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63 (ERET NATURAL HISTORY No. 1
1g wv, Price 15 cents

Botanical Series No. 1 Published January, 1922

j
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TREES OF OHIO

z IDENTIFIED BY THEIR LEAVES

HAROLD L. MADISON

Curator of Education

| THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
, ‘” Paul Marshall Rea, Director
Cleveland, Ohio

¢ TREES OF OHIO

HAROLD L. MADISON

| POCKET NATURAL HISTORY NO. |!
BOTANICAL SERIES NO. 1

OF NATURAL HISTORY

9 THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM
| CLEVELAND, OHIO
{

POCKET NATURAL HISTORY

Natural history includes six great sciences:

Astronomy—The story of the universe.
Geology—The story of the earth.

Paleontology—The story of ancient life. ;
Botany—The story of plants. |
Zoology—The story of animals. )

.

Anthropology—The story of man.

The function of the Museum is to gather the mater- ©
ials of these sciences, to study their hidden meaning, )
to exhibit them, and, most important, to interpret ;
them for the benefit of all the people.

Pocket Naturat History is the title of a series of
popular interpretations of nature, of which “Trees of
Ohio” is the first number. Each of the natural history
sciences will furnish many interesting subjects. Simple
guides to identification will be followed by intimate
stories of the history of the earth and the life upon it.
The Museum hopes to issue two numbers on each
science each year.

The form of these publications is designed for
simplicity and convenience. Each issue is accompanied
by a jacket for protection in the pocket. It is also
punched to fit standard loose-leaf note books obtain-
able from any dealer. Most books are infrequently
consulted because they are not immediately at hand
when the need for them arises. These slip conveniently
into the pocket for ready reference in the field or
for reading in leisure moments.

It is our hope that the simplicity and comprehen-
siveness of these little publications may bring new eo
interests and a wider and deeper appreciation of na-
ture into many lives.

Paut M. Rea, Director.

_Xpwve
POCKET NATURAL HISTORY No. 1

Price 15 cents

) Botanical Series No. 1 Published January, 1922

® TREES OF OHIO

IDENTIFIED BY THEIR LEAVES

HAROLD L. MADISON
“) Curator of Education

THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Paul Marshall Rea, Director
3 5 Cleveland, Ohio

COPYRIGHT, 1922, BY
THE CLEVELAND MUSEUM
OF NATURAL HISTORY

THE BRITTON PRINTING COMPANY
CLEVELAND, OHIO

LIBKARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAI

GARDEN

We should know trees as we know people; have a
Ee ) speaking acquaintance with many and be intimate with
i a few. Intimacy can come only from long association,
when you will come to know your tree friends by
their bark, their buds, their flowers, their fruits, and
their shapes, as well as by their leaves. You will also
know their habits, the kind of places they frequent, and

the trees they associate with.

TREES OF OHIO

This Pocket Natural History of Trees of Ohio is
only an introduction. It gives the common and scien-
tific name of each species, a word about the individual
peculiarities of each and drawings of the leaves,
(occasionally of the fruits) which are the best first-

3 acquaintance tags.

Instead of using many different characteristics to
individualize a species, an effort has been made to find
and record some one. peculiarity that will set a tree
apart from other related species. In instances where
this has not been found practicable, the least possible
number of distinguishing marks has been noted.

than variation. This applies especially to the leaves
of a tree, no two of which are exactly alike. Some
vary more than others. If, therefore, one is in doubt
about the identification of a tree, he should not depend
upon one leaf, but should examine ten or fifteen leaves
taken from different parts of the tree. He should
lay them out in a row, discarding the one or two of

ec?! form or size, and make his decision on

| the larger number which more closely resemble one
another and which we speak of as typical or as rep-
resentative of the species. The freak never represents
the group, whether it is among people or among leaves
of trees.

e This introduction is based largely on the leaves_be-
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> It is a rule of nature that nothing is more constant
ae
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cause they are the easiest means of identification. They
may be said to be near the tree all the year, since they
are attached for six months or more to the tree, and
are often found on the ground beneath during the
winter. The bark, while distinctive to the skilled ob-
server, is as difficult to describe as a person’s face.
Buds, flowers and fruits, together with the shape or
habit of the whole tree, are equally characteristic,
but the scope of this little manual forbids extended
discussion here.

PINE FAMILY, Pinaceae

Trees with leaves in the form of needles or scales,
cone-bearing, except cedars.

1. White Pine, Pinus strobus. Leaves 3-4 in.
long in clusters of 5. (N.)* €

2. Pitch Pine, Pinus rigida. Leaves 3-5 in. long,
in clusters of 3. (Ss. 'B:)

3. Jersey Pine, Scrub Pine, Pinus virginiana.
Leaves 1%4-3 in. iong, twisted, in clusters of 2. Cone
scales with sharp prickle. (S. E.)

4. Austrian Pine, Pinus laricio austriaca. Leaves @
4-6 in. long, in clusters of 2. Needles of Red Pine,
Pinus resinosa are the same as those of Austrian Pine
except they have 2 resin ducts while those of the Aus-
train Pine have 4 resin ducts. (see fig 4 a) (1).

5. Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris. Leaves 1-4 in.
long, twisted, in clusters of 2. Cone scales without .@
prickle. (1).

6 American Larch, Tamarack, Larix laricina.
Leaves not over 1 in. long. The only member of the
family whose leaves fall in winter. It may be known by
_its clusters of more than 5 needles scattered along the
branches. (N).

7. Douglas Fir, Douglas Spruce, Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia. Leaves 34- 134 in. long, not in clusters, scattered
along branches. A fir is an evergreen tree with flat
needles which do not have leaf stalks. Foliage soft
to the touch; branches pointing upward. (1).

8. Colorado Blue Spruce, Picea pungens. Leaves
34-1% in. long. A spruce is an evergreen tree with
stiff, sharp-pointed, 4-sided needles. The Colorado
Blue Spruce may be known by its silvery foliage at
the ends of the branches, which are flat horizontally.
(1).

9. Norway Spruce, Picea abies. Leaves %-1 in
long, stiff, sharp-pointed, 4-sided. Foliage stiff to
the touch, branches drooping. Large cones 4-6 in.
long. (I).

10. Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis. Leaves about %
in. long, flat, blunt with distinct leaf stalks, whitish
beneath. (E).

11. Arbor Vitae, Thuja occidentalis. Leaves re-
duced to flat scales hugging the twigs. Twigs are flat.
CS. GH

12. Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana. Leaves re-
duced to flat scales hugging the twigs . Twigs are cylin-@
drical. “(G):

*Distribution in Ohio is indicated by regular com-
pass-point abbreviations, also G@ means throughout

the state, C, central, I, introduced, not native to the
state. 4

WILLOW FAMILY, Salicaceae

Willows have long narrow leaves.

13. Black Willow, Salix nigra. Leaves 4-34 in. wide.
Only willow of tree size with 2 crescent-shaped stipules
at the base of each leaf. (G).

14. Peach-leaved Willow, Salix amygdaloides.
Leaves. 34-11% in. wide, with sharp teeth. Its leaf is
broad, tapering to a long slender tip. (N. W.) €

15. Crack Willow, Salix fragilis. Leaves %-1% in.
wide, with 10-15 blunt teeth to the inch. The weeping
willow is the only other having so few teeth to the inch.
(iG, 14

16. Weeping Willow, Salix babylonica. Leaves 7¥6-
5% in. wide, very slender with 10-15 sharp teeth to the
itich. (1)

Poplars have trembling leaves because the leaf stalks
are flattened sideways.

17. White Poplar, Populus alba. Leaves 4-7 in.
long. Under surface of leaves cottony-white. (G).

18. American Aspen, Populus tremuloides. Leaves
114-24 in. long. ‘The leaves of this poplar are roundish-
heart-shaped with more than 6 teeth to the inch. (N).

19. Large Toothed Aspen, Populus grandidentata.
Leaves 3-5 in. long. As the name implies, the leaves
have large teeth, 5 or less to the inch. (G).

20. Downy Poplar, Populus heterophylla. Leaves
4-7 in. long, veins downy beneath. This is the only
poplar, whose leaf stalk is not at all flattened sideways.
May be recognized by fae blunt tips and heart-shaped

bases of its leaves. (N. )
21. Balsam Poplar, oon balsamifera. i

3-6 in. long whitish beneath. May be distinguished from

the Balm of Gilead by its narrower leaf which is

rounded and widest at the base, tapering gradually to
tise *tip, “UN. FE.)

22. Balm of Gilead, Populus candicans. Leaves 4-6
in. long. May be confused with the Balsam Poplar be-
cause both have brown, sticky, aromatic buds. Its leaf,
however, is broader and is hairy beneath. (I).

23. Carolina Poplar, Cottonwood, Populus del-
toides. Leaves 3-6 in. long. The leaf-blade of this poplar
is triangular and longer than broad. (G).

24. Lombardy Poplar, Populus nigra italica. Leaves
2-4 in. long. This poplar also has triangular-shaped leaf-
blades but they are broader than long. Tree a slender
spire. (1).

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BLACK WILLOW
WEEPING WILLOW
BALM OF GILEAD

WALNUT FAMILY, Juglandaceae

Trees with pinnately* compound leaves alternately
arranged on the twigs. The twigs also are alterna-
tely branched. Walnut leaves may easily be mis- ©
taken for ash tree leaves except the leaves of the
ash are opposite each other on the twigs and the
twigs are oppositely branched.

25. Butternut, White Walnut, Juglans cinerea. Leaf- ©
lets 11-17, 2-4 in. long. Pith of twigs chocolate brown.
Its leaves and fruit are both sticky and hairy. (G).

26. Black Walnut, Walnut, Juglans nigra. Leaflets
11-23, 2-4 in. long. Pith of twigs cream. color. Its
leaves and fruits are neither sticky nor hairy. (G.)

27. Shag-Bark Hickory, Carya ovata. Leaflets usu-
ally 5, upper ones 5-7 in. long. Known by the loose
shaggy bark of the trunk and its large globular fruit.

(G.)

28. Big Shell-Bark, Hickory, Carya laciniosa. Leaf-
lets usually 7, upper ones 5-9 in. long. Has large egg-
shaped fruit 134-2% in. long, and orange colored twigs.

29. Mockernut, Hickory, Carya alba. Leaflets 7-9,
upper ones 5-8 in. long. This hickory has large globular
fruit in which are large nuts with a very small kernel,
yence the name Mockernut. (G.)

30. Small-Fruited Hickory, Carya #microcarpa.
Leaflets 5-7, upper ones 3-6 in. long. Twigs covered with
hairs. Known by its small globular fruit which is less
than 1 in. long and has a sweet kernel. (G.) G

31. Pignut, Hickory, Carya glabra. Leaflets 5-7,
upper ones 3-6 in. long. Twigs smooth. The fruit has a
thin husk which is winged. (G.)

32. Bitternut, Hickory, Carya cordiformis. Leaflets
7-11, upper ones 4-6 in. long. Twigs and fruit hairy. The G
Bitternut may be distinguished by its bright yellow buds
and the bitter kernel of its nut. (G.)

*The term pinnately comes from the word pinna,
meaning feather,and is used to describe compound

leaves, which have a central stalk like the shaft
of a feather. &

The term palmately has its origin in the word
palm, and is applied, to compound leaves whose
leaflets branch from the end of the leaf-stalk.

8

PIGNUT BITTERNUT

a a eee,

BIRCH FAMILY, Betulaceae

Trees with thin finely-toothed leaves and slender
twigs. Flowers in catkins.

33. Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood, Ostrya virginiana.
Leaves 3-5 in. long. The only tree whose fruit resembles
hops. (G.)

34. American Hornbeam, Blue Beech, Carpinus
caroliniana. Leaves 2-4 in. long. Bark bluish gray. Fruit
a loose cluster of nuts, each protected by a small arrow-
head leaf. (G.)

35. Black Birch, Betula lenta. Leaves 3-4 in. long.
Reddish bark and twigs with wintergreen taste. (S.C.)

36. Yellow Birch, Betula lutea. Leaves 3-5 in. long.
The twigs have a wintergreen taste, but the bark of the
trunk is dirty yellow covered with shaggy curls. (N. E.)

37. River Birch, Red Birch, Betula nigra. Leaves
114-3 in. long. This tree resembles the Black Birch in
the color of its bark, which is greenish brown, and the
Yellow Birch in the ragged papery bark of the trunk,
but its twigs are without the wintergreen taste. (S. C.)

38. Gray Birch, Betula populifolia. Leaves 214-3 in.
long, triangular, tapering tip. Bark white, but not pa-
pery. Not reported for Ohio, but is found in Pennsyl-
vania and northern Indiana.

39. Cut-Leaved Birch, Betula pendula dalecarlica.
Leaves 1-214 in. long, deeply cut. Trunk white, branches
drooping. (I.)

40. American Canoe Birch, Betula alba papyrifera.
Leaves 214-4% in. long, larger than those of other
birches. Bark of trunk creamy white, papery. Branches
not drooping. Not reported for Ohio, but occurs in
Pennsylvania and northern Indiana.

HEATH FAMILY Ericaceae
41. Sourwood, Oxydendrum arboreum. Leaves
4-7 in. long, sour. Flowers and seed pods about the
size of and in clusters like those of Lily-of-the-Valley.

(I.)
LINDEN FAMILY, Tiliaceae
Leaves unevenly heart-shaped. Fruit like cherry
stones, attached by a stalk to a wing

42. Basswood, Linden, Tilia americana. Leaves
5-6 in. long. Leaves are smooth, but not silvery be-
neath. (G.)

43. White Basswood, Tilia heterophylla. Leaves
6-7 in. long. May be known by its silvery white leaf,
woolly beneath. (S.) |

EBONY FAMILY, Ebenaceae

44. Persimmon, Diospyros virginiana. Leaves 4-6

in. long. By the fruit you may know it; plum-like,

puckery when green, yellow when ripe, sweet when frost-
bitten. (S.)

10

BLACK BIRCH

YELLOW BIRCH

AMERICAN CANOE BIRCH

WY

BASSWOOD WHITE BASSWOOD PERSIMMON

11

BEECH FAMILY, Fagaceae

45. Beech, Fagus grandifolia. Leaves 3-5 in. long.
Known by its smooth light-gray bark and its slender
brown buds. (G.)

46. Chestnut, Castanea dentata. Leaves 6-8 in.

long, coarsely-toothed. Fruit a prickly bur with 1-3

nuts. (E.)
OAKS. All oaks have acorns.

47. White Oak, Quercus alba. Leaves 5-9 in. long,
with rounded lobes. Acorns sweet, in a shallow woody
cup. (G.)

48. Post Oak, Quercus stellata. Leaves 5-8 in.
long. The leaf has rounded Idbes and its shape
suggests that of a cross. (S.)

49. Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa. Leaves 6-12
in. long. Has corky wings on the young branches and
a deep acorn-cup with fringed rim. (W., E.)

50. Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor. Leaves
5-7 in. long, soft downy beneath with few shallow
rounded lobes. Acorn-cup woody with slightly fringed
edge, and with long stem. (G.)

51. Yellow Oak, Quercus muhlenbergit. Leaves
4-7 in. long, with about 12 rather sharp teeth on each
side. Small acorns half in the deep thin cup. (G.)

52. Chestnut Oak. Quercus prinus. Leaves 4-7 in.

long, with coarse rounded teeth. Acorns almost % en-
closed in deep thin-edged cups. (E.,

53. Red Oak, Quercus rubra. | Leaves 5-9 in. long,
with bristle-pointed lobes. Very large acorns in flat
shallow cups. (G.)

54. Pin Oak, Quercus palustris. Leaves 4-6 in.
long. Acorns tiny. A cone-shaped tree like a Spruce,
with drooping branches. (G.)

55. Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea. Leaves 3-6 in.
long, red in fall. Kernel of acorn white. Buds blunt,
hairy near tip. (G.)

56. Black Oak, Quercus velutina. Leaves 5-10 in.
long, red in the spring. Kernel of acorn yellow. Buds
pointed, hairy all over. (G.)

57. Black Jack Oak, Quercus marilandica. Leaves
5-7 in. long. A peculiarly shaped leaf (fig. 57) rusty-
hairy beneath. (S.)

58. Laurel Oak, Shingle Oak, Quercus imbricaria.
Leaves 4-6 in. long, resembling laurel leaves. The
bunching of leaves at the ends of branches will help
identify this oak. (G.)

59. English Oak, Quercus robur.. Leaves 2%4-5
in. long. The English Oak may be known by its leaves
which are blue-green beneath, and have rounded lols
and an ear-shaped base. (I).

12

YELLOW OAK

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LAUREL OAK ENGLISH OAK

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BLACK JACK OAK

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NETTLE FAMILY, Urticaceae |

60. Slippery Elm, Red Elm, Ulmus fulva. Leaves
4-7 in. long, rough on both surfaces. Called Slippery
Elm because of its thick mucilaginous inner bark. (G). .

61. American Elm, White Elm, Ulmus america- @®
na. Leaves 4-6 in. long, rough upper surfaces. Inner ~
bark not mucilaginous. Tree vase-shaped. (G.)

62. Cork Elm, Ulmus racemosa. Leaves 3-6 in.
long, both surfaces smooth. The corky ridges on the
bark of the branches distinguish this Elm and give it
its name. (G).

63. Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis. Leaves 2-4 in.
long. The Hackberry is distinguished by its leaves,
the margins of which are entire near the base, toothed
above. (G).

64. Osage Orange, Maclura pomifera. Leaves 3-5
in. long, shiny, tapering. The Osage Orange has thorns eC

on its branches, a growing spine in the angle of each
lease: CG, )

65. Red Mulberry, Morus rubra. Leaves 3-5 in.
long, The tree may be distinguished by its leaf, which
is rough above and hairy beneath, often irregularly
lobed. (G).

66. White Mulberry, Morus alba. Leaves 3-5 in.
long. Unlike the Red Mulberry the leaves of the
White Mulberry are smooth and shiny. (I).

MAGNOLIA FAMILY, Magnoliaceae
Trees with large tulip-shaped flowers and cone-like
“fruit.

67. Cucumber Tree. Magnolia acuminata. Leaves
6-10 in. long. Two things distinguish this tree: its
large shiny leaves, and its cone-like fruit, green ripening
tored. (E.)

68. Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera. Leaves
5-6 in. long. No other tree has a leaf with a flattened @™
top indented to the midrib. (G.)

CUSTARD APPLE FAMILY, Anonaceae

69. Papaw, Asiminatriloba. Leaves 10-12 in. long.
In addition to the shape of the leaves the Papaw may
be distinguished from the Cucumber Tree by its fleshy
fruit. (G), ¢

LAUREL FAMILY, Lauraceae .

70. Sassafras, Sassafras variifolium. Leaves 4-6
in. long. The Sassafras has three distinguishing marks:
mitten-shaped leaves, yellowish green twigs, a sassa-
firas. taste...(G).

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY, Hamamelidaceae ¢

71. Sweet Gum, Ligquidambar styraciflua. Leaves
3-5 in. long, glossy, five-pointed. The leaves of the
tree suggest maple, but their resinous fragrance, and
corky wings on twigs, will ibe identify the tree (S).

HACKBERRY OSAGE ORANGE

WHITE MULBERRY TULIP TREE

ET GUM
SASSAFRAS SWE

ROSE FAMILY, Rosaceae

Trees whose flowers have 5 petals and whose fruit
is pulpy with one or many seeds

72. Apple, Pyrus molus. Leaves 1-3 m
thick, toothed, woolly beneath. Fruit 1% m. or more m
diameter. (1). ;

73. American Crab, Pyrus coromerta. Leaves 34 :
in. long, wregularly toothed, often lobed. Fruit 11% |
im. im diameter, yellowish green. Branches often pro-
longed mto short thorns. (G.)

74. European Mountaim Ash, Pyrus aucuparia.
Leaves compound. 7-15 leaflets, 4-2 m. long, blunt,
hairy beneath, toothed, entire near the base. Fruit %
im m diameter im convex clusters. (I).

75. Shad Bush, Amelanch'er canadensis. Leaves
3-4 m long. Tree noticeable m the sprimg because o
whitish leaves. (G).

76. Cock-Spur Hawthorn Crafaegus crus-galli. -
Leaves 1-3 m. long. Fruit has one or two nutlets. (G_)

77. Dotted Hawthorn, Crateegus punctata Leaves |
2-3 m long, gray-green, promimently vemed. Fruit has
34 nutlets. (G)

78. Scarlet Hawthorn, Crafaequs coccmea. Leaves
1-5 m. long, rough and hairy. Fruit has 34 nutlets.
(G).

79. Downy Hawthorn, Crafaegus mollis. Leaves
2-4 im. long, thick hairy beneath. Edible fruit with 5
nutlets. (G.)

80. Black Cherry Prunus serotina. Leaves 2-5 m
long, with imcurved blunt teeth. Black fruit. (G_)

81. Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana. Leaves 2-4
m. long, thm with sharp spreading teeth. Bitter
fruit. (G)

82. Wild Red Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica. Leaves
3-5 im. long, sharp-pointed incurved teeth. Twigs have
brown pith. (N. E.)

83. Sweet Cherry, Prunus avium. Leaves 355 m
long, dull and soft im color and texture. Fruit
yellow or red, sweet, not m grape-like clusters. (L)

84. Sour Cherry, Prunus cerasus. Leaves 34 m
long, smooth on both sides, stiff lke parchment. Fruit
large, red, acid, not m grape-like clusters. (L.)

85. Wild Plum, Prunus americana. Leaves 24 m
long, sharply toothed. Smooth red one-seeded fruit
about 1 im. im diameter. (G.)

86. Peach, Prunus persica. Leaves 35 im. long,
finely toothed. Velvety fruit 14-3 m im diameter,
stone deeply sculptured. (I).

16

PULSE FAMILY, Leguminosae

Trees with pea-like flowers and pods.

87. Kentucky Coffee Tree, Gymmnocladus dioica.
Leaves twice-compound.* Leaflets 2-2%4 in. long. No.
thorns on the branches or limbs. (G.) ;

88. Honey Locust, Gleditsia triacauthos. Leayes™
twice-compound.* Leaflets 114-2 in. long. Large thorns
on branches or limbs. (G.)

89. Redbud, Cercis canadensis. Leaves 2-5 in. long.
Only tree of the family with a simple leaf. (G.)

90. Common Locust, Robinia pie

Leaves once compound.* Leaflets 1-2 in. long.. Twigs
and pods smooth. (G.)

91. Clammy Locust, Robinia viscosa. Leaves once
compound.* Leaflets 1-2 in. long. Twigs sticky; pods
hairy. (1.)

QUASSIA FAMILY, Simarubaceae

92. Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus glandulosa. Leaves
compound.* Leaflets 3-5 in. long. Leaflets with teeth
or notches at their bases. May be mistaken for sumach.
(G1)

SOAPBERRY FAMILY Sapindaceae
The only family with palmately compound* leaves.

93. Horse-Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum. Leaf-
lets 5-7 in. long. Fruit a prickly bur. If the leaf has 7
leaflets the tree is a Horse-chestnut. (1.)

94. Ohio Buckeye, Buckeye, Aesculus glabra. Leaf-
lets 3-6 in. long. If the leaflets are 5 and the bur prickly
it is Ohio Buckeye. (G.)

95. Sweet Buckeye, Yellow Buckeye, Aesculus oc-
tandra. Leaflets 4-7 in. long, 5 in number. If the bur is
not prickly the tree is Sweet Buckeye. (S.)

PLANE-TREE FAMILY, Platanaceae

96. Buttonwood, Plane-Tree, Sycamore Platanus
occidentalis. Leaves 5-10 in. long. Has patchy greenish-
white and brown bark and button-ball fruit on a stringy
stalk, (G.)

BIGNONIA FAMILY, Bignoniaceae
Large heart-shaped leaves. Fruit a long cylindrical
pod.

97. Hardy Catalpa, Catalpa speciosa. Leaves 8-12 @»
in. long. Thin leaves, thick bark, large pod hardly 1 in@
thick. (1.)

98. Common Catalpa, Catalpa bignonioides. Leaves
5-8 in. long. Thick leaves, thin bark, small pod about
1% in. thick. Leaf same shape as that of the Hardy
Catalpa. 1.)

GINKGO FAMILY, Ginkgoaceae €

99. Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba. Leaves 3-6 in. long. No
other tree has such a leaf, leathery, fan-shaped with a
deep notch at the tip. (1.)

*See Note Page 8.

18

BUTTONWOOD CATALPA (Hardy-Common)

MAPLE FAMILY, Aceraceae

All Maples have winged seeds in pairs.

100. Mountain Maple, Acer spicatum. Leaves 2%- |
4 in. long, 3-5 lobed, white-downy beneath. Its dis

tinguishing mark is a coarsely-toothed leaf with a tri-
angular-shaped middle lobe. (N.E.)

101. Sugar Maple, Rock Maple, Acer saccharum.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, 3-5 lobed. The leaves of the Sugar
Maple are lobed but not toothed, which distinguishes it@®
from all but the Black Rock and Norway Maples. Its
leaves differ from those of the Black Rock in. being
smooth and thin; from the Norway in the absence of
milky sap in the leaf stalk. (G.)

102. Black Rock Maple, Acer saccharum nigrum |
Leaves 5-6 in. long, 3 lobed, very thick, edges wavy but
not toothed. The only maple whose leaves have green
hairy under surfaces. (G.)

103. White Maple, Soft Maple, Silver Maple, Acer
saccharinum, Leaves 4-8 in. long, deeply 5 lobed. The
White Maple may be known by two leading character-
istics; deeply cut leaves with silvery-white under sur-

faces. (G.)

104. Red Maple, Acer rubrum. Leaves 3-4 in. long;
3 sometimes 5 lobed. The distinguishing mark is a
finely-toothed leaf with a middle lobe whose edges are
parallel near the base of the lobe. (G.)

105. Norway Maple, Acer platano'‘des. Leaves 3-5
in. long, lobed but not toothed. The Norway Maple
might easily be mistaken for the Sugar Maple were it
not for the fact that it is the only member of the family
which has milky juice in its leaf stalk. (1.)

106. Sycamore Maple, Acer psi ene
Leaves 3-5 in. long, 5 lobed. This tree may be readily
recognized by its thick coarsely-toothed leaves which are
dark green above and whitish beneath. (I.)

107. Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple, Acer negundo.
Leaves pinnately compound (see note page 8), = a
2-4 in. long. The only maple whose leaves are compound,
whose fruit remains attached during the winter, and
whose leaf scars meet around the twig. (G.)

20

BLACK ROCK MAPLE

ee

NORWAY MAPLE
va ee aa

yy 107

SYCAMORE MAPLE.

21

OLIVE FAMILY, Oleaceae

Two characteristics distinguish the Olive Family,
pinately compound* thin leaves and single-winged
seeds.

108. White Ash, Fravinus americana. Leaflets 3-5
in. long, Twigs and leaf stalks smooth. May be known
by the whitish-green under surfaces of its leaves and
small seeds about %4 of the whole fruit. (G.)

109. Biltmore Ash, Fraxinus biltmoreana. Leaf-
lets 3-6 in. long. Twigs and leaf stalk hairy. Known
by the whitish and hairy under parts of its leaves, and
its seeds which are about 4% of the whole fruit and
over ¥% in. thick. (S.,W.)

110. Red Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Leaflets
3-6 in. long. Twigs, buds and leaf stalk hairy. ae
Red Ash because the inner side of bark of branche
is reddish. In addition its leaves are green and hairy
beneath and seed parts nearly % the whole fruit, and
less than 1% in. thick. (G.)

111. Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata.
Leaflets 2-5 in. long. Twigs smooth. Distinguished
by the bright green and smooth under parts of its

leaves. (G.)

112. Blue Ash, Fraxrinus quadrangulata. Leaflets
3-5 in. long. Seed part surrounded by the wing of the
fruit. This is the only ash whose twigs are four-sided
and four-winged. (G.)

113. Black Ash, Fravinus nigra. Leaflets 3-6 in.
long. Seed part surrounded by wing of fruit. The
only ash whose side leaflets are without stalks. (N.) g

DOGWOOD FAMILY, Cornaceae i

The dogwoods have thin leaves without teeth and
with veins curving from the middle toward the tip.

114. Flowering Dogwood, Dogwood, Cornus flori-
da. Leaves 3-5 in. long. If the leaves are opposite on je
the stem it is a Flowering Dogwood. (G.) G

115. Alternate-leaved Dogwood, Cornus alternifol-
ia. Leaves 3-5 in. long. If the leaves are alternate on
the stem it is an Alternate-leaved Dogwood. (G.)

116. Tupelo, Pepperidge, Black Gum. WJAyssa syl-
vatica. Leaves 2-3 in. long, alternate. If the pith of
the twigs has cross partitions it is Tupelo. Leaves
bright scarlet in October. (G.)

*See Note on page 8.

22

A

FLOWERING DOGWOOD ALT. - LEAVED DOGWOOD

23

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |}

In the preparation of this booklet the following

authorities have been consulted: Gray’s Manual of ,
Botany, 7th Edition, which has been the guide for the |
scientific names; Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora
of the United States and Canada; Schaffner’s Catalog
of Ohio Vascular Plants, Ohio Biological Survey, Vol.
1, Bulletin 2; Keeler’s Our Native Trees; Collins’ and |
Preston’s Key to Trees; Otis’ Michigan Trees; Burns
and Otis’ Trees of Vermont; Bailey’s Encyclopedia of
Horticulture.

Most of the drawings are from original specimens,
and all of them are done by Miss Mildred C. Green.

Thanks are due Dr. Charles H. Otis, Professor of
Botany, Western Reserve University, for his very
generous nnd painstaking criticism of the text and draw-
ings; to Director Paul M. Rea of the Cleveland Muse-
um of Natural History, for inspiration and sympathetic
help during the preparation of the manuscript; to Dean
Henry Turner Bailey, of The Cleveland School of Art,
under whose direction the cover was designed by stu-
dents of the School, and to Mr. I. T. Frary, of The
Cleveland Museum of Art, for helpful cricicism of the
drawings.

A. hae

Cleveland, Ohio.
December, 1921.

24

The Cleveland Museum of Natural History has
been aptly described by President Williams as one of
the significant fruits of “the growing interest of men
of affairs in the betterment of the social and _ intel-
lectual life of this community.”

To aive to Cleveland the opportunity of advancing
knowledge in a new field.

To RESTORE to our children and children’s children the
knowledge and the love of nature of which civilization

robs them.
7 To cotLecr and preserve for posterity the rapidly
ou wild life and primitive human cultures of
™ the world.

To INSPIRE interest and fo provide the keys to open
for the people of a great city the wonders of nature
' that lie in the parks and the country about us.

To Brine the far corners of the earth to those who
> cannot travel.

To CREATE a popular university for the instruction
. ’ of all the people, almost from the cradle to the grave,
- in the significance of science and its relation to human
_ welfare and happiness.

‘The Cleveland Museum of Natural History was
icorporated in December, 1920. It will succeed in its
ambition of broad service in proportion as it enlists
_ the interest and support of the people.

q It is dependent at present for financial support upon
__the contributions of public-spirited citizens. The trus-
eo. have provided for the recognition of these contri-

butions by authorizing a series of memberships, the
details of which may be obtained from the Director of
the Museum,

N

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