae include five genera and about two hundred and seventy-
five species, widely distributed in tropical and the milder parts
of the temperate regions.

Trees of New York State 385

Leaves simple, alternate, entire, estipulate. Flowers small, chiefly dioecious
or polygamous, regular, axillary, solitary or cymose; calyx inferior, persistent,
3-7-lobed; corolla regular, deciduous, 3—7-lobed; stamens more numerous than
the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube, with short filaments and
introrse anthers; pistil consisting of a several-celled ovary surmounted by
2-8 styles and stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-several-seeded berry
subtended by the accrescent calyx; seeds albuminous.

THE PERSIMMONS. Genus DIOSPYROS L.

Diospyros includes about one hundred and sixty species, widely
distributed throughout the tropics of the world but most abundant
in southern Asia. A few species extend into the temperate regions
of eastern Asia, eastern North America, and the Mediterranean
area. The ebony of commerce is produced by certain members of
this genus while others produce edible fruit. Diospyros is repre-
sented by two species in the United States, one of which, Diospyros
virginiana L., oceurs in southern New York.

Leaves alternate, simple, coriaceous, entire, estipulate. Flowers dioecious,
polygamous, or occasionally perfect, regular, from the axils of the leaves of
the year or of the previous year; staminate flowers smaller than the pistillate;
usually in short few-flowered cymes; pistillate flowers chiefly solitary; calyx
3-7-lobed, persistent and usually accrescent; corolla regular, 3—7-lobed, the
lobes convolute in the bud; stamens 2-3 times the number of corolla-lobes,
inserted at the base of the corolla in two rows and in pairs, with slender
filaments and oblong apiculate anthers, abortive in the pistillate flowers;
pistil consisting of an inferor 3—7-celled ovary surmounted by 3-7 spreading
styles, each bearing 2-lobed or parted stigmas at the apex. Fruit a globose,
oblong or conical 1—10-seeded berry, subtended at the base by the accrescent
persistent calyx; seeds oblong, compressed, albuminous.

OLIVE FAMILY. OLEACEAE

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, scaly buds, opposite estipu-
late leaves, perfect, dioecious or polygamous flowers, and capsular,
baceate, drupaceous, or samaroid fruit. The family includes about
twenty genera and five hundred species, widely distributed in tem-
perate and tropical regions but chiefly in the northern hemisphere.
Five genera are indigenous to the United States, one of which has
arborescent representatives in New York State.

Leaves opposite, simple or compound, estipulate. Flowers perfect, dioecious,
or polygamous, regular, paniculate, cymose, or fasciculate; calyx inferior.
£-4 lobed, or none; corolla of 24 petals or none, stamens 2-4, with short
filaments and introrse, often apiculate anthers; pistil consisting of a 2-celled

ovary surmounted by a single style and terminal stigma. fruit a samara
or berry in the American species; seeds albuminous,.

1s

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(oa)
lor)

The New York State College of Forestry

THE ASHES. Genus FRAXINUS (Tourn.) L.

Trees and shrubs with stout pithy branches, opposite odd-pinnate
or oceasionally simple leaves, dioecious, polygamous or rarely per-
fcet flowers, and samaroid fruit. The genus Fraxinus includes
about forty species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere
and in Cuba and Java. Sixteen species occur in the United States,
fifteen of which are arborescent and include some of our most
valuable timber trees. Three species and a variety are indigenous
to New York State.

Leaves opposite, deciduous, odd-pinnately compound or rarely reduced to a
single leaflet, petiolate; leaflets generally serrate; petiolulate or sessile.
Flowers dioecious, polygamous, or rarely perfect, vernal, borne on slender
pedicels in open or compact axillary panicles, terminal or axillary on shoots
of the year or axillary on the growth of the preceding season; calyx small,
campanulate or none; corolla 2-4 parted or none; stamens chiefly 2, with
short filaments and large oblong anthers; pistil consisting of a mostly 2-celled
evary crowned by a simple style and 2-lobed stigma. Frwit a samara with
terete or somewhat compressed, chiefly 1-seeded body and terminal wing; seed
elongated, exalbuminous.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE

1. Leaflets petiolulate; body of the fruit essentially terete; wing not extending

6: the base.ssi< osc. oyoia sa) erates oa. one, 2 svh itl o Aigo oho eV are URE ena en 2

1. Leaflets sessile; body of the fruit compressed; wing extending to the base... .
F. nigra 333

2., Leaflets obscurely ‘serrate, pale beneath! .42. 25025 see eee 3

2. Leaflets sharply serrate, bright green beneath....................4....
F. pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata 331
3. Petioles and branchlets glabrous or nearly so................. F. americana 327
3. Petioles and branchlets velvety-pubescent................ F. pennsylvanica 329

THE FIGWORT FAMILY. SCROPHULARIACEAE

Herbs, shrubs, vines and a few trees, with simple opposite,
whorled or alternate leaves, mainly perfect, irregular and usually
showy flowers, and capsular fruit. The family includes about one
hundred and eighty genera and twenty-five hundred species, widely
distributed through tropical and temperate regions. In addition
to many herbs, Paulownia is represented by a single naturalized
arborescent species in New York State.

Leaves simple, variously arranged, estipulate. Flowers generally perfect,
complete, irregular and often zygomorphic, generally showy; calyx 4-5-
toothed, cleft or divided, persistent; corolla more or less irregular, mainly
2-lipped; stamens 2, 4 or 5, generally didynamous, inserted on the corolla-tube,
with long, slender filaments and 1-2-celled anthers; pistil consisting of a
2-celled, many-ovuled ovary surmounted by a slender, usually simple style
and simple or 2-lobed stigma. Fruit capsular, 2-valved; seeds numerous,
albuminous.

Trees of New York State 387

THE PAULOWNIA TREE. PAULOWNIA Sieb. and Zuce.

Trees with watery juice, stout pithy branches, opposite simple
leaves, showy paniculate flowers, and capsular fruit. The genus
contains two species which are native to Japan and China.
Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. has become naturalized as
an escape in southern New York State.

Leaves large, simple, opposite, deciduous, cordate, pubescent, long-petioled,
estipulate. Flowers large, showy, violet in color, borne on stout, velvety
pedicels in large, terminal panicles; calyx persistent, 5-cleft, the lobes short
and obtuse; corolla-tube hairy without, 5-lobed, the lobes unequal and spread-
ing; stamens 4, didynamous, with slender filaments and wide-spreading anther-
sacs; pistil consisting of a 2-celled, many-ovuled ovary surmounted by a long
style which is thickened and stigmatic toward the apex. Fruit a broadly
ovoid, woody, abruptly pointed, 2-celled capsule, 1-2 inches long, opening
loculicidally at maturity but persisting on the trees into the winter; seeds
small, numerous, lace-winged.

TRUMPET-CREEPER FAMILY. BIGNONIACEAE

Trees, shrubs, lianas and a few herbs with watery juice, opposite,

whorled or rarely alternate leaves; generally showy flowers, and
capsular or baceate fruit. The family includes about one hundred
genera and in the neighborhood of five hundred species. Five
genera are represented in the United States, three of which are
arborescent.
' Leaves simple or compound, opposite, whorled or rarely alternate, estipulate.
Flowers large, showy, perfect, more or less irregular; calyx bilabiate; corolla
somewhat bilabiate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 2 or 4,
inserted at the base of the corolla, introrse; staminodia 1-3; pistil consisting
cf a 1-2-celled, many-ovuled ovary surmounted by a slender 2-lobed style,
stigmatic at the apex. Frwit a linear, woody, loculicidally-dehiscent, 2-valved
capsule, or baccate; seeds exalbuminous.

THE CATALPAS. Genus CATALPA Scop.

Rapidly growing trees with stout, terete, pithy branchlets, oppo-
site or whorled leaves, showy paniculate flowers, capsular fruit,
and soft durable wood. The genus Catalpa includes seven species,
natives of the eastern United States, the West Indies, and eastern
China. Two species have become naturalized in New York State.

Leaves large, simple, entire or sparingly lobed, long-petiolate, opposite or
in whorls of three, deciduous. Flowers large, showy, borne on slender, brac-
teolate pedicels in terminal, trichotomously-branched, compound panicles or

corymbs; calyx bilabiate in opening; corolla broadly campanulate, oblique,
membranaceous, variously spotted within, with spreading, 2-lipped, 5-lobed

388 The New York State College of Forestry

limb; corolla lobes undulate; stamens 2, ascending under the anterior lip of
the corolla, with flattened arcuate filaments and divergent anther-cells;
staminodia 8, free, filiform, or rudimentary; pistil consisting of a sessile,
2-celled ovary, contracted above into an elongated, filiform style bearing 2
stigmatic lobes at the apex. Fruit an elongated, subterete, pod-like capsule,
loculicidally dehiscent, persisting on the trees during the winter; seeds
numerous, compressed, oblong, with broad, lateral, fimbriated wings, inserted
in 2-4 ranks near the margin of the flat, more or less thickened, woody septum.

KEY TO THEJSPECIES- PAGE

1. Leaves caudate-acuminate; flowers in few-flowered open panicles; fruit stout,
thick-walled.szj12. Wail 54.45 chet eae ee oe ee C. speciosa 339

1. Leaves short-acuminate; flowers in many-flowered crowded panicles; fruit
slender? ‘thin-walled s24). oreo) erat cae hie Oe C. bignonioides 337

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. CAPRIFOLIACEAE

Trees, shrubs, lianas, or perennial herbs with watery juice, scaly
buds, opposite leaves, cymose flowers, and drupaceous, capsular
or baceate fruit. The family includes ten genera and about three
hundred species, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere
but with a few species extending into the tropics and southward.
Two genera are represented by arborescent species in the United
States.

Leaves opposite, petiolate, mainly estipulate. Flowers regular, perfect,
borne in terminal or axillary compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary, 5-toothed; corolla epigynous, 5-lobed and sometimes 2-lipped; stamens
5, inserted on the tube of the corolla and alternate with its lobes, with slender
filaments and oblong anthers; pistil consisting of an inferior or partly
inferior 1—5-celled, 1—5-ovuled ovary terminated by a short style and 3—5-lobed
capitate stigma. Iruit a 1—5-celled drupe, capsule or berry; seeds albuminous.

THE NANNY-BERRIES, ETC. Genus VIBURNUM (Tourn.) L.

Shrubs and small trees with tough flexible branchlets, opposite
deciduous leaves, eymose flowers, and drupaceous fruit. The genus
includes approximately one hundred species, widely distributed
in the north temperate regions of the New and the Old World,
a few extending into the tropics and southward. Fifteen species
occur in North America, three of which become arborescent in the
Atlantie States.

Buds enveloped in a single pair of scales, or naked, generally large. Leaves
opposite, simple, deciduous, chiefly estipulate; petioles often broad at the base.
Flowers white or rarely pink, showy, borne on short, bracteolate pedicels in
flat, compound cymes, the outer flowers sometimes radiant and neutral;
calyx-tube cylindrical, with short, equally 5-lobed limb, persistent in fruit;
corolla rotate, equally 5-lobed, spreading and reflexed after anthesis; stamens

Trees of New York State 389

5, inserted on the base of the corolla and alternate with the lobes, exserted,
with elongated filaments and bright yellow anthers; pistil consisting of a
1-celled, inferior ovary surmounted by a conical style bearing 3 stigmatic
lebes at the apex. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe with soft pulp and thin-
crustaceous tumid or compressed stone. Two arborescent species of Viburnum

occur in New York State.

KEY TO THE SPECIES PAGE
1. Leaves ovate, at least the upper caudate-acuminate............. V. Lentago 3341
1. Leaves mainly oval, rounded or acute at the apex........... VY. prunifolium 343

14

390 The New York State College of Forestry

TREE ZONES AND TREE DISTRIBUTION IN NEW
YORK STATE

A bulletin covering the trees of New York State would not be
complete were the subject in hand to be dismissed without at least
a cursory treatment of the tree zones and tree distribution within
the state. The following paragraphs are written with this idea
in mind in the hope that the reader may gain some insight into
the factors which govern tree distribution and which have led to
regional dissemination of tree species within our borders. In this
connection it would seem wise to discuss briefly the fundamentals
which underlie forest distribution and to point out that the tree
and tree aggregate, that is, the forest, are the logical outeome of
such factors, working in unison.

DEVELOPMENT OF DENDROID PLANTS

If our theories of evolution are tenable, the most primitive
plants were unicellular and therefore undoubtedly microscopic. We
need not concern ourselves here with the argument as to whether
they were aquatic or terrestrial, but all are agreed that they were
extremely simple, and, being unicellular, exhibited no division of
labor. In time multicellular plants were evolved in which division
of labor developed. Cell division, and consequently growth, were
restricted to certain cells, while others, in some eases, at least,
became greatly modified and served as anchors or organs of attach-
ment. With the development of vascular (conducting) tissue
division of labor progressed a step further, and the organism
increased in size owing to its ability to move food absorbed or
elaborated in one part to distant parts where needed. Finally
seed plants, as opposed to spore plants, arose in response to a
necessity brought about by a semi-hostile environment, permitting
of the tiding over of the organisms during unfavorable (eold and
dry) seasons and insuring wider dissemination.

But nature was yet to outdo her previous attempts at evolution
in the development of the dendroid plant, that is, the tree. These
magnificent organisms towered aloft over their humbler brethren
and were thus in a position, owing to their greater stature, to have
first call on that which is essential for the growth of all green
plants, namely, light. Whether trees arose as a result of direct
competition between plants for light, ete., or purely as the out-

Trees of New York State 391

come of optimum growth conditions which led to better nourished
individuals of greater stature is open to argument. In any case
I would have you think of the tree as the king of plants, towering
far above its smaller kinsmen and haughtily permitting them the
erumbs of existence after its own wants are satisfied. But the
race is not always to the swift nor to the mighty. History tells
us that massive stature may oft predict extinction. Who knows
but that the mighty lords of the forest may, as evolution goes on,
succumb in the battle for existence? The trend of evolution for
the future is problematical.

THE CLIMAX FOREST

But the kingdom of the tree is limited. He rules supreme in
woodlands by the grace of a better interpretation of and adapta-
tion to environmental factors such as precipitation (rain, atmos-
pherie moisture, etc.), and temperature which permit of his
dominance, nay, his very existence. And in those areas where he
is conspicuous by his absence the humbler plants which demand
less moisture hold undisputed sway and form the so-called grass-
lands. These herbaceous forms in turn may grow weary of the
struggle in arid or semi-arid regions and a desert type, inhabited
by only the most hardy or wholly destitute of vegetation, results.

I trust that before this the reader has grasped the idea of life
and death competition between plants. Evolution has resulted in
a bewildering array of plant forms, trees, shrubs, lianas, and
herbaceous types with a concomitant crowding as a result. Force
of circumstances has compelled these organisms to resort to mutual
adjustments, to become plastic or adaptable as we say, and where
a given set of environmental factors has been in force over a long
period a plant ‘‘status quo’’ as it were, has resulted. In regions
where circumstances such as drought and the like precluded tree
growth, grasslands of various sorts occupy the terrain. On other
areas, a climax forest consisting of stable tree citizens, found
worthy by trial, has developed. In localities which permit the
growth of forests, the climax forest is always the ultimate result
of the working out of mutual adjustments and dependencies over
a long period, sometimes of centuries. The primeval woods which
originally covered the greater portion of New York State were in
the main of this type but to the climax forest the advent of man
is always a catastrophe. Civilization, with its demand for agri-
cultural lands and forest products, chief among which is wood,

392 The New York State College of Forestry

means the destruction of large areas of primeval forests. Nature
sets about it promptly to heal the scars thus resulting, and if
left to her own devices would ultimately again produce a climax
type. But man impedes her at every turn either by preventing
reforestation or, where forestry is practiced, by an arbitrary
selection of the future forest citizens, that is, the trees. Nature’s
methods in the production of a climax forest when judged by
financial standards, are neither economical or necessarily wise.

FACTORS GOVERNING DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS

In general trees are impartial to soil unless the soil characters
are of an extreme type. Relatively few have arbitrary soil re-
quirements and their absence from given localities is not to be
construed as resulting from the type of terrain but rather from
competition due to other factors. Those trees which are most
happily adjusted to their environments are bound to survive in
the warfare of mutual adjustment owing to the advantage accru-
ing from better growth conditions. It is only near the limits of
its range that a species may become exacting as to soil, for here
the balance which means the life or death of the organism is more
delicately adjusted and an unfavorable soil may be sufficient to
cause the elimination of a species from a given terrain.

Temperature is the potent factor in controlling tree distribu-
tion and results in forest belts which are determined, at least so
far as their general contours are concerned, by latitude. No part
of the earth is too hot to support forests, other factors being favor-
able, while the northern tree limit is believed to be fixed by a
normal duration of temperature of 50° Fahr. for at least a month
each year.* But the contour lines of forest belts are not of neces-
sity east and west contours. Temperature fluctuates with altitude
and with proximity to large bodies of water, that is, to oceans and
iarge lakes. Mean annual temperature decreases with altitude.
Large water areas tend to modify a climate owing to the fact that
water cools and warms less rapidly than terrain. Added to the
last is the effect of warm or cold ocean currents which sweep
along the continental coasts. Doubtless supermaximum tempera-
ture fluctuations of brief duration and infrequent interval are
potent factors in determining the limitations of species.

While temperature results in broad belts of vegetation of dif-
ferent types available moisture (precipitation, humidity, water

*R. DeC. Ward. Climate, 1908, page 28.

Trees of New York State 393

level, ete.), and terrain cause further modification of those types.
It is generally conceded that the rainfall necessary for forest
growth is about the same as that required for agriculture without
irrigation, that is, from 20-24 inches. But precipitation is de-
pendent on such physiographic features as (a) proximity to the
ocean or other large bodies of water, (b) mountain ranges athwart
the rain-bearing winds which necessitate a cooling of the air and
heavier rainfall, and (ec) location within or near the track of
cyelonie storms. With equal temperature the kinds of trees and
forest types vary with precipitation. This accounts largely for
the fact that the Great Plains and the Great Basin of the United
States are forestless though not treeless. The plant belts which
owe their origin primarily to latitude are greatly modified in the
United States owing to varying temperatures brought about by
topography and by wide extremes in annual precipitation.

TRANSCONTINENTAL BELTS OR LIFE ZONES

In the development of the natural resources of the United States,
particularly the agricultural resources, it was early recognized
that North America contained seven transcontinental belts or life
zones, each again divisible into a large number of minor floral-
faunal areas. These zones, as defined by Merriamt are as follows:

I. The Boreal Region

1. The Arctic-Alpine Zone— The far north beyond the
limit of tree growth and in the United States, high moun-
tains above timber line. Zone of the polar bear, musk ox,
reindeer and of arctic poppy, dwarf willow, ete., in north
polar regions.

2. The Hudsonian Zone — Includes the northern part of
the boreal conifer forest stretching from Labrador to Alaska.
In eastern United States it is limited to the cold summits
of the highest mountains from northern New England to
western North Carolina.

3. The Canadian Zone — Includes the southern and most
valuable part of the transcontinental boreal conifer forest
in Canada and parts of Maine, New Hampshire and
Michigan, extending southward along the Appalachian
highlands to western North Carolina and Tennessee. Zone
of red spruce, balsam fir, paper birch and mountain ash.

ae C. Hart. Life Zones and Crop Zones. U. S. Biol. Survey, Bull. 10,

394 The New York State College of Forestry

II. The Austral Region

4. The Transition Zone — The eastern humid area, called
the Alleghanian area. Includes the northeastern states and
part of the Canadian provinces and the Alleghanies from
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Zone of over-lap oak, chestnut,
hickory, ete., with more northerly birch, beech, hemlock,
sugar maple, ete.

5. The Upper Austral Zone — In eastern United States,
the Carolinean area. From the lower Hudson and coastal
region of New Jersey to the mouth of Chesapeake bay and
westward and southward at moderate elevations. Zone of
tulip-tree, hackberry, sweet gum, red bud, persimmon, ete.

6. The Lower Austral Zone —In eastern United States,
the Austro-riparian area. The coastal plain from the mouth
of Chesapeake bay to Florida and the other Gulf States
westward. Zone of long-leaf and loblolly pines, bald
eypress, live oak, magnolia and tupelo.

Ill. The Tropical Region

7. The tropical zone of southern Florida characterized
by royal palm, mahogany, mangrove, ete.

DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE ZONES IN NEW YORK STATE

Bray * has ably discussed the distribution of life zones in New
York State. I quote, viz.: ‘‘ Applying New York to the tempera-
ture scale and having in mind latitude only our State would fall
in the region rather between the zones where southerly or austral
conditions give their impress and those where northerly or boreal
conditions do it—-in the Transition zone of Merriam. On a
theoretical latitude and sea level basis, this State would searcely
enter the boreal forest zone of spruce, balsam and paper birch.
But the actual climatic situation in New York is radically different
from the theoretical one based on latitude and approximate sea
level. This is in part due as mentioned previously to the influence
of the ocean on the one hand and to the great lakes on the other,
but more especially to elevation. In order to get the effect of
elevation vividly in mind let us imagine the construction of relief
features of New York on an approximately sea level foundation.t

* Bray, W. L. The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. N. Y.
State College of Forestry, Tech. Pub. 3: 50-51, 1915

yj Of course, this imaginary construction bears no intimation of actual geological
processes which have shaped the present configuration of the State.

Trees of New York State 395

We construct a general plateau of say 2,000 feet elevation to
5,350 feet in the Adirondacks. Next we dissect this plateau down
to the aspect of a hill and mountain land, cutting well defined
streamways which converge to form the Delaware, Susquehanna
and Alleghany drainage systems cutting into the plateau from
the south. The Hudson-Champlain valley is a dissection to near
sea level, cutting the State across from south to north. At the
northwest we should plane down to fit the Ontario Lake basin,
thus constructing the low, level plain bordering that lake and
extending eastward as the Iriquois basin, including the Oneida
Lake basin. The Mohawk is, then, a low and mostly broad valley
a few hundred feet above sea level and joining the lake basin
eountry with the Hudson valley. This cut severs the southern or
Alleghany plateau from the Adirondacks. The lake basin country
is continued around the north of the Adirondacks as a broad,
low plain, the St. Lawrence valley. From the Iroquois-Ontario
basin, cuts will be made into the Alleghany plateau constructing
the Genesee drainage and the Finger Lake region of narrow north-
south valleys opening out upon the lake basin plain. Finally,
dissection of the Adirondack plateau would include sharply defined
channels such as the Black, Oswegatchie, Raquett, Saranac,
Ausable and Upper Hudson rivers and other masked or poorly
established drainage features which may represent the effects of
glacial filling.

‘The extremes of climatic conditions as thus created, added to
latitude and ocean influence factors, may be expressed by a contrast
between Staten Island and the summit of Mount Marey.
Unfortunately, actual figures are not available for Mount Marey,
but so far as growing season is concerned, where absence of frost
is taken as a criterion, the summit of Marcy would scarcely have
any growing period at all for warm climate plants which reach
their northern limit at the mouth of the Hudson, for it is doubtful
if any month is wholly free from frost. Certainly the growing
season for even the cold-resisting artic flora of the summit can
scarcely exceed three months, while around New York bay the
frostless period covers 200 days. But this doesn’t express the full
force of the difference between these two extremes. One should
know the daily range of temperature in summer, which, of course,
for the mountain summit, would be extreme. Again the lowest
winter temperatures, the duration of zero or below zero tempera-
ture and so on.

396 The New York State College of Forestry

‘‘On Staten island are found such Austral plants as sweet gum,
persimmon, mistletoe, willow oak, ete. On Mount Marey, arctic
species. such as Diapensia lappomica, Rhododendron lapponicum
and a score of other species whose distribution is throughout the
arctic regions of the three northern continents extending south-
ward only on high mountains. This is much the sort of difference
that one would get as between southern [lhnois and Hudson bay.
It supports the suggestion that within New York State there may
be recognized a right wide range of floral provinces. But I wish
to caution the reader against accepting without qualification the
alleged facts of temperature effect as determined by elevation.
Many of the phenomena of distribution will be found correlated
with soil conditions, slope and exposure, local air drainage, ete.,
so that in reality the local edaphic conditions must be known.”’

We have seen that much of the terrain of New York State, more
particularly the central plateau area, falls in the region where
southern or Austral plants commingle with northern or boreal
forms, that is, in the Transition Zone of Merriam. But the topog-
raphy of the State and the proximity of certain parts of it to the
ocean and the Great Lakes have brought about decided changes
in zonal relations. For example, the dissection of the interior
plateau by north-south drainage channels has led to a northern
extension of Austral trees. This is especially well evinced in the
Hudson Valley, where oak, chestnut and hickory persist more or
less strongly, to Glens Falls and Whitehall, likewise in the drain-
age systems of the Delaware, Susquehanna and Alleghany rivers.
The Great Lakes, owing to their ameliorating effect on climate,
permit of the Austral flora along their southern shores. In the
ease of Lake Ontario this zone extends south into the Finger Lake
region while the transition from Austral to Transition zone is
abrupt south of Lake Erie owing to the more rugged topography.
At higher altitudes in the Adirondacks and Catskills a more rigor-
ous climate prevails and provides for a southern extension of the
boreal vegetation of the Canadian ‘zone in the form of islands sur-
rounded by plateau lands, the chain of such islands being con-
tinued southward at increasing elevations in the Appalachians
and providing, as it were, a north-south bridge for the extension
of, or the persistence of boreal plants far to the south, in the last
case laggards in the march of vegetation northward following
glaciation.

In conelusion we may say that while— judged by latitude

and theoretical temperature alone —the terrain of New York

Trees of New York State 397

State falls largely in the Transition Zone of Merriam, the distribu-
tion of life zones is locally and largely affected by topography,
the potent factors of which are altitude and proximity to large
bodies of water.

BRAY’S LIFE ZONES IN NEW YORK STATE

While Merriam’s life zones serve in a rough way to delimit
vegetational types in the main, it has been deemed wise by Bray *
to deseribe more specifically zonal distribution of vegetation in the
state and to carry Merriam’s idea somewhat farther. Inasmuch
as his treatment is both logical and convenient I have followed it
with certain additions and subtractions of indicator species which
seemed warranted from personal observation within the State.
The life zones of New York State, as delimited by Bray, with
arborescent indicator species, are as follows: f

State Life Zones With Indicator Tree Species

A. Zone of Willow Oak, Sweet Gum, Persimmon, Etc.:

Indicator Species:

SS GHib-L Gate edn Cyanine erie se << Pinus echinata Mill

WU oy OR Sea a oniceengones Quereus phellos L.

OSL PO BIKF iis tre sleet cee olie tl oh 2 Quercus stellata Wang.
Black-yacks "Oaks esa nts. de.. - Quereus marilandica Muench.
Laurel Magnolia .......... Magnolia virginiana L.
sweet, "Gumi: .oniiiigni ys... Liquidamber Styraciflua L.
EOE ALTE GPM ratts tel ct olePe stele ot <a Ptelea trifoliata L.

In addition to these and others perhaps equally important, the
species of Zone B and many of Zone C.

DISTRIBUTION OF A IN New YorK
Staten Island, southern Long Island, especially coastward, and
a narrow belt bordering the Sound from Manhattan and the
Bronx to and continuing along the Connecticut coast. Growing
period (estimated from last frost of spring to first of fall) 190 to
200 days

B. Zone of Dominance of Oaks, Hickories, Chestnut, Tulip-tree,

Indicator Species:

Prods }CeGan’, 2y.(.sieeueted: as ass Juniperus virginiana L.

JEW ENGL S CANE GR TU Te US Aes Rigi ereee Juglans nigra L.

WGHOD WOOD wa vis cysrie's wigs 5 5 Populus deltoides Marsh.
* Loc. cit.

f See map, page 400.

398 The New York State College of Forestry

Hickories:
Bitternut. Swamp Hickory.. Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch.
Shag-bark. Shell-bark...... Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch.
King-nut. Big Shagbark.... Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) Loud.
MGeker-NUb «os /semn «mye aie Carya alba (L.) K. Koch.
Small-fruited Hickory ...... Carya microcarpa Nutt.
Pagnut > Hickoryiosfoe os . Car Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach.
Sweet, Birchive 26) our ee Betula lenta L.
Chestnuts. ters i viele ot cee ccs Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
Oaks:
Red: Oak Nees faeces stores Quercus rubra L.
Swamp or Pin Oak.......... Quercus palustris Muench.
Scarlett Oaks series etter Quercus coccinea) Muench,
Gray Oakes te. oentle see Quercus rubra, var. ambigua (Michx.
f.)) “Her:
Black Oaks 25.56 biste = ayaqs olsusher Quercus velutina Lam.
Wihite (Oak 23). ssarcireieie sneetos Quercus alba L.
Mossy-cup. Burr Oak....... Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
Swamp White Oak.......... Quereus bicolor Willd.
Rock Chestnut Oak......... Quercus Prinus L.
Chestnut Oak or Yellow Oak. Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.
PIVCKBEEE an are cre alae ei Celtis occidentalis L.
edi Minrliberryje-y.0 e/tenete tater =teee Morus rubra L.
White: Mulberry «23.55 socio) Morus alba L.
Cucumber Tree. Mountain
Malomolias gap ori feitlei rack Magnolia acuminata L.
Tulip Tree. Yellow Poplar.. Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Papa? Reseetcnoeieks Oiclexsroyenctotere Asimina triloba Dunal.
Sassafras, ceeick cheats 5cit pets Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Ktze.
American Crab-apple ....... Pyrus coronaria L.
Wild ‘Black \Cherry.o. 26 - = Prunus serotina Ehrh.
DY CAMOTO rc rere, ape ore eee Platanus occidentalis L.
IMME) sosonagnegepoas sec Cercis canadensis L.
Kentucky Coffee-tree........ Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch.
Honey-locust 2s ye eee Gleditsia triacanthos L.
Flowering Dogwood ........ Cornus florida L.
Tupelo. Black Gum......... Nyssa sylvatica March.
Greate biaurel cee Rhododendron maximum L.
Mountain Laurel ........... Kalmia latifolia L.
Black« i aiw et tepoctenier eeyer Viburnum prunifolium L.

DISTRIBUTION OF B IN NEw YorK

Morainie region of Long Island and Staten Island; Hudson
Valley region and adjacent highlands (Westchester hills, High-
lands of the Hudson, Lower Catskills, especially dissected channels,
e. g., Kaaters-kill Clove, becoming ‘‘thinned out’’ by disappear-
ance of many species (Chestnut stops below Lake Champlain, Red
Oak, White Oak, Shell-bark Hickory, Red Cedar and some others

Trees of New York State 399

extend up the Champlain valley to the St. Lawrence) ; the Dela-
ware, Susquehanna and Alleghany drainage valleys; across the
Alleghany plateau in Finger Lake valleys; up the Mohawk valley
(especially south exposures) and notably strongly developed in
the narrow Erie belt and the broader Ontario-[roquois basis
(notable occurrence of Chestnut on sandy soils) to the Oneida
Lake region; northward ‘‘thinning out’’ (by disappearance of
Chestnut, Tulip Tree, certain oaks and hickories and most of the
secondary Austral woody species) toward the St. Lawrence valley.

Low elevations to more or less 1200 feet southward and in terri-
tory under maritime and especially Jake influence.

Growing season 160 to 180 days (Lower Hudson region; Erie
and Ontario basins). ‘‘Thinned out’’ at low elevations of 150
days growing season. (Apparent exception in case of Delaware,
Susquehanna and Alleghany valleys?)

C. Dominance of Sugar Maple, Beech, Yellow Birch, Hemlock and White Pine
Mixed Forest, Alleghany-Transition Forest Zone:

Indicator Species:

VL 21 a ee Pinus Strobus L.

13 ert Cl 6 tang BEND CC eager Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.
Black Willow 2: -.0.-..-.. oalix niora Marsh:

Peach-leaved Willow......... Salix amygdaloides Anders.

Hop Hombeam —< oi... 5. s-0« Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.
GIGI Bay Cle» Saas recy eerie Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

Blue Beech. Water Beech.. Betula lutea Michx. f.
Gray Birch. Old Field Birch. Betula populifolia Marsh.

Rene pe ce Shs fecidy a tAc ods © Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.

SUMMED VE Reser tele.s «<=, iets «ar 2 Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic.
Thorn-apple. Hawthorn .... Crataegus pedicellata Sarg.

GhGRG CHEIEY owes ess ss o.5 se Prunus virgianiana L.

Srna GL on Doge Rees oe Acer saccharum Marsh.

Bed) Manley tlecee cf 045 5,3 « Acer rubrum L. Notably in swamps.
Siemed, Magia cn... i. aso Acer Pennsylvanicum L. Zone D?
Mountain Maple ......:.... Acer spicatum Lam. Zone D?
12 5 Ae an Sa ae Tilia americana L.

SVT E MPA IDS ory ct creyeteerus as oh cXes 5 Fraxinus americana L.

DISTRIBUTION OF C IN NEw YorK

Tendency to recurrence upon every favorable edaphic situation
throughout the State up to more or less 2,000 feet (Catskills)
excepting, in general, the Adirondacks, but dominant over the
Alleghany plateau region and the Catskills below the spruce-
balsam zone.

400 The New York State College of Forestry

Frostless period in general 130 to 150 days.

More or less arbitrarily distinguished from the maple, beech,
birch, hemlock-containing (and often dominated) Adirondacks
and Catskills by absence (generally) of red spruce, balsam, white
birch, etc., on the one hand and presence of certain species of
Zone B which are lacking in the Adirondacks.

Similar extensions in mountains of New England, the Maritime
Provinees and especially the St. Lawrence region of Quebee and
Ontario (but peninsular Ontario is strongly like Zone B) and
Michigan and Wisconsin.

D. Canadian-Transition Zone:

Dominance of maple, beech, yellow birch, hemlock, white pine
as in Zone C, but addition and tendeney to dominance in special
situations and, especially at greater elevations, of red spruce,
balsam, paper birch, mountain ash, ete. Further characterized
by absence of oaks (few exceptions), hickories, elms, and,
naturally, of tulip-poplar, chestnut, ete. (7. e., dominant species of
Zone B). Further, by the decreasing prominence of forest floor
herbaceous growth-forms of the Appalachian region generally,
and substitution of more northerly ranging species (see below).

Dominant tree species:

Red Spruce BED Ae he Soe Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr.
IBIGGk: SC Ob y silence berstens = Picea mariana (Mill.) B. S. P.
Balsam QW sy..3): jo ace <obeaehel> Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.
Pussy Willow, Glaucous Wil-

VOW scam euieiois eps cierto Soe Salix discolor Muhl.
Bebb7s Wallowa teyisecspercsexe)ehs = Salix rostrata Richards.
Mountain GASh oi tie. oi cesar Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC.

DISTRIBUTION OF D In NEw YorK

In the Catskills from about 2,000 feet to 3,700 feet (above which
Canadian Zone forest is indicated by dropping out of maples,
beech, hemlock and pine) and in the Adirondacks generally as
climax forest up to 3,500 feet more or less.

Growing season 100 to 130 days, more or less.

Service Contribution.

orest”

1914.

rt

oi He

* Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 55

SCALE OF STATUTE MILES.

a a ae ee
ond ome
NSS)
< <p et

LE TF.
aT Sa sa.
é

Tonawandee: Rochester é

Se :

Se

f—I—, Buffalo

\ Cae ViiMt Morric

L- Ratton, gus OF ty
G

Dunkin!

== wets
Sas

Rgts}

OUTLINE MAP
THE STATE OF NEW YORK?’

SHOWING THE LOCATION OF

i) = Zone A : Southern species; sweet gum willow oak persimmon ete.
= Zone B ; Chestnut, oaks, hickories,tulip-poplarete.

(l= Zone CS ; Sugar maple, beech yellow birch, hemlock white pine,ete.

— = Zone D ; Dominant trees of zone C plus red spruce,balsam fir,and paper birch.
= Zone F, ; Canadian zone,red spruce, balsam fir, paper birch, mountain ash ete.
GHB = Zone F ;Aretic-circumpoler. Tundra-like vegetation.

Trees of New York State 401

E. Canadian Zone. Dominance of Red Spruce, Balsam and Paper Birch:

Indicator Species:

Red Spruce: sieves: ss 5 . Picea rubra (DuRoi) Dietr.

WVU a STOEL Care: sich)ousnelianeatte) «1 Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P.

HS LACKMIRNIEIGE! ects. ae, 2 « seatere aren Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S. P.

UD leg PEUT Ra chacos «/'s\e! 10 elcyarers Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

ERs EVE O Hainan. 50:5 0,8 0 xinia:= Betula alba, var. papyrifera ( Marsh.)
Spach.

Mountam Agh) oo. ......5.. Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC.

DISTRIBUTION OF E In NEw YorK

Searcely typical on summits of highest Catskills but indicated
by dominance of red spruce and balsam, much somewhat dwarfed
or gnarled-topped yellow-birch, and sparse paper-birch, and by
forest-floor species. In the Adirondacks, the zone of spruce,
balsam, paper-birch and mountain ash which succeeds maple,
beech, birch, hemlock and white pine above 3,500 feet more or less,
is here referred to the Canadian Zone which in its typical com-
position, as described by Cooper, is the Northeastern conifer
forest par excellence. For general distribution of the Canadian
forest type, see Map 3 in Zon’s bulletin on balsam fir.*

F. Artic Flora of Adirondack Peaks:

Indicator Species — Devoid of arborescent forms. The fol-
lowing woody plants are indicative of this zone:

peer ES aie, «ans, 2 ones ... Lycopodium Selago L.

Bearberry Willow ........... Salix Uva-ursi Pursh.

Glandular Birch. Scrub Birch Betula glandulosa Michx.

Black Crowberry .2.00...%.. Empetrum nigrum L.

Lapland Rose-bay .......... Rhododendron lapponicum (L.) Wah-
lenb.

Moss Bisby) 5. acaba che bse eave Cassiope hypnoides (L.) D. Don.

DISTRIBUTION OF F In NEw YorK

On the summit of Mt. Marcy above 5,000 feet; on Mt. McIntyre
and to a less marked degree on Whiteface and others of the high
Adirondack peaks.

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF F

On the higher peaks of New England where this arctic element
is more strongly represented; in the arctic regions of America

* Bull. U. S. Dept. Agr. 55:1914. Forest Service Contribution.

402 The New York State College of Forestry

(Labrador, Alaska), of Greenland and of Europe and Asia and
high mountains of southeastern Asia; some of them in the Rocky
mountains south to Colorado and in Arizona.

TREE RANGES VERSUS LIFE ZONES IN NEW YORK STATE

In concluding the discussion of the zonal distribution of vegeta-
tion in New York State and the distribution of trees within the
State, it would be desirable to plot the range of each species upon
a map of the State. This cannot be done, however, at the present
time owing to a dearth of sufficient data covering areal develop-
ment of the various trees within our borders. Particularly is this
true in the case of naturalized forms which are still undergoing
expansion and whose future range is yet more or less prob-
lematical. Under the circumstances it has seemed best to indicate
the zonal distribution of each species by letter and to insert this
information in the descriptive data accompanying each plate under
‘‘Range’’. Blackfaced type indicates relative abundance within
the zone concerned, although not of necessity that the form is an
indicator species.

Trees of New York State 403

DERIVATION OF THE NAMES OF TREES
By C. C. Forsytx *
LINGUISTIC SOURCES OF TREE NAMES

As a correlative to that section of the glossary devoted to the
derivation of the names of trees, a brief review of the historical
sequence of those languages in which these terms had their origin
may not be out of place. Languages, like the trees themselves,
have undergone a progressive evolution from the time when man
first showed his superiority over the lower animals by designating
the objects around him by specific sounds. At first these were
few and cumbersome, but as new ideas were born he created new
titles for them. In the end, he had a working vocabulary by
which he could pass on to his off-spring the fund of knowledge
which he had gained. Primitive man, forced as he was to secure
a precarious living in a hostile forest, soon recognized that trees
were not all similar and even while his store of facts was meagre
he had singled out the more conspicuous representatives and had
given them names. These articulate ideas in ever-changing form
were transmitted from generation to generation, from tribe to
tribe, and from age to age.

Often the mutation in nomenclature has been so great that all
evidence of relationship to an earler tongue has been lost, while
in other cases the form has remained quite stable for a period of
time antecedent to historical records. These words, among which
there are many terms for plants, reveal much concerning primitive
culture, migration of peoples, and contact with alien races.

As might readily be expected, much of our arborescent termi-
nology is of Aryan derivation, and many of the words go back
even to the parent Indo-European which is believed to have had
its birth among the nomadic peoples inhabiting the level forest
stretches of the Russian Steppes. From this point, pastoral
hordes, encumbered with their flocks, extended in all directions.
One group went south into Greece where they in time gave up the
tribal state and built cities. In spite of their contact with the
more advanced peoples to the southeast, they progressed along
their own lines and were among the first of the Aryans to evolve
a high civilization. They developed a written language which

: * Assistant Professor of Wood Technology, New York State College of Forestry,
Syracuse, N. Y.

404 The New York State College of Forestry

has preserved for us numerous ideas which would have doubtless
been lost if they had been forced to depend alone upon verbal
inheritance. Another group went farther west into Italy, became
Empire builders, and imposed their customs upon their less
progressive neighbors, The Greeks reached a high plane as
scientists, and to them we are indebted for much of our earliest
botanical information. The Romans never attained as high a
place as investigators. They were borrowers for the most part,
and their chief influence is felt as missionaries whose duty it was
to carry Hellenic culture and science to the corners of an extensive
empire, as the progenitors of a lusty linguistic offspring in the
present Romance languages, and as the standard-bearers of a high
civilization and learning. The last group in which we are in-
terested, the Germanic or Teutonic, spread through the north of
Europe. They became subdivided into three main branches, the
high German, the Norse (the Swedish, Danish, ete.), and the Low
German, which became again divided into the Anglo-Saxon, the
Dutch, and Scotch. To this last group we are beholden for a very
large per cent. of the common names of trees.

With this brief review of the migrations of the Aryan races we
may consider the origin of the names of a few trees which may
throw some light upon man’s early botanical knowledge, his
migratory paths, and his contacts with other peoples.

As might naturally be supposed only a few of these names are
sufficiently ancient to appear in the Sanskrit, or are distinctly
similar in all the Aryan branches. Many of the trees with a more
westerly range were, of course, unknown to the early nomads,
others by their lack of striking features may have escaped notice,
while the names of some may have been forgotten or unrecog-
nizably changed during the vicissitudes of prolonged migrations,
with their conquests and defeats.

The characteristic and widely distributed pine was doubtless
well known long before the dawn of history since it is recorded
in Sanskrit as pitu. In the Greek zirvs, the name retains its
ancient form, but becomes Pinus in Latin, pin in French, and
pine in English. In its earlier form it may be allied to the word
for pain. The peculiar white bark of the birch was perhaps
responsible for its separation from the less spectacular trees, as
the primitive Aryan called it bhurjas, from bhrja, to shine. One
other going back to the Indo-Germanie, is daru, which means tree
or larch. The Greek represents one of the most fertile of all fields
owing in large part to a high scientific culture and a well developed

Trees of New York State 405

literature. Most of their names come to us through the Latin as
has already been explained. Our word prune or plum has been
derived from tpovpyev or zpbves through the Latin Prunus. Many
names came into the Latin after contact was common, and the
cultural Greek words may have supplanted an earlier Latin name
for certain trees, among which geyés, Fagus; vysov, Malus; and
rhazavos, Platanus, may be mentioned. Others came as a result
of trade often accompanied by an actual transplanting of the
tree as in the ease of 4kakia, the Acacia from Egypt.

Those which are strictly Latin in form are rare, and doubtless
represent those which were restricted to Italy or were sufficiently
well known to withstand the Greek influence. Among this group
Quercus, the Oak; Abies, the Fir; Pyrus, the Pear; and Fraxinus,
the Ash, are examples. It is but natural that the extensive trade
fostered by the Roman Empire should bring foreign trees to their
knowledge, and Persica, the Peach, from the Persian pars, appar-
ently came through the commercial route.

The Teutonic from which our own language was developed has
furnished us with many common names, names originating after
the separation from the Hellenic and Roman branches, but which
had become so firmly rooted that they could not be replaced by
the more cultural terms brought by their southern conquerors.
Some of our best known words may be classified here, as for
example, the Aspen, Ash, and Hawthorn. The restriction of these
names to the common category is, of course, due to the early influ-
ence of the ecclesiastical Latin on literature and science.

A knowledge of many species came into England as a result
of the Norman Conquest and later French influence. The Laurel
from the Fr. laurier, through the M. E. laurer, the Mulberry
from mor, through the M. E. mool, and the Sumach from sumac,
indicate that the continental doubtless introduced into the British
Isles those plants with which he had become acquainted by contact
with the peoples to the south.

Very few names of trees are non-Aryan in origin, and one of
the best examples is that of the Maple, and its earher L. name
Acer which is Celtic and may be a relic of the Roman occupation
as may also be true of sal-lis (Salix).

Special incidents or changes in the lives of a people may exert
no small influence on the language, and in this connection it may
be well to mention two plants which came into England as a result
of Christianity. Rose is a direct descendant of the L. Rosa from
the Gr. ov; and the Lily, Gr. 4:‘e:0v, comes from the same

15

406 The New York State College of Forestry

sources, although cases are exceedingly rare where the words are of
Semitic origin in spite of the influence of Hebrew on Christianity.

In new regions new trees are encountered and in many eases the
aboriginal nomenclature is chosen as the technical, as in Hicoria
from the Indian powchohiccora. In the same way J'suga comes
from Japan, while Hemlock is Anglo-Saxon and refers to species
of the herbaceous Cicuta.

These very few and incomplete examples will show that no small
amount of history is bound up in the names of trees, and those
who are competent to make a real study of the problem may be
able to clear up many disputed points as to prehistoric migrations,
conquests, lines of trade, and other ethnological problems. Plants
are especially well adapted to such a study both because primitive
peoples know them, and because they have quite a definite dis-
tribution which may serve to geographically limit peoples or to
tell from whence they came.

EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE GLOSSARY OF TREE
NAMES

In a compilation of the etymological origin of any series of words, errors
are likely to appear as divergence among authors bears testimony. The
writer has in no case relied upon his own judgment, but, using the best
sources available, has acted merely in an editorial capacity.

The following symbols and abbreviations have been used:

A.S.— Anglo-Saxon. The language of the Germanic invaders of England.

Ayran — Indo-European.

E.— English.

fr.— from an earlier source.

Wr.— French.

Ger.— German.

Gr.— Greek.

I. E— Indo-European, the extinct parent tongue of the European and some

Asiatic languages.

I. G.— Indo-Germanic — Indo-European.

L.— Latin.

L. L.— Late Latin.

M. E.— Middle English — the language of England fr. 1100-1500.

Skt. or Skr.— Sanskrit; the language of the early invaders of India which
has been preserved in the Veda. It is believed to include more Indo-
European derivatives than any other branch,

Sp.— Spanish.

Teut.— Teutonic, the parent language of the N. W. European group.

*— Akin to or of parallel descent from an earlier common source.

Trees of New York State 407

GLOSSARY OF DERIVATIONS

Abies — The L. common name for the European fir.

Acacia — fr. the Gr. axaxia the thorn tree of Egypt (fr. axi¢ a thorn) through
the L. Acacia. The common name of several species of the Legwminosae.

Acer — L. L. generic name for the maple. From the Celtie ac, hard, referring
to the quality of the wood. \

aceroides — L. (maple-like) from Acer, maple, and oides (like-see amygdal-
oides). The specific name of the old genus, Negundo.

acuminata — L. (sharp-pointed) fr. acwminare, to make sharp, referring to
the sharp teeth on the leaves of Quercus acuminata (Muhlenbergii).

Aesculus —— L. referring to the European ‘‘ mast tree,’’ (the L. common name)
perhaps Quercus Aesculus.

Ailanthus — L. L. for ‘‘ailanto,’’ the Chinese common name for the tree, and
referring to the height in the native habitat.

allegheniensis — L. L. referring to the geographical habitat of Betula lutea.

alba — L. (white) a word allied to the Gr. ’aAgoc through the Sabine alpum,
and referring to the white wood of Carya alba, and Quercus alba; to the
white under surfaces of the leaves of Salix alba, and Populus alba; the
white fruit of Morus alba; and to the glaucous foliage of Picea alba
(canadensis).

alternifolia — L. (alternate-leaves) from alter, other, -nus (belonging to), and
-folium fr. the Gr. gu2/ov, leaf; referring to the apparently alternate leaves
of Cornus alternifolia.

amara—I.. L. (a trench or ditch) fr. the Gr. auapa, referring to the firm
grooved bark or the slightly grooved petiole of Carya minima.

ambigua — L. (uncertain), referring to a northern variant of Quercus rubra.

Amelanchier — L. L. fr. the common name of a species in Savoy, of uncertain
origin.

americana — L. L. (America) referring to the geographical habitat of several
species.

amy ialoides L. (like an almond) fr. the Gr. dwiyoadoc the almond, and eidec
appearing like; referring to the peach-like or almond-like leaves of Salix
amygdaloides.

Amygdalus — L. (the almond) fr. the Gr. ai) dadoc, referring to a group of
Asiatic trees among which are included A. persica (Prunus Persica)
the peach, and A. communis (Prunus Amygdalus), the almond.

Apple — fr. the A. S. aepl— origin unknown, * in the Teutonic languages.
The common name for Pyrus Malus.

Aralia — a generic name of unknown origin.

Arbor-vitae — fr. the L. arbor, tree; and vitae of life. The common name of
Thuja occidentalis.

Ash — fr. the Teut. type askiz through the A. S. aese. * in all Teut. lan-
guages. The common name of Frawinus.

Asimina — an early Fr. name for the papaw, corrupted from the Algonquin,
rassimina, sleeve-fruit.

Aspen — (asp & en—an adj. ending as wood-en) fr. the A. S. aespe. * in
Teut. languages. The common name for Populus.

atropunicea —L. (dark brown) from ater, brown, and punicea, yellow, refer-
ring to the color of the autumn leaves of Fagus atropunicea (grandifolia).

Aucuparia —L. (relating to bird catching) from aucupium, bird-catching,
referring perhaps to the tendency of the birds to feed upon the fruit of
Pyrus Aucuparia.

aurantiac — L. (resembling the orange) fr. the Skr. naranga, the orange;
referring to the similarity of the leaves of Maclura pomifera to those of
the orange, and to the size of the fruit.

avium — L. (out of the way) fr. a— out of, and via, way; referring perhaps to
the habitat of the European Prunus aviwm; perhaps a variant of the
L. avis, bird, since birds frequently feed on the fruit of this species.

babylonica —L. (Babylon) through the Gr. JaBvdwv; referring to the origin
of Salix babylonica.

408 The New York State College of Forestry

Balm of Gilead — fr. the L. balsamum (see balsamea) through the Fr. basme
and the M. E. balm & Gilead (?) The common name of Populus
candicans.

Balsam — fr. the L. balsamwm (see balsamea and balm). The common name
of Abies balsamea.

balsamea — IL. (the balsam tree) fr. the (semetic [Heb.] balsam) through
the Gr. BaAcapov and the L. balsamum. Referring to the resinous charac-
ter of the bark of some oriental species. Here referring to the resinous
pockets in the bark of Abies balsamea.

balsamifera — L. (balsam-bearing) fr. balsamum, resin, and ferre, to bear,
referring to the resinous character of Populus balsamifera.

Banksiana — L. L. for the surname, Banks.

Bass — fr. the A. S. baest and E. bast. Of unknown origin * the Germanic.
The common name of Tilia.

Bay — fr. the Ll. bacca, a berry, through the Fr. baie. The common name of
species of Laurus owing to the fruit, and of Salim pentandra owing to the
laurel-like leaves.

Bebbiana — L. L. for the surname, Bebb. A name given to Salix rostrata.

Beech — fr. the I. G. bhagos, a tree with edible fruit; through the A. S. bece,
and the M. E. beech, * the Gr. gyyéc and the L. Fagus, which see. The
common name of Fagus.

Betula — L. for the common Latin name of the birch tree, a word allied to
the Skt. bhurja. to shine, referring to the shiny character of the bark.

bicolor — L. (two-colored) fr. bis-, twice or two, and color, color; referring
to the green upper and whitened lower surfaces of the leaves of Quercus
bicolor.

bignonioides — L. L. (Bignonia-like) fr. Bignonla, a tree named for Abbé-
Bignon, and oides, like. A specific name given to Catalpa Catalpa, and
referring to similarity of the flowers to those of Bignonia.

Bilstead — origin(?). The common name of Liqguidambar Styraciflua.

Birch — fr. the Skt. bhuria, fr. bhrja —to shine, through the A. S. birce and
the M. E. birche * to the Aryan series. See Betula, the common name of
Betula.

blanda— L. (smooth); referring to the smooth, silky leaves of Salia alba.

borealis — L. (pertaining to the north) fr. the Gr. Bopéac God of the north
winds; referring to the northern habitat of Quercus borealis (rubra, var.
ambigua).

Box elder — Box fr. the Gr. wifoc, through the L. buxus, the box wood, Buxus
sempervirens and the A. S. box, and elder which see. The common name
of Acer Negundo owing to the hardwood (?) and elder-like leaves.

Broussonetia — L. L. for the surname, Brussonet. A generic name given in
honor of the naturalist, Auguste Brussonet.

Butternut—Butter fr. the Gr. Bove, ox and tvpoc, cheese, through the L. butryuwm
and Nut fr. the A. S. hnutu through the M. E. nut, * the Teutonic group.
The common name of Juglans cinerea owing to the oily fruit.

canadensis — L. L. referring to the geographical habitat of several species.

canina— L. (a dog’s skin), referring to the peculiar ridged bark of Celtis
occidentalis.

caroliniana —L. L. (Carolina), referring to the geographical habitat of
several species.

Carpinus— L. The common Latin name for the hornbeam,

Carya —L. L. fr. the Gr. xapia (form of képjvov, the skull); referring to the
skull-like fruit of the genus.

Castanea — L. (the chestnut) fr. the Gr. kacravov, perhaps named for a city
in Pontus, kaoravia, a word, perhaps related to the Armenian, kaskeni,
the chestnut tree. The common name comes from this through the
Fr. chastigna.

Catalpa— L. L. from the Cherokee common name ecatawba. The tree was
discovered by Catesby in 1728.

cathartica — L. (a purgative) fr. the Gr. xafapd, to cleanse, through kagprixoc,
referring to the cathartic properties of Rhamnus cathartica.

‘Jedar —fr. the Gr. kédpoc through the L. Cedrus and the A. S. eedar. Tho
common name of several of the Cupressineae.

Trees of New York State 409

Celtis — A name given by Pliny to the African lotus, and later transferred
to the genus owing to the sweet quality of the fruit.

Cerasus — The old L. name for the cherry tree fr. the Gr. kepdcoc, a tree
brought by Lucullus from Asia Minor.

Cercis— L. L. fr. the Gr. xepxic, the ancient name for the Judas tree.

Chamaecyparis— L. (low-cypress) fr. the Gr. yayai, on the ground, and
xuTapioooc, the cypress.

Cherry — fr. the Gr. xepaooc through the L. Cerasus (which see), the O. F.
cerise, and the M. E. chery. The common name of Prunus.

Chestnut — fr. the Gr. xdorao through the L. castanea (which see), the Fr.
chastaigne and the M. E. chestein, chesten-nut (see Butternut). The
common name of Castanea.

Chinquapin — fr. the N. Am. Indian word for Castanea pumila, and those
species of Quercus with chestnut-like leaves.

cinerea — L. (ash-colored) fr. the Gr. xovic, through the L. cinis, or dust;
referring to the color of the bark of Juglans cinerea.

coccinea — L. (scarlet or crimson) fr. coccum, a gall growing on Quercus
coccifera which was used in making red dyes. (?) The word comes from
the Gr. kéxxoc, a seed or berry; referring to the scarlet autumn leaves of
Quercus coccinea.

Coffee-tree — fr. the Arabic quahweh through the Turkish cauphe; and tree
fr. the Skt. daru, wood; or daru, pine wood, through the Teut. trewom
and the A. S. treo * the Teutonic group, the Gr. dpuc, oak; dépv, a spear
shaft, the Irish darog, the Russ. drevo, and the Philippine durog (?). a
spear. The common name of Gymnocladus dioica owing to the coffee-like
seeds.

communis — L. (common) fr. com-munis, ready-to be of service, referring to
a general and abundant distribution of several species.

copallina — L. L. fr. the Mex. copal, the name of a white resin from a species
of Rhus in Mexico, referring to the latex in the bark of Rhus copcllina.

cordiformis — L. (heart-shaped) fr. the Gr. xadia, through the L. cor, heart,
and forma, shaped, referring to the shape of the fruit or the base of the
leaflets of Hicoria minima (Caryc cordiformis).

Cornel — fr. the L. cornus (which see) through the L. L. cornolium. The
common name of Cornus.

Cornus — The L. common name for the cornel fr. cornu, horn; referring to
the hardness of the wood.

coronaria — L. (that which serves to make crowns) fr. coronare, to crown.
This term may refer to the custom of making wreaths from the leaves
of Pyrus coronaria.

Cotton wood — cotton fr. the Arabic qutn through the Sp. coton, the Fr. coton,
and the M. E. cotoun & wood —fr. the A. S. wudu through the M. E.
wode, * the Teutonic and Galic where it refers to a tree. The common
name of Populus deltoides owing to the comose seeds.

Crabapple—crab fr. the M. E. crabbe, implying poor quality and apple
(which see). The common name of Pyrus coronaria owing to the poor
quality of the fruit.

Crataegus —L. (the hawthorn) fr. the Gr. xpataiyoc,a word derived from
Kpatoc, strength, owing to the hardness of the wood of the genus.

Cucumber tree — cucumber fr. the L. cucwmis, a name referring to the process
of ripening by heat, fr. coquere, to cook; through the M. E. cucumer
(cucumber) and tree (see coffee-tree). The common name of Magnolia
acuminata owing to the shape of the fruit.

Cupressus — L. (cypress) fr. the Gr. kuvtapiccoc; a word of earlier Semetic
origin.

Cypress— fr. the L. cupressus through the Fr. and M. E. cipres. See
Cupressus. The common name of Tazodium distichum owing to the
similarity of the cones to those of Cupressus.

dasycarpum — L. (thick-fruit) fr. the Gr. dacic, thick, and xapzéc, seed; refer-
ring to the fruit of Acer saccharinum (?).

Datisca — L. L. of unknown origin given as a synonym for Rhus.

deltoides — L. (like the letter D), from the Gr. oé/ra, D and oides, like, refer-
ring to the leaves of a Populus deltoides.

410 The New York State College of Forestry

dentata — LL. (having teeth) fr. dens, a tooth, referring to the dentate mar-
gins of the leaves of Castanea dentata.

dioica — L. L. (two-houses) fr. the Gr. dic-, two, and ovkia, house, referring to
the dioecious or polygamous flowers of Gymnocladus dioica.

Diospyros — L. L. for the genus, fr. the Gr. Aioc, a God, and zvpoc, wheat or
grain. According to Sargent this term refers to the life-giving prop-
erties of the fruit of the genus.

discolor —L. (two-colored) fr. dis-, two, and color, color, referring to the
difference in color of the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves of
Saliz discolor.

divaricata — L. (spread apart) fr. dis-, apart or two, and varicare, to spread,
referring to the spreading branches of Pinus divaricata (Banksliana).

domestica — L. (domestic) fr. domus, house, referring to the cultivation of
Prunus domestica.

echinata — L. (covered with spines) fr. the Gr. éyivoc, through the L. echinus
(a hedgehog or sea urchin, hence a spine) and the suf-atus, covered with;
referring to the armed cones of Pinus echinata.

Elder — fr. the A. S. ellaern * the Germanic i. e. Ger. ahorn, maple. Allied
to the word hollow in reference to the hollow twigs. The common name
of Acer Negundo.

Elm — fr. the A. S. elm * the Ger. Ulm and the L. Ulmus (which see). The
common name of Ulmus.

Fagus — L. (the beech) fr. the Gr. gate, to eat, through the Dorian ¢ayéc,
the beech, in reference to the edible fruit of the genus.

ferruginea — L. (rusty) fr. ferrum, iron, through ferrugo, rust; referring to
the brown autumn leaves of Fagus ferruginea (grandifolia).

Fir— fr. the Ger. Forha through the A. S. furu, perhaps of Scandanavian
origin * the Teutonic group. The common name of Abies.

florida — L. (abounding in flowers) fr. flos, a flower; referring to the showy
inflorescence of Cornus florida.

Foleyana— IL. L. fr. the surname Foley. A synonym for Salita purpurea.

fragilis — L. (fragile) fr. fragnere, to break; referring to the easily broken
branches of Salia fragilis.

Fraxinus— L. The L. common name of the ash tree.

fulva—L. (tawny, yellow, or reddish); referring to the color of the inner
bark of Ulmus fulva.

glabra — L. (smooth), referring to the smooth leaves of several species.

glandulosa — (full of glands or fruit) fr. glans, a nut or gland and -osus,
full of; referring to the abundance of fruit, or the glandular leaflets of
Ailanthus glandulosa.

glauca—IL. (bluish) fr. the Gr. yAavxéc, referring to the glaucous under-
surfaces of the leaves of Magnolia glauca.

Gleditsia — L. L. for the surname of Gleditsch, and named for J. G. Gleditsch,
a contemporary of Linnaeus.

Grandidentata — L. (large-toothed) from grandis, large, and dentatus, toothed
(see dentate), referring to the large dentations on the leaf margins of
Populus grandidentata.

grandifolia — L. (large leaf) fr. grandis, large, and folium, leaf; referring to
the size of the leaves of Fagus grandifolia.

Gum — fr. the Egyptian kami, through the Gr. xoyyi, the L. gummi, the Fr
gomme, and the M. E. gomme; referring to the hardened juices of certain
trees. The common name of species of Nyssa and Liquidambar Styra-
ciflua owing to gummy exudations.

Gymnocladus— L. L. (naked branches) from the Gr. youvdc, naked, and
kAddoc, branch; referring to the sparse foliage or the large, leafless
branches in winter condition.

Hackberry — hack=hag-berry (see hawthorn) and berry (see mulberry).
The common name of Celtis occidentalis.

Hackmatack — fr. the N. Am. Indian, hakmantak, Belknap — Hist. of N. H.
III; ‘‘On some mountains we find a shrubbery of hemlock and spruce,
whose branches are knit together so as to be impenetrable. The snow
lodges on their tops, and a cavity is formed underneath. These are called
by the Indians, ‘hackmantaks’.’’ Transferred as the common name of
Lariz laricvna.

Trees of New York State 411

Hawthorn — haw — fr. the A. 8S. haga, an enclosure or hedge * to the
Teutonic group, perhaps fr. hagon, an enclosure and thorn fr. the Skt.
trna, a blade of grass, through the A. S. porn, a sharp point * Teutonic
group. The common name of Crataegus owing to its use for hedges.

Hemlock — fr. the A. S. hemlock, a name referring to species of Cicuta. An
earlier common name was hemlock-spruce. The common name of Tsuga
cancdensis owing to the resemblance of its foliage to the dissected leaves
of Cicuta. F

heterophylla — L. (variously formed leaves) fr. the Gr. ‘érepoc, different, and
ovAdov, leaf; referring to the leaf-form of Tilia- and Populus heterophylla.

Hickory — fr. hicoria, which see.

Hicoria—L. L. fr. the Indian powecohiccora; referring to the custom of
securing a milk from the pounded nuts.

Hippocastanum — L. (horse-chestnut) fr. the Gr. ‘immoc, horse, and xaoravov
chestnut (see Castanea); referring to the size of the fruit of Aesculus
Hippocastanum.

hirta — L. (hairy); referring to the woolly branches of Rhus typhina.

Holly —fr. the A. S. holen through the M. E. holyn. Perhaps from the
Teut. kolenno * to the Celtic. The common name of Ilex.

Hornbeam — horn — fr. the A. S. horn * to the Aryan group. (See Cornus),
and beam fr. the A. S. beam, a tree, the Teutonic, i. e. the Ger. baum.
The common name of Ostrya and Carpinus owing to the hard wood.

Ilex —L. (holly) the L. common name of the holly oak, Quercus Ilex; refer-
ring to the resemblance of the leaves to those of this species of oak.

imperialis — L. belonging to an empire, fr. imperium, an empire. The specific
name of Paulownia imperialis (tomentosa.)

inops — L. (destitute) fr. in-; without, and the Gr.’6yc:, appearance; referring
to the tendency of Pinus virginiana to thrive on poor soils. (?)

Judas tree — Judas fr. the Heb. Judas since Judas is said to have hanged
himself from a limb of Ceris siliquastrwm, and tree (see coffee-tree).
The common name of Cercis.

Juglans—L. (walnut or the nut of Jupiter), the old L. common name fr.
Jupiter, and glans, nut.

Juniper — fr. the L. Juniperus, which see. The common name of Juniperus.

Juniperus — L. (Juniper), of doubtful origin.

Kalmia—L. L. for the surname Kalm, and referring to Peter Kalm, a
student of Linnaeus, who visited America.

laciniosa —L. (full of plates) fr. the Gr. Adkc, the flap of a garment, and
-osus, full of; referring to the shaggy bark of Carya laciniosa.

Larch — fr. the Skt. daru, a tree, through the L. Larix, which see. The
common name of Laria.

laricina— L. (pertaining to the larch) fr. Larix, the larch.

Larix— The L. common name for the larch, fr. the Skt. daru through the
Gr. AapiE. The common name, ‘‘larch’’ comes directly from this word.

latifolia — L. (broad leaf) fr. latus, broad, and foliwm, leaf; referring to the
broad leaves of Kalmia latifolia.

Laurel — fr. the L. Laurus, a laurel-tree, through the Fr. laurier and the
M. E. Jaurer. The common name of Kalmia and Rhododendron owing
to their similarity to Laurus.

laurifolia — L. (laurel leaf) fr. Laurus, laurel, and foliwm, leaf; referring
to the shining leaves of Salix pentandra and Quercus phellos.

lenta—L. (limber, tough, or supple); referring to the character of the
branches of Betula lenta. (?) Perhaps * the I. G. lent, see Linden.

Lentago — L. perhaps from the European Lentana, fr. the L. lentus, limber,
and so referring to the supple branches of Virburnwm Lentago. (?)

Lime — see Linden.

Linden — Lind-en (see aspen), lind, line, or lime tree all of which are fr. the
I. G. lent through the A. S. lind and Teut. lenda * the Aryan group i. e.
the Gr. éAarn, a fir tree. The common name of Tilia.

Liquidambar — L. (liquid-amber) fr. liquere, to be liquid, and the Arab.
ambar, an allusion to juices exuding from this tree.

Liriodendron — L. (lily-tree) fr. the Gr. Aeipiov, lily, and dévdpov, tree; refer-
ring to the showy flowers of the genus Liriodendron.

412 The New York State College of Forestry

Locust — prob. fr. the L. locusta, the insect-locust. The common name of
several of the Leguminosae owing to the character of the flowers.

lucida — L. (bright or shining) fr. lua, light through lucere, to shine; refer-
ring to the shining leaves of Salix lucida.

iutea —L. (pale yellow) fr. lutum, mud or clay; referring to the color of
the bark of Betula lutea.

Maclura—L. L. for the surname Maclure, and named for Wm. Maclure,
the American geologist.

macrocarpa—L. L. (large-fruit) fr. the Gr. waxpéc, large, and kapzoc, seed,
from Kapow to dry; referring to the large acorns of Quercus macrocarpa.

Magnolia — L. for the surname Magnol, and named for Peter Magnol, Pro-
fessor of Botany at Montpelier, in the 17th century.

Mahaleb — direct from the Persian. The fruit of the tree was used in the
manufacture of perfumes. This common name became the specific name
of Prunus Mahaleb.

Malus—L. (apple) the common name fr. the Gr. j7jAov through the Doric
LdAov,

Maple — fr. the A. S. mapul, perhaps allied to the Ger. masshold. The
common name of Acer.

mariana — the specific name of Picea mariana. (?)

marilandica — L. L. (Maryland); referring to the geographical habitat of
Quercus marilandica.

maximum — I. (largest) sup. of magnus, large; referring to the size of
Rhododendron maximum.

Mazzard — fr. O. H. G. masar, a knot or maple wood, through the Fr. maser
and the M. E. maser. The common name of Prunus avium.

Michauxii — L. L. for the surname Michaux; referring to Francois Michaux,
the botanist. Name given to Quercus and Tilia Michausxii.

microcarpa — L. (small seed) fr. the Gr. pixkpoc, small, and kapréc, seed; refer-
ing to the small seeds of Carya microcarpa.

minima — L. (smallest) sup. of minor, small; used as a synonym for Carya
cordiformis.

minor — IL. (small) referring to the small stature of Quercus minor (stel-
lata).

mitis —L. (pliant or weak) referring to the flexible spines on the cones of
Pinus echinata. (?)

monilifera — L. (necklace bearing) fr. monile, a necklace, and ferre, to bear;
referring to the pendulus aments of Populus monilifera (deltoides).

Mocker nut—The common name of Carya tomentosa. (The word mocker
may refer to a similarity of the fruit to that of Carya ovata.)

Morus — L. (the mulberry) fr. the Gr. oped.

Muhlenbergii— L. L. for the surname Miihlenberg, named for G. H. E. Miih-
lenberg.

Miler ote the L. Morus, which see, through the Fr. mor, and the M. E.
mool, and berry fr. the Skt. bhas, to eat, through the A S. berge. The
common name of Morus.

multiflora — L. (many-flowered) fr. multus, many, and flos, flower; referring
to the flower heads of Nyssa multiflora (sylvatica).

Negundo — lL. L. from the Malayan common name of Vitex negundo, and
transferred as a generic name for Acer Negundo, and later as the
specific name.

nigra —L. (black); referring to the color of the wood of Juglans nigra,
the dark leaves of Picea mariana, and the bark of Quercus marilandica.

Nyssa — L. L. fr. the Gr. »v0a, a tree named for Bacchus’ nurse, and used by
Linneaus to signify that the tree grew near the water.

Oak — fr. the Teut. aiks through the A. S. ac, and the M. E. oke, * the Aryan
group, i. e., the Gr. aiy-iAwy), an oak tree. The common name of Quercus.

_ obtusifolia — L. (blunt-leaf) fr. obtwndere, to blunt, and foliwm, leaf; refer-
ring to the rounded leaf lobes of Quercus minor.

occidentalis — L. (western) fr. occidere, to go down. Name given by Lin-
naeus to Thuja— and Celtis occidentalis.

odorata —L. (fragrant) fr. the Gr. odwd7; referring to the fragrant foliage
of Carya microcarpa.

Trees of New York State 413

officinale — L. (a drug) fr. officina, a work shop, now referring to anything
kept by druggists and applied to the medicinal properties of Sassafras
Sassafras (varvifolium).

opaca — L. (dark or opaque), referring to the dull green leaves of Ilex opaca.

Osage orange — fr. the tribal name of the Osage Indians — one of the Siouan
tribes, and orange fr. the Skt. naranga through the L. awrantium,— see
aurantiaca. The common name of Mcclura pomifera owing to the large,
orange-like fruit.

Osier — fr. the L. L. osaria, a bundle of willow twigs, through the Fr. osier
and the M. E. osyere. The common name of Salia.

Ostrya — L. (hornbeam), fr. the Gr. dovpia, the Gr. common name for the tree.

ovata —L. (ovate or egg-shaped) fr. the Gr. wov, an egg, through the L.
ovum; referring to the ovate leaflets of Ccrya ovata.

palustris — L. (boggy) fr. palus, swamp; referring to the low-land habitat
of Quercus palustris.

Papaw — fr. the Carib. ababai, through the Cuban papaya, the Sp. papaya
and the E. papaw (pawpaw). The common name of Asimina triloba.
Paper-mulberry —fr. L. papyrus (see papyrifera) through the Fr. papier
and mulberry, which see. The common name of Broussonetia papyrifera

owing to the utilization of the bark for paper.

papyrifera— L. (paper-bearing) fr. the Egyptian word for a reed used in
making paper and coming through the Gr.zazipoc, and ferre, to bear;
referring to the papery bark of Betula alba, var. papyrifera.

Paulownia — named for the Russian princess Anna Pavlovna, dau. of Paul I.

Peach — fr. the Pers. pars through the L. persicwm, which see, the Fr. pesche,
and the M. E. peche. The common name of Prunus Persica.

Pear — fr. the L. pirwm or Pyrus, which see, through the A. 8. peru and the
M. E. pere. The common name of Pyrus communis.

pendula—L. (drooping) fr. pendere, to hang; referring to the drooping
branches of Salix babylonica.

pentandra — L. (five-stamens) fr. the Gr. zévve, five, and avopdc, of the male;
referring to the number of stamens of Salix pentandra.

Pepperidge — fr. the E. dial. word for the barberry. An early common name
of Nyssa sylvatica.

Persica — L. (peach) fr. the Persian pars. This is the Plinean name for the
peach.

Persimmon — fr. the Va. Indian word or the Algonquin pasimine in reference
to the drying of the fruit fr. pas, to be dry. The common name of
Diospyros virginiana.

Phellos— lL. (cork) fr. the Gr. oé//0¢, cork, perhaps referring to Quercus
suber. The word also applies to stony, barren ground which produces 2
pumice used as a substitute for cork on fish nets. The name was trans-
ferred to Quercus Phellos.

Picea —L. (pine) fr. the Gr. zicoa, pitch, through the L. pia. Transferred
as the generic name for the spruce.

Pine — fr. the L. Pinus, which see, through the A. S. pin. The common name
of Pinus.

Pinus— L. (pine) fr. the Skt. pitu through the Gr. zirvc,

Plane — fr. the Gr. zAazavoc through the L. Platanus which see, the Fr. and
M. E. plane. The common name of Platanus owing to the spreading
branches and broad leaves.

platanoides— IL. (sycamore-like) fr. the Gr. =/dravoc, the plane tree, and
oides, like; referring to the broad leaves of Acer platanoides.

Platanus — L. (the sycamore) fr. the Gr. z/dravoc, broad; referring to the
broad leaves and crown of the European species.

Plum — fr. the Gr. zpovuvov through the L. Prunus which see, the A. S. plume
(a change of r to 1 is not uncommon). The common name of species cf
Prunus.

pomifera —L. (apple-bearing) fr. pomum, the apple, and ferre, to bear,
referring to the large fruits of Meclura pomifera.

Poplar — fr. the L. Populus, which see, through the O. F. poplier and M. E.
poplere. The common name of Populus.

414 The New York State College of Forestry

populifolia — L. (poplar-leaf) fr. populus, poplar, and foliwm, leaf; referring
to the shape of the leaves of Betula populifolia.

Populus — L. (poplar) the L. common name for the genus.

porcina — L. (pertaining to pigs) fr. porcus, a pig; referring to the use of
the fruit of Carya glabra as food for hogs.

Prinus — L. fr. the Gr. zpivoc, the ancient name of some evergreen tree, per-
haps Quercus Ilex, transferred to Quercus Prinus.

prunifolium— L. (plum-leaf) fr. Prunus, plum, and foliwm, leaf; referring
to the shape of the leaves of Viburnum prunifoliwn.

Prunus — IL. (plum-tree) fr. the Gr. zpivoc, the common name for the plum
tree.

Pseudoacacia — LL. (false-acacia) fr. the Gr. wevdoc, a falsehood, and daxaxia,
the acacia, a thorn tree of Egypt; referring to the similarity of the genus
Acacia to Robinia Pseudoacacia.

Ptelea — L. L. fr. the Gr. mredéa, the elm, from mrépov, wing; referring to the
winged fruit of the elm, and Ptelea.

pubescens —L. (having hair) fr. pubescere, to grow hair; referring to the
hairy organs of several species.

purpurea —L. (purple); referring to the color of the branches of Salix pur-
purea.

Pyrus — L. (the pear). The L. common name for the pear.

Quercus — L. (oak) fr. the L. common name of the genus.

racemosa—L. (full of clusters) fr. racemus, clusters and -osus, full of;
referring to the racemose fruit of Ulmus racemosa.

resinosa — L. (full of resin) fr. the Gr. pytivy, resin, and -osus, full of; refer-
ring to the resinous quality of the wood and bark of Pinus resinosa.

Rhamnus — L. L. (the buckthorn) fr. the Gr. paywvoc, the common name of the
genus.

Rhododendron — L. fr. the Gr. /ddov, a rose, and dévdpov, a tree; referring to
the showy flowers of the genus.

Rhus — L. (the sumach) fr. the Gr. pove, from péw, to flow, the common name
of the genus.

rigida — L. (stiff) fr. rigere, to be stiff; referring to the rigid habit of Pinus
rigida.

Robinia — L. for the surname of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV, of Fr.,
who was first to cultivate the tree in. Europe.

rostrata —L. (beaked) fr. rodere to gnaw, through rostrum, the beak of a
ship; referring to the long attenuate fruit of Salix rostrata.

rubens — L. (reddish) fr. rubere, to be red; referring to the color of the
foliage or cones of Picea rubens (rubra).

rubra — L. (red); referring to the color of the wood of Quercus rubre, and
other species.

Russelliana — L. for the surname Russell. A synonym for Salia fragilis.

saccharinum — L. a. (sweet) fr. saccharum, sugar; referring to the sweet sap
of Acer saccharinum.

saccharum— lL. (sweet or sugar) fr. the Skt. carkara through the Gr.
cakyapov; referring to the sweet sap of Acer saccharum.

Salix — L. (willow) fr. the common name of the willow.

sambucifolia — lL. (elderberry-leaf) fr. the Semetic sabbka, a musical instru-
ment, through the Gr. cauBixn and obAd0v, leaf; referring to the elder-like
leaves of Fraxinus nigra. —

Sassafras —L. L. perhaps from the early Indian name.

sativa —L. (pertaining to planting); referring to the seeds of Castanea
dentcta.

serotina — L. (that which ripens late); referring to the late flowering of
Prunus serotine.

Sorbus — L. (the service tree) given as a generic name for the Mountain Ash.

speciosa — L. (ornamental) fr. specere, to observe, through species, appear-
ance, and -osus, full of; referring to the showy flowers of Catalpa speciosa.

sphaeroides, — L. (spherical) fr. the Gr. o@aipa, sphere, and oides, like; refer-
ring to the globular cones of Chamaecypcris thyoides.

spicatum — L. (shape-pointed) fr. spica, a spine or ear of corn; referring to
the steeple-like inflorescences of Acer spicatum.

Trees of New York State 415

spinosa — L. (full of thorns) fr. spina, a thorn, allied to spica, an ear of
corn, and -osus, full of; referring to the cortical spines of Aralia spinosa.

Spruce — fr. the Ger. Pruse, ‘‘so named because it was first known as a
native of Prussia, or because its sprouts were used in making spruce
beer.’? The common name of Picea.

stellata — L. (covered with stars) fr. the Skt. star; referring to the radiate
lobes of Quercus stellata (minor).

Strobus—L. fr. the Gr. orpofoc, a Persian incense-bearing tree, the term
stobilus (a cone or anything twisted) either comes from or gives rise to
this word.

Styraciflua — L. (styrax-flowing) fr. the Gr. oripag, the tree, and the L. fluere,
to flow; referring to the juices of Liqwidcmbar Stryraciflua.

sulcate —L. (furrowed) fr. sulcus, a furrow; referring to the character of
the bark or the grooved leaf-petioles of Carya laciniosa. (7)

Sumach — fr. the Arabic summacs through the Sp. zumaque, the Fr, sumac,
and the M. E. sumac. The common name of Rhus.

Sycamore — fr. the Gr. cvxor, a fig, and uépov, the mulberry, through the L.
sycamorus. Perhaps originally fr. the Heb. shiqmah, the plane tree. The
common name of Platanus owing to the multiple fruit.

sylvatica — L. (belonging to the woods) fr. silva, a forest; referring to the
habitat of Nyssa sylvatica.

Tacamahac — fr. the Aztee tecomahiyac in reference to the resin of Bursera
tomentosa, through the Sp. tamahaca, the Fr. tamahaque, and the E.
tacamahac. The common name of Populus balsamifera owing to the
resinous buds.

Tamarack — Prob. from the Canadian Indian name for Laria laricina.

Thomasii— L. for the surname Thomas, given as a synonym for Ulmus
racemosa.

Thuja — L. L. fr. the Gr. @via, the common name of an aromatic African tree,
named from @iw, to perfume.

thyoides — L. (Thuja-like) fr. the Gr. guia and oides, like; referring to the
resemblance of Chamaecyparis thyoides to Thuja.

Tilia — L. (the linden tree), the L. common name.

tinctoria — L. (dyed) fr. tingere, to dye; referring to the orange colored dye
in the inner bark of Quercus velutina.

tomentosa — L. (woolly) fr. tomentwm, wool, and -osus, full of; referring to
pubescent leaves of Carya alba.

Toxicodendron — lL. (poison-wood) fr. towicwm through the Gr, rolcxog fr. réEov
a bow, in reference to the ancient use of poisoned arrows, and dévdpov
a tree, given as a generic name for Khus vernia.

Toxylon — L. L. fr. the Gr. 7é%0v, bow, and ftAo0v, wood; a name suggested by
the use of the wood for bows by the Indians.

tremuloides— L. (trembling-like) fr. the Gr. tpéuw and oides, like; refer-
ring to the trembling leaves of Populus tremuloides.

triancanthos — L. (3-spines) fr. the Gr. rpia, three, and axavta, a spine; refer-
ring to the branched spines of Gleditsia triancanthos.

trifolia — L. (3-leaved) fr. tres (trial) three, and foliwm, leaf; referring to
the three leaflets in the compound leaf of Ptelea trifolia.

triloba — L. (3-lobed) fr. tria, three, and the Gr. Aéfo0c, lobe; referring to the
3-lobed calyx of Asimina triloba.

Tsuga —L. L. fr. the Japanese common name of a species of hemlock.
Tulip-tree — fr. the L. tulipa (see tulipifera) and tree (see coffee-tree). The
common name of Liriodendron tulipifera owing to the showy flowers.
tulipifera— L. L. (tulip-bearing) fr. the Pers. dulbend, a tulip, and the
L. ferre, to bear; referring to the tulip-like flowers of Liriodendron

tulipifera.

Tupelo — fr. the N. Am. Indian common name for Nysse.

typhina — L. (cat-tail-like) fr. the Gr. ridy, (L. Typha); referring to the
hairy twigs of Rhus typhina.

Ulmus — L. (elm) fr. the common name of the elm.

variifolium — L. (various-leaved) fr. various, changeable, and foliwm, leaf;
referring to the several types of leaves of Sassafras vartifolium.

416 The New York State College of Forestry

velutina — L. (velvety) fr. vellus, a fleece; referring to the pubescent cup-
scales of Quercus velutina.

venenata — L. (poisonous) ; referring to the toxic properties of Rhus Vernia.

Vernix — L. (varnished) a resin; referring to the shiny leaflets of Rhus
Verniz. (7)

Viburnum — L. for the common name of the species.

virginiana — L. L. for the state of Virginia; referring to the geographical
habitat of several species.

virginica —a variant of virginiana.

vesca —L. (edible) fr. vescor, to eat; referring to the fruit of Castanea
dentata.

viridis — L. (green); referring to the green under-surfaces of the leaves of
Salix fragilis and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata.

vitellina — L. (yellow) fr. vitellus, the yolk of an egg; referring to the yellow
branches of Salix alba, var. vitellina

vulgaris — lL. (common) fr. the Skt. varga, a group of men, through the L.
vulgus, a crowd, referring to the general distribution of Castanea dentata.

Walnut — wal— fr. the A. S. wealh, foreign. * the Teutonic, and nut (see
butternut). The common name of Juglens and Carya.

Willow — fr. the A. S. welig through the M. E. willow in reference to the
pliant branches. The common name of Saliz.

Trees of New York State 417

GLOSSARY

Abaxilly. On the side away from the axis; on the lower surtace.

Abortion. The arrested development or non-development of an organ.

Abortive. Imperfectly developed; non-functioning; non-fertile.

Accessory. Something additional; of the nature of an appendage.

Acicular. Slenderly needle-shaped.

Acidulous. Somewhat sour.

Acorn. The fruit of the oak, consisting of a nut with its base enclosed in a
cup of imbricated scales.

Acrid. Bitterly pungent; irritating.

Acuminate. Ending in a tapering point.

Acute. Tapering to a point at an angle less than a right angle.

Adnate. Said of unlike parts which grow together.

Adaxilly. Borne on the side nearest the axis, as the upper side of a leaf.

Albumen. Nutritive material surrounding the embryo in seeds.

Albuminous. Furnished with albumen.

Alternate. Placed singly along a primary axis.

Ament. A scaly spike generally with a lax axis.

Anastomosing. Uniting to form reticulations.

Androgynous. Composed of both staminate and pistillate flowers.

Angiospermous. Having the seeds borne within a pericarp.

Anther. The pollen-bearing portion of the stamen.

Anthesis. The time of expansion of a flower.

Apetalous. Without petals or corolla.

Apex. Top; tip; that portion farthest from the poimt of attachment.

Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.

Apophysis. An enlargement or swelling on the surface of an organ at some
particular part.

Appressed. Lying flat against or together for the whole length.

Arborescent. Tree-like in growth or general appearance.

Arcuate. Moderately curved.

Aril. An extraneous or late-formed seed coat or covering; an appendage
growing from the stalk of the ovule prior to ripening.

Aromatic. Fragrant; spicy.

Ascending. Curving or rising obliquely upward.

Attentuate. Slenderly tapering.

Auriculate. Furnished with ear-shaped appendages or auricles.

Awl-shaped. Narrow, terete or somewhat so, and attentuate from a broader
base to a slender or rigid point.

Awn. A bristle-shaped appendage.

Awned. Provided with or bearing an awn.

Axil. The upper angle between a lateral organ and the main axis.

Axillary. In, or growing from the axil.

Axis. The central line or longitudinal support on which organs or parts are
arranged,

418 The New York State College of Forestry

Baccate. Berry-like; pulpy throughout.

Bearded. Bearing a tuft of hairs.

Berry. A fruit which is fleshy throughout except the seed.

Bi-. The Latin prefix meaning twice or doubly.

Bifurcated. Divided into two branches or parts; forked.

Bilabiate. Two-lipped.

Blunt. Without a point.

Bole. Stem or trunk.

Bract. A leaf (more or less modified) subtending a flower, or belonging to an
inflorescence or a stem.

Bracteate. Having bracts.

Bracteolate. Having bractlets.

Bracteole. Secondary bract. See Bractlet.

Bractlet. Secondary bract; a little bract.

Bundle-scars. The scars within a leaf-sear; the calloused ends of the fibro-
vascular bundles in a leaf-scar.

Caducous. Falling off very early. See Evanescent.

Calyx. The outer perianth of a flower; the outer floral envelop, generally
green in color.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped.

Canescent. Hoary, usually with gray pubescence.

Capitate. Arranged in a head; collected into a head.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit composed of more than one carpel.

Carinate. Ridged; keeled.

Carpel. A simple pistil, or a member of a compound pistil answering to one
leaf.

Catkin. Same as ament.

Caudate. Furnished with a slender tip or tail-like appendage.

Chlorophyll. The green coloring matter within the cells of plants.

Ciliate. Marginally fringed with hairs.

Cinerous. Ash-colored.

Clavate. Club-shaped.

Clawed. Attached at the base by a narrow prolongation or claw.

Coherence. The growing together of like parts.

Columnar. Having the form of a column.

Comose. Bearing a tuft of silky hairs at the end.

Compound leaf. A leaf consisting of separate leaflets.

Compound ovary. The base of a pistil composed of more than one carpel.

Compressed. Flattened, especially laterally.

Concave. The interior of a curved surface.

Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.

Cone. A solid figure with a circular base and the apex tapering to a point.

Confluent. United with or passing by degrees into another.

Conic, Conical. Cone-shaped.

Conifer. A cone-bearing gymnosperm.

Connate. Like parts united during their formation.

Connivent. Coming into contact; converging.

Convex. The exterior of a curved surface.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Trees of New York State 419

Coriaceous. Leathery.

Corolla. The inner, usually bright-colored portion of the perianth; the inner
floral envelop of a flower.

Cortex. Rind; bark.

Corymb. An indeterminate flat-topped flower cluster.

Cotyledons. The foliar portions or first leaves of the embryo as. found in the
seed.

Crenate. Scalloped; serrate with rounded teeth.

Crenulate. Diminutive of crenate.

Crown. The expanded top of a tree or shrub consisting of branches and
branchlets.

Cruciate. Cross-shaped.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cuneiform. Wedge-shaped. See Cuneate.

Cuspidate. Tipped with a cusp or sharp and ridgid point.

Cyme. A broad and flattish flower-cluster of the determinate type.

Cymose. Cyme-like, or borne in a cyme.

Deciduous. Subject to fall in season; not evergreen.

Declined. Sloping downwards.

Decompound. More than once compound or divided.

Decurrent (leaf). Extending down the stem below the insertion.

Decussate. Alternating in pairs at right angles. -

Dehiscent. Opening at maturity to release the seed.

Deliquescent. Dissolving or melting away. Said of a stem which divides into
branches,

Deltoid. Shaped like an equilateral triangle.

Dentate. Toothed, with the teeth directed outward.

Denticulate. Diminutive of dentate.

Depressed. Somewhat flattened from above.

Determinate inflorescence. An inflorescence the primary axis of which is ter-
minated by a flower.

Diadelphous (stamens). Combined in two sets.

Diaphragmed. Divided into chambers by cross partitions.

Diaphragmed-stuffed. Diaphragmed with filled chambers.

Dichotomous. Forking regularly by pairs.

Dicotyledonous. Having two cotyledons.

Didynamous (stamens). Two pairs of unequal length.

Dioecious. Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on separate

plants.
Disk. A development of the receptacle at or around the base of the pistil.
Divergent. Proceeding in different directions from each other or from a point
Drupaceous. Drupe-like, or of the nature of a drupe.
Drupe. A fleshy fruit with a bony endocarp enclosing the seed.

Ebracteolate. Without bractlets.

Echinulate. Beset with diminutive prickles.

Eglandular. Without glands.

Ellipsoid. A solid obtained by rotating an ellipse on its long axis.
Ellipsoidal. Resembling an ellipsoid.

420 The New York State College of Forestry

Elliptic, Elliptical. Shaped like an ellipse.

Emarginate. With the margin notched; notched at the apex.

Embryo. The rudimentary plantlet within the seed.

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.

Entire. Without divisions, lobes or teeth.

Epaulet. A shoulder ornament formerly worn on military and naval uniforms.
Epidermis. The superficial layer of cells.

Epigynous. Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary.

Erect. Upright.

Erose. As if gnawed; applied to an irregularly-toothed or eroded margin.
Evanescent. LHarly disappearing.

Exalbuminous. Without albumen.

Exfoliate. To come off in layers or scales.

Exserted. Projecting beyond other organs.

Extrorse. Facing outward.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped; curved like a scythe.

Fascicle. <A close bundle or cluster.

Fascicle-sheath. A tubular envelope at the base of a fascicle.
Fasciculate. Borne in fascicles.

Ferruginous. Rust-colored.

Fibrous. Composed of or resembling fibers.

Filament. The portion of the stamen supporting the anther.
Filamentous. Slender; thread-like.

Filiform. Thread-shaped; long, slender, and terete.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Flaccid. Lax; limp; flabby.

Flexuous. Zizzag; bending alternately in opposite directions.
Fluted. With alternate ridges and depressions.

Foliaceous. Leaf-like in texture or appearance; bearing leaves.
Follicle. A simple fruit dehiscing along one suture.

Fringed. Bordered with slender processes or marginal appendages.
Fruit. The seed-bearing portion of a plant.

Fruticose. Pertaining to or resembling a shrub.

Fugacious. Evanescent.

Funicle. The free stalk of an ovule or seed.

Funicular. Pertaining to the funicle.

Gamopetalous. With united petals.

Gamosepalous. With united sepals.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee.

Gibbous. Swollen or enlarged on one side.

Glabrous. Free from hairs or down.

Gland. A secreting surface or structure.

Glandular. Bearing glands.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.

Globose, Globular. Somewhat or nearly globose.

Granulose. Composed of or appearing as if covered by minute glands.
Gymnospermous. Bearing naked seeds; without a pericarp.

Habit. Genéral appearance of the plant.
Head. A cluster of sessile or subsessile flowers on a very short axis or recep-
tacle,

Trees of New York State 421

Heart-shaped. Ovate with a rounded sinus at the base.
Herb. A plant with no persistent stem above ground.
Hirsute. Pubescent, with rather coarse, stiff hairs.
Hoary. Grayish white, with a fine, close pubescence.
Hybrid. A cross-breed of two species.

Hypogynous. Borne at or below the base of the ovary.

Imbricated. Overlapping like shingles on a roof.

Impressed. Sunken as though by pressure.

Incised. Cut sharply, irregularly, and more or less deeply.

Indehiscent. Remaining persistently closed.

Indeterminate inflorescence. One where the main axis is not terminated by a
flower.

Indigenous. Native and original to the region.

Inequilateral. With unequal sides.

Inferior. Relating to an organ which arises or is situated below another.

Inflated. Bladdery.

Inflorescence. Flower-cluster.

Inserted. Attached to or growing out of.

Internode. The portion of a stem between two nodes.

Intolerant. Incapable of recovery after suppression.

Introrse. Turned inward or toward the axis.

Involucre. The whorl of bracts subtending a flower or flower-cluster.

Irregular. Not symmetrical; said of a flower which cannot be divided into
equal parts by more than one plane of symmetry.

Keel. The two anterior united petals of a papilionaceous flower.
Keeled. Carinate.

Laciniate. Cut into deep irregular segments or lobes.

Lamina. The blade of a foliage leaf.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance-head; several times longer than wide, broad-
est above the base, and narrowed to the apex.

Lax. Loose.

Leaf. A green expansion attached to a stem in which the manufacture of
organic food takes place

Leaflet. A single division of a compound leaf.

Legume. A simple fruit dehiscing along two opposite sutures.

Lenticel. Lenticular excrescences on young bark, providing aeration.

Lenticellate. Bearing lenticels.

Ligulate. Strap-shaped.

Limb. The expanded portion of a gamopetalous corolla above the throat; the
expanded portion of any petal, or of a leaf.

Linear. Much elongated with the sides nearly parallel.

Lobe. A division of an organ, generally rounded.

Locule. A cell of the ovary.

Loculicidal. Dehiscent into a locule through the dorsal suture.

Lunate. COrescent-shaped.

Lustrous. Glossy; shining; possessed of a sheen.

Lyrate. Pinnatifid with a large and rounded terminal iobe, the lower lobes

progressively smaller,

422 The New York State College of Forestry

Mammillate. See Papillate.

Mealy. Covered with meal-like powder.

Membranaceous, Membranous. Thin and rather soft or pliable often trans-
lucent.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Monoecious. Unisexual, with the staminate and pistillate flowers on the same
plant.

Monopodial. With a main or primary axis which gives off secondary axes in
acropetal succession. Said of a tree-bole which continues through the
crown.

Mucilaginous. Slimy; of the consistency or appearance of mucilage.

Mucro. A short and small abrupt tip.

Mucronate. Tipped with a mucro.

Nectariferous. Producing nectar.

Node. That portion of a stem which normally bears one or more leaves.

Nomenclature. The system of names used in any science or art.

Nut. A bony or woody indehiscent fruit resulting from either a simple or
compound ovary.

Nutlet. Diminutive of nut.

Ob-. Latin prefix usually conveying the idea of inversion.

Oblique. Slanting; declining from the vertical or horizontal.

Oblong. Longer than broad with the sides approximately parallel.

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded.

Odd-pinnate. Pinnate with an odd number cf divisions.

Ochraceous. Light yellow with a tinge of brown.

Opposite. Set against; said of leaves when inserted two at a node.

Orbicular. Circular; spherical.

Oval. Broadly elliptical; egg-shaped.

Ovary. The ovule-bearing portion of the pistil.

Ovate. Of the shape of a longitudinal section of an egg, the broad part basal;
also used to designate an egg-shaped solid.

Ovoid. Solid ovate; solid oval.

Ovulate. Bearing ovules.

Ovuliferous. Bearing ovules.

Ovule. An immature seed.

Palmate. With several divisions or lobes which radiate from a point.

Panicle. An irregularly-branched racemose cluster.

Paniculate. Panicle-like, or borne in panicles.

Papilionaceous. The peculiar type of corolla found in the sweet pea and other
Leguminosae.

Papillate, Papillose. Bearing minute nipple-shaped projections.

Parietal. Borne on or pertaining to the wall or inner surface of a capsule.

Parted. Cleft nearly but not quite to the base.

Pedicel. The stalk of a single flower.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. The primary flower-stalk supporting either a single flower or an
inflorescence.

Pedunculate. With a peduncle.

Pellucid. Clear; transparent.

Trees of New York State 423

Peltate. Shield-shaped; a flat body attached to a support by its lower surface.

Pendulous. Loosely pendant; more or less hanging.

Perfect (flower). Having both pistil and stamens,

Perianth. The floral envelop; usually used when calyx and corolla are not
easily distinguishable.

Pericarp. The wall of the fruit or seed-vessel.

Perigynous. Adnate to the perianth, and therefore around the ovary and not
at its base.

Petal. One of the modified leaves forming the corolla.

Petaloid. Colored and resembling a petal.

Petiole. The stalk of a leaf.

Petiolulate. Having a petiolule.

Petiolule. The stalk of a leaflet.

Phyllotaxy. The arrangement of leaves upon the stem.

Pilose. Hairy with soft hairs.

Pinna. A single leaflet in a compound leaf.

Pinnate. Compound, with leaflets arranged along opposite sides of a com-
mon petiole.

Pinnatifid. Pinnately cleft.

Pinniveined. Pinnately veined; with prominent midrib and secondary veins.

Pistil. The seed-bearing organ of a flower, consisting of ovary, stigma, and
connecting style when present.

Pistillate. Provided with pistils and usually in the sense of without stamens.

Placenta. Any part of the interior of the ovary which bears ovules.

Plumose. Having fine hairs on each side, like the plume of a feather.

Pod. Any dry and dehiscent fruit. é

Pollen. The fecundating grains contained in the anther.

Polygamo-monoecious. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers of both sorts
on the same plant.

Polygamous. Bearing perfect and unisexual flowers on the same plant.

Polypetalous. Having separate petals.

Pome. A fleshy fruit, like the apple, with a papery or cartilaginous interior
enclosing the seed.

Posterior. Behind; on the side toward the axis.

Prickle. A small spine formed as an outgrowth of the bark or rind.

Proterandrous. Said of flowers in which the anthers shed their pollen before
the stigma is receptive.

Proterogynous. Said of flowers in which the stigma is receptive to pollen
before the anthers shed their pollen.

Proximal. That part nearest the point of attachment.

Puberulent, Puberulous. Minutely pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with hairs, especially if short, soft, and down-like.

Punctate. Dotted with small depressions, translucent internal glands, or col-
ored dots.

Pyriform. Pear-shaped.

Pyramidal. Shaped like a pyramid.

Quadrangular. A four-angled figure; often signifying rectangular.

Raceme. A simple indeterminate flower-cluster with pedicelled flowers on a
lengthened axis.

424 The New York State College of Forestry

Racemose. Raceme-like, or borne in racemes.

Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf; the axis of a spike or raceme,

Receptacle. The terminal portion of an axis forming a common support on
which floral organs or flowers are borne.

Reflexed. Turned or bent abruptly backward.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Repand. With a slightly wavy or sinuate margin.

Resin. An amorphous substance that exudes from plants and supposed to be
the product of oxidation of volatile oils.

Resin cyst. A sack or cavity filled with resin.

Resinous. Resin-bearing; having the qualities of resin.

Reticulate. Netted; in the form of a network.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.

Revolute. Rolled backward from the margin or apex.

Rhombic. With the shape of a quadrangular figure with equal sides but not
right angles. ,

Roseate. Rosy; tinged with rose color.

Rudimentary. Undeveloped.

Rufous. Reddish brown.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Rusty. Having the color of iron rust.

Saccate. Sac-shaped.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.

Samaroid. Diminutive of samara.

Scabrous. Rough to the touch.

Scale. A thin scarious body, usually a degenerate leaf, sometimes of epi-
dermal origin.

Scaly. Bearing scales.

Scarious. Thin, dry, membranous, often translucent.

Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.

Seed. The ripened ovule consisting of the embryo and its proper coats.

Seminal cavity. The cavity in which the seed or seeds are borne.

Sepal. One of the modified leaves forming the calyx.

Septate. Divided by partitions.

Septicidal. Dehiscing through the partitions and between the locules.

Serrate. Toothed, with the teeth directed forward.

Serrulate. Diminutive of serrate.

Sessile. Without a stalk.

Shrub. A woody plant, generally under twenty feet in height, usually with
several stems.

Silky. Covered with close-pressed, soft and straight pubescence.

Sinuate. With a strongly wavy margin.

Sinus. The opening between two lobes of a leaf.

Spatulate. Gradually narrowed downward from a rounded summit.

Spicate. Arranged in or resembling a spike.

Spike. A simple indeterminate flower-eluster with sessile flowers.

Spine. A sharp, woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.

Spinescent. Ending in a spine.

Spinose, Spiny. Bearing spines.

Trees of New York State 425

Spinulose. Bearing small spines.

Spur-shoot. Short stubby branch bearing leaves or fruit.

Stamen. One of the pollen-bearing organs of the flower.

Staminate. Provided with stamens and usually in the sense of without pistils

Staminode. A sterile stamen or other organ in the position of a stamen.

Standard. The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla,

Stellate. Star-shaped.

Sterigma. Projection from a twig bearing leaves in some conifers.

Stigma. That portion of the pistil which is receptive to pollen.

Stigmatic. Belonging to or characteristic of the stigma.

Stipular. Pertaining to stipules.

Stipule. An appendage at the base of a petiole or on each side of its insertion

Stoma (pl. stomata). An office in the epidermis of a leaf.

Stomatiferous. Bearing stomata or ‘‘breathing pores.’’

Strap-shaped. Long, flat, and comparatively narrow.

Strobile. An inflorescence with imbricated bracts or scales.

Style. That portion of the pistil which, when present, connects the ovary and
stigma.

Sub-. The Latin prefix signifying ‘‘somewhat’’ or ‘‘slightly.’’

Subtend. To be inserted under; to embrace in an axil.

Subulate. Awl-shaped.

Succulent. Juicy; fleshy.

Sulcate. Longitudinally grooved or furrowed.

Superior. Said of an organ when inserted above or when free from another.

Suture. Line of dehiscence or opening.

Syncarp. A fleshy multiple or aggregate fruit.

Taper. Gradually narrowing toward one end.

Taxonomy. Classification, especially of plants and animals, according to nat-
ural relationships.

Terete. Circular in cross section.

Ternate. In threes.

Testa. The outer coat of a seed, commonly hard and brittle.

Thyrse. <A mixed flower-cluster with the main axis indeterminate and the
secondary or ultimate determinate.

Tolerant. Capable of recovery after suppression,

Tomentose. Bearing tomentum.

Tomentum. A pubescence composed of matted woolly hairs.

Torus. The receptacle of a flower.

Trigonous. Three-angled.

Truncate. Ending abruptly as if cut off at the tip.

Tuberculate. Beset with knob-like projections.

Tubular. Tube-shaped.

Turbinate. Top-shaped; inversely conical.

Umbel. A simple indeterminate inflorescence in which the pedicels spring
from a common point.

Umbellate. Umbel-like, or borne in umbels.

Umbo. Knob; protuberance.

Undulate. With a wavy margin or surface.

426 The New York State College of Forestry

Unguiculate. Contracted at the base into a claw.
Urceolate. Urn-shaped; pitcher-shaped.
Urn-shaped. Hollow and contracted at or below the mouth.

Valvate. Opening as if by doors or valves (as a capsule); the parts of a
flower-bud when they exactly meet without overlapping.

Veins. Threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a leaf or other organ.

Ventral (leaves). Pertaining to the lower or abaxial side. (Floral organs)
That surface which faces the center of the flower.

Ventricose. Swelling unequally or inflated on one side.

Verticillate. Whorled; with three or more leaves or branches at a node.

Vestigial. Pertaining to a vestige or remnant.

Villous. With long, soft, unmatted hairs,

Viscid. Glutinous; sticky.

Whorled. Verticillate; with three or more leaves or branches aes a node.
Woolly. Clothed with long and tortuous or matted hairs.

INDEX

Synonyms of scientific names are printed in italics

PAGE
PUTT L GM ea di ci chalviats sh er ai'e vec wi eevee wlaleters 127
PAE SMe e eet Sete creus xicxe' sheudictete a fatale 348

1a CHUTE OCC) «Race Oh RRR RO IERORD ICE cagebo c 97, 348
UA GLAM ING ce vcrtic cevcicee a sietccais cdioan ele
NES ee a ee ot ey tel ena: suas aS “si « coh wpe ablop ous lwievs 378

TALDUCTIEN MEN Witton chee ‘six olciey culo eiaaecatas 297

INEVERLOMSTIEOLON . ante. cca a erars a tie) onete 378

INIGYATTINNG FSG, CUI Renee Ric AUCs 301

Negundo, var. californicum...... 301

IE AIETS (ee ORR OECD COO tet

PGXEIM VLVANIEGHINs 82 cl jcis sie cin + ele) anele 289

HUST) 72 ee, poppe tae ERE UP CEO CIORCTO ETS 299

BOCORATAIUUN. 2) 5 fate a laic eis <p aie) 0,08) ov 293

RACCHATINUIM:, 2 << c. she kr ane acta see 297

REL COHAEUMIN Gs rom coc Fe ance nvalitictays ors ete 293

sacecharum, var. nigrum......... 295

REFIC A GUIIN ear oa het ietehe ste yaters’@ akstaia 291
PACOTACCHES . ., clelerg tne cuaieelersia o ovacclietere 378
PROSCHLUB ctaday oe Pat, onions) s a otaie’e Romatete 379

Hippocastanum. ...........303, 379
PMULDITE NURS cc os ceceuerece cyersieue, stots. ee 277, 376

PSENOAUIORAS Na .: eleieieiseto.cre esecas 277, 376
Almond-leaved Willow............. 109
Alternate-leaved Dogwood......... 317
HATTIE Ted 1) wy Se ak 2 ea 370

Canadensis: Meee ean 241

evento Speclesac 2) scc oon baw cs 371

BROMIC tw ainrd spell clevere oy eves ender SENS 241
BSUTLCTULILCLAG ovate ovaleys/ oars 84s) easter 21
American

JASTOLIOS © cle Hap CP CIO BIO’ HO Cie Cae 129

COE RMA LG o. = 2 crercct, oc e.e coer avoleren Zoe

VETTE Mars teres Jaya rRtare2che halon 203

PATO We a 6k 20's, 5) sa: aver, eas 4) aie letena. eae 307

MomnAiM FAS: 5 sis. 6 cages ere ae ete 237
TRACHOMA COREY 2 1s 5 os olaleve a8 6 tus.d evs 376
PS TONDENIMNGEG: | she fosteie ose cedees 351
PA LGTE MEN BLOOD OL § cue, <5 Sch 15) 0 ocouey en sncuaee 6 223
1 \TRT) NEAT AR Rae a Oe 366
BAT IOURLEEER A Fs. cya elects, cue ay acis ted teiheead t Sol
Apple. SMCS Dy cea diam 0 atic 235, 369

AMeTICAN Crab ta. 5 uch meee 233

ANOLE hatte | a ae eee 243
BNCVHTEOUIACER Gs: «eke suet sal aiclavsie ne teh hone 377
ENE EL demom Wet heneetvelsbeusyeyererctale oye pyarerce 381

RIOR Aer) oscillate a a5 rage atone 313, 381
PACAP ACERS Watcats.c clateter ter stene ts, srs eros 381
ATE DOLMVLEROS An oisyo slachs. cpclais wens ec 108, 348
Arborescent plants, classification of. 21
USD rerpee teers fact ekee, chtie Winn Boccne cue chal 386

American Mountain’. 05.0 sol. oe 237

ETS Cpe oie echo iches as loitnge a wails ls 333

European Mountain ............ 239

Et, wel Be dat oor achocou sede S361!

Weve LOPS PGCE S tric ste ciclaitimte ceche 386

REG re weriete eielere Bicie nvote to cities state cs 329

WSO Ms ire ve ovate task aneie al everest 275

VILE ONC eich bh sep. crertreete rao eee 327
AVS -IERVEO IM DIE: seceats alekn atotoiene eis 301
U\GHINIT CIS a BG tac Gomme Cine © Uno 366

GUALOD HG. ease cele hats ater lehios ovsc2ro, 360

PAGE
Aspen
TN CTAGAM > % 5 did diciste: @ alelapeistaratsiate 131
UAT SE-COOUW Ed. F< cs ate, c1ciole weabatauare 131
Prem DM i geet «oo 0 0 «in 0 loti eats 129
Eglin (OLMG ATER iy a eceteteus.:sc0 weal ch eleva) ores 137
LE THIEL 57 ane ees acho Omics 3 OT CRER EEO TT 97
Buda ah a iiskaca, ciao ie Oat eee raeE es 97
4 EY e} 0) ky eA aie rhG Clone rich eee 135
Beye, co Sine cial a ols au elista te auetone) haianetinae 53
BarneniOaks, occas 6 «idee oe aioiieraaeeeron 197
BANS WOOG Heir acts cverel ates 307, 309, 380
White. <6 Midas 4 045232 cree 311
Bay
NSIVUSUENL DE ged wets fafeas (eel’s\.c, eavencnatare omeumte 217
See Pe ices aid oreo Daeino Ghat src 2G
Bay-leaved Willow. .............- 111
Beak ed Willow evcicisie iets, s)enefatetalsiella 123
BEDDMWallOW? Scere srod craiste we tere tener etene 123
PS COGN reeten cis ttohate ate ecetcteraleelenenctete 171, 358
led CR ha aR CIO AG Oo.c aati co O 159
WW GOS co caee dl sie clei aicuel vekshewalcte) sianels 159
Beech Mamiliys .77terclorstersusteve sve muckotede 358
Beh ileteet Ketis: orc cehotetelewcitoherevovendlekenaa stare 357
BDA VALS COLGITOM Als oie =) exc e's severe 169
RIDA VAL DAD Y LIL Me wie telee- ter tets 169
ISCVECOUSPOCIOR a herateietiens aietaletae 307
Tay er eae GO mao Moon's OC 161
IVI Bia Se Be omen Ce oka ode steushoteter 5 163
TUL SU eee ie Yetove circles ctislins oietodatsy tateeehs 165
(KL WE Gas ee es Elucagoocbeoon Soc 169
DODULEOMT A ene cioterceloueoleistetebaleiuleke 167
I CbULACCAGr Ese welelerslotellerelons Boba cret 355
IG ton GONCL asc. <ceelers sic eienershenetone 357
Bignonia tomentosa .......-..-+--- 335
Bion OniaGeae ie aiael siete «ie clerelsieielatie 387
eS Help air kee crete panes siete etal ol ot ketal « fers 147
CO Saeeaniccoccecsuanooecla6 227
Birch S20 cassis sielcte erste atest cletevate’ scene 357
STACKS i sel slctateteteree eit ronsiore 161, 165
GeO AG cie.c aectovslace olteta os asl suretakeer ae 169
(QUST ey ey re eo OG Ao CoOL 161
LEY Ta hee eae eae Gini DicicaDa rere OIRO 355
GEDA arcrc che Mineo eovcloie create 163, 167
IEC VALORSDECION om) cieicieitis chalet «.<1e or 357
CONGBICIGT A eet rchetotetese tere ret ao canto velnts 167
120) oC Re ici oe Rist eleratel uel els uehereush= 169
IROOM SES Cons lore 8s COREE Io 165
LARS ED Olgre aie C/DNO.4 CICLIG OG DIOR TOC 163
SCO Ered sm iciesere eis lors cic shel erro ivia! Castel 161
WiHItGae a cia Actete) owsvachclcicis sichetc 167, 169
VEGI eS GS-4 Gad oa ecole Serer bac bee 163
BINA CNET Virecicresichel cinuc ile orcs) -tcdatareisiie 249
ISUELEMIIM hoceeeeiefere) sieie &) c's. e) eo) eiekalntene 155
Black
RT Man toee ict ielclelsss. © leva euclicveceteseietd 333
PSUR Top cele ch ab ct cre) aifol clictal'et at oh ohahel alls 161, 164
GOttONWOOG ss 2h wa oi ores te mnerel 133

428

Index

PAGE PAGE
Black — (Continued) Cherry — (Continued)
TRAD ES SRS 6 CADIS Cha Gig o's 251 GHOKE: os an 3a on ee eee ees 247
(ni liniti pea 6 Sa Oetomice comiscodoD OF 143 Wire.: .) .p cates oss eee eee 249
VLE 2 cor ocala Balektoine damocaerow 107 Mahaleb: .-.. .« .. hee eer 253
Eineieinek Oalke.fo.31..4 :40 sek tee 197 elle: beeen te eee ee eee tees aed
Blue von ot en eae
Beech... 2--0s eee se ee eee ee ees 159 eour ees re
DOL WOOG ech oie = = felelersle lo le'l= ero ni=ini = ire 317 St. Lricie, 226k eee eee 253
red Pea qaeooaaocdn ac gesao0 58 301 Sweets. “ptt cite Oa ane ee
26 im 5 Wild Black 2.25 2 cheep eee 45
Se ENA ae 140 Wild Red’ :. 2... .cc eee 249
BreusSsOnetins © p sletleverreleielels it~ eh . 365 Ches 73. 359
PApyLitera. eee 211, 362, 363 Shestnalt. .. Ss iecicre heck csokeicdetatereteiene 173, os
: HIOrse.. sje oe ciel eee nee eee 3038
BCR EY Coys rete tsteletet el oy 2 o/c s10 > isisyalsusielie 379 Oak. ox 20. a eee 183, 185
Buckthorn. . . ....--++++seeeee ees 380. Chinese Sumach #. 2--teese ses eee 277
GOTT, Assia o OO 6 amici 305 ‘hi 3 ae 2
TITAN fee a) acetal streysl aheuetete’ oneusl chores 379 Chinquapin Oak .........--.+.4-- 18
Buds Choke Cherry 2.0:5,4.3 su:.sis eres see tienes 247
Contents Of ......+eee eee eeees 48 Cigar’ Drees carey eee ete crater 339
Covering Of ......----+e-eeeees 48 Classification
Position OL. favjoa ola Porat a os veketcusPaueneds 47 of plants»: Vasa eee eee ls
Winter so sie = =) em) ln alee ole nee 45 of arborescent plants........... 21
IMU EKER AG adagaosanciacobougac 251 Climax Forest, The........-...--. 391
nite (OEe Sees Aare oanoaroqosacds «= 179 Coast
ARIUS Oia ork mddccgs oc 141, 354 Cedar... 122s eee ese ene e eee . 349
Buttonwood: 2. gcctcse see eee 22y White Cedar ..........+---+--- 101
Coffee-tree::.: 6) donde eee eee 373
(Chink hyiBitiibesemorac sascdose osc .0c 259 Kentucky.....2.2 =a oe ue ee 267
POMOC REIT CH oe... clei siekosoncletelel oa leis elec 169 Common: Buckthorn 2. 2222 eee 305
CGApPritOllaClAes cect sietenolele rs) lakelerert = 388 Coniferae. oo... sree ie em or cuctetetemiete 21
Cnrolina’ Poplaleae «ceisler 139 Coniferales) ne cscs ier eee ener 344
(GHA NUNES 6 coopn boo Godot oomwinod 356 Conspectus of families and genera.. 344
CHM 5 So 5a555550500¢ 159, 356 Cork Em: eee 205
MERE Ate Crees iotohe ote roimece eirtencteasiesetere 355 @omncede 289
ee DO ONO COD GOO DDIID G0 ODA: VcI ie Key to generas so eee eerie 382
WMOVE. occ llisceiabonticceaveiss Commels..0 3 -e eee ee 382
Qiihbineueh & agsoobDooo ToGo aus 155 Cornus: «0 222k pee ee Dee 3882
Slaprant sens sess cece teers 153 alternifolia. . 2s... ae. -!iremcpieiake 317
Key to species............----- 395 florida. .. 2 25:se8e.cenerereeceree 815
laciniosa. . . ..-+ eee eee ee reer 147 Key: to-species: > seen soe eerie 382
OA OO SOOO RAG te? 2 158 Cottonwood... 2. ee ase eee eee 139, 353
Ovata. . . - eee eee cece eee ee eee 145 Black 133
ibRE LY 5 Bb BOUGHOn Do OG doa 500 005 153 Swamp ieee Pele Sent et ee SS 133
RUM he 5 Ado adaossocoDOKODOOS 147 Mt gem OC CeO
LOMENLOSAS Sete eo eee 149 Cm ; i
@astanea. ..°.os-s cee ~j- ao 359 TARTAN, | = sei es eels 5
dentdka. Linon eee ee etree rae 173, 359 Sweet) 00a ee
sativa, var. americana.......... 173 «= Crack Willow ........--- =... 107, 115
vesca, var. americand........... 173 Crataegus. 4 eee 371
(SAS DENCE ees ciey eis «lovetets sien een rer 91 pedicellata.. jens ee eee 243
Gatalpa. 6% Sein. ere selector BEY ast cVe CucumberTree (-4255=5- eee eel 219
Penoninides, AS pnodo pies oloe Se ae Cupressus thyoides ............... 101
ELIT 1) IOS FOO. ort 37 2 F
Key toispecies sc. sccemecen ere 388 .-: Custard-apple Family ............ 366
BUECIOSAIS Sh tlots.. ceeccioee ne -e Cynoxylon floridum .......-+60+-s5 315
(Sails Ge hoses MOBO ch DOU OOS 9
Gellar Datisca hirta:4.3 acne 279
FOE dtc van set AATEC foc oc econ eee ea 101 Derivation of the names of trees.. 405
pened BRU oi ehekeurleioleve tolebaze/s (ela iok-wei-nale ane Dendroid plants, development of... 390
Wht eho eee 101, 103 Dendrology detined ...........+-.. 24
GAERtEE ete te eee 362 Dicotyledons. «3 sjeqeeuse-eess ae eee 351
CONTNMs Wn ele le os ole + © ie oNelnte one olole 207 DiOspyroS. .. <<< asmuteigele tee eee 385
OCCIdentalis: cases eon at 207, 362 virginiana... -. eee eee 325, 385
‘GOYVGEL i Ogos 6 DUO OSSD Dom mcLoer: Ue 374 Distribution of forests, factors gov-
CANAGEIISIB: «yi picie eis ioleie kee lois ots 271 erning.. 2. Sino eee een ae 392
CHAINACCYPATISS oi. Wsisieis ois) s1sisyats > siete 349 Dogwood... ...5 << atatsie otis oar tok ene 382
SDNMCTOSOCU tet eee stain ie rate 101 Alternate-lea vedio vee ctaiateisitetens silly (
PV OI GS? § elo toteds telat chote oials 101, 349 Blue... .. <.. sles aele eeleeenens 317
1 Wamily. . oo si -cieepoeieteieyse eetoeeatere 382
5 i eR Re RE aed Flowering. . . ./csded was. gamle 315
BAP omey sires civen is, cietclotereteisieraiecreletars 249 Dwarf Sumach ....... SG RR EC 283

Index

PAGE

PITA CORGc. A fan Pictaiaka/erore,etevele oe wees 384
rere AE DIULY trate ete taheuaitay ss 6: s:0. 0 overs fe 384
ROUTINE Rose a bi le aN eae redetarees hay cceleve fe 361
PAHO CONS ipa a) akeisiach. euateterateiaenet ete! 208
BOD irr ons aovthatenera reve oie aaoesene Pearevelie 205
Laat bys Be oan ie, 0 oecoucrcacinla cas coche o 361
ISOW (EO (SDECIOR's ous. chee sie iorc ener c.steite 861
121s ls oes Aen EEA Deca bec 201
Peeper a Te neta orale) cle’ waves: o. aneueie eben 205
Slippery PEM iME Hacc cic a\'e lei d ie taratarnia 201
SMITE MMP Merete te, ctle) cue’ ew (ev'e ose! slaves Shexehs).e 208
PIM CRCORC, ec wc c 6 oie en be ww eis o.0 st atyis 383
IRC E LO MEETION ALS cle oo a.cveliexe 0%! 6 “alvlsve 3838
European Mountain Ash.......... 239
'S SiC ile aa ec LCC DIOR NOLS PROGR G Oe 358
ITE TATNTES OG i enicw oom Ge 171
PEG LO OCS Sa RCE OSE IERO Orc ili
WEPI ALONG Pcs (etaice aveileyere).<) ica esete's 171
PSETIOLEL OLA ota) ais ay oye) eleperers erate 171, 358
HIE ROCEIGK SU Secs ICRC EME Dic Ci Chr CRC IONC ES 358
ISGuMCOMISONELAld sles creche «ge 358
FIBURG WC AGCA CLA alec c icyels,= 5 (01s) =. s\siee/e)'e se 273
IME\ oe Unit he aign opiponee ono be 386
I Kpered Ic cee etalal cle. dice ev atin, etvieha) elle 348
OYA 0 Agee ae iieac DigiIci EER NCIC a edi 97
HMO NELIY) o's cielene ameter cletararaielshelicne 249
HIGH JT aeMicle oid oO One OMe talons 46 35
FRO TULERA Crt ioncssretattcls eeters isticts: lfenc: sus oil
LULA ET ATS Reseach HIER CHCA MERC CARR AGERE MO omc 35
POLI Ol COVOM as sets se clcsieclis Cee 39
DOSIEION NOL PALUSs iaeierel-te tee ai eres 37
Suppression Of parts: ..505: 26.62. 36
SMMINECE VOL, PALUS.| «.0-tas)s.erolasre.s 36
TIPO MMOL DALES ia cine se clisie a srerac 3 38
WHOM Ute tateid ave slots sto ern Sw tetas 36
Mlowerine DOr wo0d 6).).0 cieejena ects 315
inieorkuEe ChMloigagoob come oGACIO ood 233
HprseeRT TUE Omen St elle lens teres esters wcsters: seis 386
PIMETICAM Aeeiiok co ovscneiene chercineya hoe 327
ICOVALEOMSDECIOS © 0 crerenersie store. ss.0 018 386
[DECOILTUT!S tan Re til ee Mae 331
HUGE “3 <elate din oka ole Go eich Brey ON 333
BCNUSUVLVANIGAS*. . oes suns ae oes 329

pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata... 331

PROCS CEN Bam cole oh S'S evreleuc: s.sua 6 separ eee 329
REMNLOULCH OU io are ove ae Ctele aiecerait 333
TILT LRG COk, Se eka tec eae 8 oeLaleers, ete 35
RET Eee, oa on cea Seen eter chev ern-sksislaepciode 39
ROI OSLULOM EOL yeasty ciel cere: cis) sar oyrs 42
Glassiication. Olisies> «s\s,c-ske.ors atten 40
ISOVALO SDECIOS Ue oicincs.-are cottebe, cole ¢ 63
EMULE OU Ofi ears reccretes aol cused Lever ecvewoieks 40
GUTO DEL ALGC cy isiis)seyeel= Ss) a, stale lolavereyons 383
GANSCHE MAINLY S «ccc tee ase © saci mee 381
CoAT COUS WH ELIOW oc106 Axe. Sisns syste eters Al
CICATUST Bra Reis aii5d 0107, oid a Ses eh el eaaees 373
BRIACRMEN OSs elec ec Dele waeterare 269, 373
Glossary
IM GIy GDC oy Mea Iee Ee ain IEEOIOIChG C 407
(OCCA Ue ING Eactoiren ceed on meerrencucaten 417
Weald Gn OSIV Oi icke oie seer le kere eles coteterar 15 UT
Gray
BIN CHS s. lacestasc wens ever Ee Ses 163, 167
OND ae speed ceers care ore clo ste secon eqane sucte 93
PUTO ey erence tances e epere ta uste, Oaay'o ecrens 83
reat Eiaurelse, yonsusnedsisc sence shale horers 321
Green Ashe tmicias Sate es menses 331, 368
Gum
ES a Ciao ea Medora venues e votes avera ta o cheuets 319
RBG Poaiata ha Suatehovcgae WL ekater speveunv o Meteys 227
SWiGGis cir cre icheltholeicicleta sctetsrats octane 227

429

PAGH
GVM MOC AGUS ee aot eet el a) alata esis) ele) o tia 373
CONACCURIR I Aor. cpineteress brein bar nls ate 267
PLOLGH hei e: cvidie Aicve deal aiw.ace's sinlevele s.« 267
GyMnosperMae. . 1... ee eeeeereeces 344
ERS Dt WALUCT es oioctateleslelsteleisysty sare! 6 44
EXACEDOLIYS fel foleke.cceeveteletetaisie «re 207, 362
EDA CKMACRCK: alec stale’ s niece lslieiela!eisrapelsts 89
Hamamelidaceae. . .....-+cesccese 367
EVerdye Catal pa «22 sveleiee srs eletetele ete 339
ER ELE Ceti ovoi-oy os o¥elelavtatsieva/ehal otal alah Wile 343
EV ais EHOrrisiey eterctsitie. «1s ous.6 a10 elas aire ole 243
BLOAT eH eit byistvatet chattels suc’ s) sie tastes 383
EUGMNIOC Ks c ccracecslayche a oieteteiel ase, 60 99, 347
Hercules’s Clubeiere sca co aietatelenaleite 313, 381
ITicoria
CUD GS! Fa tic oce auc abevoh st ote sve chokes wrt L49
UDOT caliarsruakioke rs ausuccerctetecaneber ates 153
glabra, var. odorata.........++.. 151
LCINIOR Morrie cievater el lcierey eke cue ets
GUE Cs tae red ecancle ele. ovensuehs /« io ohaveteradene 145
MUICT OCOD Os = cchsyalatevel skok eal «\ caatavailavene 151
ANAN ATID parcaieve syareinis| jie) a tha. stereo Stoke 155
18 GO ay APS aneseiio orcIo so OIGInIO 6 DIGIOIIOOLOc 355
KSC VeLOMSDCCIOS cic): @ atelelelare elelstoicl ete 355
Slaehairkew 1 cucrekovenstciersic! staialatetebere 145
SHellbarksie so ces cosiich ans, schsteciatejopene 145
Som eaaicok “Eanes nuoopeed cor 151
MOMMY... cyaisiaucgcyove: Suttehene, =\abanercs ois 287, 377
IMA Vises iron, ot coke atemeed neha Tehewen aa iene 377
ELON Civenl2O GUISE -rreeterelstelen tener orale 269, 374
Honeysuckle Family.............: 388
Ope ELOLMDe ats et ieieiclalctelcteleie 157, 356
18 Oy) WMC hoa cooon mone oo don doo 275
EVORNDE ANT eee a cisicicic erereues ela sere 159, 356
LOD sictcra ste avetetotetatalonsonehenetale 157, 356
ELOTSe i CHEStaUbrcitsreters i eisleisl ee 308, 379
Rdentifieation = 4.0-1-1-beleterstesalesicisnshevene 22
EL GReTPP aS et chiara otienohiel act tevaherche ancl araemiaets 377
ODACHP a sccrorslal chereieie srs katelet Lene PAST (se SiC
TndianwB Gane a. sso oxsustucteisis iste epeie.e 330
Inflorescences, types of...........- 33
MTOM O Akict-terevepodenaateteteteuerererertretene. cee etre
ETOMWOOGia es alctayatiereselereueqirarsuctohcteats. oh 157
Vanes 12h 5 6 ca daiowoduioc ne Clo aa 83
TEESCV MUI Ost cues, Scvare sucheleuctsl eefeceiaic 81
DULCASMTE Giye, = fais onencasuchsretePnetaie svete) elis 271
JUS LaANGd a CEges se faycteyci st tote lacie wie eee 354
ING VALOMSCNEL Ah ekcelelcicetetele stents 354
IWATE Be She tige@apoor odode Umno gor 354
CIMOT A eel sie ene ever tere: we. sc cviche 141
ISGY WitO® SPECLESiajaio ern ciaietelers, caters 3954
PITTS Hem pie a a cha tie Ole DONO DICK CaIONO © 1438
DMNEDELL Vs alee aere e ais sietellors (le ateteave 241
AIUCUY TEES, te pene GiGAN A ch Cac ton CRO GREER BORON: 349
JOH, Beg eueo tb omoep oreo be 349
COMMUNI emma nenet tis cx uatlars cvertexencke 350
Walia ls tg cele Og cea toni Os 105, 350
ANCSEL YANN AM Cee re tech sisi ores aero dates Ate ee 384
VeGLT O LRA My sis od) cioisees oa) ch <1 earache
Kentucky Coffee Tree..........267, 3738
Key
Analytical to species........... 344
LAT Ret caclcne ce rece omni ore: ae 63
EC Siar tas curs c.a:cherehc/oeierelaleReyeforea crore 05
STi aes cic tanetn) ak oleic, ckebel otal tiets cheval 69
LOIN Ty oe ae eh pee Ua Se 23
SIME VNUL Ac ecu aletcrsl ctoveteveialavaielsie efolers 147

430
PAGE
MORON iio tt custe cs a avelst unless avalon 89, 346
liaree-toathed Aispens 2 oo. Oh eee 131
APT TRAE Shearer ah Pie ince ace ia ieuene fe vevevers 346
DATECTAGCOUTUILS © exo ave tee le'o\r0 ove loo torebere eee 8y
USE UGETA Bs toh feicsush cove sce estore [owe detop 89, 346
MARU RCCRES 5. ie) coc nos e Yoowievn done aus eneRoneee 366
MANTA y hash: cysts us tohous onens fare © banegan eons 384
UIT Yo. 3%) SU ae etn okie acne els eee ieee 366
NODES 27% Sly. Mi atacs lave tater cae aetete Te 321
Mountain, ii: sore eiete neon. ess 323
Laurel-leaved Willow............. 111
Leaf
Vg Ses 6 Ope Rea RC RTC Any c 44
ISCVEELO USDECIOSs: « « icicieuleansveccce stoke D5
MS CHUC BEM e 5 |e! oissh foletoceielete Mike enchants 49
Leaves
PADOX ESOL aie « ackevetsreerere oyeleterenetene 31
Bases y Obra cus cucarevens teu esccaste eet 31
POSUGION MOL e iatjoy0, ce tens es euswter aoe 29
Composition, (of Alone eer 29
BOLI OL on cisyottonsis (ska ovewakers te aaeeeeene 29
Maron Ole. care ers. te eateries oss ays
WA TIA ELON AT) acco ec oratecoushoheree eee 28
Mena tons Of rrvaleteletetenstoese hele e 32
TGE@LUMINOSAE: oo occ «cc isis o cue Oe eheebs 32
ESC VCO SENET Ars obo oes aks crebetode tel eas 373
On GICEIS rier) = 5 si a Jevevs ce iois jacobs) aie mint ers 51
THEVETWOOG:S to) s,s 25 450 bec. glete ater eneere 157
Life Zones
In’ New York -Stalteis in <ion at one 394
Cranscontinentaly 0 ose cate 393
SING ene % 4A jas sits hoe oe tee 309, 88
AIMETUCA TIS, io ais) sieve etiets to etme 307
RAIL Yes op acs ysy ora verre etc telenen sho Sicie ee kas 380
AV TIUEOLN slurspores syelcherertletsuetcve oeec totes Shlal
Linguistic sources of tree names... 403
IG ht Ee epigioidimcrccoicys oo cic Orn 368
SUV TACHA. | 5. rete fo relete eo uekedare tailene lees 227
WATIOC COGLONE .. ciieye,« efor. ss) sinc) syelauere ye 365
CUULIPITE TA ote sc tevonets ar nee Meee 221
DM GUS Tati fits ersyaxstane ace eunscie sietebelt 273, 374
VRCKEK:,.. cafe petichs coho netenetsveuene palereke moet mite
EV ORGY eicesya\ e005, Sy eisisieterstalsedoreite 269, 373
MEACIAIT Ae, cc rovclecavctete- eso, veteran are 364
TIN OUCIICTE ft Gp A BOE DD OO dob ae 209
DOWMMLOTAS opera cletere etereteralelons 209, 364
Magnolia -.Jorsterttevshelteeretepoe, sus, s,s.e) ste)-6 365
EVebehbiGntln apace oataia coe ooo OG 219
WAU Ys, cc) says sus eee aseks wale yale. eens 364
QUCUCE. oe ae sis cate sete ete ee ee ai,
Key tO) SPeClES: o sicjerasie we eee eee 365
SHWE CES 1S. ses, sus auseraiar ane taatekouetomee PANTS
Vibrabitihitie ml gdaonanea oars aass ily f
Maen Oliaced es aaistenn steleretotem tarsi 364
Key “tO SONELA:. © 5.5 cuc1s ose sialon epevene 364
Mahaleb) Gherry:. 5 oe tetas eels Salere cee 253
Malus
COV OMGTAG: GP 5 ccsnd: oc sxats, sve, 0, 21 & «t6) Ae 233
ETT tes ROR PI ACR ERENCE ETE coe oe 235
IVT ASLO sot o-totstave te auove. aisiie 10:00 6ieyorihalsatorste 378
IA SHEIC AV EMI. sis oi onciiateue ve ere Mepelevece 301
BIRKS Motarcrecticlelstevtettio hkaweyane 2938, 295
Many sci cis cs eisees sree siaeto cetera meek
KEY. TO) SPECIES cis tiers rine eon ae 378
MM OUITIEAITUG f) esi ceskebere ici cteveye ao teteverse 291
Re GH. caciens chet ras Suebe tiz Guay Herepote done 299
SIULViOLs yim ee icneevsaracoeiereh Too baker aliekers 297
NETIC Mace paxccicien otecerel cieistevenevarae 289
NILA: |. ic etetNe see ae leas ete 293
SISA. i Aa tse ecto ere ein oleae 299
VEE OS 02.0% nia ele) a eyel se elateueie''s ferstonerate 297
NEV AUN SS BBA 5 EB a tin, CTI. 7 Aree 255

MT OGHROLUU fio gcc, 0 cle viva eiese-eavetaravetersterene 149

Index

PAGH
MOOSE WOO0d.. ., 216 2/c\ara +s oe eee een 289
Mossy-cup Oak’ !\.. «joa weet 179
MorellosCherry . .<.. ics eipee eeeiee 257
MIOTACCAEC. «4 »:<\ noe eicitevernere ene eee 362
Key to genera on cane sass emer 363
MOrus. 2s so. See ee ree 363
albay.. 66. hae eee ere 215
Key to species... 5.25 est oie 363
Papyrfiferas {iss 42a eee 211
rubra. 2°. A250 eae eee 213
Mountain
Laurel, °.1..\esc dace sie sea eee 323
Maple: i dsccuins wen aon tienes 291
Mulberry... 3.0545 Ste eee 363
Waris. (socio Svivs clenevatle tpemehateene seers 362
PAPEL: 0's ia eel ale ol hone eeabe inet 211
ROG: ints s Fied oasis Oe eee 213
Whites 1:22 so chosen ne pear 215
Nanny berry. Acres 341, 388
Necklace Poplarie. or. sees eee 139
NE€GUNGO ACETOIDES <= «6 «oases» =e) eee 301
Nomenclature of plants........... 13
Norway Pinet.5.. cue eee 87
NY SSA. 2 oihas ae ae bovine 383
MiUltt LOA: .o5sicleieioialet eh eeieretiotene 319
sylvatica. a4. ee oe 319, 383
Oak... scat sss, staan orev keen eee 359
Barren. 3. 22s /ssqerenio arene ieee eaten 197
Black. s. saccadic teehee ane 195
Black: Dacks:. crs densielensegere ene 197
Nej0h ere nado s otst ee AS Soc 179
Chestnut: 23 =. Gilet 183, 185
Chinquapin jas in eee . 188
GLAY. 20 dave Vicieieueustanets cot ugh anehe 193
TPOn: 3 bia cussais basen stekeheyeven tae ilcerg
Key to species: soem sens 360
Mossy, Cups. 2% isis cts seus siete ts Bee 173
Over-cup. |...) ive ack ohio ee esbisee 179
Pin... as ck aos, ieee eeeeietee ieee 189
Post. < |) 2. 2480 tebe cer ernen rae 177
Ress 5.5 s:didieescle gets ein ore oeaione 187
Scarlets 2 ide 2s svaligin weneieneke tenes 191
Swamp Spanish once -elaceeeiene 189
Swamp), Whites < sac: «evelencaa oe 181
White... sac a ative pele efeneater rau noene Lid
Willow. «3.2 slscss arene ee eer Bien 199
YOMOw 5c... )eivc s screened eens 183
Yellow-barks .%5 tus Sopa erevaere 195
Old Pield Birchiin.-.- cee. 167
OIEACCHE. fo aii.s ote epee edt meet ees 385
Olive Family “SAs.yanee eee eek 385
Osage “Oranges citer ie 209, 364
Osier.
Golden... 50:34 ¢ chine ear 117
Purple. aun cme ae ete 125
OSUTY a. 2 ogc ene a eee 356
virginiana, @aaeece eee 157, 356
Over-cup Oak Actas eee eee 179
Papaw. < °°. wstepanelstedalen. teen 223, 385
Paper
Birch, «>. i cescteyseheeteieisae eee 169
Mulberry. . fea creer sore 211, 363
PODYTUUS DADUTVETD > ia = alltel otalale 211
Paulownia, 2% acra-sete em eevee 335, 386
imperialis. ~ \iaeicsisisey- aes 335
toméntosa:!s <oene seo earns 335, 387
AM | eo AA BB ods ocd C 387
Pea Family >< siesta Boat Cte
Peach. . « <.,«\sccratskerensietareael etter 265
Peach-leaved Willow..........+--- 109

PAGE
eS ee ty: Pag at eek a a a hier rarate BPs fe 231, 869
merely COGAT.s.. oc eeraatenc wis sales a atalte 105
EBISOTUC RO ohcic ne deuciane ofan Ciena chet cisiace 319
ETAUINMON: | « «\siieiels)siscere omy vere 325, 385
PREGOH etra/h-a: 3ire ae leiare % hAalaioe «lary Abts 347
FERED E alice Chal ac Kot etere leisy 3) ei tralareue euwiehen 91
TAEBER AS. Cocitec fers, o bieh o.i06 maj eua.al tiers 93
BRA CONAIG: whe dele tistics celta ome eo 91
OT RVAIAU ULM nirc¥c tai a/c ta! a) al ovata ki atevatalere’ eos 91
ISP EATONEDECLOB of ce sic rid. vguifieole ic 347
IV SD ENGIN Whe Avevalis fe¥evev ein araicts' ore a lelteas’ 95
OETA PL) RCROMCRCR TORCH RE AE RCHL Ro iacac tr AC acne 95
PLO GILOME SE siete tnisiaaic on shetchid ay ele: abe eiana 93
IA Se BiG 5 GL OC ODI OCU RICCI OGRE 95
MMBSBYURY Cte ie darev(e feelin Le ce ates bee ald SBavoue oe 158
Pin
CUIAB 6 ace CITROICROIDECICIEE ese pict om 249
MTS Aiealatateracats «i-cie sllaleres avon daa ane 189
PATCH Ctra els) nies cjc.lonecelsvets iets > @/s evsh ae 344
DEAIRT Come feterh ie ae: ievaxcuchayaremacoyern one eae 345
PUI ee cers, jayececit so ee Do 344
PERU al a oy oaich ove) sicia.sia: wie ia dine retorts §3
MULCH Bhe A) eieie (e's 5 Shad .s ist a Aaa se 83
WIGEREV Ec eles no cw wie oe Mehetgele 81
ESE VIULO! SDECIOB Sis crya sieizosienere wane 346
INOUE WMU to ce dceute cic Ne aainfosice ea 87
UEC Di oo occa oo SHES soe dtotahe eiels Shoes 79
17 (> I REIOIOROIDInIChS Aes citte o Gb. O 7
NOTIN a siereiesolotedstctonsiche reualemalers 81, 838
PHOGETGAVEC sn cu creiwcvalauens sre tchenaerere 8&5
WE VINOUEH, oc is siersteiere cle 3 Sens 77
WWI COR Mes r te ee ade asenetehty 77
SMGUU WUE? 6 co aac uhave es) nasre sbovebeleleleusehine 85
12) Bend, Gln EAR AI ES SRC RE, CHO REC MRE RERE Ere. 345
AMAIA Ae as5.s wie wails carve eee 83
AU OTACHEM re late widiare soni sais See 83
CHINATHS cis oa gaia ec 0's oe ec eteree 85
UCG ES, SANS GOO OTe oo OOOO ccs 81.
HKG TOUSPOCIES). cece a s.5 sis a cei@tala sie 345
MIUUTLE eee Siai'e ic fale ous 2 Gus ore reais 31S Shays 85
MOESIMOS Mees) cic aie css isousie « suele Biss one 87
TETRA cse rece toccvs sel thes shior's) evacaoh aate 79
ERO DUES Sc ene oie) haictese dls acc s,s .caaee 77
SWAHORLIRECATR lst catetisy yatcicie craic eiete: v-evevenere 81
Pistil, criteria for interpreting.... 39
ECE ING: veisi'v ch oteratatehccltra ars sncleete 79
CEU ataee ee ereyloeia) x. ane) ee ta ate: svers lale doe state 52
PEST RIOR teenie srcishecsts, chctes sre ts 229, 369
Plane-tree Family... 2.0. .....+-000% 368
Piantsvs. Animals: i iacociettox. 11
Plants
CUASSHICATION OLE orale « ccie we ols eye 15
INOMENCIDEULE™ OL ooc crs ona nee © 13
BE ACOTF OTN Vins Olas) c. 5) alacs teod aia hegre eter 13
PSHCATACOCHC: Leics eisleies sree tic ane Ore ee 368
EDIAICA ING Semen t ol arcsakatstenetctcienanstacrare mrete 369
Occldentalis: 2.1. Aa Hass ecseeee 229
OTIGHEMELS i eyecst esis cpatorare ete bekay tks 368
UU girar ater ction ceelioter e's, « ay'cuiete toteenlens Aga Sach
STUN O ate ere eee cvint ane. seit Shaye eisnerel ais 251
Caria aetna car cereat ce soo rete 259
ROGUE rites, werent aie ie) bie) e tach ccous, overt « 259
WAL gevcervexctomeiel atevavelecticus sic o cies 261
Wild: Wellow/e wcteciiectawnie ssa aa ss 261
TUM DELL Yea ientvod oieheraiamiens: senecale 305
olson! [SUMBEHE she speeciale che ee suaisiaree 285
aly petal ae. sic ete late cis cece ice cess 364
POD T. 8 s sisi hevacrs ens aha elk « si vete taste 358
1a fF Bere eas) Ce Seen en eee ora. 135
Carolina ty) fete ee tscocicts alata 139
Key. to: species s.ite. * . sie sate 353
Neck aces, soc ceeeiaenatevanh taser nie wie 139

Index

PaGb
Poplar — (Vontinued)
PUM GMaCHVO.. a clels aeie'e «cfd neice 127
PAU ELL PD eon ie ere tateta, snhere icin’ sy a 'sieferetar ets 131
VUE Orearertkcwshe rensbarehetat ka a> Achat eia a UPAry
Elysee sir cots cieteloiens aise erate «iets 221
FAO DDD Oe Refatetaneveinia: ey aamarat ana lreenevelersiol alain 129
PROD UNIS iy a a: thas sd SP a vee cialis tie sees 85%
PUD Ase ienclere stevee a areolar acer ae 127
PUN (VATS uly CAin. sc ciel lersheiaieter iene 127
WAILAADOITOTAL 05% Geisicustaie Gheisiueteiaele 1385
balsamifera, var. candicans..... 137
canadensis, var. Bugenie........ 139
CONCICANS a eaietclays:«.o:c aoae siretaa a ene 137
MElTGIGE Re Verh aieinys. « 34,0, chae wataiots 139
erandidentata-cs wie ois. «ec mletel 131
hererophiy lla. the cuekersic cise lett eeere 133
IeCyeCO” Species! <<. smistrepseiew, crac 353
INONGAT ETO oe la v= aol e eiclWelaneaiebars 139
EremuUloides: \d1c5 sic ehe ale on etelanevere 129
PORT OB Keys yelancr ce. acole ite S16 cy eh bie AS 177
PT UUTAUT ste 1, W ralie tele Go tater lorey'sl ts (aXe hfe een 371
AMELICAN AS {a biulehl oe ae cede le ene ie 261
RIV AUIID (ese Gs lot sewi's, ovo), vcs a aks oles) tre atete 255
WELASISS pic winte.e Bieta eit eter 257
COMVMAUTAS Oyeiarata (oroverens teres ‘oe ete ee 263
GOMOCSTCA fasinates ore trees ce ea eee 263
LIUSCUGAGI SIS merateyaiccrcrat renetonctels eter oe eles 251
Key to) species: 3. % cu. ss cegertee 5 372
Mai ale by. 5 o:. Weis ice einer etenelnreteeys wate 253
AS aero aR Db ndibG DOU ORS Or uno 259
POT SICAL! Se ieteis Sales be eeloe we eae te 265
PENNS YI] VANTCR: veo Soke ee a chewetetete 249
SCVOUIN Ae - sie casio co OG nen 245
8pinosa, var. instititia.......... 251
VLD UTIL AT Boots revs okey okey allcvereisive el oan 247
Belen iy akockats cess islet ere eh ierieney rete 375
THIOM Ata. ae ciel viclele nicl anoles, ere ae 275
PULSED Vee Yo <: catiebcoebey eters tere uae. chote 372
Purvle
OSLO fre retin cece eral eke heteceters 125
WWiLTO Wat ethic teterc scotia te ctrtede trees 125
PATSS ye WALL OW oc 075 oes od ehatetWaa neds he lake 121
PEVTUS Eee cis. svsceetetoretee ieuere e.chenete eeetrae 369
americana. cae okie ete 237
ANTCUPATIA: 2. foyer eve oleic uate oes 239
COMMMUNIS. \.> ins waceelsioeietete eee 231
COLOMATLAK serves ay alesse ace wralradeeteoels 233
IEW EO) SPEClIESiarscie tere oui piciceetatats 370
IMPaUSs Fac Goicvdre ele 1) akira Mave fnrapevelte shee 235
Oitansia sl amniily: dic ternenstoncs operator st che 3875
CUUENCUBie te, oie scene eters caiexave na) tyellrstatias 359
ATOM OO LINUS. Gs ie Ae UD SOOO OS 183
FULD Aeee cea hen ctota aokeeets Cie rarcicte sie spose ate 175
TUDO AG TKS St OCS IO IOS DOO OS 193
DIC OLOT is Lemke aie leckeloete rts wianciae kane oie 181
DOM CCLIA Yom atte eteke te ei Shel chs ofeiterar'en 193
COCCINCA We Natal che cece < Jewe cohoh'sansyales a0 191
coccinea, var. ambiqua......... 193
coccinea, var. tinctoria.......+. 195
LGV eEUOMADCCIOS titel aici c's) ai ejiotenehats 360
PIMORTCEII o Anoomeoo epee 179
WUD TSIEN GILG Hewch voallcticneuairerets «ter aeneraie ts 197
MACTEMUC TATE a careless cin sheschele a. sucbigaene 185
(LADS SE OOOO CRE OR OS oe Oe 177
UI CUG PULA TOL Ce, COEDS OOO Oe OL Co © 183
OD TST OOM oe \cllecs ie sis: ond, & Wieldiel opakalle LNT
ISVINIS GHUS Gey talaxcieve sya) ei sieierel ena eeene 189
WINOUIOSN sy) cio aha slaue cusiarancevothernatabe 199
MLGLOROIGES:? ). &./choxcce systnustenaine eieiees 181
TAME SH Arey ets eric da. exeitor a tote) wisi olete tenements 185
TUdt he: eee Morache cin aetna ceocca5 DAG 187
PUDMAL VATS AMBICUA <\. ..jstteeietels 193
StOllatais.| wc ccieteis a ckatereet see cers 177
TARCLOTIG Be are nayeke ai ctedecoenccencee 195
WELUIEIN Gas} sare clave tercvolelebeveleh et ee ere 195

Index

PAGD

Red
PAG OO CT ERO One PREECMET CCC Ont Oh ae 329
ESTING pan ay aia ace) tel auenieSeuevior ever aliorateliclets 165
EUG Wiring stein ie hee Gaswoiseres Paley BIfE!
(CBIR. 5h 0 OIC CCN Pronioracid 2 0!aO 105
IOUS. hy. Soa molols CdereeBininio Oooo oe 201
GEL ere hoveiecescteenemevecenescieviseexeuene 227
ial ey cutels cbayoneteaelereyeue eickoncuateioleene 299
IMI DOE Yin) conse cs ove.sne vers. oaloncke a ereueee 2138
(O}TT ei mene Borie NOR Rentstonc. 5 croc oo c.c 187
| SNARE prio TO Gr Oicie Cho. Cho. cacti 87
Plum; «2 Meese eieieis cuemaue etek ts arose 259
SOMME ood gouocccog cen eed od oo 95
Sinha KA Oy a ooo atom edo es oo 5 379
JEYAETHTRUESE. 4, 15.) SICREREROUPRORESC ALG Cheha chcoO inno 380
CAGNATHICAS aj... aials ate msteleeee 305, 380
Gey Nl S Godaccddonnic 321, 384
ipo er olbg Amenatonc OD EaIe eS 321, 384
ERTL UTS! es satis ores ai ollck ac ome etre tier ee uae SHEE 376
copallinahs ia ccdastackone fo mate 283
UTA Oh iyenevlors caraue encleie faire ale sieate enema 281
slapra, wan lacimialtas: ic -irecerees 281
PUP EDS BPs Rais ur Rlaelis ta oeey sous ate Path)
ISOVANUO) SPECLOR ccs ney no cralerereueuee Stl
UA‘) Oyo 0: Qelemlbecctolsenccieiordainea look c 279
GN GLOTIAT he SOOT ORET DREN REY SiemOnCS. OL Dib. c ey U 285
RVSO TUK ete yen shone Loyeyete iekels euStedeu ete 285
LRH) ea 80 Ce) «Veg cicnatolcn a Si ciciooroIaiota oho cro 165
| 230) 11 cs 67 ae A EAN TE Pc eee ts 374
IPsendo-Acacias vo asics aise cqctoiens 273
EUGCK: WGN al arel a eneiovene honteltauchemelostiere take 205
IROREKESGS, of pn, ploid o-oo olddid od. do DO. 0 569
Gy 0! "LONELA! Hrs cies re nceerer uo me 369
RO S@ MH AMM Vie, ekeve re oveldieben et enerer ties ete 369
Rana UNGHs 6 oobaogcootodotoo acs 239
TRAE AAU Vices aiteseians tay lislva; ("oy egeuemetiaice:ss. + 375
INGA) (HAMA og dobodomoobo pO aooON 245
PRUE AC CA Cero ws toyfo:e fal eal or lavie yontelahish oe eenapens 375
WALICHGCEMC eat nisieusrers ols ore ion vene uel enerene 351
Key: CO: LENETA sofs. eas oe Word Awe 3a2
SANNA rarye asians toy oll ewsvsr stoke va loleneueiete touche 352
aba; aviars cvatellina ss 2. cc teneneieke 117
AMV ed MOMS: 7, sci terere ick aie Rene natok 109
lO OWNG MKS Soaodeoooncoo modo 119
BEDOLANG:, ~) aistene ofeia casts ces sheeeeere 123
WWE 6 noannodesa ID OND Ooo oOSC 117
Gh COIe S boobaanomoandoodda S46 121
ELOPEDEOUNG weistoite: ore ahaelersnucloe actors 125
inerltal bt eaenie Coico eraae Oka b ocroms oo 115
ISEGV ALO SPECIES a cielcse citer aeicrene 352
WEBI, SESonogacsohopoonodacd 111
NG CrG Fe ele cecncsoaoraldicaick cdeio Go eucIatdsou 1138
MUST A Soya eee Mere hie eames 107
ILE VIN) Betee PO CROTOTEC. Onc .o iGyedcnen oes bry c 119
Dentandray. haw a eee eleretche ome
PULDULCHM metus ene nets emcnoncr er ei 125
MOLES eB iaoIOeoa6'o da eo aoc 123
LRT EOWA UE Go Colbie biatona Sa.0 180 1000 C 115
(TRAE: Poy eta #NOI CADE Auch Ces DIny Gaol Orosokowh 115
(ROI es. onc PROVEN) O10 nora oo ALO iA lir¢
SAP INGAACCHO./ (an feysssie in wus cu ched ele hers 379
SEIGREMEIRG @ oogo0 dn D60 dD te 225, 367
Oficinales J S54 O58 tA ue ee 225
SUT ote’ 0,00 a 0 DO BOK OO 225
VaAnULoliuM es ascictan sera id eoukse ae 225
Scarlet (Oaks in.scevanswsierevouseusuc ioe ven owetaene 191
CLOPMULATIACEACI ele ienciele le elect: 386
NCTUD SEIN Crs cio isecieieuensversutetsteueie oe 81, 83
MELVICEDOLIV «29 welt eteeratene olareusi(e 241, 370
VET ONES TIS INS sresais, pcusiove tileteve ene atenaiteie 241
Siiayaphdle IBA (Aron Godo saan Oba S 145
STEEP SUCLINV an lelatons ir llclalla"olol/atoltenoieliskeiens 341
SHoMD ATK IS ai 0100 alo 10 iolre olalielaveversvona 147

PAGE
Shellbark Hlickony/eme aio aieraielaestenerers 145
Shinines Wallow 5 0 <1. srtuenete tle nee 115
Short-leaved Pine. .....0-.0 seme. 85
Silver’Mia ple .«:..:sic eto esteem tenets 297
Silver-leaved Poplar -1.10adeaiane 127
Simaroubacede wir. sire iteteteie tern easel 3875
Slippery Elms coe ak eee 201
STO@. oars) econ eave hora alctistct Meieemeete 251
Small-fruited! Bickory ..-)) ee eer 151
SmootheSumachs.....- nie ene 281
Soapberry, Mantiliys.(1<s. se celeste 379
Sorbus
AMECTICONGS wosein dé Eanes 237
AUCUDATIGS cs rk. te aoe eee 239
Sour (Cherry. va wi cnetohoteretihe ecient 257
SpPruces 5. sists salieelc ee eee 347
Blaek,. 4-503) ncpaytahierem incase neneteette 95
(OF NERC e ITs S cididid a toawc ate 91
Key to species... sae oer eerie 347
Reds... satnh eee ce Rae ee 93
Wi tes. sc sia sete neieadere ea cht eeemeaene 91
St LucieCherry =. <2). esa oko 253
Stag. .Bu she joie: cdeae erste eee 343
Staghorn ‘Sumach=. 4. 2404 eee 279
Stipulé’ Scars suctsnpews sacs ore fe here 49
Striped Maplese ccs te cee 289
Sugar. Maple esicscctcmkersicl ect eiereienene 293
Sugarberry. .oas gas os nea eee 207
Sumach: <9 Ss. 1ca teen weer ersten 376
Chinese; ioeanie cine weer oon PACTS
Dwarf, occ. see eee ene 283
Family.’ ... sco Gera ncecincn te eee 376
POisON.. «. “sisadideud oenron werent 289
Smooth, ; ites enioe ete ol
Staghorn:. 2. fs oes eh ereeee 209
Swamp
IBA’. 0s. a:b laneie soeliar else, erence teters eae ANG
Cottonwood? <= 2aeacwicient orion 131
Maple’. . ic siestto mercer rote etenetaae 299
Poplar. o\scisuss chrectectenteie 131
Spanish “Oaky-y-.ireictetentelorete eteierene 189
White. Oakstc-canece eee 181
Sweet
Bayes is, «vc ote: ciGirec Semana sreteacte te aeons 217%
Bireh.. ¢...<icbece eee eae een 161
CHErry. iid s ateis cin econ eerie 255
Crabs, acts Svaneia: tiers tede enenee yon pee 233
GUM. 528s aisticcseereteieteie le eeeeens 227, 368
Magnolia... sds coer retainers 217
SY CaAMOre.\. 4. ciessercieicee uegeken Ramee 229
Tacamahac... (ceisler coteensatetonetene 135
VPamarack.” s5.5) jens snesuetonenonenrre ee 89, 346
TaXACCAC:.. sc jiteishendeg easter eee eror 344
Taxonomy (of, planitisicqerseeetenn erent 13
Taxus! Canadensise. cece niente 344
Thorn “Apple tiv seicistenersnnes nes 2438, 37]
Thorn, Black.) S.Aeeasctc casetssot mene 251
THUja.. 2 indie emrenehene vekenenann ey oe nea eee 348
occidentalis) -eepceraer aie 108, 349
NU EEC Sic oO. Ginioo colada cs 380
americana. faces stoned oes ete egekenenee 307
CLK A) a) MRR serch, GAS ha: 0.0.0, Gio sey cui 307
heterophylla, var. Michauxii.... 311
Key to species............ ren siene 381
Michaux: .tascrnamienasieriencnenetenene 309
NEGLECEA. «. sicid cakh rene a tue suave patents 309
M BUDE Kc: eo Gls So Gina molar odo 3880
Towicodendron Vernid.....0...6..s 285
Toxylon pomiferwm....2..s.0++5-- 209
Tree of Heaven ..:rieaetinits 277, 376
Trembling Aspen..... BAO yon ler

INDEX

PAGE
Trumpet Creeper Family.......... 387
BESSY ESSE Gains cai onc eee atetanmaceia eld eierh a Stele BAT
EEL CLEXINIS:, — latetctateiabetatetaials6.'<.0. 6 99, 345
PETULEP LLCO.» ic: etalarcina nie ais dieveisia 221, 365
BUENO eck et’s) sre: scale rai'siseral aay eaitae: sustrs 319, 3583
Twigs
ROVE Ofer aia, onc) ai nraie shaieieretersveva"ere.s'e 50
BPPERE CMO liteda te, citi Ciel eliasd civix-stebate ete ete OU
MORON et) Mi clade o. o6) oval x: oa 0, s110 oy 8l iene, D0
WORERE RGIS ee cuetcialord Svelciaters' Sake are ale 45
rewimeiseu FO SPECIES... ecw ence bu
PNP TO RM oi 55 accor Taifar's’ v'ctinye! gtelle eure ae 361
Ee Oan KORO OP As cia: sis: a) cis verestcveyorat one SOL
WEREILUE SS etete tn aie alnxe) cravovcreis:slayetncacustave.e 361
EDEL TS GHUIVES 420, oite,ce) swans sien sk) che efele Al's 203
BRU MW Emit ral olfely, olave car © oh. ciekaicalste: oe) aire ietthe 2OL
ESE VEELOLINDEGICN |. iiaiche «tic elateea die 361
MIURUCSGCIVE ier creicle, cioiss a iaere) nye wtere 2 201
BHGOIMONR Eo ciel cnavatsverns Sucks gic) wove aie 205
LATTE os BS EIEIO OPS ORCA ORC LCIE ICRCHELC EERO 205
Vascular-bundle scars............. 49
MMP AREN RUAN EM Sencha ainy dhavelcew cite ao} arcrm eee sy els 388
ISG VELOMRDECIEB aceite se cisieiare exe oe 389
LWCHNEIOR ET a ae.coo 0 Un Soo One Maes S41
RRRUIETIDOALUIINIS Yelencireo) sieienorereveicticleners © 345
MPMI AREL. osc aM oo oce.sce's oes 6 275, 375
UMSRIBIRIN Uiage, = fatiey a silsiny ev-enehienie ical cies, n.te-cousitexsice 304
ISTE i OG EIAI NORCO RICHER CL OIer 145
Liren a ohetis. Ais Sipigin oesein ob rome 304
ING Ve ALOMSDECIES «)-orcheschedersrevarclo)ie) sie 354
VERT onmren ie cro .2 okie rar tener ataenovesse 141
VG Eee oan opoo coumoorooe De 150
\WEAHIIGN,, Sodeona do abdoccocoeuca. 305
WHEE IN Sem VVTNLOW! = ccs. s cuciciealcucis oteys ese 119
WFESUINT OTHE He DESI Cravaey sicie salle sile. cfiallsiketey/ « 77
White >
OATS Bs 8 Seno CIC er CRO ROHNER AEE ee 327
ESSURS WRU OU oie oe onetel Suet tnial tier avevetecouelens 31t
EBL CT eercn crs (avers a: caves satel si cfs Sues 167, 169
ROGAN ere nts, 6 cielel scccreliakens) sein iets 101, 103
EREUI eecrey ey creteuaiehe cel saat cneie sie "aicr shades 205
LIMO GH. So canite toate Deere 311
UUDETS I emer a Wee tAree Molrcasterajia. w\/opayae veileystiet 297

PAGI
White — (Vontinued)
INP UD ONY Frise bis raitrerateber ete sie"aravess) ole 215
UN et enmeveratarrnve nn sertitone te cis: aoeraere oan 175
ELC eae vantel tat sve cas fe tekatie atta sein eraiee eave 77
BOT ariternet fiver achat sists ais atevaa eters 12
SSDI CO rc seer at ole ol Anema a taee eons ohe vend aia v1
Wale ons pas cha Neer sc oiclorciek ohwva 141
Wild
Black ‘Cherry..cccie te eee ee 245
lu? oe sic edteerste eee tate eee 261
Rede Cherry. <ss.ce cleradcecta ce 249
WellowaiPlum:\. .o.5 oa eee 261
NWO weap amenerdertiobe.s o's cou races chotenereetns 352
Amon d-lesvedsievac «<6. sce dee 109
Bay-leaivede pircteies.< os cdisPas ons 111
BCaked.” Sra ncreecte cetbetens, avs cake 12¢
BeDDe : hcncvescranere one eri nee Nasi. er 123
BIA CK. caer sietd bi dele Geo 107
BTittles hscit teks cc tees ere cte eee 115
Oracke oe yens coco see 107, 1135
BOA ye sect cieu s latialis foncue: «0,16 eae 351
GIBUGOUSE wor cay cne othaselete o/srenctaete ipa
KeyAtO SDeOCIONH cis corsidl A sidtevcnee 352
Manrellegivieds vaca cnc hela ca oe ame 16 fal
(OF BS sticne EONCRCICNE PEE eee ae eine e 199
BGA GH-lCWVeds ve cctienie cuties ac clever 109
RUSS n Bahecst ote. cfoten deter ater aL eel g abeee 121
BRUT DLO usrralercnens,cto aera hea era oka mee 125
Sinn oy sceeivteresetarn sy cisoete Gris ete 113
WCC Ps 7. cc oanteen catehaciolewoe aysio ene 119
Winter
BSW ie vcicstev'e circa tone, ciete sonete sei a, erenegone 45
CHATAClERS? | aia ctous susterd rete.” dere 43
ERD Gaia aise Scachedee es oredatevcten ei hora 44
TS WAL Seo -i0y oroncusec seoeneys Chereai chaste aaa 45
Witch Hazel Wamilive:)s=-.-\-<e cee 367
Woody plants
Criteria for disfinguishing...... 24
KINA Se Ola sire on eae seen 29
Yellow
IBS IRGDS ” spathisscyenese neeuaeke ewacvarsararerets 163
(077) RR Ren IERE CRG cach ORR oreiey OOS 183
PIMOS, scyays 502 xinss loco ous tate vevievaepenal ote 85
BOplar. rv asus. sis el eis. ets. dlei os eich aus ene 221
Kellow-park Oakes icc ctecse wicker ele 195
Yew Hamtilyn os.ccsn cine oceerecretatere 2 344

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