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TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE BRITISH ISLES
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USEFUL INSECTS.
1. Lace-wing Ely (Chkvsopa (NoTiioCHRYSA) VULGARIS). I A. Eggs. Hi. Larva.
2. Two-spot Lady-bird Beetle (Coccinella ijipunctata). 2A. Larva;, with one enlarged.
3. Seven-spot Lady-bird Beetle (CocciNELLA .SEPTEMPUNCTATA).
4. Spiny Fly (TacMINA (EcHINOMVIA) GKOS.SA).
5- Spiny Fly (Taciiina (Faekicia) EEROX). 5A. Larva.
6. Hover Fly (SvKPUUS (Catabomba) PVKA.STKI). 6a. Larv.L-.
7. Hover Fly (SvKPHUS RIHESII).
8. Hornet (Vespa crabko).
9. Sun Beetle (Pterosticiius vulgarls).
10. Green Tiger Beetle (Cicindela CAMPESTRI.S). ioa. Larva, in burrow.
1 1. Devil's Coach-horse Beetle (OCYPUS OLENS).
12. Glow-worm Beetle (Male) (La.MPVRIS NOCTILUCA). 12A. Female.
13. Violet Ground Beetle (Carabus violaceu.s).
14- Bracon Fly (MicR(j(;aster GLomeratus. 14A. Cocoons, spun by larv:t emerged from Caterpillar of Common Cabbage White Butterfly, with enlarged cocoon below, showing lid. 15. Ichneumon Fly (PiMPLA instigator).
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TREES
SHRUBS
OF THE
BRITISH ISLES
NATIVE £^ ACCLIMATISED
BY
C. S. COOPER, F.R.H.S.
AND
W. PERCIVAL WESTELL, F.L.S.
SIXTEEN FULL- PAGE COLOURED PLA i
AND
70 FULL-PAGE BLACK AND WHITE P .AlES DRAWN DIRECT FROM NATURE
BY
C. F. NEWALL VOL. n
'IS
/;rrrX./sZ^
65813
LONDON
J. M. DENT Sf CO.
NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON
MCMIX
CO.
CONTENTS
NATURAL ORDERS— Rosacese (^continued) Saxifragacere Hamamelidese Myrtaceie Passiflorese Ai-aliacese Coi'naeere Caprifoliaceje Rabiacere Compositfe Ericaceae StyracejB Jasminese Oleacese . Apocynacese Loganiacese Solanacere Scrophularinea' Bignoniacese Verbeuaceaj Labiatas . Laurineaj Thymelseaceaa Eheagnacese Loranthacere Euphorbiaceie Urticacea; Platanaceje J uglaudeffi Myricaceae Cupuliferse Salicinese
1
34
42
45
40
47
49
53
69
70
73
97
99
101
112
114
116
117
120
123
124
126
127
130
133
134
130
142
140
148
149
109
CONTENTS
NATURAL ORDERS {continued)— page
Empetracere .............. 190
Liliacece ............... 191
Gramineaj .............. 195
Coniferse 196
INDICES
INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES 241
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES 246
INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES 251
COLOUR INDEX 259
VI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
COLOURED PI-ATES
USEFUL INSECTS
JAPANESE ROSE (Rosa rugosa) .
DOUBLE-FLOWERED JAPANESE APPLE or japonica, v. flore pleno)
LILAC (Syringa vulgaris) . . • •
DWARF SALLOW (Salix repens) .
ASPEN (Populus tremula) ....
BUTCHER'S BROOM (Ruscus aculeatus) .
YEW (Taxus baccata) ....
QUINCE (Cydonia
Frontispiece To face jw/e 6
„ „ 26
„ „ 102 „ „ 170
180 „ „ 192
200
BLACK AND WHITE PLATES
PLATE
XIX. DOG ROSE (Rosa canina)
XX. SWEET BRIAR (Rosa rubigincsa)
XXI. WHITE BEAM (Pyrus Aria)
XXII. ROWAN TREE or MOUNTAIN ASH (Pyrus Aucuparia)
XXIII. MEDLAR (Pyrus germanica)
XXIV. HAWTHORN (Crataegus Oxyacautha) .... XXV. SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER (Cotoneaster microphylla)
XXVI. MOCK ORANGE (SYRINGA) (Philadelphus coronarius) XXVII. FLOWERING CURRANT (Ribes sanguineum)
XXVIII. IVY (Hedera Helix)
XXIX. DOGWOOD (Cornus sanguinea) XXX. VARIEGATED LAUREL (Aucuba japonica) XXXI. ELDER (Sambucus nigra) .... XXXII. WAYFARING TREE (Viburnum Lantana) . XXXIII. GUELDER ROSE (Viburnum Opulus) . XXXIV. SNOWBALL TREE (Viburnum Opulus, var. sterile XXXV. LAURUSTINUS (Viburnum Tinus)
vii
3 5 8 10 17 20 29 32 41 44 49 50 53 56 59 60 63
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATE
XXXVI. SNOWBEREY (Symphoricarpus racemosus) . XXXVII. HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera Periclymenum) . XXXVIII. STRAWBERRY TREE (Aibutus Unedo) XXXIX. BILBERRY or WHORTLEBERRY (Vaccinium Myrtilhis) XL. LING OR HEATHER (Calluna vulgaris) XLI. PONTIC RHODODENDRON (Rhododendron pouticum) XLII. SNOWDROP TREE (Halesia tetraptera) XLIII. WHITE JASMINE (Jasminum officinale) XLIV. LILAC (Syringa vulgaris) ......
XLV. ASH (Fraxinus excelsior) ......
XLVI. PRIVET (Ligustrum vulgare)
XLVII. TEA TREE (Lycium halimifolium) ....
XLVIII. SWEET BAY (Laurus nobilis)
XLIX. COMMON BOX (Buxus sempervirens) .... L. COMMON ELM (Ulmus campestris) .... LI. BLACK MULBERRY (Morns nisra) .
LII. FIG (Ficus Carica)
LIII. ORIENTAL PLANE (Platanus orientalis)
LIV. WHITE BIRCH (Betula alba) ....
LV. ALDER (Alnus glutinosa)
LVI. HORNBEAM (Carpinus Betulus)
LVII. HAZEL (Covylus Avellana)
LVIII. HOLM OAK or EVERGREEN OAK (Quercus Ilex) . LIX. BRITISH OAK (Quercus robur, var. pedunculata) . LX. SWEET CHESTNUT (Castanea sativa) ....
LXI. GREAT SALLOW (Salix Caprea)
LXII. CRACK WILLOW (Salix fragilis)
LXIII. BLACK POPLAR (Populus nigra)
LXIV. ADAM'S NEEDLE (Yucca gloriosa) ....
LXV. YELLOW CYPRESS (Cypressus nootkatensis) LXVI. NORWAY SPRUCE FIR (Picea excelsa) .
LXVII. LARCH (Larix europa3a)
LXVIII. SCOTCH PINE (Pinus sylvestris)
LXIX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 1) . LXX. TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2) .
To face
2^age
64 67 74 77 80 8.5 96 101 104 107 112 123 130 135 138 141 142 14.5 148 151 154 159 160 165 168 175 182 187 194 211 218 223 230 235 238
vm
TREES AND SHRUBS
ROCKY MOUNTAIN BRAMBLE, Ridms delidosus.
Gardens, lawns, walls. May, June. This very distinct and most beautiful Bramble has well been called the Queen of the genus. It delights in sunshine, making a handsome shrub in the open, but producing its handsome blossoms in greater profusion when on a wall. It is propagated by layers in late summer.
Floweis white, resembling Dog Rose, 2\ ins. diam., solitary ; Sepals ovate- oblong, with dilated acumination ; tomentose, shorter than petals ; Petals ovate, margins wavy ; Stamens numerous ; Ovarij superior, carpels numerous ; Fruit an etaario of drupels, delicious flavour.
Leaves alternate, reniform-orbicular, resembling Currant, 3-5-lobed, wrinkled, finely serrated, acute, tomentose when young. If in. long, 1^ in. broad ; stipules persistent.
A deciduous shrub, 3-6 ft. erect, or 8 ft. against a wall ; Brandies without prickles, tomentose.
Native of Rocky Mountains; discovered by Dr. James in 1822; introduced to Britain, 1870, by JNIr. Anderson-Henry of Edinburgh.
BLACKBERRY, Rubus fruticosus.
Woods, hedges. July — September. A well-known fruiting shrub of the country-side, of which many varieties and hybrids are in cultivation. Pro- pagated by suckers and layers in October or November ; seeds sown in shady border as soon as ripe, or in shallow pans filled with sandy peat and leaf- mould in a cold frame
Flowers white or pink in terminal racemes ; lateral branches corymbose ; Calyx reflexed, 5-lobed, persistent ; Fruit an etserio of drupels, black or reddish-purple, without bloom, not readily separating from receptacle, sweet or acid-sweet.
VOL. II. A
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, pinnate, very variable, leaflets ovate or obo- vate, petiolate, coarsely irregularly serrated, acute, glabrous and dark green above, white and downy beneath, midribs and petioles with small hooked prickles ; stipules subulate or linear, inserted short way up stalk ; leaves sub- persistent.
A deciduous shj'ub ; Stems prickly, bristly, glandularly hirsute, or downy, sometimes sub-erect, often rooting from a callus at extremity, straggling, or prostrate, furrowed, aculeate ; flowering stems biennial, or a few years old ; Buds long, pointed ; scales imbricated, hairy.
Native of Britain. Irregular, spindle-shaped swellings on stems, 1-7 ins. long, produced by larva^ of a Gall-fly [Diastrophus rubi).
RASPBERRY, Rubus Idteus.
Woods, cultivated in gardens. Propagated by suckers and seeds. June — August.
Floroers white, honeyed, in long pendidous panicled cymes, axillary and terminal, few-flowered ; Calyx somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed, inferior, per- sistent, lobes ovate-lanceolate, tips long ; Petals 5, short, linear-obovate ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovary superior, carpels several, distinct, styles many ; Fruit an etferio of succulent 1 -seeded drupels, on a dry conical receptacle, forming a kind of granulated berry, usually separating from the receptacle when ripe ; red.
Leaves alternate, 3-5 foliate, often 3 in upper, 5 in lower, leaflets ovate or oblong, 3-5 ins. long, coarsely serrated, acute, light green above, downy beneath ; stipules small, subulate, often adnate half-way up stalk.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Stem shrubby, erect, terete, downy, sterile first year, bearing flowers and fruit in second, then dying ; prickles straight and slender ; flowering shoots with curved prickles ; Suckei's freely produced.
Native of Britain.
Injurioiis Lisects : — Blossoms, Bud'i, and Fi-uit — Raspberry Beetle {Byturus
tomentosus) ; Leaves — Weevils {Otiorhynchus); Roots — Weevils {Otiorhynchus);
Garden Swift Moth {Hcpiahis lupulinus).
2
DOG ROSE {Rosa canina)
A. Flowering branch. B. Flower, with petals removed. C. Seed. I>. Section of flower. E. Section of fruit. P. Fruit.
Plate XIX.
ROSACEA
NOOTKA SOUND RASPBERRY, Rubus nutkanm.
Gardens. Prefers a moist soil and partial shade. May — August.
Floivei's white, large, 1-2 ins. diam., in a terminal corymbose cluster, few- flowered, 1-2 ins. broad ; Sepals cuspidate, appendage long and slender ; Fruit an etaerio of drupels, red, hemispherical.
Leaves alternate, 3-5-lobed, resembling Vine, 3 lobes nearly equal, broad, coarsely and unequally serrated, acute.
A deciduous shrub, 1-10 ft. ; Stems flexuous, glandularly hirsute ; sends up annual shoots like Raspberry.
Introduced from N.W. America, 1826 ; discovered by Douglas growing wild from North California to Nootka Sound. Known in America as Salmon Berry.
PURPLE-FLOWERED RASPBERRY, Rubus odoratus.
Gardens and shrubberies. June — ^August. Thrives best in partial shade. A handsome shrub of very robust growth. Old flowering stems should be cut away in December. Propagate by layers and seeds.
Floivei's purple-red, showy, 2 ins. diam., in a corymbose cluster ; peduncles many-flowered, bracts membranous ; Calyx lobes with narrow appendage ; Petals 5, rounded, broad ; Fruit an etaerio of drupels, reddish-yellow or amber, flat, broad, velvety, seldom ripening in England.
Leaves alternate, palmately 3-5-lobed, sometimes 6 ins. diam., lobes minutely serrated, acute, glabrous above, viscid beneath, sweet scented ; larger ones on long viscid petioles, those near ends of shoots nearly sessile and 3-lobed.
A deciduous shrub, 3-8 ft. ; Stem glandularly hirsute, without prickles, erect ; suckers freely produced ; Buds ovoid, scales hirsute.
Introduced from N. America, 1739. Called Flowering Raspberry in U.S.A. ; in England also known as Virginian Raspberry and Scented Bramble.
A 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE WINEBERRY, Bubus phcenicolasius.
Gardens, rockeries. A handsome straggling Bramble of vigorous growth, well suited for low fences or bold rockwork. It has large handsome foliage, and its somewhat unique blossoms are followed by large scarlet fruits, which are very sweet and juicy. June, July.
Flowers pale pink or whitish, inconspicuous in a terminal raceme; Calyx 1^-2 ins. diam., covered with reddish glandular hairs ; Petals minute, erect ; Fi'uit an etasrio of some forty ellipsoid drupels ; scarlet, ovoid-oblong, f in. long, edible.
Leaves alternate, 5-7 ins. long, upper ones simple, others pinnately trifoliate, leaflets crenate, white tomentum beneath, glandularly hirsute.
A deciduous sh?'ub, 10 ft. ; sub-scandent ; Stems covered with stiff, long, red- purple glandular hairs and prickles.
Introduced from Japan, 1877.
SALMON BERRY, Bubus spectabiUs.
Gardens. April, May.
Flowers purple, large, fragrant, peduncles solitary or in pairs, 1-2 flowered, drooping ; Sepals hairy at base, shorter than petals ; Fr^dt an et«rio of drupels, yellow or red, ovoid, acid, ripe in June or July.
Leaves alternate, trifoliate, lateral leaflets distant from terminal, often deeply 2-lobed, ovate, serrate, acuminate, membranous, nearly glabrous, downy when young.
A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Stems erect, terete, unarmed or with deciduous prickles, flexuose, thin ; Suckers freely produced.
Native of California; introduced from N. America by Douglas, 1827.
SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL, Pot ent ilia fruticosa.
Rocky banks, gardens. June — August. Thrives in fairly light, loamy soil,
with plenty of moisture at roots. A charming small shrub, bearing a profusion
of bright golden-yellow blossoms. Seeds are sown in shallow pans or boxes
4
Plate XX.
SWEET BRIAR {liot>a rulnyuumi)
ROSACEA
of light sandy soil in gentle heat in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in May or June, or in partially shaded border outdoors in April.
Floioers golden-yeUow, 1-1^ in. diam., in a few flowered terminal sub- corymbose cyme ; Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, lobes ovate-lanceolate, valvate in bud, persistent ; Epkalyx of 5 lanceolate bracteoles, longer than sepals ; Petals 5, orbicular ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary superior, carpels many ; Fruit an etterio of achenes, hairy, on hispid receptacle.
Leaves alternate, petiolate, sub-digitately pinnate, leaflets 3-5, oblong or lanceolate, ^-f in. long, entire, revolute, glabrous above, silky when young; stipules narrow, thin, entire, adnate to petiole.
A deciduous erect sJwub, 2-4 ft. ; or spreading undershrub, much branched ; Bark flaking.
Native of N. England, and Clare and Galway in Ireland. Generic name from L. pot ens, entis, powerful, from the medicinal effects ascribed to some of the genus; specific name ./)//^/fo*a = shrubby ; 'L. jrutex, -ids, a shrub or bush.
FIELD ROSE, Rosa arvensis.
Hedges and thickets ; gardens. .Tune, July. The Ayrshire Roses of gardens are the offspring of this native species. They are extremely hardy, of rapid growth, useful for poor soils, and of great value for covering rough buildings, ugly fences, trunks of trees, banks and mounds. They require but little pruning or training, but should have all dead wood cut out in February or JMarch.
Floivers white, scentless, in a 1-6 flowered corymb, or rarely solitary, peduncle setose ; Calyx-tube globoid, glabrous, sepah purple, short, broad, naked at back, shghtly pinnate, reflexed, deciduous; Styles glabrous, united into an exserted column; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose, small, naked, sessile, or stalked ; disk convex, much thickened.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, eglandular, glabrous, or slightly pubescent, glaucous beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Stem arched or trailing ; Branches purple, glaucous ; prickles strong, often large, equal, hooked ; Buds ovoid, glabrous.
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of England and Ireland, rare in Scotland. Known as Ayrshire Rose. Syn. B. repens.
DOG ROSE, Rosa canina.
Hedges, thickets, gardens. Useful for covering unsightly fences or vfdXh. It is a valuable stock for grafting purposes. June, July.
Flozvers pink or white, usually fragrant, solitary or 3-4 in a corymb; Sepals 5, pinnate, reflexed, tube persistent, lobes imbricate in bud ; Petals 5; Stamens numerous, inserted on the disk; Carpels many, sunk in calyx- tube, styles distinct, hirsute, stigma thickened; Frtiit a cynarrhodium, ovoid or sub-globose, scarlet-crimson, polished, cavity hairy, containing 20-25 achenes ("stones"), each angular, yellowish, hairy, flesh-orange, sepals deciduous, bracts persistent.
Leaves alternate, leaflets 5-7, ovate, acute, serrate or biserrate, eglandular, glabrous beneath.
A deciduous sknob, 3-6 ft. ; Branches arching, prickles falcate or equal, hooked ; Rootstock woody, suckers often produced ; Buds flattened, scales green, tipped with red.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, " In its common form this is the largest and freest growing of British roses, and may be distinguished from R. spinosis- sima by the hooked prickles and habit, from B. pilosa by being more glabrous, from R. rubiginosa by being eglandular, and from R. arvensis by the free styles."
Insects injurious to Roses, wild and cultivated : — Floive^s — Rosechafer
{Centonia atirata). Garden Chafer {Phyllopertha horticola). Brown Weevil
{Otiorhynchus sulcatus); Leaves and Shoots — Green Fly {Siphonophora 7-osce),
Leaf-cutter Bee {Megachile ceiituncularis), Banded Saw-fly {Empkytus cinctus).
Leaf-rolling Saw-fly {Lyda inariita), many other Saw-fly larvae, including the
Genera Eriocampa, Blcnmocampa, and Hylotoma ; among Moth larviK are
the Lackey Moth {Bombyx neustria), Vapour Moth {Orgyia a?ttiqua), \^'^inter
Moth {Cheimatobia brimiata), and several Tortricina and T'ineina.
6
^f?^''!^
JAPAN i:SK KOSK. { Kosa nigosa )
ROSACEi^
The most common Gall is the Rose Bedeguar or Robin's pin-cushion, produced by the larvte of a Gall-gnat {R/iodites ?-osce) ; other species of the same genus produce Pea-like Galls on the foliage, especially of wild roses.
MUSK ROSE, Rom moschata.
Gardens. July, August. A fine climbing species with clusters of large single flowers having a very characteristic scent. Shoots should be shortened in April.
Floicers yellowish-white, very fragrant, 1.^-2 ins. diam., in a compound terminal corymb, pubescent ; Calyx hoary pubescent, tube small, obovoid, lobes 2-3 times length of tube, glandularly serrate, often pinnatifid ; Petals orbicular-obovate ; Styles united into a hairy clavate column ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose or ovoid, \ in. diam., dark-brown, crowned by base of deciduous calyx-lobes.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 2-6 ins. long, leaflets 3-9, ovate or ovate- lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely serrated, puberulous beneath.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 18-20 ft. ; Prickles scattered, stout, recurved.
Native of S. Europe, N. India, Afghanistan, and China; introduced 1.590. Specific name from Iv. moschus, musk.
SWEET BRIAR, Rosa rubiginosa.
Chalky hills, gardens. A native Rose, justly prized for the delightful fragrance exhaled from the glands of its leaves. It is a good hedge plant. June, July.
Floxvers pink, small, solitary or corymbose, 1-3 flowers, peduncles setose; Calyx pinnate, sub-persistent, densely glandular ; Styles free, hairy ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, sub-globose or oblong, glabrescent, or with few small prickles, disk small.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, small, oval or sub-orbicular,
round at base, acute or obtuse, biserrate, shining and glabrous or slightly
7
TREES AND SHRUBS
hairy above, glandular-pubescent beneath, fragrant, petiole glandular. Autumn tint purplish-brown.
A deciduous sh-nb, 5-6 ft. ; Branches sub-erect, slender ; prickles stout at base, curved or hooked, slender, scattered, mixed with glandular hairs and bristles, giving rusty appearance ; Buds ovoid, glabrous.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, " Best distinguished by its sub-erect habit and copious glandular pubescence, which gives out the strong sweet- briar odour." Specific name = rusty-leaved (Ij. rohigo or 7iibigo, -mis, rust). Known also as Eglantine. Syn. R. Eglanteria.
Leaves and shoots attacked by Green Fly {Siphotiophora), Pea-like Galls produced by R/iodifes eglanterice.
JAPANESE ROSE, Rosa rugosa.
Gardens. June. A very robust shrub, noteworthy for its handsome foliage, large single flowers, and fine orange-red, apple-like fruits. It makes a good hedge plant. Thin out shoots in April.
Flmvers rosy-red, large, solitary, ebracteate ; peduncles with straight, short, scattered prickles ; Sepals lanceolate, entire, reflexed, hairy ; Petals emarginate ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, large and showy, 1 in. or more in diam., resembling apples, orange-red to deep red, depressed-globose, glabrous, pendulous ; persistent sepals, erect, foliaceous, 1|^ in. long.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-9, obtuse, ovate, serrate, wrinkled.
A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches slender, prickles very dense, straight, nearly equal.
Introduced from Japan, 1845.
SCOTCH ROSE, Rosa spinosissima.
Open places, especially sandy seashores; gardens. May, June. A small- leaved, prickly little bush-rose, bearing a profusion of white blossoms. Thin
out shoots in November.
8
WHITE BEAM (Fyrus Ai-ia)
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Flower, with petals removed. I). Flower. E. Transverse section o£ fruit. F. Longitudinal section of fruit.
Plate XXI.
ROSACEA
Flowers white or pink, 1-1 1 in. diam., solitary or in cortjmbs of rarely more than 3 ; Calyx-tube usually glabrous, globoid, sepals simple, lanceolate, acuminate, persistent, eglandular ; Styles free ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globose, glabrous, purple to black, disk very small.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, small, rounded, serrate, glabrous above, eglandular.
A deciduous shrub, 1-4 ft. ; Branches short, erect ; Tivigs rounded, setigerous ; prickles crowded, unequal, subulate, expanded at base.
Native of Britain. Also called Burnet Rose. Red galls in leaves and other young parts formed by a mite {Rhodites spinosissimcc).
DOWNY ROSE, Rosa villosa.
Hedges and thickets. June, July.
Flowers rose, solitary or in small terminal corymbs; Calyx-tube globose, sepals copiously pinnate, long, persistent, glandular hairs black ; Corolla often ciliate and glandular ; Styles free, sUghtly protruding from the mouth of calyx in a dense tuft ; Fruit a cynarrhodium, globoid, bright red, sepals erect, prickles small.
Leaves alternate, leaflets 5 7, oblong or elliptical, biserrate, downy above, eglandular, or nearly so beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 3-G ft. ; Branches erect, or elongate and arching, rigid, slender, prickles scattered, nearly straight.
Native of Britain. Hooker says, " Chiefly distinguished from R. spinosissima by its larger size, equal prickles, fewer very downy leaflets, which are more constantly doubly serrate, and the more glandular fruit ; and from R. caiiina by the straight prickles, and globose, glandular fruit."
WILLOW-LEAVED PEAR, Pyms amygdaliformis.
Gardens, plantations. May.
Flowers white, in a lax corymb ; Fruit a pome, oval, small, woody, yellowish- green, pedicel shoi-t.
9
^ ' '• *
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, linear, acute, hoary on underside with silky, silvery hairs.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; inclined to be pendulous. Native of the Levant and Siberia. Syn. P. salicifolia.
WILD PEAR, Pyrus communis.
Woods, hedgerows. The parent of our cultivated Pears, of which there are nearly 700 varieties. April, May.
Floxvers white, 1-1^ in. diam., in corijmhoid or racemose cymes of 6-10 on wood of previous year ; proterogynous, attracting flies ; Calyx-tube (receptacle) adhering to ovary, becoming fleshy in fruit, limb 5-lobed, persistent; Petals 5; Stamens numerous ; anthers purple, then black ; Ovary 5-celled, spuriously in- ferior by up-growth of receptacle, 3-5 styles, distinct ; F.ruit a pome, pyriform, 2 ins. long, 5-celled, gritty, walls cartilaginous ; green till November, then turning yellow.
Leaves alternate, on shoots, fascicled on previous year's wood, ovate or obovate, petiolate, obtusely serrated, acute, glabrous, slightly downy in young stage, 1-1| in. long. Autumn tint yellow, dead leaves black.
A deciduous tree, 20-60 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Tivigs drooping, some- times ending in a spine ; Bark rough ; Dwa7-f shoots sometimes thorny ; Buds glabrous, brown ; Wood fine-grained, strong, reddish tinge ; used for instruments and small cabinet and turnery work.
Native of Britain.
Name Pear from A.S. j)erii, pere ; 1^. pirum, a pear.
Insects injurious to Pears : — Bark — American Blight {Schhoncura lanigera).
Fruit-tree Bark Beetle {Scolytus rugulosus). Mussel Scale {Mitilaspis pom-
orum) ; Blossom and Fruit — Pear Gnat Midge {Diplosis pyrivora), Apple
Blossom Weevil {Anthonomus pomorum) ; Leaves — Apple Aphis {Aphis mali),
Pear Leaf-blister Mite {Phytoptus pyri). Leaf Weevils {Phyllobiiis), Cherry
and Pear Saw-fly {Selandria at?'a), Lackey Moth {Bombyx neustria), Mottled
Umber Moth {Hybernia defoliai'ia), Winter Moth [Cheimatobia brumata) ;
10
J^
ROWAN-TKKK, or MOUNTAIN ASH (fyc«s Aucuparia)
A. riuwering branch. B. Fruit. C. Single (lower, enlarged. I). Flower, after removal of petals.
£. Transverse section of fruit.
I'LATE XXII.
ROSACEA
Wood — Goat Moth [Cossus Ugnipcrda, Trijpanus cossus). Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cescuU, Z. pryiiia).
Ftingoid Pests: — Pear-leaf Cluster-cups {Roestelia cancellatia). Pear-leaf Blister [Exoascus hullatus). Apricot Brown Rot {3Ioitilia jructigcna).
SIBERIAN CRAB, Pyrus baccata.
Gardens, lawns. April, ]May. A handsome tree when in flower, M'hich few can surpass for beauty, and conspicuous in autumn when laden with its cherry- like fruits. It does best when grafted on the apple or pear.
Flowers white, in a sessile umbellate corymb ; pedicels long and slender ; Calyx lobes spreading, deciduous, lanceolate, equal to or longer than tube, cottony inside ; Petals with dark veins ; Styles 3-5, nearly free, woolly at base ; Fiuit a pome, globose, sometimes pyriform, bright red or yellow tinged with red, about size of cherry ; used for jelly.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, serrated, glabrous, petioles of same length,
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft.; dense, round-headed.
Native of Siberia, China, .Japan, and Himalayas ; introduced 1784.
SWEET-SCENTED AMERICAN CRAB, Pyms coronaria.
Gardens. May, June. A very beautiful and ornamental tree. The flowering species of Pyrus are propagated by cuttings 8-12 ins. long, inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn ; layers in autumn ; budding on Pear or Quince in July ; grafting in March ; seeds sown in sandy soil in a sunny position outdoors in March.
Floivers rosy, fragrant with the scent of Violets, 12 ins. diam., in lax corymbs, pedicels glabrous ; Calyx slightly pubescent, lobes acute ; Petals obovate, often serrate or dentate ; Styles woolly or tufted at base ; Fruit a pome, roimd, flat, 1-1^ in. diam. ; fragrant, grass-green, glossy, very acid.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate at base, angularly-lobed or serrated, glabrous,
appearing late in spring, more or less sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 13 ins.
11
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, 1 2^ 2^ ins. wide ; petioles slender, sometimes glandular ; stipules acumi- nate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Twigs tomentose, pubescent or glabrous, spiny, red-brown ; Bark red-brown, fissured ; Btids minute, obtuse ; scales red, scarious, ciliate; Wood soft, reddisli.
Introduced from N. America, 1724. Syns. Cratcegus coro?ia?ia, Blalus coroncu'ia.
CORAL-BUD APPLE, Pyrus floribunda.
Gardens, lawns. April, May. This is one of the most ornamental of hardy flowering shrubs, its slender, green, arching branches being almost hidden beneath a wealth of crimson buds or soft rosy-white blossoms. It makes a handsome specimen when planted singly on a lawn. It is usually grafted on Pijr%i,s communis.
Flowers white, suffused with rose, in the bud stage a deep rich crimson, borne in cymosc clusters, completely covering the shoots ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, tapering and widely separated at base ; Stamens numerous, perigynous ; Ovary inferior, carpels 5 ; Fruit a pome, yellow, nearly spherical, about size of a pea, pedicel long.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, petiolate, stipulate, serrated, acumi- nate, 1-1|^ in. long.
A deciduous shrub or small ti'ce, 10-15 ft. ; Shoots long and flexible.
Native of Japan. Considered by some to be a variety of P. spectabilis. Syn. 3Ialus floribunda.
CRAB APPLE, Pyrus Malus.
Woods and hedges. May, June.
Flowers white, streaked with pink, li in. diam., proterogynous, entomo-
philous, few, in a sessile umbel, 5-6 flowered ; Calyx-lobes broad, downy ; Styles
shortly united at base ; Fruit a pome, 1 in. diam., sub-globose, indented at
base and apex, smooth, very acid, yellow or red, 5-celled.
12
ROSACEiE
Leaves alternate, and tufted on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, shortly petiolate, serrated, acuminate or cuspidate, glabrous above, generally downy beneath when young, 12 ins. long ; stipules subulate, downy, deciduous. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches spreading when young, more drooping later, giving a rounded head ; trunk unsymmetrical ; Barh rugged : Twigs round, shining, red-brown; Buds small, somewhat triangular; Wood hard, heavy, fine-grained, slightly brown, taking high pohsh.
Native of Britain. Syn. Malus comiminis. Name Apple from A.S. appcl, apl.
Chief insects injurious to cultivated Apple : — Bark — American Blight {Schizoneura lanigera), Fruit-tree Bark Beetle {Scolytus riigidosus), Mussel Scale {3Iijtila,spis poniorum) ; Blossom and Fruit — Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), Apple Weevil {Anthonomus pomorum), Apple Sawfly {Hoplocampa testudinea), Apple Chermes (Psijlla ma/i) ; Leaves— A^ple Aphis {Aphis mali). Garden Chafer {Phyl/opc/iha horticola). Lackey JNIoth {Bombyx neustria). Winter Moth {Cheimatobia brumata). Small Ermine INIoth {Hyponomeuta padcUa); JFood— Goat Moth {Cossus ligniperda, IVypanus cossus). Wood Leopard Moth {Zcuzera cvsculi, Z. pijrinu).
Fungoid Pests: — Apple-leaf Spot {Scptoria pyricola), Apple-tree White Mould {Oidiu?n farinosum). Apple-tree Canker {Nectria ditissima). Apricot Brown Rot {Monilia fructigena).
CHERRY CRAB, Pyms pruni/hlia.
Gardens. April, IMay. ^V'^hen laden with its phikish flower buds in spring this makes an ornamental tree, but is chiefly grown for the sake of its hand- some fruits, which are yellowish flushed with red, and of an agreeable flavour.
Flowers white, resembling Common Pear, in cyinQse clusters; peduncles pubescent ; Calyx-lobes persistent ; Styles woolly at base ; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish and red, decaying like Medlar.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, petioles long.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft.
Native of Siberia ; introduced 1758. Syn. Malus pi-unifolia.
VOL. II. 13 B
TREES AND SHRUBS
SHOWY CHINESE CRAB, Pyms spcctabllis.
Gardens, lawns, shrubberies. April, May. Pruning should be done December to February, cutting back previous year's shoots to within 2 ins. of base, and leading shoots to 8-12 ins.
Flowers pale rose, semi-double, 2 ins. or more in diam., in a many- flowered, terminal, sessile umbel, buds deep red ; Calyx-tube glabrous ; Petals ovate, unguiculate ; Stamens numerous, sometimes over 40 ; Styles woolly at base; Fniit a pome, irregularly globose, greenish-yellow, pedicels long.
Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute, serrated, glabrous.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches crowded, erect when young, after- wards spreading and slender.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1780. Specific name from L. spectabilis, worth seeing — specfo, I look at.
WHITE BEAM, P/jrus Aria.
Woods, borders of forests, gardens. Common on chalky soils. ]\lay, June. The group Aria, which includes the present species and the Wild Service, is distinguished by broadly ovate or oval leaves, and flattened corymbs of white blossoms.
Flowei's white, I in. diam., in a loose corymb at the ends of short leafy branches ; inflorescence covered with soft, white cotton ; Calyx-tube adhering to carpels, becoming fleshy in fruit, lobes 5 ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous, anthers white ; Ovary becoming spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; Styles usually 3, sometimes 4, hairy at base; Fr^iit a pome, sub-globose, \ in. diam., bright red dotted with brown points, ripe in September, orange flesh sharp and rough to taste, usually 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves ovate or obovate, very variable, sometimes pinnately lobed, petiolate, coarsely and irregularly serrated, glabrous and shining green above, white and flocculent beneath, 2-6 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, brown, orange- scarlet.
14
ROSACEi^
A deciduous pyramidal tree, 20-40 ft. ; or a low bush ; Branches slender, having an upward tendency, young shoots cottony ; Bark smooth, reddish- brown ; Tidgs shining, red-olive-brown to grey ; Buds ovoid, scales green, margins brown, pubescent ; Wood fine-grained, hard, white, inclining to yellow ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
Indigenous throughout Britain ; several more or less cut-leaved forms are found in various parts of the British Isles, and are considered by some botanists to be species or sub-species.
WILD SERVICE, Piims Torminalis.
AVoods, hedges ; will grow in dry situations ; prefers strong clay soil. April, May.
Flowers white, more numerous and smaller than P. Aria, J in. diam., in a corymbose cyme, at ends of short leafy branches ; young inflorescence clothed with loose down ; Calyx pubescent, tube hemispherical, teeth triangular ; Anthers white ; Styles usually 2, united to above middle ; Fruit a pome, pyriform or sub-globose, greenish-brown, \ in. diam., dotted with lenticels, juiceless, usually 2-celled, ripe in November, flesh becomes brown and ahnost friable after bletting by frost.
Leaves oblong-ovate or cordate, G-10 lobed, lobes triangular, acuminate, lower ones spreading, serrated, glabrous on both surfaces, 2-4 ins. long, 3 ins. broad, young leaves downy, underside bluish or grey, petioles slender. Autumn tint yellowish-brown.
A deciduous tree, 40-50 ft. ; growth slow ; Branches spreading, forming large head ; Tzcigs sub-angular, reddish-brown, polished ; Barh smooth, grey ; Buds globoid, obtuse ; scales broad, scalloped, bifid ; ]Fuod flne-grained, red- tinted, susceptible of high polish ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
A native of Southern and Central England. Some specimens said to be 1000 years old. Skeat says name Service is corruption of serves = M.E. plural of serf or serve, the name of the fruit; A.S. syrf=^innl of service-tree — syrf-trcovc, a service-tree — L. sorbus, the tree ; sorl)um, its fruit.
15 1! 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
NEPAL WHITE BEAM, Pyms vestita.
Gardens, A handsome Indian species with long, silvery leaves. May, June.
Floxvers white, in a branched terminal corymb, woolly ; Cahjx tomentose ; Petals woolly inside; Styles 3-5, woolly at base; Fruit a pome, globose, tubercled, glossy, ?, in. diam., greenish-brown, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, acutely crenated or coarsely serrated towards point, very woolly in young stage, glabrous when older, glossy green, sometimes 10-12 ins. long, petioles long. Autumn tint pale yellow.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches tomentose when young, glabrous later.
Native of Nepal ; introduced 1820, Syns. P. crenata, lanatu, nepalensis.
AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH, Pyrus amerkana
Gardens. June. The group, including the Mountain Ash and True Service, is characterised by pinnate foliage, flat corymbs of white blossoms, and showy fruits.
Floivers white, in a large terminal corymbose cyme, 3-G ins. broad ; bracts and bracteoles minute ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Petals 5, spreading, short clawed, Stamens indefinite ; Ovary inferior, styles usually 3, distinct, stigma truncate ; Fruit a pome, globose, red, not larger than peas, very numerous, in large terminal corymbs.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 6-8 ins. long, leaflets 13-15, lanceolate, tapering at apex, sharply serrated with acute teeth, glabrous, shining above, slightly paler beneath, 1^-4 ins. long; petioles grooved, green or red; stipules nearly triangular, caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft. ; erect, fastigiate ; Park smooth ; Buds acute, scales vinous red, acuminate ; Wood soft, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1782; native of Canada, Newfoundland,
and sub-Alpine prairies of northern United States
16
MEDLAR {Pyrus gennanica) A. Flowering branch. B. Two of the stamens. C. Fruit. D. Section of flower.
Plate XXIII.
ROSACEi^
MOUNTAIN ASH, Ptp-us Aucuparia.
Woods, hillsides, gardens. May, June. This tree is especially handsome in early autumn when laden with its orange-scarlet berries. It is not parti- cular as to soil or aspect, and is therefore specially suitable for town gardens. Any necessary thinning of branches should be done December to February. Propagated by cuttings, layers, budding and grafting ; seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors October or November.
Flowei's cream-white, numerous, \ in. diameter, proterogynous, in a corymbose cyme, 4-6 in. diam., at ends of short leafy branches, peduncles downy, dense-flowered ; Calyx downy ; Styles short, usually 8, almost glabrous and free from base ; Fruit a pome, small, \ in. diameter, globose, orange- scarlet, flesh orange-yellow, ripe in September, usually 3-celled ; a favourite with Finches and Thrushes.
Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, 5-8 ins. long, leaflets 11-19, linear-oblong, serrate, sub-acute, glabrous or nearly so above, pale beneath, hairy along midrib and nerves, glabrous when old or nearly so, 1-11 in. long. Autumn tints yellow, red, brown.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; rapid in growth ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Barh smooth, grey, scarred horizontally ; Buds violet-black or grey, and downy ; Wood tough, elastic ; used for small cabinet and turnery work.
A native of Britain. Also known as Rowan Tree.
TRUE SERVICE TREE, Pyms Sorbus.
Parks, Gardens. Requires deep, dry soil and shelter. May.
Floivers cream- white, larger than P. Aucupaiia, in a corymb ; Calyx-lobes reflexed ; Ovary of 5 carpels, styles 5, often woolly ; Fruit a pome, apple- shaped or pyriform, 1 in. long ; greenish-brown, with rust-red spots ; very austere when unripe, somewhat resembling a medlar when mellowed
by age.
17
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves imparipinnate, petiolate, leaflets 13-17, oblong, acuminate, serrated towards point, downy when young, becoming glabrous, paler beneath. Autumn tints yellow to purple-brown.
A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft ; Branches with an upward tendency ; Bark rugged ; Buds green and smooth, viscous, scales olive-green with brown border ; Tiv/gs stout, round, glabrous, olive-green to brown or grey ; Wood reddish, close-grained, takes high polish ; said to be hardest and heaviest of European woods ; used for wright-work.
Not an indigenous species ; thought by some to be a product of cultivation ; Synonymous with P. domestica and Sorbus domestica.
RED CHOKE-BERRY, Piims arbutifolia.
Gardens. May, June.
Floxvers white, or tinged with purple, in a few-flowered co?~y>/ibose cyme, woolly ; Calyx tomentose ; Fritit a pome, pyriforin or globular, small, dark red or purple, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, 1-3 ins. long, acute, finely serrated, petiolate, downy beneath. Autumn tints deep red and purple.
A deciduous shrub, 2-10 ft., twiggy.
Introduced from N. America, 1700 : found throughout Canada and New- foundland. Also known as Arbutus-leaved Aronia. Syns. Aronia arbutifolia, Soi -b us a I -b iitifolia .
MEDLAR, Pyrus germanica.
Hedges, thickets, gardens. May, .June.
Flowers white, H in. diam., solitary, sessile on short leafy branches,
peduncle l in. ; Ccdyx 5-lobed, divisions foliaceous, woolly, persistent ; Petals
5 ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary spuriously syncarpous and inferior ; styles usually
.'5, distinct, glabrous; Fruit a pome, J,-l in. diam.; nearly globular or pyriform,
" 18
ROSACEi^
large depressed area at top, surrounded by a hairy disk formed of persistent calyx lobes ; 5 bony cells slightly protruding, and readily separable ; ripe in October and November.
Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, nearly sessile, finely serrated, sub-acute and slightly downy, especially beneath. Autumn tints yellow, orange, russet, and red.
A deciduous shrrtl), or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Bravclicfi more or less thorny when wild, but losing thorns in cultivation.
Apparently wild in several localities in southern England, but probably only escapes from cultivation. " Fruit called medles ; M.E. medler, the tree, also called mcdle-tree ; O.F. mesle, a medlar {whence mcslier, the tree); L. mcspilum; Gr. jnespiloti, a medlar'' (Skeat). Siyn. Mespilus germanica.
JAPANESE QUINCE, Cijdonia japonica.
Gardens, walls, fences. March, onwards through greater part of year. This handsome shrub is easy of culture, doing well in good garden soil, but thriving best in that of a rich, moist, loamy character. It does well on a south wall, and makes one of the loveliest hedges. The fruit should be gathered in October, and stored in a cool room till yellow. Propagated by cuttings of the year's shoots with portion of old wood attached ; inserted in ordinary soil outdoors in October ; layering of shoots in October or November ; seeds sown outdoors in November. It may be transplanted in early autumn, and the suckers used for propagation.
Floivers deep scarlet, solitary, or ciji/iose clusters of 2-3 ; Ca/ij.v glabrous ; lobes short, obtuse, entire; Fruit a pome, .5-celled, 1^ in. long, 11 in. diam. ; yellow, spotted, about GO seeds ; an excellent preserve.
Leaves alternate, simple, oval, somewhat cuneate, crenated, glabrous both surfaces ; stipules reniform, serrated.
A deciduous shrub, 5-8 ft. ; Titigs brown.
Introduced from Japan, 181.5. Syns. Mahis japonica, Pi/rus japonica.
Specimen at Aldenham, Herts, 22 ft. through, 8 ft. high, 60-70 years old.
19
TREES AND SHRUBS
MAULE'S QUINCE, Cydonia 3Iaulei.
Gardens, walls. April.
Flowers bright red, 1 in. diam., in dense cymose clusters; Fruit a pome, about size of small Apples, bright gold, suffused with red, very abundant, fragrant, very acid ; an excellent conserve.
Leaves resembling P. japonica, but smaller ; crenate-dentate, petioles long.
A deciduous shrjob, 3-4 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Titigs brown.
Introduced from .Japan, 1874. Syn. Pyrus Maulei.
COMMON QUINCE, Cydonia vulgaris.
Gardens, orchards. INIay, June.
Flowers white or pale red, in a few- flowered umhellate cyme ; pedicels downy ; Calyx downy, lobes leafy, glandular-serrate, longer than tube ; Ovary 5-celled ; styles 5, connate at base, woolly ; Fruit a pome, varying in shape, oblong, ovate or obovate, 2 ins. long, li in. diam., fragrant, acid, astringent, 5-celled, cells cartilaginous, many seeded ; ripe in October ; used for preserves.
Leaves alternate, ovate, blunt at base, entire, acute, tomentose beneath ; petioles short ; stipules oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate.
A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches spreading, contorted ; bravchlets tomentose.
Native of Asia ; naturahsed in S. Europe. Specific name from Kydon, in Crete, where tree has long been plentiful. Syn. Pyrus Cydonia.
Injurious Insects: — i?rtr/,— Fruit-tree l?ark Beetle {Scolytus rugulosus); Fruit — Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonclla); Leaves — Large Tortoiseshell Butterfly ( Vanessa polychloi'os).
SCARLET THORN, Crataegus coccinea.
Parks, gardens. April, INIay. This fine oramental species does best in
good loamy soil, and then forms a vigorous growing tree amply furnished
with bright green foliage and large flattened corymbs of white blossoms.
20
B-« C
HAWTHORN (Craicegus Oxyaeantha) A. Flowering branch. B. Flower, with petals removed. C. Fruit. D. Section of fruit.
TK XXIV.
ROSACEA
The various species of Cratcegus, popularly known as Thorns, are pro- pagated by grafting on the Hawthorn in INIarch, or budding in July ; seeds (berries) are stored in sand for a year before sowing, being then put in the open garden in November, transplanting largest seedlings in the following October, and the remanider the next year.
Flowers white, ^— | in. diam. ; in a many-flowered loose corymb; pedicels slender ; villose or tomentose ; Calyx-tube hairy, lobes acute, glandular serrate ; Petals orbicular ; Stamens 10, anthers pale yellow ; Ovary inserted at bottom of calyx-tube ; styles 3-4 ; Fruit a pome, sub-globose, 1 in. diam. ; scarlet, dark dots, calyx enlarged, lobes bright red ; flesh yellow, dry ; nutlets 3-4.
Leaves alternate, elliptical or obovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate and entire at base, finely serrate and glandular above, several acute lateral lobes, coriaceous, dark green, smooth and lustrous upper surface, paler below, 11-2 ins. long, 1-l.V in. wide; petioles glandular. Autumn tints yellow and yellowish-scarlet .
A deciduous bushy-headed tree, 20-30 ft. ; Branches stout, ascending ; branchlets slender, glabrous; spines stout, straight or curved, 1-1 i in. long; Bark red-brown, scaly; Wood hard, reddish-brown.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1G83. Syn. Mespilus coccinea (iNIarsh).
WASHINGTON THORN, Cratcvgus cordata.
Parks, gardens. This, the latest flowering of the Thorns, makes a small tree, rather compact and regular in outline, well clothed with dark shining green leaves, and bearing dense clusters of white blossoms. May, .Tune.
Flowers white, in a compact many-flowered terminal corymb, glabrous, pedicels slender; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes short, nearly triangular, ciliate, pubescent inner surface; Stamens 20, anthers rose ; Styles 2-5, tufts of hairs at base ; Fruit a pome, small, depressed globose, scarlet ; calyx deciduous, nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September or October, persisting through winter.
Leaves alternate, broadly ovate or triangular, truncate, rounded or cordate
and entire at base, acute or acuminate at apex, coarsely glandular serrate, 3-lobed
21
TREES AND SHRUBS
or more, thin, dark shining green above, pale below, lJ-2 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide ; petioles .] -li in. long, terete. Autumn tints bright scarlet and orange.
A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft.; or hu^hy shnib ; Branches slender; branchlets glabrous, grey, or red-brown ; spines l|-2 ins. long ; Wood hard, reddish-brown.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1738.
COCKSPUR THORN, Cratxegns Crus-galU.
Parks, gardens, lawns. May, June. Given sufficient space, as on a lawn, this forms a shapely tree with wide spreading branches, well armed with sharp spines, and clothed with shining foliage. The autunm tints are brilliant, and the large red fruits hang on the branches throughout the winter without diminution of brightness.
Flowers white, tinged with red, in a many-flowered glabrous corymb ; pedicels slender ; Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or glan- dular serrate; Stamens 10, anthers rose; Styles usually 2, tufts of pale hairs at base. Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, | in. long, deep red, flesh dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 2 ; ripe in October, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, acute or rounded at apex, serrate, usually glandular teeth, thick, coriaceous, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale below, 1-4 ins. long, ^-1 in. wide, nearly sessile. Autumn tints bright orange, scarlet, red and bronze.
A deciduous tree, 10-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, rigid ; branchlets light grey or brown ; spines sharp, 3-4 ins. long, on trunks and large branches 0 8 ins., with lateral spines; JFood hard, satiny, reddish-brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1691. Also called Newcastle Thorn. There are several varieties in cultivation.
DOUGLAS'S THORN, Cratccgus Douglasii.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers white J-^ in. diam., in a broad many-flowered corymb, glabrous;
Calyx-tube glabrous, lobes acute or acuminate, glandular serrate, hairy on inner
22
ROSACEA
surface ; Stamens 20, anthers yellow ; Styles 2-5, tufts of hair at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong, truncate at apex, ^ in. long, black or dark purple ; calyx deciduous ; flesh thick, yellow ; nutlets 3-5 ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, ovate to obovate, cuneate and entire at base, glandular serrate, acute, lobed, subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler beneath, 1-2 ins. long, l-l^ ins. wide ; petioles glandular.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. or shrub ; Branches ascending, spreading ; hranchlets slender, rigid, glabrous, bright red, shining ; spines bright red or brown to grey, f-1 in. long, rigid.
Introduced from Western N. America, 1827.
RED HAW, Cratwgus mollis.
Parks, gardens. May. " The large flowers and brilliant scarlet fruits of this tree make it very ornamental in spring and early autunm, and when young the intricate branches, covered with lustrous chestnut-brown bark, render it interesting in winter."
Floivcrs white, 1 in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose, bracteate and bracteolate ; pedicels stout ; Calyx-tube hoary-tomentose, lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate ; Petals with small red mark at base ; Stamens 20, anthers large, yellow ; Styles 4-5, hoary-tonientose at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong to sub-globose, pubescent, 2-1 iu- diam. ; scarlet with black dots; flesh thick, yellow, mealy; nutlets 4-5; ripe August- September.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, acute, glandular- serrate, 4 5-lobed, thick, Arm, dark yellow-green, paler and pubescent on lower surface ; 3-4 ins. long and broad ; petioles terete, often glandular ; stipules lunate, serrate. Autumn tints yellow, orange and scarlet.
A deciduous tree, 15 ft., spreading head; Branches smooth; Tidgs
pubescent; Bark ashy grey; Spines straight, 1-2 ins. long ; Jf^ood hard, light
reddish-brown.
Native of U.S.A. Syn. jMcspilus coccinca (Schmidt).
23
TREES AND SHRUBS
EASTERN THORN, Cratwgus orientalis.
Parks, gardens. May, June.
Floxvers white, fragrant, corymbose; Fruit a pome, globose, yellowish- red or purple, 5-cornered.
Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, lobes ovate, deeply toothed at apex, middle lobe trifid, pubescent, stipules broad.
A deciduous tree, 15 ft. ; flat-headed ; Bnutdws with hoary tomentum.
Introduced from the Levant, 1810. Syn. Mcspilus Aronia (Willd).
HAWTHORN, Crattcgus Oxyaccmtha.
Woods, hedges, gardens. May, June. " Our hedges in May can boast no ornament at all comparable to the Hawthorn, whose blossoms, by their exquisite fragrance, their snowy beauty, and their early blooming, render it the universal favourite among our wild shrubs ; while poets have long sung the praises of the sweet May-blossom, identifying it even in name with the fair month of its birth." The Glastonbury Thorn, which blossoms at mid- winter, is the variety prcecox, of the sub-genus monogyna.
Floivers white or pink, f in. diam., sweet-scented, attracting flies, protero- gynous, m a sessile corijmbose cyme, on short leafy branches, pedicels glabrous, many-flowered ; Calyx glabrous or slightly downy, tube urceolate, segments acute ; Petals broad ; Stamens numerous, anthers pinkish-brown ; Ovary 1-3 carpels, styles 1-3 ; Fruit a small pome, globular or ovoid, crowned by small divisions of persistent calyx, dark red or sometimes yellow, mealy, insipid, containing a hard, bony 1-2-celled nut, each cell with a single seed.
Leaves obovate cuneiform, very variable, 3-5 segments, petiolate, obtuse, glabrous, shining, lobes serrated or entire, stipules leafy, ^ sagittate, toothed. Autumn tints brown, orange, yellow, crimson.
A deciduous thorny shrub or small tree, 10-40 ft.; Tivigs red or brown,
forming a dense network; Bark dull grey, smooth, tendency to flaking in
old trees ; Buds short, ovoid-pohited or conic, scales red brown, smooth ; Wood
24
ROSACEiE
hard and tough, used as a substitute for Box-wood in engraving, and for small turnery and cabinet-work.
Indigenous throughout Jiritish Isles ; makes a good hedge plant ; said to live perhaps 200 years. English name from A.S. hcvgc, a hedge, and thorn; Generic name from Cir. kratos, strength; specific name from Gr. oxys, sharp, and acantha, a tliorn.
Injurmis Insects: — Thorn Fly {Aphis Cratccgi), Lackey Moth {Bombijx neustria). Mottled Umber Moth {Hybernia defoUaria), March Moth {Anisop- teryx ccscidaria). Brown-tail Moth {Poiihesia chrysoJ'?'hcea), Ermine Moths ( Hyponomeutidce).
Fungoid Pests: — Hawthorn Powdery Mildew {Podosphccra Oxyacanthce).
Gall consisting of a tuft of leaves at the summit of a shoot is produced by a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia crativgi) allied to the Hessian-fly (C destntcto?').
LARGE-FRUITED THORN, Cratcvgus punctata.
Parks, gardens. JSIay.
Floivers white, ^f in. diam., in a many-flowered compound corymb, tomentose or villose ; Calyx-tube villose or tomentose, lobes narrow, acute, entire or glandular serrate ; Stamens 20, anthers rose or j'ellow ; Styles 5, tufts of white hairs at base ; Fruit a pome, oblong or sub-globose, ^-1 in. long, red, or sometimes yellow dotted, flesh thin and dry ; nutlets 5.
Leaves alternate, obovate, cuneate and entire at base, rounded or acute at apex, serrate, glabrous, thick, firm, grey-green, villose beneath, 2-3 ins. long, f- 1^ in. wide ; petioles stout, winged. Autumn tints orange and scarlet.
A deciduous t?-ce, 15-30 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, nearly at right angles ; Twigs light orange-brown or ashy-grey ; Spines slender, 2-3 ins. long.
Introduced from U.S.A., 174G.
VOL. II. 25 c
TREES AND SHRUBS
EVERGREEN THORN, CraUegiis Pyracantha.
Walls, gardens. May. This is one of the most showy of all evergreens in winter, and when covered with its large clusters of brilliant orange-scarlet berries, so beloved of birds, is well deserving of its name "Fire Thorn," or the " Buisson-ardent " of our Gallic neighbours. Pruning should be done in February, cutting away those shoots that have borne berries.
Flowers white, in a dense corymbose cyme; Fruit a pome, globose, size of pea, orange-scarlet, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, crenate, petiolate, stipulate, glabrous.
An evergreen wall-shrub, 20 ft. ; or dense busk, 10 ft.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1629. Syns. Mespilus Pyi'acantha, Cotoneaster Pyj-acantlui, Py7ricantlia coccinea.
TANSY-LEAVED THORN, CraUvgus tanacetifblia.
Gardens. May, June. The large, much-divided leaves and the densely hairy twigs and fruits give this tree a character of its own.
Flowers white, fragrant, in a corymbose cyme; Calyx-lobes acute, reflexed, hairy, much divided, epicalyx glandular ; Stamens small, brown ; Fruit a pome, I in. diam., globose, often 5-ribbed, greenish-yellow, hairy, 5 bony seeds.
Leaves alternate, deeply pinnatifid, lobes oblong, acute, glandular, serrate, downy on both surfaces, dark green above, lighter below, 2} ins. long, 1] in. broad, petioles downy.
A deciduous tree, 12-30 ft. ; Tzvigs densely hairy ; Bark corky and flaking.
Introduced from the Levant, 1789.
SMALL-FRUITED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster affinis.
Gardens. April, May. The Cotoneasters vary from large shrubs or small
trees to dwarf or prostrate bushes. All are useful for the shrubbery, and some
26
DOrHLK-FLOWI'.KKI) JAPANESE APPLE OR QUINCE.
( Cydoniajaponica, v, Jlore plena. )
ROSACEi^
are well adapted for covering walls or fences, or trailing over tree roots, rocks, or bare ground under trees. They are propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil outdoors in October ; layering of shoots in October ; grafting on the common species, or Quince or Hawthorn in March ; seeds sown outdoors in March.
Flowers white, in lateral coi-ymbose cymes; Calyx woolly, 5-lobed, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens indefinite ; Ovaries 2-5, adnate at back to calyx-tube; Fniit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, 2 5 bony 1 -seeded stones ; ripe in September, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or obovate, attenuated at base, mucronate, ciliate, bright green above, woolly beneath, 3^4 ins. long, 1-| in. broad, petioles woolly.
A sub-evergreen tree, 10-15 ft. ; Bi-anches somewhat horizontal ; Jhvigs terete, red-brown ; lenticels well shown ; Buds acute.
Native of Lower Nepaul ; introduced 1828. Specific name said to be given from close affinity to C.frigida, of which some regard it as a variety.
ROD COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster bacillaris.
Gardens. April, IVIay.
Flowers white, \ in. diam. ; in a short, many flowei'ed, divaricate cyme, pilose ; Calyx segments 5, short, persistent ; Petals 5 ; Stamens numerous. Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5 ; Fruit a drupe, \ in. long, in axillary cymes, on long slender pedicels, smooth, purplish-red, black or brown; 2-5 bony 1 -seeded stones.
Leaves alternate, ovate, obovate or oblong, lanceolate, tapering towards base, mucronate or obtuse, entire, ciliate, coriaceous, glabrous above, woolly or glabrescent beneath, 21 ins. long. If in. broad; petioles red, long, and slender ; stipules subulate, caducous.
A deciduous slirub, or small tree, sub-evergreen in mild seasons, 8-10 ft.,
spreading head; Brunchlets slender, twig-like, glabrous, red; Wood white,
strong, elastic.
Native of Nepaul ; known as Twig-branched Cotoneaster.
27 c 2
Ci.liiltfi lb
TREES AND SHRUBS
BOX- LEAVED COTONE ASTER, Cotoneaste?- buxifoUa.
Gardens, walls. April, May. This is a vigorous and free-growing species, doing well in any garden soil, useful for the rock garden or for covering walls. Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in gentle heat, or outdoors in the following spring.
Flowers white ; in a compact, short, terminal cyme, at ends of short lateral shoots, 2-G flowered, usually 5 ; tomentose ; Calyx tomentose ; F?-ui.t a drupe, usually in fives, globular, smooth, deep crimson, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, ovate or elliptical, entire, ciliated, acute, tapering towards base, downy on underside when young, glabrous when mature, 1^ in. long, f in. broad, petioles long.
An evergreen shrtib, 4-12 ft. ; twiggy, straggling.
Native of Neilgherry Mountains; introduced 1824. Also called Box-leaved Rose-box.
ALPINE COTONE ASTER, Cotoneaster frigida.
Gardens. April, May. A very ornamental hardy shrub of robust growth.
Floxvcrs snow-white, in a small, terminal, corymbose cyme, woolly ; Calyx woolly; Friiit a drupe, small, spherical, bright red, borne in great profusion, ripe in September, persisting through great part of winter.
Leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, tapering towards base, slightly crenulated, mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous above when mature, silvery tomentose beneath, 4-5 ins. long, l.V in. broad, dark shining green above, lighter below.
A sub-evergi-een sin-ub or tree 15-20 ft., or more ; Branchlcts woolly when young, smooth later.
Native of Nepaul ; introduced 1824.
28
SMALL-LEAVEIJ COTONEASTEK (Coioneaster mirmphylla)
A. Flowering branch. B. Transverse section of fruit. C. Flower (longitudinal section). D. Flower. E, Fruit. P. Longitudinal section of fruit. Plate XXV.
ROSACEi^
Cotoneaste?' horizontaUs.
Gardens, walls, rockeries. May, June. A very attractive and decorative species with dense branches growing in a horizontal position. It is almost sub-evergreen, the leaves being retained well on to winter. They are at first suffused with bronze, and then take on varying shades of red, those at the end of the shoots lasting; the longest.
Flowers white or rose ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid, scarlet, \ in. diam., 2-seeded.
Leaves alternate, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, ovate-oblong, acuminate, points recurved, entire, ciliate, glabrous and dark glossy green above, hoary beneath, \-4^ in. long ; petioles short. Autumn tint bright red.
A deciduous shrub, 2 ft., or 12 ft. on wall ; Branches stout, very dense, horizontal, somewhat frond-like ; Ttdgs brown ; Ba7-k scaly.
Native of Himalayas ; introduced 1879.
COMMON COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster intcgerrima.
Great Orme's Head. It is the only native species. May, June.
Flowers pink, small, 1 in. diam., solitary, on short downy peduncles, or 4-5 in short lateral cymes, on very short leafy branches, bracts minute ; Calyx gamo- sepalous, turbinate, 5-lobed, persistent, lobes obtuse, margins woolly ; Petals 5, small, persistent ; Stamens numerous, inserted in mouth of calyx ; Ovary inferior, carpels 2-5, styles usually 3, stigma truncate; Fruit a false drupe, | in. diam., globose, shining red, pubescent, pendulous, 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones cohering only to sides of fleshy receptacle of calyx-tube {hypa/itliium).
Leaves alternate, broadly elliptical-oblong, ovate or orbicular, 1-2 ins. long, shortly petiolate, entire, rounded or acute, coriaceous, glabrous upper side ; short, dense, white cottony down beneath ; stipules scarious, deciduous, minute. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; or 3-5 ft. under cultivation ; liraiichlets
ruddy, pubescent, tortuous.
29
TREES AND SHRUBS
Confined in wild state to Great Orme's Head. Usually known as C. vulgaris. Used as a stock for grafting the dwarf species. Dr. Lindley says, Generic name signifies quince-like ; in Latin Quince was Cotonea ; and aste?- is a corruption of ad insta?' or instar, " according to the likeness of."
LOOSE-FLOWERED COTONEASTER, Cotoncaster laxiflora.
Gardens. April — June.
Mowers pink, in a loose forked many flowered panicJed-cyme, pilose ; Calyx glabrous ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, black, with bluish tint ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, oblong or ovate-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, or mucronate at apex, glabrous above, woolly beneath, 2 ins. long, \\ in. broad.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; straggling.
Native of N. Asia ; found among rocks in Soungarian desert ; introduced 182G.
SMALL-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster micropkylla.
Gardens, walls. May, June. This is probably the best known species, and is well suited for rockwork, or as a standard on a Thorn, and will even do well on a north-east wall. Rambling over rocks, fences, or hanging over walls, it is particularly attractive in early summer, when its small white flowers are put forth in abundance, and in autumn it is made equally interesting by its brilliant red berries.
Floxvers white, resembling Hawthorn, I in. diam., solitary or 2-3 together, terminal on short lateral branches ; Fruit a drupe, globular, rather large, bright red, ripe in August, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate, obovate, or oblong, cuneated, acute, obtuse, or retuse, margins recurved, coriaceous, glossy green and smooth on upper surface, pubescent or tomentose beneath, persistent, rigid, i in. long,
\ in. broad.
30
ROSACEA
An evergreen tihrub, 3-4 ft., or 8-10 ft. on a wall, dense, spreading, some- what trailing; Stems wiry.
Native of Nepaul ; introduced 1824. Specific name from Gr. micros, little, and phyllon, a leaf.
MONEYWORT-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotoncaster Num-
mtdaria.
Gardens. April, May.
Floicers white, in an axillary cyme, 2-5 flowered, very short, woolly ; Calijx Avhite, woolly ; Fricit a drupe, small, numerous, black, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, orbicular or obovate, entire, flat, mucronate, somewhat emarginate, tomentose in young state, glabrous on upper side when older, distantly placed. If in. diam., petioles hairy when young.
A sub-evergreen shrub, or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; round-headed, spreading ; Brancklcts slender, twiggy, hairy when young; Buds hairy.
Native of Kashmir, Nepaul, and Thibet; introduced 1824.
ROUND-LEAVED COTONEASTER, Cotonecistcr rofumiifo/kt.
Gardens. April, May.
Floxcers white, solitary and terminal, on short lateral branches, subsessile ; backs of Petals often pinkish ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, glabrous, bright scarlet ; ripe in August, frequently persistent till March.
Leaves alternate, orbicular or broadly ovate, obtuse or slightly mucronate, coriaceous, glabrous or sparsely hairy, and deep glossy green above, pilose beneath, somewhat sparse, I in. long, I in. diam.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft., dense ; Shoots spreading, rigid, distichous.
Introduced from Nepaul, 1825.
31
TREES AND SHRUBS
SIMON'S COTONEASTER, Cotoneaster Simonsii.
Gardens. April — June. This is one of the most effective and charming shrubs in the autumn when the long slender branches are wreathed with orange-scarlet berries and the foliage is a glowing crimson. The plants are inclined to become " leggy " and bare at the base, but if cut down to the ground vigorous shoots will quickly spring up, and will be laden with berries in the second year.
Floxvers white, deeply tinted with pink when young and in bud ; solitary and terminal, or in cijmcH of 2-4, on short lateral branches, nearly sessile ; Fruit a drupe, turbinate, abundant, orange-scarlet, ripe in September, per- sistent all winter.
Leaves alternate, ovate or rhombic-orbicular, acuminate, mucronate, ciliated, glabrous and dark green upper surface, silky beneath, f in. long. Autumn tint crimson.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 5-8 ft. as a standard, or 12 ft. on a wall ; young shoots hairy.
Native of Himalaya; introduced 1850.
SERVICE BERRY, Amelanchier ahifoUa.
Gardens. This deciduous shrub is distinguished from the next species by its denser racemes of white blossoms, its larger fruits, and its dark green, broader and shorter leaves, the blades of which are toothed on the terminal half only. April, IMay.
/^/oitrr.y white, in an erect, rather dense raceme, \-l\ in. long, pedicels short, villose, bracteoles acute; Calyx 5-partite, cup-shaped, persistent, tomentose to glabrous, lobes linear, acute ; Petals 5, oblong to obovate, rounded or acute, glabrous, ^-1 in. long ; Stamens about 20, in 3 rows, filaments subulate, anthers oblong; Ovarij inferior, adnate to calyx-tube, 5-celled ; Fruit a pome, sub- globose, ^-1 in. diam. ; dark blue to nearly black, glaucous bloom, sweet,
juicy ; seeds 5-10, red-brown.
32
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ROSACEiE
Leaves alternate, resembling Alder, ovate or orbicular, usually obtuse, rounded or sub-cordate at base, entire below, coarsely serrated above, tomen- tose wben young, afterwards glabrous, membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green above, paler beneath, 1-1 1 in. long ; petioles slender ; stipules linear, acute, red-brown.
A deciduous shrub, 8-15 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender, glabrous ; Bark light brown, tinged red ; Buds acute, chestnut-brown, glabrous.
Native of western parts of N. America (tree 20-40 ft.). Fruit largely eaten by Indians of S.^V. America. Discovered in 1804; introduced from Oregon by David Douglas, 182G.
GRAPE PEAR, Amelandncr canademis.
Gardens. April. The nodding racemes of snow-white flowers, borne in profusion by even young specimens, make this one of the most beautiful and showy of spring-flowering trees. It may be grafted on the Quince or Hawthorn in March.
Floivers snow-white, appearing when leaves are one-third grown, in an erect or nodding raceme, 3-4 ins. long ; pedicels slender ; Calya: campanulate, lobes lanceolate, acute, villous inner surface ; Petals 5, ligulate or obovate, rounded or acute, thin, ^-1 in. long, J-^ in. wide ; Fruit a pome, globose, ^-^ in. diam. ; bright red, becoming dark purple with glaucous bloom.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, cordate at base, acute, serrated, thick, glabrous, dark green above, pale beneath, pilose when young, 3-4 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide, midrib prominent, petiole slender; autumn tints deep golden yellow and brilliant crimson.
A deciduous t?rc, 40 ft. ; with bushy head ; Branches spreading ; Txvigs slender, light green to dark red, becoming dark brown or reddisli brown ; Bai'k red brown, longitudinal fissures, scaly ; Buds small, acute, scales chest- nut-brown, pubescent, ciliate ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown, tinged red.
Introduced from eastern parts of N. America, 174G; known also as
June-Berry and Shad 13ush.
33
TREES AND SHRUBS
Ci-Ass 1 Dicotyledons
Division II Calyciflorce
Natural Order . . . SaxifragacecB
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate or opposite leaves, usually exstipu- late ; Flowers regular ; Calyx of 4-5 sepals, free, or more or less adnate to the ovary ; Petals 4-5, perigynous or epigynous, sometimes wanting ; Stamens usually as many, or twice as many as sepals, perigynous or epigynous, anthers dorsifixed ; Ovary 1-4 celled, superior, or inferior, usually of 2 carpels, more or less connate at base, but diverging at the apex ; Fridt a capsule or berry.
All European plants with polypetalous flowers, and 2 divaricating many- seeded carpels belong to this Order.
COMMON HYDRANGEA, Hydrangea hortensis.
Gardens. April — September. Best in rich loamy soil ; requires protection during winter, except in warmer counties ; partial shade is beneficial. Cut out old wood in winter. Cuttings may be taken at almost any time with the aid of a little bottom heat.
Flowers varying in colour according to soil. Fertile flowers few ; Inflorescence a large corymbose cyme ; sterile flowers consisting of much enlarged calyces ; Fruit a membranaceous capsule.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, acuminate, serrate, shining green.
A deciduous shrub, 2-5 ft.
Native of China, introduced 1790 ; Generic name from Gr. liydor, water, and aggeion, a vessel, a capsule, in allusion to the cup-shaped fruit ; Specific name from L. hortus, a garden.
Hydrangea paniculata. Gardens. September, October. Prune rather severely in winter, and mulch with well-rotted manure.
Flowers greenish white, nearly all perfect, in a terminal corymbose panicle ;
34
SAXIFRAGACEi^
sterile flowers few, on long pedicels ; peduncles white, downy ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed, white ; Petals 5, ovate, rose-tinted outside, especially in bud ; Stamens 10, perigynous ; Ovary half-inferior, styles 3, connate ; Fruit capsular.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, glandular- serrate, glabrous, paler on underside, veins prominent, pubescent.
A deciduous sh)-ub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches terete, brown.
Introduced from Japan, 1874.
PLUMED HYDRANGEA, Hydrangea paniculata v. grandiflora.
Gardens. July — September. This magnificent variety is the finest form in cultivation. The flowers, after lasting for several weeks, die off a rich reddish hue.
Floivers white. Fertile flowers small, star-shaped ; Inflorescence a terminal, corymbose panicle, 1 ft. long ; small flowers intermixed with sterile ones, 1 in. or more in diam. ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed, white, teeth rose-coloured ; Petals 5, valvate, rose on outside ; Stamens 10, perigynous ; Ovary half-inferior, styles 3, stigmas sessile ; Fi-uit capsular.
Leaves opposite or in threes, ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, pubescent, 5-G ins. long, midrib prominent.
A deciduous shrub, 4-6 ft. ; Branches terete, brown ; old stems with scaly bark.
Introduced from Japan, 1874 ; there forms a tree 25 ft. high ; discovered by Dr. Von Siebold.
HIMALAYAN SNOW-FLOWER, Deutda corymbosa.
Gardens. May. Best in a warm and sheltered position. All the Deut-
zias prefer a well-drained, rich and rather sandy soil, and respond to a
mulch of manure at times. They are propagated by cuttings of young shoots
3 ins. long inserted in sandy soil under a bell-glass in a cold frame in June
or July, or of firm shoots 10-12 ins. long in ordinary soil outdoors, November-
35
TREES AND SHRUBS
January ; also by layers and division. Old wood should be cut out in June ; but do not shorten young shoots.
Mowers white, in a trichotomous, corymbose panicle ; Calyx 5-partite, teeth ovate, shorter than tube, dotted ; Petals 5, obovate, nearly glabrous, imbri- cate, I in. long; Stameiis 10, filaments broadly winged; Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled, placentation axile, styles 3-5, filifoi-m ; Fruit a capsule, separating into 3-5 cocci.
Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous with stellate hairs, underside green.
A deciduous slirub, 5 ft. ; Branches opposite ; Bark peeling in long thin shining rolls.
Native of Himalayas, introduced 1830 ; Genus named in honour of Johann Deutz, a Dutch naturalist, a friend and patron of Thunberg.
JAPANESE SNOW-FLOWER, Deutda crenata.
Gardens. May, June. This is one of the hardiest of dwarf white-flowering shrubs, and looks well as a single specimen on the grass, in a sheltered position.
Floivers white, in a terminal panicle, pedicels scabrous; Calyx 5-toothed, scabrous with stellate hairs; Petals 5, ovate, obtuse; Stamens 10, peri- gynous, filaments white, broad, horned ; Disk pink ; Ovary inferior, 3-celled, styles 3, white, stigmas recurved ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, crenate-dentate, obtuse, scabrous, lighter green underside.
A deciduous shrub 4-10 ft. ; Stems slender ; Bark peeling.
Native of Japan, introduced 1833 ; known in gardens as D. scabra, the Rough-leaved Deutzia ; leaves used for polishing ivory.
SLENDER DEUTZIA, Deutzia gracilis.
Gardens. April, May. Being somewhat tender, this is most frequently
seen under glass, but will grow luxuriantly outdoors in a warm, sheltered
position.
36
SAXIFRAGACEi^
Floicers pure white, in dense axillary panicles ; Calyx small, sepals triangular ; Petals ovate ; Disk yellow ; Styles 3 ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, small, ovate, acuminate, serrated.
A deciduous shrub, 2-3 ft. ; Branches erect ; Buds small, scales tinged with red.
Introduced from Japan, 1843.
MOCK ORANGE, or SYRINGA, Philaddphns corouarius.
Gardens. June. This is a favourite garden shrub, very floriferous and fragrant, of easy culture in any ordinary soil. Careful pruning after flower- ing will encourage new growth, which will flower in the next year. It may be propagated by cuttings of young shoots in sandy soil in gentle heat in April, or in a close cold frame in May ; suckers or layers may be taken in spring.
Flowers white, fragrant, orange-like odour, 1-li in. diam., axillary, or in small cymes at the ends of branchlets ; Calyx 4-partite, lobes ovate, acute, tube turbinate, adnate to ovary ; Petals 4, obovate, convolute, ^ in. long ; Stamens 20-40, epigynous, filaments subulate ; Ovary inferior, 4-celled, 4 placentas protruding into the cell from the inner angle, styles 4, stigmas capitate ; Fruit a capsule, top-shaped, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, ovate, acuminate, distantly serrate, glabrous, dark green above, paler and pubescent beneath, 2-4 ins. long, odour and taste of cucumber, when crushed.
A deciduous shrub, 10-12 ft. ; Stems erect, rigid ; Bark light grey, peeling in narrow longitudinal strips.
Native of S. Europe and Asia; introduced 159G.
CALIFORNIAN MOCK ORANGE, Carpenteria cali/brnica.
Gardens. .June, July. The pure white flowers, resembling those of the
.Japanese Anemone, render this a shrub of great beauty. It is best when
sheltered by a south or south-west wall, and in a well-drained loamy soil. Prune VOL. H. 37 u
TREES AND SHRUBS
away shoots that have flowered as soon as blossoms fade. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots in cold frame in April ; tongued layers with moss and damp sand pressed into cut and kept moist in September ; suckers removed in autumn.
Floivers white, fragrant, 2,^ ins. diam., axillary, panicled, usually in fives, pedicels long ; Cdlyx inferior, 5-lobed ; Petak 5, obovate ; Stamens very numerous, perigynous, anthers golden ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, broadly lanceolate, entire or serrated, recurved, acute, petiolate, exstipulate, pinnately veined, pale green, whitened beneath with dense pubescence, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous sh?'tch, 6-15 ft. ; Branches slender.
Native of Sierra Nevada, California ; introduced 1880 ; said to have first flowered here in 1885. Named after Professor Carpenter of Louisiana.
MOUNTAIN CURRANT, Ribes alpimm.
Woods. April, May.
Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious ; 3Iale racemes erect, 1-2|^ ins. long, 20-30 flowered, pedicels slender, shorter than bracts ; Females shorter, often nearly sessile, 8-10 flowered, more green; bracts linear; Calya: glabrous; Petals much shorter than calyx-lobes ; Styles very short, cleft ; Fruit a berry, globose, i in. diam., scarlet, tasteless, racemes erect.
Leaves alternate, broadly ovate, 3-5-lobed, lobes acute, serrate, nearly glabrous, 1^-2 ins. diam. ; petiole slender.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches slender.
Probably indigenous in North of England.
MISSOURI CURRANT, Ribes anreum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Best in an open, sunny situation. The
flowering species of Ribes should be pruned only directly after the blossoms have
withered. They may be propagated by cuttings 6-8 ins. long inserted in ordinary
soil outdoors, October to February ; layering in autumn ; suckers November to
February ; seeds in ordinary fine soil outdoors in September or October.
38
SAXIFRAGACE^
Floxvcrs golden-yellow, fragi'ant, in a many-flowered drooping raceme ; Petals much shorter than calyx segments, bordered with red ; Stamens bright red ; Fruit a berry, yellow, seldom black, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, 3-lobed, lobes divaricate, pale green, glabrous, shining; petioles long, ciliated at base. Autumn tints bright purple to brilliant vermilion.
A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Tivigs straw-coloured, slender, straggling.
Introduced from N. America, 1812. Known also as Buffjdo Currant and Golden-flowered Currant. Specific name = golden (L. aurum, gold).
GOOSEBERRY, Rlbes Grossidaria.
Hedges, copses, gardens. April, IVJay, Prune weak shoots of current year's gro-wi^h to within 1 in. of base in June or July; thin out remaining shoots in winter, shortening those left to 4 or 6 ins.
Flowers greenish-white, i in. diam. ; proterandrous, in racemose groups of 1-3 flowers on laterals and dwarf shoots, pedicels short, 2-3 ovate bracts; Cahjx-tube campanulate, 5-toothed, erect or spreading, then reflexed, epigynous, violet glandular hairs; Corolla small, erect, pale greenish-white; Stamens epigynous; Ovai-y inferior, style 1, stigma bifid, 2 parietal placenta?; Fruit a berry, ellipsoid or globoid, i-li in. long, glabrous, pubescent or glandular, juicy pulp ; seeds several, small.
Leaves alternate, fascicled on dwarf shoots, f-l^ in. diam., sub-orbicular or ovate, 3-5-lobed, crenated, pubescent, nearly glabrous above, paler beneath. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft. ; Branches spiny, grey to brown ; spines single or triple, both at leaf-scars and scattered along internodes ; Tivigs slender, grey ; Buds pointed, scales brown, cihate.
Native of Britain.
Chief insects injurious to cultivated Gooseberries :—7?arA— Gooseberry and
Currant Scale {Lecanium ribis) ; Leaves— Cuvvant Aphis {Aphis ribis). Magpie
Moth {Abraxas grossulariata). Winter Moth {Cheimatobia brumata), V-Moth
{Thamnonoma ivauaria, Halia vauaria). Gooseberry and Currant Saw-fly
{Nematus ribesii) ; Shoots— Quxrant Clearwing Motli {Sesia tipuliformis).
39 D 2
♦^ - - *^A.
</Ji<l#f lb
TREES AND SHRUBS
Fungoid Pests: — Gooseberry JNlildew {^licTosjj/icera Grossulaiice), American Gooseberry Mildew {Sphcerotheca Mors-uva;), Gooseberry Polypore {Forties Ribis).
BLACK CURRANT, Ribes nigrum.
Woods, gardens. April, May. Prune November — February, tliinning out old shoots only.
Flowers yellowish -green, \-\ in. diam., in a lax pendulous raceme, few flowered, tomentose, pedicels glandular, bracts subulate ; Calyx campanulate, 4-5-fid, glandular pubescent ; Petals 4-5, minute ; Stamens 4-5 ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, 2 parietal placentas, styles terete, capitate ; Fruit a berry, globose, black, gland-dotted, odorous glandular hairs.
Leaves alternate, pentagonal, cordate, 3-7-lobed, serrate or biserrate, acute, dark green, glabrous, shining, or slightly pubescent, coarse and rough above, paler and yellow glandular hairs beneath, aromatic when bruised, lf-2f ins. long, 3i-4^ ins. broad ; petiole slender, pubescent. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Tivigs grey tawny, yellow glandular hairs, odorous ; Buds greenish, tinged red, scales loosely imbricated, golden glan- dular hairs.
Native of Britain.
Chief insects injurious to Currants: — Bark — Gooseberry and Currant Scale {Lecanium ribis), Mussel Scale {Mytilaspis pomorum) ; Buds — Currant Gall Mite {Phytoptus ribis) ; Leaxies — Currant Aphis {Rhopalosiphum ribis), Comma Butterfly {Vanessa c-album). Gooseberry and Currant Moth {Abraxas gros- sulariata). Gooseberry and Currant Sawfly {Nematus ribcsii) ; Shoots — Currant Clearwing Moth {Sesia tipuliformis).
RED CURRANT, Ribes rubrum.
Woods, thickets, gardens. April, May. Pruning: — Select strong shoots
for forming new branches, and shorten others to within 1 in. of base
40
Platk XXVII.
FLOWERING CURRANT (Ribes sanguineum) Flower and fruit.
SAXIFRAGACEi^
in June or July ; cut back selected shoots to within 4-8 ins. November — February, and cut out old and distorted branches.
Mowers greenish-white, ] in. diam., in a pendent axillary raceme, 1-3 ins. long, many-flowered, glabrous or pubescent, never glandular, bracts ovate; Cahjx cup-shaped, 4-5-fid, spreading, lobes obovate or rounded, twice length of petals ; Petals 4-5, minute, inserted at base of calyx-segments ; Stamens 4-5, perigynous, filaments short; Ovari/ inferior, 1-celled, styles 2, stigmas divided, spreading; Fruit a berry, globose, ] in. diam., thin skinned, red, acid, 1-celled.
Leaves alternate, 2-4 ins. long, 2-3 J ins. broad, palmately 3-5-lobed, cordate at base, obtuse, irregularly and coarsely serrated, usually glabrous above, paler beneath, tomentose, inodorous, young leaves pubescent, especially beneath, eglandular; petiole pubescent or setose. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Branches grey ; T'wigs brown or grey ; Buds pale brown, scales densely imbricated.
Native of Britain. The name CuiTant is a corruption of Corinth, a small gi-ape at one time principally produced near Corinth, the fruit being formerly known as Uvce Corinthiacece. Leaves attacked by an Aphis {Myzus rihes).
FLOWERING CURRANT, Rihes sanguineum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April. Best in a sunny position.
Florvers rose, fragrant, in a drooping raceme, twice length of leaves ; Calyx-tube campanulate, 5-fid, bright rosy-red, glandular pubescent ; Petals 5, white, inserted at throat of calyx ; Stamens 5, inserted with petals, alternate ; Ovarij inferior, 1-celled, styles 2 ; Fruit a berry, turbinate, purplish, glaucous bloom, bitter ; seeds numerous.
Leaves alternate, cordate, 5-lobed, serrate, glabrous above, villous tomentum beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; Tidgs orange-brown ; Bnd'i pointed, scales red.
Native of North-west America ; discovered l)y Menzies ; introduced by
Douglas, 1820. Specific name is Latin for " blood -red."
41
TREES AND SHRUBS
FUCHSIA-FLOWERED GOOSEBERRY, Ribes speciomm.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls. April — June. A rather hairy shrub with small clusters of Fuchsia-like blossoms. Best on a wall in cold districts.
Flowers deep red, 1-3 on axillary peduncle, which is longer than leaves; Calyx cylindrical, lobes often 4, linear-lanceolate, acute, glandularly pubescent, hairs red; Petak red, linear-lanceolate, as long as sepals; Stamens protruding beyond calyx for 1 in. or more, filaments red, anthers purplish-black ; Fruit a berry, red, rather dry, few-seeded.
Leaves fascicled, indistinctly 3-lobed, cuneate at base, acute, crenate, glabrous, shining, petioles short.
A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; much higher on walls, 15-20 ft. ; Brandies glandular hispid, spines triple, infra-axillary.
Introduced from California, 1829. Syns. R. stamineum. (long stamens), R. fuchsioides (resembling Fuchsia).
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calyciflorce
Natural Ohder . . . HamamelidecB
Trees or shrubs with watery juice, alternate, petiolate leaves, and deciduous stipules ; Floxvers perfect or unisexual ; Cabja' 4-partite or 0, more or less adnate to ovary ; Petals usually 4 or 0 ; Stamens 4-8, anthers basifixed, introrse ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; Fri/it a woody capsule opening at summit, usually 1 -seeded.
Co7'ylopsis spicata.
Shrubberies. February, March. Rest in sandy loam, and warm, sheltered
situations. Propagated by cuttings of well-ripened shoots in summer in
heat ; also by layers.
Floivers pale yellow, fragrant, appearing before leaves, resembling Cowslips
42
HAMAMELIDEi^
in odour, in a pendulous raceme, 2-3 ins. long, 8-12 flowered, bracts greenish- yellow ; Petals 5 ; Stamens 5, exserted, anthers red ; Fruit a capsule, woody ; seeds ellipsoid, shining black.
Leaves alternate, orbicular, cordate, resembling Hazel, mucronately serrated, hoary beneath, petioles long.
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft. ; Biub large, ovate, green, young scales red, brown later.
Introduced from .Japan by Fortune, 1864. Generic name from Gr. Korylos, the Hazel tree, and opsis, like.
ARBORESCENT WITCH HAZEL, HamamcUs arborca.
Gardens. January — March. In the early part of the year this shrub presents a striking appearance, its curious blossoms looking like rolls of ribbon before they expand, and when fully open resembling twisted strips of gold leaf. The species are propagated by layering of branches in October or November.
Flowers yellow, on the bare branches, in axils of leaves of previous year ; Calyx 4-partite, adnate to ovary, deep claret-coloured ; Petals 5, re- sembling short twisted threads, clear, rich primrose-yellow.
Leaves alternate, sub-rotund, unequal at base, crenate, penni-nerved, petiolate, stipules deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 15-20 ft.
Introduced from .Japan, 18G2 ; there called " Mansak."
AMERICAN WITCH HAZEL, Hamamelis virginica.
Gardens. October — February. Does well in bold groups planted in
rich loam. " During autumn and winter the plant is profusely covered with
its fine rich yellow flowers, which begin to expand before the leaves of
the previous summer drop oft*, and continue on the bush throughout the
winter ; after the petals drop oW, in spring, the persistent calyces remain
on till the leaves reappear in April or JNIay." — Dictionary of Gardening.
43
TREES AND SHRUBS
Floxvers yellow, in axillary clusters ; Calyx 4-partite, adnate to lower part of ovary, lobes spreading or recurved, oval, ciliate, pubescent ; Petals 4, linear, persistent ; Stamens 4, alternating with 4 scale-like staminodes, filaments short, anthers dehiscing by a valve ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, subulate, spreading, persistent ; Fndt a capsule, woody, 2-valved, beaked with the 2 persistent styles, densely pubescent, orange-brown, 1 -seeded.
Leaves alternate, obovate, acuminate or rounded, acutely serrated, entire or dentate at base, dark green and usually glabrous above, lighter beneath, pubescent on midribs and principal veins, 4-6 ins. long, 2-2J ins. broad ; petioles short ; stipules deciduous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft. ; or small tree, 20-30 ft.; Branches spreading; Twigs flexible, orange-brown to reddish-brown, rusty stellate hairs when young ; Bark brown, smooth, scaly ; Buds acute, orange-brown, pubescent ; Wood hard, light brown, heavy, cross-grained.
Introduced from N. America, 1736. Generic name from Gr. hama, together, and melon, a fruit; the fruit accompanies the flower.
SWEET GUM, Liqjiidamhar styraciflua.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April. Best in moist loamy soil in sheltered position. Propagated by layering of shoots, September — November; seeds sown in sandy soil outdoors October, November, March or April, transplanting 2 3 years afterwards.
Floivers greenish-yellow, inconspicuous, monoecious ; 3Iales in terminal racemes, conical or sub-globose, surrounded by 4 deciduous bracts ; Females in solitary and axiUary sub-globose heads on long pedicels; 3fales without calyx and corolla; Stamens indefinite, interspersed with minute scales, fila- ments shorter than anthers ; Females without sepals, calyx-limb nearly obsolete; Stamens usually 4, and abortive; Ovai-y partly inferior, 2 united carpels; styles subulate, recurved, persistent; Fruit a woody capsule, 1-1 J in. diam., crowned by hard curved styles, consolidated into globose head ; seed
winged.
44
IVY (Hedera Helix)
A. Flowering shoot. B. Fruit. C. Flower, enlarged. D. Transverse section of ovary. E. Longitudinal section of Uower.
Plate XXVllI.
MYRTACEi^
Leaves alternate, palniately 5-7-lobed, lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous, villose in axils of principal veins, briglit shining green, resinous fragrance when bruised, G-7 ins. wide ; petioles slender, 5-6 ins. long ; stipules entire, glabrous. Autumn tint deep crimson, after sunless sunnner a dull purple.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches slender ; Tidgs angled, hairy at first, light orange to reddish-brown, corky ; Buds acute, scales ovate, acute, orange-brown ; Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, not strong, brown tinged red.
Introduced from N. America, 1681 ; there reaches 140-160 ft. Generic
name from L. lujuidus, flowing, liquid, and Arabic amhar ; a terebinthine
gum exudes from members of the genus, smelling like Balsam of Tolu.
Specific name from Gr. styrax, the tree yielding storax, a resin, and L.
Jitia, fiuo, I flow.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . CalyciflorcB
Natural Order . . . Myrtacece
Trees or shrubs, with opposite or alternate, usually entire and exstipulate, leaves, often dotted with pellucid glands ; Calyx superior, 4-5-lobed, valvate ; Petals 4-5, imbricate, sometimes obsolete ; Stamens 8-10, or indefinite, rarely 4-5, filaments free or united in bundles ; Ovary inferior, 1-6 celled, style and stigma simple, placentation axile, or rarely parietal ; Fruits various, dry or succulent.
MYRTLE, Myrtus communis.
Gardens, shrubberies. July. Hardy in the south of England, but needs
shelter from cold winds. Best in sandy loam and leaf soil, and requires
water in summer. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots 2 ins. long
inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass in a little heat, in spring or summer;
45
TREES AND SHRUBS
cuttings of firm shoots 2-3 ins. long in sandy soil in cool greenhouse, June or July ; seeds sown in sandy soil in little heat, autumn or spring.
Floivers white, fragrant, solitary, pedicels about as long as leaves, bracteoles linear ; Calyx 4-5-lobed, tube turbinate ; Petals 4-5, ovate, spreading ; Stamens numerous ; Ovary inferior, style long, placentation axile ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, exstipulate, ovate or lanceolate, sub-sessile, acute or obtuse, entire, glabrous, dark glossy green above, paler beneath, full of pellucid dots, fragrant.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Tivigs angled.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1597. Generic name from 3Iyrtos, the old Greek for Myrtle.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. ... Calyciflorce Naturai. Order . . . Passiflorece
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with watery juice, usually climbing or twining by means of tendrils; Leaves alternate or rarely opposite, simple or com- pound, sometimes glandular; Calyx tubular below, lobed, usually with a corona at throat, simple, duplex, tubular, or cut into radiating filaments ; Petals as many as calyx-lobes, usually 5, inserted outside corona ; Stamens usually 5, and the filaments united around the gynophore ; Ovary superior, supported on a long gynophore, 1 -celled, 8 parietal placentas, 3 clavate, spreading styles ; Fruit a many-seeded, dehiscent or indehiscent, berry or capsule.
BLUE PASSION-FLOWER, Passijlora ca:rulea.
AValls. June — October. Best in turfy loam and peat. Propagated by
cuttings in cold frame in summer ; layering young shoots in summer.
Flowers blue, faintly scented, lasting but one day, solitary, bracts 3, ovate,
entire ; Calyx-tube short, urccolate, lobes 5, linear oblong, pale greenish-
40
ARALIACE^
white ; Rays of corona in two series, purple at bottom, white in middle, blue at ends; Petals 5, resembling the sepals; Stamens 5, filaments adnate to gynophore, anthers large, 1-lobed, spreading horizontally; Ovary supported on gynophore, styles purplish ; Fruit a berry, egg-shaped, yellow.
Leaves alternate, 5-partite, lobes oblong, entire, glabrous ; petioles with 4 glands at apex ; stipules falcate.
A climbing shrub.
Native of Brazil, Uruguay, and Peru; introduced 1G99. Generic name from L. passio, passion, pattior, passus, to suffer, and jlos, Jioris, a flower ; specific name from L. cceruleiis, sky-blue, ccelum, the sky. Common name given by missionaries in S. America from fancied resemblance to a halo and crown of thorns, the emblem of Christ's Passion.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calycijlorce
Natural Okdeii . . . Araliacece
Shrubs or trees, sometimes climbing, rarely herbs ; Leaves alternate, usually exstipulate ; Floivcrs in simple umbels, sometimes paniculate ; Cahjoj- limb superior, very short, entire, toothed or lobed ; Petals 5, deciduous, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud, inserted under an epigynous disk ; Stamens 5, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 2 or more celled ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds as there are carpels.
CHINESE PAPER-PLANT, Ara/ia chinensis.
Gardens. July, August. The pinnate leaves, often 8 ft. long, with their prickly petioles, give a beautiful fern-like aspect to the plant. It is best in a well-drained loamy soil, and requires water in summer, and some protection in winter. Propagated by cuttings and root-cuttings.
Fknvers creamy-white, inconspicuous, in a terminal umbellate panicle;
Petals 5, inserted on margin of disk ; Fruit a berry, black.
47
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, 2-3 ft. long, pinnae imparipinnate, leaflets 15, ovate, acute, serrated at apex, coriaceous, woolly both surfaces when young ; petioles spiny ; leaf scars 3 ins. in circumference.
A deciduous shrub, 5-1 2 ft. ; T'wigs purple.
Introduced from N. China. Syn. Dimorphantlms niandschuricus.
HERCULES' CLUB, Aralia spinosa.
Gardens. Best in sheltered spots. September, October.
Floivers white, perfect or unisexual, in a terminal compound umbcUate panicle ; pedicels pubescent ; Calyx gamosepalous, tube coherent with ovary ; Petals 5, acute, inflexed at apex ; Stamens 5, inserted on margin of disk, alternate with petals, filaments filiform, anthers introrse ; Ovary inferior, 2-5-celled ; styles 2-5, connivent ; stigmas capitate ; Fruit a berry, globose, 3-5-angled, i in. diam., crowned with blackened styles, purple, juicy ; seeds 2-5, small.
Leaves alternate, tripinnate, 3-4 ft. long, 2J ft. wide, pinnaj imparipinnate, leaflets 11-13, ovate, acute, dentate or crenate, rounded at base, membranous, dark green above, pale beneath, 2-3 ins. long, Ij in. wide ; petioles stout, 18-20 ins. long, usually with slender prickles; leaf-scars 3 ins. in circum- ference ; stipules acute, 1 in. long, ciliate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 30-35 ft. ; or shrub, 6-20 ft. ; Branches stout, spreading, armed with stout prickles ; Txcigs orange to light brown ; Bark dark brown, fissured ; Suckers freely produced ; Buds triangular, flattened ; scales brown ; Wood light, soft, brittle, close-grained, brown streaked with yellow.
Native of N. America; introduced 1088. Also called Angelica Tree.
IVY, Hedera Helix.
Hedgerows, trees, walls. October, November. Propagate by cuttings of
firm shoots in ordinary soil outdoors, September — November ; in well-drained
pots in cold fi-ame in October, or in little heat, September — November.
48
D E F G
DOGWOOD [Cornits sanguinea)
A. Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C Section of fruit (transverse). D. Flower. E. One of the stamens. F. Flower with stamens removed. 0. Part of the cyme, showing braDching,
Plate XXIX.
CORNACE.^
Floivers yellowish-green, with unpleasant odour, attractive to flies ; pro- terandrous; Umbels often grouped into mb-racemose panicles, sub-globose, stellate hairs; bracts small, concave; Calyx 5-toothed, minute; Petals 5, broad, short, triangular ovate, epigynous, not cohering at top, valvate in bud ; Stamens 5, epigynous, anthers yellow; Ovary inferior, 5-10-celled, styles united into one, very short ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, ^ in. diam., blue-black, pruinose, flesh green, 2-5 seeds.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate. petiolate, very variable, palmately 3-5-lobed. ovate or angular, cordate at base, acute or obtuse, entire or sinuate, thick, coriaceous, upper side deep green, polished, paler beneath ; dying leaves brown.
An evergreen sivub, climbing by small root-like excrescences, main stems woody ; Branches spreading along ground ; Buds conical, pointed, naked, sessile, green.
Native of Britain.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division II. . . . Calycijiorce
Natukai. Ordeii . . . Cornacece
Shrubs, trees, or rarely herbs, with usually opposite, exstipulate leaves, and small, regular flowers ; Calyx-limb minute, superior, 4-5-toothed ; Petals 4-5, valvate ; Stamens 4-5. alternating with petals ; Ovary inferior, usually 2-celled ; Fruit a drupe.
Distinguished from Caprifoliacefe by the distinct petals, and from AraliacetE by the usually opposite leaves.
WHITE FLOWERING DOGWOOD, Comus jlorida.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Requires a warm and sheltered
situation. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil outdoors in
November ; layering of slioots in October ; suckers in November.
VOL. n. 49 ■ E
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish-yellow, appearing after leaves, very small, in centre of large white involucre, in a dense cymose head surrounded by a corolla- like involucre of 4 white bracts, each 1-lJ in. wide, the whole measuring 3-4 ins. diam. ; bracts round, retuse, or nearly obcordate ; Calyx light green, 4-lobed, urceolate ; Corolla ; 4 petals, valvate in bud, lobes strap-shaped, green tipped with yellow ; Stamens 4, alternate ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; stigma truncate ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid, ^ in. long, bright scarlet, thin, mealy flesh, 1-2-seeded ; ripe in October.
Leaves opposite, ovate to elliptical, acuminate, narrowed at base, slightly crenulate, thick, firm, bright green above, pale and pubescent beneath, 3-6 ins. long, 1|— 2 ins. wide ; petioles grooved. Autumn tints yellow, scarlet, purple.
A deciduous shrub, or bushy tree, 20 30 ft., of slow growth ; Branches slender, spreading or erect ; Tivigs yellow-green, or red to brown or grey ; Bark red-brown, scaly, very bitter ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brown shaded green and red ; takes good polish.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1731.
LARGE-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Comus macrophylla.
Gardens. July. Likes deep, fairly moist soil.
Floxvers white, in a terminal dichotomous cyme, 4-5 ins. diam., peduncles short, pedicels white tomentose ; Calyx urceolate, teeth minute, white adpressed hairs ; Petals white tomentose, valvate ; Stamens alternating with petals, anthers oblong; Ovary 2-celled; Fi-uit a drupe, globose, I in. diam., 2-celled, 2-seeded.
Leaiies opposite or alternate, ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale glaucous beneath, 4-6 ins. long, 3| ins. broad, or larger. Autumn tint orange-red.
A deciduous ti-ee, 40 ft. ; Branches nearly horizontal ; Tivigs purplish ;
Bark smooth.
Native of Asia, N. India to Japan ; introduced 1827. Syn. C. brachypoda.
50
Plate XXX.
VARIEGATED LAUREL {Acuha japonica) A. Brand), with male flowers. B. Female flowers. C Single male flower (enlarged).
CORNACE^
CORNELIAN CHERRY, Comns Mas.
Shrubberies. A very beautiful early-flowering shrub, made especially attractive by having a background of dark evergreens. February — April.
Flowers bright yellow, small, appearing before leaves, in an umbel, involucre 4-leaved ; Fruit a drupe, cornelian-red, oval, \ in. long ; used for marmalade and jelly.
Leaves oval, acuminate, pubescent on both surfaces.
A deciduous shrub, 15-20 ft. ; Branches smooth.
Introduced from Europe (Austria), 1596.
CORNEL OR DOGWOOD, Comus sangumea.
Woods and hedgerows. June, July. The red bark makes this an attractive shrub in winter.
Flowers greenish-white, small, regular, having an unpleasant odour, in a dense-flowered terminal corymbose cyme, without bracts, pedicels long ; Calyx 4-toothed, covered with down ; Petals 4, lanceolate, downy, valvate ; Stamens 4, subulate, alternating with petals, inserted under yellow epigynous disk ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled, style simple, terete ; Fruit a drupe, globular, almost black, with whitish dots, very bitter, stone 2-celled.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, shortly petiolate, entire or waved, acute, hoary or silky when young, glabrous later, green, turning to red in autumn, 2-3 ins. long, petiole short.
A deciduous shrub, 5-8 ft. ; Branches opposite, straight, dark-red when old ; young shoots briglit red, pubescent ; Buds sessile, slender, pubescent ; Bark scaly, fetid odour when bruised ; Wood used for skewers, and in manufacture of gunpowder.
Native of Britain.
51 E 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
RED OSIER DOGWOOD, Comns stolonifera.
Shrubberies. May. Likes damp spots, and makes a good cover plant for game.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, in a small flat cyme, pubescent, 1-2 ins. diam. ; Petals ovate-oblong ; Fruit a drupe, white, globose.
Leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, light green above, hoary beneath, 1-5 ins. long, petioles slender.
A deciduous shrub, 5-10 ft. ; usually stoloniferous ; Bi-anchlets glabrous, bright red-purple, youngest pubescent ; Bark red-purple.
Introduced from N. America, 1741. Syn. C. alba (Wangenh).
VARIEGATED LAUREL, Aucuba japonka.
Slu'ubberies. JMay. To develop the full beauty of its variegated foliage, this attractive shrub should be planted in an open space where it may obtain plenty of liglit and air. In order to ensure a plentiful supply of the scarlet berries it is necessary to have the male plants in close proximity to the females, or artificial pollination may be resorted to, placing among the pistillate flowers some branches bearing staminate blossoms. If left to Nature, it will be sufficient to have one male plant in tlie vicinity of several females. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in sheltered border or cold frame, September to November ; layering in autumn ; seeds in cold frame in October.
Floivers white, small, inconspicuous, di(£cious, visited by pollen-eating flies ; Inflorescence a branched dichasial cyme, terminal and axillary ; 3Ialcs, Calyx gamosepalous, 4 minute teeth ; Corolla of 4 petals, epigynous, ovate to lanceo- late, valvate ; Stamens 4, alternate with petals, filaments subulate ; Disk 4-angled and fleshy ; Females, Calya: with 4 minute teeth, tube ovoid or nearly cylindrical; Petals A^; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, style short, stigma slightly bifid; Fruit an oblong, scarlet drupe, \ in. long, 1-seeded.
Leaves decussate, ovate lanceolate or elliptical, petiolate, exstipulate, entire
or slightly toothed, acuminate or obtuse, coriaceous, glabrous, green mottled
with yellow, midrib prominent ; dead leaves brown.
52
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CAPRIFOLIACEi^
An evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft.; Branches green, terete, smooth ; Buds large; young wood tender, easily destroyed when exposed to strong winds.
A native of Japan. Female introduced in 1783, male in 18.50 (by Fortune).
Gan-i/a elliptica.
Shrubberies, walls. October — March. The male plant is more usually grown, and is by far the more handsome. In most districts it is best against a south or west wall. Prune after flowering. Propagated by cuttings of half-ripe wood in sandy soil under hand-light or cold frame, August or September; layering of shoots, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy soil in cold frame, September — October.
Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, dioecious ; Males in slender pendulous catkins, 6-10 ins. long, persistent through summer, bracts densely hairy ; Females in dense catkins, 3-4 ins. long ; Bracts connate ; Fruit a drupe, black, pulp purple, 2 bony seeds.
Leaves opposite, oblong or elliptical, acute, entire, wavy when young, thick, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, dark shining green above, hoary beneath, 3 ins. long.
An evergreen sk7'ub, 8-10 ft. ; head dense, spreading ; shoots slender, downy when young, glabrous when mature.
Native of N.W. America; males discovered by Douglas, 1828; females by Hartweg, 1848 ; first fruited in 18.50. Genus named in honour of Michael Garry, Secretary to the Hudson's Bay Company.
Class T Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natuuai, OuuEit . . . Caprifoliacece
Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite, usually exstipulate leaves,
and regular or irregular cymose flowers, terminal or rarely axillary ; Calyx
superior, 2-5-lobed or toothed ; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, 4-5-lobed,
53
TREES AND SHRUBS
imbricate in bud ; Stuiiiens 4-5, or rarely double the niniiber, epipetalous, alternate witli lobes, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1 5-celled ; Fruit a berry or drupe.
CANADIAN ELDER, Samhucm canadensis.
Gardens. July, August. A moist soil being most favourable to luxuriant growth, this shrub is useful for growing in groups near ponds and streams. The shrubby species of Elder may be propagated by cuttings of branches or shoots in moist soil outdoors, October — March.
Floivcrs dull white, almost scentless, in a terminal panicled cyme, 5 main branches ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, deep bluish-black.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-11, mostly 7, oblong-elliptical, acuminate, sometimes appendiculated at base, pubescent beneath, rigid, ser- rate, 2-5 ins. long ; heavy scented when crushed.
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ft. ; usually glabrous.
Native of Canada and eastern U.S.A. ; introduced 1761.
GLAUCOUS ELDER, Sambucus glauca.
Gardens. .June. The distinctive character of this species is the glaucous covering of the fruits. The plant will stand severe pruning.
Floivers yellowish-white, in a cyme, 4-6 ins. wide, glaucous, bracts and bractlets linear, caducous ; Calyx 5-cleft, ovoid, lobes acute, red-brown ; Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, lobes oblong, rounded at apex, as long as stamens ; Fruit a drupe, sub-globose, ^ in. diam., blue-black, with mealy, glaucous bloom, juicy.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 5-7 ins. long, leaflets 5-9, ovate or oblong, cuneate or rounded at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, glabrous, thm, firm, bright green above, pale below, 2-6 ins. long, ^-l^ in. wide ; petioles stout, grooved.
A deciduous s/irub or small tree, 6-18 ft. ; liranclies spreading, glabrous ;
Ticigs red-brown ; Bark fissured, brown ; Buds axillary, scales ovate, brown ;
Wood light, soft, weak, yellow tinged with brown.
54
CAPRIFOLIACEi^
Native of N. America ; there a tree 30-50 ft. Discovered early in the nineteenth century in Oregon by a party under the leadership of Lewis and Clark.
COMMON ELDER, Smnhucus nigra.
Woods, coppices, hedgerows, gardens, waste places. June. Thrives best in good loamy soil, with moisture.
Floweis cream-white, in a fiat corymbose cyme, G ins. or more in diam., much branched, 5 primary brandies ; Calyx .5-cleft, with small teeth ; CoroUa rotate, 5-lobed, \ in. diam., tube very short ; Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla, filaments slender ; Ovary 3-celled, inferior, stigma sessile, 3-lobed ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, small, globular, succulent, aromatic, purplish-black, usually 3 stone-like seeds.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, petiolate, exstipulate, leaflets 5-9, ovate- oblong, 1-3 ins. long, serrate, acute or acuminate, nearly glabrous, having an unpleasant odour, stipules small or absent. Autumn leaves yellow-green.
A deciduous shrub or small ti-ee, 20-25 ft. ; gro\vi;h very rapid when young ; Stem and branches full of pith ; branchlets angular, gi-ass-green, show- ing lenticels well, juicy ; Bark grey, rough, corky ; Bud-scales olive or greenish- brown, membranous ; Lenticels conspicuous ; Wood hard, heavy, used for small turnery and cabinet work.
Indigenous in England and Ireland. Specific name from Gr. sambyke, a musical instrument, probably a liarp ; L. sambuca, a triangular stringed instrument with a sharp, shrill note ; English name from A.S. ellcern, the hollow tree.
SCARLET-BERRIED ELDER, Sambucus raccmosa.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. The bunches of scarlet berries make
this a very attractive shrub in late summer. Moisture at the roots is essential
for its perfect development, and when in such positions, as on river-banks or at
pond-heads, the running roots help to bind the soil.
55
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish-wliite, in a terminal panicled ci/»ie, o\'ate, racemose in appearance ; f '«///.( 5-cleft ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Staincits 5 ; Ovarij inferior ; Fruit a berry-like drupe, globular, large, resembling bunch of Grapes, 4-6 ins. in length, scarlet, ripe in August.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, oblong-elliptic, serrated, acute, unequal at base, bluish-green above, light glaucous green beneath, glabrous, membranous ; petioles glabrous.
A deciduous sh7-ith or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Branches numerous, arching ; liark dark, smooth, few fissures.
Native of S. Europe and Siberia; introduced 1596. Known also as Hart's Elder.
WAYFARING TREE, Viburnum Lantana.
AVoods, hedges, gardens. May, June. This is plentifully met with on chalky or limestone soils. It may be distinguished by its pliant mealy branches and its ovate, cordate leaves covered with mealy down. It is most conspicuous when the berries are partially ripe, for they are then seen in all stages of transition from coral red to purplish-black. Old wood should be cut out occasionally. The species of Viburnum are propagated by cuttings of half- ripened shoots, inserted in sandy soil, under handlights, in a somewhat shady position, September or October; layering of shoots, September or October.
Flowers white, all small and perfect, J in. diam., 2 bracteolate, in a dense corijv/boid cyme, 2-3 ins. diam., fiat-topped, pedicels scurfy ; Cahj.v 5-toothed ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, shortly exserted ; Ovary inferior, 1-ceUed, stigmas 3, sessile; Fruit a drupe, J in. diam., somewhat oblong, turning from coral-red to purple-black, fiesh dryish, friable : seeds grooved ventrally.
Leaves ovate, cordate at base, petiolate, exstipulate, toothed or entire,
obtuse, rugose, soft and velvety on upper side, dull yellow-green, very
downy beneath with stellate hairs ; 3-5 ins. long, veins prominent beneath.
Autumn tint deep red.
56
8
tlO
a
O be Cm m
CAPRIFOLlACEi^
A deciduous sh-iib or small ti'ee, 10-20 ft, ; Branches opposite, pliant, young shoots brown, covered with down ; Bark grey-brown, fissured ; Buds long, narrow, naked ; Leaf-scars crescent.
A native of Britain.
SHEEP BERRY, Viburnum Lentago.
Gardens. May — July. This is a fast-growing and attractive shrub, having a great tendency to assume a tree-like form, and well suited for the lawn or the margin of a wood.
Floxvers pale cream or white, all perfect, J in. diam., in a flat terminal umbellate cyme, 3-5 ins. diam., bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx-tube slender, ovoid, lobes triangular acute ; Corolla lobes ovate, acute, toothed ; Stamois 5 ; Ovary inferior, 1-celIed, style thick, light green, stigma broad ; F?-uit a drupe, oval, black or dark blue, glaucous bloom, sweet, juicy, ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sharply serrate, deep shining green abo\'e, yellow-green with black dots beneath, 2i-5 ins. long, 1-1 i in. wide ; petioles grooved, wing margined. Autumn tints purple, red, yellow.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-20 ft. ; Brandies slender ; 2\vigs green to red, scurfy, sometimes with glaucous bloom ; Ba?-k red-brown ; Buds long-pointed, scurfy pubescent ; JFood heavy, hard, close-grained, bad- smelling, dark orange-brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1701.
LARGE-HEADED GUELDER ROSE, Viburnum mucrocephalum.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls. J\Iay, June. The large rounded or pyramidal
trusses make this unequalled among the Mburnums. It comes to greatest
perfection against a wall. It is a sterile form of V. Keteleeri, a species
in cultivation.
57
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers pure white, all neuter, If in. diam., in a terminal compound, sub-globose or pyramidal cyme, 8 ins. diam. ; peduncles with stellate scales.
Leaves opposite, 3 ins. long, ovate, obtuse, denticulate, flat, slightly scabrous, stellate furfuraceous pubescent beneath, and on sliort petioles.
A deciduous shmh or small tree, 20 ft. ; Branches spreading, terete, stellate furfuraceous ; Buds elongated, flattened, scaleless.
Native of China and Japan; introduced from former by Fortune in 1844. Specific name from Gr. makros, long or great, and kephale, a head.
GUELDER ROSE, Fibumum Opuhs.
Copses, hedges, gardens. June, July. In its native haimts it brightens the countryside by its fine autumn foliage and blackish-red berries.
Floivers creamy-white, in a dense corymbose cyme, sub-globose, 2-4 ins. diam. ; outer flowers large, neuter ; inner ones perfect, J in. diam. ; Calyx superior, 5-toothed ; Corolla rotate, .5-lobed. Stamens 5, epipetalous, alter- nate with lobes, exserted, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1-celled, stigmas 3, sessile ; Fruit a drupe, globular, blackish-red ; seed compressed, keeled on faces.
Leaves opposite, 3-5-lobed, coarsely toothed, acute or acuminate, glabrous, 2-3 ins. broad ; petiole glandular, stipules small, glandular, adnate to petioles. Autumn tint crimson.
A deciduous shrub, 6-1.5 ft., in cultivation growing to a small tree; always glabrous in all parts ; Bark brown ; Branches slender, lenticellate ; Twigs brown or grey, glabrous, angular ; Buds small, oval, apparently only one scale, red, coriaceous.
Native of Britain. English name said to be corruption of Dutch " Gheldersche Rose," a name applied to a sterile variety first cultivated at Gueldres, in Holland ; also called Cranberry Tree, Dog Elder, Dog Rowan Tree, Marsh or AVater Elder, and Snowball Tree.
58
GUELDER ROSE {Viburnum Upiilus)
A. Flowcriiig brancLi. II. Fruit. ^C. Oi^e-of the inner flowers. D. Portion of tlie cymi'. i'. Transverse section of fruit.
i" - "iP. Eongitudinal section of fruit.
Platu XXXIII. ^^'
CAPRIFOLIACE^
SNOWBALL TREE, nhimnm Opulus, V. sterile.
Gardens, shrubberies. It loves a good soil and abundant moisture. June. F'lowers white, all neuter, in a globular corymbose cyme. Leaves opposite, 3-lobed, coarsely and unevenly serrated, veins prominent on underside.
A deciduous shrub, 10 15 ft. ; young hvigs green, brown when older. Origin unknown.
LAURUSTINUS, rihvrmim Tinns.
Gardens and shrubberies. October — March. The briglit glossy evergreen foliage and pinkish-white flowers place this in the first position among the winter-flowering shrubs. A rather light warm soil brings it to the greatest perfection.
Flowers white, rose-coloured before expansion, in a flat corymbose cyme; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed, superior; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, rotate, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5. epipetalous, alternate with lobes, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled, stigma sessile; Fruit a drupe, dark blue.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, petiolate, entire, acute, bright glossy green, glabrous, exstipulate, veins glandular, hairy, 2^ ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches erect ; Tivigs red ; Bark smooth ; Lenticels conspicuous.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1596. It was the "Wild Bale" of Gerarde.
PLAITED GUELDER ROSE, ribumum tomentosum, v. plicatum.
Gardens, shrubberies. This is commonly considered the best of the Viburnums. May, June.
Flowers snow-white, turning pmplish when fading, all neuter, in a
C7,
',)■<■■■
TREES AND SHRUBS
globular terminal corymbose cyme, 3 ins. diam., arranged in a double row along the branches.
Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-orbicular, cuspidate, obtuse, coarsely serrated, somewhat plicate, scabrous, dark green above, veiny and tomentose beneath, 3 ins. long.
A deciduous s/n-uh, 4-6 ft. ; Branches glabrous, red-brown ; Buds brown.
Native of N. China and Japan ; introduced 1844. Also called Chinese Guelder Rose.
SNOWBERRY, Syinphoricarpus racemosus.
Gardens and shrubberies. August, September. This is a general favourite, well able to adapt itself to circumstances. It will grow in town or country, in rich soil or poor, in the open or under trees. Old and decayed wood should be cut out, October — February. Propagated by cuttings, 6-8 ins., of firm wood in ordinary soil in shady position outdoors, October — February; suckers, October — February.
Flowers pink, small, in a loose and somewhat leafy, interrupted spike at ends of branches, each flower with 2 or more minute bracteoles ; Calyx 4-5-toothed, sub-globose ; Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-5-lobed, bearded within ; Stamens 4-5, epipetalous, filaments short ; Oxnry 4-celled, ovoid ; style glabrous, stigma dilated ; Fruit a drupe, baccate, globose, white, 2-celled, 2-seeded, persistent through winter.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, shortly petiolate, acute, entire, glaucous or downy beneath, 2 ins. by \^ in. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 4-7 ft. ; much branched ; Suckers in abundance ; Twigs pale grey to brown, glabrous, terete, hollow at internodes ; Buds minute.
Introduced from N. America, 1817. Flowers mucli visited by bees ; fruits form excellent food for game.
60
Pi,AT|.; XXXIV.
SNOWBALL TREE (Vihunnim Uptiliis, vmi-. sterile) A. I'lowering branch. B. Single llower, from below.
CAPRIFOLIACEiE
COPIOUS-FLOWERING ABELIA, Abelia Jioribimda.
Gardens, walls. March. Hardy only in favoured situations ; best as a greenhouse plant. Outdoors requires sheltered position, and best in equal parts of loam and peat with some sharp sand. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in cold frame in July ; layers in JNIarch.
Floivers rosy-purple, in axillary cymose clusters of 2-3 flowers ; Calyx gamosepalous, .5-lobed, persistent, lobes nearly equal, oblong, fringed ; Corolla gamopetalous, infundibuliform. .5-lobed, tube about 2 ins. long, slender; Stamens 5, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, petiolate, acute, crenated, small, glabrous.
An evergreen shrub, 3 ft., sub-erect ; Branches straggling.
Native of Mexico ; introduced to Europe by Belgian nurserymen ; reached England about 1847. Genus named after Dr. Clarke Abel, Physician to Lord Amherst's Embassy to China, 1817; died 1826.
PERFOLIATE HONEYSUCKLE, Lonkera Caprifolium.
Hedges, copses, gardens. ]May, June. This is a robust deciduous twiner, which favours chalky districts. All the Honeysuckles like a light good soil and sunny position, seldom flowering in the shade. Thinning out old wood after flowering encourages growth, but as the flowers are borne on the young wood which has ripened in the previous year, little pruning should be done. The species are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 ins. long, in sandy soil in sheltered position outdoors, October or November ; layering of shoots, August — November.
Flowers yellowish and red, fragrant, pollinated by moths, sessile in terminal xvhorls in axils of upper connate leaves ; Calyx-limb short, 5-toothed, persistent ; Corolla irregular, f-l|^ in. long, tubular, ringent, curved, limb bilabiated, upper lip 4.-lobed ; Stamens 5, exserted ; Ovary 3-celled, style green ; Fruit a berry, globoid, red, 1-celled, 1-seeded, mass of berries sessile in axils of connate leaves.
VOL. II. 61 F
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves opposite, elliptic to obovate, hardly acute, entire, glabrous, white or glaucous beneath, upper ones connate, 1^-2^ ins. long. Autumn leaves brown.
A deciduous hvining shrub, 15-20 ft. ; glabrous.
Naturalised in some English counties, and in the south of Scotland.
ITALIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lonkera etrusca.
Walls. May, June.
Floive?-s purplish outside when expanding, yellowish-white inside, finally becoming yellow, fragrant, in veiiiciUate heads, usually 3 heads at top of each branch ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, obovate, entire ; upper ones connately-perfoliate, cup- shaped, acute, hairy ; lower ones shortly petiolate, obtuse.
A deciduous txdning shrub, 15 ft. ; Stems reddish-purple.
Native of S. Europe. Known in gardens as L. gigantea.
YELLOW TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera flava.
Arbours. A strong grower in warm situations, as against a south wall. June, July.
Floxvers bright yellow, fading to orange, very fragrant, in an interrupted spike of large terminal verticillate heads ; Corolla ringent, tube 1-1^ in. long, lobes oblong-obtuse, about half as long as tube ; Filaments and style glabrous, exserted ; Fruit a berry, \ in. diam.
Leaves opposite, obovate or oval, entire, obtuse, thin, pale and glaucous, upper ones connately-perfoliate, sometimes cup-shaped.
A deciduous twining shrub.
Native of N. America; discovered by John Fraser on Paris Mountain, South Carolina; introduced 1810. Specific name from L,. Jlavus, yellow.
62
LAURUSTINUS • ( Vilmrnum Tinu,<)
A. B'lowering shoot. B. Fruit. U. Flower, from above. D. Longitudinal section of flower.
Plate XXXV.
CAPRIFOLIACEi^
VERY FRAGRANT HONEYSUCKLE, Lonkera fragrantissima.
Walls. January — March. This may be pruned a little after flowering.
Florvers white, appearing before leaves are developed, in axillary pairs on long peduncles, enclosed at base by two long, narrow bracts; Corolla nearly 1 in. across, tube short, tinged with pink towards base, mouth expanded; Fruit a berry, glabrous, 2 united at base.
Leaves opposite, oblong-obovate, entire, petiolate, acute, rounded at base, glabrous, deep shining green on upper surface, pale or slightly glaucous beneath.
A sub-evergreen climbing shrub, 6 ft. ; or small bush, 3 ft. ; leading shoots brown, slender.
Native of N. China; discovered by Fortune; introduced 1845. Specific name from L. fragrans, antis, sweet-scented, — fragro, to smell, to be fragrant.
JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Japonica.
Arbours. July — September. This is a very valuable species, being a strong grower, retaining its leaves through most winters.
Floxicrs white at first, changing to yellow, very fragrant, in terminal a.ril/ari/ pairs, sessile ; Corolla tubular, 1 in. long, white inside, villous outside ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, ovate, petiolate, entire, acute, bright green, villous, pale beneath, 1-3 ins. long, upper ones small, larger leaves having a tendency to become pinnatifid.
An evergreen climbing shrub, 6-15 ft. ; Branches opposite, flexuous, twining, very hairy.
Native of China and .lapan ; introduced 1806. Synonymous with L. chine nsis.
63 F 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
SHORT -STALKED HONEYSUCKLE, Lonkera Japonica, V. jiexuosa.
Arbours. This is one of the best for pillars and archways. June, July.
Flowers pale red outside, white within, few, usually in axillary pairs, almost sessile, very fragrant ; Calyx inferior, 5-toothed ; Corolla gamopetalous, tubular, 5-lobed; Stamens 4, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior, 2-3-eelled, style long, stigma capitate ; Fj-uit a berry, globose, glabrous, acute, black when ripe.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, acute, entire, shortly petiolate, glabrous, villous and purplish below when young, dark green when older.
A deciduous tivining shrub, 4-5 ft. ; Steins flexuous, slender, villous at apex, dark red.
Native of Japan ; introduced 1806. Genus named after Adam Lonicer, or Lonitzer, a German botanist (1528-1586). Specific name from L. jlexilis, bent, curved. Synonym, Lonicera Z>/-ac%^oc?a = short-stalked, from Gr. bj-achys, short, potts, podos, a foot.
BLACK-BERRIED HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera nigra.
Gardens. March — May.
Flowers reddish and pubescent outside, white within, in axillary pai?-s, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Fruit a berry, black, globose, pairs connate at base.
Leaves opposite, oval-oblong or elliptic.
An erect, dwarf, deciduous shrub, 3-4 ft.
Native of Europe, in sub-alpine woods.
WOODBINE OR COMMON HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera Peri- clymcnnm.
Hedges, copses, gardens. June — September. This is one of the most
beautiful and most exquisitely fragrant of oiu- native climbers. It is a great
favourite for covering arbours or trellises.
64
SNOWBERRY {Sijniphoricarjjus racemusus)
A. Branch, in full flower. B. Flower. C. Flower, with corolla opened to show stamens. 1). Transverse section of fruit. £. Seed. F. Fruit-bearing branch. Plate XX.WI.
CAPRIFOLIACE^
FJoicers fragrant, in a terminal stalked ovate head, flowers sessile, bracts persistent ; Calyx 5-toothed ; Corolla tubular, ringent, 1-1| in. long, glandular pubescent, red outside, yellow within, limb 2-lipped, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, exserted ; Ovary 3-celled, style filiform, stigma capitate ; Fri/if a berry, globose, 1-celled, 1-seeded, fleshy, crimson, bitter and nauseous, mass of berries pedunculate.
Leaves opposite, ovate to oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated at base, glabrous above, glaucous beneath, 1-3 ins. long, upper leaves sessile, lower ones shortly petiolate, all distinct at base.
A deciduous tzv'uiing shrub, 1 0-20 ft, ; glabrous or slightly pubescent.
Native of Britain.
Flowers sometimes stunted and distorted by an Aphis {Siphocoryne xylostei).
EVERGREEN TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE, Lonicera semper- virens.
Gardens, walls. Requires light rich soil and open sunny situations, dis- liking clay and the smoke of towns. It is one of the best for lawns. May — August.
Flowers scarlet outside, yellow within, inodorous, in a series of ivhoi'ls on long axillary peduncles ; Corolla tube ventricose on upper side, 1 in, long, narrow, limb short, nearly regular ; Stamens and Style scarcely exserted ; Fi-uit a berry, reddish-yellow, \ in. diam., ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, ovate or obovate, petiolate, entire, obtuse, glabi'ous, and deep green above, glaucous beneath, upper ones connately-perfoliate, 2 ins. long, 1 in. broad.
A sub-evergreen shrub ; Branches slender, twining, brown, glabrous.
Introduced from N. America, 1656. Specific name from L. semper, always, vii'ens, green ; but not strictly evergreen in this country.
65
TREES AND SHRUBS
TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lonivem tartarica.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May. Its freedom of growth, early leafing habit, abundant blossoms, showy fruit, and perfect hardiness, all tend to make this the most popular of the Bush Honeysuckles. Old and weak wood may be thinned out in winter.
Flowers rose, in axillary pairs, pedimcles shorter than leaves ; [Corolla infundibuliform, short, slightly gibbous at base ; Anfliers yellow ; Fruit a berry, red, nearly globose when young, pairs connate at base when ripe.
Leaves opposite, cordate-ovate, slightly acute.
An erect deciduous shrub, 4-8 ft. ; glabrous.
Native of Tartary and Siberia ; introduced 1752.
FLY HONEYSUCKLE, Lomcera Xylosteum.
Copses, gardens. May, June.
Floxvers white to yellow, dashed with red, inodorous, pollinated by bees, sessile in aivillary pairs, 2 small linear bracts, bracteoles minute ; Caly.v-limb deciduous, 5-toothed ; Corolla infundibuliform, slightly 2-lipped, saccate at base, pubescent, | in. long; Stamens 5, exserted, curved, downy, anthers yellow; Ovaries connate, 3-celled, style downy; Fruit a berry, globoid, size of pea, purple-red, fused below in pairs, bitter, 2-celled, 2-6 seeds, ripe in September or October.
Leaves opposite, elliptic or ovate to obovate, base rounded, apex acute or sub- mucronate, entire or serrate, dark green above, paler grey-green beneath, velvety pubescent, l.i in. long, shortly petiolate. Autumn leaves brown.
An erect deciduous shrub, 3-5 ft. ; much branched ; Tivigs grey, slender, glabrous or slightly hairy ; Bud-scales numerous, triangular, downy.
Naturalised in England.
66
o==^^^'
CD E "P
HONEYSUCKLE, OR WOODBINE {Lomcera Peridymenum)
A . Flowering branch. B. Fruit. C. Transverse section of fruit. D. Flower with corolla opened to show stamens. E. Flower. P. Vertical section of fruit,
Plate XXXVII.
CAPRIFOLIACEi^
HIMALAYAN HONEYSUCKLE, Lcycesteria formo.m.
Gardens, shrubberies. jMay — August. The pecuhar disposition of the blossoms and the leaf-hke purphsh bracts make this an attractive shrub in summer, whilst in winter attention is still drawn to it by the bright green bark. It makes a good co\'ert plant, increasing itself rapidly from self-sown seed. It is easily propagated from cuttings of side shoots in light soil in temperature of 45°-50° in April, or of half-ripe shoots in sandy soil under handliglit in autumn ; layers in autumn ; seed may be sown in light soil in temperature as above in March or April.
Floicers white Avith tinge of purple, in a short, leafy, drooping raceme, flowers sessile, in fascicles, disposed in approximate whorls of 5-6, subtended by foliaceous purple bracts, pubescent, usually 6 under each whorl ; Calyx 5-toothed, superior, persistent ; Corolla infundibuliform, ^1 in. long, tube gibbous at base, limb campanulate, 5 ovate lobes ; Stameiis 5, epipetalous ; Ovary inferior, 5-celled, style slender, stigma capitate ; Fruit a berry, 5-celled, many-seeded, J in. long, glandular-hairy, purplish ; said to be sought after by pheasants.
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, petiolate, acuminate, entire, smooth, flaccid, pale green underneath, 3-5 ins. long ; petioles connate at base.
A deciduous shrub, with rambling habit, 4-10 ft. ; Stems woody, hollow, green ; Bra?iches slender, fistular, young shoots pubescent ; Grmdh rapid.
Native of N. India; introduced by Dr. Rayle, 1824; named after AVilliam Leycester, Chief Judge of the principal native Court in Bengal. Also called Flowering Nutmeg.
ROSY WEIGELA, DierviUa florkla.
Gardens. April — June. This free-growing and profuse-flow^ering shrub
forms a graceful and well-furnished bush in almost any soil. The Weigelas
or Bush Honeysuckles may be pruned after flowering. They are propagated
by cuttings of young shoots in pots of sandy soil under bell-glass in cool
67
TREES AND SHRUBS
greenhouse in spring, or of firm shoots 6 ins. long inserted 3 ins. deep in north border under handlight in October or November ; suckers in autumn.
Flowers rose, or white, pinkish in interior sliading into rose, in dense axillary and terminal cijmes ; buds deep rose ; Calij.v 5-toothed ; Corolla funnel- shaped, 5-lobed; Stamens 5; Ovary inferior; Fruit a 1 -celled, 1-seeded berry.
Leaves opposite, sessile or shortly petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, serrulate, acute.
A deciduous shrub, G-10 ft.
Native of China; introduced by Robert Fortune, 1844. Synonymous with Weigela rosea (Lindl.), D. rosea (Walp.), Weigela amabilis of gardens.
LARGE-FLOWERED WEIGELA, DierviUa grandiflora.
Gardens. May, June.
Flowers pink-rose, regular, in axillary and terminal cymes, extremely floriferous; Caly.v gamosepalous, 5-lobed, superior; Corolla gamopetalous, epigynous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, anthers versatile ; Ovary inferior, large nectary at side of style easily mistaken for a superior ovary ; Fj-uit a 1-celled, 1-seeded berry.
Leaves opposite, serrated, strongly reticulated, veins very prominent on underside, under- surface white.
A deciduous shrub, 8-10 ft., often assuming a climbing habit.
Native of Japan. Synonymous with D. amabilis (Carr). Generic name in honour of M. Dierville, a French surgeon.
MIDDENDORF'S WEIGELA, DierviUa middendorfiana.
Gardens.
Flowers yellowish- white, in a terminal panicled cyme; Lower petal dotted
with pink, or darker yellow ; Stigma large, inverted cup-shaped ; Fruit a
1-celled, 1-seeded berry.
68
RUBIACE^
Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, nearly sessile, finely reticulated, hairy on nerves.
A deciduous shrub.
Native of Siberia. Syn. Weigela middendorjiana.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Rubiacece
Trees, shrubs, or herbs; Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules, or apparently whorled, usually entire, the stipules sometimes resembling the leaves ; Floxcers hermaphrodite, rarely unisexual, usually regular ; Calyx 3-6-lobed or toothed or obsolete, tube adnate to ovary ; Corolla 3-6-lobed ; Stamens usually as many as corolla lobes, inserted in the throat or tube ; Ovary inferior, 2 or more celled ; Fr^iit a capsule, berry, or drupe.
BUTTON BUSH, Ceplialanthus occidentalis.
Gardens, shrubbery borders, or woods. July. Best in peaty soil. Propa- gated by layers in early autumn.
Floxcers yellowish-white, small, very fragrant, in dense terminal globose pujiicled heads, 1-1^ in. diam., bracts glandular ; Calyx 4-5-lobed, lobes rounded, villose at base ; Corolla tubular, infundibuliform, 4-5-lobed, glandular or eglandular ; Stamens 4-5, inserted on throat of corolla, anthers sub-sessile, included, dehiscing before flower opens ; Ovary inferior, 2-celled ; style filiform, stigma clavate, entire ; Fruit a capsule, coriaceous, dark red-brown ; seeds 2, Avith white spongy arillus.
Leaves opposite, or verticillate in threes, ovate or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, rounded or cvmeate at base, membranaceous, dark green above,
paler below, 4-7 ins. long, 1-3 A ins. wide ; petioles stout, grooved ; stipules
minute, nearly triangular.
69
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub, 2-7 ft. ; Branches ascending, spreading ; Baik grey- brown, scaly ; Buds minute.
Introduced from N. America, 1735. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower. Also called Globe-bush, Little Snow-balls, and Snowy Globe-flowers.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Compositce
Herbs or shrubs, with usually alternate, exstipulate leaves, and flowers mostly white or yellow, usually small, crowded in dense capitula surrounded by involucral bracts ; Calyx superior, completely united with the ovary, and undistinguishable from it, its limb wanting, or consisting of a border of minute teeth, scales, or pappus of hairs, simple or feathery ; Corolla gamo- petalous, epigynous, either all tabular and 5-toothed, or all ligulate, or with a central disk of tubular florets and a ray of ligulate ; Stamens 5, or rarely 4, epipetalous, anthers syngenesious and basifixed, sometimes tailed ; Ovary inferior, 2 carpels, 1-celled, stigmas 2; Fruit a cypsela, often crowned by a pappus.
The most extensive Order in the vegetable kingdom, containing over 10,000 species. Distinguished from \\alerianeffi and Dipsacea; by the syn- genesious anthei's.
NEW ZEALAND DAISY-BUSH, Okaria Haastii.
Gardens, shrubberies, rockeries. July— September. This is the hardiest
of the Olearias, and will do well as far north as the Midland counties. In
smoky districts it does better than most evergreens, and is also an excellent
seaside shrub. It makes a dense Box-like bush, well suited for forming a
hedge, and may then be pruned in early spring or after flowering. In late
summer it is almost completely covered with little Aster-like blossoms.
70
COMPOSITE
The Olearias may be propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil under handhght in a warm sheltered spot or cold frame, September — October ; layers in autumn.
Flowers white, in a lax or dense, sub-terminal, corymbose, hoary cyme of capitula ; cymes 1^-3 ins. diam. ; pedicels short, hoary ; peduncles hoary, longer than leaves, involucre campanulate ; Ray florets 4-5 ; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, crowded, elliptic or ovate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, entire, wrinkled, coriaceous, dull green above, white beneath, |-1^ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 5 ft. ; Branches woody, thick ; branchlets hoary.
Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1858.
NEW ZEALAND DAISY-TREE, Olearia macrodonta.
Gardens. July. August. This is one of the most handsome of all shrubs, happiest in the Southern counties, especially when against a south or west wall. It makes a good hedge plant.
Floivers white, Daisy-like, 1^ in. diam. ; Capitula in large terminal hemi- spherical corymbs; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, very variable, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-ovate, or cordate- ovate, obtuse, crenate or coarsely toothed, undulate. Holly-like, 1+-2 ins. long, silvery-green above, almost white beneath, smelling faintly of Musk.
An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; or small t7-ee, 20 ft. ; flat -topped ; Branches stout.
Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1886. Syn. O. dentata.
TASMANIAN DAISY-BUSH, Olearia stelhlata.
Gardens. Best when sheltered by wall. .lune — September.
Floivers white, J-1 in. diam. ; Ray floj'ets about 12, in a capituhim, borne in
great profusion ; involucral bracts scabrous, persistent, forming a silvery star J in.
diam. ; Fruit a cypsela, with pappus.
Leaves alternate, oblanceolate, obtuse, coarsely toothed, upper side dark green
71
TREES AND SHRUBS
and with stellate hairs, underside hoary with stellate hairs ; leaf |— 2 ins. long, ^^g in. wide, petiole short.
An evergreen shrub, 3-5 ft. ; Branches hoary.
Native of Tasmania and Australia. Syn. Enrjibia giinniaua. Also called ^^ictorian Snow Bush.
SNOW IN SUMMER, Helichrysum rosmarinifoUum.
Gardens. June, July. Requires shelter ; hardy in South and West of England. It does best in a light loamy soil and plenty of air. If the flowers are hung up and dried they will last for many months, forming a charming winter decoration. Any necessary pruning may be done in April. Propagate by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sandy soil under handlight in shady position in summer.
Flowers white, small, like Daisies ; flower heads (capituht) in dense corymbs, usually terminating small leafy branches, forming a large leafy panicle ; Fruit an achene (cypsela).
Leaves alternate, Rosemary-like, lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, ^1^ in. long.
A deciduous shrub, 3-10 ft. ; Branches long, arching.
Native of S. Australia and Tasmania; introduced 1827. Also known as Rosemary Everlasting Flower. Syn. Ozothamnus 7-osmarinifolius. Generic name from Gr. ozein, to smell, and thamnos, a shrub.
SOUTHERNWOOD, Artemisia Abrotanum.
Gardens. August — October. This is one of our oldest garden favourites, doing well in any dry soil. Propagated by cuttings in shady border, July — September ; seeds in light soil in cold frame in INIarch.
Flowers yellowish, small, in small capitula, racemose-paniculate, involucral
bracts with slightly scarious margins, outer lanceolate, acute, inner obovate ;
Florets all tubular, anemophilous, central flowers fertile, marginal ones
pistillate ; Fruit an achene (cypsela), narrow at top. pappus 0.
72
ERICACE/E
Leaves alternate, lower ones bipinnate or tripinnate, upper pinnate, seg- ments hair-like, fragrant, glabrous or soiiiewhat pubescent, deep green.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Stem straight, puberulent or glabrous, much branched ; Branelies short, erect or ascending.
Native of S. Europe; introduced about 1548. Also called I^ad's-love and Old Man. Generic name Artemisia derived from Artemis, one of the names of Diana.
SAGE BUSH, Artemisia tridentata.
Gardens. A small erect bushy shrub covered with a dense silvery-grey tomentum, and exhaling a strong and agreeable odour. August.
Fknvers yellowish, all perfect and fertile, in a dense pauiele of eapitula, 5-8-flowered ; sessile or nearly so ; involucre oblong, tomentose ; inner bracts oblong ; outer short, ovate, obtuse ; Anthers obtuse, entire at base ; Fruit a cypsela.
Leaves alternate, 3-7-toothed, apex truncate, narrowly cuneate at base, ^1| in. long, |-i in. wide, silvery tomentose.
An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; much branched, silvery canescent.
Native of Western U.S.A.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Ericaceae
Mostly evergreen shrubs, occasionally growing into small trees, with simple, exstipulate leaves and hermaphrodite flowers, regular or nearly so, mostly white or red ; Ca/i/.r gamosepalous, 4-5-toothed or lobed, superior or inferior; ('o/o/la usually gamopetalous, 4-5-cleft or toothed, sometimes per- sistent ; Stanieiis usually twice as many as corolla lobes, hypogynous or epigynous, anthers dehiscing by pores or slits, often appendiculate ; Ovary superior or inferior, 4-5-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry.
VOL. II. 73 G
TREES AND SHRUBS
An Order of about 13,000 species, often favouring peaty soils, and having mycorhiza on their roots. Distinguished from Campanulacea? by the apical pores or shts of the anthers. The Ericacea3 and Campanulacea; are the only gamopetalous orders in which the stamens are not inserted on the corolla.
BILBERRY or WHORTLEBERRY, racchmm iMyrfilhs.
Heaths, moorlands, rockeries. April — .June. A pretty little shrub, admired in spring for its rosy waxen flowers and fresh green foliage, and in autumn for its refreshing fruit. No pruning is necessary. The species are propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy moist peat under handliglit in shade in summer ; layers in autumn ; division in September or March ; seeds in shallow boxes or pans filled with moist sandy peat in temperature .5,5°-65^ in spring, transplanting outdoors in summer.
Flowers rose tinged with green, solitary and axillary, pedicels i in. ; Calyx turbinate, 5-lobed ; Corolla urceolate-globoid, 2^-2J ins. long, epigy- nous, 5 small teeth ; Stamens 10, epigynous, anthers awned. dehiscing by pores ; Ovarij inferior, 4-5-celled, style filiform, stigma obtuse ; Fruit a berry, globoid, 4-5-celled, blue-black, pruinose, size of pea, many-seeded, edible ; used as preserve.
Leaves alternate, ovate or eUiptical, acute, serrulate, thin, pale green, glabrous, |-1 in. long, petiole short. Autumn tints cherry-red, scarlet, crimson, brown.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins.; Stem erect, rigid, angular; Branches ascending, angular, glabrous; Buds scaly; Rootstock creeping.
Native of Britain. Also called Blueberry.
BOG WHORTLEBERRY, Vaccinum uliginosum.
Mountain heaths and bogs. A useful trailing shrub for the rock-garden. May, June.
Floxvers pale pink, solitary, on axillary peduncles. 1-3 together; Cahj.v tube
74
K
STRAWBERRY TREE {Arbutus Unedo)
A. Branch, with cluster of fruit. B. SingUi flower. C. Flower, with front part of corolla and two front stamens removed.
D. Flower showing calyx. E. One of the stamens. P. Section of flower (two stamens in position). G. Pistil.
H. Longitudinal section of fruit. 1. Transverse section of fruit.
ERICACEi^
hemispheric, 4-5-toothed, obtuse; CoroUa sub-globose, \ in. long; Stamens 8-10, epigynous, dorsal awns ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, dark blue, with glaucous bloom.
Leaves alternate, obovate or orbicular, obtuse or acute, entire, thin, coriaceous, glaucous beneath, ^-1 in. long.
A deciduous shrub, 6-10 ins.; Stem procumbent, woody, rigid, glabrous; Branches cylindrical or slightly angled, ascending ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Specific name = swamp-loving ( Iv. uligiuosus ; uUgo ; uvere, to be wet). Also known as Great Bilberry and Bleaberry.
COWBERRY, raccinum Vitis-klKa.
Woods, heaths, rocky moors, gardens. May — August. A native of the peaty moorland, good for the rock-garden.
Flotcers red. in a short, dense, terminal, drooping raceme, pedicels 2, bracteolate ; Ca/i/.v ti//>e hemispheric, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, ciliate ; Coi'olla campanulate, 4-lobed, spreading; Stamens awnless ; Ovary inferior; Fruit a berry, globose, coral-red, i in. diam. ; acid ; ripe August — October.
Leaves alternate, resembling Box, obovate or oblong, margin thickened, entire or serrulate, revolute, coriaceous, glossy green above, pale beneath, \-l\ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, G 18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, wiry, tortuous ; Bratiches pubescent, trailing or ascending.
Native of British Isles. Known also as Mount Ida ^^'hortleberry, Flowering Box, and Brawlins. Specific name = Vine of Mt. Ida (L. vitis, a vine).
CRANBERRY, O.rycoccus palustris.
Peaty bogs. June — August.
Floxi-crs red, solitary and jixillary, drooping ; peduncles 1-3. slender, 1 in. long, puberulous, bracteate; Caly.v limb minute; CoroUa rotate, \ in. diam., 4-lobed, lobes linear-oblong, reflexed ; Stamens epigynous, exserted, filaments purple, pubescent, anthers yellow ; Ovary inferior ; Fruit a berry, globular, red, \ in. diam. ; very acid ; used for jam and tart making.
75 G 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, ovate or lanceolate, cordate at base, entire, revolute, deep green above, glaucous beneatli, J-?, in. long, petiole short.
An evergreen shrub, 3-4 ins. ; Stem creeping, filiform, wiry, puberulous ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Syns. O. vulgaris and raccinium O.vycoccus. Known also as Marsh AVhortleberry.
STRAWBERRY TREE, Arbutus Unedo.
Parks, gardens, lawns. September — November. Unlike most of the Heath family this will grow in a soil containing a little chalk or hme, but it does best in sandy peat. When laden with its waxy blossoms and the Strawberry-like fruits of the previous year, this forms one of our most striking shrubs. Propagated by seeds in well-drained pots of sandy peat in cold frame in March ; it is used as a stock.
Floxvers cream-white, often flushed with pink, in a drooping terminal panicle, glabrous, lax ; pedicels short, bracts deciduous ; Ca/i/<v inferior, sepals 5, small ; Coro/la 5-fid, ovately campanulate, hypogynous ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments short, villous at base, anthers with 2 pores at tip, awned ; Ovary superior, 5-celled, style simple, stigma obtuse, viscid ; fertilised by bees ; F)'uit a berry, globular, granulated, 5-celled, and many-seeded, resembling a strawberry, but ratlier dry, friable and flavoui'less, red, takes about 14 months to reach maturity, edible, H in. diam. ; seeds angled, testa coriaceous.
Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, acute, bluntly serrated, glabrous on upper side, 2-3 ins. long ; coriaceous, dark glossy green, petioles glandular ; dying leaves reddish.
An evergreen shrub, 10-15 ft., or small tree; branchlets clothed w^ith glandular hairs ; Bark rough, twisted, scaly, tinged with red ; 2\dgs red.
Indigenous in S.W. Ireland, there a tree of 40 ft. Generic name possibly
from li. arbor, a tree. Specific name a contraction of unum edo ; u/ium,
one, edo, I eat, i.e. one is sufficient at a time.
I^eaves sometimes attacked by Arbutus Purple Spot (Sepforia U/iedonis).
70
BILBERRY, on WHORTLEBERRY (VarriHmm Mijrtillus)
A. Flowering branch. B. Leaf. C Pistil and calyx. D. Corolla, E. Flower after removal of corolla (sliowiiig stamens with appendages).
Platb XXXIX.
ERICACEi^
BLACK BEARBERRY, Arctosiap/n/hs alpina.
Dry barren Scotch mountains, rockeries. May — August. The species are propagated by seeds and layers.
Flowers white or flesh-coloured, resembling Arbutus, in a small terminal reflexed raceme, 2-3-flowered, appearing with the young leaves ; pedicels short, rather hairy ; bracts ciliated ; Cali/d' gamosepalous, inferior, 5 minute sepals ; Corolla gamopetalous, hypogynous, -t-5-lobed, J in. diam., pubescent within ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, filaments subulate, anthers brown, awns very short ; Ovarii superior, 5-10-celled ; disk of 3 fleshy scales; Fruit a berry (drupe), \ in. diam., black, 5-10 stones ; berries eaten by Grouse ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, obovate, or spathulate, shortly petiolate, exstipulate, narrowed towards base, wrinkled and coarsely serrated above middle, ciliated, acute, thin, prominently veined, |-1 J in. long. Autumn tint fiery red,
A deciduous shrub, 3-4 ins. ; procumbent ; J3ra?iches short, stout, inter- laced ; Bai-k scaly.
Native of central and northern mountains of Scotland. Badge of the Clan Ross. Synonymous with Arbutus alpina. Generic name from Gr. arktos, a bear, and stajjliyle, a grape, the fruit of some species being eaten by bears.
POINTED-LEAVED BEARBERRY, Arctostaph/hs pungens.
Rockeries. February.
Floivers white, tinged with rose, in a drooping raceme of 8-10 flowers ; pedicels short ; Fruit a drupe, smooth, glabrous.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, entire, acute, mucronate, coriaceous, downy when young both surfaces, glabrous later, greyish, rather pungent, 1-1 i in. long.
An evergreen slinih, 1 ft. ; much branched, erect ; BraiicJilcts angular, downy.
Introduced from Mexico, 1839.
77
TREES AND SHRUBS
COMMON BEARBERRY, Arctostaphi/Ios- Uva-nrsi.
Dry, heathy, locky hills, or mountains ; rockeries. Best in sandy peat. April — June.
Floxvers pink, or flesh-coloured with red mouth, in a very short, few- flowered, crowded, terminal raceme; Sepals short and broad; Corolla urceolate, I in. diam., teeth 4-5, hairy within; Staineiis 10, anthers with long awns; Ovary superior ; Fruit a drupe, globular, smooth, shining, insipid, pulpy, mealy, red, \ in. diam. ; ripe in September.
Leaves alternate. Box-like, obovate, spathulate, or oblong, entire, ciliate, obtuse, coriaceous, glossy deep green, reticulately nerved both surfaces, J-1 in. long, petiole and margin finely woolly. Autumn tints bright red to purplish- brown.
An evergreen shrub, 4-0 ins. ; procumbent ; Branches scandent.
Native of N. England, Scotland, and Ireland ; leaves and branches used for dye. Syn. Arbutus Uva-ursi. Specific name from L. uva, a bunch or cluster of grapes, and ursa, a bear. Known as Red Bearberry.
SHOWY ZENOBIA, Zeiwbia spedosa.
Gardens. June, July. Thrives in peaty soil, and warm but open situation, liking plentj^ of moisture at the roots. Propagate by layers September or October.
Floiccrs white, waxy in texture, resembling Lily of the ^'^alley, in an umbellate axi/larij cluster; pedicels drooping; Cali/.v gamosepalous, 5-lobed, lobes short, triangular; Corolla gamopetalous, campanulate, 5-lobed, I in. diam.; Stamen) 10, anthers with awns; Ovarij 5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, 5-celled.
Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, crenulated or slightly serrulated, coriaceous, silvery, glabrous, 1-2 ins. long.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. ; glabrous, often glaucous.
Introduced from Southern U.S.A., 1800. Syn. A/idromeda spcciosa Also
called Silvery Andromeda.
78
s
ERICACEi^:
MARSH ROSEMARY, Andromeda poUfoUa.
Peaty bogs, gardens. May — August. Requires peaty soil. It is a lovely dwarf rock plant, best in the South of England, where it flowers as early as April. Propagated by layers of shoots pegged down till rooted, detached after 12-18 months; seeds in peaty soil in autumn or spring.
Floxvers pink, drooping, in a short terminal raceme or cluster, pedicels ^-1 in., slender, red; Calyx small, deeply 5-lobed, obtuse ; Corolla hypogynous, ovoid, \ in. long, 5-lobed, reflexed ; Stamens 10, hypogynous, included, filaments bearded, awned ; Ovary 5-celied, superior, stigma simple ; Fruit a capsule, erect, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, sub-globose.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, revolute, coriaceous, dark glossy green above, glaucous beneath, |^-1| in. long, petiole short.
An evergreen s/niib, G-18 ins.; glabrous; Stem ascending, rooting at base; Branches sub-erect, twiggy ; Bark smooth, brown ; Buds scaly.
Native of Britain. Known also as Moorwort. Generic name is mythical, referring to Andromeda, the daughter of an Ethiopian king, rescued from a sea-monster by Perseus, who married her. Syn. Andromeda rosmarinifoUa.
AMERICAN ANDROMEDA, Pieris floribunda.
Gardens. April — June. Tiiis handsome evergreen spring-flowering shrub is best in a ftiirly rich loam or moist peat, and sheltered from cutting winds. Tt may be propagated by seed, layers, or cuttings, but the last two methods are slow, layers usually requiring 12 months before transjilanting.
Floivers pure white, resembling Lily of tlie ^^alley, formed in autumn, expanding in April, in an axillary and terminal panicle of dense secund racemes ; Corolla urceolate, 5-angled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, ovate, or oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely serrulated,
adpressedly ciliated, glabrous, coriaceous, deep glossy green, 1^-2 ins. long.
79
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shruh, 2-6 ft. ; much branched.
Native of N. America; introduced by Lyon, 1811. Known also as Lily of the Valley Tree. Syns. Andromeda floribiinda and Zenobia flor'ibunda.
JAPAN ANDROMEDA, Pieris japonica.
Gardens, ^Larch — June. Thrives in sandy peat. During the growing season this ornamental evergreen is made especially attractive by the beautiful crimson tint of its shoots, bark, and leaves. Cuttings of young shoots strike readily.
Floivcrs waxy-white, in a pendulous pcmicle of dense racevies, shortly pedicellate, bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx 5-fid, persistent, segments ovate acute ; Corolla urceolate, 5-toothed, lobes recurved ; Stamens 10, included ; F7-uit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, narrowed at base, serrated, rather thick, dark green, 2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; much branched ; glabrous ; growth slow.
Native of Japan (tree 30 ft.); introduced 1882. Syn. Andromeda japonica ; described under this name by Thunberg in 1784.
LING, CaUitna vnlgayis.
Heaths, moors, gardens, July — September. Thrives in peaty soil. It may be propagated by division in October or April. Cut out straggling shoots after flowering.
Floicers rose or white, small, numerous, slightly proterandrous, in a
terminal and lateral leafy raceme ; pedicels short, drooping ; 2 pairs of opposite
bracts, outer foliaceous, inner scarious ; CaJijX 4-partite, rosy, longer than
corolla, embracing it, scarious, lobes obtuse; Corolla bell-shaped, deeply
4-cleft, hypogynous, persistent, enclosing capsule, lobes triangular ; Stamens 8,
inserted on disk, anthers short, dorsal, awned ; Ovarij 4-celled, superior,
pubescent, style exserted, stigma dilated ; Fr}iit a capsule, 4-celled, 4-valved ;
seeds 1-2 in each cell.
80
B CD
LING OR HEATHER {Calluna ru!gans)
E
A. Flowering branch. B Flower, enlarged. C. The same, from below. /;. Section ot flower, showing two of the stamens in position. £. A stamen.
Plate XL.
ERICACEi^
Leaves opposite, decussate, small, sessile, slightly auricled or spurred at base, linear or linear-lanceolate, obtuse, revolute, convex above, slightly grooved beneath, shining green or glabrous, or sometimes pubescent or hoary.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; lira/ic/ies elongate, red-brown.
Native of Britain. Generic name from Gr. kallino, the twigs being used for sweeping.
WINTER HEATH, Erhu camea.
Gardens. January — April. This compact little shrub is one of the brightest ornaments of rockeries and gardens in winter and early spring. It is best in peat, but will grow in sandy loam. The hardy species of Erica are propagated by cuttings in sandy peat imder bell-glass or handlight outdoors in September or October ; layering shoots September — November ; division in October.
Floivers pale pink or reddish, axillary, drooping, forming leafy secund racemes either terminal or below the ends of the branches ; Sepals 4, linear- lanceolate, red, glandularly hairy ; Corolla 4-lobed, narrow-ovoid, \ in. long, persistent, lobes broad ; Stamens 8, anthers slightly protruding, oblong, inserted by their lower ends on flattened filaments, 2-fid at top, without appendages ; Ovarij superior, 4-celled, style long ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, many-seeded.
Leaves 3-4 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, revolute to midrib, glabrous.
An evergreen shrub, G ins. ; Stem erect, glabrous or glandularly-hairy.
A native of Europe ; introduced 1763. Also known as Alpine Forest Heath. Syn. K. herbacca.
CILIATE HEATH, Erica ciliaris.
Sandy heaths, gardens. This has the largest blossoms of all our native
heaths. It will thrive in a loamy soil as well as in peat. June — September.
Floxvcrs rose, dying off a russet-brown, in a terminal unilateral racevie ;
pedicels short; Sepals small, ciliatc, pubescent; Corolla ovoid, nearly \ in.
«1
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, oblique at mouth, 4-lobed ; Stamens included, anthers awnless ; Ovary globose, style exserted ; Fruit a 4-valved capsule.
Leaves 3-4 in a whorl, ovate, sub-sessile, ciliate, recurved, pubescent above, glaucous beneath.
An evergreen shruh, 12-18 ins.; Stem slender; branchlets many, erect, pubescent.
Native of S.W. England (Cornwall and Dorset) and parts of Ireland. Called Dorset Heath and Fringed Heath.
FINE-LEAVED HEATH, Erka dnerea.
Heaths, commons, gardens. July — September. When planted in masses it makes an attractive shrub in early autumn.
Floxvers reddish-purple, fading to bluish-lilac, drooping, in a dense elongated or oblong terminal whorled raceme ; pedicels short, puberulous ; bracteoles under calyx ; Cahjd' deeply 4-partite, segments linear-lanceolate ; Corolla ovate-urceolate, slightly 4-lobed, straight at mouth, ^ in. long, per- sistent ; Stamens 8, hypogynous, enclosed in corolla, anthers small, toothed appendages ; Ovanj superior, 4-celled, glabrous, style long, exserted, stigma capitate ; Fruit a 4-celled capsule.
Leaves crowded in whorls of 3, minute, ^-.^5 ins. long, linear, acute, minutely serrated, margins revolute, cartilaginous, whitish, dark shining green above, glabrous and furrowed beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; much branched ; Branches slender, red- brown, pubescent ; shoots glabrous.
Native of Britain. Known also as Scotch Heather, Bell Heath, and Grey Heath.
MEDITERRANEAN HEATH, Erica mcditerranm.
Boggy heaths of Mayo and Galway ; cultivated in English gardens.
March — May.
Flowers pink, axillary, in dense secund, nodding racemes, pedicels solitary
82
ERICACEAE
or in pairs, short, 2-bracteolate in the middle ; Sepals ovate-lanceolate ; Corolla cylindric-campanulate, J in. long, lobes broad ; Stamem 8, anthers dark, half-exserted, 2-fid at tip, awnless ; Ovary superior, 4-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 4-eelled, 4-valved, many-seeded.
Leaves 3-5 in a whorl, crowded, linear, margins revolute to midrib and connate to the under-surface, shortly petiolate, glabrous, \-l in. long.
An eveigreen shrub, 2-G ft. ; bushy, glabrous.
Native of AYestern Europe. Considered by some as a variety of K. carnea. Syn. E. hibcrnica.
CORSICAN HEATH, Erka strk-ta.
Gardens. A wiry-looking shrub of compact habit. August — November. Flowers purple-red, in a terminal umbellate cluster ; Corolla urceolate, ^ in. long, segments reflexed ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves 4 in a whorl, linear, obtuse, glabrous, warm green, ] in. long.
An evergreen s/irub, 8-6 ft.
Native of S. Europe (Corsica) ; introduced 1765.
CROSS-LEAVED HEATH, Erica Tctrali.v.
Heaths, gardens. This likes an open situation, and will thrive in moist or boggy places. -luly — September.
Flowers rose-red, in a terminal sub-umbellate cluster, flowers drooping ; pedicels short ; Sepals oblong-lanceolate, downy ; Corolla ovoid-globose, I in. long; Anthers included, awns long, sul)ulate ; Ovary pubescent, glandular hairs ; Fruit a 4-valved capsule.
Leaves cruciate, 4 in a whorl, acicular or linear-oblong, revolute to mid- rib, ciliatc, stiff glandular hairs, downy, dark green above, blue glaucous beneath.
^\.n evergreen shrub, 12-18 ins.; Stems wiry; Branches rarely glabrous;
shoots dow^ny.
Native of Britain.
83
TREES AND SHRUBS
CORNISH HEATH, Erka vagans.
Heatlis, gardens. This makes a vigorous bush, and thrives in ahiiost any soil. July — September.
Flowers pink, in a dense terminal axillary leafy raceme, flowers erect; pedicels long, usually twin, slender, bracteolate ; Sepals ovate, ciliate, obtuse; Corolla campanulate, ^ in. long, lobes short ; Anthers exserted, filaments slender, awnless ; Ovary globose, style exserted, stigma capitate; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves 3-5 in a whorl, hnear, recurved, revolute to midrib, obtuse, glabrous, \ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem stout, woody ; Branches stiff', erect, fascicled, densely leafy.
Indigenous in Cornwall and parts of Ireland.
CREEPING AZALEA, Loiseleurea procumbcns.
Scotch mountains ; rock gardens. May — August. Being a natural bog plant, it does best in deep sandy peat. It may be propagated by layering shoots, September — November; or slowly by seed.
Flozvers rose-pink, proterogynous, in a siib-corijmbose terminal cluster of 2-3 flowers ; peduncle red, ebracteolate ; Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, red ; Corolla campanulate. 5-lobed, hypogynous, obtuse, deciduous ; Stamens 5, hypogynous, slightly adnate to corolla ; Ovarij superior, 2-3-celled, sub- globose, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a capsule, minute, 2-3-celled, 2-3-valved, valves 2-fid ; seeds several, ovoid, pitted.
Leaves opposite, crowded, petiolate, ovate to linear-oblong, entire, revolute, coriaceous, thick, obtuse, convex and grooved, midrib prominent, glabrous, shining deep green above, and channelled, pubescent beneath.
An evergreen Alpine sub-shrub, 2-3 ins. ; Stem glabrous, woody ; Branches
spreading, procumbent, red-brown ; Buds scaly.
84
rOXTIC RHODODENDRON {Rhododendron ponticum)
A. Flowering branch. B. Longitudinal section of frnit. C. Flower, with petals removed. 1). Fruit. E. Transverse section of fruit.
Plate XLI.
ERICACE^
Indigenous in Scotch Highlands. Known also as Alpine A/alea. Generic name after Ijoiseleur Deslongchamps, a French botanist. Syn. Azalea procumbens.
SCOTTISH MENZIESIA, RnjantJms taxifhKus.
Mountainous heaths in Scotland ; gardens. May — July. Propagated by layers in autumn.
Floxvers lilac, drooping, in terminal umbellate eorymbs of 3-4 flowers, pedicels ^-1|^ in. long, bracteate and bibracteolate ; Sepals 5, ovate-lanceolate, glandular-pubescent ; Corolla .'; in. long, ovoid, urceolate, deciduous, 5-cleft, lobes short; St am ens 10, hypogynous, filaments slender, anthers purple, truncate, open by pores, awnlcss ; Ovarij .5-celled, glandular, pubescent, style slender, stigma capitate ; Fruit a capsule, erect, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, seeds shining.
Leaves alternate, crowded, spreading, linear-obtuse, glandularly serrate, rigid, coriaceous, glabrous, margins reflexed to midrib, glossy green both surfaces, \-lj in. long ; petioles short.
An evergreen shrub, 5-10 ins. ; much branched ; Braiiehes tubercled ; Buch scaly.
Native of Scotland ; found in Perthshire. Known also as Blue Menziesia. Syns. Andromeda eccrulea, A. taxi folia, Menziesia ca?rulca, Plnjllodoee taxifolia, P. c(crulea.
ST. DABEOC'S HEATH, Daboeeia polifolia.
Moist heaths in Ireland ; gardens in England. May — September. Needs peaty soil. Cut away old flowering stems in early winter.
Floivers crimson, purple, or white, in a lax, terminal, drooping raceme of 5-10 flowers ; pedicels short, stout, curved ; bracts leafy ; Cahjx 4-partite, lobes ovate-lanceolate, ciliate ; Corolla urceolate, ventricose, deciduous, shortly 4.-clcft, lobes broad, slit, reflexed, 5 in. long; Stamens 8, included, anthers
VOL. II. 85 H
TREES AND SHRUBS
purple, awnless ; Ovary superior, 4-celled, villous and glandular, style simple, stigma dilated ; Fruit a capsule, 4-celled, 4-valved.
Leaves alternate, oval, shortly petiolate, ciliutc, revolute, bright glossy green above, downy beneath, J-i in. long.
An evergreen slirub, 1-2 ft.; decumbent; liranchcs erect, slender, glan- dularly hairy ; Bark flaking ; Buds scaly.
Native of Ireland; found in Connemara and Mayo. Syn. A//dro//ieda Daboccia.
SHEEP LAUREL, Kahda angustifoUa.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — luly. Best in cool damp soil, especially of peaty nature. The species are propagated by cuttings of young shoots in pots of sandy peat under bell-glass in shady cold frame, April — August ; seeds in well-drained shallow pans of sandy peat in cold frame, April or October.
Floxvers purple or rose, in lateral corymbs, usually 3-flowered ; Caly.v gamosepalous, 5-partite, persistent; Corolla gamopetalous, saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, tube short, 10 pouches just below limb; Stamens 5, hypogynous, deshiscing by pores; Ovary superior, sub-globose, 5-celled ; style filiform, exserted; stigma capitate; Fruit a capsule, depressed-globose, 5-celled, 5-Iobed, woody, valves crustaceous ; seeds minute.
Leaves alternate, mostly in twos or threes, oblong, entire, revolute, obtuse, exstipulate, petiolate, light green above, dull, pale or rusty beneath, 12 ins. long, coriaceous.
An evergreen slirub, 1^-8 ft.; Branches often in threes, ascending, terete; Bark brown, scaly ; Buds minute.
Introduced from Canada, 1736. Also known as Lambkill. Generic name in honour of Peter Kalm (1715-1709), an eminent botanist of Finland, who became Professor at Abo.
80
ERICACE^
GLAUCOUS AMERICAN LAUREL, Kalmh gJanca.
Gardens, shrubberies. April, May.
Flotveis purplish-pink, ^-r. in. diam., in a terminal vntJ)eUatc corymb, 1-13 flowers, pedicels filiform ; Calijx 5-partite, lobes ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated, persistent ; Corolla 5-lobed, with cavities for anthers ; Stamens 10, anthers brown ; Ovarii .5-celled ; Fruit a capsule, .5-valved. depressed-globose, glabrous.
Leaves opposite, or rarely in threes, 1 in. long, oblong or linear-oblong, nearly sessile, obtuse or acute, margins entire, strongly revolute, dark green above, glaucous white beneath, 1-2 ins. long, ^ in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem straggling ; Bra?ic/ies opposite, or Avhorls of three ; Bark greenish-brown, smooth.
Introduced from N. America, 1767.
CALICO BUSH, Kalmia latifoUa.
Gardens, shrubberies. INIay — July. " Few flowering shrubs can surpass this Kalmia for beauty when at the zenith of its loveliness. Each delicately fashioned, cupped blossom, of which Ruskin wrote so appreciatively, is a marvel of perfect form, and the large clusters, ranging in colour from white to soft pink, almost hide the shining, lance-shaped leafage in their profusion." — llie Garden, liest in sandy peat, or light, friable loam and leaf soil.
Floivers white, tinted with pink, nearly 1 in. diam., in a many-flowered compoiuid terminal corymb; pedicels red or green, covered Avith dark sciu-fy scales ; glandularly hirsute ; bracts persistent, acute ; 2 minute bracteoles ; Calyx 5-partite, rose-coloured, segments linear, acute, viscid-pubescent ; Corolla sub-hypocrateriform, 5-lobed, each lobe with 2 small pockets for anthers, viscid-pubescent ; Stamens 10, epipetalous, filaments white, anthers rose, pores at apex, immature anthers held down in pockets ; Ovary 5-celled
S7 H 2
^ '^f^ *
TREES AND SHRUBS
superior, style long, stigma rose ; Fniit a 5-valved capsule, crowned with persistent style, depressed-globose, glandular.
Leaves in twos or threes, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, narrowed at base, entire, thick, coriaceous, rigid, bright green, glandular white tomentose when young, 3-4 ins. long, 1-1^ in. wide, petioles stout, red.
An evergreen sliruh, 3-10 ft. ; forming large, round-headed bush, resembling Rhododendron; Branches stiiF; Twigs terete; lia?-k brown, tinged red, scaly; Suds ovate, acute, glandular.
Introduced from N. America, 1734 ; there forms tree 30-40 ft. high, trunk 18-20 ins. diam. Known also as Spoonwood and Mountain Laurel; called by Indians " Clamoun."
LABRADOR TEA, Ledum laiifolium.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — June. Best in peaty soils, cool and moist. Propagated by layers in September ; division of roots, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy peat in cold frame in March.
JFlotcers white, |^-f in. diam., in a many-flowered terminal uinhcUatc cluster ; pedicels bracteate at base, tomentose ; Calyx 5-fid ; Petals 5, obovate, obtuse, spreading; Stamens 5-7, as long as petals, exserted; Ovary 5 - celled ; Fruit a capsule, dry, oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved, opening from base.
Leaves alternate, linear-oblong, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, entire, revolute, coriaceous, upper side with globules of odoriferous gum, under side covered with thick brownish or rust-coloured down, slightly fragrant when bruised, pale dull green, l-2i ins. long, |-f in. wide.
An evergreen shrul}, 2-3 ft. ; young stems downy.
Native of Northern U.S.A. ; introduced 1763. I^eaves used as substitute for tea. Generic name from Gr. ledoii, a species of Cistus which produced the ledoiion, a resinous substance. Specific name from L. latus, broad, wide, and folium, a leaf. Known also as W^ild Rosemary.
88
ERICACE^
MARSH LEDUM, Ledum palustre.
Gardens. A compact shrub, succeeding best in cool, damp, peaty soil, but will grow in sandy loam with a little leaf-mould. April — June.
Ftoweis white, tinged with pink, smaller than L. latifol'mm, in a terminal 7/ ?«/W, pedicels pubescent ; Calij.v teeth ovate, obtuse; Stamens 10, longer than corolla ; Fruit a capsule, oblong or oval, scurfy, nodding, 5-celled, 5-valved ; seed ripened freely.
Leaves alternate, linear, distant, exstipulate, petiolate, entire, revolute, coriaceous, under side with rusty brown tomentum, ^-1+ in. long, J in. wide.
An evergreen slinib, 2-3 ft. ; Ticigs rusty tomentose.
Native of northern part of Eastern hemisphere; introduced 1762.
FLAME-COLOURED AZALEA, Ehododendron calendulaceum.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — June. This is perhaps the most beautiful of any of the American types of Azalea. The various species of Azalea are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of G0°-70° in March ; by grafting in same temperature in March.
Lloivcrs yellow, red, orange, or copper-coloured, not clammy, appearing before leaves, in a terminal umbel ; pedicels short, pilose or glandular; Calyx inferior, gamosepalous, 5-fid ; Coi'olla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, tube shorter than segments, hairy ; Stamens 5, long exserted ; Ovary superior, 5-celled ; Fi-uit a capsule, linear-oblong, erect, pubescent, t in. long.
Leaves alternate, oblong, exstipulate, petiolate, entire, pubescent both surfaces, at length hairy.
\ deciduous shrub, 4—8 ft. ; Trv/gs mostly glabrous.
Native of Alleghany forests ; said to be handsomest shrub in N. America.
Discovered by Bertram in Georgia in 1774 ; introduced by I. yon in 1806.
Generic name from Gr. r/iododeudro/i, the Rose Bay or Oleander —
rhodon, a rose, dendron, a tree, in allusion to rose-red flowers of many
species. Specific name = Marigold-like, from I^. calendula, the marigold, —
89
TREES AND SHRUBS
L. kaleudw, the first day of each month ; Gr. kalcni, to call, because beginning of month was proclaimed ; name of flower {calendula) in allusion to almost perpetual flowering. Common name Azalea, from Gr. azaleos, dry, — aza, dryness, in allusion to habitat.
PONTIC AZALEA, RJauhdcndron JJavum.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. This is the only Azalea indigenous to Europe, and is probably the commonest of the recognised species. It is of free growth in good light peaty or sandy soil.
Floivers yellow, fragrant and clammy, proterandrous, in terminal umbellate chisfei'ft, pedicels clammy ; Calyx 5-lobed, glandular-viscid ; Corolla infundibuli- form, tube long, narrow, hairy outside, viscid ; limb spreading, 5 segments, ovate-lanceolate ; Stamens 5, very long exserted, anthers orange ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong, ciliated, shining, pilose, clammy.
A deciduous shrub, G-10 ft.
Native of the Caucasus; introduced by J. Bell, 1793. Synonymous with Azalea pontica. Honey collected by bees is said to have narcotic properties.
PINXTER FLOWER, Rhododendron nudiflorum.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — June.
Flowers pink, red, or white, appearing before or with tlie leaves, rather naked, not clammy, \\-'2 ins. diam., in a terminal nmbel ; Calyx lobes short, rather rounded ; Corolla slightly glandular, hirsute, tube scarcely longer than lobes ; Stamens nuich exserted ; Fruit a capsule, linear-oblong, erect, hairy.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate-oblong, acute at both ends, nearly smooth and green both surfaces, entire, ciliated, midrib bristly above, downy be- neath, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 0 ft. ; spreading ; Ihiuichlets hairy or glabrous.
90
ERICACEiE
Native of hilly districts of Canada and U.S.A. ; introduced by Collinson, 1734. Specific name from L. nudus, naked; Jloriim, of floAvers. Also called Naked-flowered Azalea.
JAPANESE AZALEA, Rhododendron sinen.^e.
Gardens, shrubberies. INIay. This is a general favourite, and of all the species of Azalea it is perhaps the most showy to the eye. Its seed is pro- duced freely, and is most satisfactory for raising fresh stock, but the process is a long one.
Flowers orange, suffused with red, appearing before or with leaves, almost scentless, in a terminal duster, pedicels pilose ; Corolla campanulate, downy ; Stamens equal in length to petals ; Frii'it a capsule.
Lecwes clustered, elliptic, entire, acute, ciliated, pinnately nerved, pilosely pubescent, greyish beneath, slowly deciduous.
A deciduous sliritb, 4-5 ft. ; fioung branches hairy.
Native of China and .Tapan ; introduced by Loddiges, 1823, and by Fortune, 184.5. Synonymous with Azalea japonica. Better known in gardens as Azalea n/oll/s.
VASEY'S AZALEA, Rhododendron Fasei/i.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — ^lay. This is one of the prettiest and most distinct species, of robust growth, flowering freely even in the young state, and well suited for the rock garden.
Flo-ccrs pale pink, becoming white, in lax uiiibellaie clusters, appearing before leaves ; Corolla lA in. diam. ; three upper petals spotted with reddish- brown ; Stamens long exserted ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaxx's clustered, oblong-lanceolate, acute, cuneate at base, entire, sparsely hairy, thin, li-3 ins. long.
A deciduous sJirub, 2-3 ft.
Native of North Carolina, growing 15-18 ft. Discovered by G. R. Vasey
near Webster, in Jackson County, 1878; introduced 1888.
01
TREES AND SHRUBS
CLAMMY AZALEA, Rhododendron viscosum.
Gardens, shrubberies. Julj' — August. This is the latest flowering of the deciduous Azaleas, one of the hardiest, most floriferous, and easily managed. It is best in rather moist peat.
Floivers white, sometimes pink, fragrant, appearing after leaves, in a terminal niiibelhtte cluster; pedicels glandular ; Calyx small; Corolla l|-2 ins. long, viscid, tube densely glandular, longer than lobes, limb 1-2 ins. broad, 2-lipped ; Fruit a capsule, glandular-bristly, h in. long.
Leaves oblong-ovate, entire, acute, or obtuse, ciliated, glabrous, green both surfaces, midrib bristly, 2-4 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; shoots bristly.
Introduced from N. America by Peter Collinson, 1734. Known in U.S.A. as Swamp Honeysuckle. Syn. Azalea xiscosa.
CALIFORNIAN RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron californicum.
Gardens, shrubberies. June. Rhododendrons are better for a mulch of well-decayed manure in INIay ; even decayed leaves or grass cuttings are beneficial if covered with soil. All seed-pods should be removed directly the flowers fade. The species are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 3 ins. long, in sandy peat under bell-glass in temperature of 45°-55', ultimately raising this to G5° ; layering in September or March ; grafting on common species in close frame in JNIarch ; seeds sown on the surface of finely prepared sandy peat under bell-glass in cold frame.
Floivers rose-purple, 2^-3 ins. diam., in a terminal umbel ; Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed, small, slightly pilose; Corolla broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, upper petal spotted greenish-yellow, tube very short ; Stamens 10, shorter than corolla; Fruit a capsule, woody.
Leaves alternate, obovate-elliptical, entire, acute, coriaceous, glabrous, shortly petiolate, dark-green, paler beneath.
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft.
Native of California.
92
ERICACEiE
CATAWBAN RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron cataxMense.
Gardens, shrubberies. INIay— July. This is extremely hardy, and is used as a stock.
Flowers lilac-purple, in a corymbose cluster, pedicels rusty pubescent, be- coming glabrous ; Calyx lobes small, triangular-ovate, acute ; Corolla broadly campanulate, .5-lobed, U-2 ins. long, 2-2^ ins. broad; Fruit a capsule, linear- oblong, rusty pubescent, J in. long.
Leaves oval or oblong, rounded both ends, entire, mucronate, incurved, glabrous, deflexed, pale beneath, 3-5 ins. long, 1^-2 ins. wide.
An evergreen shriib, 4-12 ft. ; Branches stout.
Introduced from river Catawba, in mountainous regions of Southern United States, 1809.
ALPINE ROSE, Rhododendron jcrrugineum.
Rock gardens. May — July. This does best in light sandy peat or leaf-mould.
Flowers rose or scarlet, small, less than 1 in. diam., in a terminal umbel ; Calyx lobes 5, short, obtuse ; Corolla infundibuliform, marked with asli-coloured or yellow dots ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves small, oblong, attenuated both ends. Box-like, glabrous and shining above, ferruginous spots beneath, ciliated and slightly hairy beneath when young.
An evergreen shrub, 1-3 ft. ; compact, forming a low spreading bush.
Native of European Alps; introduced 1752. Leaves subject to Rhododendron Galls, caused by a fungus {Exobasidium Rhododendri).
93
TREES AND SHRUBS
FORTUNE'S RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron Fortunei.
Gardens, shrubberies. May.
Floivers pale rose, fragrant, 3-5i ins. diam., in a loose, pendulous duster' of 8-10 flowers ; Calyx discoid, small ; Corolla shortly canipanulate, lobes 7, rounded ; Stamens 14 ; Fruit a capsule.
Leavca oblong or linear-oblong, entire, acute, rounded or cordate at base, bright green above, glaucous below, .5-7 ins. long ; petioles red-brown, ^-1 in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 10-12 ft. ; Branches very stout, terete.
Introduced from China, 18.50.
PONTIC RHODODENDRON, Rhododendron ponticum.
Woods, gardens, shrubberies. May, June. This is the most largely grown and most popular of Rhododendrons. It is the hardiest and least exacting of the large-flowered species, and is used as a stock for the less hardy.
Flowers purple, proterandrous, in a sliort terminal corymb ; Calyx lobes 5, sub-acute, very short; Corolla campanulate-rotate, 2 ins. diam., 5 lobed, lobes lanceolate and acute or obtuse, upper lobe often spotted ; Stamens 10, filamentous, pink, anthers red ; Ovary cylindroid, 5-celIed ; style filamentous, red ; stigma capitate, pink ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves clustered, oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, entire, attenuated both ends, glabrous, pale or slightly ferruginous beneath, coriaceous ; petiole short, thick ; dying leaves yellow.
An evergreen shrub, 6-20 ft. ; spreading ; Shoots rigid, brittle ; Buds ovoid-conic, pointed, viscid, ferruginous ; scales spirally imbricate, triangular- ovate, acuminate.
Native of Spain, Portugal, and Asia Minor; introduced 1703. Known as Rose Bay.
94
ERICACEi^
Rhododendron, raccmosum .
Rock gardens. April, May. A species of dwarf and compact habit, flowering when only a few inches high ; very suitable for rockwork or the Alpine garden.
Flowers pinkish-white, edged with deeper pink, 1 in. diani., slightly fragrant, in axillary and terminal clusters ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, small, oval, entire, acute, or obtuse, coriaceous, bright green, tomentose beneath, 1 in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stems erect, brown.
Native of Western China ; introduced by Messrs. \'eitch, 1880 ; first exhibited, 1892.
Hhododendron iju/inanense.
Gardens, shrubberies. INIay. This makes a freely-branched, yet some- what loose-growing bush.
Floive7's white or pale lilac, in a loose cluster of 4-G ; pedicels 1 in. long ; Calyx small, lobes almost obsolete ; Corolla spreading, 2 ins. diam. ; lobes deep, upper petal with blood-red spots ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves lanceolate, dark glossy green, hairy above, glaucous beneath, glandularly dotted, 1^-4 ins. long, 2-2| ins. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 2^-4 ft. ; erect, shoots slender.
Native of China. Discovered by the Abbe Delavay at Houanglipin in Yunnan; introduced 1894; first flowered at Kew, 1897.
GLOBE-FLOWERED MENZIESIA, Mcndesia globularis.
Gardens. May, June. Moist peaty soil. Propagate by cuttings in sandy
soil under bell-glass in summer ; layers in autumn ; division of plants in autumn.
Flowers pink, solitary, axillary, pendulous ; Corolla globose, lobes rounded ;
F7'uit a capsule.
95
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves fascicled at ends of branches, ovate, pale beneath. An evergreen slinib, 3-5 ft.
Introduced from N. America, 180G. Named after Archibald INIenzies (1754- 1842), surgeon and naturalist to the expedition under Vancouver.
WHITE ALDER-BUSH, Ckthra acuminata.
Gardens, shrubberies. July — October. Thrives best in loam and sandy peat, and is invaluable for the lake-side. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in October ; layering in October ; seeds sown outdoors in March, or in boxes of light soil in temperature of 55° in February.
Floxvers w^hite, fragrant, in a terminal, drooping raceme, 2 8 ins. long, almost solitary, bracts longer than flowers, tomentose, caducous ; Calijx 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed, so deeply cut as to appear like 5 separate petals ; Stamens 10, filaments hirsute; Ovarij superior, 3-celled, style long; Fruit a capsule, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Leaves alternate, oval or oblong, acuminate, bluntish at base, serrated, thin, glabrous both surfaces, glaucous beneath, 5-7 ins. long, 3-31 ins. wide.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 12-15 ft.
Native of Eastern U.S.A. ; introduced by Lyon, 180G. 'J'he common name is that used in America.
SWEET PEPPER-BUSH, Clethra alnifolia.
Gardens, shrubberies. July — September. A rather stiff-growing shrub, with leaves resembling our Common Alder, and thriving in damp swampy ground.
Floxvers white, fragrant, in a terminal erect raceme ; bracts shorter than flowers, tomentose, deciduous ; Calij:v deeply 5-fid, hoary, lobes oblong, obtuse ; Petals 5, ovate; St<uiiens 10, filaments glabrous, antliers appendiculate, de- hiscing by pores ; Stijlc longer than Stamens ; Fruit a capsule, sub-globose, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Leaves alternate, cuneate-obovate, entire near base, coarsely serrated above,
96
1^'
.Q
a
o
STYRACEi^
prominently strai<^ht - veined, glabrous and green both surfaces, 1-3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 3 4 ft.
Native of Eastern U.S.A. ; introduced 1731.
Class I. . . . . Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetaloe Natukai. Okdkk . . . Styracece
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves ; F'/oive?-s regular, usually hermaphrodite ; Cafi/.v gamosepalous, 4 .5 teeth or lobes ; Corolla 4-5 petals ; Stamens as many, or twice as many, as corolla lobes, sometimes indefinite and polyadelphous ; Ovary superior or inferior ; Fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 -seeded.
SNOWDROP TREE, Haksia tetraptera.
Gardens. April, May. Best in rich, moist, loamy or peaty soil, and liking moisture at the roots. Well adapted for a sheltered lawn. Prune into shape in November. Propagated by root-cuttings in sandy soil outdoors in March or October ; layering of shoots in October or November.
Floxvcr.s white, resembling common Snowdrop, 9 or 10 in a lateral fascicle, drooping, racemose ; Corolla monopetalous, ventricosely campanulate, deep 4-lobed border ; Stamens 8 ; Ovary superior, 4-celled ; Fruit a drupe, dry, corticate, oblong, 4 winged angles, 1-2 ins. long, cells 1-seeded.
Leaves alternate, ovate- lanceolate, sharply serrated, acuminate, glabrous, 2-G ins. long, 1-3 ins. wide, petioles glandular.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; round-headed ; Bark corky, furrowed ; 2\vigs brown ; liuds pointed, scales rosy-purple.
A native of N. Carolina; introduced 1756. Also called Silver- Bell Tree. Genus named after Dr. Stephen Hales. Specific name from Gr. tctra, four, and pteron, wings, referring to the four-Avingcd fruit.
VOL. IL 97 I
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE STORAX, Styrax japonicum.
Gardens. June — August. Best in moist light loam. With its tiny Snowdrop-like bells hanging abundantly on slender stalks, this makes one of the most beautiful of summer-flowering shrubs, and in autumn, its branches laden with clusters of seed-pods present a charming appearance scarcely equalled by any other shrub. The species are propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots in spring ; layering of shoots in autumn.
Flowers white, Snowdrop-like, '-^ in. diam., depending from the undersides of the shoots, in a many-flowered axillary raceme, buds pinkish ; Calyx glabrescent ; Corolla 5-6-lobed, pubescent; Statnciis yellow; Fruit a drupe, 1-seeded, rarely ripening.
Leaves alternate, oblong, or ovate, acuminate, acute at base, usually widest below middle, serrulated or entire, glabrous and bright green above, paler and powdery beneath, 2-3 ins. long.
A deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft.; or small tree, 20-25 ft.; Branches slender; branchlets flattened and spreading.
Introduced from Japan, 18G8.
Styrax Ohassia.
Gardens. June — July. This makes charming masses for beds or borders.
Floivers white, fragrant, 1-lJ in. diam., in a nodding raceme, G-9 ins, long ; Fruit a drupe, ovoid-oblong, size of Hazel-nut.
Leaves alternate, elliptical to orbicular, cuspidate, denticulate, hoary- tomentose beneath, 3-8 ins. by 3-8 ins. Autumn tint yellow blotched with red.
A deciduous shiiib or small tree, 4-6 ft.
Introduced from Japan by Maries, 1888.
MEDICINAL STORAX, Styrax ojficinak.
Gardens. June — July. Requires rich soil ; best on south wall.
Flowers white, resembling Orange-blossom, in an axillary raceme,
3-5-flowered, shorter than leaves ; Calyx campanulate, 5-toothed ; Corolla
98
JASMINE.^
5-lobed, often 6-7-partite, segments erecto-patent ; Stamens 10 ; Fruit a drupe, globose, 1-celIed, generally 3-sided, green, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, oval-obovate, entire or serrated, often rounded at apex, sub-acute at base, bright shining green above, hoary-tomentose beneath, 1^2 ins. long.
A deciduous slniib or small t7-ee, 4-10 ft. ; rooAy very fine.
Native of Levant; naturalised in S.W. Europe; introduced 1.597.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Jasminece
IMostly twining shrubs, with opposite or alternate, exstipulate leaves, ternate, imparipinnate, or simple ; Floxvers regular, often fragrant; Cali/.v 5-8-fid; Corolla 5-8-lobed, often hypocrateriform or infundibuliform, imbricate in bud ; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovarij superior, 2-celled ; Fruit baccate or capsular.
Closely related to, and often included in, the Order Oleaceic, differing from them only by the imbricated {estivation of the corolla, and the ovules being erect instead of pendulous.
SHRUBBY JASMINE, Jasminum fruticans.
Gardens, walls. .Tune — August. Prefers sunny situation, and shelter in cold districts. The species are propagated by cuttings in well-drained pots of sandy soil in cold frame or in sheltered border September — December ; layering of shoots in summer.
Flowers golden-yellow, in a terminal corymb ; Petals oblong, obtuse ; Fruit a berry, blackish-purple.
Leaves alternate, ternate, leaflets obovate or cuniform, obtuse.
An evergreen shrub, 10-12 ft.; liranclics angular; Suckers numerous.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1.570.
99 I 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
YELLOW JASMINE, Jasminum vudiftornm.
Shrubberies, walls. December — March. Prefers sunny situations. During the winter months this charming species has its branches wreathed with star-shaped golden blossoms. It is not particular as to soil, but likes ample supplies of water during summer. Being practically surface rooting, it should not be disturbed by digging. It may be pruned moderately after flowering, removing only shoots that have flowered.
Floivers yellow, fragrant, solitary, opposite throughout length of branches ; Calyx gamosepalous, G-fid, inferior; Corolla gamopetalous, hypocrateriform, 1 in. diam., G-lobed, imbricate in bud; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry, 2-celled.
Leaves very small, numerous, resembling bi-acts, ternate, leaflets bluntly ovate, deep glossy green.
A sub-evergreen s/iriib with rambling habit ; Stems 10-20 ft. long, slender, numerous, flexible, green, small twiggy branches ; growth rapid.
Native of China; introduced 1844. "Jasminum" is the Arabic name, — Persian, "yasmin." Known also as Cliinese W^inter Jasmine.
WHITE JASMINE, Jasminum officinale.
Walls, bowers, verandahs. .June — September. Best in a dry soil and sunny aspect. It will stand hard pruning.
Flowers waxy-white, fragrant, in a terminal corymbose cyme at ends of young shoots, pedicels longer than calyx ; Calyx gamosepalous, deeply 4-5-fid, inferior ; Corolla gamopetalous, 4-5-cleft, hypocrateriform, lobes acuminate ; Stamens 2, epipetalous ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves opposite, iniparipinnate, leaflets ;5-9, ovate, entire, acuminate, terminal the largest, bright green.
A sub-evergreen climbing shrub, 20-30 ft. ; Branches flexible, angular, shoots slightly pubescent, deep green ; growth rapid.
Native of S. Asia ; introduced 1548.
too
Platk XLIII.
WHITE JASMINE {Jasminum otHcniah)
OLEACEi^
CURLED-LEAVED JASMINE, Jamiinum revohUnm.
VV^alls, arbours. May— October. Requires warm, sunny aspect.
Flowers bright yellow, fragrant, in a compound terminal cort/mbose panicle, pedicels longer than calyx ; Caly.v teeth 5, shorter than tube ; CoJ'olla salver-shaped, lobes 5, obtuse, ovate, shorter than tube ; Fruit a berry, globose, didymous.
Leaves- alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate or elliptic, shortly petiolate, coriaceous, glabrous, dark glossy green, i-2 ins. long.
A sub-evergreen cliiubing shrub, 10-20 ft. ; Branches angled.
Native of N. India ; introduced 1812. A form of J. humile.
WALLICH'S JASMINE, Jasminum ■wallichianum.
Walls, arbours. June— October. Best in sunny situation.
Floivers bright yellow, smaller than J. revolutiim ; InJJorescence terminal, sub-corymbose ; peduncles elongated, one-flowered ; Corolla lobes 5 or G, obtuse ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 7-9, ovate-lanceolate or oblong- acuminate, sessile, pubescent Avhen young, dark green.
An evergreen climlnng shrub, 10-20 ft. ; dense, softly tomentose.
Native of N. India ; introduced 1827. Named in honour of Dr. Wallich. A form of ./. humile. Synonymous with ./. pubigcriim (L. pubes, eris, downy pubescent).
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Oudeu . . . Oleacece
Shrubs or trees with usually opposite, exstipulate, simple, or pinnate leaves,
and regular flowers, mostly hermaphrodite, rarely dioecious or polygamous ;
Calij.v inferior, 4, or many, tootlicd or lobed, sometimes wanting ; Corolla
101
TREES AND SHRUBS
hypogynous, 4-G-partite, or of free petals ; Stamens usually 2, epipetalous or hypogynous ; Ovarji superior, 2-eelled ; Fruit 1-2-celled, indehiscent, or a capsule, berry, or drupe.
GOLDEN BELL, Forsijthia siispensa.
Gardens, shrubberies, walls, fences. March — April. This is one of the most charming of early flowering shrubs, its exceedingly graceful and slender shoots being wreathed with blossoms, so closely set as to look like a stream of gold. It is a delightful plant when trained on a wall, and gives a fine effect when planted in a mass in a sunny position where it can ripen its young wood. Old wood should be cut out after flowering, and shoots cut back where necessary. Propagated by cuttings inserted in sandy soil under bell-glass or handlight in autumn ; layering in autumn ; grafting on Privet in March or April.
Flowers yellow, appearing before leaves, solitary, drooping, scattered, in axils of previous year's leaves, peduncle slender ; Ca/i/.v 4-partite, segments linear-oblong ; Corolla 4-partite, 1 in. long, lobes linear-oblong, orange lines at base inside ; Stamens 2, hypogynous ; Ovary superior, 2-celIed, stigma lobed.
Leaves opposite, simple and trifoliate on same branch, central leaflet largest, serrate, acute, glabrous.
A deciduous sbnib, 8-12 ft.; rambling; Branches long, slender, pendulous, easily rooting when meeting the ground ; Tivigs brown ; Ends pointed, scales brown ; Suckers freely produced.
Native of China and Japan. Said to have been introduced into Holland from China 1833, and to England 1850; also to have been sent home from .Japan by Fortune, 1861. Generic name in honour of William Forsyth (1737-1804), the King's gardener at Kensington. Syns. F. Fort unci and F. Sieholdi.
102
LILAC. {Syringa vulgaris. )
OLEACE^
GOLDEN BELL, Forsythia viridissima.
Gardens, shrubberies. March — April. This is a species of more compact, erect, and bushy growth than the former. It likes full sun and air, and does well either in masses or on a wall or trellis.
Flowers greenish-yellow, resembling F. SH.yyensa, appearing before leaves, solitary, numerous, peduncles much shorter than flowers, bracteolate.
Leaves opposite, simple, linear-lanceolate or oblong, entire, acute, dark green.
A deciduous shruh, -1-10 ft.; erect; Branches erect, very green, terete.
Introduced from China, 1845. Specific name = very green (L. viridis, green).
HIMALAYAN LILAC, Syringa Emodi
Gardens. July — August. Its spotted shoots make this a very distinctive species of Lilac. It is the last to flower. The various species should be kept free from suckers. They may be pruned moderately after flowering, removing or shortening only shoots that have flowered. They are propagated by layering of shoots in September ; suckers planted October — February ; choice varieties by budding on common species in July ; seeds sown in sunny position outdoors in spring or autumn.
Floivers white, small, \ in. diam., very fragrant, in a rather large terminal thyi-soid panicle, 3-5 ins. long, pubescent ; Calyx minute, 4-tootlied ; Corolla tube I in. long ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule, coriaceous, almost cylindrical, often curved, f in. long.
Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptical, acute, tapering towards base, entire, deep green above, glaucous beneath, glabrous, 4 ins. or more in length, secondary nerves prominently reticulated beneatli, petioles |-f in. long.
A deciduous shrub, G-10 ft., or small tree; Shoots bronze-green, spotted with white ; liuds acute.
Introduced from the Himalayas, 1840. Seeds first sent home by Dr. Royle. Syn?. S. Bretschneideri and S. villosa.
^' v^X^. ^
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPANESE LILAC, Syringa japonka.
Gardens. July. This is the most robust species, being almost indifferent as to soil, but preferring a sunny position. In appearance and scent it somewhat resembles the Privet.
Floivers creamy- white, very small, i-J in. diam., in a large, dense-flowered thyrsus, 12 ins. or more long; Coi'oUa tube included in calyx ; Stamens exserted ; Fruit a capsule, oblong, obtuse, smooth.
Leaves broad ovate, with a round or sub-cuneate base, obtuse or acuminate, glabrous above, dark green, thick, coriaceous, 5-8 ins. long, 3-3^ ins. wide, midrib and veins pubescent beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 15-25 ft. ; Braiiches slender ; Bark light red, occasionally scaly ; Trunk and Branches marked with raised, white, oblong dots (lenticels) ; Buds very small.
Synonymous with Ligustrina amurensis v. Japonica. Native of China, Japan, Manchuria ; introduced 1885.
LILAC, Syiinga vulgaris.
Gardens. May. " No flowering shrub, eitlier native or foreign, except the Rose, has become more closely identified with English gardens and English country scenes." — The Garden.
Flowers lilac or white, very fragrant, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle ; Calyx campanulate, irregularly 4-toothed, persistent ; Corolla regular, 4-partite, limb slightly concave ; Stamens 2, inserted near apex of tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, stigma bifid ; Fruit a woody capsule, ovate-oblong, much compressed, 2-valved ; seeds about 4, with membranous wing.
Leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-cordate, petiolate, exstipulate, entire, acute, glabrous, thin, paler beneath, 2-4 ins. by 2-3 ins. Autumn tint brown.
A deciduous shrub, 8-20 ft. or more ; Branches grey to brown ; Tzcigs
smooth, round, yellowish-grey to olive or brown ; Baric scaly ; Buds ovoid,
quadrangular, glabrous ; IFood used for small turnery.
104
LILAC (Si/rinija vuh/arin)
vl. Fruit. B. Longiturlinal section of fruit. C. Lonoritudiiial section of flower. i>. Single fruit capsule £. Fruit capsule dehiscing. F. Transverse section of fruit.
Plate XLIV.
OLEACE^
Native of Persia ; introduced from S. Europe, 1597, under name of Pipe-tree Name Lilac is Spanish, — Arab. " lilak," a lilac; Persian, — " lilaj, lilanj, lilang " = indigo plant. The Arab, "lilak (nilak)" = bluish ; named from bluish tinge of flowers (Skeat).
MANNA ASH, Fraxinus Ornus.
Gardens, lawns. ISlay, June. The dense waving plumes of greenish-white blossoms make this one of the most ornamental and desirable of hardy deciduous trees. It is propagated by layering in autumn, and grafting on the common species in March.
Floxvas greenish-white, very sweet-scented, in a dense pendulous paitide of axillary clusters, peduncles shorter than leaves ; Calyx gamosepalous, •1-partite, inferior ; Corolla i free petals, only slightly united at base, linear, hypogynous ; Stamens 2, hypogynous ; Ovarij superior, 2-celled, stigmas 2 ; Fruit a samara, brown.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate or elliptic, attenuated, serrate, entire at base, petiolate, villous or downy beneath. Autumn tint bronze.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; round-headed ; Branelies when young purplish or livid, with yellow dots; growth slow.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1730. Synonymous with Onnis europcea and F. paniculata.
ASH, Fraxinus excelsior.
\\^oods, hedges, parks, and gardens. March — INIay. " While the oak has been
justly called the Hercules of the forest, the Ash has equally merited the title of
the Sylvan \"enus, from the elegance of its form, the feathery lightness of its
foliage, and the graceful waving of its branches — qualities especially to be
appreciated when it is grouped with other trees of more massive character, or, as
we have frequently seen and admired it, growing, as it loves to do, l)y brook or
105
TREES AND SHRUBS
river side." It prefers cool and damp situations. Propagated by seed, which should be mixed with sand and laid in an open pit till February, being occasionally turned over to prevent heating ; sow in sandy soil, and transplant after two years ; after another two years permanently plant in mild weather of autumn or early spring.
Floivers greenish-yellow, polygamous or dioecious, proterogynous, without perianth, appearing before leaves, in a short, dense, RxWXaxy panicle, arising from sides of leaf-buds near tips of young shoots ; Stamens 2, opposite, hypogynous, ! purple ; Ova7-y 2-celled, stigmas sub-sessile, bifid, purple ; Fruit a samara (key), in drooping bunches, compressed, linear-oblong, winged upwards, slightly notched at tip, 1-1| in. long, glossy green streaked with black ; produced after forty years ; ripe in October, often persisting through winter.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, 12 ins. long or more, petiolate, exstipulate, leaflets 7-13 or more, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, almost sessile, 3 ins. long, thin, glabrous ; petiole and midrib grooved. Autumn tints brown and yellow ; leaflets disarticulating as they fall.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches often turning downwards and then upwards at extremities ; Tivigs somewhat dichotomous, compressed, usually only one shoot in each pair coming to maturity, often the lower one, giving rise to pendent boughs ; Buds large, quadrangular, protected by very dark oli\'e-green scales, which are modified petioles ; Bark, pale grey, grooved ; JFood hard, light, strong ; toughest and most elastic of 13ritish timber ; used for coach and wheel- wrights' work, agricultural implements, domestic arts, and turnery ; in young state (ground Ash) for walking-sticks, hoops, and hop poles.
A native of Britain ; lives to about 200 years. Common name from A.S. (CSC, the Ash-tree.
Timber bored by larvae of Goat IMoth {Cossus ligniperda) and Wood Leopard JNloth {Zeuzera ccsculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Ash-leaf Spot {Septoria Frajcini), Heartwood-rot {Polij- porics hispidus).
106
ASH {Fraxinus excelsior)
A. Branrli, wiLli fruit at, early sta<;p. B. Flowers at early stage. C. Hermaphrodite flower. D. Flower cluster. E. Staininate flower. F. Mature flowers. 6". Fruit (keys).
Platu XLV.
OLEACEi^
'^ARROW-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Philhinva angustifoUa.
Gardens, shrubberies. April — May. Requires shelter in north of England. The species of Phillyrgea are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; by grafting on the Common Privet in March.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, fragrant, in an axillary clmter ; Calyx inferior, !4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, lobes obtuse, imbricate ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-ceIled ; Fruit a drupe, 1-2 seeds.
Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, obsoletely veined, deep green, 1^-2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 8-12 ft. ; Branches with elevated dots (lenticels).
Native of Italy and Spain ; introduced 1597. Sometimes known as Mock Privet. Generic name from Philyra, the old Greek name used by Theophrastus for the Privet.
VILMORIN'S MOCK PRIVET, PhiUyrcea decora.
Gardens, shrubberies. May, June. This is a beautiful free-growing shrub of somewhat spreading habit. The small white flowers usually commence at about 6 inches from the end of the shoot, and from that point extend for about a foot in dense axillary clusters, forming a perfect wreath of blossom. It is the best of the species, well withstanding frost, and does well in smoky districts, but will not thrive in cold, heavy soil. It is sometimes grafted on the Privet, but is better on its own roots.
Floivers white, small, fragrant, numerous, in axillary clusters ; Fruit a drupe, oblong, reddish-purple to black, | in. long, ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, resembling Portugal Laurel, ovate, acuminate, entire, slightly revolute, stiff, coriaceous, glabrous, dark green, 4-6 ins. long, If in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 3-10 ft. ; much-branched.
Introduced 1885. Discovered by Ralansa in mountain valleys of liazistan.
Known in gardens as P. vilnioriniana and P. laurifolia,
107
TREES AND SHRUBS
BROAD-LEAVED JASMINE BOX, Phillnrmi latifoUa.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. A species of somewhat bushy habit, well adapted for the seaside garden.
Floivers white, inconspicuous, mcuvillarij clusters ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, ovate, rounded at base, acute or obtuse, obsoletely serrated, glabrous, dark green above, lighter below, veiny, 1 in. long; young leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at base ; petioles cano-pubescent.
An evergreen shrub, 20-30 ft. ; Tivigs pubescent, beset with elevated dots (lenticels) ; Buds minute, scales violet.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1.597. Subject to Phillyra^a I^eaf-spot {PhijUosticta Philhjrcca ).
MOCK PRIVET, Philliiraa media.
Gardens, shrubberies. May.
Flowers white, inconspicuous, in axillary clusters; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or slightly serrated in middle, veiny.
An evergreen shrub, forming a dense bush, 10-18 ft. high.
Introduced from S. Europe about 1597. INIost common species in English gardens ; several varieties of all three species are grown, often grafted on the Privet. I>,eaves subject to Phillyrjea Leaf-spot {Phyllosticta Phillyram) and IMiillyra^a Rust {Urcdo Phillyrcea).
HOLLY-LEAVED OLIVE, Osmanthus Aqioifolium.
Gardens, shrubberies. August, September. A rich loamy soil and warm
position is desirable. It is a beautiful, iree-growing shrub, rather like a Holly,
and often mistaken for such. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots in sandy
soil luider handlight outdoors, or in frame in summer ; seeds in sandy peat
in cold frame in spring or autumn.
108
OLEACEiE
Flowers greenish-white, small, very fragrant, axillary ; Calyx 4-lobed ; Corolla 4-lobed, imbricate; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves opposite, oval or oblong, prickly -toothed, resembling Holly, coriaceous, glabrous, shining deep green, 3-4 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6 ft. ; Bark of young shoots almost black.
Native of Japan. Generic name from Gr. osme, perfume, and anthos, a flower.
WHITE FRINGE TREE, Chlonanthus virginka.
Gardens, shrubberies. May — July. ^Vill flourish in moist, sandy peat or loam, in somewhat shady position. Propagated by grafting on Ash in March ; budding on Ash in July ; seeds in sandy soil in cold frame in April.
Flowers white, fragrant, perfect and andro-dioecious, in a drooping panicle of 3-flowered clusters, pubescent, 4-6 ins. long, bracteate and bracteolate ; Calyx minute, 4-partite, inferior; Petals 4, long and narrow, fringe-like, hypogynous ; Stamem 2-4, inserted on base of corolla, anthers yellow, connective green ; Ovary ovate, style short, stigma fleshy, 2-lobed ; Fruit a drupe, purple, glaucous, oval or oblong, 1 in. long, flesh thin and dry, stone thick-walled, crustaceous, foliaceous bracts 2 ins. long ; ripe in September.
Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate, entire, ciliate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, petiolate, exstipulate, dark shinmg green above, pubescent on veins below, 4-8 ins. long, i-4 ins. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub or small tree, 10-15 ft. ; Branchlets angled, compressed at top ; Bark smooth, light-coloured ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, ciliate ; Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1796 ; there reaches 30 ft. Generic name from Gr. chio7i, snow, and anthos, a flower, referring to snow-white flowers.
IBOTA PRIVET, Ligustrum Ibota.
Gardens. August. The Privets are most suitable for growing in town
gardens, and make good hedges. The deciduous kinds may be pruned in
autumn, and evergreens in April. Propagate by cuttings of young shoots VOL. II. 109 K
TREES AND SHRUBS
2-4 ins. long in shady position outdoors or under handlight in summer ; cuttings of firm shoots 8-12 ins. long in shady position outdoors, September — November; layering of shoots, September or October; seeds (berries) in open ground in November, transplanting largest seedlings in following October, and remainder next year.
Flowers white, in a large thyrHoid "panicle ; Calyx 4-toothed ; Corolla salver- shaped, 4-lobed ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a berry, round, shining, black.
Leaves ovate or elliptical, rarely lanceolate, obtuse, thick, fleshy, glabrous, principal vein hairy beneath.
A deciduous shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches long, slender, arching ; Twigs terete.
A native of Japan and China; introduced 1861.
JAPANESE PRIVET, Ligustrum japonicuvi.
Gardens, shrubberies. June, July. Prefers dry soil and shelter. It makes a good hedge.
Flowers white, slightly fragrant, in a large, lax, thyrsoid panicle; Fruit a berry.
Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, dark glossy green, glabrous, coriaceous, 2-3 ins. long, young leaves tinged with purple.
An evergreen shrub, 5-10 ft. ; or tree, 30 ft.
Introduced from Japan by Siebold, 1845.
SHINING PRIVET, Ligustrum luddum.
Gardens, shrubberies. September — October. The large glossy evergreen leaves and Lilac-like panicles of sweet-smelling flowers make this perhaps the handsomest and most striking of the Privets. Best in rich soil, well drained, near sunny wall.
Flowers white or cream, fragrant, in a much-spreading terminal thyrsoid
panicle, 6-8 ins. long and broad ; Fruit a berry.
110
OLEACEiE
Leaves oval, oval-lanceolate, elliptical or nearly rotundate, acute, dark glossy green above, paler below, veins prominent, coriaceous, 6 ins. long, 2 ins. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 8-12 ft. ; or a tree, 20 ft. ; erect, twiggy ; Branches specked with lenticels.
Introduced from China by Sir Joseph Banks, 1794. Known as the Woa Tree. Specific name, L. luddum = shining.
OVAL-LEAVED PRIVET, Ligustrim ovalifoUum.
Gardens, hedges. June, July. A vigorous town shrub of somewhat erect and stiff habit, very valuable as a hedge plant.
JFlowe7's yellow-white, as in L. vidgai-e, in a terminal thyrsoid panicle, small, dense, odour heavy, somewhat unpleasant ; Fruit a berry.
Leaves oval, oval-elliptical, or obovate, shortly petiolate, reticulately veined, dark green above, lighter beneath, almost persistent.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft.
A native of Japan ; introduced 1877.
CHINESE PRIVET, Ligustrum sinense.
Gardens. July, August. Needs a well-drained soil. Thrives best when sheltered by other trees.
Flowers white or cream, small, very abundant, in a feathery panicle, com- pressed ; Fruit a berry, black-purple.
Leaves decussate, ovate-lanceolate, shining above, hairy beneath, light green, petioles twisted so as to give the appearance of a distichous arrangement.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 12 ft. ; or tree, 20 ft. ; Branches arching, smaller branchlets frond-like, pubescent.
Introduced from China by Fortune, 1874'.
Ill K 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
COMMON PRIVET, Ugustrum vulgare.
Thickets, hedgerows, gardens. June, July. Best in a moist and strong loamy- soil.
Flowers white, changing to reddish-brown, fragrant, in a panicled, thyrsoid cyme, 1-3 ins. long ; Calyx slightly 4-toothed ; Corolla 4-lobed, short tube ; Stamens 2, short, within tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, ovoid, stigma bifid, obtuse; Fruit a berry, purple-black, globular, 2-celled, ^ in. diam., flesh oily; seeds ovoid ; ripe in November, persistent through winter.
Leaves nearly evergreen, opposite, elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, acute, entire, glabrous, shortly stalked, 1-2J ins. Autumn tint purplish.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 6-10 ft. ; Branches slender, wiry ; Tivigs smooth.
Common in S. England ; especially favours chalk districts and coast cliffs ; also indigenous in S. Ireland.
Class I. . . . . Dicotyledons Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Ohdek . . Apocynacece
Trees, shrubs, or rarely herbs, usually with milky juice ; Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or alternate, entire, exstipulate ; Calyx 4-5-fid, salver-shaped or campanulate ; Corolla hypogynous, 4-.5-lobed, twisted in bud ; Stamens 5, rarely 4, included within corolla tube, anthers sometimes adhering to the stigma; Ovary superior, 2-, or rarely 1 -celled, of 2 carpels, sometimes distinct below, but united in the style and stigma ; stigma often swollen above or below, constricted in middle ; Fruit of 1 or 2 follicles, or a capsule, berry, or drupe.
Distinguished from Gentianacese chiefly by the ovary completely divided into 2 cells, or more frequently into 2 distinct carpels, with the style, or at least the stigma, entire.
112
PRIVET {Liijustrum vulrjare)
A. FloworinfT branch. B. Fruit. C Flower. D. Stamen, opening along sides. K. Section of drupe. P, Flower opened to show stamens and pistil.
Plate XLVI.
APOCYNACEiE
GREATER PERIWINKLE, rinca major.
Woods, shady banks, gardens. April, May. This makes a useful trailer for rough banks or stumps. Propagate by division in March or April.
Floivcrs blue-purple, solitary and axillary, pedicels shorter than leaves ; Calyx .5-partite, segments narrow, equalling corolla tube, eiliate on margins, glandular at base inside ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube almost campanulate, slightly contracted at mouth, hairy inside, limb flat, spreading, lobes broad, almost angular ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, enclosed in tube, filaments short, anthers inflexed, tipped with membrane, bearded ; Ovary of 2 carpels, distinct at base, connate at apex, style 1, stigma oblong; Disk of 2 glands alternating with the carpels ; Fruit of 2 follicles, oblong, terete, each of 1 cell, greenish ; seeds several, seldom ripened.
Leaves opposite, broadly ovate, or cordate at base, entire, eiliate, shining green.
An evergreen under-shrub ; Barren shoots long, trailing, not tough ; flowering stems nearly erect in flower, afterwards elongating, rooting at tip only ; Root-stock creeping.
A native of Britain. Known also as Rand-plant and Cut-finger.
LESSER PERIWINKLE, Finca minor.
Woods, copses, hedge banks, gardens. April, May.
Flowers blue-purple, solitary and axillary, peduncles short ; Calyx 5-partite, segments broad, .\ length of corolla tube, glabrous ; Corolla 5-lobed, tube more open than in V. major ; Fruit of 2 follicles, rare.
Leaves opposite, elliptic-ovate or oblong, narrow, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, petioles short.
An evergreen nnder-shruh ; Barren shoots trailing, tough, 1-2 ft. long, rooting ; flowering stems short, erect,
A native of Britain.
118
TREES AND SHRUBS
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Loganiacece
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, mostly with a very bitter juice ; Leaves opposite, entire, and usually stipulate ; petioles sometimes dilated and connate at base, with the stipules reduced to an obsolete border ; Calyx 4— 5-partite, sepals sometimes distinct ; Corolla 4-5 or 10-cleft ; Stamens epipetalous, equal in number to lobes of corolla, alternate with lobes when 4-5, opposite when 10 ; Ova?'y superior, usually 2-celled, rarely 3-4-celled ; Fruit drupaceous, capsular, or baccate.
COLVILLE'S BUDDLEIA, Buddleia CohiUei.
Gardens. June — August. Hardy in West of England. Best against a south- west wall, or as a bush in a warm corner in well-drained soil. Sir J. Hooker calls this the handsomest of Himalayan shrubs. Prune away dead or straggling shoots. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots with heel in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 60° in March.
Flowei's rosy-purple or crimson, resembling a small Pentstemon, in a thij7'siform panicle, 1-1^ ft. long, drooping pedicels } in. long, bracteoles small, setaceous ; Calyx broad-campanulate, \ in. long, lobes hairy ; Corolla in- fundibuliform, 4-lobed, 1 in. long, f in. diam., white ring round mouth ; Sta?nens 4, anthers on short filaments ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, lanceolate, tomentose, i— I in. long.
Leaves opposite, elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous and dark green, stellate-rusty tomentose or nearly glabrous beneath, 5-7 ins. long, petiole short.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 10-12 ft.
Native of Sikkim, there grows to 30 ft. Raised from seed by Messrs. \' eitch
and Sons ; probably flowered for first time in Europe at Queenstown, Ireland,
1892; first flowered at Kew, 1900.
114
LOGANIACE^
ORANGE-BALL TREE, Buddkia globosa.
Gardens. May, June. Warm soils in S. England, on south or south- west walls in colder districts. In the neighbourhood of London it is the handsomest and most useful of the Buddleias. It prefers a rich, moist soil.
Flowers orange-yellow, in a terminal, globose, cymose cluste?; 1 in. diara., pedunculate ; Calyx equally 4-toothed ; Corolla tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, limb spreading ; F?-uit a capsule.
Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, 6 ins. long, upper side dark green and wrinkled, under side pale brown hoary tomentose, reticulately veined, petioles short.
A deciduous sliruh, 10-20 ft.; Branches sub-tetragonal, hoary tomentose; growth rapid.
Native of Chili and Peru ; iTitroduced by Messrs. Lee & Kennedy, 1774. Genus named in honour of Rev. Adam Buddie, at one time V^icar of Farnbridge, in Essex (died 1715).
Buddleiu paniculatu.
Gardens. INIay, June. Thrives in loamy soil.
Flowers lilac, fragrant, in a dense terminal panicle, flowers nearly sessile, bracts lanceolate ; Calyx 4-partite, persistent, tomentose, lobes short, obtuse ; Corolla 4-cleft, tube \ in. long, tomentose, imbricate ; Stamens 4, inserted on corolla tube, anthers nearly sessile ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, style clavate ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule.
Leaves opposite, very variable, oblong-lanceolate, entire, or hastate and deeply sinuate-dentate, greyish-tomentose, petiole sometimes winged.
A deciduous shrub, G-8 ft. ; Branchlets tomentose ; Bark peeling.
Native of Afghanistan, Baluchistan, N. India, and China. Discovered by
Dr. \Vallich in Kumaon ; seeds sent to Great Britain by Major Maddon.
115
U-->tttfilU
TREES AND SHRUBS
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . GamopetalcB Natural Ordek . . Solanacece
Herbs, erect or climbing shrubs, or rarely trees, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, sometimes with a smaller leaf below ; Flotvers regular or slightly irregular, hermaphrodite, solitary or in cymes, either axillary or extra-axillary ; Calyx usually 5-partite, inferior, persistent ; Corolla usually 5-lobed, regular or slightly irregular, hypogynous ; Stamens 5, epipetalous, alternating with corolla lobes ; Ovary superior, 2-celled, placentation axile ; Frmt a berry or capsule.
Distinguished by the regular flowers with epipetalous stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes, and the superior many-seeded ovary Avith axil placenta?. The epipetalous stamens mark them off from the Ericaceae, the axile placentation and leaves without ribs froin the Gentianacea;, the regular symmetrical flowers from the Scrophularinea;, and the axile placentation and stamens alternating with petals from the Primulaceee.
TEA TREE, Lycium halimifolium.
Walls, trellis-work. May — August. " Though not a very showy flowering shrub, it is not without value, as there are few others that are so rapid in growth, so graceful, and so indifferent to the nature of the soil ; it will, in fact, grow anywhere, and there is not a better shrub for clothing an ugly steep bank, where little else in the way of shrubs would thrive. It is also a capital shrub for covering porches, pergolas, arbours, verandahs, and such like, and in late summer and autumn, when every long, drooping branch is thickly hung with small orange-scarlet berries, it has an extremely pretty appearance." — JVie Garden.
Flowers purple or lilac, changing to greenish-yellow at base inside, twin, extra-axillary, pedicels long, slender ; Calyx 5-lobed, 2-lipped ; Corolla infundi- buliform, tube as long as limb, \ in. diam., lobes ovate-oblong, hairy at margin, honey guides ; Stamens 5, exserted, spreading, filaments long and slender ; Ovary superior, '2-celled, style filiform, stigma dilated ; Fruit a berry, orange- scarlet, ovoid-oblong, persistent cup-like calyx below, seeds numerous.
116
SOLANACEi^
Leaves alternate, sub-sessile, lanceolate or elliptical lanceolate, acute, at- tenuated both ends, entire, flat, glabrous, 2-4^ ins. long, 1-1 i in. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-12 ft. ; Branches angular, long, slender, arched, sometimes axillary thorns ; 2\mgs grey ; Buds naked.
Sometimes called Barbary Box Thorn. Generic name from Gr. Lukion, name given to the Rhamnus by Dioscorides, as coming from Lycia, in Asia Minor. Syns. L. barbarum (Alton), L. europceiim (Gouan).
CHINESE BOX THORN, Lydum chinense.
Gardens. May — July. A hardy, straggling climber, good for the wild parts of the garden or old walls. Pruning may be done, October — February, remov- ing weak shoots, and shortening vigorous ones. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots 6-8 ins. long in shady position, September or October ; layering of shoots, September — November; suckers, October — February.
Flowers purple, sohtary or twin ; Corolla tube short, constricted in middle ; Stamens with filaments fringed at base, closing tube ; Fruit a berry, orange- scarlet.
Leaves alternate or in threes, 1 large and 2 much smaller, ovate, acute, attenuated at base, entire, glabrous, paler green beneath.
A deciduous climbing shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches pendulous, prostrate, striated, grey.
Native of China.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . GamopetalcB Natural Order . . . Scrophularinece
Herbs, shrubs, or small trees, with various exstipulate leaves, and usually
irregular flowers ; Calyx 4-5-toothed or lobed, inferior, persistent ; Coi'olla
usually 4-5-lobed, often bilabiate, sometimes personate, saccate and spurred ;
Staviens often 4, didynamons, rarely 5, or 2 alternating with corolla lobes,
117
TREES AND SHRUBS
inserted in the corolla tube ; Ova7-y superior, 2-celled, many-seeded ; Fruit a] 2-celled, usually many-seeded capsule.
An Order of about 1900 species divided into 12 tribes; distinguished from Labiatse by the 2-celled ovary, and from Verbenacge by the ovules being more than one in each cell.
VANILLA TREE, Pauloivnia iinperialis.
Shrubberies, lawns. June. A fine deciduous tree with the habit of a Catalpa. The blossoms are borne only in the warmer counties, being formed in autumn, and usually injured by frost. Propagated by cuttings of firm young shoots in sandy soil in cold frame in summer ; seeds in sandy loam in cold frame in spring or autumn.
Floiveis pale violet, with dark purple spots inside resembling Gloxinia, in a many-flowered terminal pcuiicle ; Calyx 5-lobed ; Corolla l|-2 ins. long, tube elongated, limb 5-lobed, irregular, spreading ; Stamens inserted in corolla tube ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, 2-celled, 1 in. long, ovoid, acuminate, rarely produced.
Leaves opposite, ovate-cordate or 3-lobed, entire, wavy with a few acute points, villous or pubescent, 6-12 ins. long, petioles downy ; when kept to one stem and cut down annually leaves may be formed 2-3 ft. long, and broad in proportion.
A deciduous t7'ee, 30-40 ft. ; round-headed ; Bra?iches few, horizontal, tortuous, velvety, lenticels conspicuous ; Bark on old stems rough.
Introduced from Japan, 1840. Named in honour of Anna Paulowna, Princess of the Netherlands, daughter of Paul I., Emperor of Russia.
BOX-LEAVED SPEEDWELL, Veronica huxifoUa.
Gardens. June, July. Requires partial shade. The New Zealand Speed- wells form a large group of very attractive evergreen shrubs. The hardy species are suitable for sunny rockeries or borders and beds near the sea coast,
and in somewhat sheltered positions inland. They are easily propagated by
118
ci
SCROPHULARINE^
cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass in spring, or under handlight or in cold frame in summer.
Floivers white, slightly odorous, in short, dense ixicemes, sub-capitate at ends of branches, puberulous or glabrous, pedicels short, bracts nearly equal to sepals ; Calyx 4-5-cleft ; Corolla 4- 5-lobed, tube short, limb \-\ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, exserted ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves Box-like, oblong-obovate, obtuse at apex, cordate at base, entire, thick, coriaceous, concave, midrib prominent beneath, \-\ in. long, \-\ in. wide, vivid green ; petiole short, thick.
An evergreen shrub, 2-3 ft. ; stout, glabrous, erect.
Native of New Zealand.
Veronica cupressoides.
Gardens. July. Best in a shady, peaty spot, or on rockwork. It is fairly hardy, and easily propagated by cuttings.
Flowers violet, 3-4 at extremities of branchlets, bracts larger than sepals ; Sepals oblong, obtuse ; Corolla ^V in- diam. ; Stamens 2 ; Ovary 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves in opposite pairs, ovate-oblong, obtuse, scale-like, adpressed to branches, glabrous, fleshy, yellowish-green, ^^^ in. long.
An evergreen shrub, 6 ins.-4 ft. ; much branched.
Native of New Zealand ; introduced 1876. Specific name from resemblance to a dwarf prostrate Cypress. Known in gardens as V. salicornoides, from resemblance to Salicornia, the Glass-wort or Marsh Samphire.
Veronica pinguifolia.
Gardens, rockeries. June, July. This forms a compact little bush, so full of blossom as to give the appearance of a fall of snow.
Floiveis wiiite, in a short, dense-flowered, erect spike at tips of branches, pilose and pu})escent, .50-100 blossoms ; Sepals obtuse, ciliated ; Capsule hairy.
Leaves oval or obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire, very thick, coriaceous,
glaucous, light green, sessile, imbricated, J-J in. long.
119
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; erect or decumbent, much branchetj Branches pubescent, scarred transversely. n.
Introduced from New Zealand, 1870. Syn. V. carnosula. Specific narej from Latin pingtds, fat, referring to the thickness of the leaves.
TRAVERS' SPEEDWELL, Feronica Traversa.
Gardens, shrubberies. June — August. One of the best and hardiest o the shrubby Speedwells, and the one most frequently planted. It is of rapid growth in almost any soil, and will thrive even in barren sandy spots. It may be propagated by cuttings in spring, summer, and autumn, and by seed- in light soil outdoors in April. In favourable situations the ground round old bushes becomes carpeted by self-sown seedlings.
Flowers white or pale lilac, in a many-flowered sub-terminal raceme, 1-2 ins. long, puberulous ; Calyx 4-5-partite ; Corolla 4-5-lobed, lobes \ in. across ; Stamens 2, exserted, anthers purplish ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves spreading, arranged cross-wise, sessile, obovate or linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, entire, coriaceous, flat, deep green, glossy.
An evergreen shrub, 2-6 ft. ; Branches terete.
Introduced from New Zealand, 1873.
Class 1. . . . . Dicotyledons Division III. . . Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Bignoniacece
Trees or shrubs, often twining or climbing. Leaves usually opposite, ex- stipulate ; Floxvers large, handsome, irregular, usually trumpet-shaped, mostly in terminal or axillary panicles ; Corolla 5-lobed ; Ovary superior, usually 2-celled, placentation axile or parietal ; Fruit a capsule.
An exotic Order, mostly tropical, furnishing several greenhouse climbers.
120
m
BIGNONIACEi^
INDIAN BEAN, Cntafpa bignonioides.
Parks, gardens, lawns. July — August. This is perhaps the most beautiful flowering tree to be met with in British gardens, and one of the latest to blossom. Good loamy soil is most suitable, and it does best on a sheltered lawn. Being smoke-resisting, it is a good town tree. The species of Catalpa are propagated by cuttings of Arm shoots in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 55°-G5° in summer ; seeds in spring ; layers in autumn.
Flowers white speckled with purple and yellow, in a terminal compound, many-flowered, trichotomous panicle 8-10 ins. long and broad, bracts and bracteoles linear-lanceolate, deciduous ; Calyx 2-lobed, .V in. long, glabrous, green or light purple ; Corolla campanulate, tube broad, 2-lipped, 5-lobed, 2 ins. long, 1^ in. wide, edges of lobes recurved and slightly frilled ; Stamens 2, staminodes 3, inserted near base of corolla ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; style filiform ; stigma 2-lobed, exserted above anthers ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, 2-valved, 6-20 ins. long, somewhat flattened, valves meeting at an angle, usually light brown ; seeds l-l^^ in. long, \ in. broad ; wings pointed, ending with tuft of hairs.
Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, ovate, cordate at base, entire, waved, acuminate, thin and firm, green and glabrous on upper surface, pale and pubescent beneath, glandular in axils of veins, disagreeable, almost foetid odour when touched, 5-10 ins. long, 4-7 ins. wide ; petioles terete, stout, 5-6 ins. long. Autumn tint yellow
A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; massive head, growth rapid ; Branches long, heavy, brittle ; Tivigs thickened at nodes, slightly puberulous, glaucous, purplish to orange and brown ; Bark light brown, peeling ; Bud-scales ovate, brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, durable, light brown.
Discovered by Catesby in S. Carolina; introduced 1726. Syn. C. syringcEJolia. " Catalpa " is an Indian name for the tree.
VOL. II. 121 L
TREES AND SHRUBS
WESTERN CATALPA, Catalpa cordijhlia.
Parks, gardens. JNIay, June.
Floivers white, in a few-flowered terminal panicle, 5-6 ins. long, pedicels ik| purple, glabrous, bracteoles 1-3 ; Cahj.v purple, pubescent ; Corolla 2 ins. long, ] 2J ins. wide, 2-lipped, throat marked yellow and purple ; Stamens and stami- nodes as long as tube of corolla, filaments with purple spots at base ; Ovary superior, 2-celled ; Fruit a pod-like, 2-valved capsule, 8-20 ins. long, J-f in. broad, usually dark brown, with parallel grooves ; seeds 1-lf in. long, \ in. wide, winged and fringed both ends, wings and seeds about equal in length.
Leaves opposite, oval, cordate at base, slenderly acuminate, entire, thick, firm, dark green above, pubescent below, glandular in axils of principal veins, inodorous, 10-12 ins. long, 7-8 ins. wide; petioles terete, stout, 4-6 ins. long. | Black in autumn.
A deciduous tree, 20-40 ft. ; erect, broad round head ; Branches slender ; | Ticigs purplish and pilose at first, afterwards orange to brown ; Bark brown tinged red, thick scales ; Bud-scales brown, keeled ; Wood like C. bignonioides.
Introduced from U.S.A., 1879; in forests grows 120 ft. high; planted in streets. Syn. C. spcciosa.
JAPAN CATALPA, Catalpa Kcvmpferi.
Gardens. July.
Flowers yellow, spotted with reddish-brown and purple, small, 1 in. diam., sweet-scented, in a much-branched terminal panicle ; Corolla lobes toothed ; Fruit a pod-like capsule, more slender and more numerous than in C. bignoni- oides and C cordifolia.
Leaves ovate, cordate at base, acuminate, sometimes with one or more acute lobes, darker green, 6 ins. long and broad, petioles 2-5 ins.
A deciduous tree, 10-12 ft.
Discovered by Engelbert K;empfer in Japan, 1693 ; seed introduced to
Belgium by Siebold, 1849.
122
f
/2
VERBENACEi^
Class I Dicotyledons
Division III. . . . Gamopetalce Natural Order . . . Verbenacece
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with generally opposite or whorled, exstipulate leaves, and irregular or nearly regular flowers ; Calyx inferior, tubular, and persistent ; Corolla 4-5-fid, usually more or less bilabiate ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous ; Ovary 2-4-celled, cells with 1 ovule, style teiminal ; Fruit usually a carcerulus I of 4 nutlets, but sometimes drupaceous.
Distinguished from Labiatfe by the entire ovary and terminal style, and from Scrophularinea? by the single ovule in each cell.
STINKING CLERODENDRON, Clerodeudronfcetidum.
Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. This is easily recognised by its downy heart-shaped leaves, which emit a peculiarly foetid odour when bruised. It is sometimes cut down in severe winters, but will shoot forth again in the following spring.
Flowers lilac-rose, fragrant at a distance, unpleasant when nearer, in a dense terminal corymb; Calyx tubular, 5-fid ; Corolla gamopetalous, 5-lobed ; Stamens 4 ; Ova7'y superior, style terminal ; Fruit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets.
Leaves opposite, cordate, acuminate, serrated, dark green, pubescent, exsti- pulate, petioles slender.
A deciduous shrub, 5 ft. ; with short rigid prickles.
Introduced from China, 1820. Generic name from Gr. klcros, cliance, dendron, a tree, said to be owing to uncertainty of medicinal qualities. Specific name from L. fcetidus, fetid, stinking. Syn. C. Buiigci.
KUSAGI, Clerodendron trichotomiom.
Gardens. August, September. Requires rich warm loam. The reddish- purple calyx and white petals make this one of the most beautiful and distinc- tive of hardy shrubs.
123 L 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Floivers white, in a loose, terminal, trichotomous cyme, peduncles long ; Cahjx inflated, 5-lobed, lobes reddish-purple; Corolla hypocrateriform, 5-Iobed, tube purple, 1 in. long; Stamens 4, inserted at throat of corolla tube, filaments white, 1 in. long ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, purple.
Leaves opposite, ovate, tapering at both ends, acuminate, petioles purplish, exstipulate, serrated, downy beneath, foetid.
A deciduous shrub, 6-12 ft. ; or small t7-ee, 20 ft. ; JB?-anches terete, hairy ; Suckers freely produced ; Bark rough, furrowed ; Buds black, small.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1800.
MOUSTACHE PLANT, Caryopteris Mast acanthus.
Gardens. October. Best if sheltered by a wall; requires plenty of water during summer. Propagated by cuttings of young shoots or division of roots in INIarch or April ; seeds in light soil in temperature of 55" in spring.
Flowers light blue, in axiUary clusters ; Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; Corolla bilabiate, tube short, middle lobe of lower lip larger, crisped or fimbriate ; Stamens 4; Ovary superior; Fj-uit a carcerulus of four 1 -seeded nutlets, winged.
Leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, coarsely serrated, obtuse or acute, petiolate, exstipulate, downy, fragrant, minute glandularly dotted.
A sub-evergreen shrub, 3-4 ft. ; young shoots with a Sage-like fragrance.
Introduced from China, 1844. Generic name from Gr. karuon, a nut, 2}teron, a wing. Specific name from mastax, mastakos, the upper lip.
Class I. . . . . . Dicotyledons
Division III Gamopetalce
Natural Order . . . Labiatce
Trees, shrubs, or sub-shrubs, with usually square stems and opposite,
decussate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers in axils of leaves or bracts, solitary or
geminate, or in cymose clusters forming verticillasters ; Calyx tubular, of 5
124
LABIATiE
sepals, 2-lipped or 5-toothed, persistent ; Corolla hypogynous, imbricate, some- times bilabiate, ringent, upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3 -fid ; Stamens usually 4, didynamous, outer anterior stamens usually the longest, inserted on corolla tube ; Ovarij superior, of 2 carpels, becoming deeply 4-lobed and 4-celled, style gynobasic, stigma bifid ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets.
Distinguished from all other Orders by the square stems, opposite, decussate leaves, verticillaster inflorescence, and bilabiate ringent corolla.
LAVENDER, Lavandula vera.
Gardens. June — August. This is one of the oldest favourites of English gardens, and makes a charming hedge. Propagated by cuttings of old stems in sunny position outdoors in August or September.
Floivers blue, rarely white, fragrant, in a verticillaster, 6-10-flowered, spike somewhat interrupted ; Calyx tubular ; Corolla bilabiate, tube exserted, dilated at throat, limb oblique ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 glabrous nutlets.
Leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, attenuated at base, entire, somewhat revo- lute, hoary grey both surfaces.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1568.
COMMON ROSEMARY, Rosmarinus ojicinulis.
Gardens, shrubberies. February. Best in dry border near wall ; flourishes on the coast. Propagated by cuttings in shady border in spring or summer ; layering of strong shoots in summer ; seeds in sunny border outdoors in April.
Flowers pale bluish-purple, in short, few-flowered racemes, approximating,
opposite, sub-sessile ; Calyx ovoid-campanulate, bilabiate, 5-toothed, purplish ;
Corolla bilabiate, tube shortly exserted ; Stamens 4 ; Ovary superior ; Fruit
a carcerulus.
125
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves opposite, linear, entire, revolute, caneseent beneath, sessile, fragrant, grey-green.
An evergreen sltrub, 3-8 ft. ; dense growth.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1548. Generic name from Gr. ros, dew, and marinus, the sea.
JERUSALEM SAGE, Phhmis fruticosa.
Gardens. June, July. This will grow in dry soil, and does well on wild banks. Propagated by cuttings in cold frame in August.
Flowers yellow or dusky yellow, very showy, ivhorls twin, terminal, 20-30-flowered ; Cahjiv 5-toothed, as long as corolla tube, acuminate, thick, coriaceous, scabrous, densely hairy ; Corolla bilabiate, velvety, tube inclosed, upper lip compressed, notched, lower lip large, 8-cleft, spreading; Ovary superior, style gynobasic, curved, stigma bifid; Fruit a carcerulus of 4 nutlets, ovoid-triquetrous.
Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, acute, roundly cuneate at base, entire, wrinkled, green above, white tomentose beneath, 2| ins. long, j-1 in. wide.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches clothed with tomentum, usually yellow.
Native of Mediterranean region ; introduced 1596.
I
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Ordek . . . Laurinece
Trees or shrubs, aromatic or sometimes foetid ; Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite, exstipulate, usually coriaceous and evergreen, often with pellucid dots ;
Flowers 2-sexual, or imperfectly 1 -sexual; Sepals 4-G, in 2 whorls, coloured,
imbricate in bud ; Stamem definite, perigynous, some barren, filaments often
glandular at base, anthers opening by valves ; Ovary superior, 1-celled ; Fruit
a berry or drupe.
126
LAURINE^
SWEET BAY, Laurus nohilis.
Shrubberies, gardens. April, May. Needs shelter. Any necessary pruning should be done in April. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under handlight in shady position outdoors, August — October ; layering of shoots in September or October.
Flowers yellowish-white, inconspicuous, dioecious, in axillary clusters ; Calyx 4-partite, imbricate ; Stamens opposite segments of calyx ; Ovary single, superior, 1 -celled, style simple, stigma obtuse; Frjiit a berry, oval, dark purple, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate, wavy, acute, pinnately veined, coriaceous, aromatic, shortly petiolate.
An evergreen ti'ee or shrub, 30-60 ft. ; Branches arching ; Tivigs smooth ; Bark smooth.
Native of S. Europe ; introduced about 1562. It is the Bay tree, or true Laurel, used in ancient times to form wreaths for poets and conquerors. Name Bay = a berry tree; M.E. bay, a berry ; F. baie ; L. baca, a berry.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. , . Incompletce
Natural Order . . . Thymelceacece
Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with acrid juice, and tough inner bark ; Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, exstipulate, entire; Flowers usually hermaphrodite, sometimes polygamous or di(£cious ; Perianth inferior, green or petaloid, 4-5-lobed, imbricate in bud ; Starnens usually twice as many as calyx lobes, in two series, adnate to and included in perianth tube, often an annular disk of hypogynous scales or glands ; Ovary superior, usually 1-celled ; Fruit usually a berry or drupe.
Chief characteristics acridity and toughness of bark. Distinguished from
Elaeagnaceae chiefly by tlie one suspended ovule.
127
TREES AND SHRUBS
BLAGAY'S DAPHNE, Daphne bhgayana.
Rockeries. March, April. Loves shade and rocky places ; requires stones laid on branches. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots in well-drained pots or pans of sandy peat under bell-glass in temperature of 50°-55°, October or November ; layers in March or April.
Flowers ivory-white, fragrant, in a dense terminal umbellate chiste?- ; Perianth 4-lobed, tubular ; Fruit a drupe.
Leaves whorled, oblong-elliptical or lanceolate, entire, obtuse, glabrous. j
A dwarf evergreen shrub, 1 ft.
Discovered by Count Blagayana in Carniola, 1837; introduced 1872.
GARLAND FLOWER, Daphne Cneorum.
Gardens, rockeries. April, May ; again in September.
Floxvers reddish-pink, sweet-scented, small, in a terminal, sessile, flattened head or umbelliferous cyme, closely surrounded by leaves ; Perianth of 4 ovate lobes, smooth on upper surface, tube thickly covered externally with short, silky, white hairs ; Fruit a drupe, white, globose.
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, sessile, entire, mucronate, glabrous, \ in. long, ^ in. broad, thickly set upon young shoots.
An evergreen trailing shrub, 6-12 ins.
Native of Europe ; introduced 1752.
SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne Laureola.
Copses and hedge banks in stiff soils. January — April. It is useful for growing under trees.
Flowers yellow-green, faintly fragrant, honeyed, entomophilous, in sub-sessile
axillary cluste?'s or very short drooping racemes of 3-5 flowers, both bisexual
and staminate ; bracts conspicuous, oblong, deciduous ; Perianth lobes half the
length of tube ; Fruit a drupe, oval, bluish-black, \ in. long.
128
THYMELi^ACE^
Leaves in tufts at ends of shoots, oblong or lanceolate, acute, very coriaceous, glossy, shining, dark green above, paler below, 1^-31 ins. long, f-1^ in. wide ; dying leaves brown.
An evergreen shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous, leafless below, r Of pliant, tough.
Native of Britain. Berries poisonous to man, favourites with small birds.
or
Mk
MEZEREON, Daphne lUezereum.
Copses and woods in hilly districts, gardens. February — April.
Flowers purplish-red, odorous, honeyed, appearing before leaves are fully out, in a few-flowered ci/me below leaves on shoot of preceding year, flowers usually in threes, sometimes pairs or fours, bracts small ; Perianth deciduous, tubular, i-^ in. long, 4-cleft, slightly hairy, lobes spreading, as long as tube ; Stamens 8, sub-sessile, at top of tube, in 2 series ; Ovary superior, 1 celled, style short, stigma capitate; Fruit a drupe, bright red, ovoid, h in. long, 1 -seeded, very acrid and poisonous, ripe in September.
Leaves alternate, oblong-lanceolate or spathulate-lanceolate, exstipulate, shortly petiolate, entire, obtuse or acute, membranous, glabrous, 2-3 ins. long, glaucous or pale green above, bluish beneath. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Branches few, erect, glabrous ; Tivigs slender, flexible ; Bark acid, smooth, yellowish-grey.
Native of Britain ; somewhat rare. Berries poisonous to man, but favourites with finches and robin. Bark and branches yield yellow dye. Daphne was Greek name of the Bay-tree, Laurus nobilis, and originally of the nymph who was changed into a laurel-tree when fleeing from Apollo.
PONTIC SPURGE LAUREL, Daphne pontica.
Gardens. April — May. This and the previous two species are used as
stocks for grafting.
Floivers yellowish-green, very fragrant in evening, bractless, glabrous, in
129
TREES AND SHRUBS
a many-flowered upright cluster, flowers in pairs ; Pejiaiith lobes long, reflexed-i Fruit a drupe.
Leaves alternate, obovate-lanceolate, petiolate, entire, glabrous, glossy, light green.
An evergreen shrub, 4-5 ft. ; Branches spreading.
Native of E. Europe; introduced 1759. First discovered by Tournefort on coast of Black Sea.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Elceagnacece
Trees or shrubs with alternate or opposite exstipulate leaves, entire, with silvery or brown scurfy scales; Floivcrs 1-2-sexual, white or yellow, regular, axillary, fascicled or cymose ; Calyx 2-4-lobed, or 2-4 distinct sepals ; Stamens adnate to calyx tube, in males twice as many as lobes, in 2-sexual flowers as many as lobes and opposite to them ; Ovarjj superior, enclosed in thickened base of calyx tube, 1-celled ; Fruit indehiscent, enclosed in tube, 1 -seeded.
In Europe, the only Order containing shrubby plants with scurfy leaves. They differ from Thymelaaacea? chiefly in having 1 erect ovule.
OLEASTER, or WILD OLIVE, Elo'agnus angustifoUa.
Parks, gardens, shrubberies. May. Prefers a rather dry soil. The species of Elajagnus are very ornamental shrubs or small trees, with conspicuous silvery foliage. Useless growth may be cut away in late summer. They are propa- gated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame in September ; layering in October ; seeds sown in boxes of light soil in temperature of 55° in March.
Flmvers yellow within, silvery scales outside, fragrant, usually bisexual, in
solitary or axillary clusters of 1-3 ; Perianth canipanulate, 4-lobed ; Stamens 4,
alternating with perianth lobes ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style linear, long ;
Fruit a fleshy drupe, ovid-oblong, red, sweet, mealy.
130
3 ^^-^^-^^-^^x \'ft fr D
SWEET BAY (Launch nohilis) A. Flownring brancli. B. Fruit. C. One of the stamens (anthers dehiscing). D. Flower, enlarged. Plate XLVIII.
ELi^AGNACEi^
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, often ovate on young trees and vigorous shoots, icute, serrate, upper surface dull greyish-green, scattered stellate scales, under- side silvery -grey, densely covered with stellate scales, blade 2-3 ins, long.
A deciduous tree, 15 20 ft. ; Branches glabrous, thorny, shining reddish- brown ; hranchlets silvery-grey.
Native of Asia; naturalised in S. Europe; introduced 1633. Syn. E. hortensis.
SILVER BERRY, Elccagnus argcntca.
Gardens, shrubberies. July, August.
Floivers yellow, small, fragrant, silvery, |-| in. long, in an a.villarij cluster, nodding ; Perianth lobes ovate, J^ in. long ; Fruit a drupe, roundish-ovate, J-^ in. long, ribbed, silvery scales, stone 8-striate.
Leaves alternate, oval-oblong, acute or obtuse, waved, glabrous both surfaces, silvery scales, shortly petiolate, 3 in. long, li in. wide.
A deciduous shrub, 8-12 ft.; Branches spreading, rusty-brown, becoming silvery.
Introduced from N. America, 1813.
LARGE-LEAVED OLEASTER, Ekmgnus vmcrophylla.
Gardens, shrubberies. October. This is a distinctive species, with large roundi.sh silvery leaves having a tendency to curl at the edges, and silvery- white blossoms emitting a perfume like Gardenia. It makes a good specimen for a west wall, and does well in sandy peat.
Floivers silvery- white, fragrant, ^ in. long, densely clothed with silvery scales, axillary, solitary or forming clusters, pedicels silvery-white ; Perianth campanu- late, 4-lobed, lobes ovate, as long as tube ; Stamens 4, alternate with lobes, filaments very short ; Ovary superior, style curved ; Fruit a drupe, scarlet.
Leaves alternate, roundish-ovate, obtuse or acute, margin wavy, glabrous,
dark glossy green above, bright silvery scales beneath, 2\ ins. long, 1^ in. wide,
petioles silvery.
131
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen shrub, 6 8 ft. ; Branches erect, spreading, angled ; 2\vigs covered with silvery and ferruginous scales ; Buds small, scales ferruginous.
Native of China and Japan. Known in Japan as "Fon Gumi." i
LONG-STALKED OLEASTER, E/ceag,ms nmltiflora.
Gardens, shrubberies. May. The silvery leaves are in striking contrast with the dark reddish-brown twigs, and make this a very desirable species ; indeed, it is one of the best.
Fhxvers whitish, in axiUary clusters, pedicels long ; F^ruit a drupe, oblong, orange-red, transparent, small ferruginous scales, pedicels long ; used for jelly.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or obtuse, entire, green above, silvery-white beneath, dotted with ferruginous scales, 2 ins. long, 1 in. wide.
An evergreen shrub, 8-15 ft. ; Branches erect; Twigs reddish-brown, scurfy with ferruginous scales ; Buds ovoid, reddish-brown with similar scales.
Native of China and Japan; introduced 1873. Syns. E. edulis and E. longipes.
SEA BUCKTHORN, Hippopha; rhamnoides.
Sandy shores and sea cliffs. May, June. A handsome berry-bearing shrub, which grows remarkably well in rich damp soil near ponds, lakes, or rivers. Propagated by cuttings of roots in ordinary soil outdoors in February or March ; layering of shoots in autumn ; suckers in autumn ; seeds sown outdoors when ripe, November or December.
Floxvers yellow, dioecious, appearing with young leaves on erect dwarf shoots, small and inconspicuous. Male flowers in small catkin-like spikes in axils of lowest scale-like bracts, perianth of 2 ligulate lobes ; Stamens 4, filaments short, anthers yellow. Females, crowded, solitary in each axil, perianth tubular, minutely 2-lobed, beset with speltate scales ; Ovari/ superior, 1-celIed, style shortly protruding, stigma erect ; Fruit a drupe, berry-like, a membranous utricle enclosed in succulent calyx tube, globose or oblong, } in. diam., orange- yellow, spotted.
132
I
LORANTHACE^
Leaves alternate, linear to oblong-lanceolate, entire, obtuse, sub-coriaceous, dull green above and nearly glabrous, or white scattered stellate hairs above, silvery -grey, with scaly scurf beneath, midrib with rusty scales, shortly petiolate, ^-2 ins. long, lengthening after floweruig to 3 ins., ^ in. wide. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 1-8 ft. ; or Willow-like tree, 10 ft. ; Branches slender, sub-pendulous, or short and spinescent ; Shoots with rusty bronze scales ; Buds rusty-brown.
Native of East and South England ; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland. Hippophaes was old Greek name used by Hippocrates for a prickly spurge. Specific name from Rhammis, the Buckthorn, from resemblance of spinous branches. Known also as Sallow-thorn.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . Loranthacece
Evergreen shrubs, with jointed stems, parasitic on the branches of trees ; Leaves usually opposite, exstipulate, thick and coriaceous ; Floxveis usually dioecious ; Calyx 4-8-lobed, valvate in bud ; Stamens 4-8, adnate to calyx lobes ; Ovary inferior, 1 -celled; Fruit a 1 -seeded berry.
MISTLETOE, Viscum album.
Parasitic on trees, especially apple. March — May.
Flowers yellowish-green, dioecious or rarely monoecious, entomophilous, small, in a dense cymose cluster between the forks, or at the apex of, dichasial shoots; Males 3-5, in a cup-shaped fleshy bract; Females solitary, or 2-3 in bract; 3Iales, perianth of 4-6 triangular segments on margin of hollow receptacle ; Stamens 4-6, anthers sessile, cells adnate to the inner faces of sepals, dehiscing by pores ; Females, 4 segments, sunk in receptacle, crowning the ovary, stigma
VOL. II. 133 M
TREES AND SHRUBS
sessile, thick ; Fruit a 1-seeded pseudo-berry, ovoid or globose, greenish-white, semi-transparent, pulp viscid.
Leaves opposite, or 3 in a whorl, exstipulate, oblong to nearly ovate, entire, obtuse, narrowed at base, thick, fleshy or coriaceous, green or yellow -green, 1-3 ins. long, |-f in. wide ; dead leaves yellow.
A deciduous parasitic shrub, 1-3 ft. ; Stem becoming woody when old ; Branches dichotomous, smooth, green, terete, knotted ; Buds small, green.
Native of Britain. Generic name from L. viscum, bird-lime, mistletoe ; cog. with Gr. ivos or biskos, mistletoe; English name from A.S. mistel-tan ; viistcl, mistletoe ; tan, a twig ; mist el is dim. of mist, darkness = anything which darkens the sight or judgment.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incontpletce Natural Order . . Euphorbiacece
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with entire leaves, usually alternate, often stipulate, stems often with lactiferous vessels ; Floivers usually 1 -sexual, monoecious or dioecious, bracteate, sometimes with a calyx-like involucre, occasionally without a perianth ; Calyx 3-5-lobed or wanting ; Corolla usually absent, sometimes represented by scales or petals ; Stamens 1 or more, distinct or united, sometimes branched ; Ovary superior, 2-3-celled, 2-3-lobed, styles 2-3, often branched ; Frnit a schizocarp, separating elastically into 3 cocci, or succulent.
Distinguished from other Orders by the unisexual flowers and tri-coccous fruit.
MINORCA BOX, Buxus bakarica.
Gardens. July. Requires dry porous soil, and does best in well-sheltered
situations. The species are propagated by cuttings of young shoots 3 ins. long in
shady border, August or September ; division of old plants, October or March ;
layers in September or October.
134
J50X (/!u.ni:^ sciiqierrireii.t!)
/. Flmvt'i-ing branch, i?. Fruit. C Single male Hower. Z». Single female flower. ^. Section of female flower. F. Seed. O. Capsules partly and fully open, showing seeds. //. Section of male lluwer, showing nectaries.
Plait. XI.IX,
EUPHORBIACE.^
Floivers light yellow, small, inconspicuous, monoecious, in a glomerule ; Males, Sepals 4 ; Stamens 4 ; Females, Ovary 3-celled ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule.
Leaves opposite, oblong-elliptical, emarginate, coriaceous, cartilaginous margin, yellowish-green, 1^-2 ins. long.
An evergreen shinib or small tree, 15-20 ft.
Native of Balearic Islands and other parts of S. Europe ; introduced 1780.
COMMON BOX, Buxiis sempervirem.
Parks, gardens, chalk hills. April — June.
Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, usually entomophilous, small, incon- spicuous, in an axillary cluster {glomei-ule), several unibracteate male flowers, and 1-2 females with 3 bracteoles ; Males, Perianth small, 4 segments ; Stamens 4, opposite perianth lobes, hypogynous, around a rudimentary ovary, anthers didy- mous, introrse, filaments stout ; Females, Perianth 6-12 segments in whorls of 3 ; Ovary globose, superior, 3-ceUed, styles 3, stigmas 3, obtuse, proterogynous ; Fruit a 3-valved capsule, ovoid, sessile, hard, coriaceous, ^ in. long, ending in 3 stiff' short beaks, 1-2 black shiny seeds in each cell.
Leaves sub-opposite, ovate or oblong, sub-sessile, obtuse or retuse, convex, coriaceous, shining, exstipulate, ^-1 in. long ; petioles slightly hairy at edges.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 15-20 ft. ; slow of growth ; Branches slender, glabrous, downy when young, erect or drooping ; Tivigs more or less 4-angled ; Bark rough, grey ; Old Stems often twisted ; Buds very small ; Groivth very slow; JFood yellow, with very fine grain, hard, heavy, will not float, susceptible of high polish ; used for engraving, tools, and carving.
Indigenous in chalky districts of Southern and Central England.
Name is A.S. box = Box-tree ; L. buxi/s ; Gr. pyxas.
Leaves sometimes sprinkled with Box Leaf-rust {Puccinia Buxi).
135 M 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
SIOUMI, Daphmphyllum macTopodum.
Gardens. September. The compact growth and large foliage give this shrub a striking resemblance to a Rhododendron. Propagated by layers or cuttings of ripe shoots.
Flowers small, dioecious, apetalous, in a short axillary raceme ; Sepals small, 3-8, connate; Stamens 5-18, anthers large, basifixed ; Ovary superior, imperfectly 2-celled, stigmas short, thick, recurved ; Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, J in. long, black.
Leaves alternate, elliptic, or lanceolate, obtuse, base acute, entire, dark green above, pale and glaucous beneath, 3-8 ins. long, 2 ins. wide, petiole long, reddish- purple.
An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Bark reddish.
Native of India, Ceylon, China, and .Japan. Known in gardens as D. glaucescens. Generic name from Gr. Daphne, the Bay-tree (Laurus nobilis), and phyllon, a leaf = resembling the Laurel. " Sioumi " is the Oriental name.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . IncompletcB Naturai, Order . . . Ufticacece
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with usually alternate and stipulate leaves, often with stinging hairs ; Floivers usually small, vmisexual or rarely polygamous, monoecious or dioecious ; Perianth in the males equally lobed or partite ; in the females often unequally lobed, or consisting of a scale-like sepal ; Stamens usually equal hi number to perianth segments, and opposite to them ; Ovary superior, or in a few genera more or less inferior, 1 or 2-celled ; Fruit in- dehiscent, 1-seeded.
Distinguished from Euphorbiaceas by the 1-seeded fruit, and from Cupuli-
ferfu by the regular perianth of the male flowers. Tiie Nettles (Urticeaj) are
distinguished from Chenopodiacea' by their stipulate and rough leaves with
stinging hairs ; the Elms (Ulmea;) often form a separate Order.
136
URTICACE.^
WINGED ELM, Uhms alata.
Parks, gardens. March, April. The curious ridge-like corky excres- cence on the branches makes this one of the most distinct and conspicuous of hard-wooded trees. The species of Ulmus are propagated by suckers, October or November ; layering of shoots, September or October ; seeds gathered as soon as ripe and sown in light soil in shady position outdoors.
Floweis reddish, in a few-flowered fascicle, pedicels drooping; Perianth 5-lobed, lobes obovate, glabrous ; Ovary hoary tomentose, raised on short slender stipe ; Fruit a samara, oblong, I in. long, hirsute, tipped with in- curved awns, wing narrow.
Leaves alternate, ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, unequal at base, acute or acuminate, coarsely doubly serrate, firm or sub-coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, pale and soft pubescent below, 12^-2^ ins. long ; petioles pubescent, stipules linear-obovate, thin, scarious.
A deciduous tree, 30-40 ft. ; Branches erect ; branchlets glabrous or puberulous, often with 2 thin corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Baj-k with shallow fissures, light brown tinged with red ; Buds slender, acute, scales glabrous or slightly puberulous ; Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, not easily split, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1820. Specific name from L. ala, a wing. Known in America as the ^^'^ahoo.
AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM, Uhms americana.
Parks, gardens. INIarch, April. Best in moist loamy soil.
Flowers greenish-red, appearing before leaves, in a 3-4-flowered cyviose
fascicle, pedicels slender, drooping; Perianth 7-9-lobed, ciliate ; Stamens 5-6,
anthers bright red ; Ovary light green, ciliate with white hairs, styles light
green ; Fi-uit a samara, ovate to obovate-oblong, ciliate, 1 in. long, wing
broad.
137
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, obovate-oblong to oval, unequal at base, acute, coarsely doubly serrate, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, usually pale and pubescent below, 2-4 ins. long, petioles stout, stipules linear-lanceolate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous t7-ee, 80-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, not corky ; hranchlets glabrous, destitute of corky wings, reddish-brown to ashy-grey ; Bark fissured, ashy-grey ; Buds ovate, acute, flattened, scales glabrous, brown ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown ; used for coach-making, turnery, and boat-building.
Introduced from N. America, 1752. Known as Canada Rock Elm.
COMMON ELM, Ulmus campestris.
Woods, fields, hedgerows, gardens. March, April.
Flowers reddish-brown, in dense clusters, appearing before leaves, anemo- philous, proterogynous, often males only by abortion ; Perianth small, 4-8-lobed ; Sta?nens often 4, sometimes 5-8, opposite lobes, anthers rusty ; Ova7-y 1-celled, stigmas 2 ; Friiit a samara, winged all round, obovate, notched ; seeds above centre, rarely ripening.
Leaves alternate, ovate, variable, unequal at base, narrow, 2J-4 ins. by 1-2 ins., serrated, acute, scabrous above, pubescent beneath, or nearly glabrous, hairs with irritating properties, petiole short, stipules caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 125 ft., shedding leaves very early; usually taller and straighter than U. montana ; Suckers abundant; Bai'k rough, corky, with vertical furrows ; Branches mostly projecting upwards ; Tivigs given off alternately at acute angles, smooth ; Buds smooth, reddish -brown, scales are stipules ; Wood brown, heavy, hard, tough, porous, twisted in grain ; used for piles, pipes, pumps, blocks, ships' keels and planks, carpentry, wright- woi'k, turnery, and cabinet-making.
Not indigenous in Britain ; the most frequent in fields and hedgerows ;
lives to about 500-600 years. Also called Small-leaved Elm.
138
KIjM (Ulmua campestns) A. Leaf. D. Flowerinj,' brancli. C. Flower (enlarged). 1). Fruit (samaras).
Plate L.
URTICACEiE
Insects injurious to Elms : — B(vk — Elm Tree Destroyer {Scolytus dest?-ucto?-) ; Foliage — Comma Butterfly {J''a?tessa c-album), Large Tortoise-shell Butterfly {Vanessa jjolychlorus). Mottled Umber {Hybernia defoliaria), March Moth {Anisopteryx cescularia). Tree Lackey {Bomby.v neiistria) ; Wood — AVood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cescidi).
Fungoid Pests: — Elm-leaf Phloeospore {F/ileospora Ulmi), Elm-leaf Blotch {Pliyllaclto?-a Ulmi).
WYCH ELM, Ulmus montana.
Woods, parks, gardens. Best in good fertile soils and good light. March, April.
Flowers reddish-brown, appearing before leaves, borne in dense clusters on sides of branches, surrounded by brownish bracts ; Perianth campanulate, 4-7-toothed, lobes obtuse; Stamens as many as lobes of perianth, and opposite, anthers purple; Ovary flat, 2-celled, styles 2, diverging; Fruit a thin, flat 1 -seeded samara, broadly ovate or orbicular, glabrous, small notch at top ; seed in centre or below, produced after thirty years.
Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, broadly ovate, doubly and trebly serrated, unequal at base, rough on upper side, downy beneath, 3-G ins. long, 3 ins. diam. Autumn tint golden-yellow.
A deciduous ti'ee, 80-120 ft. ; Branches long, diverging like letter Y, ascend- ing and pendulous ; Tiags pubescent ; Bark rough, often corky ; Trunk often having excrescences ; Buds brown, with rusty hairs ; Wood hard, straight- grained, flexible when steamed, stands alternate wetting and drying ; inferior to that of Common Elm, and more liable to split ; used in boat-building.
The common wild Elm of North and West England, Scotland, and Ireland ; rare in South-east England. Known also as Scotch Elm, Mountain Elm, and Broad-leaved Elm. Several varieties in cultivation. Name from A.S. elm, the Elm-tree.
Ijcaves often rolled, blistered, and thickened by an Aphis {Schizoneura
Ulmi).
139
TREES AND SHRUBS
PAPER MULBERRY, Bromsonetia papyrifera.
Gardens. May. An ornamental tree which thrives best in well-drained, rather open ground. Propagated by cuttings of ripe wood in sandy soil in cold frame in October; suckers in October or November; seeds when ripe or in the following spring.
Floivers greenish, dioecious; Males in pendulous, cylindrical catkins, each flower in the axil of a bract ; Females in peduncled, axillary, erect globular heads ; Fruit an eta^rio of spurious drupes (sorosis).
Leaves alternate, ovate or deeply lobed, margin entire, acute, hairy.
A deciduous tree, 10-20 ft.
Native of India, China, and Japan; introduced 1751. Genus named after Broussonet, a French naturalist. Inner bark used for paper-making.
BLACK OR COMMON MULBERRY, Moms nigra.
Gardens. June, July. Prefers deep, light, somewhat moist soil in sunny position sheltered from north winds. In the young state it makes a fine speci- men shrub, and later grows into an imposing and ornamental tree. Straggling branches may be shortened, or crowded ones thinned in February. Pro- pagated by cuttings 6 8 ins. long, partly current growth and partly two years old, from upper part of tree, inserted half their depth in light soil in sheltered position outdoors, September, October, or March ; layering of shoots in September ; seeds in light sandy soil in temperature of 55°-65° in March, transplanting seedlings outdoors in June or July ; or seeds sown outdoors in May.
Flowers greenish-white, monoecious, sometimes dicecious, anemophilous,
inconspicuous, in short thick catkin-like spikes of cymes on receptacle, becoming
succulent when fruit ripens ; 3lales, Calyx 4-partite, yellowish-green ; Stamens
4 ; Females, Sepah 3-4, greenish, persistent ; Ovary 2-celled, styles short,
stigmas 2, spreading ; Fruit an oblong mass of spurious drupes (sorosis), com-
140
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!3 W
> .
* • I-
O aj
. o
t- qi]
« a
« °
a; -^
.5 o
be
a
3
>^'
\^cE
URTICACE.^
posed of the receptacle, calyces, and utriculi, all succulent and consolidated, very juicy, sub-acid, turning from green to crimson, then red, finally reddish- black ; ripe in August.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate, or 3-5-lobed, petiolate, irregularly serrate, acute, dark green, upper surface hispid, 4 ins. by 4 ins., young leaves pilose beneath ; stipules lateral, small, linear, caducous. Autumn tint yellow^.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft., with large round head ; JBra/iches horizontal ; Bark rough, reddish-brown ; Buds seldom open before May ; tree slow of growth, but long lived ; Wood used for cabinet-work.
Native of Persia and Armenia ; introduced 1548. First planted at Syon House.
FIG, Ficus Caiica.
Gardens, walls. May. In mild districts of the south this will grow as a standard, but generally is best against a south or south-west wall. The best crops of fruit are usually secured from trees planted in a compost of fibry loam, brick rubbish, and old mortar by the side of a hard walk into which the roots cannot easily ramify. Deformed, dead, or weak branches should be removed in April or July, and the points of vigorous young shoots pinched in July. Any fruits sufficiently advanced in early autumn to show the shape of the Fig should be pinched off. Propagated by cuttings of previous year's growth, 6-9 ins. long, in sandy soil under bell-glass in temperature of 65°-75° in spring ; layering of shoots, October or November ; suckers in autumn ; seeds carefully cleaned from pulp and kept till early spring, then sown in light soil in temperature of 75^
Floxvers monoecious, entomophilous, proterogynous, minute, appearing
with the leaves, enclosed, and hidden, in a pyriform hollow Heshy receptacle
(hypanthodium) formed of the swollen floral axis, the sides of which have grown
up around it, meeting at the top, forming an inverted flask-like spike with sessile
flowers, in which the outside bearing the flowers has become introverted ; 3lalc
flowers mostly in upper part ; Perianth 3-5-fid ; Stamens 3-5 ; Females in lower
141
TREES AND SHRUBS
part ; Perianth 5-partite ; Ovary superior, 1-celled, style lateral, stigma bifid ; Fruit a syconus, consisting of achenes immersed in pulpy receptacle, greenish- yellow to violet-brown, 2-3 1 ins. long, one or two together in axils of leaves, orifice at tip closed by small scales ; seeds very numerous.
Leaves alternate, very variable, 3-6 ins. by 2^-7^ ins., palmately 3-7-lobed, 5-partite, or entire, lobes variously cut, base cordate, thick, dark green and scabrous above, paler and pubescent beneath, petiole 1-2 ins. long, stout. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 15-30 ft. ; Branches spreading ; Biids large ; Sucke?'s abundant.
Native of Mediterranean regions, Syria, Persia, Afghanistan ; re-introduced to Britain by Cardinal Pole, 1525. In Italy fertilisation is brought about through the agency of a small wasp {JBlasfophaga grossorum), which lays its eggs in the ovules of the abortive female flowers, producing galls, and afterwards carries pollen to other female flowers. Ficus is the old Latin name for a fig-tree, and is akin to the Greek sickon, a fig.
Class 1 Dicotyledons
Division IV^. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . Platanaceoe
Trees, usually tall, with flaking bark, and without milky juice; Leaves alternate, palmately nerved and lobed, petiolate, with sheathing stipules ; Flowers small, monoecious, in globose, densely-crowded heads, the male and female heads on separate pendulous peduncles, usually 3 heads on each ; Pei'ianth 0, or replaced by scales or bristles; Ovary 1-celled, style persistent; Fruit a head of 1 -seeded nuts.
Readily distinguished from the Sycamores or False Planes by the alternate leaves.
142
FIG {Ficus Carira)
A. Leaf. B. Section of hypanthotlinm. C. Portion ot inner surface nf samp, slinwinp; pistillate Mowers (enlarged). D. Staminate, or uialu flower (enlarged). E. I'ruit (green fig).
T>I ITB. T II
PLATANACEiE
LONDON PLANE, PManus acerifolia.
Parks, gardens, avenues. April. This is one of the most suitable of trees for town planting, having the property of resisting fumes in a high degree. The species of Platanus thrive best when their roots have access to water. They may be pruned into shape, October — February. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 6-8 ins. long in moist soil in sheltered position in November ; layering of shoots in autumn or spring ; seeds merely pressed into surface of soil, and kept moist and shaded, in November.
Floivers greenish, as P. orientaUs, in globular heads on axillary peduncles, generally in threes, sometimes two or four, regular distances wide apart ; Fruit a globular head, bristly.
Leaves alternate, resembling those of Common JNIaple, broadly and acutely 3-5-lobed or angled, a few remote coarse serratures, nearly straight at base, petiole long and slender, leaves 6| ins. long, 8 ins. broad, stipules auricled, lobes acuminate, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches mostly straight, not very stout, uniform in size, lower ones horizontal or declining, upper ones more or less erect ; Tivigs slender ; Stems of young trees smooth, dark greenish-brown ; Ba7-k in old stems scaling in small, thin pieces.
Native of Asia; introduced 1724. This is the Maple-leaved Plane; the P. orientaUs var. acerifolia of Loudon, and the P. vulgaris var. acerifolia of gardens.
WEDGE-LEAVED PLANE, Platamis cuneata.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers greenish, resembling P. orieutalis; Fruit a globular head of small nuts.
Leaves palmately wedge-shaped, very variable ; on old or stunted plants
often 3-lobed, lobes angular, few small teeth ; on young and vigorous plants deeply
5-lobed, few small serratures, terminated by hard points, all tapering towards
143
TREES AND SHRUBS
base, covered with down when young, ghibrous when old, 4^ ins. long, 3| ins. broad ; petiole very short.
A deciduous bash or low tree ; Branches tortuous, somewhat ascending.
Native of I^evant ; introduced 1739. Sometimes called P. u?idul.ata, and considered by some as a stunted variety of P. oiientalis.
WESTERN PLANE, Platanus occidentalis.
Parks, gardens, avenues. May. This is usually larger and more rapid in growth than its relative of the East. Its leaves are larger and less deeply lobed, and its seed-balls are larger, and usually hang singly on the slender peduncles.
Floxveis as in P. orie?italis, in globular heads, 2-4, more commonly only 1, on long slender peduncles, larger than P. 07~ientulis ; 3Iales axillary, dark red; Females terminal, light green, tinged red; Fruit a globular head of 1 -seeded nuts ; balls large, smoother than P. orientalis, brownish, ripe in October or November, persistent through winter ; seed-fibres said to cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nostrils, mouth, and probably the lungs.
Leaves alternate, broadly 5-lobed or angled, a few large acute serratures, cordate or truncate at base, when young scurfy with rusty-coloured tomentum or silky down, glabrous when older, bright green above, paler beneath, slightly hairy in axils of veins and on principal ribs, petiole purplish-red, leaves up to 8 ins. by 8 ins., stipules brown, woolly, caducous. Autumn tints yellow to red- brown.
A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Bark smooth, light ash-colour, flaking off in small pieces ; Br-anches tortuous, axillary buds concealed within hollowed base of petioles, conical, pubescent, pale brown or olive ; Twigs rounded, olive-green ; Wood used for cabinet-work.
Introduced from N. America about 1636 ; there called Button-wood ; reaches height of 140-170 ft. Probably lives more than 600 years.
144
ORIENTAL PLAKE (I'latanus oneniali.-=) A. Female flower clusters. S. Fruit cluster. C. Male flower cluster.
Plate LUI.
PLATANACEiE
ORIENTAL OR COMMON PLANE, Platanus orientalis.
Parks, gardens, avenues. April. The Plane-tree has been employed for giving shade since the days of the Greeks, and few trees are better adapted for planting as specimens upon the lawn or elsewhere when the site is moderately sheltered.
Floiters greenish-yellow, small, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves, in a globular head, males and females on separate peduncles, 2-5, usually 3, heads on each axillary peduncle ; Stamens in male flowers mixed, without definite order, with scales, which may be bracts, perianth segments, or stami- nodes ; Females, Ovary 1-celled, style persistent ; Periantlt replaced with scales, which may be bracts, segments, or abortive ovaries ; Fruit a globular head of small 1 -seeded nuts, ball covered with bristly points, ripe in October, brown, persistent through winter.
Leaves alternate, palmately 5-lobed, wedge-shaped at base, divisions lanceo- late, sinuated, upper surface glabrous, shining green, Tv ins. long, 7| ins. broad ; petiole green ; stipules sheathing, nearly entire. Autumn tints yellow to orange-brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches widely-spreading, lower ones horizontal ; Bark flaking in larger pieces, whitish-grey, on young branches more persistent, brown, sometimes tinted with purple ; Buds concealed by petioles ; Wood pale-brown, fine-grained, tough, hard ; soon perishes if exposed to sun and atmosphere.
Introduced from the Levant some time previous to loiS ; possibly lives 2000 years. Generic name is from old Greek for the Plane {Platanos) — • platijs, broad, probably referring to foliage. Specific name is Latin for Eastern.
vol.. u. 1-45 N
TREES AND SHRUBS
Ci-Ass I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Juglandece
Trees with alternate, pinnate, exstipulate leaves ; Flowers uni-sexual, inconspicuous ; 31ales in catkins ; Cahjx irregular, 2 6-partite, or a single scale ; Stamens 3 or many ; Females solitary or a terminal cluster ; Calyx regular, 8-5-lobed; Omry inferior, imperfectly 2-4-celled, w^ith a single ovule; Fruit a kind of drupe, 2-valved, 1 seed with large oily cotyledons, divided into 2 or 4 lobes.
Distinguished from Cupulifera? chiefly by the solitary ovule, and in the absence of a cupule.
SHELL-BARK HICKORY, Canja alba.
Parks, gardens. May. Needs good loamy soil ; very impatient of removal. I'ropagated by nuts sown where trees are intended to remain.
Flowers greenish ; Males in threes at base of shoots of same year, peduncled, glabrous ; Perianth adnate to bracts, 2-3-lobed, middle lobe linear, much longer than laterals ; Stamens 3-10, filaments short ; Females 2-6 on terminal peduncles ; Perianth 4-toothed, petals 0, styles 2-4 ; Fruit a nut, globose or depressed, li in. long, husk thick, freely splitting at base into four valves ; nut greyish-white, angled, barely nmcronate, 4-celled, sweet, shell somewhat thin.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, leaflets 5-9, lower ones oblong- lanceolate, upper obovate-lanceolate, sessile, acuminate, narrow or rounded at base, finely serrate, pubescent, fragrant. Autumn tint golden-yellow.
A deciduous shrub or tree, 50-80 ft. ; Tivigs tomentose-pubescent, fragrant when cruslied ; Bark rough ; Bud-scales very large ; Wood hard, close-grained, elastic ; used in carriage-building.
Native of U.S.A. and Canada; introduced 1G29. Syn. Hicoria uvata.
Aboriginal name Hico7'i.
146
JUGLANDE^
WALNUT, Juglans regia.
Parks, gardens. March. Propagated by nuts sown in light soil outdoors in November, transplanting seedlings following October.
Flowers greenish, moncecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves ; Blale catkins cylindrical, slender, 3 ins. long, drooping, on shoot of previous year; Cahjx of 2-5 greenish scales ; Stamens numerous, 5-20 ; 1 bract, 2 bracteoles ; Females solitary, or in clusters at end of shoot of the year ; Calyx 4-5-lobed ; Ovary inferior, 2-4 carpels, 1 -celled, stigmas 2-3, purplish, fleshy ; Fruit a drupe, sub-globose, epicarp fleshy, fibrous, bursting irregularly, endocarp woody, furrowed, 2-valved ; ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, exstipulate, petiolate, 8-10 ins. long; leaflets, 5-9, oval, obscurely serrated, acute, glabrous, odorous, shining dark green above, paler beneath, fragrant. Autvunn tint brown.
A deciduous tree, 40-60 ft. ; large spreading head ; Branches twisted, upward tendency ; Timgs glabrous, shining, lenticels long ; Bark grey, smooth when young, rugged when older, deep longitudinal furrows ; Wood white when young, brown when older, coarse grained, beautifully marked, light, tough, takes a high poUsh ; much used for cabinet-work and gun-stocks ; burrs or excrescences valuable.
Native of Persia, the Himalayas, and Western Asia ; introduced about fifteenth century. Name a contraction of Walsh-nut = foreign-nut. Latin name Jugla/is is probably a contraction of Jovis Glans, the Nut of Jupiter. Timber bored by larva of Wood Leopard Moth [Zeuzera ccscuii) ; Leaves subject to attacks of ^Valnut Anthracnose {Marsonia Juglandis).
CAUCASIAN WALNUT, Pterocarya caucasica.
Gardens. May. Its grand symmetrical proportions, fine foliage, and unique
fruit make this one of the most beautiful of exotic trees. Being one of the
first of deciduous trees to burst into leaf, it is apt to be damaged by late frosts,
and should, therefore, be in a sheltered position. It may be propagated by
layers, suckers, or seed.
147 N 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Flowers greenish, unisexual, monoecious ; Males in a pendulous catkin 5-6 ins. long; Female catkins 10-12 ins. long, sometimes as much as 20 ins.; Fruit drupaceous, dry, angled, 2-winged, much tapered at tip, seldom ripening in this country.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets about 19, ovate-oblong, acuminate, acutely serrate, glabrous, sessile, bright green above, paler or glaucous beneath, 12-18 ins. long, sometimes more than 2 ft., width 18 ins.
A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches widely spreading ; Trunk with large excrescences ; Roots extending to great distance ; Suckers abundant when near water ; Wood used for veneering and cabinet-making.
Introduced from the Caucasus about 1800. Generic name from Gr. pteron, a wing, and caryon, a nut, referring to winged fruit. Syn. P. fraxinifoUa. Specific name from L. Fraxinus, the Ash, and j'olius, a leaf, from resemblance of foliage.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV Incompletce
Natural Okdek . . . Myricacece
Trees or shrubs, with alternate, usually exstipulate, resinous leaves ; Fhxcers in catkins or catkin-like spikes, monoecious or dioecious; Male Jloivers of 2-16 stamens, inserted on base of a bract, sometimes Avith 2 lateral bracteoles ; anthers basifixed, extrorse ; Females, Ova?-i/ 1-celled, sessile at base of the bract, usually 2-4 bracteoles ; Fruit drupaceous.
BOG MYRTLE, Mijrica Gale.
Bogs and wet moors, gardens. May — July. Thrives well in moist peaty
soil in shaded parts of the rockery or border. Propagated by cuttings in sandy
soil in sheltered position outdoors, vSeptember or October ; layers of shoots,
September or October ; division of plants, October to INIarcli ; seeds sown as
soon as ripe in ordinary soil in sheltered position outdoors,
148
WHITE JURCH (IlrJu/a n/ha) A. Twigs with male ami female catkins. Jj. Male flower. 0. Bract scale with three female flowers. C Seed. Plate LIV.
MYRICACEi^
Flowers brownish-green, dioecious, anemophilous, appearing before the leaves ; 3Iale catkins, l-\ in. long, ovoid, dense, sessile, erect; Stamens 4, free, filaments adnate to base of bracts, anthers red, basifixed, extrorse, scales broad-ovate, concave, eitire, shining; Females J in. long; Ovary ovoid, sessile at base of bract, 1-celled, styles 2, red, filamentous, divaricating ; Fruit an indehiscent nutlet, drupaceous, jV in. long, adnate to persistent fleshy bracteoles, densely sprinkled with golden glands, stone 1 -seeded.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, variable, lanceolate or cuneate-oblong, entire or minutely toothed at apex, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, coriaceous, shortly petiolate, matt green above, paler and often pubescent beneatli, dotted with golden, resinous, aromatic glands, 2-3 ins. long, J-lj in. broad. Autumn tints fawn or purplish-brown.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; twiggy, sub-erect, resinous, fragrant.
Native of Britain. Generic name from Gr. Myrike, used by Homer for the Tamarisk. Also called Sweet Gale.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV^. . . . Incompletce Natural Order . . . Cupuliferce
Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves and deciduous stipules ; Floxoers monoecious, bracteate and bracteolate, usually in catkins or small heads ; Males with or without a perianth of 1-5 or more segments or distinct sepals ; Stamens few or several, on a disk, or adnate to bases of sepals, anthers 2-celled ; Females with or without a minutely-toothed perianth adnate to the ovary, which is superior or inferior, and usually 2-3-celled, styles 2 or 3 ; Fruit a nut (glans), 1-celled, 1 -seeded, inclosed in a cupular involucre formed of the hardened accrescent bracts and bracteoles (Oak, Beech, Chestnut), or enclosed in large leafy bracts (Hazel and Hornbeam), or a winged samara (Birch), or a nut without wings (Alder).
149
TREES AND SHRUBS
SILVER BIRCH, Betula alba.
Woods, commons, parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers sandy and loamy soils in cold situations. The "Lady of the Woods" is perhaps the most picturesque of British trees. It makes a good hedge or screen. The species of Betula are propagated by layers in October ; seeds sown in pans or boxes of sandy soil in cold frame in autumn or spring, simply pressing seeds into soil, and not covering ; or in sheltered borders in March.
Flowers whitish, monoecious, appearing before leaves are fully out ; Male catJihis at ends of shoots of previous year, no winter buds-scales, cylindrical, lax, with broad, short-stalked peltate bracts, catkins 1-2 ins. long ; Stamens 6 to each bract, in 3 pairs (flowers), with a scale-like sepal opposite each pair, filaments forked, each branch bearing a single anther lobe ; Female catkins terminating lateral dwarf shoots, enclosed by winter bud-scales, cylindrical and compact, \ in. long, shortly stalked, erect at first, bracts usually 3-lobed and 3-flowered, without perianth ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas 2, purple ; Fruit a small, flat, broad-winged samara, with spreading side lobes, 1-celled, 1-seeded, ripe in September — October. Bears usually after the twenty-fifth year.
Leaves rhomboid-triangular, small, deeply serrated, glossy, coriaceous, petioles long and slender, causing leaves to droop ; young leaves emit balsamic odour ; stipules broad.
A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches slender ; Tivigs numerous, small ; Le?iti.cels on trunk |-4 ins. ; Ba7-k smooth, silvery-white, peeling in horizontal bands, reddish-brown in young trees, corky on old trunks ; Wood light brown, hard, even-grained, easily worked ; used for turnery, chair-making, cabinet-work, hoops, barrels ; twigs for brooms ; bark for tanning.
Native of Britain ; very hardy ; last to disappear in high latitudes or high mountains. Name Birch from A.S. hirce, here, beorc, the Birch-tree.
" Witch Knots," confused clusters of short twigs resembling a rook's nest,
are produced by the fungus Exoascus turgicbis ; a somewhat similar growth,
starting in axillary buds, is the work of a Gall-mite {Phijtoptus rudis ) ; Foliage
destroyed by \\'^inter Moth {Cheimatobia brnmata), Mottled Umber Moth
150
ALDER (Aluus (jhuinosa)
A. Immature male catkins. B. Mature mrilo catkins. C. Female flowers. D. Female clusters of last year, after shedding
seeds. E. Female clusters of present year. F. Scale with two female Dowers. 0. Male flowers.
//. Section of cone, showing insertion of seeds. /. Seed.
ri.ATt; LV.
CUPULIFER^
{Hybei-nia defoliaria), and Oak Beauty {Amphidasiis stratmia) ; Timber by Goat-moth [Cossus Ugniperda) and Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cesculi).
Fungoid Pcsfs: — Birch-leaf Rust {Melamsp07-a betulina), Birch-leaf Blotch {DotJiideUa betulina), Birch Polypore {Pohjporus betulinus).
CHERRY BIRCH, Betula knta.
Parks, gardens. May, June. Best on a dry soil and in a moderately sheltered situation.
Floiveis monoecious, aromatic ; 3Iah' catkins 3-4 ins, long, scales ovate, reddish-brown ; Females |^-| in. long, scales ovate, pale green, smooth, styles light pink, stigmas persistent ; Fruiting cone oblong-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, 1-1^ in. long, samara obovate, pointed at base.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cordate or rounded at base, 2^-0 ins. long, lJ-3 ins. wide, serrated, acute or acuminate, silky pubescence when young, thin, membranaceous, aromatic, dark dull green above, paler beneath, 9-11 pairs of prominent veins, petiolate ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, ciliate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, GO 80 ft. ; By'anches slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Tivigs viscid, pilose, light green to orange-brown, afterwards brown tinged red ; Bark dark reddish-brown, furrowed, thick irregular plates ; young stems and branches smooth, aromatic, sweet ; Buds ovate, acute, scales brown, loosely imbricated ; Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, dark brown tinged red ; sometimes called Mountain Mahogany and American Birchwood ; used for furniture and turnery.
Introduced from N. America, 1759. Known as Black Birch.
YELLOW BIRCH, Betula lutea.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in cold latitudes and moist position ; thrives well near London.
Flowers monoecious; ]\[ale catkins 8-3 ^ ins. long, scales ovate, brown,
151 " N 3
TREES AND SHRUBS
ciliate ; Females f in. long, scales acute, pilose, green below, red above ; Fniiting cone erect, sessile, pubescent, 1-1 ^ in. long, nut slightly broader than wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate, cuneate or cordate at base, usually oblique, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, teeth glandular, pilose, dark green above, yellow- green below, aromatic, 3-4 J ins. long, 1 1-2 ins. wide ; petioles slender, hairy, yellow ; stipules ovate, acute, green tinged with pink. Autumn tint bright yellow.
A deciduous tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches spreading, pendulous ; Twigs pilose when young, becoming glabrous, green to orange-brown ; Bark reddish-brown, large thin plates ; on young stems and branches silvery-grey or orange, thin loose scales, aromatic, bitter ; Buds acute, brown, viscid, hairy ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, taking fine polish.
Introduced from N. America, 1767.
DWARF BIRCH, Bctula nana.
Mountainous districts, rockeries, and shrubberies. April, IMay. In a wild state it affects wet situations, and will grow well in fairly moist ground.
Floivers whitish-green ; 3[alc catkins small, i in. long, sessile ; 31ales erect, lateral, axillary, oblong or shortly cylindrical ; Females terminal, very small, bracts 3-lobed, 3-flowered ; Fruit a samara, narrowly winged, bracts broadly obcuneate, 3-lobed.
Leaves orbicular, very shortly petiolate, crenated, smooth, dark green, reticulate, J in. long ; stipules lanceolate, brown.
A deciduous shrub, 2-5 ft. ; sometimes up to 20 ft. ; Stem creeping ; Branches numerous, slightly downy when young ; Bark reddish when young, silvery when old.
Native of Britain ; confined to mountains of Northumberland and Scotland. Also called Marsh Eirch.
152
CUPULIFER^
RED BIRCH, Betula nigra.
Parks, gardens. May. This is a water-loving tree of singular beauty, the thin broad flakes of red bark producing a wild and very picturesque effect during the winter months.
Flowei'S monoecious ; 3Iak' catkins clustered, 2-3 ins. long, scales ovate, brown ; Females \ in. long, scales green, ovate, rounded or acute, pubescent, ciliate ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, 1-1^ in. long, pubescent, erect, peduncles tomentose, samara puberulous, nut ovate or oval, as broad as wing, ripe in May or June.
Leaves alternate, rhombic-ovate, cuneate, acute, doubly serrated, on young branches often lobed, thin, tough, tomentose when young, 11-3 ins. long, 1-2 ins. wide, dark shining green ; petioles slender, flattened, tomentose ; stipules ovate, rounded or acute, pilose. Autumn tint dull yellow.
A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches slender ; Twigs tomentose, red-brown ; Trunk often dividing not far from ground into several erect limbs ; Bark red- brown, deeply furrowed, scaly ; young stems and branches reddish-brown or silvery-grey, large thin papery scales, peeling, remaining on tree for several years ; Buds ovate, acute, brown, glabrous or slightly puberulous ; Wood light, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown.
Introduced from N. America by Peter CoUinson, 1736. Also called River Birch.
CANOE BIRCH, Betula impyrif era.
Parks, gardens. April, May.
Floiccrs monoecious ; Male catkins clustered, bright yellow, 3^-4 ins. long, scales ovate, acute, brown; Females 1-1 i in. long, scales lanceolate, light green, styles bright red ; Fruiting cone cylindrical, l.l in. long, glabrous, nut oval, narrower than wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate, acute or acuminate, cuneate or cordate at base,
serrated, entire at base, glandiilar and pubescent when young, later usually
153
TREES AND SHRUBS
glandular on lower surface, dark green above, light yellow-green below, 2-3 ins. long, l|-2 ins. wide ; petioles yellow, glandular, glabrous or pubescent ; stipules ovate, acute, ciliate. Autumn tint light yellow.
A deciduous tree, 60-70 ft. ; Branches short, pendulous ; Tivigs viscid and pubescent when young, orange-brown ; Bark brown or nearly black, separating into thin layers ; on young trunks and branches creamy-white to brown, orange on inner surface, thin papery layers ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, pubescent to glabrous ; Wood light, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown tinged red ; used in turnery ; Bark used for Indian canoes.
Native of North America. Known also as Paper Birch. Said to have been introduced by the Duke of Argyll, 1750.
NEAPOLITAN ALDER, Ahms cordi
Parks. March, April. Thrives in dry soil, but also very suitable for plant- ing by water or in damp situations. The species are propagated by suckers in November ; seeds sown in damp soil in INIarch, transplanting the seedlings when one year old.
Flowers greenish-brown, appearing before leaves ; Fruit a small woody cone.
Leaves alternate, cordate, acuminate, serrated, glabrous, dark glossy green.
A deciduous tree, 15-50 ft. ; round-headed, pyramidal, growth rapid ; Bark light-coloured.
Introduced from S. Europe, 1820.
ALDER, Alnus glutinosa.
Wet woods, borders of streams, wet pastures. March, April. Best in good soil little above level of water ; useful for the sides of ponds or streams.
Floivers greenish, moncccious, appearing before leaves fully out ; 3IaJe
catkins autumnal, lasting through winter, opening in spring, cylindrical,
drooping, 2-4 ins. long, peltate reddish bracts 3-flowered, perianth 4-cleft ;
Stamens 4 to 6 each flower ; Female catkins in spring, short, ovoid, closely
154
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05
CUPULIFERiE
imbricated, resembling fir-cone in shape, red-brown Israels or scales, smaller inner scales or bracteoles with 2 ovaries (flowers) in each ; Ovarii 2-celled, styles 2 ; Fruit a small 1-celled, 1-seeded nut, without wings ; fruiting catkin erect, woody, resembling miniature fir-cone, black, h in. long, ripe in October or November ; seed not produced till twenty years old ; seed-vessels often persisting after escape of seed, and then black in colour.
Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, cuneate, sharply serrated, shortly petiolate, stipulate, 2-4 ins. long, glutinous in young stage, shining above, underside having tufts of whitish down in angles of veins ; stipules ovate to lanceolate, glandular hairs. Autumn tints deep brown to black.
A deciduous tree, 30-60 ft. ; Bark rough, black, full of clefts ; Buds stalked, large, obtuse, triangular in section, brown, with tinge of violet ; Lenticels reddish ; Wood soft, light, very lasting under water, white when alive, red when freshly exposed, pinkish when dry ; sometimes called Scottish mahogany ; used for carpentry, poles, packing-cases, turnery. In Scotland dyes obtained from tree, — green from flowers, pale brown from twigs, dark red from bark.
Native of Britain. Common name from A.S. alor, aler, air, the Alder-tree.
Pimple-like galls on leaves produced by a Mite {Eriop/ti/es Icevis).
OREGON ALDER, Ahms oregona.
Parks. Moist soil. March.
Flowers monoecious, opening before unfolding of leaves ; 3Iale catkins 2-3 ins. long, becoming 4-6 ins. long, perianth lobes ovate ; Stamens 4, scales dark red-brown ; Females ^-| in. long, styles bright red, scales dark red, acute ; Fruit a cone of small 1-seeded nuts, ovate or oblong, ^-1 in. long, peduncles stout, orange, nuts surrounded by membranaceous wing.
Leaves alternate, ovate to elliptical, acute, narrowed towards base, crenately
lobed, teeth glandular, tomentose when young, glabrous or pilose above, rusty
pubescence beneath, 3-5 ins. long, \l~\i ins. broad, sometimes 8-10 ins. long,
stipules ovate, acute, tomentose.
A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches slender, somewhat pendulous ; Twigs
155
TREES AND SHRUBS
green to bright red, ultimately ashy-grey ; Bark rough, pale grey or nearly white ; Bicds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; IVood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-grained, brown tinged red.
Native of Western North America (40-80 ft.).
SEASIDE ALDER, Ahms maritima.
Parks. Moist soil. September.
Flowers monoecious, appearing in summer ; 3Iale catkins li-2| ins. long, in axils of upper leaves, scurfy pubescent, glandular pitted, peduncles slender, scales orange-brown, stamens bright orange ; Females solitary, in axils of lower leaves, bright red at apex, light green below before opening, scales ovate, acute, ciliate, peduncles stout, pubescent ; Fruit a cone of small 1-seeded nuts, ovate, f in. long, 2 in. diam., scales thin, dark reddish-brown to nearly black, persistent.
Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong to obovate, acute, acuminate, or obtuse, narrowed at base, glandularly serrate, scurfy pubescence above, dark green, 3-4 ins. long, l|-2 ins. broad, midrib, veins and petiole hairy and glandular ; stipules oblong, acute, caducous.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft.; or shrub, 15-20 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender ; Tidgs yellowish-green, becoming orange or reddish-brown in winter, afterwards ashy-grey; Buds acute, dark x*ed, scurfy pubescence; Bark smooth, brown; Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown.
Native of N. America.
WHITE ALDER, Almis rhombijblia.
Parks. Moist soil, INIarch.
Floivers monoecious, opening before leaves ; 3Iale catkins 40 ins. long ;
Perianth 4-lobed ; Stamens 2-3, scales orange-brown ; Females, scales ovate or
rounded ; Fruit a cone, \-\ in. long, scales lobed, nuts ovate, margin thin.
Leaves alternate, ovate to orbicular, rounded or acute, narrowed towards
156
CUPULIFER^
base, serrated, margins slightly thickened and reflexed, tomentose when young, dark green and glandular above, paler and puberulous beneath, 2-3 ins. long, 1^-2 ins. broad ; petioles slender, hairy, flattened and grooved ; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, puberulous.
A deciduous tree, 20 ft. ; Branches slender, pendulous at extremities ; Tivigs pubescent when young, becoming dark orange-red and glabrous ; Buds dark red, pale scurfy pubescence ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown.
Native of N. America.
HORNBEAM, Carpinus Betulus.
Woods and hedges. May. Best on strong porous soil; grows well in partial light ; makes a good hedge. Propagated by seeds sown in ordinary soil outdoors in autumn, transplanting when one year old.
Flozvers yellowish, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing as leaves come out ; Male catkins sessile, pendulous, 1| in. long, bracts ovate, acute, imbricate, ciliated, each containing 5-14 stamens, forked anthers with tufts of hairs ; Female catkins 2-4 ins. long, lax, terminal, cylindrical, flowers in pairs, each in a 3-lobed bracteole, entire or toothed; Ovary 2-celled, stigmas 2, styles long; Fruit a small ovoid, brown nut, 7-11 -nerved, within a large leafy 3-lobed, entire or serrated bracteole, 1-1| in. long, catkins several inches long, ripe in October — November.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-ovate, acute or acuminate, doubly serrated, shortly petiolate, pubescent beneath, 2-3 ins. long, stipules large, linear-oblong, withered leaves persistent through winter.
A deciduous tree, 30-70 ft.; Trunk usually flattened; Branches twiggy; Bark smooth, light grey ; Buds short, adpressed, scales brown, ciHate, pubescent at tips ; Wood yellowish-white, hard, tough, close-grained, strong, light, flexible ; used for cogs, agricultural tools and implements, parts of pianos, also for gun- powder charcoal.
Native of England and Wales.
157
TREES AND SHRUBS
" Witch Knots " produced by E.voascus Carpini ; Leaves subject to Hornbeam anthracnose [Gloeospojium Carpini) and Hornbeam-leaf Blotch ( Gnomoniella jimbriata).
AMERICAN HORNBEAM, Carpinus caroliniana.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers monoecious; 3Iale catkins \\ in. long, scales ovate, acute, boat- shaped, lower half green, upper bright red ; Females \-^ in. long, scales green, ovate, acute, hairy, styles scarlet ; Fridt a nut, bracteole, 2-3-lobed, serrated, 1-lJ in. long, 1 in. wide, catkin 5-6 ins. long.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, doubly serrated, glandular, entire at base, thin, firm, dull blue-green above, light yellow-green below, tomentose in axils of veins, 2-4 ins. long, 1-lf in. wide; petioles slender, terete, hairy ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, ciliate. Autumn tints scarlet and orange.
A deciduous t7-ee, 30-40 ft. ; Branches long, slender, spreading, pendulous at extremities ; Ttvigs silky when young, orange-brown to dark red, finally grey tinged red ; Bark grey-brown ; Buds ovate, acute ; scales brown, scarious margins ; Jf^ood light brown.
Native of N. America.
COMMON HAZEL, Cori/lus Avelkma.
Woods, copses, hedges. February — April. Propagated by layering of strong shoots in November, removed and planted in following autumn ; suckers in October ; seeds (nuts) sown 2 ins. deep in open ground in October or Nov- ember, transplanting seedlings two years afterwards.
Floivers grey-green, monoecious, anemophilous, appearing before leaves are
out; Male catkins cylindrical, drooping, I2-2 ins. long, without perianth;
Stamens 8, filaments short, anther-cells separate, tips hairy, bracts sessile, broad,
cuneate, with 2 scale-hke bracteoles ; Female catkins small, bud-like, crimson ;
158
HAZEL {Coryhis dcellana)
A. Male catkins. 7?, B. Female flowers. C. Female flowers enlarged. D. Enlarged apex of female flower clusters.
E. Fruit. F. Enlarged male flower.
Plate LVII.
CUPULIFER.E
sub-sessile, outer scale-bracts empty, inner upper 3-lobed bracteoles each con- taining 2 flowers ; Perianth with a minute filiform toothed border ; Ovary 2-celled, styles 2, stigmas red ; Fruit a hard brown nut enclosed in a leafy, canipanulate bract (cupule), which is unequally lobed and jagged, ripe in October.
Leaves alternate, orbicular, obliquely cordate, acuminate, doubly serrated, 2-4 ins. long; petiole short, pubescent when young, coarse and glabrous after- wards ; stipules oblong, obtuse, petioles and stipules with reddish glandular haiis. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shruh or small tree, 20-30 ft. ; Shoots flexible and tougli, brown, hairy, glandular ; Bark spht, ash-grey on stem ; Buds compressed, scales ciliate, reddish glandular hairs ; IVood whitish-red, close-grained, soft, very elastic.
Native of Britain ; seldom allowed to develop into tree of any size. Name from A.S. haesel.
Injurious Insects : — Bud Galls — Hazel and P'ilbert Bud JNIite {Phytoptus avellana) ; Fruit — Nut Weevil {Balaninus nucum) ; Leaves — Garden Chafer {Phyllopertha horticola). Cockchafer [Melolontha vulga?-is), Mottled Umber jNIoth {Ilyberiiia defoliuria), Nut-tree Tussock JMoth {Demas coryli) ; Wood — Wood Leopard Moth [Zcuzcra cesculi).
CONSIANTINOPLE HAZEL, Corylus Colurua.
Gardens, plantations. March, April. This is one of the strongest-growing of all the Hazels, and seedlings are used as standards for grafting varieties in March.
/^/orcrr.? green, longer and larger than Cor^/«,y ^t'c//««rt; Fruit a small nut, involucre double, exterior bract many-partite, interior 3-partite, divisions pal- mate ; seeds insipid.
Leaves alternate, roimdish ovate, cordate, serrated, stipules lanceolate, acuminate.
A deciduous tree, 40 60 ft. ; with broad spreading head ; Branches horizontal.
Introduced from Asia Minor, 1605. Also called Turkish Hazel.
159
TREES AND SHRUBS
TURKEY OAK, Querc7is Cerris.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May. A tree with handsome foliage and peculiar mossy-cupped acorns. The species of Oak are propagated by seed (acorns) gathered in autumn, stored in sand till March, and then sown, trans- planting seedlings when one year old ; choice kinds are grafted on the common species in March.
Floivers greenish-white ; 3Iale catkins pubescent, 1-3 ins. long, flowers distant ; Females sessile, at sides of short peduncle, single or groups 2-4 ; Perianth usually 4- partite ; Stamens 4, hairy ; Ovary grey-tomentose, stigma lobes often 4, sessile, reflexed, linear, pointed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), solitary or twin, sessile, cylindrical, brown, f-lj in. long, cup hemisplierical, with bristly or moss-like scales, rarely ripening till second year, acorn long ovoid, dark brown, tomentose at apex.
Leaves oblong or obovate, variable, shortly petiolate, 2-3 ins. long, sinuate or pinnatifid, lobes lanceolate, unequal, acute, angular, sliglitly pilose both surfaces, stipules narrow-linear, pilose, persistent on leaf-bases. Autumn tints russet- brown to dull grey.
A deciduous tree, 50-60 ft. ; pyramidal outline ; Branches erect, generally in long straiglit linei, spray small, young branches pubescent; Buds with few ciliate, pubescent scales ; Wood coarser and straighter in grain than English Oak ; used for all kinds of constructive work.
Native of S. Europe and Levant ; introduced 1735. Also called Mossy- cupped Oak.
SCARLET OAK, Quc/rus cocdnea.
Parks. May. In the early days of autumn tliere is perhaps no more beautiful tree.
Florvers monoecious; 31alc cafhins 3-4 ins. long, slender; Perianth
4-5-partite, lobes acute, shorter than stamens, red ; Females on pubescent
peduncles, perianth lobes acute, scales red, ovate, acute, stigmatic arms
160
HOLM OAK, OH EVERGREEN OAK {Quercus ilex) A. Branch with male catkins (to right) and small female flowers (at apex). B. Shoot, with miniature acorns. C. Fruit.
Plate LVIII.
CUPULIFERi^ '
elongated, linear ; Fridt a glans (acorn), turbinate or hemispherical, \-^ in. long, projecting \-\ its length from cupule.
Leaves alternate, 5-8 ins. long, 4—5 ins. broad, broad oval to obovate, deeply pinnatifid, sinuses deep, rounded, lobes divergent, sparingly toothed, teeth prolonged into subulate filament, thin, glabrous, briglit green, or somewhat yellowish-green beneath, young leaves tomentose in angles of veins, petiole \~2\ ins. Autumn tints brilliant scarlet and crimson.
A deciduous tree, 50 ft. ; Tzvigs olive-green or brown ; Bud-scales glabrous, ciliate, red- brown; JFood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown used for window-sills, door frames, mallets, &;c.
Introduced from N. America, 1691.
EVERGREEN OAK, Quercus Ilex.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Best in good deep sandy loam. This is the best known of the Evergreen Oaks, and a very handsome tree for landscape purposes, greatly resembling the Olive trees of the Italian coast and of the French Riviera.
Floioers monoecious ; 3I(ile catkins l-2i ins. long, flowers distant, few on a peduncle ; Perianth 6-partite, tomentose ; Stamens 6, anthers tipped with a short point ; Females in racemose groups of 4-8, peduncles tomentose, as long as leaves ; Stigmas short, broad, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), twice as long as calyx, sessile, ripening in second year, cup liemispiierical, velvety, erect, scales slightly adpressed, tomentose.
Leaves very variable, elliptical, oblong, ovate, or lanceolate, serrated or entire, acute, lower ones coriaceous, glabrous, sometimes spiny, deep glossy grey-green, hoary l)eneath. 1^-5 ins. long, persisting nearly three years, stipules linear, purplish, dying leaves dirty brown.
An evergreen s/irnh or small tree, 20-40 ft. ; seldom single-stemmed in
England, but when so may reach 70-85 ft. ; Tivigs ash-grey ; liai'k ash-grey to
black, thin, not corky ; Tap-roots very long, lateral roots few ; Wood hard,
close-grained, heavy, brown, taking high polish, hable to .split in drying.
VOL. II. 1(!1 1'
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of S. Europe and N. Africa; introduced about middle of sixteentli century. Also called Holm or Holly Oak, from its leaves sometimes resembling the Holly ; a corruption of M.E. holin, a holly ; A.S. holen, holegn.
BLACK JACK, Querciif; marilandica.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers monoecious ; 3Iale catkins 2-4 ins. long, hoary ; Perianth 4-5-partite, thin, scarious, pale-pubescent, lobes ovate ; Females on short rusty-tomentose peduncles ; Stigmas dark red, scales rusty ; Fruit a glans, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate ; acorn oblong, f in. long, enclosed for nearly | its length in cup, scales reddish-brown, often ciliate and tomentose, upper rows forming a thick rim.
Leaves alternate, broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at base, 3-5-lobed, pink and tomentose when young, afterwards firm, thick, or sub-coriaceous, dark lustrous yellow-green above, yellow, orange, or brown below, 6-7 ins. long and broad, petioles stout, yellow. Autumn tints brown and yellow.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, often contorted ; Tivigs tomentose, with stellate hairs when young, becoming glabrous or puberulous, brown or grey ; Bark deeply divided into quadrangular plates ; Buds ovate or oval, angled, red-brown, hairy ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.
Native of U.S.A.
SWAMP OAK, Quercus palustris.
Parks, plantations. May. Though most at home in swamp and low ground, it will thrive in any good rich soil.
Floivers monoecious ; Catkins pilose ; Fruit a glans (acorn), ovoid or globose,
solitary or pairs, '^\ in. long, cups sub-sessile, fiat, shallow, saucer-shaped,
scales closely packed, 5 in number.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-oblong, deeply and widely sinuated, cuneate at
162
CUPULIFERi^
base, thin, deep green above, pale shining green beneath, glabrous both surfaces, small tufts of tomentum in axils of prominent veins underside, lobes ovate- acute, sinuses deep, round, few very acuminate bristly-pointed serratures, 6 ins. long, 4 ins. broad ; petioles long, slender. Autumn tints bright purplish-red, purplish underneath.
A deciduous tree, 80 ft. ; dense-headed, pyramidal when young ; Branches when older spreading and drooping, secondary branches numerous, smooth, slender, densely intermingled, giving the appearance of many pins ; Bark smooth when young, scarcely corked when old ; IVood used for furniture.
Native of N. America, in marshy places ; introduced 1800. Known as Pin Oak.
BRITISH OAK, Quercus pedunctilata.
Woods on clay soils. April, JNIay. Thrives best in deep fresh soil and abundance of light. The British Oak is the emblem of majesty, strength, and durability.
Floivers monoecious, anemophilous, proterogynous, appearing as leaf-buds open ; 3Iale catkim pendant, 2-3 ins. long ; Floicers isolated, sessile ; Perianth 4-7-lobed, yellowish-green, ciliate ; Stamens 4-12, sulphur-yellow; Females inserted singly or in groups on long stalks, in axils of uppermost leaves ; Invohicre of small reddish bracts ; Pcriantli 3-8-toothed ; Ovary 3-celled, stigmas 3, short, spreading, red ; Fruit a glans (acorn), oblong, cupule imbri- cated, scales triangular-ovate, very numerous, small, peduncle 16 ins. long; acorns seldom produced till after sixty years.
Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, shortly petiolate or sub-sessile, auricled at base, sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse, downy beneath when young, glabrous when old, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, 1-2| ins. broad ; withered leaves frequently retained till spring, especially yoiuig trees. Autumn tints golden, russet, bronze or red.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft. ; Branches spreading, tortuous, running liori-
zontally, breaking out at right angles ; Shoots glabrous ; Buds brown, crowded,
163 1' 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
ovoid-conoid, slightly 5-angled, scales are stipules ; Bark thick, rough, dark, deeply furrowed, net-like ; Wood hard and durable.
Native of Britain ; common over greater part of England, Ireland, and Scottish Ijowlands ; by many regarded as a distinct species. English name Oak from A.S. ac, the oak. Probable age of some specimens is 2000 years. Bark used for tanning, and " Oak-w^ood extract" obtained from sawdust and waste pieces.
Insects injurious to Oak: — 1500 species of insects have been described as subsisting on the Oak. The following are some of the most common : — Sap — Plant Bugs ; Bark — Bark-mining Beetles {Scot ijt idee), Death-watch Beetles {Anobiidce) ; Fruit — Acorn Weevil {Balaninus glandium) ; Leaves — Cockchafer {3Ieloh»itha vulgaris), Leaf Roller Moth ( Tortrix viridana), Oak Eggar INIoth {Bombyx quercus). Mottled Umber {Hybernia defoliaria), Winter Moth {Cheimatobia brumata), Vapourer Moth {Orgyia antiqiui). Oak Beauty {Amphy- dasis strataria), Peppered Moth {A. bctularia); Wood — Stag Beetle {Luca/ms cervus), Lesser Stag Beetle {Dorcus paruUelopipedus), Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda), Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cBsculi). All parts of Oak attacked by Gall Flies, giving rise to Oak Galls of various forms, most common being : — Oak Apples produced by Teras terminalis. Marble Gall {Cynips kollari). Artichoke Gall {Apldlothrix fecundatrix), Currant Gall {Spathegaster baccarum). Oak Spangles {Neuroterus lenticularis), and Silky Button Gall {Neuroterus miinismatis).
Fungoid Pests: — \'egetable Beef Steak {Fistulina hepatica) always found on dead parts of tree, Sulphury VV^ood-rot {Polyporus sidfureus), Sooty IMould (Fumago vagans).
RED OAK, Qncrvus rubra.
Parks. April, May.
Flowers moncecious ; Females, lobes of stigma elongated, linear and style- like, at least as long as the rest of the Hower and its cupule ; Fruit a glans
(acorn), long ovoid, cylindrical above, 1 in. long, sessile or very shortly
164
BRI'l'liSK OAK (Qiierrut: robur, rai: pedunculala)
A. Flowering branch, with male and female flowers. B. Kruil. C. Single male flower. I). Suijjle female flower, longitudinal section. £. Cups or cupules of acorn. F. Half-grown acorns. G. Longitudinal section of mature acorn.
//. Transverse section of young acorn.
Tlate LIX.
CUPULIFERi^
pedunculate, in axils of fallen leaves, cupule hemispherical, |— 1 in. diam., shallow, scales small, triangular-ovate, closely adpressed.
Leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong, 3^-4^^ ins. long, 2-2J ins. broad, coarsely sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid, sinuses broad and shallow, lobes triangular- acuminate, coarsely toothed, acute or obtuse at base, glabrous, shining green, thin, petiole j-J length of midrib. Autumn tints orange, scarlet, brown, dull red.
A deciduous iree, 60-80 ft. ; Tivigs olive-brown ; Bark dark grey, smooth ; Bud-scales pubescent ; JVood reddish, coarse-grained.
Introduced from N. America, 1769. Known as Champion Oak.
SESSILE-FLOWERED OAK, Quercus sessiUflora.
Woods and parks. April, May. Prefers high ground with southern or western aspect.
Floivers monoecious ; Females crowded on short stalks in uppermost leaf-axils ; F?-nit a glans (acorn), 1-celled, 1-seeded, peduncle very short.
Leaves alternate, oblong-obovate, petiole -^-^ the length of midrib, tapering below without forming auricles, sinuses opposite, lobes more triangular and acute, somewhat pubescent beneath, coriaceous, 3-6 ins. long, pale green.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches and spray less tortuous; Twigs downy ; Buds large, crowded, scales cihate ; Bark light in colour ; Wood darker, heavier, more elastic than Q. peduncnlata.
Native of Britain ; common in Forest of Dean ; plentiful in N. Wales and N. England.
CORK OAK, (Quercus Suber.
Parks. April, May. This makes a handsome tree, and does well on
chalky soil.
Flowers monoecious ; M(de catkins l\ in. long, lax ; Perianth 6-partite,
reddish-tomentose, pedicels long; Slaniens short, anthers ovoid-acute; Females
165
TREES AND SHRUBS
white-tomentose, single or grouped, sessile, stigmatic arms 3-4, broad, linear, sessile, reflexed ; Fruit a glans (acorn), cylindric-oblong, |-1| in. long, sub- sessile, ciipule hemispherical or turbinate, scales loose, grey-tomentose, nut 2-3 times as long as cupula, acute, polished pale brown.
Leaves alternate, 1-2 ins. long, \-\^ in. broad, ovate, oval, or oblong, toothed or entire, acute, glabrous, grey-green above, stellate-velvety-hoary beneath, coriaceous, petiole |-j in. long.
An evergreen tree, 25-70 ft.; Branches much contorted; b?rmc Mets hoavy ; Bnrix rough, thick and corky, cream-coloured.
Native of S. Europe; introduced 1581.
YELLOW-BARK OAK, Qucrcus velutina.
Parks. April, May.
Floivers monoecious ; Male catkins 4-G ins. long ; Perianth covered with pale hairs, lobes ovate, acute ; Females on short peduncles ; Perianth lobes acute ; Stigmas red, scales ovate ; Fruit a glans, sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs, acorn ovate-oblong to hemispherical, light red-brown, ^-f in. long, enclosed for half its length in a thin red-brown cup.
Leaves alternate, ovate or oblong, cuneate or truncate at base, usually 7-lobed, sinuses wide, rounded, thick, firm, or sub-coriaceous, tomentose when young, dark shining green above, yellow-green or brown below, usually 5-G ins. long, 3-4 ins. wide, sometimes much larger, petioles stout, yellow, 3-G ins. long. Autvunn tints dull red, orange, and brown.
A deciduous tree, GO-80 ft. ; Branches slender, spreading ; Tivigs red or reddish-brown ; Bark on young stems and branches smootli, dark brown, on old trunks deeply divided into broad rounded ridges ; Buds ovate, angled, tomentose ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, brown tinged with red.
Native of N. America.
l(i(>
CUPULIFERi^
GOLDEN-LEAVED CHESTNUT, Castmwpsis rkri/mp/>i///a.
Parks, gardens. May. Prefers a rather deep, loamy, but well-drained soil.
Flowers monoecious, densely bristly, maturing in the second year ; Catkins 2-2| ins. long ; 3Iales, Perianth campanulate, tomentose, 5-6-lobed, lobes ovate, shorter than stamens; Stamens 10-12, filaments filiform, exserted, anthers oblong ; Females, Calyx oblong-campanulate, 6-lobed, free from ovary, lobes short, rounded, hoary tomentose ; Ovarij sessile on disk, 3-celled, styles 3, stigmas 3, spreading ; Fruit a 4-valved cupula, globose, sessile, solitary or clustered, tomentose, spiny, 1-li in. diam,, nuts 1-2, ovate, acute, 3-angled, yellow-brown, lustrous.
Leaves alternate, simple, lanceolate or oblong, acuminate, acute at base, entire, slightly revolute, thick, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, golden-yellow scales below, scattered white scales above, 2-6 ins. long, \-2 ins. broad, petiolate, stipules ovate, acute or obtuse, brown, scarious, puberulous, leaves persistent 2-3 years.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree ; Branches stout, spreading ; Twigs with golden-yellow scurfy scales, brown and scurfy later ; Bark scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovate or sub-globose, scales brown, puberulous, ciliate ; JFood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged red.
Native of Western N. America, sometimes growing to height of 150 ft.; introduced through William Lobb, 1848. Syn. Castanea chrysophijlht.
SWEET CHESTNUT, Castanea sativa.
Parks, plantations. May — July. Prefers deep, porous soils and good light ; best in sandy loam. Propagated by nuts sown in open ground in November or February; transplant when one year old.
Fluivers greenish-yellow, with a powerful and disagreeable odour ; Catkins
cylindrical, erect, 5-6 ins. long, males in upper part, females in lower ; Perianth
of males 5-6 lobed, yellowish ; Stamens 5-20 ; Females green, 2 3 enclosed in a
167
TREES AND SHRUBS
4-lobed involucre ; Perianth investing a tapering 6-celled inferior Ovarij, stigmas 5-8, reddish ; Fruit 1-celled, greenish, containing 13 brown nuts enclosed in a spiny involucre or cupule, ripe in October ; bears after about twenty-five years.
Leaves simple, alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate serratures, glabrous on botli surfaces, veins running straight from midrib to margin, 9-10 ins. long. Autumn tints yellow, orange, brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches growing horizontally and downwards, thickened towards side spray ; Bark of young wood smooth and brown, becoming grey later, splitting into longitudinal fissures, which later on have a spiral twist ; Buds with 2 scales, yellowish-green ; Wood durable ; useful for beams, posts, fences, &c. ; more durable when young, sap-wood soon changing into heart -wood.
Supposed to have come from Asia Minor ; probably introduced during Roman occupation ; average age about .500 years ; specimens on Mount Etna 2000-2500 years old.
Name Chestnut is short for chesten-nut = nut of the cliesten= M.E. chestei/i, — O.F. chastaigne, — L. castanea, the Chestnut-tree. — Gr. kastanon, chestnut. Sometimes said to be derived from Kastanum, in Thessaly ; more probably from Armenian kaskeid, a chestnut-tree, — kask, a chestnut.
BEECH, Fagns sylvatica.
Woods, paiks, gardens. April, May. Prefers limy soils, or clays con- taining lime ; requires deep soil to do well. Propagated by seeds in March or April ; transplant when two years old.
Floivers greenish-yellow, monoecious, anemophilous ; 3la/e.s on slender,
drooping, globose catkins, 1-1+ in. long, usually 4 in a bud, each with about
a dozen flowers; Perianth campanulate, 4 7-lobed ; Stamens 8-12, filaments long,
anthers yellow, small ; Females in erect catkins with short peduncles, 2-4 in a
cupule of imbricated bracts ; Perianth 4-5-tootlied ; Oi^arij 3-celled, styles 8 ;
Fruit 2-3 triangular, 1 -seeded nuts (masts) enclosed in a 4-valved bristly,
woody, tough, reddish-brown capsule, ripe in October.
168
SWEET CHESTNUT {Castanea mtiva)
K
A. Female flowers. B. Male catkins. C. Leaf. D. Male (lower. K. Fruit- (3 nuts rncln.se(l in prickly involucre or oupulo). F. Nuls removed from cupule. U. Section of cluster of female llowers. Jl. Female llowers.
A-rn LX.
SALICINE.^
Leaves ovate-oblong, l^-Sj ins. long, entire or slightly toothed, ciliate, shortly petiolate, acuminate, glossy, silky and yellowish-green when young, deep green when older. Autumn tints yellow, orange, gold, purple, finally a fiery brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-130 ft.; Branches with an upward tendency, side spray at acute angles ; Ticigf; smooth, polished ; Bark smooth, leaden-grey ; Buds long, cone shaped, sharp pointed, 18 20 brown, slightly fringed scales whicli are modified stipules ; Wood light brown, hard, close-grained, rather brittle ; used for tools, cabinet- and chair-making, piles, wedges, turnery, carpentry, and fuel.
Indigenous in England ; extensively planted throughout Britain ; lives 200-300 years. The English name is derived from the A.S. here, boece, the Beech-tree, so called from the fact that the nuts were eaten (formerly by men, now only by pigs). The Latin name Fagus has somewhat the same meaning, being derived from the Greek phcgos — phugo, to eat.
Injurious Insects: — Foliage — Cockchafer {Melolontha vulgaris). Silvery Weevil {Phjjlloljius argentatus), Tree Lackey Moth [Bomhyx neustria). Mottled Umber Moth [Hyt>ernia defoliaria) ; Timber — Wood Leopard Moth {Zeuzera cesculi).
Fungoid Pests: — Beech Agaric [Armillaria mucida), Apple Tree Canker ( Xectria ditissima ) .
Galls on leaves produced by a Gall-gnat {Hormomyia piligera).
Class I Dicotyledons
Division IV. . . Incompletce
Natural Oudek . . Salicinece
Trees or shrubs with watery juice, and alternate, petiolate, and stipulate
leaves, stipules scaly and deciduous or foliaceous ; Floxvers dictcious, appearing
before leaves, borne in catkins in axils of leaves of previous year ; Perianth 0 :
IGl)
TREES AND SHRUBS
Stamens 2 or many ; Stjilcs usually short or obsolete, stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed ; Fruit a capsule, 1 -celled, 2-4-valved ; seeds furnished with an arillus of silky hairs.
WHITE WILLOW, SalLv alba.
Marshes, moist woods and meadows, and banks of streams. April, May. The Willows are propagated by cuttings, 9-15 ins. long, inserted for two-thirds their length in moist soil, October — March ; choice kinds may be budded on the Goat Willow in July, or grafted on the same in March.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with leaves ; Catkins erect, sub-sessile, on short, leafy laterals of preceding year's shoots ; Males l|-2 ins. long, l-\ in. diam., cylindrical, lax, often curved ; Stamens 2, free, hairy, anthers yellow, scales greenish-yellow, white-silky above, glands 2 ; Females 2-2^ ins. long, {-^ in. diam. ; Ova?'ij almost sessile, smooth, style short, stigmas short, deeply bifid, recurved, glands 1 or 2 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, sessile or sub-sessile, glabrous, pedicel shorter than gland.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, finely serrated, lower serratures glandular, acuminate, tapering at base, densely silky when young, glabrous when old, ashy-grey or whitish, never bright green, 2-4 ins. long ; petioles short, glandular ; stipules minute, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent, caducous. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Trunk up to 20 ft. girth ; Bark thick, deeply fissured ; Young twigs slender, supple, not easily detached, silky pubescence at tips, polished, olive-brown, purplish, or yellow ; older twigs orange ; Buds silky, Hattened, small ; Wood light, tough, easily worked ; much used for cricket- bats ; well adapted for a variety of wright-work ; used especially for poles ; much attacked by larva of Goat Moth.
Native of Britain ; one form called Huntingdon Willow ; specimen at Haverholme Priory pi-obably 1000 years old. Name Willow from A.S. icelig, wilig, pliancy, willingness.
"Rosette" Galls (found on several species of AVillow), consisting of 30-60
aborted leaves, produced by larva of Cecidomi/ia rosaria.
170
-A i
E
DWARF SALLOW.
{Sa/tx repens )
A. Brancli with youni; Catkins, Male. 15. Branch with adult Male Catkins. C. Branch with adult Female Catkins I). Branch with foliage. E. Male flowers. F. Female flower.
'■■■ \'^.n^' "':■
SALICINEiE
GOLDEN OSIER, Sa/Lv alba, V. vitellina.
Osier grounds, lakes-sides. April, INIay. The yellow and red bark makes this a very effective shrub in winter, especially when planted in masses. To obtain the brightest colours the plants should be cut back in February, thus encouraging a growth of vigorous shoots.
Floivers dioecious ; Scales linear-lanceolate, acute, fringed at base, longer than pistil ; Ovary sessile, ovate-lanceolate, smooth.
Leaves lanceolate, acute, cartilaginous, serrate, smooth above, glaucous and somewhat silky beneath ; stipules minute, lanceolate, smooth, deciduous.
A deciduous shrub, cultivated as an Osier ; or tree, 30-40 ft. ; Tivigs pliable, smooth, polished, bright golden-yellow or reddish ; older branches orange ; Bzids small, elongated, flat, silky.
Considered by some to be a distinct species. Specific name from L. vitcllus, yolk of an egg, in reference to yellow bark.
BUSHY WILLOW, Salix Arbuscula.
Scotch mountains. .Tune, July.
Flowers di(Ecious, not specially fragrant, appearing before or just after leaves open, lateral, sessile, or on leafy peduncles ; Male catkins ^—1 in. long, ),-?, in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers orange, scales obtuse, spathulate, yellowish to rusty-red, ciliate ; Females, Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, pedicel shorter than gland, style long, stigmas often divided, filiform ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, conical, reddish, tomentose, style long, deeply cleft, stigmas thick, notched.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, finely
glandular-serrated, acute or aciuninate, glabrous, dark green and shining above,
pale and glaucous beneath, silky wlien young, veins prominent, midrib yellow,
J-1.', in. long, \-^ in. broad, petiole short. iVutuum tint yellow.
171
^^ '^ '«
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stem procumbent and rooting, sending up erect, rigid branches ; 2\vigs downy, yellow at first, reddish-brown later. Native of Scotland ; rare.
ROUND-EARED SALLOW, Sallx cmrita.
Damp copses, moist thickets, and moist places on heaths. April, JNIay.
Floivers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; 3Iale catkius ^— f in. long, sessile, ovoid, dense, silky; Stamenfs 2, free, pubescent below, scales velvety both surfaces ; Females |— f in. long, cylindrical, shortly stalked, peduncle villous, stigmas sessile ; Fruit a capsule, ^-4- in. long, oval to oblong, conic, tomentose or pubescent, pedicel 3-5 times as long as gland, style short, stigmas short, emarginate, divaricate.
Leaves alternate, variable, obovate, oblong-obovate to sub-rotund, crenate or nearly entire, wavy, slightly revolute, cuneiform below, acute, obliquely cuspidate or obtuse, v.^rinkled, grey-green and downy above, tomentose beneath, reticulate, 1-2 ins. long, ^Ij in. broad ; stipules large, half cordate, persistent. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 2-4 ft. ; Twigs slender, caducous, pubescent at tips, brown, passing to greenish-grey ; Buds red-brown.
Common in Britain. Attacked by Goat Willow Rust {Mclampsorafarinosa).
WEEPING WILLOW, Salix babuhnica.
Kiver-side lawns. Maj^ This graceful tree shows to best advantage on the river-bank or beside some glassy pool, where its pendent boughs may be seen " stooping as if to drink."
Flowers unisexual, appearing with leaves or just after, on lateral leafy
peduncles ; Male catkins rarely seen, 1-li in. long, l-l in. diam. ; Stamens 2,
scales ovate-lanceolate, glabrous ; Females greenish-yellow, slender, compact,
shortly curved ; Ovary sessile, ovate, glabrous, style short, stigmas forked, gland
broad, rounded ; catkins with males and females mixed occm- ; Fruit a capsule,
172
SALICINE/E
.small, sessile, glabrous, oblong, pale green, style short, stigmas emarginate, seldom, if ever, produced in this country.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, finely and sharply serrated, rather obliquely acuminate, glabrous and dark green above, glaucous beneath, 3-0 ins. long, |-1 in. broad; petiole short, \ in., hairy above; stipules minute, semi-lunar, serratulate, caducous.
A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches long and slender, hanging down almost perpendicularly, slightly twisted at nodes, pale green ; Ticigs brittle ; Buds very acute.
Native of Japan and other parts of Asia ; introduced from Levant.
COMMON SALLOW or GOAT WILLOW, Salix Caprea.
Woods, thickets, hedges, dry pastures, banks of streams. April, May. Grows well by the sea.
Flozvers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; the earliest to flower ; Male catkins sessile, oblong-cylindrical, very stout, 1-14 in. long, golden, very silky, few spathulate scale-like bracts ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous ; Female catkins nodding, lengthening to 3 ins., bracts more leaf-like, hairy, tips black, silvery ; Ovary stalked, stigmas bifid, nearly sessile ; often fertilised by insects ; pedicel 3 times as long as gland ; Fruit a capsule, ^-}^ in. long, downy-white, tapering to long beak ; pedicels slender, as long as scale.
Leaves alternate, ovate-elliptical, very variable, entire or crenated, narrowly recurved, acute or acuminate, wrinkled, rough, greyish-green above, cottony beneath, 2-4 ins. long, stipules half-reniform or absent.
A deciduous tree, 30 ft. ; or bushy shrub ; Stem erect ; Branches purplish- brown ; Tivigs and Buds downy; Wood tough and elastic, taking fine polish.
Native of Britain. Commonly called Saugh. Name Sallow from M.E. sahve,
— O. Mer. salh ( A.S. scat//), willow. IMoom called Palm — great favourite of bees
and moths.
Insects injurious tu IFil/ows: — The larvic of iimumerable Moths feed on VOL, n. 173 Q
TREES AND SHRUBS
foliage, but not often in such numbers as to be a pest ; larva of more than fifty species of Saw-flies (chiefly of genus N'ematus) also attack foliage, many being Gall-makers. Stems of Sallows bored by larvae of Osier Hornet Clearwing {T'rochiUum crabi-oniforme). Wood bored by Goat Moth (Cossus ligniperda).
Grt//*.— I^arge swellings on twigs caused by larva of a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia salicipei-da) ; I^eaves distorted by larvae of Hormomyia caprea {C. cap?'ea), also galled by a Mite {Eriophyes tetanothrix) ; Pea Galls formed by Ncmatus pedu7icuii and others.
Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot {Polyporus siilfm-eus), Sooty Mould {Fumago vagans), Goat Willow Rust {Melampsoi'a farinosa). Willow Leaf Blotch {Rhytisma salicinum).
GRAY SALLOW, Salix dnerea.
Moist situations. April, May, and again in September.
Floxvers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Catkins less thick and silky than Common Sallow, opening later ; 3Iales, Stamens 2, pubescent at base, anthers pale yellow, scales velvety ; Females, peduncle densely velvety ; Ovary silky, style half as long as scales, stigma short ; Fruit a capsule, small, narrow.
Leaves alternate, variable, elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, undulate, serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, pubescent above, glaucous, with reddish- brown hairs beneath, venation prominent both surfaces ; petiole pubescent, dilated below, 2-5 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad ; stipules large, half-reniform, serrated .
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Stem erect ; Twigs tomentose, passing to smooth, tawny ; Buds large, ovoid, pilose.
Native of Britain. Foliage attacked by Willow Leaf -spot (Septoria salicieola) and Goat Willow Rust [Melampsora farinosa). Twigs distorted by larvae of Gall-gnats {Cecidomyia salicis and Agromyza schinei'i).
174
GREAT SALLOW {.Salix Capmi) A. Branch with female catkins. £. Branch with male catkins. C. Female Qower. D. Male flower.
Plate LXI.
SALICINE^
CRACK WILLOW, Sa/iv fragtlis.
Marshes. April, May.
Flowers yellow, dicecious, lateral, appearing with leaves ; Male catkins 1-2 ins. long, stout, spreading, stalked, scales glabrous, or hairy on upper side, linear-lanceolate, yellowish-green, entire, deciduous ; Stamens usually 2, distinct, hairy below ; Female catkim I-4— 2J ins. long, slender ; Ovary ovate, smooth, style short, stigma bifid, curved, longer than style, glands 2 ; mixed catkins sometimes occur; F?yiit a capsule, pedicelled, tapering at top, glabrous, or slightly hairy, scales caducous.
Leaves alternate, elliptical-lanceolate, glandularly serrated, acuminate or acute, glossy, glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, slightly silky when young, 3-6 ins. long ; petioles glandular at top ; stipules slightly cordate, very deciduous. Autunm tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous t7-ee, 80-90 ft. ; Tiicnk sometimes 20 ft. in girth ; Branches spreading obliquely, liable to become " stag-headed," i.e. dead in top shoots ; Shoots yellow-brown, smooth, polished, frequently crossing, tough and pliant, but easily broken off at base ; Bark- rough, thick, deeply scored, on small twigs very bitter — containing salicine ; Buds pointed, smooth, reddish to deep brown or nearly black ; Wood light, tough, elastic, durable.
Indigenous in England, doubtfully so in Ireland and Scotland. Called Red- wood Willow. Specific name from L. frugilis, brittle, referred to in common name of Crack Willow.
" Horse-bean galls " found on this and other species, produced by larva; of a Gall-wasp [Nematus gallicola).
DWARF WILLOW, AW/m hcrbacca.
High mountains. .June.
Flozocrs dioecious ; Ma/e catkins \-\ in. long, ovoid, few-fiowered, nearly
sessile or on short sub-terminal leafless and pubescent peduncles, appearing after
175 U 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
leaves, scales obovate, obtuse, glabrous ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow-brown or purple; Females ^-\ in. long; Oi'a?-y ovoid-conic, sub-sessile, style short, stigma bifid ; Fi'uit a capsule, sub-sessile, nearly globose, ^ in. long, glabrous or rarely pubescent, style short.
Leaves in terminal tufts, very variable, obovate or orbicular, obtuse, finely crenate, curled, reticulation prominent beneath, shining green both sides, glabrous, sometimes silky when young, J-f in. long, !|-* in. wide ; petiole very short ; stipules minute, ovate, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 2-6 ins. ; Stems seldom above 2 ins., creeping under ground, rooting ; Tivigs scantily-leaved ; Bud-scales brown, persistent.
The smallest of British shrubs, common at high elevations (2000-4500 ft.) throughout British Isles.
WOOLLY BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW, Saha: lauata.
Rocky alpine glens in Scotland. May, June.
Floivers dioecious, appearing before leaves, terminal, sessile, stout, dense ; Scales obtuse, discolour, with long silky golden-yellow hairs; Stamens 2, glabrous, free ; Ovary sessile, stigmas slender, bifid, divaricate, 1 gland ; Fruit a capsule, tapering, shortly pedicelled, cottony, style very slender, stigmas filiform, notched or bifid.
Leaves broadly ovate or obovate, acute, entire, sub-coriaceous, silky wool on both surfaces, golden shimmer, 2-3 ins. long, shortly petiolate, veins prominent, reticulate beneath ; stipules large, half-cordate, entire or glandular serrate. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub ; Branches twisted, twigs silky ; Buds large, black, hirsute.
A i-are species ; conspicuous in spring by its golden catkins. Specific name from L. lanatus — hina, wool.
176
SALICINEi^
DOWNY MOUNTAIN WILLOW, SalLv Lappomm.
Scotch mountains. June, July.
Flowers dioecious, fragrant, appearing before or with foHage ; 31ale catkins lateral, dense-flowered, sessile or sub-sessile, tomentose, 1-1|- in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, becoming violet and brown ; scales spathulate. hairy, deciduous ; gland linear-oblong ; Females stalked, few basal leaves ; Ovarii sessile, woolly, style long, stigma divided ; Fruit a capsule, sub-sessile, conical, cottony, \ in. long, style long, stigma filiform, cleft, catkins 1|— 3 ins. long.
Leaves alternate, 1-3 ins. long, \-\ in. broad, very variable, elliptical to lanceolate, margins recurved, entire or sinuate, rugose, silky when young, white cottony beneath when old, nearly glabrous and bright green above, reticulation prominent beneath, veins straight, stipules minute or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, 2-3 ft., or low and scrubby ; Branches stout, brown ; Buds woolly.
Native of Scotland ; rare.
WHORTLE-LEAVED WILLOW, Salix Miirsimtes.
Scotch and Irisla mountains. .Tune, July.
Flowers dioecious ; Catkins terminal, on stout leafy peduncles, appearing with the leaves or after ; Males loosely cylindrical, \-\ in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers globose, purple, turning black, scales spathulate, pilose, blackish-purple, disk large ; Females, Ovaiy shortly pedicellate, elongated, reddish or claret-coloured, pubescent, style split, purple-red, stigmas divided ; Fruit a capsule, nearly sessile, hairy or pubescent, \ in. long, catkins 1^-2 ins., stigma thick.
Leaves alternate, very variable, lanceolate to ovate, attenuate below, acute
or obtuse, entire or finely serrated, glandular, firm, rigid, shining green, veins
prominent, reticulate, long silky liairs when young, glabrous when old, ^~\ in.
177
TREES AND SHRUBS
long, |-f in. broad ; petiole short ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, serrated, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, much branched, closely procumbent, or sometimes rising, \\-'l ins., young shoots with silky pubescence.
Native of Britain ; restricted to higher parts of mid-Scotland, and Sligo in Ireland.
DARK-LEAVED SALLOW, SalLv nigrkam.
River-banks. April — .Time.
Floxvers dioecious, appearing before or after leaves ; Male catkins i-l in. long, ovate-cylindrical, erect, sub-sessile ; Stamens 2, free, 3 times as long as scales, scales linear-oblong, acute or obtuse, pilose, red below, brown tips ; Females lax, slender, style long ; Fruit a capsule, narrowly conical, glabrous or tomentose, pedicel and style slender, stigma bifid, spreading.
Leaves alternate, very variable, ovate-elliptical to obovate, entire or crenate- serratulate, acute or shortly acuminate, attenuate, rounded or cordate below, pubescent when young, afterwards glabrous above, glabrous or glaucous beneath, reticulate, blackening when dried, thin, 1|— 4 ins. long, ^-2 ins. broad ; petiole velvety pubescent ; stipules half-cordate or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous s/irub, or small t?-ce, 10 ft. ; Tzvigs velvety, purple-black or olive when young, afterwards smooth, shining, purple-black ; Buds- convex, velvety.
Native of Britain. Closely allied to jS. p//i//icif'o/ia, perhaps only a form of it. Also called Black Willow.
BAY WILLOW, S'a/i.r pentandra.
Banks of rivers and streams, damp open woods, especially in hilly districts. May, .lune. A valuable tree, with broad shining foliage resembling that of the Portugal I^aurel ; Avell suited for planting in masses by lake or pond.
Floioers dioecious, appearing with foliage, fragrant ; Male catki/is 1 j-2 ins.
long, ?, ;,' in. diam.. cylindrical, dense, erect, shortly pedunculate ; Stamens usually
178
SALICINE^
5, may be 4-12, hairy below, anthers large, yellow, glands 2, scales oblong, yellowish-green, ciliate, caducous ; Females \-'2\ ins. long, \-\ in. diam. ; Ovary sub-sessile or shortly pedicellate, cylindroid-conic, glabrous, style short, divided, stigma bifid, yellow, glands 2 6 ; Fruit a capsule, ovoid-conic, pedicelled, glabrous, yellowish-green, J ] in. long, style short.
Leaves alternate, very variable, 1-4 ins. long, 1-2 ins. broad, elliptic-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, finely glandular-serrate, acuminate, thick, glabrous, dark shining green, paler and reticulate beneath, viscid wlien young, fragrant with I.aurel-like odour, midrib yellow ; petiole short, glandular at summit ; stipules ovate-oblong, glandular, caducous, or obsolete. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous sliruh, G-8 ft. ; or small tree, 8-20 ft., erect ; 7\vigs glabrous, polished, greenish-brown ; Buds erect, ovoid, polished brown, base greenish.
Native of North Wales, the Midlands, and North England ; planted in South Scotland ; rare in Ireland ; the latest flowering. Known as Five-stamened Willow {Gr. pente, five ; aner, andros, a male).
TEA-LEAVED WILLOW, Salir pinjimfolia.
Woods, thickets, waste places near mountain streams. April, May.
Flowers dioecious, appearing with the leaves ; Male catkins sessile or sub- sessile, ovoid to cylindrical, '-1 in. long, i-f in. broad ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers yellow, changing to rosy, scales linear-oblong, acute, black, hairy ; Females %-l\ in. long, ^-^ in. broad ; Ovary ovoid-conic, tomentose, style long, stigmas thick, bifid, pedicel shorter than gland ; Fruit a capsule, shortly pedicellate, l~\ in. long, glabrous, silky or cottony, valves re volute, catkins 1-2 ins. long.
Leax!cs alternate, very variable, elliptic-lanceolate to ovate or obovate, acute
or acuminate, entire or crenate, often downy when young, glabrous when old.
not wrinkled, shining green above, bluish-glaucous beneath, venation prominent
on upper surface, not turning black when dried, 1-2;^ ins. long, j-lf in. broad;
petiole short, villous ; stipules sinall, lanceolate, or absent.
17!>
TREES AND SHRUBS
A deciduous shrub, n-10 ft. ; Branches twiggy, glabrous, shining, olive-green, chestnut, or reddish ; Buds convex, obtuse, silky pubescent, greenish-orange or yellow.
Native of Britain ; found in Scotland, North England, and North Ireland : many varieties are found, and are sometimes considered as distinct species.
PURPLE OSIER, SalLv purpurea.
Marshy places, river-banks, osier beds. March — Maj'.
Flowers dioecious, lateral on branches of preceding year, appearing before leaves ; Male cntkivs sub-sessile, erect, then spreading or recurved, cylindrical, dense, seldom 1 in. long ; Stamens united into an entire filament, or filament forked, witli a purple-red anther on each bi-anch, scales short, obtuse, green at base, reddish in middle, tipped with purple, brown, or black, hairy or woolly both surfaces ; Females, Ovary sessile, or on pedicel shorter than gland, ovoid, blunt, tomentose, style short or absent, stigmas slender, ovate, purple-red, becoming black ; mixed catkins occur ; Fruit a capsule, ^-^ in. long, broadly ovoid, obtuse, sessile or on pedicel not longer than gland, valves spreading, style short, stigmas entire or cleft.
Leaves sub-opposite, variable, oblong to linear-lanceolate, or oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, entire at base, upper part eglandular serratulate, glabrous, shining green above, usually somewhat glaucous with bluish bloom beneath, few silky hairs, especially when young, 3-6 ins. long, petioles short, stipules half- ovate or absent. Autumn tints brown to black.
A deciduous slirub, 5-10 ft. ; Txdgs erect, long, slender, tougii, glabrous, yellow, green, red, or purple ; Buds sub-opposite, long, narrow, fiat, red-violet or shining red to purple-black, one scale, easily detached.
A doubtful native ; fairly common over England, Ireland, and South Scotland. " American " Weeping Willow is a form of this.
180
ASPEN.
(Po/>iiliis tyeiini/a.)
n
SALICINE^
DWARF SILKY WILLOW, Salix repens.
Heaths and commons. April, ]May.
Flowers dicecious, appearing with leaves ; Male catkhis cylindrical-oblong or ovate, J— I in. long, j-J in. diam., erect, sessile or sub-sessile, with foliaceous bracts ; Stamens 2, free, filament long, glabrous, anther ovoid, yellow, turning to black after dehiscence, scales spathulate or obovate, yellowish-green or purple, with dark tips, dense long velvety hairs ; Females \-^ in. long, l-^, in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, conoid, silky or glabrous, style short, stigmas yellow, rosy or purple, entire or split, diverging or not ; Fruit a capsule, 3J times as large as gland, pedicelled, usually silky, catkins 1 in. long.
Leaves alternate, very variable, oblong-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, or elliptic to ovate, 1-li in. long, 1-J in. broad, margins entire or serratulate, recurved, obtuse or acute, glabrous and dark green above, silky beneath, or sometimes both sides : petiole short ; stipules minute, lanceolate, or obsolete. Autumn tints yellow and brown.
A deciduous shrub; Stems ascending 1-3 ft., or procumbent, creeping under ground and rooting at base ; Young shoots and leaf-buds densely silky white.
Common in all parts of British Isles. Some botanists make many varieties, each with minor characteristics.
OSIER, Salix viminalis.
Wet places, osier beds. April, June.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins |-1 in. long, ^-f in.
broad, sessile, cylindrical; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers golden-yellow,
scales obovate, silky, brown, gland slender ; Females ^— J in. broad, sub-sessile ;
Ovary sub-sessile, ovoid-conic, silky, style hnear, stigma yellow, deeply bifid;
Fruit a capsule, sessile or shortly pedicelled, tapering, base broad, downy, stigmas
rarely bifid, valves widely divaricate.
181
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, linear-lanceolate, tapering both ends, acuminate, entire or obscurely serrated, wavy, revolute, glabrous and grey-green above, silvery silky or grey tomentose beneath, venation prominent above, midrid often orange ; petiole very short, 4-10 ins. long, \-\^ in. broad ; stipules lanceolate, sometimes glandular serrated, caducous. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub, or small tree, 30 ft. ; Braiu^hes long, straight, twiggy, velvety when young, afterwards polished, greenish -yellow, olive, and brown ; Buds small, thin, narrow.
Native of Britain ; the most commonly cultivated Osier. Specific name = twiggy (L. vimen, a twig, an osier, a pliant twig for plaiting or binding). Attacked by Willow Leaf-spot {Septoria salicicola) and Crack Willow Rust {Melampsora epitea).
Margins of leaves rolled by larvte of a Gall-gnat {Cecidomyia marginem- torquens).
RETICULATE WILLOW, Salix reticulata.
Scotch mountains. Jime — August.
Floivers dioecious, appearing after leaves ; 31ale catkins cylindrical, lax- flowered, on rather long, leafless peduncles at ends of short branches opposite to last leaf, downy, |— J in. long, \ in. diam. ; Stamens 2, free, glabrous, anthers red-violet or purplish ; glands disk-like and slit, or bifid ; scales small, obovate, purple or brown, villous inside, ciliate ; Feinales ^--| in. long, | in. diam. ; Ovary sessile, ovoid, obtuse, white tomentose, style very short, often split, stigmas short, thick, purple-red, often bifid ; Fruit a capsule, sessile, obtuse, purple, cottony, J in. long, stigma notched.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, |-1| in. long, ^-1 in. broad, very variable,
obovate to orbicular, firm, entire or waved, obtuse or slightly retuse, glabrous,
shining green, and rugose above, glaucous beneath, reticulation prominent both
surfaces, young leaves silky ; petiole long and slender, channelled, pubescent at
base, reddish. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous shrub ; Stem woody, murli branched, prostrate, often spreading,
182
Plate LXH.
CRACK WILLOW {^Salix fmjiUs)
A. Branch, with female catkins. B. Single female flower. C. Single male flower, D. Male catkin. E. Capsule open, liberating one of seeds.
I
1
SALICINEi^
rising only a few inches above ground ; Branches 2-8 ins. long, tortuous, sparingly leafy, glabrous or hairy when young ; Buds few, 2-4, terminal.
Native of Britain ; confined to loftiest Scotch mountains. Attacked by Goat Willow Rust {3Iela7npsora far-inosa). Specific name refers to the prominent netted veins on the leaf (L. reticulum, diminutiv^e of 7-ete, a net).
ALMOND-LEAVED WILLOW, Salia^ triandra.
Banks of rivers and streams, and osier beds. April — June.
Floicers yellow, dioecious, on lateral, short shoots appearing with leaves ; 3Iale catkins oblong-ovate, slender, 1-3 ins. long, shortly pedunculate, scales glabrous, ciliate, persistent, disk 2 glands ; Stamens 3, long, anthers golden, filaments hairy ; Females lj-2f ins. long, I in. diam. ; Ovary pedicellate, oblong, smooth, stigmas sessile, thick, diverging, 1 gland ; Fruit a 2-vaIved capsule, glabrous, pedicelled, style thick, short.
Leaves alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, serrated, acuminate, glabrous, tough, sub-coriaceous, gi'een above, glaucous beneath, midrib prominent, 2-4 ins. long ; petiole short, glabrous, grooved ; stipules large, slightly cordate, pointed, toothed, persistent. Autumn tint yellow.
A deciduous tree, 20-30 ft. ; Bark in flakes ; Tivigs glabrous, terete, easily snapped above articulation ; produces long stout shoots when stumps cut down, nmch used for wicker-work ; Buds elongated, flat at apex, smooth.
Of frequent occurrence in England, Scotland, and Ireland. Known as French Willow and Three-stamened Osier (Gr. treis, tria, three ; a/icr, andros, a male).
BEDFORD WILLOW, Salix viridis.
Woods. JNIay, .Tune. Grows well in cold upland situations.
Flozvers dicccious ; Qifki/ts on short, leafy, lateral branches, spreading or
recurved, cyhndrical, dense in flower, lax in fruit ; Ovarij tapering, stalked,
longer than scales, style as long as stigmas.
Leaves lanceolate-elliptic, petioles sometimes glandular, attenuated at base.
183
TREES AND SHRUBS
acuminate, or equally attenuated at each end, glandular-serrated, glabrous, glaucous beneath, young ones silky, 4 ins. long, | in. broad.
A deciduous tree, 30-50 ft. ; Branches long, straight, slender, young branches downy ; Timgs green, flexible, glabrous ; growth very rapid ; salicine abundant ; Bark used for tanning ; Wood said to be more valuable than any other species, light, tough, elastic, unlikely to crack or split, uninflammable.
Called Bedford Willow after Francis, Duke of Bedford, who first brought it into notice. Synonymous with S. Russelliana. By some considered a hybrid between S. fragilis and S. alba.
GREAT WHITE POPLAR, Populm alba.
Moist woods, borders of streams. INIarch. April. Prefers open soil, well exposed to air and sunlight. Does well in smoky towns, and in poor sandy soil. The Poplars are propagated by cuttings of firm shoots, 8 ins. long, in ordinary soil outdoors, October or November ; layering of shoots in October ; suckers. October— February ; seeds in ordinary soil in moist border in autumn.
Flowers dicecious, anemophilous, terminal on dwarf shoots ; 3£alc catkins 2-4 ins. long, drooping, membranous, very deciduous, scales jagged, hairy ; Perianth (or inner united scales) a small, flat, oblique cup; Stamens about 8, anthers purple; Females shorter, dense ; Ovary 1 -celled, placentation parietal, styles 0, stigmas 2, bipartite, segments linear, yellow ; Fruit a small oval, glabrous, recurved capsule, opening in 2 reflexed valves ; seeds small, black, oval, with a tuft of long silky hairs, ripe in .June.
Leaves alternate, very variable, roundish cordate, those of young shoots 5-lobed, acute, margin sinuate, upper surface smooth, underside white and cottony, 1-3 ins. long, 2J ins. broad, shed early ; petioles slender, flattened from sides. Autumn tints dark brown.
A deciduous ti-ee, 60-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, slender, rod-like, with
upward tendency ; growth rapid ; Bark smooth, light grey or ash-coloured,
young shoots hairy ; Buds cottony, not viscid ; suckers freely produced, bearing
lobcd and toothed leaves, 2-4 ins. broad ; Wood white, soft, light, not easily
184
SALICINEi^
splitting when nailed ; does not easily burn ; used for utensils and trays, paling rails, and general carpentry.
Very generally planted, and probably indigenous.
Name Poplar from O.F. poplicr, F. peuplie?- ; L. popuhim, ace. o? popidus, 'a poplar. Also known as Abele; said to be derived from Aheel, the Dutch name of the tree ; said by some to take its name from Arbela, in plains of -Nineveh.
Injurions Insects : — Foliage — Red Spider {Acarus telcvrius) ; Wood — Goat Moth {Cossus ligniperdu); innumerable moth-larvae feed on leaves.
Fungoid Pest : — Sulphury AVood Rot {Polyporus sidfvreus).
BALSAM POPLAR, Popnlus bahamifera.
River banks, moist places. March, April. Best not exposed, owing to brittle character of the branches.
Flowers dioecious ; Male catkins, disk oblique ; Stamens 20-30, filaments short, anthers red; Females lengthening to 4-5 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary ovate, 2-lobed, stigmas 2, sub-sessile, lobes broad ; Fruit a capsule, 2-valved, ovate-oblong, acute, often curved, light brown, shortly pedicelled.
Leaves alternate, oval, approaching lanceolate, acuminate or acute, finely crenately serrated, revolute, upper side yellow-green, smooth, underside whitish, 3-.5 ins. long, \\~Z ins. broad, very fragrant, expand very early; petioles terete.
A deciduous tree, 40-70 ft. ; Branches round, stout, erect, contorted at extremities, very brittle ; Txvigs red-brown and orange to grey tinged yellow- green ; Buds large, ovate, covered with fragrant resin, scales brown, shining ; Wood comparatively worthless, light brown.
Introduced from N. America, 1692. Leaves attacked by Black Poplar Rust {Mclampsora populina).
vol,. 11. 18.5
TREES AND SHRUBS
ONTARIO POPLAR, Populus bahamifera, v. candicans.
Parks, gardens. March, April. Best in moist situations, as on margins of lakes.
Floxvers dioecious ; Stamens 20-30, red ; Fruit a 2-valved capsule.
Leaves alternate, more or less cordate, broader than P. baJsamifera, acute, coarsely glandularly serrate, ciliate, pubescent when young, and later along principal veins, underside pale, 7 ins. long, 5 ins. wide ; petioles usually hairy.
A deciduous tree, 50-70 ft. ; broad and open head ; Branches spreading, some- what brittle ; Buds pointed, viscid, scales red-brown ; growth rapid ; Ba?-/x greyish ; JFood heavier than the type.
Naturalised in some parts of Northern U.S.A. and Canada ; very commonly planted in Britain. Also called Balm of Gilead. Name candicans presumably refers to the hoary appearance of tlie under surface of the leaves.
GREY POPLAR, Populus cancscens.
Moist woods in S. England, parks, gardens. March, April. Propagated by suckers.
Flowers dioecious ; 31ale catkins dense, scales obovate-cuneate, incised, ciliate, bright brown; Stamens 4-12; Females, Styles 2, stigmas purple or greenish, 2-8 lobed, wedge-shaped ; Fruit a capsule.
Leaves alternate, roundish cordate, thin, toothed, waved, grey-cottony or glabrous beneath, leaves of young shoots entire, those of young suckers cut into angles and teeth.
A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Shoots and buds cottony ; Wood not liable to split.
Indigenous in S. England. A supposed hybrid between P. alba and
P. tremida. Possible age one hundred years.
Shoots distorted by silvery-white galls, the work of Hedya aceriana.
186
BLACK rOPLAR {r<>j>ii/.iis „i,/r,i)
J. Foliage. VJ. Male catkin. C. Young fein.ile catkin. 7). Jlafnve female catkin. A. Male Uower.
P. Female flower (longitudinal section).
I'LATK LXIII.
SALICINEi^
COTTONWOOD, Popnhs ddtoidea. March, April.
Flovcers dioecious ; Male catkins dense, 3-4 ins. long, \ in. diam., disk oblique, revolute ; Stamens 60 or more, filaments short, anthers dark red ; Females lax, lengthening to 12 ins., disk cup-shaped; Ovary sub-globose, stigmas 3-4, sub-sessile, dilated or lobed ; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, filiform lobes ; Fruit a capsule, 3-4-valved, oblong-ovate, pitted.
Leaves alternate, broadly deltoid-ovate, acuminate, truncate, slightly cordate or cuneate at base, coarsely crenately serrate, teeth glandular, thick, firm, pubescent when young, fragrant, 3-5 ins. long and broad, bright shining green, paler beneath ; petioles slender, laterally compressed, 2\-S\ ins. long, stout.
A deciduous tree, 150 ft. ; Branches large, pendulous at extremities, on young trees nearly erect above, spreading almost at right angles below ; branchlets terete or angled ; Bark on old trunks somewhat rough, ashy-grey or yellow tinged with green on young stems ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous, scales brown.
Native of North America.
CANADIAN POPLAR, Populus moniUfera.
River banks, moist places. March, April. Resists smoke and chemical fumes. The wood is short grained, and the tree hable to be damaged in stormy weather. " The male displays a vigour and attains to a size which the female never equals, and is for this reason frequently looked upon as belonging to a different species, and has become known as the Virginian or the Swiss Poplar." — The Garden.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins sessile, glabrous,
5 ins. long, ^ in. diam. ; Stamens 20-30, anthers red ; scales triangular, yellow,
incised, ciliate ; Females 2-3 ins. long ; Ovary stalked, globose, stigmas usually 4,
sessile, deeply lobed, reflexed ; scales very caducous; Fruit a capsule, globoid,
naked, 3-4-valved, catkins up to 10 ins. long.
187 R 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves alternate, on young plants and suckers cordate, 7-8 ins. long and wide ; those on older trees about \ the size, commonly without sinuses, crenate, with obtuse teeth.
A deciduous tree, 120-150 ft. ; very erect, rapid in growth ; Brcmches acutely angled or winged.
Native of N. America ; introduced to Europe 1769, and to England from the Continent 1772. Probably a variety of P. nigra ; given in Kew Hand-list as synonymous with P. canadensis and P. deltoidea. Called Necklace Poplar from the fact that the female catkins resemble a string of beads ; also sometimes called Black Italian Poplar.
BLACK POPLAR, Popuhs nigra.
River banks and moist places. March, April. Will grow in damp, boggy soil and on exposed sites.
Flowers dioecious, appearing before leaves ; Male catkins lax, pendulous, dark red, 2-3 ins. long, drooping, scales hairy at tips; Stametis 12-30, usually 8, anthers purple ; Female catkins shorter, not drooping, greenish, cylindrical, 4 ins. long; Ovary ovoid-conic, stigmas 2, sessile, 2-8-lobed at apex, lobes short and broad, yellow ; Frnit a capsule, ovoid, J in. long, glabrous, pedicelled, 2 valves, recurved, widely divaricating ; seeds cottony, ripe in May.
Leaves alternate, nearly triangular, crenated, teeth small, acuminate, thick, tough, green on both sides, glabrous beneath, rhombic, silky and ciliate in young state, 1-4 ins. long, 2 ins. broad ; petioles slender, compressed, 1^2 ins. long.
A deciduous tree, erect, 50-80 ft. ; Branches large, massive, ascending,
smaller ones ramifying, greenish-white, young shoots smooth, shining yellow
or light bronze ; Bark dark ash-grey, with large swellings, yellowish on young
trees; Buds very viscid, sharp-pointed, thick, yellowish ; Suckers rarely produced ;
rapid in growth; Wood white, soft, tough, not easily split; used for carving
and charcoal ; bark for tanning.
Not indigenous, but long naturalised.
188
SALICINEiE
Leaves attached by Black Poplar Rust {3Ielampsora populina) and Poplar- leaf Blister {2\iphrina aurea). Large green and pinkish galls on petioles produced by an Aphis {Pemphigus bursa7-ius).
LOMBARDY POPLAR, Populus nigra, V. pijramidalis.
Parks, gardens, hedges. March, April. It is characterised by rapid growth and early decay.
Trees in England almost invariably bear male catkins only ; Stamens 12-20.
Leaves resembling P. nigra ; young leaves glabrous.
A deciduous tree, 100-150 ft. ; Branches growing straight upwards, giving a spire-like shape, young shoots smooth ; growth very rapid ; Barh rough, deeply furrowed ; Buds viscid ; Wood tough and light, of little value ; trees often unsound, though apparently healthy, and liable to fall without warning.
Native of Asia ; thought to be a variety of P. nigra ; introduced to England from Italy by Lord Rochford in 1758, and planted near the priory of St. Osytli, not far from Clacton-on-Sea. Syn. P. fastigiata, from \j. fastigiatus, sloping up to a point, — -fastigo, to make pointed.
ASPEN, Populus tremula.
Moist woods, gardens. March, April.
Flowers dioecious ; Catkins sub-sessile, curved, dense, cylindrical, 2-3 ins. long, scales ciliate, with jagged edges ; Stamens 6-12, anthers purple-red ; Stigmas 2, deeply bifid, purple-red, arms radiating crosswise ; Fruit a capsule, stalked, greenish-brown, valves recurved, catkin 5 ins. long.
Leaves scarcely cordate, nearly orbicular or rhomboidal, small, often not
1 in. broad, 1— t ins. long, irregularly and rather coarsely sinuate, with
incurved teeth, acute, thin in texture, underside glabrous and sometimes
pale, but not cottony ; petiole slender, causing constant trembling ; leaves
on suckers cordate, entire, acute.
A deciduous tree, 40-80 ft. ; Branvhes slender, spreading, compressed ; shoots
189
TREES AND SHRUBS
downy, generally reddish ; Bai-k grey, smooth ; Buds pubescent, not viscid ; Suckers numerous, pubescent ; JFood white, soft, not very useful ; employed for paper-pulp. Heartwood begins to decay after about 50 years, often hastened by larvje of Goat Moth and Wood Leopard Moth.
Indigenous throughout British Isles ; somewhat slow of growth. Galls on petioles produced by larvae of Diplosis t?~e?tmlce, a Gall-gnat. Name Aspen from A.S. fesjJC, ceps, the Aspen-tree.
AMERICAN ASPEN, Populus tremuloides.
March, April.
Floicers didecious ; Male catkins 1J-2J ins. long; Stamens 6-12, inserted on disk, disk oblique, entire, scales acute, 3-5-lobed, hairy ; Females lengthening to 4 ins. ; Ovai-y conical, nearly sessile in bottom of crenate disk, style short, thick, stigmas 2, erect, club-shaped, each 2 linear diverging lobes ; Fruit a 1 -celled, 2-valved capsule, oblong-conical, green.
Leaves alternate, ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, glandular, serrate, thin, firm, glabrous, dark shining green above, pale yellow-green below, l-J-2 ins. long and broad ; petioles slender, laterally compressed.
A deciduous tree, 20-50 ft. ; Branches slender, often contorted, pendulous at extremities, glabrous ; Tivigs red-brown to grey ; Bark thin, pale, roughened ; Buds conical, acute, resinous, scales red-brown, glabrous ; Wood light brown.
Native of North America.
Class I Dicotyledons
Division W. . . . Incompletce Natural Ordeh . . . Empetracece
Heath-like evergreen shrubs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves, and small,
regular, unisexual axillary flowers ; Perianth of 4-G persistent scales, in 2
whorls, often considered as sepals and petals ; Stamens 2-3, alternate with petals,
hypogynous ; Ovarij 2-9-celled ; Fruit a drupe, with 2-9 bony, 1 -seeded stones.
100
EMPETRACEi^
CROWBERRY, Empetrum mgrum.
Mountain heaths, bogs, gardens. May, June. Thrives in damp peaty soil. Propagated by cuttings in sandy peat under bell-glass, June — August.
Floivers purple, dioecious, minute, sessile, in the axils of the upper leaves ; Perianth of G segments, in 2 whorls, scale-like ; Sepals (the outer whorl) rounded, concave, entire ; Petals sub-spathulate, scarious, reHexed, hypogynous ; Stamens 3, alternate with petals, hypogynous, exserted, filaments long, anthers red ; Ovary superior, on fleshy hypogynous disk, 6-9-celled, globose, style short, stigma with 6-9 radiating arms ; Fruit a fleshy drupe, globose, J- J in. long, brownish-black or purple, edible, 2-9 bony, 1-seeded stones.
Leaves in whorls of 3-4, or crowded and alternate at the tips of shoots, linear, linear-oblong or acicular, \~\ in. long, sub-sessile, semi-terete, revolute, margins recurved to midrib, glabrous or slightly ciliate and coriaceous, shining green above, paler beneath, with whitish midrib.
An evergreen shrub, 6-18 ins. ; Stem procumbent, much branched, glabrous ; Branches slender, wiry, spreading, trailing, red-brown.
Native of British Isles. Generic name from Gr. eii pet7'on ; en, upon, petros, a rock, from growing in stony places. Also called Crakeberry. It is the badge of the clan M'l^ean in Scotland.
Class II Monocotyledons
Division I Petaloidce
Natural Order . . . LiliacecB
Usually herbs, sometimes frutescent and arborescent ; Leaves usually
narrow, flowers showy ; Perianth usually 6-partite in two series, rarely 4, 8,
or 10 segments; Stamens 6, hypogynous or epiphyllous. anthers usually introrse ;
Ovarij superior, 3-celled, placentation axile ; Fruit a capsule or berry, usually
3-celled.
191 R 3
TREES AND SHRUBS
An Order of nearly 200 genera and about 2500 species.
Distinguislied by the 3-celled, superior ovary and the 6 stamens with introrse anthers.
COMMON BUTCHER'S BROOM, Rusms acukatus.
Copses, woods, gardens. February — April. The bright red berries make this an ornamental shrub in autumn. It will thrive under the shade of trees where little else will flourish. Pruning should l)e done in April. Propagated by suckers, September or October ; division of roots in October.
Floxvers greenish, dioecious, 1-2, borne on a pedicel arising from axils of minute scales — the true leaves, but apparently sessile on the middle or margin of broad, flat, leaf-like branches {cladodes). The true upper surface on which the flowers rest is usually turned downwards by a twist at base. Perianth \ in. diam., of 6 segments, spreading, inner ones smaller ; Males on narrower cladodes ; Stamens 3, filaments connate in a short column, anthers sessile ; Females, stamens sterile ; Ovary 3-celled, superior, style short, stigma capitate ; Fruit a globose, succulent berry, bright red or rarely yellow, ^ in. diam., usually 1-ceIled, sometimes 3-celled, 2 seeds in each cell.
Leaves (cladodes) alternate, ovate, acuminate, mucronate (spinescent), rigid, parallel-veined, ^-1^ in. long, coriaceous, pungent.
An evergreen shrub, 1-2 ft. ; Stem much branched, tufted, erect, stout, rigid, angled, green, young shoots scaly.
Native of England and S. Wales ; naturalised in Scotland and Ireland ; the only woody Monocotyledon indigenous in Britain. Specific name L. actdeatus = prickly, pointed, sharp, — acidens, a prickle, — acus, a needle, — acies, a sharp point.
DOUBLE TONGUE, Ruscus Hypophyllum.
Gardens. May, June. A valuable shrub for shady spots.
Floxvers 5-G, in an umbel, in middle of under surface of lower cladodes ;
Fruit a berry.
192
BUTCHER'S BROOM.
{Ruse IIS actilea/iis.)
LILIACE^
Leaves [cladodes) oblong or oblong-lanceolate, upper ones alternate, lower ones opposite, ternate or verticillate, distinctly ribbed, 3-5 ins. long, rigidly coriaceous.
An evergreen shrub, 1-1^ ft.
Native of JNIediterranean region; introduced 1G40. li. Hijpoglossum is thought to be a form of this species, having the flowers on the upper side of the cladode.
ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL, Damva Laurus. H
Gardens. May. 'J'his does well in sheltered gardens near the sea. The graceful leafy stems will last several weeks if cut and placed in water indoors.
Floxoers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, in a terminal raceme ; Fruit a berry, red.
Leaves {cladodes) alternate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, rounded at base, glabrous, lucid green, .sessile, rigidly coriaceous, 2 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, 4 ft.
Native of Portugal ; introduced 1739. Syn. Ruscits raccmosus.
NARROW-LEAVED YUCCA, Yucca angustifoUa.
Gardens. July, August. This is well suited for sunny nooks and rock- work. The Yuccas are all hardy, but do best in sunshine and loamy soil. They are propagated by cuttings of roots in sand in bottom heat in spring ; offsets or suckers in March or April ; division in March.
Flowers white, greenish outside, campanulate, in a terminal panicle or simple
j-aceme, 3-5 ft. long, branches ascending, pedicels ^—1 in. long, stout, erect ;
Pcriauth segments oblong, acute, 2-2.^ ins. long, |— 1^ in. broad ; Stjilc short,
stigmas shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, 2-3 ins. long, 1 in. diam., 6-sided ;
seeds very flat, | in. broad.
Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, linear, pungent, pointed, channelled
193
TREES AND SHRUBS
above, rigid, thick, smooth, pale green, 1^-3 ft., long, J-J in. wide, margins pale reddish-brown, copiously filamentose, threads 4 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, nearly stemless, 3 ft.
Introduced from Western N. America, 1811.
SILK GRASS, Vucca filanientosa.
Gardens. June — August. A very distinctive and attractive species, with a rosette habit.
Floivei's white tinged with green ; Panicle rhomboid, much branched, 4 8 ft. long, branches flexuous, ascending, 6 ins. long, pedicels drooping, ^-\ in. long ; Perianth segments oblong or oblong-lanceolate, li-2^ ins. long ; Stigmas slender, shorter than ovary ; Fruit a capsule, oblong, 1^-2 ins. long, f in. diam.
Leaves 30-50, in a dense rosette, outer ones spreading, central ones erect or sliglitly curved, ensiform, acuminate, firm, apple-green, slightly glaucous, lJ-2^ ft. long, l|-2 ins. broad, margins whitish with grey filaments 2-3 ins. long.
An evergreen shrub, stemless or nearly so, 2 ft. ; Suckers freely prod uced.
Introduced from N. America, 1675.
ADAM'S NEEDLE, Yucca gloriosa.
Gardens, lawns. July, August. The hardiest and most popular of the Yuccas ; it sometimes bears blossoms in mild winters.
Flowers white, tinged with red, green, or purple, campanulate, lj-2^ins.
long, 8|-4 ins. diam., eiitomophilous, in a panicle, 4-9 ft. long, of perhaps 250
blossoms, branches 1-1 i ft. long, glabrous or pubescent, pedicels 4-12 ins.
long, bracts small ; Perianth of 6 segments, in two series, slightly united
at base, thin, ovate, acute ; Stamens 6, in two series, as long as ovary, filaments
fleshy, Iiispid or papillose, slightly 3-lobed, anthers deeply emarginate, attached
at back ; Ovarij superior, 3-celled, 6-sided, nectar-glands between partitions,
narrowed towards apex, stigma 3-lobed ; Fruit baccate, seldom produced.
194
ADAM'S NEEDLE {Ywr.a ,j/orw.sa) /I. Tree, with flower spikes in bud. Ji. Flower, open. f. Flower in usual half-closed state. IK Fruit dehiscing Plate LXIV.
GRAMINEt^
Leaves 100 or more, in a dense rosette, 1^-3 ft. long, 2-3 ins. broad, gradually narrowed above the broad clasping base, widest near middle, thin, flat, or concave towards apex, rigid, erect, pungent pointed, serrulate towards base, teeth deciduous, scabrous at back, dull green, often glaucous, margins red-brown.
An evergreen shrub, or small tree, 4-6 ft. ; few branches ; Bark smooth, light grey.
First plants said to have been received by Gerarde from the AVest Indies, 1593. Also called JMound Lily.
Class II Monocotyledons
Division II Nudiflorce
Natural Ordeu . . . Graminece
Usually herbaceous plants, rarely suffrutescent or arborescent ; Stems fistular, septated at nodes ; Leaves alternate, narrow, with a ligule at base of blade, and a sheath forming a tube enclosing the stem ; Flozveis usually hermaphrodite, seldom moncecious (as in Maize), mostly arranged in a panicle or spike, bearing spikelets enclosed by bracts or glumes ; Perianth absent or represented by scales ; Stamens 1-6 or more, usually 3, anthers versatile; Ovary superior, 1 -celled stigmas 1-3 ; Fruit a caryopsis.
GREAT REED, Arundo Dona.v.
Gardens. September, October. Requires protection during winter in colder counties.
Flowers reddish, ultimately whitish, in a compact payiicle, 12-16 ins. long, of numerous spikelets enveloped in silky hairs and containing 2 or more perfect florets, florets awned, lower palea entire ; Fruit a caryopsis, free from palea.
Leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, entire, glaucous green, arching.
A hardy ornamental grass, 10-12 ft.
Native of S. Europe, Egypt, and Asia; introduced 1648.
10.5
TREES AND SHRUBS
Group Gymnospermce
Natural Order . . . Coniferce
Trees or slirubs, usually resinous, with rigid, linear, subulate or scale-like leaves; Flowers monoecious or dioecious, without perianth; 31ales (in catkins) of numerous closely-packed scales, bearing two or more anther-cells ; Females (cones) of ovuliferous scales and bract-scales ; ovules and seeds naked, either concealed by scales or solitary and exposed.
MAIDEN-HAIR TREE, Ginkgo biloba.
Parks, gardens. April, May. The glossy green fan-shaped leaves, cut up like some of the species of Adiantum Ferns, make this a very distinctive tree. It does well in smoky towns. Propagated by seeds sown in pans of light sandy soil in cold frame, October or March.
Flowers dioecious; Male catkins axillary, slender, sessile, yellow, H in. long; Females solitary or terminal clusters, foot-stalks long ; Fruit drupaceous, globular or ovate, 1 in. diam., light green or yellowish fleshy pulp, edible, sweet ; seed globular, hard bony shell.
Leaves clustered on branchlets, distinct and alternate on young shoots, broadly fan-shaped, cuneate at base, 2-4-lobed, lobes toothed or irregularly notched, resembling Maiden-hair Fern, flat, coriaceous, glabrous, margins thickened, numerous parallel nerves ; foot-stalk as long as blade, yellowish-green, glabrous, glossy.
A deciduous tree, 60-80 ft. ; Branches alternate, mostly ascending or hori- zontal ; branclilets terete, very short, spur-like ; Bark rough, furrowed, scaly, greyish.
Native of China and .lapan ; introduced 1754. Chinese name Ginkgo = ivi\\ of leafless buds in winter. Also named Salisburia adiantifolia, in honour of R. A. Salisbury, F.R.S., an eminent English botanist ; acliantifolia = leaf like Maiden- hair Fern, the specific name of which is Adiautum.
196
CONIFER/E
PLUM-FRUITED CEPHALOTAXUS, Cephalotaxus drupacea.
Shrubberies, gardens, sheltered borders or lawns. April. The curious purplish, plum-like fruits render this both distinctive and interesting. It is best in equal parts of loam and peat. Propagated by cuttings of shoots 3 ins. long in sandy soil in shady cold frame or under bell-glass or handlight outdoors in autumn ; seeds in light soil in cold frame, September or March, transplanting outdoors a year after.
Flowers dioecious; Males 6-11, in axillary globose heads (compound catkins), with involucre of small bract scales, flowers in axils of membranous bracts ; Stamens 7-12, each with 2-3 anther cells ; Females, small pedunculate cones in axils of bracts at base of terminal shoots, scales 6-20, on fleshy axis of cone ; Fruit drupaceous, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, 2-3 in a head, IJ in. long, I in. diam. ; seeds solitary, nut-like, shell hard, bony.
Leaves linear, crowded, in 2 rows, opposite, stiff", falcate, twisted, coria- ceous, yellowish glossy green above, nerved along middle, glaucous green below, with 2 silvery bands, 1-2 ins. long, much resemble the Yew.
An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft. ; Branches horizontal, whorled, spreading, flat, stiff"; Buds small, scales acute, imbricate.
Native of China and Japan ; introduced 1844'. In Japan called Kaja. Generic name from Gr. kephale, a head ; taxis, arrangement.
FORTUNE'S CLUSTER-FLOWERED YEW, Cephahtaxus
Fortuni.
Shrubberies, gardens. April. Best in light, peaty soil, and sheltered.
Flourrs dioecious ; Males in axillary globular heads, shortly pedunculate ; Fruit a drupe, fleshy, purplish, elliptical, tapering both ends, 1;^ in. long, f in. diam. ; seeds solitary, shell thin, brittle.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, on principal branches mostly alternate, scattered,
on laterals and branchlets in tAvo rows, mostly opposite, acute, straight, flat,
deep glossy green above, ribbed, glaucous Avhite below, margins bright green,
3 ins. long.
197
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen tree, 6-8 ft, ; Branches horizontal, wliorled, slender, spreading, pendent, laterals and branchlets in 2 rows, frequently in opposite pairs, filiform. Introduced from N. China by Fortune, 1848.
LORD HARRINGTON'S YEW, Cephalotaxm pedunculata.
Shrubberies, gardens. April.
Flowers dioecious ; Males pedunculate, oval, in globular heads shorter than bracts ; Females in axillary heads, peduncles 4-angled ; F?-uit drupaceous 2-3 in a head, peduncles long ; seeds solitary, erect, shell smooth, hard, thin.
Leaves linear, in 2 rows, mostly opposite on branchlets, spiral and alter- nate on principal branches, slightly falcate, thick, coriaceous, revolute, bright glossy green above, raised straight nerve, 2 broad glaucous white bands below, li-2| ins. long.
An evergreen t7-ee, 6-8 ft. ; Branches numerous, spreading, mostly in whorls, branchlets in 2 rows, horizontal, mostly opposite ; Buds with persistent imbri- cated scales.
Cultivated in Japan under name of Inukaja ; introduced to Britain, 1837. Syn. Taxus Harringtoniana.
YEW, Taxus baccata.
Mountainous woods, parks, gardens. February, March. Prefers limy soils. Valuable for forming hedges or planting under the shade and drip of larger trees. Very attractive when laden with its bright red fruits. Hedges may be trimmed in April or September. Propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil outdoors in March, or in pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Flowers dioecious, very occasionally monoecious ; Male Jloivers almost
spherical, \ in. diam., clustered in axils of leaves, bending backwards so as to
appear on under side of branch, scales dry, imbricated, about 6 stamens, each
198
CONIFERi^
with 3-8 anther-cells, yellow ; Females solitary, on sides of branches, 1 ovule, surrounded by fleshy disk enclosed by small scales ; Fruit a hard seed, olive- green, ovoid, with bony testa imbedded in a red wax-like cup, mucilaginous and sweet.
Leaves in 2 rows, lying in 1 plane, linear, flat, thin, h-\h in. long, coriaceous, acute, convex and shining above, pale and unpolished below ; petiole very short, with half twist.
An evergreen tree, 15-50 ft. ; T'runk massive by coalescence of numerous shoots ; Branches spreading, nearly horizontal ; Txcigs numerous ; Bark red, thin, flaking ; growth very slow ; JFood liard, close-grained, elastic, heartwood red.
Native of Britain. Latin name baccata from bacca, a berry ; English name from A.S. eozc, the Yew. Reputed to be the longest-lived tree. Leaves poisonous.
PLUM FIR, Frumnopitijs elegaus.
Parks, gardens. j\Liy. Will thrive satisfactorily in smoky and dusty localities. Its Yew-like appearance has earned for it the name of the Plum- fruited Yew. Propagated by cuttings in pots of sandy loam under bell-glass in 60°-70" in summer.
Flowers in an axillary spike, peduncle 2-3 flowered, 1 -fruited by abortion, antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, 2 cells on the under side, bract scales small, sessile, receptacle oval, on end of long neck, slightly 3-lobed, smooth, purple, persistent ; Fruit drupaceous, globular, smooth, fleshy, succulent, dark purple, without foot-stalk, size of Cherry ; seed with hard bony shell.
Leaves scattered or in 2 rows, linear, tapering both ends, appressed, coriaceous, rigid, glabrous, deep glossy green above, edges rusty, glaucous beneath, |-li^ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft. ; pyramidal ; Brauehes numerous, erect,
spreading, lower ones drooping and often sweeping tlie ground ; branehlets
short, stout, spreading ; Bark brown ; JVood hard, yellow, beautifully veined.
199
TREES AND SHRUBS
Native of Southern Chile ; introduced by Messrs. A^eitch, 1860. Generic name from Gr. pons, podos, a foot ; karpos, a fruit, the fruits in most species having a foot-stalk. Syn. Podocarpus andijia.
CHINESE JUNIPER, Juniperm chinenm.
Parks, gardens. April. The most beautiful of the Junipers, the male plants growing erect, and the female specimens being more spreading in habit. The Junipers are propagated by cuttings of young branches in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight in September or October ; seeds in light soil in cold frame in April, transplanting into pots when 2 inches high, planting out a year afterwards.
Floivers usually dioecious ; 31ale catkins very numerous, bright orange- yellow ; Females axillary, bracteate ; Fruit baccate, very small, variable in shape, glaucous, violet-brown, 1-2-seeded.
Leaves in male form in whorls of 3, lanceolate, acute, stiff, channelled upper side, convex below, glaucous or bright green, without foot-stalks ; on female plants in twos, opposite, four-rowed, scale-like, ovate, acute, oblong sunken gland on back, closely imbricated ; the leaves are often much alike on both sexes when young, and when mature exhibit transition from one form to another.
An evergreen tree, 20 ft. ; Branches in males numerous, irregularly alternate, spreading, higher ones nearly erect ; in females scattered, spreading, smaller ones quadrangular, seldom forked, often pointing downwards.
Introduced from China and Japan in 1804.
SAVIN, Juniperus Sabina.
Gardens, rockwork. April. Thrives best in hght soil and dry situations. F/oxvers dioecious; Fruit a berry (galbule), oval, smooth, generally 1-seeded, blackish-purple, somewhat glaucous, about size of small currant,
in. diam. borne on recurved peduncle-like branchlets.
200
YEW.
( Taaiis haccala. )
CONIFERS
Leaves in opposite pairs, scale-like, imbricated, oval, acute, keeled, or subulate and minute, disagreeable odour, bitter to taste. An evergreen shrub, 6-8 ft. ; Branches trailing. Native of S. Europe; introduced 1548.
RED CEDAR, Junipertis virginiana.
Parks, gardens. April. The largest of the .Junipers grown in this country.
Flowers dioecious, or rarely monoecious, in minute axillary cones ; 31ales solitary, oblong-ovate, stamens 10-12, each with 4-6 anther cells; Females ovoid, seminiferous scales violet, acute, spreading, 1-2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 ; Fruit a cone, baccate, sub-globose, \-}^ in. diam., greyish-brown, glaucous bloom, sweet, resinous, usually 1-2 seeds.
Leaves in opposite pairs, united at bases, usually subulate and spreading in young plants, minute, scale-like, closely imbricated, glandular or eglandular at back, usually acute or acuminate, ^jr in. long, dark blue-green or glaucous, persistent for several years, on young plants and branches J-f in. long, linear- lanceolate.
An evergreen shrub or tree, 30-50 ft. ; usually somewhat pyramidal outline ; Branches at first erect, ultimately decumbent ; braiichlets numerous, crowded, 4-angled ; Trunk erect, varying shades of brown and red, scaly ; Wood bright red, close, firm, easily splitting, aromatic ; much used for cedar pencils.
Native of N. America, West Indies, and Japan, reaching 60-90 ft. in U.S.A. ; introduced 1664. Known as V^irginian .Juniper.
COMMON JUNIPER, Juniperus communis.
Downs, and rather dry, barren hills. May. ^'ery variable as regards height, shape, and foliage.
Floivers dioecious ; Male flowers axillary, solitary or crowded ; Stamens numerous, about 15, anthers 3-6-celled, pollen pale yellow ; Females in axils, 3-6 scales, fleshy, 1-2 ovules under each, several empty scaler at base; Fruit a cone
VOL. II. 201 . ,,r ^^ s
TREES AND SHRUBS
of false drupes (each a galbulus), baccate, globose, sub-sessile, very fleshy, 4-6 rudhnentary, scarious, emptj^ scales at base, blue-black, glaucous bloom, pun- gent, ripe in second year, 3 angular, hard seeds, each with several resin blisters.
Leaves opposite or whorls of 3, subulate, rigid, concave, margins thickened, sharply pointed, glaucous above, green below, \-\ in., fragrant when bruised.
An evergreen shrub, much branched, 2-5 ft. ; or small tree, 10-25 ft. ; Hark fibrous, red-brown, flaking ; IVood finely-veined, yellowish-brown, aromatic.
Native of Britain. Name .Tuniper a corruption of Fr. gcnevrier ; L. juni'perus, — -juvenis, young, and par ere, to bring forth, because it brings forth younger berries while those of previous year are ripening.
MONTEREY CYPRESS, Cupressus macrocarpa.
Parks, gardens. February, March. Grows exceptionally well near sea ; suitable for damp or marshy ground. The species are propagated by cuttings of young branchlets 2 ins. long in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, September or October ; seeds in pans of light soil in cold frame in April, trans- planting into small pots in following spring, planting out a year afterwards.
Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, yellow, on separate branchlets ; Males with 6-8 stamens, connectives bearing 4-5 anther cells ; Females oblong, scales 6-10, tliick, decussate, seminiferous scales bearing numerous ovules in several rows ; Fruit a cone, \\-2 ins. long, 1 in. diam., light brown, clusters of 3-4, bosses of scales prominent, scales 8-12, ovate; seeds about 20 under each scale, angled, chestnut-brown.
Leaves closely imbricated, very dark grass-gi-een, | in. long, on young plants 5^-2 in. long, ovate, thickened, rounded, glandular on back.
An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; Branches reddisli, close set, numerous, hori- zontal, extremities ascending ; branchlets generally lateral, opposite, long ; growth very rapid ; Barh- dark red-brown on young stems and branches, white on old trunks ; Wood heavy, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, yellow, takes
fine polish.
202
CONIFERS
Native of California; seeds first sent to Europe, 1838; said to grow better here than in its native home on Pacific Coast. Syn. C. LambertiaTia. Specific name from Gr. makros, long, karpos, fruit.
EVERGREEN CYPRESS, Cupressus sempervirens.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in warm, sandy, or gravelly soil.
F/oive?-s monoecious; Males numerous, yellow, ^ in. long, stamens 10-12. decussate, bearing 3 pollen-sacs; Females fewer, 2-5 polyhedral, about 12 poly- gonal scales in decussate pairs, ovules several ; Fruit a cone, globular, 1-lJ in. diam., light brown, scales angular, peltate, corky outside, woody within, arranged in whorls separating at maturity ; seeds several under each scale, yellowish- brown, angular, \ in. long, covered with thin membranous skin.
Leaves small, closely imbricated, in opposite pairs, smooth, shining, yellowish-green, persistent 5-6 years, acicular on main stem.
An evergreen tree, 50-60 ft. ; usually flame-shaped, tapering, stem below branches very short ; Branches erect, close to trunk, much divided, in one plane, forming frond-like sprays; br-anchlets quadrangular; Bark scaly, reddish- brown ; Wood hard, close-grained, resinously fragrant, reddish-brown, practically indestructible.
Native of S. Europe, Asia Minor, and Persia. Believed to have been brought from Italy by Turner and planted at Syon House sometime before 1548 ; in Italy reaches 120 ft. ; two specimens still living planted by Michael Angelo (1475-1563).
LAWSON CYPRESS, Cupressus Imisomana.
Parks, gardens, plantations. April, May.
Floivers minute, monoecious, terminal, on separate branchlets ; Male flowers
numerous, at tips of short branchlets of previous year, cylindrical, bright crimson,
stamens with 2-6 antlier cells, usually produced when tree is young ; Females of
few alternating whorls of small dark, ovate, acute bract scales, ovules several
203 s 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
(2-4) ; Fruit a cone, about size of large pea, clustered on upper lateral branchlets, 8 peltate, angular scales, very numerous, persistent ; seeds slightly winged, 3 or more to each scale.
Leaves very minute, closely imbricated, in alternate opposite pairs, obtuse or acute, usually an obscure tubercle towards apex, dark glossy green tinged with glaucous hue, persistent for 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 75-100 ft. ; Branches short, spreading, horizontal, much divided at extremities, curved, feathery, drooping; Bark brown, thick, round scaly ridges ; Trunk comparatively slender. Wood yellow, light, close-grained ; much used in N. America.
Native of N. America, where it reaches height of 120-200 ft. Believed to have been first discovered by Jeffrey, 1852-53. Named after Charles Lawson of Edinburgh, who first raised trees from seed. Synonymous with Chamwcyparis hvwsoniana (Gr. chamai, the ground, i.e. dwarf, and kuparissos, the Cypress).
YELLOW CYPRESS, Cupressus nootkateusis.
Parks, gardens. April.
Mowers monoecious, minute ; Males on lateral branchlets of previous year, 8-10 stamens, sulphur-yellow ; Females clustered near ends of upper branchlets, dark reddish-brown, scales bearing 2-4 ovules ; Fruit a cone, sub-globose, | in. diam., nearly sessile, red-brown, scales 4-G, peltate, angular bosses erect, prominent ; seeds 2-4 under each scale, \ in. long, red-brown, wings broad.
Leaves opposite in pairs, rounded, closely appressed, dark blue-green, some- times glandular-pitted on back, ] in. long, on leading branchlets elongated, acute, begin to die end of second year, fall in third, pungent when crushed.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; with narrow pyramidal head ; Branches
horizontal, spreading, ramifying, distichous, terete or flattened ; branchlets
drooping, light yellow tinged red at first, afterwards red-brown, very aromatic
resinous exudation ; Bark light grey tinged brown, fissured, scaly ; Wood
204
CONIFER.^
hard, brittle, close-grained, durable, yellow, fragrant with resinous odour, takes good polish.
Native of N. America, 120 ft. high. Named from Nootka Sound. Introduced in 1851 from Botanical Gardens, St. Petersburg.
OBTUSE-LEAVED JAPAN CYPRESS, Cnpressns obtnsa.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious ; 3fa/es terminal, cylindrical ; Females solitary at ends of same branclilets ; Fruit a cone, globular, about size of a grape, scales 8-10, cuneate at base, brown ; seeds short winged, 2 at base of each scale, in sunken grooves.
Leaves mostly in whorls of 4, decussate, ovate-rhomboid, blunt, seldom pointed, closely adpressed, adhering nearly to points, only lower part visible, light green, persistent on young plants for several years.
An evergreen tree, 30 ft. ; Branches spreading, laterals fan-like, shining green ; Wood heavy, fine-grained, white, taking high polish.
Introduced from .Tapan, 1850 ; there 70-100 ft. Called by Japanese " Fu- si-no-ki," tree of the Sun, and dedicated to God of the Sun. Syn. ChanKrcijparis obtusa. Generic name from Gr. chamai, on the ground, and kuparissos, the Cypress. Known in gardens as Betinospora obtusa.
PEA-FRUITED RETINOSPORA, Cupresms pisifera.
Parks, gardens. April.
FloxveTS monoecious ; Males terminal on upper branclilets, cylindrical, obtuse ; Females terminal ; Fruit a cone, ovate-globose, about size of large pea. scales 10-12, in opposite cross pairs, imbricated, ovate-rhomboid, acute, crenulatcd, cuneate, resinous, woody, smooth, yellowish- brown ; seeds, 2 at base of each scale, wings membranous, brown.
Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, upper and lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering
to hard point, keeled on back, smooth, lateral ones falcate, acute, 2 white
glaucous bands beneatli, all scalc-Hke. imbricated.
205
TREES AND SHRUBS
An evergreen tree, somewhat pyramidal ; Branches numerous, thickly covered vpith slender, feathery, light-green branchlets.
Introduced from Japan, 1850. Name Retinospora from Gr. rJietine, resin, and sporos, seed, speiro, to sow, the seeds being coated with resin. Generic name from L. pisum, a pea, and /fro, to bear. Syn. Chamcecyparis p'lsifcra.
AMERICAN ARBOR-VITtE, Thuya occidentalis.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Will thrive in damp soils. Pruning may be done in April or September. The species are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass or in cold frame in September ; seeds in sandy soil in temperature of 55° in spring, transplanting to open ground when large enough to handle.
Flowers monoecious, minute, terminal, solitary, on different branchlets ; 3Iales ovoid, stamens 4-6, sub-orbicular, peltate, anther cells 2-4 ; Feinales oblong, scales 8-12, oblong, acute, in opposite pairs, seminiferous scales bearing 2 ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovoid-oblong, ,\-J in. long, pale cinnamon- brown, scales oblong, acute, thin, coriaceous ; seeds ^ in. long, wings thin.
Leaves scale-like, decussate, acute, yellowish-green, j^^ in. long, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or keeled on back, acuminate, usually glandular, on laterals compressed, prominently keeled, brownish-green in growing season, brownish-purple in winter.
An evergreen sh?-ub or tree, 40-60 ft. ; Branches stout, distant, horizontal ; branchlets spreading, lateral short and pendulous, yellow-green to cinnamon- red, then dark orange-brown, smooth, lustrous ; Bark red-brown tinged orange, fissured, scaly ; Wood light, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, durable, flagrant, pale yellow-brown ; sometimes called AAHiite Cedar.
Native of N. America; introduced 1596. Thuia is old Greek name used by Theophrastus.
206
CONIFERiE
GIGANTIC ARBOR-VITiE, Thuya plkata.
Parks, gardens. April. A fine graceful tree, which does well on exposed ground.
Flowe7's monoecious ; 31ale catkins oval ; Females solitary and terminal Fruit a cone, solitary at extremities of small branchlets, \ in. long, oval, tapering both ends, scales tapering, rounded or obtuse at apex ; seeds in twos at base of scales, little shorter than wings.
Leaves in alternate opposite pairs, scale-like, closely imbricated, without gland on back, those on branches distant, decurrent, acute, on branchlets very flat, in 4 rows, short, rounded, spiny pointed, glossy green above, silvery beneath.
An evergreen tree, 50-150 ft. ; Branches spreading, flat, horizontal, scattered, slender, deep brown ; branchlets crowded, flattened, 2 rowed, slender, flexible, straight, undivided ; Wood fine-grained, yellow, soft, easily worked, moderately durable.
Introduced from N.W. America, 1851. Syns. T. gigantca (Nutt.), T. Lobbi, and T. 3Ienziesii of gardens.
HATCHET-LEAVED ARBOR-VIT.E, Thuyn dolabrata.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers cool, moist soil and shade ; hardy in south of England ; must be sheltered from cold winds.
Flowers moncecious, solitary and terminal ; Fruit a cone, sessile and terminal, ovate, squarrose, small, J in. diam., scales 8-10, woody.
Leaves in 4 rows, decussate, scale-like, broad, thick, ovate, rounded at point, hatchet-shaped, adpressed, imbricated, flat, furrowed along middle, margins concave, deep shining green above, silvery-white beneath.
An evergreen tree, 40-50 ft.; pyramidal; Branches vertical, pendulous
at ends ; Inaiichlcts 2-rowed, 2-edged, alternate, flattened.
Introduced from .[a])an, ISOl. Syn. Thiiijopsis dohdirata.
207
TREES AND SHRUBS
CHINESE ARBOR- VIT.E, Thuya orientalis.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious, terminal and solitary ; Fruit, a cone, solitary at ends of branchlets, ovate-elliptic, 6-valved, ^ in. long, light brown, scales 6, 2 central and 4 around sides.
Leaves in 4 rows, ovate-rhomboid, scale-like, imbricated, adpressed, decurrent, acute, shining green and glaucous when young, afterwards dull green, glandless.
An evergreen tree, 18-20 ft. ; or pyramidal bush ; BrancJies at first horizontal, afterwards fastigiate ; branchlets in 2 rows, flat.
Native of China and Japan. Many varieties in cultivation. Known in nurseries and gardens as Biota orientalis.
INCENSE CEDAR, Libocedms decurrens.
Parks. January. Best on deep moist loam. Propagated by cuttings of firm shoots or branchlets in sandy soil in cold frame or under handlight, August or September ; seeds in pans of sandy soil in cold frame or greenhouse, October — April.
Flowers monoecious, solitary, terminal, on different branchlets ; Males ovate, nearly \ in. long, stamens 12-16, connectives with 4 anther cells; Females oblong, 0 seminiferous scales, bearing 2 ovules, bract scales 2-6 pairs, ovate, acute, yellow-green ; Fruit a cone, oblong, 1 in. long, erect, light red-brown, scales 2-3 pairs, sub-coriaceous ; seeds oblong-lanceolate, \—\ in. long, ripening in 1 year.
Leaves in 4 ranks, oblong-obovate, scale like, small, decurrent, adnate to branches except at apex, deep glossy green, }, in. long on leading shoots, those of lateral ranks keeled and glandular on back.
An evergreen tree, 35-40 ft. ; columnar ; Branches slender, erect, lower ones
curved ; branchlets flattened, laterals 4-0 ins. long ; Bark cinnamon-red, scaly ;
208
CONIFER.^
Wood light, soft, close-grained, durable in contact with soil, light reddish- brown.
Native of N. America, reaching 150 ft. in height. Discovered by Colonel Fremont; seeds sent home by Jeffrey, 1853. Generic name from Gr. libanos, incense, and cedrus, a Cedar, in reference to the resinous character of the wood. Specific name from L. decurro, I run down, referring to leaves. Known in nurseries as Thuja gigantea.
UMBRELLA PINE, Sdadopitys verticiUata.
Parks, gardens. May. Requires leaf-soil or peat and moisture. Propagated by imported seeds sown in pots of moist sandy loam in cold frame or greenhouse, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in moist sandy loam in April, transplanting one year afterwards.
Floivers monojcious ; Male catkins terminal, somewhat globular, anther lobes 2 ; Females solitary, bract scales arranged spirally, seminiferous scales growing out from them and exceeding them in length, ovules 6-9 ; Fmit a cone, elhptical or cylindrical, obtuse, '2^-'6 ins. long, l^ in. diam., scales regularly imbricated, thin, bracts shorter tlian scales, cones produced after about 20 years ; seeds seldom ripening in England.
Leaves alternate, 30 40 at extremities of shoots, forming a sort of whorl like an open parasol, linear, 2-4 his. long, J in. broad, sessile, slightly falcate, blunt or slightly notched, glabrous, coriaceous, double ribbed channel underside, yellow- green when young, afterwards deep green, persistent about 3 years.
An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; conical ; Stem straight ; Branches horizontal, spreading, mostly in whorls, stiff, twiggy, young shoots cylindrical, leaves only at top, growth very slow.
Native of Japan; seeds first sent to England by Mr. J. G. Veitch, 1861 ; attains height of 120-150 ft. in native country. Name from Gr. scias, sciados, a shade, an umbrella ; pitijs, pifijos, a Pine-tree ; Low Latin verticlllatus — vcrticiUns, dim. of vertex, a whirl.
209
TREES AND SHRUBS
WELLINGTONIA, Sequoia gigantea.
Parks. April, May. A very ornamental tree in the early stages of growth. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy loam under bell-glass, handlight, or cold frame, September or October ; seeds in well-drained pans of sandy loam in cold frame in spring, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Flowers monoecious ; Males terminal, in great profusion all over tree ; Females with 25-40 pale yellow scales, keeled, slender points; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, 2-3| ins. long, 1^2 J ins. diam., dark reddish-brown, 25-30 scales with long reflexed tip ; seeds linear-lanceolate, J -| in. long, light brown, wings broad, solitary at ends of branchlets, maturing in second year.
Leaves spirally arranged, lanceolate or ovate and acuminate, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave on upper surface, midrib obscure, rigid, acute, decurrent below, \-\ in. long, light bluish-green on young plants, on leading shoots becoming dull grass-green, \ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 100 ft. or more ; conical ; Branches short, thick, horizontal ; branchlets slender, slightly drooping, reddish-brown tinged purple ; BarJx red, scaly ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained ; some from trees grown in England has proved to be firm and tough, not easily cut with a chisel.
Native of California, 270-320 ft. ; introduced by WiUiam Lobb, 1 853. Known as Big Tree or Mammoth Tree. Synonyms S. WcUingtonia, Well- iiigtoiiia gigantea.
RED WOOD, Sequoia sempervirens.
Parks. April. Best in deep, rich soil, and sheltered.
Floxmrs monct'cious, minute ; Males terminal, in axils of upper leaves, ovate,
obtuse, numerous filaments bearing 2-5 globose 2-valved anther cells, bracts
imbricated, ovate, acute ; Females terminal, ovoid or oblong, seminiferous scales
bearing in 2 rows 5-7 pendulous ovules, bract scales about 20, ovate-acute
with incurved points; Fruit a cone, oblong, solitary, terminal, 1 in. long, 15-20
scales, cuneiform ; seeds xV in. long, light brown.
210
YELLOW CYPRESS {Ciijir/'s:gus noofkatensis) A. Frond, showing cones. B. Longitudinal section of cone. C. Transverse section of cone.
Plate LXV.
CONIFER.^
Leaves linear, falcate, resembling Yew, spirally alternate, spreading in 2 ranks by half-turn at base, acute or acuminate, slightly thickened on revolute margins, obscurely keeled, midrib conspicuous, decurrent at base, ^—J in. long, on leading shoots in many ranks, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded and thickened on lower surface, concave, dying and turning brown at least two years before falling.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches slender, horizontal, much divided, frequently pendulous ; Bai'k thick, spongy, scaly, inner bark cinnamon-red ; Bud-scales ovate-acute, imbricated ; Suckei's produced ; Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split, durable in contact with soil, light red.
Native of California, there reaching height of 200-340 ft. ; free of branches for 75-100 ft., 90-100 ft. circumference, bark 18 ins. thick; some probably 1300 years old. Specimens brought home by Menzies, 1795 ; seeds first sent to Europe by William I^obb in 1853. Generic name in honour of Seequayah, a Cherokee Indian chief (1770-1843).
JAPAN CEDAR, Cryptoueria japonica.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in deep, rich soil with abundant moisture, and sheltered from cold winds. Propagated by cuttings of side shoots 2-3 ins. long in sandy soil under handlight or cold frame, September or October; seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; 3Ia/cs in axillary spikes at ends of branchlets, mixed with young cones, oval or oblong, anther cells 3-5 at base of scales ; Females mostly solitary, some in clusters at extremities of branchlets, sessile, erect, globular, about size of a cherry; Fruit a cone, globular, f in. diam., erect, singly or in clusters, scales cuneate, loose, brownish-red, margins rough and fringed ; seedi 3-5 under each scale, crustaceous, ripe in September, October.
Leaves spirally arranged in 5 rows, linear, 4-angled, falcate, rigid, sessile, decurrent at base, glabrous, l)right bluish-green in summer and spring, bronzy- green in winter, | in. long.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; Branches erect or horizontal, spreading,
211
TREES AND SHRUBS
frondose, brittle ; b7-anchlets usually alternate, bright green ; Bark brownish- red ; Wood heavy, soft, yellowish-white, easily worked, fragrant.
Introduced from Japan, 1844; there called " Suga " = evergreen, or " Suga- mats " = evergreen fir.
DECIDUOUS CYPRESS, Taxodiuvi distklmm.
Parks and gardens by banks of sti'eams or marshy ground. May. A tree of great beauty, distinct among Conifers by reason of its red autumn foliage and peculiar root protuberances. Propagated by cuttings of shoots in sandy soil imder handlight or in cold frame in September ; layering in September ; seeds in light soil outdoors in March, or pans or boxes of light soil in cold frame or greenhouse in March, transplanting to nursery bed when large enough to handle.
Floxvers monoecious ; Males in long, flexible, pendulous panicles, 4-5 ins. long, pyramidal ; Stamens 6-8 ; Females 2-3 together near males, semini- ferous scales formed by an outgrowth from the upper side of the bract scale, each bearing 2 erect ovules ; Fruit a cone, ovate, about as large as pigeon's egg, pendent at ends of branches, scales thick, dull brown ; seeds ^ in. long, 2 at base of each scale.
Leaves deciduous, in 2 opposite rows (distichous), linear-lanceolate, flat, rather distant, pectinate, horizontally spreading, twisting at base, linear, sharply pointed, somewhat arching, convex outwards, bright yellow-green, ^ in. long, jig i»- broad. Autumn tint dull red.
A deciduous tree, 80-90 ft. ; Brandies stout, stiff", horizontal, ascending at
ends, laterals rather pendulous ; hranchlets short, very slender, feathery ; Stem
usually liollow at base, deep longitudinal furrows ; Roots with conical
excrescences l|-2 ft. high, 4-.'5 ft. thickness, always hollow (cypress knees),
smooth, soft, reddish bark, produced in greatest abundance in situations subject
to inundations ; Heartxvood of reddish colour, light, not strong, soft, durable,
little resin.
Native of N. America, in swampy regions, hence name of Swamp Cypress ;
212
CONIFERi^
introduced 1G40. Name from Tuxus, the Yew; eidos, appearance or re- semblance, from similarity of leaves ; disticlios, arranged in 2 rows ; dis, twice ; sfic/ios. a line.
CHILI PINE, Araucaiia imhricatu.
Parks, lawns, shrubberies. June. Requires sun, moisture, and drainage. Propagated by seeds sown in light soil in temperature of 65°, February — April.
Flowers usually dioecious; Male Jlotvers cylindrical, 4-5 ins., pedunculate, singly or clusters of G-7, yellow, scales numerous, long, imbricate, recurved, sometimes persistent for several years ; Females at ends of branches, 4 ins., almost spherical, broader at base, scales wedge-shaped, narrow, imbricate, brittle points; Fruit a cone, 6 ins. diam., globular, dark brown, scales easily detached, falling to pieces when ripe, 1 -seeded, 200-300 seeds, 1^ in. long, thin, hard shell, winged, inverted, partly attached to scales.
Leaves verticillate, 7-8 in a whorl, ovate-lanceolate, sessile, I5 in. long, imbricate, closely encircling branches, thickened at base, coriaceous, stiff, keel- shaped below, sharp-pointed ends turned towards bi-anches, concave, glabrous, shining, marked with longitudinal lines, dotted on both surfaces, persisting 15 years.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in whorls, curved, with upward ten- dency, entirely covered by leaves, lower branches often dying off, general outline pyramidal ; Bark thick, corky ; Wood white, hard, heartwood bright yellow. Native of S. Chili ; discovered by Don F. Dendariarena, 1780 ; introduced by Arch. Menzies, 1790. Generic name from Arauco, in Chili.
INDIAN HEMLOCK FIR, Tsu^^u hrunoniana.
Parks, gardens. April. Requii'es a sheltered position. Propagated by
seeds in sandy loam in temperature of 55" in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monftcious ; Males lateral ; Females terminal ; Fruit a cone,
solitary and terminal, sessile, pendent, ovoid, pale brown, J 2 "'• long, scales VOL. II. 213 T
TREES AND SHRUBS
broadly elliptic, obtuse, loosely imbricated, persistent ; seeds small, angular, wing obovate.
Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous or scattered, linear, flat, spreading, obtuse or slightly acute, minutely toothed towards apex, margins reflexed, glossy green above, silvery white-mealy beneath, \-\ in. long, easily detached by winter winds.
An evergreen tree, 70 80 ft. ; pyramidal, with round head ; Branches numerous, slender, pendent.
Native of Bhotan ; introduced 1838. Syns. Abies {Pinus) hrunoniana, A. {Pi mis) diimosa.
HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga canadensis.
Parks, gardens. April. Best in rather strong, damp loam ; good by a lake side. " Few evergreen trees can surpass the Hemlock Spruce for beauty and richness of foliage, or distinct and pleasing outline ; and during spring and early summer the young drooping shoots, of a lively yellowish-green, contrast nicely with the dark and sombre hue of the older foliage, and form a com- bination that for beauty of effect is certainly hard to match." — Webster.
Mozvers monoecious ; Males sub-sessile, solitary, in axils of upper leaves, globose, light yellow ; Stamens numerous, anther cells sub-globose with short gland-like tips ; l^emales solitary, terminal, erect, globose, pale green, scales nearly circular, stipitate, bracts shorter than scales, lacinate ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, acute, T^-f in. long, pendulous, stalks puberulous, scales about 2.5, orbicular-oblong, obtuse, minutely lacerate or entire ; seeds very small.
Leaves spirally disposed, irregularly distichous, oblong, rounded at apex, rough at margins, obscurely grooved on upper surface, dark green above, silvery stripes beneath, downy when young, ^-J in. long, deciduous in third year, woody bases persistent.
An evergreen tree, 60 70 ft. ; pyramidal, with rounded or flattened head ;
liranches slender, horizontal or pendulous, rather flat, downy when young ;
branchlets light yellow-brown, becoming glabrous and dark red-brown tinged
214
CONIFERi^
purple ; Bark cinnamon-red to grey, tinged purple, narrow rounded ridges, scaly ; Buds obtuse, puberulous, chestnut-brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to air, light brown tinged red ; astringent inner bark much used in U.S.A. and Canada for tanning.
Introduced from N. America, 173G. Tsuga is the Japanese name.
MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK, Tmga merteimana.
Parks, gardens. April.
Flowers monoecious ; Males on slender, pubescent, drooping stems, violet- purple ; Females erect, bracts larger than scales, dark purple or yellow-green, tips slender, reflexed ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oblong-cylindrical, }^-3 ins. long, scales thin, cuneate, puberulous, margins erose, 4-5 times as long as bracts ; seeds light brown, wings ^ in. long.
Ijcaves spiral, 2-ranked, remote on leading shoots, crowded on laterals, sometimes grooved on upper surface, slightly ribbed on lower, bluntly pointed, bluish-green, \ in. long, persistent 3-4 years.
An evergreen tree, 70-150 ft. ; Branches slender, pendant ; brancldets thin and flexible, or stout and rigid, light reddish-brown, pubescent, becoming greyish-brown and scaly ; Bark with rounded ridges, scaly, dark cinnamon-red tinged blue or purple ; Buds acute, slender, deciduous subulate tips ; growth rapid ; Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red.
Introduced from N. America, 1851.
JAPAN HEMLOCK SPRUCE, Tsuga sicholdl
Parks, gardens. April. A species of neat and elegant habit, suitable for
planting in confined spaces.
Flowers montt'cious ; Fruit a cone, terminal and solitary, elliptic, blunt,
1 in. long, J in. diani., scales 20-30, imbricated, coriaceous, slender at base,
215 T 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
obtuse at apex, thin, shining pale brown, bract scales narrow, truncate, irregularly bifid ; seeds small, wings thin, membranous.
Leaves solitary, somewhat distichous, frequently alternate, slightly linear, flat, obtuse, rarely acute, entire, smooth, dark shining green above, 2 white glaucous bands beneath, short round foot-stalks.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches numerous, irregularly spreading, drooping at extremities ; branchlets slender, recurved ; Buds minute ; growth slow.
Native of Japan; introduced 1853. Syn. Abies Tsuga. Japanese name Tsuga = Yew-leaved.
ALCOCK SPRUCE, Picea akocMana.
Parks, gardens. May. The species of Picea are propagated by cuttings in sandy soil in cold frame, or in pots under bell-glass or handlight outdoors, August or September ; layering of shoots or branches in autumn ; grafting on Norway Spruce in INlarch ; seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers monoecious ; I^?-uit a cone, solitary or sub-aggregate, oblong-cylindri- cal, obtuse both ends, 2 ins. long, scales oblong-ovate, loosely imbricated, cartilaginous, margins denticulate, shining ; seeds small, cinnamon- coloured, wing obovate, }j in. long.
Leaves spirally arranged, linear-oblong, 4-sided, falcate, rigid, mucronate, concave and deep green above, glaucous bands below, twisted at base, ^ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 90-120 ft. ; pyramidal.
Native of Japan ; introduced by Messrs. \^eitch, 1861. Named in compliment to Sir Rutherford Alcock, British Minister at the Court of Yeddo, Japan.
NORWAY SPRUCE FIR, Picea exceka.
W^oods, parks, plantations. May. Prefers moist soil and cold situation.
Floxvers moncjecious ; Males on long stalks, isolated in leaf axils, J in. long,
divoo or sub-globose wlieti young ; Stamens red, pollen-sacs yellow, scales thin,
21G
CONIFERS
notched, striate, loosely imbricated ; Females sessile at tips of preceding yeai-'s shoots, IJ-^ ins. long, cylindrical, erect at first, scales thin, emarginate or toothed, purplish-red ; Fruit a cone, terminal, cylindrical, pendent, 5-7 ins. long, lJ-2 ins. broad, brown, scales 160-180, persistent, thin, flat, naked, truncate at summit, 1-1^ in. long, \ in. broad ; seeds small, 2 at base of eacli scale, wing five times as long, brown.
Leaves acicular, spirally scattered, quadrangular, persistent, needles |-1 in. long, very sharp, persisting 6-7 years ; petiole short.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches in regular tiers, ascending towards extremities when young, drooping when older, spray drooping, giving feathery appearance, leading slioot in young trees very prominent ; Bark thin, smooth, brown in young stage, warty and shed in irregular scales later : BiuU conical, not resinous : Roots given off horizontally very near surface ; fVood light, even- grained, elastic, durable ; used for masts, ladders, scaffolding, telegraph poles, deals, wood-pulp, &:c. k.c. ; also furnislies Burgundy pitch ; young plants often used for Christmas trees.
Native of mountainous parts of Europe and Asia ; introduced about 1.548.
Name Spruce Fir possibly of German (Prussian) origin, meaning the Fir- tree whose shoots were most used for making spruce-beer (Ger. sprossen-bier — sprossen, young shoots of trees — spriessen, to sprout).
Pine-apple Galls resembling imperfect cones, bearing shoot at summit, produced by Spruce Cone Aphis Adclges {Chermcs) abietis ; shoots often dis- torted, sometimes killed; most frequent on young trees; galls said to be eaten by Laplanders.
HIMALAYAN SPRUCE, Picea iMorinda.
Parks, gardens. April. Best on cold soils.
Flowers montccious ; ]\[ale catkins usually solitary, cylindrical, sessile, 1 in.
long; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong to nearly cylindric, 4-6 ins. long, 1| in. diam.,
pendulous, scales obovate, rounded, coriaceous, margin thin, dark brown,
217
TREES AND SHRUBS
glaucous when young ; sccch small, nearly black, wing obliquely spathulate. ripening in February of second year.
Leaves spirally arranged round branches, 4-sided, stiff, acutely pointed, scattered, 1-1^ in. long, dark green.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; pyramidal ; Brcmchcs horizontal ; h'anclilets pendulous, tassel-like ; Bark greyish-brown, divided into small rounded or quadrangular scales.
Native of tlie Himalayas from Bhutan to Kafiristan ; introduced 1818. Syns. Abies Smitldana and Pinus Smithiana.
BLACK SPRUCE, Pkea nigra.
Parks, gardens. May. Succeeds best in cool, moist loam.
Floxoers monoecious, axillary ; Males sub-globose ; Stamens numerous, anthers dark red ; Females oblong-cylindrical, scales obovate, purple, bracts oblong, purple, glaucous, rounded at apex ; Fruit a cone, 1-1| in. long, ovate, scales puberulous, rounded, toothed, purple when young, sometimes persistent 20-30 years ; seeds oblong, J in. long, dark brown, wings \ in. by i in.
Leaves spirally disposed round branches, linear, slightly incurved above middle, quadrangular, pale blue-green, glaucous, J-f in. long, hoary on upper surface.
An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches short, drooping, lower tier often resting on ground ; hranchlets light green, pale pubescence, scaly ; Bark grey- brown, scaly ; Buds ovate, acute, reddish-brown ; Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-white.
Introduced from N. America, 1700.
EASTERN SPRUCE, Pivea orientalis.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives on sandy soil ; well suited for exposed situations.
Floivers monoecious; Fruit a cone, sub-cylindrical, tapering towards apex,
3 ins. long, f in. diam., scales loosely imbricated, broad at base, rounded at
218
1
I
I
CONIFERt^
apex, sub-entire, bracts shorter than scales; seeds very small, nearly black, wing short and broad.
Leaves solitary, covering branches on all sides, sub-quadrangular, acute, deep green both sides, h, in. long.
An evergreen tree, 70-80 ft. ; Branches straight, slender, stiff.
Native of the Caucasus; introduced 1825.
TIGER'S-TAIL SPRUCE, Pkca poUta.
Parks, gardens. May. This is one of the handsomest and hardiest of the Japanese Conifers, admirably suited for the lawn or park.
Florvers monoecious ; Frnit a cone, solitary and terminal at ends of branchlets, ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at both ends, glabrous, 3-4 ins. long, 2 ins. diam., erect at first, pendent later, scales numerous, persistent, closely imbricated, coriaceous, obovate, cuneate at base, entire, chestnut- brown ; seeds small, nearly black, wings thin.
Leaves arranged round branchlets, straight or slightly falcate, stiff, somewhat quadrangular, acute or acuminate, entire, glabrous, glossy dark green, f-1 in. long.
An evergreen tree, 40 ft. ; Branches horizontal, stiff; branchlets pendulous; Bark yellowish ; Buds large, globose, reddish-brown ; Wood almost white.
Native of Japan ; there 80-100 ft. ; introduced 1861. Japanese call it " Toi'ano-wo-momi " (the Tiger's-tail Fir), because long pendulous branches on old trees bear resemblance to a tiger's tail.
BLUE SPRUCE, Plcea pnngens.
Parks, gardens. May.
Flowers mon(x.'cious ; Males yellow tinged red ; Females, scales oblong or
obovate, pale green, apex denticulate, truncate or emarginate, bracts acute ;
Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, ',\ ins. long, sessile or short-stalked ; seeds I in.
long, wings | in. long, rounded at apex.
211)
TREES AND SHRUBS
Leaves stout, rigid, strongly incurved, acuminate, \-\^ ins. long on sterile branches, on fertile branches about half as long, bluish-green or steel-blue, changing to blue-green after 3 4 years.
An evergreen tree, 50-80 ft. ; Branches horizontal ; branchlets short, stout, glabrous, bright orange-brown to light greyish-brown ; Bark grey tinged cinnamon-red ; Buds stout, obtuse or acute, \-\ in. long, scales chestnut- brown ; Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or nearly white.
Native of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Syn. P. paiyyana. It is the Abies (Picea) Engelmanni of gardens.
MOUNT ATLAS CEDAR, Cedms atJantica.
Parks, gardens. September, October. Suitable for limestone soils, doing well on bleak and exposed ground, and thriving in seaside towns. In its early stage it is much like the Cedar of Lebanon, but later is to be recognised by its more erect habit and rigid branches. The species are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pans of hglit soil in cold frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring.
Flowers monoecious ; 3Ia/es solitary and terminal, cylindric, erect ; Females solitary, erect, oval, obtuse ; Fruit a cone, chocolate-brown when ripe, ovate, flattened or depressed at ends, erect on upper sides of branches, light brown, resinous, 2J-3 ins. long, scales closely appressed, smooth, broad, coriaceous, tliin edges ; seeds in twos under each scale, irregular or angular, wing thin, 1 in. or more long.
Leaves in tufts or singly on young shoots, cylindrical or flattened, acute, furrowed, rigid, straight, glaucous green or silvery hue, ^-J in. long.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; erect, pyramidal ; Branches slender, ascending to horizontal, mostly opposite, terminal shoots not pendulous, growth rapid ; Wood compact, fine-grained, durable.
Native of Atlas Mountains, Algeria; introduced 1843.
220
CONIFERi^
DEODAR OR INDIAN CEDAR, Cedrus Beodara.
Parks, gardens, shrubberies. September. October. This is a handsome tree at all times, but in the young stage it is made especially ornamental by reason of its pendulous leader and gracefully drooping branch-tips. It is not particular as to soil, but will not thrive in cold and exposed situations.
Flowera monoecious or dioecious, resembling C. IJbani, at ends of arrested branchlets ; Males erect, 2-3 ins. long ; Fruit a cone, narrower and more lax than C. Liba/ii, ovoid-cylindrical, shortly stalked, often in pairs, usually on upper sides of top branches, 3-5 ins. long, bluish when young, pale reddish- brown when mature, scales closely imbricate, deciduous ; seeds .\-| in., wing triangular, | in. long.
Leaves fascicled, triquetrous, rigid, larger than C Libani, dark bluish-green, light glaucous bloom.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; elongated pyramidal or conical outline ; terminal shoots of branches slender, pendulous ; Branches of young trees slender, very flexible, drooping.
Native of Western Himalayas, where it attains a height of 150 ft. or more, its timber being very durable, lasting for hundreds of years ; used for railway- sleepers, bridges, &c. ; owing to fragrance, Hindus burn wood as incense ; seeds first introduced to England by Hon. W. L. Melville, 1831.
CEDAR OF LEBANON, Cedms Libani.
Parks, gardens. May. Hest in deep soil where roots have access to water.
Flowers monoecious, not usually produced under 25-30 years ; 3Iales
isolated, i? in. long, erect, ovoid, yellowish, mostly near apex of tree, scales
broad, thin, closely imbricated : Females 31,-4 ins. long, ellipsoid-oblong, purple
when young ; Fruit a cone, erect, oblong, oval, pedunculate, purplish-brown,
resinous, 3-li ins. long, H-2| ins. diameter, scales woody, thin, margin
somewhat membranous, very compact, in young stage greyish-green tinged
221
TREES AND SHRUBS
with pink ; seeds angular, wing cuneate, at least two years to ripen, persistent for several, \ in. long, wings 1^ in. long, rounded cuneate.
Leaves singly on elongated branches, or fascicled on dwarf shoots, arranged spirally, but mostly on upper side, short, rigid, nearly cylindrical, acute, 1 in. long, dark green, persistent for 2 years, very slow in decaying.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. or more under favourable conditions ; Branches horizontal, large, rigid, in distinct layers or stages, forming a broadly pyramidal head or flattened top ; branchlets flat, fan-like, numerous, thickly set ; Bark on branches greyish-brown, smooth, peeling in thin flakes, on trunk thick, rough, deeply fissured ; Wood in this country reddish-white with streaks, soft, apt to shrink and warp, not durable, sweet-scented for only first year after being felled.
Native of Lebanon and Taurus in Syria ; introduced about 1860. Name from O.F. cedre ; L. cedrus ; Gr. kedros, cedar-tree.
COMMON LARCH, Larix enropcea.
Woods, plantations, gardens. April, May. Best in elevated open situa- tions, preferring alluvial sandy loam. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy soil in November, transplanting when two years old.
Flowers monoecious ; Males isolated, sessile, ovoid-globose to shortly cylindrical, pale green passing to yellow, jL-| in. long, scales thin, stamens almost peltate ; Females cylindrical, blunt, solitary, f^-^ in. long, crimson- purple when young, pale brown later, scales thin, pointed ; Fruit a cone, lax, ovate, erect, l>rown, red when young, 1 in. long, ripe in late autumn, persisting for a long time, scales persistent, roundish, reddish-brown ; seeds ovate, winged ; cones along twigs in rows, numerous.
Leaves fascicled, 30-60 in a bundle, linear, soft, blunt, or rounded at point, spreading, slightly recurved, bright green, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 80-100 ft. ; Branches spreading, horizontal, lower ones
with a downward tendency, turning upwards at tips ; Twigs mostly pendulous ;
Bark brown, separable into thin layers, deep longitudinal fissures ; quick in
growth ; fTood reddish-brown or yellowish-white, durable, tough, witli but
'222
LAllCJI (Larix eurojiwa)
A. Braiicli sliuwing cones. II. Kcmaln flowers. C. Scale of cone, sUowiug 2 winged seoi Is.
D. Hale flowers.
CONIFERS
few knots, withstanding alternation of wet and dry, susceptible of high polish ; used in carpentry and joinery, and for poles ; trunk furnishes Venice tur- pentine ; bark used in tanning.
Native of Europe; introduced somewhere about 1629. Name Larch from Old French lai-ice ; L. laricem, ace. of larix ; Gr. huix, a larch.
Bark attacked by a beetle known as Larch Blight {Bostrichus laricis) ; Foliage — Larch Aphis {Chermen lands), Larch Miner (Colcop/iora laricclla) ; Timber — Giant Sirex {Sirex gigas).
Fungoid Pests: — Sulphury Wood Rot {Pohjporus sidfureus), Larch Canker {Dasyscyphu calycina), probably caused by Peziza Jflll/iommii.
GOLDEN LARCH, Pseudolarix Kcvmpferi.
Gardens, plantations. May. " This is a distinctly ornamental Conifer, and that at three different periods of the year — early spring, when the tender green leaves are unfolding ; autumn, when they put on tlie lovely golden colour ; and during the leafless period, when the yellowish-green or golden- brown bark of the younger branches shows ofi' to perfection, and renders the tree distinct from almost every other species in cultivation." — VV^ebster. Propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or sown outdoors in inoist sandy soil in April, transplanting in following year.
Flmccfs moncecious ; Male catkins shortly stalked, 20 or more, clustered in umbellate pendulous tufts at extremities of side shoots ; Fruit a cone, pendulous, 3 ins. long, 2\ ins. diam., scales 50-60, triangular, deciduous, diverging, cordate, woody ; seeds as large as scales ; cones break up at the least touch.
Leaves slender, linear-lanceolate, clustered on the adult branches, singly on leading shoots and young plants, \^-'2l ins. long, pale green when young, golden-yellow in autumn, deciduous.
A deciduous tree, 120 ft.; liranclics resembling L. curopau; liurk dark
grey, young shoots yellowisli-green or golden-brown.
Native of China; introduced 184G. P'irst discovered by Kcumpfcr (16.51- 17 10),
223
TREES AND SHRUBS
and subsequently by Fortune. Name from Gr. pseudo, false, and Lari.r, a larch. Chinese call it Kara-mats (Pine full of buds) and Kin-le-suiig (Com- mon Golden Pine) ; Japanese name is Seosa-mats (deciduous Fir).
SHORT-LEAVED SILVER FIR, Abies braclnjphfilla.
Parks, gardens. May. The species of Abies are propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Flowers moncecious ; Males axillary or terminal ; Females solitary on short branchlets, cylindrical ; Fruit a cone, solitary, purplish, oblong-cylin- drical, obtuse at apex, sessile, erect, 31 ins. long, 1;^ in. diam., scales reniform, resinous, margins entire, bracts cuneate, dentate ; seeds cuneate, angular, full of turpentine, wings broad at top.
Leaves ci'owded, linear, straight or curved, flat, enlarged at base, obtuse or sub- emarginate, furrowed upper side, white glaucous stripes beneath, J—}, in. long.
An evergreen t7-ee, 40 ft. ; pyramidal ; Branches horizontal, whorled.
Native of Japan (120 ft.); introduced 1870.
MOUNT ENOS FIR, Abies cephahnica.
Parks, lawns. May. Grows well in exposed situations ; best in good clayey loam. A handsome tree, well adapted for the woodland, or as a specimen on a lawn.
Flowers monoecious; Fruit a cone, erect, cylindrical, green when young, reddish when maturing, brown when ripe, 5-G ins. long, \\ in. diam., scales broad, thin, rounded, shorter than bracts, bracts linear-oblong, attenuated below, unequally toothed, point sharp, reflexed.
Leaves regularly disposed, like stiff bottle-brush, around branches, subulate, flat, acute, dark olive-green above, two silvery lines beneath.
An evergreen tree, 50 80 ft. ; Branches numerous, wliorled ; Buds quad- rangular, acute, resinous ; Wood, hard, very durable, extremely resinous.
Introduced from Greece, 1824. Found on Mount Enos, or the Black
Mountain, Cephalonia. Seeds first sent home by General Sir Charles Napier.
224
I
CONIFERS
CILICIAN SILVER FIR, Abies dlidca.
Parks. ]\Iay. A tree resembling the Common Silver Fir {A. pectinata), but with branches and foliage less plentifully produced ; it is not very hardy.
Flowers moncecious ; Male catkins pedunculate, cylindrical, rounded at ends ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, G-8 ins. long, scales broad, entire, thin, coriaceous, bracts ligulate, crenated, hidden by scales ; seeds three-cornered, full of turpen- tine, wings cuneate.
Leaves crowded in 2 ranks, linear, slightly curved or straight, dark green above, glaucous beneath, l-lj in- long.
An evergreen tree, 40 GO ft. ; Branches mostly in whorls, lower ones hori- zontal ; branchlets slender, short, flat, spreading, in 2 horizontal rows.
Introduced from Mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.
COLORADO WHITE FIR, Abies concolor.
Parks, gardens. May. The yellow bark on the young branches makes this a very attractive tree. It is distinguished by its leaves being nearly of the same colour on both surfaces. It thrives well in exposed situations.
Flowers monoecious ; 3Talcs red or rose ; Females, scales broad, rounded ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, produced singly, obtuse both ends, 3-5 ins. long, 2-21^ ins. diam., scales numerous, imbricated, lai-ger than short-pointed bracts; seeds ^^ in. long, dark dull brown, wings rose.
Leaves distichously arranged in double rows, those in lower rows 2-3 ins. long, upper ones shorter, channelled above, linear, flat, obtuse or emarginate on vege- tative shoots, acute on shoots bearing cones, glaucous green, those on fertile branches often falcate.
An evergreen t7^ee, 80-150 ft. ; 7iar/i' on young branches yellow or orange, turning reddish-brown, then grey or greyish-brown, on old trunks thick, furrowed, irregular plate-like scales ; lii/ds globose ; JFood very light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong, pale brown, sometimes nearly wiiite.
Native of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona; introduced 1851. Syn. Picea
lasiocarpu (Balfour). In California reaches height of 200-250 ft.
VOL. II. 225 U
TREES AND SHRUBS
JAPAN SILVER FIR, Abies fa-ma.
Parks, gardens. May. Thrives best in light, rich loam, and sheltered from cold winds.
Flowers monoecious ; Fvjiit a cone, cylindrical, stalked, blunt, slightly curved, 3-5 ins. long, 1 in. diam., scales cuneate at base, rounded and crenulate, membranaceous, deciduous, bracts acute ; seeds triangular, wings broad.
Leaves solitary, somewhat 2-rowed, linear, flat, blunt at apex or bifid, slightly falcate, smooth, coriaceous, rich green above, silver lines below, 1 in. or more long, sometimes cleft at tips in young stage of growth.
An evergreen tree, 40-30 ft. ; Blanches whorled, horizontal, spreading, flat ; branchlets opposite ; Buds oval, smooth, in threes, scales imbricate, membranaceous.
Native of Japan; there called "Uro-Siro" (leaves white beneath) and " Sjura-Momi " (White or Silver Fir); introduced 1861. Syn. A. bifida.
GREAT SILVER FIR, Abies grandis.
Parks, gardens. May. A handsome Conifer, well adapted for ornamental planting, and growing well on poor soils.
Flowers moncecious, usually on upper branches of tree ; Males pale yellow, sometimes tinged purple ; Females light yellow-green, scales semicircular, bracts short, oblong, apex broad, obcordate, emarginate, reflexed tip ; Fruit a cone, cylindrical, bronzy-green, 2-4 ins. long, usually in pairs, \\ in. diam., scales broad at apex, 3-4 times length of bracts ; seeds § in. long, light brown, wings |— g in. long, nearly as broad at apex.
Leaves thin, flexible, deeply grooved, dark green above, silvery-white beneath ; on sterile branches remote, terete, emarginate ; on fertile branches crowded, nearly erect, obtuse or notched at apex ; on young trees acute or acuminate.
An evergreen t?ce, 70-100 ft. ; Branches in flat horizontal tiers, somewhat
pendulous ; branchlets glabrous, pale yellow-green to brown ; Bark smooth,
226
CONIFERS
grey-brown or yellow-brown, broken into oblong plates ; BuiU globose ; Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, very resinous, taking good polish.
Native of N. America, there attaining height of 250-300 ft. ; seeds sent home by Douglas, 1831.
BALSAM FIR, Abies bakamca.
Parks. June. Does well in cool, rather moist soil.
Flowet's monoecious ; Males dark indigo-blue, turning violet ; Females, scales obovate, dark violet-purple, bracts long, reHexed, tips slender ; Fi'uit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, truncate or depressed at apex, dark purple, 2-0-4 ins. long, 1-1^ in. diam., scales rounded and broad at apex, 3 times length of bracts, bracts obovate, red-brown, lacinate, long slender tips ; seeds \ in. long, wings nearly covering scales.
Leaves crowded, nearly erect by twist at base, on lower branches 1— If in. long, sometimes emarginate at rounded apex, on upper branches shorter, thickened, usually acute, pale blue-green.
An evergreen tree, 40-70 ft., with dense spire-like head ; Branches crowded, short, tough, somewhat pendulous ; Bark fissured, roughened with red scales, resin known as Canada Balsam ; Buds sub-globose, scales orange-brown ; growth slow ; JVood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white.
Native of Canada and North-East U.S.A. ; introduced 1696. Known also as Ealni of Gilead.
RED FIR, Abies nobilis.
Parks. May. 'I'he deep silvery glaucous foliage and regular branches make this perhaps the most beautiful of tlie Silver Firs.
Flowers monoecious; Males icddish-purple; Females scattered over upper part
of tree, scales shorter than bracts, toothed, slender reHexed tips, bracts nearly
orbicular ; Fruit a cone, oblong-cylindrical, obtuse both ends, 4-6 ins. long,
227 u 2
TREES AND SHRUBS
purple or olive-brown, pubescent, scales narrowed towards base, bracts spathulate, recurved, pale green; seeds \ in. long, pale red-brown, wings about as long as seeds.
Leaves crowded in several rows, two ranked on lower side of branches, others incurved; on sterile branches 1-1 i in. long, flat, rounded, notched at apex ; on fertile branches usually 4-sided, acuminate, two glaucous bands beneath.
An evergreen tree, 80-90 ft. ; Branches short, rigid, laterals at right angles ; branchlets slender, reddish-brown ; Bark 1-2 ins. thick, fissured, scaly, red- brown ; Buds ovoid-oblong, red-brown ; Wood hard, light, strong, close-grained, pale brown streaked red ; sapwood darker.
Native of N. America, where it attains lieight of 150-250 ft.; intro- duced 1831.
NORDMANN'S SILVER FIR, Abies nordmanniana.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Prefers deep, heavy, rich loam on clay or rock. It is one of the finest and most valuable of the genus, scarcely to be surpassed as a park or lawn tree.
Floxvers monoecious ; Males in groups or clusters, generally pendent, abundant on old trees ; Females generally solitary, erect, produced on young trees some years before males appear ; Fruit a cone, erect, slightly ovoid, pedunculate, 4-6 ins. long, 2J-2| ins. diam., scales obtuse, recurved, smooth, entire, deciduous, bracts large, coriaceous, 3-lobed, greatly exceeding scales ; seeds triangular, about IGO, 2 under each scale, wings membranous.
Leaves single, arranged spirally on shoots, on yoimg trees spreading in 2 rows, with half-twist at base, linear, rigid, flat, minutely bifid at apex, dark shining green above, silvery beneath, 1 in. long.
An evergreen tree, 80-100 ft.; resembling Silver Fir; Branches wliorled, lower ones horizontal, upper erect ; Wood hard, closed-grained, durable.
Named after I'rofessor Nordmann, who discovered the species in the Crimea,
1848.
228
CONIFERS
SILVER FIR, Abies pectinata.
Parks, plantations. May. Best in moist, open soil ; will grow beneath the shade and drip of other trees.
Flowers monoecious ; Blalcs crowded in leaf axils of shoots of preceding year, especially at tip of tree, | in. long, 2-3 whorls of overlapping pale green scales, enclosing greenish-yellow stamens ; Females cylindrical, erect, on upper side of apex of last year's shoots of top branches (August), 1-1| in. long, numerous pale green bracts, scales pale green, obovate, toothed, tip prolonged beyond seminiferous scales ; Fruit a cone, axillary, erect, cylindrical, 6-8 ins. long, l|-2 ins. broad, brown, seminiferous scales falling with seeds, bract scales ^Ij in. long, \\ in. broad ; seeds triangular, abounding in balsam.
Leaves linear, solitary, flat, twisted at base so as to lie in two horizontal rows, obtuse, stiff, turned up at points, shining green above, two silvery-white lines for 6-9 years, one on each side of midrib beneath, ^-1 in. long, persistent, brown scale-like leaves on buds, persisting at base of each year's growth.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft. ; Branches horizontal, lower ones shed after 40-50 years ; Bark smooth, greyish-brown, in old trees rugged, fissured longitudi- nally, silvery-grey ; slow growth when young ; Wood yellowish-white, strong, not warping, does not withstand weather ; used for masts and in building, also for wood-pulp in paper-making ; Strasburg turpentine obtained from resin cavities under bark.
Native of Central and S. Europe; introduced about 1603; lives about 400 years ; specimens on Continent nearly 200 ft. high. Specific name from L. pecfcii, iiiis, a comb ; pecto, I comb.
liaiL- and Buds attacked by Fir \\''eevil {lljilohius ahictis). Typographer Bark Beetle (Bust ric/ius typographus).
Fungoid Pest: — Spruce Nectria {Xectria cucurbit ula).
SPANISH SILVER FIR, Abies Pinsapo.
Parks, lawns. May. Well adapted for planting on chalk or hmestone, doing
well on exposed ground.
229
TREES AND SHRUBS
Plowers mona?ciou.s ; Fruit a cone, sessile, oval or oblong, 4-5^^ ins. long, 2 ins. diam., purplish-green, scales rounded, entire, cuneate at base, bracts short, concealed by broad rounded scales ; seeds angular, wings membranaceous.
Leaves disposed around branches, linear, rigid, thick, almost fleshy, nearly terete, entire at apex, prickly, bright green, faint silvery lines on inner side, x\ in. long.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; regular and symmetrical; Branches whorled, densely clothed with laterals ; Bark darker and more scaly than Common Silver Fir ; Wood hard, close-grained.
Introduced from S. Spain, 1839.
DOUGLAS FIR, Pseudotsuga Doiiglasii.
Parks and plantations, gardens. May. Propagated by seeds sown in sandy loam in temperature of 55° in March, or outdoors in April.
Floxvers monoecious ; Males long-ovoid, orange-red, clustered at intervals on underside of previous year's shoots, anthers numerous, globose ; FeJiiales small, at tips of lateral branches, pendulous, isolated or grouped, bracts acute, 2-lobed, midrib prolonged ; Fruit a cone, ovate-oblong, pendulous, terminal, '2%-^ ins. long, IJ-lf in- broad, reddish- brown, scales broad, rounded, bracts large, 3-clawed. middle awn long ; bears after about 25 years ; seeds reddish-brown, wings dark brown, rounded at apex, \ in. long.
Leaves flat, linear, falcate, blunt, entire, pectinate, 2-rowed, rich green above, two silvery lines beneath, l-lj in. long, persisting 0-7 years.
An evergreen tree, 80-120 ft.; pyramidal outline; Brunches at lowest
part bending downwards, those higher spreading horizontally, uppermost
slightly ascending ; bra/ichlets mostly in opposite pairs ; Bark thick, scaling,
reddish-brown, deep irregular fissures ; Wood hard, durable, susceptible of fine
polish ; heartwood yellow, fine-grained, light weight, or red, coarse-grained,
and heavier ; sapwood yellowish ; used in shipbuilding ; timber known as
Oregon Pine.
Native of N. America; seeds first sent to England by Douglas, 1826:
230
SCOTCH PINE {Fimis sijlvestris)
A. Br.-inch wilh female llowcrs. £. Uranoh witli male flowers. C. A stamrn. I). Female (lowers, enlarged.
E. Scale of cone, showing the 2 winged seeds.
Platk LXVIII.
CONIFERS
in America reaches height of 300 ft.; mast in Kew Gardens 159 ft. long; the tree probably lives 750 years ; most widely distributed of American trees. Originally called Abies taxifoUa; afterwards named by Dr. Lindley as Abies Douglasii, in memory of Douglas, still often described under that name ; more recently changed to P. Douglasii (Gr. pseudcs, false, and Tsiiga, a genus of Conifera?).
COULTER'S PINE, Pinus Conlteri.
Parks. June. Best in deep sandy loam, and sheltered from south-westerly winds. The Pines are propagated by seeds sown in well-drained pots of sandy loam in cold greenhouse or frame in April, transplanting outdoors in following spring ; or in moist sandy soil outdoors in April, transplanting one year afterwards.
Flowers monoecious ; Males yellow ; Females dark reddish-brown ; Fruit a cone, oval, acute, pendant, 10-14 ins. long, 6 ins. diam., weight 4-5 lbs., yellow-brown, scales thick, woody, broad, ending in flattened knobs, armed with incurved spines \-\^ in. long; seeds oval, I in. long, chestnut-brown, tliick shell, wings about 1 in. longer tlian seed, i in. wide.
Leaves in tufts, usually 3, sometimes 4 or 5, terminal, stout, rigid, triangular, flattened, incurved, 9-12 ins. long, dark blue-green, persistent for 3-4 years.
An evergreen free, 50-70 ft. ; Branches wide apart, long and pendulous below, short and ascending above; branchlets stout, few, orange-brown, becoming nearly black ; Bark dark brown, fissured, scaly ; growth rapid ; JVood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red.
Native of X. America; introduced 1832; seeds sent home by Douglas. Named in lioiiour of Dr. Coulter. Also called P. i/iacrocarpa (Large-coned Pine).
CORSICAN PINE, Pinm Laricio.
Parks, gardens. May. Suited for deep, rich soils. This liandsome species
may be recognised by the straight and finely-rounded trunk and the narrow
spread of the branches.
231 u 3
TREES AND SHRUBS
Floxvers monoecious; Male catkins at extremities of shoots, 6-15 in a cluster, 1-1+ in. long, yellow; Females solitary or 2-3 in cluster, ovoid, reddish, scales with blunt triangular point, bract scales scarious ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or in pairs, or sometimes 3-4, pointing horizontally or slightly downwards, conical, straight or curved, yellowish-brown or tawny, 2-4 ins. long, 1|^ in. diam. at base, bosses on young cones reddish-purple, scales elliptic, convex, short point ; seeds oval, greyish, with black spots, ripe in third year, wing 3-4 times length of seed.
Leaves 2-5 in a sheath, slender, ascending, spreading, curved or wavy, often twisted, finely striated, finely serrated, obtuse at apex, flat on one side, convex on other, dark green, glaucous, 4-8 ins. long, persistent 3-4 years.
An evergreen ti^ee, 80-140 ft.; ei-ect, pyramidal; Branches not numerous, in whorls of 5-6, often twisted at extremities, with tendency to curve round tree and upwards ; Bark reddish-grey, large plates ; Buds ovate, acute, resinous ; Wood white, becoming brownish-yellow when seasoned, coarse- grained, elastic, resinous, easily worked, durable, takes high polish.
Native of S. Europe; said to have been introduced in 1814, but probably first planted at Kew in 1759 ; said to live 000 years.
Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle [Hijlesinus piniperda).
AUSTRIAN PINE, Pinus Larido, v. nigricans.
Parks, plantations. May. Does well on poor soils and in bleak and exposed situations, making an excellent seaside tree ; best on chalky soil. This is distinguished from the Corsican Pine by the much greater spi'ead of the brandies, the shaggy dark green foliage, and the light grey buds.
Floivers monoecious ; Male flowers %-\ in. long, brilliant yellow, cylindrical,
sub-sessile in axils of scale-leaves ; Stamens shortly stalked ; Female cones on
sides of shoots, sub-terminal, 1-3, sub-sessile, bright red ; Fruit a cone, 2-3 ins.
long, sessile, erect, with rounded base, lying almost horizontal, scales smooth
and shining, bosses strong, yellowish-brown ; seeds ripened in about \\ year.
Leaves in ])airs, dense, rigid, erect, straight, rounded on one side, slightly
232
CONIFER.^
channelled on tlie other, sharp-pointed, ricli, dark glossy brownish-green, 2|-5 ins. long, toothed margins, sheaths persistent.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; somewhat pyramidal ; Branches long, stout, lower ones horizontal or slightly pendulous ; Bark dark, coarse ; Buds light grey ; IVood coarse-grained, very resinous, knotty, durable.
Native of Austria; introduced by Messrs. Lawson, 1835. A variety of the Corsican or Larch Pine {Phms Laricio). Sometimes called the Black Pine.
Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle {Hylesinus piniperda).
CLUSTER PINE, Piuus Pinaster.
Parks, gardens. April, May. Grows well near the sea, and will grow on shingly gravel inland.
Flowers monoecious ; 3Iales crowded, ovoid, % in. long ; Stamens golden- yellow, much rounded, irregularly toothed anther processes; Females small, lateral, in pseudo whorls of 4-8 at tips of shoots, red-violet, seminiferous scales slightly longer than bracts; Fruit a cone, nearly sessile in lateral clusters of 2-4, or whorls of .5-8, cylindric-ovoid, tapering at apex, base oblique, purplish to green to shining yellowish-brown, 4-6 ins. long, 1\ ins. diam. at broadest part, bosses prominent, scales pyramidal, 1-1] in. long, f in. broad, umbo ash- grey, ending in sharp spine ; seeds oblong, wings \\ in. long, nearly 1 in. broad.
Leaves in twos, stiff, broad, fleshy, acute, slightly serrated, dark green, white lines beneath, 6-12 ins. long, sheaths J in. long, pale yellow, turning nearly black.
An evergreen tree, 60-80 ft. ; round-headed ; Stem with tendency to grow crooked; Branches slender, in whorls, turning upwards at extremities; Bark purplish, deeply fissured, plates 4-6 ins, long, 2 ins. wide ; Buds whitish-brown, woolly, non-resinous, \ in. long ; Wood soft, reddish, not very durable ; used in Naval work and carpentry.
Native of S. Europe; introduced about 159G. Called Cluster Pine from
whorled clusters of cones. Specific name of Pin-aster or Star Pine said to
have been given for same reason. Known in France as Maritime Pine, from
extensive planting on coast.
233
TREES AND SHRUBS
STONE PINE, Pinm Pinea.
Parks, plantations. May, June. Best in sandy soil near sea, sheltered.
Floivers monoecious ; Male Jlorvers in axils of lower scale-leaves, forming a cylindrical, spicate cone, \-^ in. long, each flower consisting of several yellow stamens ; Female flourfs solitary, or two together at top of lateral shoots, erect at first, pendulous afterwards, f in. long, scales pale green ; Fruit a cone, solitary, orbicular, 4-6 ins. long, 3 ins. diani., red-brown, ripening in third year, scales stout, ligneous, hard, 2 ins. long, 1-1:|^ in. wide, cuneate, with a rhomboid boss and broad blunt prickle ; seeds f in. long, very short wing, enclosed in bony shell, ripening in fourth year.
Leaves on young trees single, short, later on in pairs, united at base by a pale sheath, semi-cylindrical, apex sub-acute, rigid, edges slightly scabrous, 6-8 ins. long, bright green, persisting 2-3 years.
An evergreen tree, 30-35 ft. ; with rounded umbrella-like head ; Branches spreading, mostly at top, stumps left as laterals decay ; branc/ilets generally ascending ; Bark red-grey, thick, rough, fissured longitudinally, often deeply peeling in patches ; JFood soft, light, fine-grained, not durable ; used in carpentry.
Native of Mediterranean, reaching 80 ft. in height. Often called Umbrella Pine. In Italy seeds eaten at dessert, and preserved as sweetmeats.
YELLOW PINE, Pinus ponderosa.
Parks. May.
Floivers monoecious ; Males yellow, persistent 4-5 years ; Females clustered or in pairs, dark red; Cones 3-G ins. long, ovoid, sub-terminal, singly or clusters 2-4, generally at extremities of smaller branches ; bosses of scales with small recurved triangular subulate spines; seeds ovate, acute, | in. long, wings 1-1 j in. by 1 in.
Leaves in twos or threes, 0-12 ins. long, sometimes twisted at base,
rather rigid, 3-angled, compressed, edges rough, deep glaucous green, persistent
sheaths 1 in. long, shrivelled on older ones, mostly deciduous in third season.
234
\
TWIGS AXD \YIXTER BUDS (Xo. 1)
A. Kim. Ji. Plane. C. Laburnum. CK Section of bud. D. Sycamore. X»'. Section of bud. J-:. Asb. EK Section of bud. F. Aspen. F'. Section of bud. 0. Oak. 6'. Section of bud. i/. Lilac, i/'. Section of bud. /. Lime. J. Elder.
CONIFER.^
An evergreen tree, 100-150 ft., with tendency to twist ; Bark light yellowish- brown (cork colour), large plates, 4-8 ins. broad, flat, smooth ; Branches few, stout, in regular whorls, drooping when old ; smaller branches widely spreading or somewhat drooping, marked with scales of fallen leaves ; young trees of rapid growth ; Buds bluntly domed, prominent point, very resinous, Ijrown ; Wood highly resinous, heavy, brittle, close-grained, said to sink in water.
Native of N. America, where it reaches 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Douglas from California, 1827.
SCOTS PINE, Pinus sijlvestris.
Parks, gardens, plantations. INIay, June. Best in peaty soils.
Flowers moncecious ; Males in spikes, \ in. long, ovoid, shortly stalked, at base of young shoots, pollen pale yellow ; Females egg-shaped, \ in. long, reddish, tapering, at first erect and stalkless, usually 2-3, scales few ; Fruit a cone, solitary, or 2-3 together, 2 ins. long, ovoid, conical, acute, recurved when young, shortly stalked, scales few, ends thickened into a quadrangular boss, small shield with deciduous poizit, persistent, ripe in about 18 months ; seeds \ in. long, wing cuneate, 2-3 times as long as seed, scales disarticulating from axis of cone.
Leaves in pairs, dense, 2-3 ins. long, shorter on old trees, acicular, acute, grooved above, convex beneath, glaucous in first year, dark green in second, shed in third, sheaths small, fimbriate, persistent, nearly black.
An evergreen tree, 50-100 ft. ; Hat topped, rapid in growth ; Branches short, spreading, lower soon dying; Bark rough, red-brown, scaling; Wood in this country not very dural)le, red or white ; tree yields pitch, tar, resin, turpentine.
Naturalised all over Britain, indigenous in Scotland. Often called Scots Fir. Name Pine from A.S. pin-treo, a Pine-tree ; L. pinus, a pine.
Bark and leading shoots attacked by Pine Beetle {Hjileshms piniperda),
shoots by species of Pine Shoot Moths {Retinia), which live in terminal buds and
in resinous exudations from young branches ; Foliage — Pine Beauty {Panolis
piniperda). Pine Saw-fly {Lophyrus pini).
Fungoid Pest: — Pine Cluster Cups {Peridermium Pini). ^^""^ '^■^^^
235 ^ i'HH 'l
TREES AND SHRUBS
SWISS STONE PINE, Pinus Cembra.
Parks, gardens. May. Best in a deep, rich loam on a porous subsoil.
Floivers monoecious ; Male catkins sessile, ellipsoid, | in. long ; Stamens bright yellow, anthers reddish-violet; Females long-ovoid, violet, ovuliferous scales ovate, closely imbricated ; Fruit a cone, ovate, obtuse, erect, violet when young, brown Avhen old, 3-4 ins. long, 2-2^ ins. diam., scales smooth, broad obtuse spine ; seeds nut-hke, edible, wingless, i in. long, ripening in November of second year.
Leaves usually in clusters of 5, sometimes 4 or 6, slender, flexible, triquetrous, 3-ribbed, one rib shining green, the other 2 white opaque, edges rough, sharp- pointed, 2-5 ins. long, sheaths small, deciduous.
An evergreen tree, 50 ft. ; erect, blunt, pyramidal, slow of growth ; Branches from base to summit, short, erect, shoots pubescent ; Bark grey-brown, fissured, scaly ; Buds globose, long narrow point, whitish, within resin ; Wood soft, fine- grained, fragrant, resinous ; much used in manufacture of Swiss toys.
Native of mountains of S. Europe. Known also as Arolla. First planted by Duke of Argyll, 174G ; seeds introduced by Lawson, 1828.
BHOTAN PINE, Pinus excelsa.
Parks, gardens. May. Best on light gravelly loam, well drained.
Floivers monoecious ; Blale catkins narrow-cylindrical, 1 in. long, dense clusters ; Fruit a cone, in pairs, or whorls of 4, rarely solitary, conoid-cylindrical, obtuse, curved, smooth, erect at first, purple or violet-rose, afterwards pendulous and dull green, foot-stalk nearly 1 in. long, cone 6-9 ins. long, 2^ ins. broad at base, slightly recurved, rich bronze when ripe, lunipe cones glaucous, full of turpen- tine and resin, scales wedge-shaped, loosely imbricated, thin, l-2i ins. long ; seeds small, ovate, wing obliquely truncate, Ij in. long, ripe in October or November of second year.
Leaves in fives, slender, flexible, drooping, triquetrous, rough edges, glaucous
on inner side, bluish-green and convex on outer, 4-8 ins. long.
230
CONIFERiE
An evergreen tree, 60-150 ft. ; Branches whorled, spreading, upper ascending, lower somewhat pendulous; Bark grey-brown, rough, scaly, on young stems smooth and nearly black, somewhat shiny, rapid of growth.
Native of the Himalayas. Discovered by Dr. Hamilton, 1802 ; and intro- duced by Dr. Wallich, 1827-
WEYMOUTH PINE, Pinus Strohns.
Parks. June. Best in a gravelly loam, and sheltered.
Flowers monoecious ; Males in pseudo whorls of 5-0 at base of young shoots, cylindrical, i— | in. long, stalked, stamens numerous, yellow, scale bracts 3-G ; Females singly or in pairs, slightly longer than males, scales thick, margins purple-red ; Fruit a cone, 4-G ins. long, loose, stalked, pendulous, cylindrical, acute, slightly curved, dark violet to brown, scales smooth, thickened at apex ; seeds J in. long, narrowed at ends, red-brown mottled black, wings long and narrow.
Leaves in fives, acicular, 3-5 ins. long, slender, soft, bluish-green, silvery lines, glaucous, turning yellow, sheaths loose, deciduous.
An evergreen tree, 1 20 ft. ; Brandies horizontal or slightly ascending in regular whorls ; branchkts slender, glabrous ; Bark at first thin and smooth, at lengtli rugged, ash-grey-slaty ; Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light-brown tinged red ; much used for masts and spars.
Native of N. America, 100-250 ft. ; introduced by Lord Weymouth, 1705.
Bark and shoots attacked by Pine Beetle ( Hylesinus piniperda).
237
BOOKS OF REFERENCE
British Flora. Bentham & Hooker.
British Oak Galls. E. T. Connold.
British Vegetable Galls. E. T. Coiu;olil.
Diseases of Plants. H. Marshall Wanl.
Encyclopmdia of Gardening. T. W. Sanders.
Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants. Dr. M. C. Cooke.
Handbook of Orchard and Bush Fruit hisects. E. A Ormerotl.
Hardy Conifei'ous Trees. A. D. Webster.
Indian Trees. D. Brandis.
Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. G. Nicholson.
Illustrated Flora of the U.S.A., Canada and British Possessions. Britton ck Brown.
Manual of the IVees of N. America. (J. S. Sargent,
Practical Forestry. A. D. Webster.
Students' Flora of the British Isles. Sir J. D. Hooker.
The Garden. Vols. 1-70.
The Gardener's Assistant. R. Thompson.
I'he Pinetum. G. <_<oi'don.
Timber and Timber Trees. Laslett.
Trees. H. Marshall Ward.
Trees and Shrubs for English Gardens. E. T. Cook.
238
If
mh
f/
^>
H
TWIGS AND WINTER BUDS (No. 2)
A. Sweet Chestnut. B. Mtzereon. C. Black Poplar. I). Tree of Heaven. E. Birch. /■". Mountain Ash,
(i. Beerh. //. Alder. /. Hawtlinrn.
INDEX OF NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
Ranunculaceae
Clematis Vitalba „ Flammula „ montana „ Viticella Magnoliacese
Magnolia acuminata conspicua Fraseri , , glauca
grandifolia macrophylla ,, obovata parviflora stellata tripetala Liriodendron tulipifera Calycanthaceaj .
Calycanthus floridiis glaucus occidentalis Chiraonanthus fragrans Berberidefe
Berberidopsis coiallina Berberis vulgaris
Aquifolium buxifolia ,, Darwinii
empetrifolia japonica iiepalensis wallichiaua Oistiuete .... Cistua corbariensis „ crispus „ ladaniferus „ laurifiilius „ lusitanicus „ monspolionsis . „ purpureus Huliaiithemuin formosum 'I'aniarisciiie.'e
Tamarix gallica . „ Palasii . Hyporiiincio
llypiMicuin Androssemum calycinum ,, hookeriaiiuin
,, moseriaiium
,, patulum .
ol. |
Fuse |
|
1 |
Ternstrctmiaceoe |
|
1 |
Stuartia pentagyna |
|
3 |
Pseudo-camellia |
|
3 |
virginica |
|
3 |
Malvaceae .... |
|
4 |
Abutilon vitifolium . |
|
4 |
Hibiscus syriacus |
|
5 |
Sterculiaceaa |
|
G |
Fremontia californica |
|
G |
TiliacBi-e .... |
|
I. |
7 |
Tilia americana . |
7 |
,, cordata |
|
8 |
,, platyphyllos |
|
8 |
,, vulgaris |
|
9 |
Rutacere .... |
|
9 |
Ptelea trifoliata |
|
I. |
10 |
Skimmia fragrans |
10 |
japonica |
|
J, |
11 |
Laureola |
11 |
oblata . |
|
12 |
rubella |
|
12 |
Simarubeaj |
|
I. |
13 |
Ailanthus glandulosa . |
13 |
Aquifoliacefe |
|
14 |
Ilex Aquifolium . |
|
15 |
,, orenata |
|
15 |
,, dipyrena |
|
1. |
16 |
,, opaca . |
IG |
Celastrinese |
|
IG |
Euonymus auiericanus |
|
17 |
atropurpurfu.s |
|
I, |
17 |
europajus . |
18 |
japduicus . |
|
18 |
latifolius . |
|
19 |
Rhamnere .... |
|
19 |
Rhamnus Alaternus . |
|
I. |
19 |
cathartica . |
20 |
Frangula |
|
20 |
Ceanothus aniericanus |
|
21 |
azureus |
|
21 |
dentatus . |
|
22 |
divaricatus |
|
22 |
papillosus . |
|
23 |
rigidus |
|
23 |
thyrsitlorus |
|
24 |
voitcliianus |
|
24 |
Ampolideie |
|
25 |
Vitis quinquefolia |
|
25 |
viiiifera |
|
26 |
,, inconstaiis |
Vol. |
Page |
26 |
|
27 |
|
27 |
|
28 |
|
28 |
|
29 |
|
29 |
|
30 |
|
30 |
|
31 |
|
31 |
|
32 |
|
33 |
|
33 |
|
34 |
|
34 |
|
35 |
|
36 |
|
36 |
|
36 |
|
37 |
|
37 |
|
37 |
|
38 |
|
39 |
|
I. |
40 |
40 |
|
40 |
|
41 |
|
41 |
|
42 |
|
43 |
|
43 |
|
44 |
|
44 |
|
44 |
|
45 |
|
46 |
|
46 |
|
47 |
|
47 |
|
47 |
|
48 |
|
48 |
|
48 |
|
49 |
|
49 |
|
50 |
|
r)0 |
|
51 |
239
INDEX
Sapindacese
^'Escuhis carnea . f^labra . Hippocastauum parvifldia Xauthoceras sorbiColia Acer campostre . „ circinatum . „ dasycarpuin ,, japDiiicuiii . „ macropliyllum „ nionspessulanum „ Negundo „ opulifoliiim „ palmatum . „ pennsylvanicum . „ platanoidfs „ Pseudo-platanus „ rubruui „ sacchaiinuin „ tartarioum Staphyleaceaj
Staphylea colchica „ pinnata
Auacardiacea!
Rhus copalliua . „ cotinoides . „ Cotinus „ glabra
„ Toxioodendron . „ typhina „ venenata . Leguminiisttf
Laburnum alpinum „ vulgare
Genista sethnensis „ anglica . „ hispanica „ pilusa „ sagittalis „ tinctoria „ virgata . Spartium juncoum Ulex europajus
„ nanus Cytisus albus „ Ardoini . „ scoparius Amiirpha canescons „ fruticoaa Indigofera gerardiana Wistaria chinonsis „ nuiltijuga Robinia hispida
„ noomexicana . „ Pseudacacia . „ viscosa . Oolutea arborescens .
„ cruenta . Caragana arborescens . Coronilla pjinorus Hedysaruni niultijnguin Cladrastis araurensis .
„ tinctoria
Sophora japonica Cieaalpiiiia japonica Gyinnocladus canadensis
I
Pnge |
||
52 |
Gleditschia triacanthos |
|
52 |
Corcis canadensis |
|
53 |
J) |
Siliquastrum |
53 |
Rosaceas |
|
54 |
Prunus Amygdalus |
|
55 |
n |
conmmnis |
56 |
)i |
insititia . |
57 |
1) |
spinosa . |
57 |
lj |
Avium . |
58 |
5) |
Gerasus . |
58 |
yj |
Padus . |
59 |
n |
Laurocerasus . |
59 |
»i |
lusitanica |
60 |
Nuttalia cerasiformis . |
|
60 |
Spirica boUa |
|
61 |
^, |
bullata |
61 |
j» |
canescens |
62 |
cliamsedrifolia . |
|
63 |
n |
discolor . |
63 |
)t |
Douglasi . |
64 |
»i |
japonica . |
64 |
)) |
lindle}'ani\ |
65 |
>i |
media |
65 |
51 |
prunifolia tiore- |
66 |
1> |
salicitolia |
66 |
)) |
sorbitolia |
67 |
)» |
Thunl)orgi |
68 |
Neill |
ia opulifolia |
68 |
Stop |
lanandra Tanakas |
69 |
Korria japonica . |
|
69 |
lib.... |
otypos kerrioides |
70 |
Noviusia alabamensis . |
|
71 |
Eucr |
yijhia pinnatifolia |
71 |
Rnbus biliorus . |
|
72 |
)t |
Ciesius |
72 |
)) |
deliciosus |
73 |
)» |
fruticosus |
73 |
jT |
Id;Bus |
74 |
nutkanus . |
|
74 |
}i |
odoratus . |
74 |
»j |
phccnicolasius |
75 |
i» |
spectabilis |
75 |
Potentilla fruticosa . |
|
76 |
Rosa |
arvensis |
77 |
»> |
canina |
77 |
jf |
moscbata |
78 |
yi |
rubiginosa . |
78 |
»i |
rugosa |
79 |
11 |
spinosissima |
79 |
1) |
villosa |
80 |
Pyrus aniygdaliforniis |
|
80 |
)) |
communis . |
81 |
n |
l)accata |
81 |
»j |
coronaria . |
82 |
n |
Iloribuiida . |
82 |
11 |
Mahis |
83 |
jirunifolia . |
|
81 |
11 |
sjiL'ctabilis . |
84 |
1) |
Aria |
85 |
11 |
TorminaHs |
85 |
11 |
vestiUi |
8:! |
11 |
finiericana . |
86 |
11 |
Aucuparia . |
86 |
11 |
Soi bus |
87 |
11 |
arbulifolia , |
88 |
germanica . |
|
88 |
Cydonia japonica |
pleno
k'ol. |
Page |
89 |
|
90 |
|
91 |
|
91 |
|
92 |
|
93 |
|
93 |
|
94 |
|
95 |
|
95 |
|
96 |
|
97 |
|
98 |
|
98 |
|
99 |
|
99 |
|
100 |
|
J, |
100 |
100 |
|
101 |
|
101 |
|
102 |
|
102 |
|
103 |
|
103 |
|
103 |
|
104 |
|
104 |
|
J, |
105 |
105 |
I. 106 I. 106 I. 107
I. |
107 |
I. |
107 |
TI. |
1 |
n. |
1 |
II. |
O |
11. |
3 |
II. |
3 |
II. |
4 |
II. |
4 |
II. |
4 |
II. |
5 |
II. |
6 |
II. |
7 |
II. |
7 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
8 |
[I. |
9 |
II. |
9 |
11. |
10 |
II. |
U |
II. |
11 |
II. |
12 |
II. |
12 |
II. |
13 |
11. |
14 |
II. |
14 |
II. |
15 |
11. |
k; |
II. |
10 |
II. |
17 |
II. |
17 |
II. |
18 |
II. |
18 |
11. |
19 |
240
NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
Vol. Paffe
Rosacere — continued Cydonia Maulei . ,, vulgaris CratTBgus coccinea ,, cordata ,, Crus-galli ,, Douglasii ,, mollis . orientalis Oxyaoantha . ,, punctata
Pyracantha . , , tanacetif olia Cotoneaster affiiiis
,, bacillaris .
buxifolia . , , frigida
horizoutalis ,, integerrinia
,, laxiflora .
microphylla ,, Nummularia
,, rotund i folia
, , Simonsii .
Araelancliier alnifolia ,, canadensis
Saxifragaceai
Hydrangea Iiortensis . ,, paniculata
,, ,, V. srandiflora
Deutzia corymbosa „ crenata . ,, gracilis . Philadelphus coronarius Carpenteria californica Ribes alpiuum ,, aureum ,, Grossularia „ nigrum rubrum sanguineum speciosum . Hainamelidece
Corylopsis spicata Hamamelis arborea
virginica Liquidambar styraciflu; Myrtaceae .
Myrtus communis Passiflorene .
Passiflora c£erulea Araliacese .
Aralia chinensis .
,, spinosa Hedera Helix ComaceoB .
Cornns florida
,, macrophylla „ Mas „ sanguines „ stolonifera Aucuba japonica . Garrya elliptica . t!aprifoliaceiB
Sambucus canadensis ,, glauca . ,, nigra .
II. II. II. II. II. 11. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II.
20 20 20 21 22 22 23 24 24 25 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 32 32 33 34 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 40 40 41 42 42 42 43 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52 53 53 54 54
Caprifoliacepe — continued Sambucus racemosa Viburnum Lantana Lentago macroceplialum Opulus
,, V. sterile Tinus
tomentosum r. plicatu Symplioricarpus racemosus Abelia floribunda Lonicera Caprifolium . etrusca . ,, (lava „ fragrantissima „ japonica
V. flexuosa ,, nigra ,, Periclymenum ,, sempervirens , , tartarica ,, Xylosteum Leycesteria formosa Diervilla florida .
granditlora . ,, middendorfiana RubiaceiB ....
Cephalantlius occidentalis Compositie
Olearia Haastii . „ macrodonta „ stellulata Helichrysum rosmarinifolium Artemisia Abrotanum „ tridentata . Ericacese .... Vaccinum Myrtillus . „ uliginosum .
„ Vitis-idiea . Oxycoccus palustris Arbutus Unedo . Arctostaphylos alpina . „ pungens
„ Uva-ursi
Zenobia speciosa . Andromeda polifolia . Pieris floribunda
„ japonica . Calluna vulgaris . Erica caruea „ ciliaris „ cinerea „ mediterranea „ stricta „ Tetralix . ,, vagans Loiseleuria procumbens Bryanthus taxifolius . Daboiicia polifolia Kalmia angustifolia „ Klauca . „ latitolia . Ledum latifolium „ palustro . Rhododendron calondulaeeii „ flavum .
,, nudiflorum
Vol. |
P.vge |
II. |
55 |
11. |
56 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
58 |
II. |
59 |
II. |
59 |
IT. |
59 |
II. |
60 |
II. |
61 |
II. |
61 |
II. |
62 |
II. |
62 |
II. |
63 |
II. |
63 |
II. |
64 |
II. |
64 |
II. |
64 |
II. |
65 |
II. |
66 |
II. |
66 |
II. |
67 |
II. |
67 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
69 |
II. |
69 |
11. |
70 |
n. |
70 |
n. |
71 |
n. |
71 |
IL |
72 |
n. |
72 |
II. |
73 |
n. |
73 |
II. |
74 |
n. |
74 |
II. |
75 |
u. |
75 |
u. |
76 |
II. |
77 |
II. |
77 |
n. |
78 |
n. |
78 |
u. |
79 |
n. |
79 |
n. |
80 |
n. |
80 |
n. |
81 |
n. |
81 |
II. |
82 |
II. |
82 |
II. |
83 |
II. |
83 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
85 |
11. |
85 |
II. |
86 |
II. |
87 |
II. |
87 |
II. |
88 |
II. |
89 |
11. |
89 |
II. |
90 |
[I. |
90 |
241
INDEX
Vol. PaLje
Ericace.'e — rontinued
Rhododendron sinense „ Vaseyi .
„ viscosum
„ californicum
„ catawbiense
,, fernigineum
„ Fortune!
„ ponticum
„ racemosum
„ yunuanense
Menziesia globularis Clethra acuminata „ alnifolia . Styracese
Halesia tetraptera Styrax japonicum „ Obassia ,, officinale . Jasminese .
Jasminum fruticans „ nudiflorum
„ officinale
„ revolutum
„ wallichianum
Oleaceoe
Forsytliia suspensa
,, viridissima Syringa Emodi . „ japonica . „ vulgaris . Fraxinus Ornus . „ excelsior
Phillyrrea angustifolia „ decora „ latifolia
„ media .
Osmanthus Aquifolium Chionanthus virginica Ligustrum Ibota .
„ japonicum
„ lucidum
„ ovalifolium
,, sinense
„ vulgare
Apocynaceffl
Vinca major „ minor Logan iaceoe
Buddleia Colvillei „ globosa
„ paniculata
Solanaceaj .
Lycium chinense . „ halimifolium Scrophularinere .
Paulownia imperialis Veronica buxifolia „ cupressoides „ pinguifolia „ Traversii Bignouiacese
Catalpa bignonioides „ cordifolia ,, Ksempferi VerbenacesB
Clerodendron fcetidum
II. II. II. II. II. II.
n. II. II. II. II. n. II. II. n. II. n. II. II. n. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. u. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. n. II. II. 11. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II.
91 91 92
92 9.3 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 96 97 97
98 99 99
100 100 101 101 101 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 107 107 108 108 108 109 109 110 110 HI
111
112 112 113 113 114 114 115 115 116 117 116 117 118 118 119 119 120 120 121 122 122 123 123
Verbenacese — continued
Clerodendron trichotomum Caryopteris Mastacanthus Labiatse
Lavandula vera . Rosmarinus officinalis Phlomis fruticosa Laurinefe
Laurus nobilis Thymelfeacere
Daphne blagayana „ Cneorum „ Laureola „ Mezereum „ pontica . Elfeagnacese
Elseagnus angustifolia „ argentea „ macrophylla „ multiHora Hippophae rhamnoides LoranthacccB
Viscum album EuphorbiacesB .
Buxus balearica .
„ sempervirens Daphniphyllum macropodum Urticaoese .
Ulmus alata
„ americana „ campestris „ montana . Broussonetia papyrifers Morus nigra Ficus Carica Platanacese
Platanus acerifolia „ cuneata ,, occidentalis
„ orientalis Juglandese .
Carya alba . Juglans regia Pterocarya caucasica Myricacese .
Myi'ica Gale Cupuliferie
Betula alba „ leuta „ lutea „ nana „ nigra . „ papyrifora Alnus cordifolia . ,, glutinosa . ,, oregona „ maritima . ,, rhombifolia Carpinus Betulus
,, caroliniana
Corylus Avellana „ Colurna Quercus Cerris „ coccinea „ Ilex „ marilandica „ palustris
Vol. |
Page |
IL |
123 |
II. |
124 |
n. |
124 |
II. |
125 |
II. |
125 |
II. |
126 |
II. |
126 |
II. |
127 |
IL |
127 |
IL |
128 |
II. |
128 |
U. |
128 |
II. |
129 |
II. |
129 |
II. |
130 |
II. |
130 |
II. |
131 |
n. |
131 |
II. |
132 |
II. |
132 |
II. |
133 |
II. |
133 |
II. |
134 |
n. |
134 |
n. |
135 |
II. |
136 |
II. |
136 |
II. |
137 |
II. |
137 |
IL |
138 |
n. |
139 |
IL |
140 |
n. |
140 |
n. |
141 |
n. |
142 |
II. |
143 |
u. |
143 |
n. |
144 |
II. |
145 |
u. |
146 |
II. |
146 |
II. |
147 |
II. |
147 |
IL |
148 |
II. |
148 |
IL |
149 |
II. |
150 |
II. |
151 |
II. |
151 |
II. |
152 |
II. |
153 |
II. |
153 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
155 |
II. |
156 |
II. |
156 |
II. |
157 |
II. |
158 |
II. |
158 |
IL |
159 |
II. |
160 |
n. |
160 |
II. |
161 |
n. |
162 |
u. |
162 |
242
NATURAL ORDERS AND SPECIES
Vol. Page
Cupulifer;e — coiUinued Quercus pedunculata „ rubra „ sessiliilora ,, Saber . ,, velutina Castanopsis chrysophylla Castanea sativa . Fagus sylvatica . Saliciuece .
Salix alba .
„ „ V. vitellina „ Arbuscula . „ aurita „ babylonica . „ Caprea „ cinerea ,, tragilis „ herbacea „ lanata „ Lapponum . „ Myrsinites „ nigricans . „ pentandra . „ phylicifolia „ purpurea . „ repens „ viminalis . „ reticulata . „ triandra „ viridis Populus alba
,, balsamiferr „ ,, V. candicans
„ canescens „ deltuidea ,, nionilifera „ nigra . ,, ,) 1^- pyramidal:
„ tremula . „ tremuloides Empetracese
Empetrum nigrum Liliaceje
Ruscus aculeatus
„ Hypophyllum Danasa Laurus Yucca angustifolia „ tilamentosa „ gloriosa Grainineie .
Arundo Donax Coniferffi
Ginkgo biloba Cephalotaxus drupace „ Fortuni
„ pedunculata
Taxus baccata Prumnopitys elegans Juniperus chinonsis
11. II.
II. II. II.
II. II. II. II. II. II.
II.
n.
u. u. II.
II.
II.
n. II.
163 164
II. 165 II. 165
166 167 167
II. 168
11. 169
II. 170
II. 171
II. 171
II. 172
n. 172
II. 173
174 175 175 176 177 177
II. 17.S 11. 178
179 180
II. 181
II. 181
II. 182
II. 183
11. 183
II. 184
II. 185
II. 186
II. 186
II. 187
II. 187
II. 188
II. 189
II. 189
II. 190
190 191 191
II. 192
II. 192
II. 193
II. 193
II. 194
U. 194
195 195
II. 196 II. 196
197 197
II. 198 II. 198
II. 11.
199
200
Coniferse — continued Juniperus Sabina „ virginiana
„ coniminiis
Cupressus macrocarpa „ sempervirei
,, lawsoniana
„ nootkatensis
„ obtusa
„ pisifera
Thuya occidentalis „ plicata „ dolabrata . ,, orientalis . Libocedrus decurreiis Sciadopitys verticillata Sequoia gigantea .
„ sempervirens Or3q5tomeria japonica Taxodium distichum Araucaria imbricata Tsuga brunoniana „ canadensis „ mertensiana „ Sieboldi Picea alcockiana . „ excelsa „ Morinda ,, nigra . „ orientalis . ,, polita . „ pungens Cedrus atlantica . „ Deodara . „ Libani Larix europjea Pseudolarix K»mpferi Abies balsamea „ brachyphylla „ cephalonica „ cilicica „ concolor „ firma . „ grandis „ nobilis „ nordmanniana „ pectinata . „ Pinsapo Pseudotsuga Douglasii Pinus Coulteri ,, Laricio
„ „ r. nigricans
„ Pinaster „ Pinea . „ ponderosa . „ sylvestris . „ Cembra „ excelsa „ Strobus
Vol. |
Page |
. II. |
200 |
. n. |
201 |
. II. |
201 |
. 11. |
202 |
. II. |
203 |
. II. |
203 |
. II. |
204 |
. II. |
205 |
. II. |
205 |
. II. |
206 |
II. |
207 |
II. |
207 |
. II. |
208 |
. II. |
208 |
. II. |
209 |
. II. |
210 |
. II. |
210 |
. II. |
211 |
. II. |
212 |
. II. |
213 |
. II. |
213 |
. II. |
214 |
. II. |
215 |
. II. |
215 |
. II. |
216 |
. II. |
216 |
. II. |
217 |
. II. |
218 |
. II. |
218 |
. II. |
219 |
. II. |
219 |
. II. |
220 |
. II. |
221 |
. II. |
221 |
. II. |
222 |
. II. |
223 |
. 11. |
227 |
. II. |
224 |
. II. |
224 |
. II. |
225 |
, II. |
225 |
. II. |
226 |
II. |
226 |
II. |
227 |
II. |
228 |
II. |
229 |
II. |
229 |
II. |
230 |
II. |
231 |
II. |
231 |
II. |
232 |
II. |
233 |
II. |
234 |
II. |
234 |
II. |
235 |
II. |
236 |
11. |
236 |
. II. |
237 |
243
X 2
INDEX OF LATIN NAMES
Abelia floribunda Abies balsamea . „ brachyphylla „ cephalonica „ cilicica „ concolor . „ firma „ grandis „ nobilis „ nordmanniana . „ pectinata . „ Pinsapo Abutilon vitifolium . Acer campestre . „ circinatum . „ dasycarpum „ japonicum . „ macrophyllum „ monspessulanum „ Neguiido „ opulifolium „ pahnatum . „ pemisylvanicum . „ platanoides „ Pseudo-platanus „ rubrum „ saccharinum „ tartaricuni . ^sculus carnea . „ glabra . „ Hippocastanuni „ parvifloni Ailaiithus glandulosa . Alnus cordifolia . „ glutinosa . „ maritima . ,, oregona „ rhombifolia Amelanchier ahiifolia
,, canadensis
Amorpha canescens .
„ fruticosa Andromeda polifolia . Aralia chinensis .
,, spinosa Arauoaria imbricata . Arbutus Unedo . Arctostaphylos alpina
,> pungens
„ Uva-ursi
Artemisia Abrotanum „ tridentata .
Arundo Donax Aucuba japonica . Berberidopsis corallina Berberia Aquifoliuni .
Vol. |
page |
II. |
61 |
II. |
227 |
II. |
224 |
n. |
224 |
n. |
225 |
II. |
225 |
II. |
226 |
n. |
226 |
II. |
227 |
II. |
228 |
II. |
229 |
II. |
229 |
I. |
29 |
I. |
56 |
I. |
57 |
I. |
57 |
I. |
58 |
I. |
58 |
I. |
59 |
I. |
59 |
I. |
60 |
I. |
60 |
I. |
61 |
I. |
61 |
I. |
62 |
I. |
63 |
I. |
63 |
I. |
64 |
I. |
52 |
I. |
53 |
I. |
53 |
I. |
54 |
I. |
37 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
156 |
II. |
155 |
II. |
156 |
II. |
32 |
II. |
33 |
I. |
79 |
I. |
79 |
II. |
79 |
II. |
47 |
II. |
48 |
II. |
213 |
II. |
76 |
II. |
77 |
II. |
77 |
II. |
78 |
11. |
72 |
II. |
73 |
11. |
195 |
11. |
52 |
1. |
i:i |
I. |
15 |
Vol. Page
Berberis buxifolia ,, Darwinii ,, empetrifolia . „ japonica „ nepalensis
vulgaris „ wallichiana . Betula alba „ lenta ,, lutea ,, nana ,, nigra „ papyrifera Broussonetia papyrifera Bryanthus taxifolius . Buddleia Colvillei „ globosa „ pimiculata . Buxus balearicu .
,, sempervirens . Cfesalpinia japonica . Calluna vulgaris . Calycanthus floridus . „ glaucus .
„ occidentalis
Caragana arborescens Carpenteria californica Carpinus Betulus
„ caroliniaua . Carya alba .
Caryopteris Mastaoanthus Castanea sativa . Oastanopsis clirysophylla Gatalpa bignonioides . „ cordifolia „ Kwmpferi Oeanotlius americanus ,, anureus
„ dentatus .
„ divaricatus
„ papillosus .
„ rigidus
„ thyrsiflorus
„ veitcluanus
Cedrus atlantica „ Deodara . „ Libani CepUalanthus occidentalis Ceiihalotaxus drupacea „ Fortuni
„ pedunculata
Cercis canadensis
„ Siliquastrum . Chimonanthus fragrans Chionantbus virginica Cistus corbariensis
I. |
15 |
I. |
16 |
1. |
16 |
I. |
16 |
I. |
17 |
I. |
14 |
I. |
17 |
II. |
150 |
II. |
151 |
II. |
151 |
II. |
152 |
II. |
153 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
140 |
II. |
85 |
II. |
114 |
u |
115 |
II. |
115 |
II. |
134 |
II. |
135 |
I. |
88 |
II. |
80 |
I. |
U |
I. |
11 |
I. |
12 |
I. |
85 |
II. |
37 |
II. |
157 |
II. |
158 |
II. |
146 |
11. |
124 |
II. |
167 |
II. |
167 |
II. |
121 |
II. |
122 |
II. |
122 |
I. |
46 |
I. |
47 |
I. |
47 |
I. |
47 |
I. |
48 |
I. |
48 |
I. |
48 |
I. |
49 |
II. |
220 |
II. |
221 |
II. |
221 |
II. |
69 |
II. |
197 |
II. |
197 |
11. |
198 |
I. |
90 |
I. |
91 |
I. |
12 |
11. |
109 |
I. |
18 |
244
LATIN NAMES
Cistus crispus ,, ladaniferus ,, laurifolius ,, lusitaiiicus ,, monspeliensis . „ purpureus Cladrastis amurensis . „ tinctoiia .
Clematis Flammula . ,, montana „ Vitalba „ Viticella Clerodendron fcetidum
„ trichotomum
Clethra acuminata
„ alnifolia Colutea arborescens .
„ cruenta . Cornus florida
„ macrophylla .
Mas „ saiiguinea „ stolonifera Coronilla Emerus Corylojisis spioata Corylus Avellana „ Colurna . Cotoneaster atfinis
„ baeillaris
„ buxifolia
„ frigida .
„ horizontalis
,, integerrima
„ laxiflora .
„ microphylla
„ Nummularia
„ rotundifolia
„ Simonsii
Cratsegus cocci nea „ cordata
„ Crus-galli .
„ Douglasii .
„ mollis
„ orientalis .
„ Oxyacantha
„ punctata
„ Pyracantha
„ tanacetifolia
Oryptomeria japonica Cupressus lawsoniana ,, macrocarpa
„ nootkatensis
„ obtusa
„ pisifera
„ sempervirens
Cydonia japonica „ Mauloi . „ vulgaris
Cytisns albus „ Ardoini . „ scoparius Daboi'cia polifolia Daiiii'.a Laurus . Daplino lilagayana „ Cneorum „ Laureola „ Mezoroum
VtA. |
Page |
|
I. |
19 |
Daphne pontica |
I. |
19 |
Daphniphyllum macropoduni |
I. |
19 |
Deutzia corymbosa . |
I. |
20 |
„ crenata .... |
I. |
20 |
„ gracilis .... |
I. |
21 |
Diervilla florida .... |
I. |
86 |
„ grandiflora . |
I. |
86 |
„ middeiidorfiana . |
I. |
3 |
Eloeagnus angustifolia |
I. |
3 |
„ argentea . |
I. |
1 |
„ macrophylla |
I. |
3 |
„ multifiora . |
II. |
123 |
Empetrum nigrum |
II. |
123 |
Erica carnea .... |
II. |
96 |
„ ciliaris .... |
11. |
96 |
„ cinerea .... |
I. |
84 |
„ mediterrane.i . |
I. |
84 |
„ stricta .... |
II. |
49 |
„ Tetralix .... |
II. |
50 |
„ vagans .... |
II. |
51 |
Eucryphia pinnatifolia |
II. |
51 |
Euonymus americanus |
II. |
52 |
„ atropurpureus . |
I. |
85 |
„ europasus . |
II. |
42 |
„ japonicus . |
II. |
158 |
„ latifolius . |
II. |
159 |
Fagus sylvatica .... |
II. |
26 |
Ficus Oarica .... |
II. |
27 |
Forsythia suspensa . |
II. |
28 |
„ viridissima . |
II. |
28 |
Fraxinus excelsior |
II. |
29 |
„ Ornus .... |
II. |
29 |
Fremontia californica |
II. |
30 |
Garrya elliptica .... |
II. |
30 |
Genista fethnensis |
II. |
31 |
„ anglica .... |
II. |
31 |
„ hispanica |
II. |
32 |
„ pilosa .... |
II. |
20 |
„ sagittalis |
II. |
21 |
„ tinctoria |
II. |
22 |
„ virgata .... |
II. |
22 |
Ginkgo biloba .... |
II. |
23 |
Gleditschia triacanthos |
II. |
24 |
Gymnocladus canadensis . |
II. |
24 |
Halesia tetraptera |
II. |
25 |
Hamamelis arborea . |
II. |
26 |
,, virginica . |
II. |
26 |
Hedera Helix .... |
II. |
211 |
Hedysarum multijugum . |
II. |
203 |
Helianthemum formosum . |
II. |
202 |
Helichrysuni rosmarinifolium . |
II. |
204 |
Hibiscus syriacus |
II. |
205 |
Hippophae rhamnoides |
II. |
205 |
Hydrangea hortensis . |
II. |
203 |
„ paniculata |
II. |
19 |
„ „ V. grandiflora |
11. |
20 |
Hypericum Androsiemum . |
II. |
20 |
„ calycinum |
I. |
77 |
„ liookerianum . |
I. |
78 |
„ mosorianum |
I. |
78 |
„ patulum , |
II. |
85 |
Ilex Aquitolium |
II. |
193 |
„ cronata .... |
II. |
128 |
„ dipyreua .... |
II. |
128 |
„ opaca .... |
II. |
128 |
Indigofera gorardiana |
II. |
129 |
Jasminimi frutica is . |
Vol. |
Page |
II. |
129 |
II. |
136 |
II. |
35 |
II. |
36 |
II. |
36 |
II. |
67 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
130 |
II. |
131 |
11. |
131 |
II. |
132 |
II. |
191 |
II. |
81 |
II. |
81 |
II. |
82 |
II. |
82 |
11. |
83 |
II. |
83 |
II. |
84 |
I. |
107 |
I. |
41 |
I. |
42 |
I. |
43 |
I. |
43 |
I. |
44 |
II. |
168 |
II. |
141 |
II. |
102 |
II. |
103 |
II. |
105 |
II. |
105 |
I. |
30 |
II. |
53 |
I. |
72 |
I. |
73 |
I. |
73 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
75 |
II. |
196 |
I. |
89 |
I. |
88 |
II. |
97 |
II. |
43 |
II. |
43 |
II. |
48 |
I. |
86 |
I. |
21 |
II. |
72 |
I. |
29 |
II. |
1.32 |
II. |
34 |
II. |
34 |
II. |
35 |
I. |
24 |
I. |
24 |
I. |
25 |
I. |
25 |
I. |
26 |
I. |
39 |
I. |
40 |
I. |
40 |
I. |
40 |
I. |
80 |
11. |
99 |
245
INDEX
Jasrainum nudiflorum
„ officinale .
„ revolutum
„ wallichianura Juglans regia Juniperus cliinensis .
„ communis .
„ Sabina
„ virginiana .
Kalmia angustifolia . ,, glauca „ latifolia . Kerria japonica . Laburnum alpinum .
„ vulgare
Larix europrea . Lavandula vera . Laurus nobilis . Ledum latifolium ,, pal list re . Leycesteria formosa . Libocedrus decurrens Ligustrum Ibota
„ japonicum
,, lucidum .
„ ovalifolium
„ sinense
„ vulgare
Liquidambar styraciflua Liriodendrou tulipifera Loiseleuria procumbens Lonicera Caprifolium
„ otrusca
„ tiava .
„ fragrantissima
„ japonica
„ „ V. flexuosa
nigra .
,, Periclymenum
,, sompervirens
„ tartarica
,, Xylosteum . Lycium chinense
„ halimifolium . Magnolia acuminata .
„ conspicua .
„ Fraseri
„ glauca
„ grandifolia .
„ macrophylhi
„ obovata
„ parviflora .
„ stellata
„ tripetala Menziesia globularis . Morus nigra Myrica Gale Myrtus communis Neillia opulifolia Noviusia alabamensis . Wuttalia cerasiformis Olearia Haastii
„ macrodonta . ,, stollulata Osmantluis A(|uifoliuni Oxycoccus jialustris . Passiflora cmrulea
Vol. |
Pagis |
Vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
100 |
Paulownia imperialis |
IL |
118 |
II. |
100 |
Philadelphus coronarius . |
. IL |
37 |
II. |
101 |
Phillyrfea angustifolia |
. II. |
107 |
II. |
101 |
„ decora .... |
. n. |
107 |
II |
147 |
„ latifolia .... |
. II. |
108 |
IL |
200 |
„ media .... |
. IL |
108 |
II. |
201 |
Phlomis fruticosa .... |
. II. |
126 |
II. |
200 |
Picea alcockiana .... |
. II. |
216 |
II. |
201 |
„ excelsa ..... |
. II. |
216 |
II. |
86 |
„ Moriuda |
. II. |
217 |
II. |
87 |
>. nigra , |
. IL |
218 |
II. |
87 |
„ orientalis ..... |
. IL |
218 |
I. |
105 |
„ polita |
. II. |
219 |
I. |
71 |
„ pungens |
. II. |
219 |
I. |
72 |
Pieris floribunda .... |
. II. |
79 |
II. |
222 |
„ japonica |
. II. |
80 |
II. |
125 |
Pinus Cembra |
. II. |
23G |
II. |
127 |
„ Coulteri |
IL |
231 |
II. |
88 |
„ excelsa ..... |
. II. |
236 |
n. |
89 |
„ Laricio |
. II. |
231 |
II. |
67 |
,, „ V. nigricans . |
II. |
232 |
IL |
208 |
„ Pinaster |
. II. |
233 |
II. |
109 |
„ Pinea ..... |
. II. |
234 |
II. |
110 |
„ pondorosa .... |
. II. |
234 |
n. |
110 |
„ Strobus |
. II. |
237 |
II. |
111 |
„ sylvestris ..... |
. II. |
235 |
n. |
111 |
Platanus acerifolia .... |
II. |
143 |
II. |
112 |
„ cuneata .... |
II. |
143 |
II. |
44 |
,, occidentalis |
II. |
144 |
I. |
10 |
„ orientalis .... |
II. |
145 |
II. |
84 |
Populus alba |
II. |
184 |
IL |
61 |
,, balsamifera .... |
II. |
185 |
IL |
62 |
„ „ V. candicans |
IL |
186 |
II. |
62 |
„ canescens .... |
II. |
186 |
II. |
63 |
„ deltoidea .... |
II. |
187 |
IL |
63 |
„ monilifera .... |
II. |
187 |
II. |
64 |
„ nigra . . . |
II. |
188 |
IL |
64 |
„ „ V, pyramidalis |
IL |
189 |
II. |
64 |
„ tremula .... |
II. |
189 |
IL |
65 |
„ tremuloides .... |
IL |
190 |
IL |
66 |
Potentilla fruticosa .... |
IL |
4 |
IL |
66 |
PruniiKipitys elegans |
II. |
199 |
II. |
117 |
Prunus Amygdalus .... |
I. |
92 |
II. |
116 |
„ Avium |
I. |
95 |
I. |
4 |
„ Cerasus ...... |
I. |
95 |
I. |
5 |
„ communis . . . . . |
I. |
93 |
I. |
6 |
„ insititia .... |
I. |
93 |
I. |
6 |
,, Laurocerasus . . . . |
I. |
97 |
I. |
7 |
,, lusitanica |
I. |
98 |
I. |
7 |
„ Padus ...... |
I. |
96 |
I. |
8 |
„ spinosa |
I. |
94 |
I. |
8 |
Pseudolarix K;empferi |
IL |
223 |
I. |
9 |
Pseudotsuga Douglasii . . . . |
II. |
2,30 |
I. |
9 |
Ptelea tritoliata |
I. |
34 |
II. |
95 |
Pterocarya caucasica |
IL |
147 |
II. |
140 |
Pyrus americana . . . . . |
IL |
16 |
II. |
148 |
„ amygdaliformis . . . . |
II. |
9 |
II. |
45 |
„ arbutifolia . . . . . |
II. |
18 |
I. |
104 |
„ Aria ...... |
II. |
14 |
I. |
100 |
„ Aucuparia . . . . |
II. |
17 |
I. |
98 |
„ baccata ...... |
IL |
11 |
II. |
70 |
,. communis . . . . . |
IL |
10 |
II. |
71 |
„ coronaria ...... |
II. |
11 |
II. |
71 |
floribunda |
II. |
12 |
II. |
108 |
germanica . . . . . |
II. |
18 |
II. |
75 |
Malus |
IL |
12 |
II. |
40 24 |
,, prunifolia |
II. |
13 |
LATIN NAMES
Pyrus Sorbus „ speotabilis „ Torminalis „ vestita Queicus Cerris . „ coccinea Ilex . „ marilandica . „ palustris
„ pedunculata .
„ rubra .
„ sessiliflora
„ Suber . „ velutina
Rhamnus Alaternus . „ cathartica . „ Frangula Rhodendron calendulaceum „ californicum
„ catawbiense
„ ferrugineum
„ flavum .
„ Fortune!
„ nudiflorum
„ ponticum
„ raceraosum
„ sinense .
„ Vaseyi .
„ viscosum
„ yunnanense
Rhodotypos kerrioides Rhus copallina . „ cotinoides . „ Cotinus „ glabra ., Toxicodendron . „ typhina . „ venenata . RibbS alpinuni „ aureuni „ Grossularia „ nigrum . „ rubrum „ sanguineum „ speciosnm Robinia hispida . „ neo-mexicana „ Pseudacacia . „ viscosa . Rosa arvensis „ canina „ moschata . „ rubiginosa . „ rugosa . „ spinosissima „ villosa Rosmarinus officinalis llubus biflorus . „ cicsius „ deliciosus „ fruticosus „ Ida!U8 „ nutkanus „ odoratus . „ plici-niccilasius . „ spcctabilis Ruscus aculeatus
Vol. |
Page |
n. |
17 |
II. |
14 |
II. |
15 |
n. |
16 |
n. |
160 |
II. |
160 |
II. |
161 |
II. |
162 |
11. |
162 |
II. |
163 |
II. |
164 |
n. |
165 |
n. |
165 |
n. |
166 |
I. |
44 |
I. |
45 |
I. |
46 |
II. |
89 |
II. |
92 |
n. |
93 |
II. |
93 |
II. |
90 |
II. |
94 |
u. |
90 |
II. |
94 |
II. |
95 |
II. |
91 |
II. |
91 |
n. |
92 |
II. |
95 |
I. |
106 |
I. |
66 |
I. |
67 |
I. |
68 |
I. |
68 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
70 |
n. |
38 |
n. |
38 |
n. |
39 |
II. |
40 |
n. |
40 |
n. |
41 |
II. |
42 |
I. |
81 |
I. |
82 |
I. |
82 |
I. |
83 |
II. |
5 |
II. |
6 |
n. |
7 |
n. |
7 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
9 |
II. |
125 |
I. |
107 |
I. |
107 |
IT. |
1 |
ir. |
1 |
11. |
2 |
11. |
3 |
11. |
3 |
II. |
4 |
II. |
4 |
TI. |
192 |
Ruscus Hypophyllum Salix alba .
„ „ V. vitellina „ Arbuscula . „ aurita „ babylonica . „ Caprea „ cinerea „ fragilis „ herbacea . „ lanata „ Lapponum „ Myrsinites „ nigricans . „ pentandra . „ phylicifolia „ purpurea . „ repens „ reticulata . „ triandra „ viminaLis . „ viridis Sambucus canadensis „ glauca
nigra . „ racemosa
Sciadopitys verticillat Sequoia gigantea
„ sempervirens Skimmia fragrans „ japonica „ Laureola „ oblata . „ rubella . Sophora japonica Spartium junceum Spirsea bella
„ bullata . „ cauescens „ chamsedrifolia „ discolor . „ Douglasi „ japonica . „ lindleyana „ media „ prunifolia rtore-plen „ salicifolia „ sorbifolia ,, Thunbergi Staphylea colchica „ pinnata
Steplianandra Tanak Stuartia pentagyna
„ Pseudo-camellia „ virginiea Styrax japonicum „ Obassia . „ officinale . Symphoricarpus racemosus Syringa Emodi . „ japonica „ vulgaris Tamarix gallica . Pallasii Taxodium distiilnini Tax us baccata Thuya dolabrata
Vol. |
Paac |
11. |
192 |
II. |
170 |
II. |
171 |
n. |
171 |
n. |
172 |
n. |
172 |
II. |
173 |
II. |
174 |
n. |
175 |
n. |
175 |
n. |
176 |
n. |
177 |
u. |
177 |
11. |
178 |
II. |
178 |
II. |
179 |
II. |
180 |
11. |
181 |
n. |
182 |
n. |
183 |
n. |
181 |
II. |
183 |
u. |
54 |
II. |
54 |
II. |
55 |
n. |
55 |
11. |
209 |
11. |
210 |
II. |
210 |
1. |
35 |
I. |
36 |
I. |
36 |
1. |
36 |
I. |
37 |
I. |
87 |
1. |
75 |
1. |
99 |
I. |
99 |
I. |
100 |
I. |
100 |
I. |
100 |
I. |
101 |
I. |
101 |
I. |
102 |
I. |
102 |
I. |
103 |
I. |
103 |
1. |
103 |
I. |
104 |
I. |
65 |
T. |
65 |
I. |
105 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
28 |
11. |
98 |
11. |
98 |
11. |
98 |
II. |
60 |
II. |
103 |
IT. |
10 1 |
TI. |
104 |
I. |
22 |
I. |
23 |
U. |
212 |
TI. |
198 |
1 1. 207
247
INDEX
Thuya occidentalis orientalis plicata Tilia americana . „ cordata , , platyphyllos „ vulgaris Tsuga brunoniana ,, canadensis ,, mertensiana ,, Sieboldi . Ulex europanis .
„ nanus Ulmus alata „ americana „ eanipostris „ montana Vaccinum Myrtillus uligiuosum Vitis-idsea Veronica buxifolia
cupressoides
fo\. |
Page |
II. |
206 |
II. |
208 |
II. |
207 |
I. |
31 |
I. |
.32 |
I. |
.33 |
I. |
33 |
II. |
213 |
II. |
214 |
II. |
215 |
II. |
215 |
I. |
76 |
I. |
77 |
II. |
137 |
II. |
137 |
II. |
138 |
II. |
139 |
II. |
74 |
II. |
74 |
II. |
75 |
II. |
118 |
II. |
119 |
Veronica pinguifolia .
„ Traversii Viburnum Lantana . Lentago . macrocephalum Opulus
V. sterile Tinus toraentosum v. plicat Vinca major minor Viscum album . Vitis inconstans „ quinquetolia „ vinifera Wistaria chinensis „ multijuga Xanthoceras sorbifolia Yucca angustifolia ,, filamentosa ,, gloriosa Zenobia speciosum
Vol. |
raae |
II. |
119 |
II. |
120 |
II. |
56 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
58 |
II. |
50 |
II. |
59 |
II. |
59 |
II. |
113 |
II. |
113 |
II. |
133 |
I. |
51 |
I. |
50 |
I. |
.50 |
I. |
80 |
I. |
81 |
I. |
55 |
II. |
193 |
II. |
194 |
II. |
194 |
II. |
78 |
248
INDEX OF POPULAR NAMES
Abele .... Abelia, Copious-flowering Abutilon, Vine-leaved
„ Rose . Adam's Needle . Alabama Snow Wreath Alaternus . Alcock Spruce . Alder.
„ Buckthorn Alder-bush, White Alder-leaved Clethra . Alder, Neapohtan „ Oregon . „ Seaside . „ White Alexandrian Laurel . Allspice, Carolina
„ Glaucous-leaved „ Western Almond
Almond-leaved Willow Alpine Cotoneaster .
„ Rose American Andromeda „ Arbor-vitse „ Aspen ,, Burning Bush „ Crab, Sweet-scent „ Elm .
Holly „ Hornbeam . ,, Laurel, Glaucous „ Lime . „ Mountain Ash Witch Hazel Amur Yellow Wood . Andromeda, American
„ Japan
Apple, Coral-bud
„ Crab Arborescent Witch Hazel Arbiir-vitaj, American „ Chinese .
„ Gigantic .
„ Hatchet-leaved
Ardoino's Broom Arrow-jointed Genista Ash .... ,, Barberry „ Manna . „ Mountain „ American Mountain Aspen
„ American Austrian Pine .
Vol, |
P.T,ge |
||
II. |
184 |
Azalea, Clammy |
|
IL |
61 |
,, Creeping |
|
I. |
29 |
„ Flame-coloured |
|
I. |
81 |
Japanese |
|
II. |
194 |
„ Pontic . |
|
I. |
106 |
„ Vasey's . |
|
I. |
44 |
Balsam Fir |
|
II. |
216 |
„ Poplar . |
|
II. |
154 |
Barberi-y, Ash . |
|
I. |
46 |
Box-leaved |
|
II. |
96 |
„ Common . |
|
II. |
96 |
„ Crowberry-leaved |
|
n. |
154 |
Darwin's |
|
II. |
155 |
„ Holly-leaved |
|
IL |
156 |
,, Japanese |
|
IL |
156 |
Wallich's . |
|
II. |
193 |
Bastard Indigo . |
|
I. |
11 |
Bay, Sweet |
|
I. |
11 |
„ Willow |
|
I. |
12 |
Beam, Nepaul AVhito . |
|
I. |
92 |
„ White |
|
II. |
183 |
Bean, Indian |
|
IL |
28 |
Bearberry, Black |
|
II. |
93 |
,, Common . |
|
II. |
79 |
„ Pointed-leaved |
|
II. |
206 |
Beautiful Nepal Spiraja |
|
II. |
190 |
Bedford Willow . |
|
I. |
41 |
Beech . |
|
II. |
11 |
Bell, Golden |
|
II. |
137 |
" ''. |
|
I. |
40 |
Bhotan Pine |
|
II. |
158 |
Bilberry |
|
II. |
87 |
Birch, Canoe |
|
I. |
31 |
„ Cherry |
|
IL |
16 |
„ Dwarf |
|
II. |
43 |
„ Red |
|
I. |
86 |
,, Silver |
|
II. |
79 |
„ Yellow |
|
II. |
80 |
Bird Cherry |
|
II. |
12 |
Black Bearberry |
|
IL |
12 |
Black-berried Honeysuckle |
|
IL |
43 |
Blackberry .... |
|
II. |
206 |
Black Currant . |
|
IL |
208 |
„ Jack |
|
IL |
207 |
„ Mulberiy |
|
II. |
207 |
„ Poplar . |
|
I. |
78 |
„ Spruce . |
|
I. |
74 |
Blackthorn |
|
II. |
105 |
Bladder Nut |
|
I. |
17 |
,, „ Colchican |
|
II. |
105 |
„ Senna . |
|
IL |
17 |
,, „ Oriental |
|
11. |
10 |
Ijlagay's Daphne |
|
IL |
189 |
Blue Bush .... |
|
IL |
190 |
„ Straggling |
|
U. |
232 |
„ Veitc |
h'.i . |
Vol. |
Page |
IL |
92 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
89 |
II. |
91 |
II. |
90 |
n. |
91 |
IL |
227 |
II. |
185 |
I. |
17 |
I. |
15 |
I. |
14 |
I. |
16 |
I. |
16 |
I. |
15 |
I. |
16 |
I. |
17 |
I. |
79 |
II. |
127 |
IL |
178 |
II. |
16 |
II. |
14 |
IL |
121 |
IL |
77 |
n. |
78 |
II. |
77 |
L |
99 |
IL |
183 |
IL |
168 |
IL |
102 |
IL |
103 |
IL |
236 |
IL |
74 |
IL |
153 |
IL |
151 |
II. |
152 |
IL |
153 |
IL |
150 |
IL |
151 |
I. |
96 |
IL |
77 |
IL |
64 |
II. |
1 |
II. |
40 |
IL |
162 |
IL |
140 |
IL |
188 |
n. |
218 |
I. |
94 |
1. |
05 |
1. |
65 |
1. |
84 |
1. |
84 |
li. |
128 |
1 |
47 |
t. |
47 |
1. |
49 |
249
INDEX
Blue Passion Flower .
„ Spruce Bog Myrtlo
„ Whortleberry Bower, Vine
„ Virgin's . Box, Broad-leaved Jasmine „ Common „ Elder Box-leaved Barberry . „ „ Cotoneaster „ „ Speedwell Box, Minorca
„ Narrow-leaved Jasmine
„ Thorn, Chinese .
Bramble, Rocky Mountain
„ White-stemmed
Brasiletto ...
Briar, Sweet
British Oak
Broad-leaved Jasmin^; iJox
„ „ Lime .
„ „ Spindle Tree
Broom, Ardoino's
„ Common
„ White Spanish
„ Yellow .
Brush Bush
Buckeye, Fetid .
Buckthorn, Alder
„ Purging .
„ Sea
Buddleia, Colville's . BuUace Burning Bush .
„ „ American
Bushy Willow . Butcher's Broom Button Bush Calico „ Californian Lilac „ Maple
„ Mock Orange
,, Rhododendron
Camellia, False . Canadian Elder . „ Poplar Canoe Birch Carolina Allspice Catalpa, Japan . ,, Western Catawban Rhododendron Caucasian Waliuit Cedar, Incense . ,, Indian „ Japan ,, of Lubanon „ Mount Atlas . „ Red Cephalotaxus, Plum-fruited Cherry, Bird ,, Birch „ Crab „ Cornelian „ Dwarf or Wild „ Laurel . Chestnut, Golden-leaved
Vol. |
Page |
|
II. |
46 |
Chestnut, Horse |
II. |
210 |
„ Scarlet Horse |
n. |
148 |
„ Smooth-fruited Horse |
11. |
74 |
„ Sweet |
I. |
3 |
Chili Pine . . . . . |
I. |
3 |
Chinese Arbor-vitie . |
II. |
108 |
„ Box Thorn |
II. |
135 |
„ Crab, Showy . |
I. |
59 |
„ Juniper |
I. |
15 |
„ Kidney-bean Tree |
II. |
28 |
„ Paper-plaut . |
II. |
118 |
„ Privet . . . . |
II. |
134 |
Chittam Wood . . . . |
II. |
107 |
Choke-berry, Red |
II. |
117 |
Ciliate Heath . . . . |
II. |
1 |
Cilician SilvL>r Fir |
I. |
107 |
Cinquefoil, Shrubby . |
I. |
88 |
Cistus, Corbiere's Gum |
II. |
7 |
„ Cretan Gum . |
II. |
163 |
„ Gum . . . . |
II. |
108 |
„ Laurel-leaved Gum |
I. |
33 |
,, Montpelier Gum . |
I. |
44 |
„ Portuguese Gum . |
I. |
78 |
„ Purple-flowered Gum |
I. |
78 |
Clammy Azalea . . . . |
I. |
77 |
„ Locust . . . . |
I. |
75 |
Clematis, Mountain . |
I. |
107 |
Clerodendron, Stinking |
I. |
53 |
Club, Hercules' . |
I. |
46 |
Cluster-flowered Yew, Fortune's |
I. |
45 |
Cluster Pine |
II. |
132 |
Cockspur Thorn . |
II. |
114 |
Coffee Bush |
I. |
93 |
„ „ Virginian |
I. |
42 |
Coffee-tree, Kentucky |
I. |
41 |
Colchican Bladder Nut |
II. |
171 |
Colorado White Fir . |
II. |
192 |
Colville's Buddleia |
II. |
69 |
Constantinople Hazel |
II. |
87 |
Copious-flowering Abelia . |
I. |
48 |
Coral Berry |
I. |
58 |
Coral-bud Apple |
II. |
37 |
Corbiere's Gum Cistus |
II. |
92 |
Cork Oak . |
I. |
27 |
Cornel .... |
II. |
54 |
Cornelian Cherry |
II. |
187 |
Cornish Heath . |
II. |
153 |
Corsican Heath . |
I. |
11 |
Pine . |
II. |
122 |
Cotoneaster, Alpine . |
II. |
122 |
„ Box-leaved |
II. |
93 |
,, Common |
II. |
147 |
„ Loose-flowered |
II. |
208 |
„ Moneywort-leaved |
IL |
221 |
„ Rod |
II. |
211 |
„ Round-leaved |
II. |
221 |
,, Simon's . |
IL |
220 |
„ Small-fruited . |
II. |
201 |
,, Small-leaved . |
IL |
197 |
Cottonwood |
I. |
96 |
Coulter's Pine . |
II. |
151 |
Cowberry .... |
IL |
13 |
Crab Apple, American |
II. |
51 |
„ Cherry . |
I. |
95 |
„ Showy Chinese . |
I. |
97 |
„ Siberian |
IL |
167 |
„ Sweet-scented . |
V„l. |
Pa^'f |
I. |
53 |
I. |
52 |
I. |
54 |
II. |
167 |
IL |
213 |
II. |
208 |
II. |
117 |
II. |
14 |
II. |
200 |
I. |
80 |
II. |
47 |
II. |
HI |
I. |
67 |
II. |
18 |
IL |
81 |
II. |
225 |
II. |
4 |
I. |
18 |
I. |
19 |
I. |
19 |
I. |
19 |
I. |
20 |
I. |
20 |
I. |
21 |
II. |
92 |
I. |
83 |
I. |
3 |
II. |
123 |
IL |
48 |
II. |
197 |
II. |
233 |
II. |
22 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
28 |
I. |
88 |
I. |
65 |
IL |
225 |
II |
114 |
II. |
159 |
II. |
61 |
I. |
13 |
II. |
12 |
I. |
18 |
IL |
165 |
II. |
51 |
II. |
51 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
83 |
II. |
231 |
II. |
28 |
IL |
28 |
II. |
29 |
IL |
30 |
II. |
31 |
IL |
27 |
IL |
31 |
n. |
32 |
IL |
26 |
n. |
30 |
IL |
187 |
IL |
231 |
IL |
75 |
IL |
12 |
II. |
13 |
IL |
14 |
II. |
11 |
II. |
11 |
250
POPULAR NAMES
Crack Willow Cranberry . Creeper, Japanese „ Virginian Creeping Azalea Cretan Gum Cistus Cross-leaved Heath Crowberry .
Crowberry-leaved Barberry Cucumber Tree .
„ ,, Long-leaved
Curled-leaved Jasmine Currant, Black . „ Flowering „ Missouri „ M'ountain Red . Cypress, Deciduous „ Evergreen „ Lawson „ Montery ,, Obtuse-leaved Japan Yellow Daisy-bush, New Zealand „ „ Tasmanian „ Tree, New Zealand Daphne, Blagay's Dark-leaved Sallow . Darwin's Barberry Deciduous Cypress Deodar
Deutzia, Slender Dewberry . Dog Rose . Dogwood .
„ Large-leaved
„ Red Osier .
„ White-flowering
Double Tongue . Douglas Fir Douglas's Spiriea Thorn Downy Mountain Willow
„ Rose Dwarf Birch „ Cherry „ Furze „ Silky Willow . „ Sumach . „ Willow . Dyer's Green Weed . Eastern Spruce . Thorn . Elder, Box
„ Canadian . „ Common . „ Glaucous „ Scarlet-berried Elm, American . „ Common . „ Slippery „ White ,, Winged „ Wych Evergreen Cypress Oak „ Thorn
Vol. |
P-age |
||
U. |
175 |
Evergreen Trumpet Honeysuckle |
|
II. |
75 |
False Camellia .... |
|
I. |
51 |
Fetid Buckeye . |
|
I. |
50 |
Field Rose |
|
II. |
84 |
Fig |
|
I. |
19 |
Fine-leaved Heath |
|
II. |
83 |
Fir, Balsam |
|
u. |
191 |
„ Cilician Silver |
|
I. |
16 |
„ Colorado-White . |
|
I. |
4 |
„ Douglas |
|
I. |
6 |
„ Great Silver |
|
n. |
101 |
„ Hemlock Indian . |
|
II. |
40 |
„ Japan Silver |
|
n. |
41 |
„ Mount Enos |
|
II. |
38 |
„ Nordmann's Silver |
|
II. |
38 |
„ Norway Spruce . |
|
n. |
40 |
„ Plum .... |
|
II. |
212 |
„ Red .... |
|
n. |
203 |
„ Short-leaved Silver |
|
II. |
203 |
„ Silver .... |
|
II. |
202 |
„ Spanish Silver |
|
II. |
205 |
Flame-coloured Azalea |
|
II. |
204 |
Flowering Currant |
|
II. |
70 |
„ Dogwood, White |
|
II. |
71 |
Fly Honeysuckle |
|
II. |
71 |
Fortune's Cluster-flowered Yew |
|
11. |
128 |
„ Rhododendron . |
|
II. |
178 |
Fragrant Skimmia |
|
I. |
16 |
Fringe Tree, White . |
|
II. |
212 |
Fuchsia-flowered Gooseberry |
|
II. |
221 |
Furze |
|
II. |
36 |
„ Dwarf |
|
I. |
lOS |
Garland Flower . |
|
II. |
6 |
Gean |
|
II. |
51 |
Genista, Arrow-jointed |
|
II. |
50 |
„ Mount Etna . |
|
II. |
52 |
Twiggy. |
|
n. |
49 |
„ Gerard's Indigo . |
|
II. |
192 |
Germander-leaved Spir.tja . |
|
II. |
230 |
Gigantic Arbor-vitfe . |
|
I. |
101 |
Glaucous American Laurel . |
|
II. |
22 |
Elder . |
|
II. |
177 |
Glaucous-leaved Allspice . |
|
II. |
9 |
Globe-flowered Menziesia . |
|
IL |
152 |
Goat Willow |
|
I. |
95 |
Golden Bell |
|
I. |
77 |
») n ... |
|
11. |
181 |
„ Larch .... |
|
I. |
66 |
Golden-leaved Chestnut |
|
II. |
175 |
Golden Osier .... |
|
I. |
74 |
Gorse |
|
II. |
218 |
„ Spanish .... |
|
II. |
24 |
Gooseberry .... |
|
I. |
59 |
„ Fuchsia-flowered |
|
II. |
54 |
Grape Pear |
|
II. |
55 |
„ Vine .... |
|
II. |
54 |
Gray Sallow |
|
II. |
55 |
Greater Periwinkle |
|
II. |
137 |
Great Laurel Magnolia |
|
II. |
138 |
Great-leaved ,, . . . |
|
T. |
30 |
Great Reed .... |
|
11. |
137 |
„ Silver Fir .... |
|
11. |
137 |
Green Weed, Dyer's . |
|
II. |
139 |
„ Tlairy . |
|
IL |
203 |
Guelder Rose .... |
|
II. |
161 |
„ „ Large-headed |
|
H. |
26 |
„ I'laited . |
Vol. |
Page |
II. |
65 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
53 |
II. |
5 |
II. |
141 |
IL |
82 |
II. |
227 |
II. |
225 |
II. |
225 |
n. |
230 |
IL |
226 |
n. |
213 |
n. |
226 |
n. |
224 |
IL |
228 |
IL |
216 |
IL |
199 |
n. |
227 |
IL |
224 |
n. |
229 |
II. |
229 |
II. |
89 |
II. |
41 |
II. |
49 |
II. |
66 |
IL |
197 |
II. |
94 |
I. |
35 |
II. |
109 |
n. |
42 |
I. |
76 |
I. |
77 |
II. |
128 |
I. |
95 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
72 |
I. |
75 |
I. |
80 |
I. |
100 |
II. |
207 |
II. |
87 |
II. |
54 |
I. |
11 |
IL |
95 |
II. |
173 |
II. |
102 |
II. |
103 |
IL |
223 |
II. |
167 |
n. |
171 |
I. |
76 |
I. |
73 |
II. |
39 |
II. |
42 |
II. |
33 |
I. |
50 |
II. |
174 |
II. |
113 |
1. |
7 |
I. |
7 |
II. |
195 |
II. |
226 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
74 |
u. |
58 |
11. |
57 |
11. |
59 |
251
INDEX
Gum Cistus
„ „ Coibiere's „ „ Cretan „ „ Laurel-leaved . ,, ,, Montpelier „ „ Portuguese
Purple-flowered „ „ Swoet Hairy Green Weed Hatchet-leaved Arbor-vitie Haw, Red .... Hawthorn . . . • Hazel, American Witch „ Arborescent „ ,, Common . „ Constantinople Heath, St. Dabeoc's . „ Ciliate „ Cornish . „ Corsican . „ Cross-leaved . „ Fine-leaved „ Mediterranean „ Winter . Hemlock, Mountain . „ Fir, Indian .
„ Spruce
„ „ Japan
Hercule's Club . Hibiscus, Syrian . Hickory, Shell-bark . Himalayan Honeysuckle . Holly . . „ Lilac
„ Snow-flower
„ Spruce
Hoary Spirasa Holly . . „ American . „ Himalayan . Holly-leaved Barberry
Olive Honey Locust Honeysuckle, Black-berried „ Common
„ Evergreen Trumpet
Fly
„ Italian .
„ Japanese
„ Himalayan .
„ Perfoliate
„ Short-stalked
„ Tartarian
„ Very Fragrant
„ Yellow Trumpet
Hooker's St. John's Wort .
Honey Locust
Hop Tree ....
Hornbeam .... „ American .
Horse Chestnut . „ „ Scarlet
„ „ Smooth-fruited
Hydrangea, Common ,, Plumed .
Ibota Privet
Incense Cedar
Vol. |
Page |
|
I. |
19 |
Indian Bean . . . . |
I. |
18 |
„ Cedar . . . . |
I. |
19 |
„ Hemlock Fir . |
I. |
19 |
Indigo, Bastard . . . . |
I. |
20 |
„ Gerard's |
I. |
20 |
Intermediate Spirsea . |
I. |
21 |
Italian Honeysuckle . |
II. |
44 |
„ Maple . . . . |
I. |
74 |
Ivy |
II. |
207 |
.lapan Andromeda |
II. |
23 |
„ Catalpa . . . . |
II. |
24 |
„ Cedar . . . . |
IL |
43 |
„ Cypress, Obtuse-leaved . |
II. |
43 |
„ Silver Fir |
IL |
158 |
Japanese Azalea |
II. |
159 |
,, Barberry |
n. |
85 |
., Creeper |
II. |
81 |
„ Honeysuckle |
IL |
84 |
„ Lilac . . . . |
II. |
83 |
Maple |
II. |
83 |
„ Pagoda Tree |
II. |
82 |
,, Pr vet |
II. |
82 |
Quince |
n. |
81 |
Rose . |
II. |
215 |
Skimmia |
II. |
213 |
Snow-flower |
II. |
214 |
Spindle Tree |
II. |
215 |
,, Spirjea |
II. |
48 |
Storax |
I. |
29 |
Wine-berry |
II. |
146 |
Jasmine Box, Broad-leaved |
II. |
67 |
Narrow-leaved |
I. |
40 |
Curled-leaved |
II. |
103 |
Shrubby |
II. |
35 |
WaUich's . |
II. |
217 |
White . |
I. |
100 |
Yellow |
I. |
39 |
Jerusalem Sage . |
I. |
40 |
Jew's Mallow |
I. |
40 |
Judas Tree |
I. |
15 |
Juniper, Chinese |
II. |
108 |
Common |
I. |
89 |
Kentucky Cofl'ee-tree |
II. |
64 |
Kerria, White . |
II. |
64 |
Kidney-bean Tree, Chinese |
II. |
65 |
Kusagi .... |
II. |
66 |
Labrador Tree . |
II. |
62 |
Laburnum .... |
II. |
63 |
„ Scotch |
II. |
67 |
Larch |
II. |
61 |
„ Golden |
II. |
64 |
Large-flowered St. John's Wort |
II. |
66 |
„ „ Weigela . |
II. |
63 |
„ „ Wistaria . |
II. |
62 |
Large-fruited Thorn . |
I. |
25 |
Large-headed Guelder Rose |
I. |
89 |
Large-leaved Dogwood |
I. |
34 |
„ Oleaster |
IL |
157 |
Laurel, Alexandrian . |
II. |
ir>8 |
„ Cherry . |
I. |
53 |
,, Glaucous American |
I. |
52 |
Laurel-leaved Gum Cistus |
I. |
54 |
„ Magnolia |
U. |
34 |
„ „ Great |
IL |
35 |
,, Pontic Spurge |
IL |
109 |
„ Portugal |
II. |
208 |
„ Sheep |
Vol. |
Page |
II. |
121 |
II. |
221 |
II. |
213 |
I. |
79 |
I. |
80 |
I. |
102 |
IL |
62 |
L |
60 |
II. |
48 |
II. |
80 |
IL |
122 |
II. |
211 |
II. |
205 |
II. |
226 |
II. |
91 |
I. |
16 |
I. |
51 |
II. |
63 |
II. |
104 |
I. 58-60 |
|
I. |
87 |
IL |
110 |
n. |
19 |
II. |
8 |
I. |
36 |
II. |
36 |
I. |
43 |
I. |
101 |
II. |
98 |
II. |
4 |
II. |
108 |
II. |
107 |
II. |
101 |
II. |
99 |
II. |
101 |
II. |
100 |
II. |
100 |
II. |
126 |
I. |
105 |
I. |
91 |
II. |
200 |
IL |
201 |
I. |
88 |
I. |
106 |
I. |
80 |
II. |
123 |
IL |
88 |
I. |
72 |
I. |
71 |
IL |
222 |
II. |
223 |
I. |
24 |
II. |
68 |
I. |
81 |
IL |
25 |
II. |
57 |
IL |
50 |
II. |
131 |
II. |
193 |
I. |
97 |
II. |
87 |
1. |
19 |
I. |
6 |
I. |
7 |
IL |
129 |
I. |
98 |
252
POPULAR NAMES
Laurel Spurge .
„ Variegated Laurustinus Lavender Lawson Cypress . Lead Plant Ledum, Marsh . Lesser Periwinkle Lilac . „ Californian „ Himalayan „ Japanese . Lime, American .
„ Broad-leaved
„ Common . „ Small-leaved Lindley's Spiraea Ling . Locust
„ Clamni}- .
„ Honey
„ Tree London Plane
Long-leaved Cucumber Tree Long-sta'iked Oleaster Loose-flowered Cotoneaster Lord Harrington's Yew Magnolia, Great Laurel „ ( ireat-leaved
„ Laurel
„ Purple-flowered
„ Small-leaved
„ Starry
Maidenhair Tree Mallow, Jew's Manna Ash Maple, CaUforniau
„ Common
„ Italian .
„ Japanese
„ Montpelier
„ Norway .
„ Red
„ Round-leaved
,, Silver-leaved
,, Striped .
„ Sugar .
„ Tartarian Marsh Leduni .
„ Rosemary Maule's Quince . Medicinal Storax Mediterranean Heatli Medlar Menziesia, Globe-flowered
„ Scottish
Mezoreon . Middendorf's Weigela Minorca Box Missouri Currant Mistletoe . Mock Orange
„ „ Californian
„ Privet
„ „ Vilmorin's
Moneywort-leaved Cotoneaster Monterey C3fpress
i-ol. |
Pime |
||
II. |
128 |
Montpelier Gum Cistus |
|
II. |
52 |
„ Maple |
|
n. |
59 |
Moose Wood |
|
n. |
125 |
Moser's St. John's Wort . |
|
IL |
203 |
Mountain Ash . |
|
I. |
79 |
„ „ American . |
|
II. |
89 |
,, Clematis |
|
n. |
113 |
„ Currant |
|
II. |
104 |
„ Hemlock |
|
I. |
48 |
Mount Atlas Cedar . |
|
II. |
103 |
„ Enos Fir |
|
II. |
104 |
„ Etna Genista . |
|
I. |
31 |
Moustache Plant |
|
I. |
33 |
Mulberry, Black |
|
I. |
33 |
„ Paper |
|
I. |
32 |
Musk Rose |
|
I. |
102 |
Myrtle .... |
|
II. |
80 |
„ Bog ... |
|
I. |
82 |
Narrow-leaved Jasmine Box |
|
I. |
83 |
„ Yucca |
|
I. |
89 |
Neapolitan Alder |
|
I. |
82 |
Needle, Adam's . |
|
II. |
143 |
Nepal White Beam |
|
I. |
6 |
„ Spiraja, Beautiful . |
|
IL |
132 |
New Jersey Tea |
|
II. |
30 |
„ Zealand Daisy Bush . |
|
n. |
198 |
„ Tree . |
|
I. |
7 |
Nine-l)ark .... |
|
I. |
7 |
Nootka Sound Raspberry . |
|
I. |
6 |
Nordmann's Silver Fir |
|
I. |
8 |
Norway Maple . |
|
I. |
8 |
„ Spruce Fir |
|
I. |
9 |
Oak, British |
|
IL |
196 |
„ Cork . |
|
I. |
105 |
,, Evergreen . |
|
II. |
105 |
„ Red . |
|
L |
58 |
„ Scarlet |
|
I. |
56 |
„ Sessile-flowered |
|
I. |
60 |
„ Swamp |
|
L 58-60 |
„ Turkey |
||
I. |
59 |
„ Yellow-bark |
|
I. |
61 |
Oblate-berried Skimmia |
|
I. |
63 |
Obtuse-leaved Japan Cypress |
|
I. |
57 |
Oleaster .... |
|
I. |
57 |
„ Large-leaved |
|
I. |
61 |
„ Long-stalked |
|
I. |
63 |
Olive, Holly-leaved . |
|
I. |
64 |
„ Wild |
|
IL |
89 |
Ontario Poplar . |
|
U. |
79 |
Orange-ball Tree |
|
n. |
20 |
Orange, Mock |
|
II. |
98 |
„ Californian Mock . |
|
II. |
82 |
Oregon Alder |
|
u. |
18 |
Oriental Bladder Senna |
|
II. |
95 |
„ Piano . |
|
II. |
85 |
Osier |
|
IL |
129 |
„ Dogwood, Red . |
|
u. |
68 |
„ Golden |
|
n. |
134 |
„ Purple |
|
n. |
38 |
Oso Berry .... |
|
II. |
133 |
Oval-leaved Privet |
|
II. |
37 |
Pagoda Tree, Japanese |
|
II. |
37 |
Pailas's Tamarisk |
|
II. |
108 |
Paper Mulberry . |
|
II. |
107 |
Paper-plant, Chinese . |
|
II. |
31 |
Passion Flower, Blue . |
|
u. |
202 |
Pea-fruited Retinoipe |
ra . |
Vol. |
Page |
I. |
20 |
I. |
59 |
I. |
61 |
I. |
25 |
II. |
17 |
IL |
16 |
I. |
3 |
II. |
38 |
II. |
215 |
II. |
220 |
II. |
224 |
I. |
72 |
II. |
124 |
n. |
140 |
II. |
140 |
II. |
7 |
II. |
45 |
II. |
148 |
II. |
107 |
n. |
193 |
II. |
154 |
II. |
194 |
IL |
16 |
I. |
99 |
I. |
46 |
II. |
70 |
II. |
71 |
I. |
104 |
II. |
3 |
U. |
228 |
I. |
61 |
u. |
216 |
n. |
163 |
II. |
165 |
II. |
161 |
II. |
164 |
11. |
160 |
II. |
165 |
n. |
162 |
II. |
160 |
II. |
166 |
I. |
36 |
IL |
205 |
II. |
130 |
II. |
131 |
II. |
132 |
II. |
108 |
II. |
130 |
II. |
186 |
II. |
115 |
n. |
37 |
II. |
37 |
II. |
155 |
I. |
84 |
II. |
145 |
II. |
181 |
II. |
52 |
II. |
171 |
II. |
180 |
I. |
98 |
II. |
111 |
I. |
87 |
I. |
23 |
II. |
140 |
II. |
47 |
II. |
46 |
II. |
205 |
253
INDEX
Pea Tree, Siberian Pear, Grape
„ Wild
„ Willow-leaved . Pepper-bush, Sweet . Perfoliate Honeysuckle Periwinkle, Greater .
„ Lesser
Petty Whin Pine, Austrian .
„ Bhotau
„ Cluster
„ Corsican
„ Coulter's .
„ Scots .
„ Stone
„ Swiss Stone
„ Umbrella .
„ Weymouih
„ Yellow Pinxter Flower . Plaited Guelder Rose . Plane, London .
„ Oriental .
„ Wedge-leaved .
„ Western . Plumed Hydrangea . Plum Fir . Plum-fruited Cephalotaxiis Plum, Wild
Pointed-leaved Bearberry Poison Ivy .
„ Sumach . Pontic Azalea
„ Rhododendron
„ Spurge Laurel. Poplar, Balsam .
„ Black
„ Canadian
„ Grey .
„ Great White .
„ Lombardy
„ Ontario . Portugal Laurel Portuguese Gum Cistus Prunus-leaved Spiraea Purging Buckthorn Purple-flowered Gum Cistu
„ „ Magnolia
„ „ Raspberry
Purple Osier Privet, Chinese .
„ Common
„ Ibota
„ Japanese
„ Mock
,, Oval-leaved .
,, Shining .
„ Vilmorin's Mock Quince, Common
„ Japanese
„ Maulu's . Raspberry .
„ Nootka Sound
,, Purple-llowered
Red Birch . Redbud
Vol. |
Page |
I. |
85 |
II. |
33 |
II. |
10 |
II. |
9 |
11. |
96 |
II. |
61 |
II. |
113 |
II. |
113 |
I. |
73 |
II. |
232 |
II. |
236 |
IL |
233 |
II. |
231 |
II. |
231 |
II. |
235 |
II. |
234 |
IL |
236 |
II. |
209 |
IL |
237 |
IL |
234 |
II. |
90 |
11. |
59 |
IL |
143 |
IL |
145 |
II. |
143 |
II. |
144 |
II. |
35 |
n. |
199 |
II. |
197 |
I. |
93 |
II. |
77 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
70 |
II. |
90 |
IL |
94 |
II. |
129 |
II. |
185 |
II. |
188 |
II. |
187 |
II. |
186 |
II. |
184 |
II. |
189 |
II. |
186 |
I. |
98 |
I. |
20 |
I. |
103 |
I. |
45 |
I. |
21 |
I. |
8 |
11. |
3 |
II. |
180 |
IL |
HI |
II. |
112 |
II. |
109 |
IL |
110 |
IL |
108 |
II. |
HI |
II. |
110 |
II. |
107 |
IL |
20 |
II. |
19 |
IL |
20 |
II. |
2 |
II. |
3 |
II. |
3 |
II. |
153 |
I. |
90 |
Red Cedar . „ Choke Borry „ Currant „ Fir . . „ Haw „ Maple . „ Oak
„ Osier Dogwood Reddish Skimmia Redwood Reed, Great Reticulate Willow Retinospera, Pea-fruited Rhododendron, Cidiforniai „ Catawban
„ Fortune's
„ Pontic
Rocky iiountain Bramble Rod Cotoneaster . Rose, Acacia „ Alpine „ Dog . „ Downy „ Field „ Guelder ,, Japanese . „ Musk . „ Scotch „ Showy Sun Rosemarj', Common
„ Marsh
Rosy Weigela Round-eared Sallow Round-leaved Cotoneaster
„ Maple
Sage Bush .
„ Jerusalem . St. Dabeoc's Heath St. John's Wort, Hooker's
„ „ Large-flowered
„ „ Moser's
„ „ Spreading
Sallow, Common „ Dark-leaved „ Gray „ Round-eared Salmon Berry Satin Flower Savin .
Scarlet-berried Elder Scarlet Horse Chestnut „ Oak „ Thorn . Scorpion Senna . Scotch Laburnum
„ Rose Scots Pine . Scottish Menziesia Sea Buckthorn . Seaside Alder Senna, Bladder .
„ Oriental Bladder „ Scorpion . Service Berry
„ Tree", True . „ Wild . Sessile-flowered Oak .
fn}. |
Page |
II. |
201 |
11. |
18 |
IL |
40 |
II. |
227 |
II. |
23 |
I. |
63 |
II. |
164 |
IL |
52 |
I. |
36 |
II. |
210 |
IL |
195 |
II. |
182 |
II. |
205 |
IL |
92 |
II. |
93 |
II. |
94 |
IL |
94 |
IL |
1 |
IL |
27 |
I. |
81 |
II. |
93 |
IL |
6 |
II. |
9 |
II. |
5 |
II. |
58 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
7 |
II. |
8 |
I. |
21 |
II. |
125 |
II. |
79 |
II. |
67 |
II. |
172 |
II. |
31 |
I. |
67 |
II. |
73 |
II. |
126 |
II. |
85 |
I. |
25 |
I. |
24 |
I. |
25 |
I. |
26 |
II. |
173 |
II. |
178 |
II. |
174 |
IL |
172 |
II. |
4 |
I. |
86 |
11. |
200 |
11. |
55 |
I. |
52 |
II. |
160 |
U. |
20 |
I. |
85 |
I. |
71 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
235 |
II. |
85 |
II. |
132 |
IL |
156 |
I. |
84 |
I. |
84 |
I. |
85 |
11. |
32 |
II. |
17 |
II. |
15 |
II. |
165 |
254
POPULAR NAMES
Sheep Berry „ Laurel Shell-bark Hickory Shining Privet . Short-leaved Silver Fir Short-stalked Honeysuckle Showy Chinese Crab . „ Sim Rose . „ Zenobia . Shrubby Cinquefoil .
„ Jasmine
Siberian Cralj
„ Pea Tree Silk Grass . Silky Willow, Dwarf . Silver Berry „ Birch „ Fir . . „ ,, Cilician „ „ Great . „ „ Japan . „ „ Noidmann's „ „ Short-leaved „ „ Spanish Silver-leaved Maple . Simon's Cotoneaster . Sioumi
Skimmia, Fragrant „ Japanese „ Oblate-berried „ Reddish Slender Deutzia . Slippery Elm Sloe .... Small-fruited Cotoneaster Small-leaved „
„ „ Lime „ „ Magnolia Smoke Plant Smooth-fruited Horse Chestnut Smooth Sumach . Snowball Tree Snowbeny . Snowdrop Tree . Snow-liower, Himalayan
,, „ Japanese Snow-in-Summei- Snow Wreath, Alabama Sorbus-leaved Spiriiea . Southernwood Spanish Broom, White „ „ Yellow
,, Gorse „ Silver Fir Speedwell, Box-leaved „ Traver'B .
Spindle Tree
„ „ Broad-leaded
„ „ Japanese
Spirrea, Beautiful Nepal „ Douglas's „ Gerinander-leaved „ Hoary „ Intermediate . „ Japanese . ,, Lindley's „ Prunus-leaved
k'ol. |
Pa^e |
|
II. |
57 |
Spiraea, Sorbus-leaved |
II. |
86 |
„ Thunberg's |
II. |
146 |
„ White-beam-leaved |
II. |
110 |
„ Willow-leaved |
II. |
224 |
Spreading St. John's Wort |
II. |
64 |
Spruce, Alcock . |
II. |
14 |
„ Black . |
I. |
21 |
„ Blue |
II. |
78 |
„ Eastern . |
u. |
4 |
„ Hemlock |
II. |
99 |
„ Himalayan . |
II. |
11 |
„ Japan Hemlock |
I. |
8.5 |
„ Tiger's Tail . |
11. |
194 |
Spurge Laurel . |
II. |
181 |
„ „ Pontic |
II. |
131 |
Staghorn Sumach |
II. |
150 |
Starry Magnolia |
n. |
229 |
Stinking Clerodendrou |
II. |
225 |
Stone Pine . |
II. |
226 |
„ „ Swiss |
II. |
226 |
Storax, Japanese |
II. |
228 |
„ Medicinal |
II. |
224 |
Straggling Blue Bush |
II. |
229 |
Strawberry Tree |
I. |
57 |
Striped Maple . |
II. |
32 |
Sugar |
II. |
136 |
Sumach, Dwarf . |
I. |
35 |
„ Poison . |
I. |
36 |
„ Smooth |
I. |
36 |
,, Staghorn |
I. |
37 |
Sun Rose, Showy |
II. |
36 |
Swamp Oak |
I. |
30 |
Sweet Bay . |
I. |
94 |
,, Briar |
II. |
26 |
„ Chestnut . |
II. |
30 |
„ Gum |
I. |
32 |
,, Pepper-bush |
I. |
8 |
Sweet-scented American Ci |
I. |
68 |
Swiss Stone Pine |
I. |
54 |
Sycamore . |
I. |
cs |
Syrian Hibiscus |
II. |
59 |
Syringa |
II. |
60 |
Tamarisk . |
II. |
97 |
Pallas's |
II. |
35 |
Tansy-leaved Thorn . |
II. |
36 |
Tartarian Maple . |
II. |
72 |
„ Honeysuckle |
I. |
106 |
Tasmanian Daisy Bush |
I. |
103 |
Tea, Labrador . |
II. |
72 |
Tea-leaved Willow |
I. |
77 |
Tea, New Jersey |
I. |
75 |
„ Tree . |
I. |
73 |
Thorn, Chinese Bo.x . |
II. |
229 |
„ Cockspur |
II. |
118 |
„ Douglas's |
II. |
120 |
„ Eastern . |
I. |
43 |
„ Evergreen |
I. |
44 |
„ Large-fruited . |
I. |
43 |
„ Scarlet . |
I. |
99 |
„ Tansy-leaved . |
I. |
101 |
„ Washington |
I. |
100 |
Thunberg's Spiraja |
I. |
100 |
Tigei^'s Tail Spruce . |
I. |
102 |
Traveller's Joy . |
T. |
101 |
Traver's Speedwell |
I. |
102 |
Tree of Heaven . |
I. |
103 |
True Service Tree |
ab
Vol. |
Page |
I. |
103 |
I. |
104 |
I. |
100 |
I. |
103 |
I. |
26 |
II. |
216 |
n. |
218 |
II. |
219 |
IL |
218 |
II. |
214 |
II. |
217 |
II. |
215 |
II. |
219 |
IL |
128 |
n. |
129 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
9 |
II. |
123 |
IL |
234 |
II. |
236 |
11. |
98 |
IL |
98 |
I. |
47 |
II. |
76 |
I. |
61 |
I. |
63 |
L |
66 |
I. |
70 |
I. |
68 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
21 |
II. |
162 |
II. |
127 |
n. |
7 |
n. |
167 |
II. |
44 |
II. |
96 |
n. |
11 |
II. |
236 |
I. |
62 |
I. |
29 |
II. |
37 |
I. |
22 |
I. |
23 |
II. |
26 |
I. |
64 |
IL |
66 |
n. |
■ 71 |
II. |
88 |
II. |
179 |
I. |
46 |
II. |
116 |
n. |
117 |
IL |
22 |
II. |
22 |
II. |
24 |
IL |
26 |
IL |
25 |
II. |
20 |
II. |
26 |
II. |
21 |
I. |
104 |
11. |
219 |
l. |
1 |
II. |
120 |
I. |
37 |
U. |
17 |
25.5
V 2
INDEX
Trumpet Honeysuckle, Evergreen
„ „ Yellow .
Tulip Tree . Turkey Oak Tutsan
Twiggy Genista . Umbrella Pine . Tree . Vanilla Tree Variegated Laurel Vasey's Azalea Veitcli's Blue Bush Very Fragrant Honeysuckl Vilraorin's Mock Privet Vine, Bower „ Grape Vine-leaved Abutilon . Virginiau OoftVe Bush „ Creeper „ Yellow Wood Virgin's Bower . Wallicli's Barberry ,, Jasmine Walnut
„ Caucasian Washington Thorn Wayfaring Tree . Wedge-leaved Plane . Weeping Willow . Weigela, Large-Howered
„ Rosy
„ Middendorf's Wellingtonia AVestern Allspice ,, Catalpa „ Plane . Weymouth Pine . White Alder
„ Alder-bush
„ Beam
,, Beam-leaved Spirtea
„ Beam Nepal
„ Birch
„ Elm .
„ Fir, Colorado
„ Flowering Dogwood
,, Fringe-Tree
„ Jasmine .
„ Kerria
„ Poiilar, Great .
„ Spanish iiroom
,, Stemmed Bramble
Vo\. |
Page |
II. |
65 |
II. |
62 |
I. |
10 |
II. |
160 |
I. |
24 |
I. |
75 |
II. |
209 |
I. |
9 |
n. |
118 |
II. |
52 |
II. |
91 |
I. |
49 |
II. |
63 |
II. |
107 |
I. |
3 |
I. |
50 |
I. |
29 |
I. |
28 |
I. |
50 |
I. |
86 |
I. |
3 |
I. |
17 |
II. |
101 |
II. |
147 |
II. |
147 |
II. |
21 |
II. |
56 |
II. |
143 |
II. |
172 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
67 |
II. |
68 |
II. |
210 |
I. |
12 |
II. |
122 |
II. |
144 |
II. |
237 |
II. |
156 |
II. |
96 |
II. |
14 |
L |
100 |
II. |
16 |
II. |
150 |
II. |
137 |
II. |
225 |
II. |
49 |
II. |
109 |
II. |
100 |
I. |
106 |
II. |
184 |
I. |
77 |
I. |
107 |
White Willow . Whortleberry
Bog . . Whortle-leaved Willow Wild Cherry
„ Olive .... „ Pear .... „ Plum „ Service Willow, Almond-leaved
„ Bay . . .
„ Bedford .
„ Bushy .
„ Crack .
„ Dwarf .
„ Silky . .
,, Downy Mountain .
„ Goat Willow-leaved Pear
„ „ Spiraea
Willow, Reticulate
,, Tea-leaved Weeping
„ White .
„ Whortle-leaved
„ AVoolly Broad-leaved Wine-ljerry, Japanese . Winged Elm Winter Flower .
„ Heath Wistaria, Large-flowered Witch Hazel, American
„ „ Arborescent .
Woodbine .... Woolly Broad-leaved Willow Wych Elm . Yellow Bark Oak
„ Birch
„ Cypress .
,, Horn
„ Jasmine .
„ Pine
,, Spanish Broom
„ Trumpet Honeysuckle
„ Wood, Amur .
V „ Virginian .
Yew .....
„ Fortune's Cluster-flowered
,, Lord Harrington's Yulan .... Zenobia, Show}' .
Vol. |
Page |
II. |
170 |
n. |
74 |
IL |
74 |
11 |
177 |
I. |
95 |
II. |
130 |
IL |
10 |
I. |
93 |
II. |
15 |
IL |
183 |
II. |
178 |
II. |
183 |
II. |
171 |
II. |
175 |
II. |
175 |
IL |
181 |
IL |
177 |
II. |
173 |
II |
9 |
I. |
103 |
II. |
182 |
II. |
179 |
II. |
172 |
II. |
170 |
II. |
177 |
IL |
176 |
IL |
4 |
II. |
137 |
I. |
12 |
II. |
81 |
I. |
81 |
II. |
43 |
II. |
43 |
II. |
64 |
II. |
176 |
II. |
139 |
n. |
166 |
II. |
151 |
II. |
204 |
I. |
55 |
IL |
100 |
II. |
234 |
I. |
75 |
n. |
62 |
I. |
86 |
I. |
86 |
II. |
198 |
II. |
197 |
II. |
198 |
I. |
5 |
II.
78
256
COLOUR INDEX
BLUE.
Abutilon vitifoliiim .
Amorpha cferulea
Caryopteris Mastacantlius
Ceanothus azmeus „ dentatus .
„ divaricatus
„ papillosus .
„ rigidus .
„ th3Tsif)orus
,, veitchianus
Clematis Viticella
Lavandula vera .
Passiflora cterulea
Ulmus campestris „ inoiitana .
Spiraea bullata
BROWN.
CARMINE.
CRIMSON,
Acer rubrum Berberidopsis coraUina Buddleia Colvillci Daboecla polifolia
GREEN.
Acer camjiestre .
„ dasycarpuni
„ Negundo
„ tartaricum . jEscuIus glabra . Ailantbus glandulosa Broussonetia papyrii'era Carya alba . Daphne Laureola „ pontica . Gleditsclua triacanthos Hedera Helix Juglans regia Magnolia acuminata . Myrica Gale Platanus acerifolia „ cuneatji „ occidentalis . Pterocarya caiicasia Rliamnus Alati-rnus .
„ cathartica Rhus venenata .
Vol.
I. I.
II.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I. II. II.
II. II.
29 79
124 47 47 47 48 48 48 49 3
125 46
13S 139
I. 99
I. |
63 |
I. |
13 |
II. |
114 |
IL |
85 |
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I. n. II. II.
IL
1.
ir. II.
T. II. II. II. II. IL
I.
I.
I.
56
57
59
64
53
37
140
146
128
129
89
48
147
4
148
143
143
144
147
44
45
70
Ribes alpinum .
„ nigrum Ruscua aculeatus Viscum album . Vitis vinifera
„ inconstans .
LILAC.
Bryanthus taxifolius . Buddleia paniculata . Lyoium halimifolium Rhododendron yunnanense Syringa vulgaris Veronica Traversii Wistaria chineiisis
„ multijuga .
ORANGE.
Rhododendron calendulaceuni . „ sinense
PINK.
Andromeda polifolia . Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi Cotoneaster integerrinia
„ laxiflora .
Cratpegus Oxyacantha . Daphne Cneorum Erica carnea
„ mediterranea .
„ vagans Kalmia glauca . Loiseleuria procumbena Menziesia globularis . Rhododendron nudiflorum „ Vaseyi
„ vi3co.sura
Piosa canina
„ rubiginosa .
„ spinosis8ima Rubus fruticosus
„ phanicolasius . Spiraea caneacens „ salicifolia Symphoricarpus raceniosus Taniarix gallica . Vaccinum uliginosum
PURPLE.
Abelia floribunda Amorpha fruticosa Buddleia ColviLei
Vol. |
Pao:e |
II. |
38 |
II. |
40 |
n. |
192 |
IL |
133 |
I. |
50 |
I. |
51 |
II. |
85 |
11. |
115 |
II. |
116 |
II. |
95 |
II. |
104 |
IL |
120 |
I. |
80 |
I. |
81 |
II. |
89 |
11. |
91 |
II. |
79 |
II. |
78 |
II. |
29 |
II. |
30 |
IL |
24 |
II. |
128 |
11. |
81 |
IL |
82 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
87 |
II. |
84 |
II. |
95 |
II. |
90 |
II. |
91 |
II. |
92 |
II. |
6 |
II. |
7 |
II. |
8 |
II. |
1 |
II. |
4 |
I. |
100 |
I. |
103 |
11. |
60 |
I. |
22 |
II. |
74 |
11. |
01 |
1. |
79 |
II. |
114 |
2.57
INDEX
Calycanthus floridus . „ glaucus .
Cercis Siliquastnim .
Cistus crispus „ piu-pureus
Clematis Viticulla
Daboiicia polifolia
Enipetniin nigrum
Erica ciiierea
Euonymus amyricamis „ atropurpureiis
Hedysaiiim inultijiiguni
Iiidigofera g«rardiaiia .
Kalmia angustifolia .
Lyciuiu chinense
„ halimifolium .
Magnolia obovata
Neillia opulifolia
Rhododendron oalifornicuni „ catawbiense
„ ponticum .
Rosmarinus officinalis
Rubus spectabilis
Vinca major „ minor
Vitis quinquefolia
RED.
Acer japonicum . Calycanthus oocidentalis Cercis canadensis Colutea cruenta . Cydonia Maulei . „ vulgaris Daphne Mezereuiii Erica striata
„ Tetralix Louicera Oaprifolium
„ japonica v. flexuosa nigra .
„ Periclymenum Oxycoccus palustris . Rhododendron calendulaceum
„ nudiflorum
Ribes speciosura . Rosa rugosa Rubus odoratus . Spiioea bella
„ Douglasi
„ japonica . Ulmus alata
„ americana Vaccinuni Vitis-ida;a .
ROSE.
Calluna vulgaris Clematis Viticella Clerodendron fcetidum Cotoneaster liorizontalis Dicrvilla llorida .
„ grandiflora . Erica ciliaris Kalmia angustifolia . Ijoniccra tartarica Prunns Amygdalus .
Vol.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I. II. II. II.
I.
I.
I.
I. II. II. II.
I.
I. II.
n. II. II. II. II. II. I.
I.
I.
I.
I. II. 11. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II.
I.
I.
I. II. II. II.
II.
I. II. II. n. II. II. II II.
I.
Page
n 11
91 19 21 3 85
191 82 41 42 86 80 86
117
IIG 8
104 92 93 94
125 4
113
113 50
Pyrus coronaria .
„ spectabilis Rhododendron ferrugineum
„ Fortune!
Ribes sanguineum Robinia hispida .
„ neo-mexicana
„ viscosa . Rosa villosa Spira-a salicifolia Vaccinum Myrtillus .
SCARLET.
Acer rubrum jEscuIus carnea . Cydonia japonica Lonicera sempervirens Rhododendron ferrugineum
VIOLET.
Amorplia canescens Paulownia imperialis . Veronica cupressoides ,
WHITE.
Acer circinatum .
58 jEscuIus Hippocastanum 12 „ parviflora
90 Amelanchier alnifolia. 84 „ canadensis
20 Aralia chinensis . 20 „ spinosa
129 Arbutus Unedo .
83 Arctostaphylos alpina . 83 „ pungons
61 Buxus sempervirens .
64 Carpeuteria californica
64 Calluna vulgaris .
64 Catalpa bignonioides . i'5 „ cordifolia
89 Ceanothus americnnus
90 Cepbalanthus occidentalis 42 Chionanthus virginica
Cistiis corbariensis 3 „ ladaniferus
99 „ laurifolius
101 „ lusitanicus
101 „ nionspeliensis .
137 Cladrastis amurensis . 137 „ tinctoria
Clematis Flammula . „ montana Vitalba {-Mfrodendrou trichotomum
80 Cletlira acuminata 3 „ alnifolia .
123 Cornus niacrophylla . 29 „ sanguinea
67 „ stolonifera
68 Cotoneaster affinis
81 „ bacillaris . 80 „ buxifolia . 60 „ frigida 92 „ liorizontalis
258
Vol. |
Pao-e |
IL |
11 |
II. |
14 |
II. |
93 |
II. |
94 |
II. |
41 |
I. |
81 |
I. |
82 |
I. |
83 |
II. |
9 |
I. |
103 |
II. |
74 |
I. |
63 |
I. |
52 |
II. |
19 |
IL |
65 |
IL |
93 |
I. |
79 |
IL |
118 |
II. |
119 |
I. |
57 |
I. |
53 |
I. |
54 |
IL |
32 |
II. |
33 |
IL |
47 |
II. |
48 |
II. |
76 |
II. |
77 |
IL |
77 |
IL |
135 |
IL |
37 |
IL |
80 |
II |
121 |
IL |
122 |
I. |
46 |
II. |
69 |
II. |
109 |
I. |
18 |
I. |
19 |
I. |
19 |
I. |
20 |
I. |
20 |
I. |
86 |
I. |
86 |
I. |
3 |
I. |
3 |
I. |
1 |
II. |
123 |
II. |
96 |
II. |
96 |
II. |
50 |
II. |
51 |
II. |
52 |
II. |
26 |
II. |
27 |
II. |
28 |
IL |
28 |
II. |
29 |
COLOUR INDEX
Cotoneaster microphylla „ Nummularia
„ rotundifolia
„ Simonsii .
Cratsegus coccinea „ coi'data „ CruB-galli . „ Douglasii . „ mollis . „ orientalis . „ Oxyacantha „ punctata „ Fyiacantha . „ tanacetifolia Cydonia vulgaris Cystisus albus Daboeeia polifolia Daphne blagayana Deutzia corymbosa „ crenata . „ gracilis . Diervilla florida .
„ middendortiana Elaaagnus macrophylla ,, multiilora .
Eucryphia pinnatifolia Euonymus europaeus . „ japonicus .
„ latifolius .
Fraxinus Ornus . (iarrya elliptica . Gymnocladus canadensis Halesia tetraptera Helichrysum rosmarinifolium Hibiscus syriacus Hydrangea paniculata
„ „ V. grandiflora
Ilex Aquifolium . „ crenata „ dipyrena „ opaca . Jasminum officinale . Kalmia latifolia . Laurus nobilis Ledum latifolium ,, palustre . Leycesteria formosa . Ligustrum Ibota
„ jap.micum
„ lucidura
„ ovalifolium
„ sinense
„ vulgare
Lonicera fragrantissima Magnolia conspicna . „ Fiaseri „ glauca. „ grandifolia . „ macropliylla „ parviflora „ stollata „ tripetala Moms nigra Myitus comnmnis Noillia opulifolium Noviusia alabamonsis . Nuttalia cerasiformis .
V,)l. |
Pn.se |
|||
II. |
30 |
Olearia Haastii . |
||
II. |
31 |
„ |
macrodonta . |
|
II. |
31 |
;) |
stellulata |
|
II. |
32 |
Osmanthus Aquifolium |
||
II. |
20 |
Philadelphus coronarius |
||
II. |
21 |
Philh |
r;ea angustifolia |
|
II. |
22 |
IJ |
decora |
|
II. |
22 |
latifolia |
||
II. |
23 |
JJ |
media |
|
II. |
24 |
Pieris |
floribunda |
|
II. |
24 |
» |
japonica . |
|
II. |
25 |
Prunus Aniygdalus . |
||
II. |
26 |
)j |
Avium . |
|
II. |
26 |
IT |
Cerasus . |
|
II. |
20 |
JJ |
communis |
|
I. |
77 |
IJ |
iusititia . |
|
II. |
85 |
Laurocerasus . |
||
II. |
128 |
ti |
lusitanica |
|
II. |
35 |
)) |
Padus |
|
II. |
36 |
» |
spinosa . |
|
II. |
36 |
PjTUS americana |
||
II. |
67 |
1) |
amygdaliformis |
|
II. |
68 |
arbutifolia |
||
II. |
131 |
j; |
Aria . |
|
II. |
132 |
» |
Aucuparia |
|
I. |
107 |
)» |
baccata |
|
I. |
43 |
)j |
communis |
|
I. |
43 |
)) |
floribunda |
|
I. |
44 |
germanica |
||
II. |
105 |
J) |
Malus |
|
II. |
53 |
)1 |
prunifolia . |
|
1. |
88 |
;i |
Sorbus |
|
II. |
97 |
)) |
Torminalis |
|
II. |
72 |
vestita |
||
I. |
29 |
Rhamnus Frangula |
||
II. |
34 |
Rhododendron nudiflon;m |
||
II. |
35 |
„ racemosum |
||
1. |
39 |
„ Vaseyi |
||
I. |
40 |
„ viscDSUm |
||
I. |
40 |
,, yuunanense |
||
I. |
40 |
IlhodotYX)Os kerrioides |
||
II. |
100 |
Eibes |
Grossularia |
|
II. |
87 |
)j |
rubrum |
|
II. |
127 |
Robinia Pseiidacacia |
||
II. |
88 |
Rosa arvensia |
||
II. |
89 |
„ |
:anina |
|
II. |
67 |
»j |
Dioschata |
|
II. |
109 |
55 |
spinosissima |
|
n. |
110 |
Rvibus bitlorus |
||
II. |
110 |
J7 |
caesius |
|
11. |
111 |
jy |
deliciosus |
|
II. |
111 |
^j |
fruticosus |
|
II. |
112 |
IT |
Idiieus |
|
II. |
63 |
jj |
nutkanus |
|
I. |
5 |
If |
phoenicolasius |
|
I. |
6 |
Sambncus canadensis |
||
I. |
6 |
) |
glauca |
|
I. |
7 |
J |
nigra |
|
I. |
7 |
J |
racemosa |
|
I. |
8 |
Skimmia fragrans |
||
I. |
9 |
i1 |
japonica |
|
I. |
9 |
)) |
oil lata . |
|
II. |
140 |
jj |
rubella |
|
II. |
45 |
Sophora japonica |
||
I. |
104 |
Spiraea canescens |
||
I. |
106 |
1} |
cbamajdrifolia |
|
I. |
98 2. |
iy 59 |
discolor . |
Pol. |
Piiue |
II. |
70 |
II. |
71 |
II. |
71 |
II. |
108 |
n. |
37 |
II. |
107 |
II. |
107 |
II. |
108 |
n. |
108 |
n. |
79 |
II. |
80 |
I. |
92 |
I. |
9e |
I. |
95 |
I. |
93 |
I. |
93 |
I. |
97 |
I. |
98 |
I. |
96 |
I. |
94 |
n. |
16 |
n. |
9 |
n. |
18 |
II. |
14 |
n. |
17 |
II. |
11 |
n. |
10 |
n. |
12 |
n. |
18 |
II. |
12 |
II. |
13 |
II. |
17 |
II. |
15 |
II. |
16 |
I. |
46 |
n. |
90 |
IL |
95 |
n. |
91 |
II. |
92 |
n. |
95 |
I. |
106 |
n. |
39 |
II. |
40 |
I. |
82 |
II. |
5 |
II. |
6 |
II. |
7 |
n. |
8 |
I. |
107 |
I. |
107 |
n. |
1 |
n. |
1 |
II. |
2 |
II. |
3 |
n. |
4 |
II. |
54 |
n. |
54 |
n. |
55 |
II. |
55 |
I. |
35 |
I. |
36 |
I. |
36 |
I. |
37 |
T. |
ST |
1. |
llKJ |
I. 100 I. 100
INDEX
Spirtea lindleyana ,, media
„ prunifolia flore-pleno „ sorlii folia „ Tlnmbergi Stapliylea colchica „ pinnata
Stephanandra Taiiakre Stuartia pentagyna „ Pseudo-camellia „ virginioa Styrax japonicum „ Obassia . „ officinale . Syriiiga Emodi . ,, japonica „ vulgaris. Tamarix gallica . ,, Palasii . Tilia americaua . „ cordata » platypliyllos „ vulgaris Veronica buxifolia „ pingiiifolia . ,, 'I'ravursii Vilinrniim Lantana „ Leiitago „ niacroceplialum „ Opulus „ „ r. sterile
,, Tinus „ tomentosum v. plicatuiii Xanthoceras sorbifolia Yucca augustifolia „ filiimentosa ,, gloriosa Zeiiobia speciosa
YELLOW
Acer m,icroj)liyllum ,, mouspessiilanum ,, opidifolium ,, penusylvanicuni
lilatinoidca ,, Pseudo-plat an us ,, sacchariuum Artemisia Abrotanum
tridentata Berberis Aiiuifoliuni ,, buxifolia Darwinii empetrifolia japonica nepalensis vulgaris wallicliiaua Buddleia globosa Buxus balearica Cajsalpinia japonica Caragana ai-ljorescens Catalpa Kjompferi
Vol. |
Pane |
I. |
102 |
I. |
102 |
I. |
103 |
I. |
103 |
I. |
104 |
I. |
65 |
I. |
65 |
I. |
105 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
27 |
I. |
28 |
II. |
98 |
II. |
98 |
II. |
98 |
II. |
103 |
II. |
104 |
II. |
104 |
I. |
22 |
I. |
23 |
I. |
31 |
I. |
32 |
I. |
33 |
I. |
33 |
II. |
118 |
IL |
119 |
11. |
120 |
II. |
56 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
57 |
II. |
58 |
II. |
59 |
II. |
59 |
II. |
59 |
I. |
55 |
II. |
193 |
II. |
194 |
11. |
194 |
IL |
78 |
58 |
|
59 |
|
GO |
|
61 |
|
61 |
|
62 |
|
63 |
|
IL |
72 |
IL |
73 |
15 |
|
15 |
|
16 |
|
16 |
|
16 |
|
17 |
|
14 |
|
17 |
|
IL |
115 |
II. |
134 |
88 |
|
85 |
|
IL |
122 |
Chimonanthus fragrans Colutea arborescens Cornus tlorida
Mas Coronilla Emerus Corylopsis spicata Cytisus Ardoini . ,, scoparius Dan;ea Laurus Elsagnus angustifolia
argentea Fagus sylvatica . Forsythia suspensa
viridissima Fraxinus excelsior Frenioutia californica Garrya elliptica . Genista icthnensis anglica . hispanica pilosa .sagittalis , , tinctoria ,, virgata . Hamamelis arborea
„ virginica
Helianthemum foimosum Hippophae rhamnoides Hyperirum Andros;emum „ calycinum
„ hookerianum
„ patulnm .
Jasminum fruticosus . „ nudillorum „ revolutum .
„ wallichianum Kerria japonica . Laljurnuni alpinum .
„ vulgare
Liijuidambar styraciflua Liriodeiidron tulipifera Lonicera Cajirifolium , „ etrusca . „ flava „ jajionica „ Xylosteum Phlomis fruticosa Platanus orientalis Potentilla fruticosa Ptelea trifoliata . Rliododendrou calendulaceum
„ flavum
Rhus copallina . „ cotinoides . „ C'otiuus „ glabra „ Toxicodendron „ typhina Ribes aureum Skimniia Laureola Spartiuni junceum Ulex europaeus .
Vol. |
Page |
I. |
12 |
I. |
84 |
II. |
49 |
IL |
51 |
I. |
85 |
IL |
42 |
I. |
78 |
I. |
78 |
II. |
193 |
IL |
130 |
n. |
131 |
II. |
168 |
II. |
102 |
II. |
103 |
IL |
105 |
I. |
30 |
II. |
53 |
I. |
72 |
I. |
73 |
I. |
73 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
74 |
I. |
75 |
IL |
43 |
II. |
43 |
I. |
21 |
II. |
132 |
I. |
24 |
I. |
24 |
L |
25 |
I. |
26 |
IL |
99 |
II. |
100 |
II. |
101 |
II. |
101 |
I. |
105 |
I. |
71 |
I. |
72 |
II. |
44 |
I. |
10 |
IL |
61 |
II. |
62 |
IL |
62 |
II. |
63 |
II. |
66 |
IL |
126 |
IL |
145 |
IL |
4 |
I. |
34 |
IL |
89 |
IL |
90 |
I. |
66 |
L |
67 |
I. |
68 |
I. |
68 |
I. |
69 |
I. |
69 |
II. |
38 |
L |
36 |
I. |
75 |
I. |
76 |
I. |
77 |
2G0
250
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