^■::m^-v:^u!.

^"liiisiii

BOOKS BY H. E. PARKHURST

TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES OF THE NORTHEASTERN

UNITED STATES. 12mo, net $1.50

SONG BIRDS AND WATERFOWL. Illustrated by Louis

Agassiz Fuertes. 12mo, net 1.50

THE BIRDS' CALENDAR. With 24 Illustrations. 12mo, net, 1.50

HOW TO NAME THE BIRDS. 16mo, net 1.00

TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES

OF THE

NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Their Characteristic Landscape Features

FULLY DESCRIBED FOR IDENTIFICATION BY THE NON-BOTANICAL
READER; TOGETHER WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL
FOREIGN HARDY TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES CULTIVATED IN
OUR COUNTRY, AND FOUND IN CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK CITY

BY

H. E. PARKHURST

The gods, to live in woods, have left the skies."

Dryden

ILLUSTRATED

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK:::::::::::::::: 1903

Copyright, 1903, by
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

Published, April, 1903

TROW DIRECTORY

PRINTrNQ AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY

NEW YORK

MY WIFE

562254.

CONTENTS

PAGE

Opening Leaves 1

Tree Life 18

Central Park 29

Wood Notes 47

Around the '' Pond "—First Excursion .... 57

On "The Point "—Second Excursion , ... 77

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion .... 91

In the "Ramble" — Fourth Excursion .... 105

Shrubs and Vines \}0

Botanical Descriptions 179

Trees with Ornamental Blossoms . '. . . .184

Description of Native Trees 186

of Native Shrubs 243

of Native Vines ....... 304

of Foreign Trees 353

of Foreign Shrubs 376

of Foreign Vines 404

Vll

Contents

FAGB

Plant Structure 411

Glossary 421

Botanical List of all Trees, Shrubs and Vines in

Central Park 425

Index ....-.-,..,,... 433

viii

TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES

OF THE

NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

OPENING LEAVES

" Thou, nature, art my goddess : to thy law
My services are bound: wherefore should I
Stand to the plague of custom ? "

— Shakespeare.

OUR field of observation in the following pages is
practically the entire Northeastern States. The
record is in no sense local, except as the chosen
background of the pictorial account is the most representa-
tive and extensive collection of our finest native and for-
eign growth, arranged for landscape effect, that is to be
found in the country — the famous Central Park, of New
York City.

This small and definite area not only affords a splendid
concrete example of landscape vegetation for the thou-
sands annually traversing it, but is so illustrative of every
phase of hardy, deciduous, and evergreen growth at home
and abroad as to afford ample opportunity for discussing
the entire range of native vegetation in tree, shrub, and
vine, from Maine to North Carolina, and west to the
Mississippi, and the abundant decorative species from
Europe and Asia, that are now figuring so conspicuously
in all our private lawns and gardens.

This is the first time that a description of all the trees,
shrubs, and vines in Central Park has been presented to
the public. The nearest approach to it was a botanical

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

list, published in 1875 by the Park Commissioners, in
their third general report, upon the completion of the
Park ; a list now valueless, owing to the subsequent dis-
appearance of many species not suitable to our climate,
and the addition, in recent years, of many choice foreign
plants.

The utility of the following account, in its relation
to the Park, is not limited to even the large numbers
that frequent these splendid grounds ; for the orna-
mental growth here is of so representative a character
as to comprise most of the species cultivated anywhere
in the Northeastern States, the identification of which
is made possible in these pages without resorting to text-
books. It may also be added that, for a considerable
amount of the foreign growth herein described, which is
becoming widely popular for lawns and parks, no de-
scription, sufficiently detailed for identification, is else-
where to be found in any American publication, nor
can all of it be found in any single foreign work. In
recent years the treasures of Japan and other parts of
Asia, as well as of Europe, have been extensively drawn
upon for landscape decoration, and the following pages
afford a ready reference for determining the leading
species in the three distinctive types of growth herein
considered.

At the same time it is a matter for pride that our
own sylva is worthy of so large a representation in this
notable collection ; and those unfamiliar with our native
species may be surprised to find that some of the most
stately and picturesque effects in forestry, and some of
the most brilliant and graceful forms of shrub and vine.

Opening Leaves

are the result of indigenous growth. Other climes have
given us the yulan, tamarix, forsythia, quince, English
hawthorn, bird cherry, ailanthus, the most valuable coni-
fers, the deutzia, hydrangea, lilac, many beautiful spir-
aeas, azaleas, weigelas, etc., etc. ; but we are proud of
our elms, maples, and oaks, our flowering dogwood,
silver-bell-tree, red-bud, cottonwood, buttonwood, yel-
low-wood, catalpa, beech, birch, etc. At the same
time it is useless to deny that in very many genera
the foreign species decidedly outrank the native ; and
in the last analysis will it not be necessary to admit
that, with a presumably Asiatic origin of species, we are
ultimately indebted to the Eastern hemisphere for all
our wealth of vegetation ?

The catalogue herein presented is based upon accurate
official lists recently completed, and not yet published,
by the Park Department, the correctness of which has
been largely verified by my own observations during
the past two years.

This extensive area of landscape gardening is in three
sections : the first, extending from Fifty-ninth Street
to the north side of the '' Ramble," is by far the most
favorable for study, as it contains, in an area of little
more than half a square mile, the majority of all the
species throughout the grounds. The second section,
reaching northward from the '' Ramble " to above
Ninetieth Street, though hardly less beautiful in scenery,
is not so elaborately cultivated ; and the third section
contains the wilder portion at the upper end, where
nature boldly asserts itself amid the few deft touches
of art.

3

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

The following is a complete list of the trees, shrubs,
and vines in the Park. Those with an asterisk are
foreign or American extra-limital, the others are native
or naturaUzed in the Northeastern United States.

DECIDUOUS TREES (not cone-bearing)

Buckeye (Pavia)
Yellow (flava)
Ohio (ohioensis)

Ailanthus (A. glandulosa)

Alder (Alnus)
*(glutinosa)
*(cordata)

Angelica-tree (Aralia spinosa)

Ash (Fraxinus)

White (americana)
*Flowering (ornus)
*European (excelsior)
Black (sambucifolia)

*Red (rubra)
Buckthorn, Common (Rhamnus

catharticus)
Butternut (Juglans cinerea)
Buttonwood (Platanus)

(occidentalis)

*(orientalis)

Beech (Fagus)

American (ferruginea)
^European (sylvatica)
*\Veeping (sylvatica pen-

dula)
*Purple (sylvatica atropur-

purea)
*Cut-leaved (sylvatica as-
plenifolia)
Birch (Betula)

White (populifolia)
Black (lenta ; nigra)
Red (rubra)
Yellow (lutea)
Paper (papyracea)
*Cut-leaved (laciniata)
* Weeping (pendula)
*Purple- leaved (alba, var.
atropurpurea)

Catalpa (Catalpa)
(bignonioides)
*(bungei)

Cherry (Plum), (Prunus)
Wild Black (serotina)
Wild Red (pennsylvanica)
Sloe, Black Thorn (spinosa)
*Garden Red (cerasus)
*Small Bird Cherry (padus)
■^Japanese Plum (pissardii)
*(mahaleb)

Chestnut (Castanea)

American (americana)
*European (sativa)

*Cork-tree (Phellodendron
armorense)

Dogwood (Cornus)

Flowering (florida, var. alba)

Opening Leaves

DECIDUOUS TREES— Continued

Dogwood — Continued

Flowering (florida, var. ro-
sea)
Alternate - leaved (alterni-
folia)

Horse-chestnut (^sculus hip-
pocastanum)

June-berry (Amelanchier cana-
densis)

Elm (Ulmus)

White (americana)
Slippery (fulva)
*English (campestris)
*Wych or Scotch (mon-

tana)
*Small-leaved (parvifolia)
*Long-stemmed Mountain
(effusa)

*Ginkgo-tree (Salisburia adian-
tifolia)

Hickory (Carya)

Shagbark (alba)
Western Shell -bark (sul-
cata)
Mocker-nut (tomentosa)
Pig-nut (porcina)

Holly (Ilex)

American (opaca)
■^European (aquifolium)
*Large-leaved (macrophyl-
lum)

Hop-hornbeam (Ostrya virgin-
ica)

Hop-tree (Ptelea trifoliata)

Hornbeam (Carpinus)
*European (betulus)
American (americana)

Kentucky Coffee-tree (Gymno- '

cladon canadensis)
*Koelreuteria paniculata

*Laburnum, Common (L. vul-

gare)
Linden (Tilia)

American (americana)
■^European (europaea)
Locust, Common (Robinia pseu-
dacacia)
Common (Robinia pseuda-

cacia, var. inermis)
Honey (Gleditschia triacan-

thus)
^Chinese (Gleditschia si-
nensis)

Magnolia (Magnolia)

Cucumber (acuminata)
Umbrella (tripetala)
Great-leaved (macrophylla)
Small or Laurel (glauca)
*Yulan (conspicua)
*Purple (purpurea)
■^(soulangeana)

Maple (Acer)

Red (rubrum)
Silver-leaf (dasycarpum)
Sugar (saccharinum)

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

DECIDUOUS TREES
Maple — Continued Oak-

Sugar cut-leaved (s. dissec-

tum)
Ash-leaved (negundo)
*Field (campestre)
*Sycamore (pseudo-plata-

nus)
*Purple - leaved (pseudo-

platanus, var. atropurpu-

reum)
*Nor\vay (platanoides)
*Tartarian (tartaricum)
*(palmatum)
*(polymorphum)
*(polymorphum dissectum

atropurpureum)
*Mulberry, Paper (Broussonet-

tia papyrifera)
*White (Morus alba)
*BIack (Morus nigra)
Red (Morus rubra)

Nettle-tree (Celtis occidentalis)

Oak (Quercus)
White (alba)
Swamp White (bicolor)
Scarlet (coccinea)
Red (rubra)
Post (obtusiloba)
Laurel or Shingle (imbri-

caria)
Bur-oak (macrocarpa)
W^illow (phellos)
Chestnut (prinus)
Black (nigra)

Contintied

Continued
Pin (palustris)
■^European (robur)
*European Weeping (r.

pendula)
*European Cut-leaved (r.

asplenifolia)
*(lyrata)
*(cerris)
*01easter (Elaeagnus angusti-

folia)
*Orange (Citrus trifoliata)
*Osage Orange (Madura auran-

tica)

*Paulownia imperialis

Pear, Apple (Pyrus)
"(malus)
*(floribunda)
*(spectabilis)
*(toringo)

Persimmon (Diospyros virgini-
ana)

Poplar (Populus)
*White (alba)
Cottonwood (monilifera)
Balsam (balsamifera)
Aspen (tremuloides)
*Lombardy (dilatata)

Red-bud (Cercis)
(canadensis)
*( japonica)

*Sand-thorn, Common (Hippo-
phae rhamnoides)

Opening Leaves

DECIDUOUS TKE¥.^—Contin7ied

Sassafras (S. officinalis)
*Sophora (S. japonica)
Silver-bell-tree (Halesia tetrap-

tera)
Sorrel-tree (Oxydendron ar-

boreum)
Sweet Gum (Liquidamber styra-

ciflua)

Thorn (Crataegus)

Cock- spur (crus-galli)
Scarlet (coccinea)
Summer Haw (flava)
Black (tomentosa)
^English Hawthorn (oxy-

acantha)
*English Hawthorn (oxy-

acantha flore plena

rosea)

Tulip-tree (Liriodendron tulip-

ifera)
Tupelo (Nyssa multiflora)

Viburnum (Viburnum)

Black Haw (V.prunifolium)
Sheep-berry (V. lentago)

* Walnut, English (Juglans

regia)
Willow (Salix)

Glaucous (discolor)

*Weeping (babylonica)

*(pentandra)

*(alba vitellina)

*(lancifolia)

*(rosmarinifolia)

Yellow-wood (Cladrastis tinc-
toria)

EVERGREEN AND CONIFEROUS TREES

Arbor- vitae (Thuja)

Common (occidentalis)
*Giant (gigantea)

Bald Cypress (Taxodium dis-
tichum)

Cedar (Cedrus)

*of Lebanon (libani)
* Himalaya (atlantica)

*Cephalotaxus fortune!

*Cryptomeria japonica

Fir (Picea)

Balsam (balsamea)
Eraser's (Fraseri)

Hemlock (Tsuga)

Hemlock Spruce (cana-
densis)
*Douglas' (douglasii)

Juniper (Juniperus)

Common (communis)
Prostrate (prostrata)
*Sabine's (sabina)
*(squamata)

Larch (Larix)

American (americana)
*European (europaea)
*P^alse (Pseudo-larix)

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

EVERGREEN AND CONIFEROUS TKE^S^— Continued

Pine (Pinus)

White (strobus)
Yellow (mitis)
Pitch (rigida)
Loblolly (taeda)
Jersey Scrub (inops)
*Himalaya (excelsa)
*Cembra (cembra)
*Scotch (sylvestris)
*Austrian (austriacus)
*(Mugho)

Red Cedar (Juniperus virgini-

ana)
*Retinospora pisifera

*ericoides

*obtusa

*obtusa aurea

Spruce (Abies)

*Norway (excelsa)
^Eastern (orientalis)
*Silver Fir of Colorado

(concolor)
^Nordmann's Silver Fir

(nordmanniana)
*Colorado Blue Spruce

(pungens)

White Cedar (Cupressus thu-
joides)

Yew (Taxus)

*English (baccata)
* (cuspidata)

SHRUBS

Alder, Green (Alnus viridis)
Andromeda floribunda
*Aralia chinensis

*pentaphylla
*Aucuba japonica
Azalea (Rhododendron)

Purple (nudiflorum)

Flame-colored (calendula-
ceum)

Clammy (viscosum)

*(amoenum)

*(molle)

*(ponticum)

Baccharis halinsifolia
Barberry (Berberis)

Barberry — Contimied
*Common (vulgare)
*Purple-leaved (v. purpu-
rea)
*Holly - leaved (Mahonia
aquifolium)

* (Thunbergii)

* (Fortunei)
Bay-berry (Myrica cerifera)
Bladder-nut (Staphylea)

(trifoliata)

*(pinnata)

*(colchica)
*Bladder-senna (Colutea arbo-

rescens)
Blueberry (Vaccinium)

Opening Leaves

SHRUBS—
Blueberry — Contimied

Common Swamp (corym-

bosum)
Low (vacillans)
Blue Dangle (Gaylussacia fron-

dosa)
*Box, Tree (Buxus semper-

virens)
Buckthorn (Rhamnus)
*(frangula)
^(alaternus)
Button - bush (Cephalanthus
occidentalis)

*Cercidophyllum japonicum
Cherry, Plum (Prunus)
Choke (virginiana)
Beach Plum (maritima)
*(sinensis)
Choke-cherry (Pyrus)

red-berried (arbutifolia

erythrocarpa)
black-berried (arbutifolia
melanocarpa)
Coral-berry (Symphoricarpus

racemosa)
*Cotoneaster vulgaris

*frigida
*Currant, Missouri (Ribes
aureum)

*Deutzia gracilis

*crenata

*scabra
Dogwood (Cornus)

Wild Red-osier (stoloni-
fera)

Continued

Dogwood — Continued

Stiff (stricta)

Silky (sericea)

■^European Red-osier (san-
guinea)

*Cornelian Cherry (mas)

Elder (Sambucus)

Common (canadensis)
Red-berried (racemosa)
*Black (nigra)
*(nigra, var. aurea)

Euonymus americana
*japonica

*Exochorda grandiflora

*Flowering Almond (Amyg-
dalus communis flore
pleno)
False Indigo (Amorpha fruti-

cosa)
*Fontanesia fortunei
*Forsythia viridissima
*suspensa
^fortunei

Fringe-tree (Chionanthus
virginica)

Hazel-nut (Corylus)

*avellana

*avellana, var. atropur-
purea
*Heath (Erica carnea)
Heather (Calluna vulgaris)
Honeysuckle (Lonicera)

*(fragrantissima)

*(Morrowi)

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

SHRUBS-
Honey suckle — Continued

*(rubra)

*(tartarica)
^Horse-chestnut, Dwarf (^s-

culus macrostachya)
Hydrangea arborescens

*hortensis

*paniculata grandiflora

*quercifolia

*nivea

*Jasmine, Early-flowering (Jas-
minum nudiflorum)

*Kerria japonica

*Kerria japonica flore pleno

*Kerria japonica fol. var.

Laurel, Mountain (Kalmia lati-

folia)
Leucothoe catesbasi
Lilac (Syringa)

*Josikaea

*villosa

*vulgaris alba

*vulgaris rubra

*persica alba

*persica rubra
*Lycium barbarum

*chinensis

^Magnolia stellata

Oleaster (Elaeagnus)
*argentea
*longipes

■Continued
*Pea-tree, Siberian (Caragana

arborescens)
Philadelphus, Syringa (Phila-
delphus)

(inodorus)

(grandiflorus)

*(coronarius)

*(gordonianus)

*(nana aurea)
Privet (Ligustrum)

*(ovalifolium)

■^vulgare

*ibota

*italicum

Quince (Cydonia or Pyrus)
*(Common)
*(Japanese)

Raspberry (Rubus)

Purple - flowering (odora-
tus)

*(idaeus)

*(fruticosa)

*(fruticosa, var. laciniata)
Rhododendron (R.)

*(ponticum)

*(hybridum)
*Rhodotypus kerrinoides
Rose (Rosa)

Early Wild (blanda)

Sweet Brier (rubiginosa)

*(Boursaltii»)

*(canina)

*(rugosa)

*(centifolia)

Opening Leaves

SHRUBS-
Rose-acacia (Robinia hispida)
*Rose-mallow (Hibiscus cali-
fornicus)

*Shepherdia argentea
Shrub, Sweet - scented (Caly-
canthus)

(floridus)

(laevigatus)
*Shrubby Althaea (Hibiscus

syriacus)
Spice-bush (Lindera benzoin)
Spiraea (S.)

Nine-bark (opulifolia)

Nine-bark (opulifolia, var.
aurea)

Hardback (tomentosa)

*(callosa alba)

*(callosa rosea)

*(Antonia Wateri)

*(Douglasii)

*(Reevesii)

*(Reevesii flore pleno)

*(sorbifolia)

*(Van Houttii)

*(salicifolia)

*(Fortunei)

*(Thunbergii)

*(trilobata)

*(prunifolia)
*St. John's -wort (Hypericum

moseriana)
Storax (Styrax)

*(japonica)
Stuartia pentagyna
Sumach (Rhus)

-Co7itinned
Sumach — Continued
smooth (glabra)
cut-leaved (glabra, var. laci-

niata)
staghorn (typhina)
dwarf (copallina)
■'^Smoke-tree (cotinus)
Snow -berry (Symphorocarpus
racemosa)

^Tamarix gallica

*africana

*indica
Thorn, Evergreen (Crataegus
pyracantha)

Viburnum (V. )

Arrow-wood (dentatum)
Withe-rod (cassinoides)
Maple-leaved (acerifolium)
Hobble-bush (lantanoides)
*Cranberry-tree; Eu.

Snowball (opulus)
American Snowball (oxy-

coccus)
*(tomentosum)
^European Wayfaring-tree

(lantana)
^Japanese Snowball (pli-

catum)

Weigela (W.)
*(amabilis)
*(candida)
*(rosea)
*(rosea fol. var.)

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

SHRUBS-
Weigela — Con tin tied

*(Desboissii)

*(Lavallei)

*(Abel Carriere)

*(Eva Ratka)
White Alder (Clethra alnifolia)

■ Continued

Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)
Witch-hazel (Hamamelis vii
ginica)

*Xanthocera sorbifolia
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia

VINES

*Akebia quinata
Ampelopsis (A.)

Five-1 e a V e d (Woodbine)
(quinquefolia)

*" Boston Ivy" (Veitchii)

*(tricolor)

Bittersweet (Solanum dulca-
mara)

^Clematis paniculata

*Jacqmannii

*flammula

■^Henryi

*coccinea

*lanuginosa
Climbing Bittersweet (Celastrus
scandens)

*Euonymus radicans
*Euonymus radicans fol. var.
*Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus lat-
ifolia)

Grape (Vitis)

Summer (aestivalis)
Northern Fox (labrusca)
*European (vinifera)

Hedge Bindweed (Polygonum

scandens)
Honeysuckle (Lonicera)

Trumpet (sempervirens)
^Japanese (japonica)
*Hairs (Halleana)
*(brachypoda)

Ivy (Hedera hibernica)
Ivy, Poison (Rhus toxicoden-
dron)

Juniper (Juniperus squamata)

Periploca graeca
Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
Pipe-vine (Aristolochia sipho)

Rose (Rosa)

Climbing or Prairie (seti-

gera)
Baltimore Belle
*Field (arvensis)
*Wichuriana
*Crimson Rambler
*Yellow Rambler

*Schizophragma hydrangeoi-

des
Smilax rotundifolia

12

Opening Leaves

Trumpet-flower (Tecoma) Wistaria (W.)

Common (radicans) *Chinese (sinensis)

♦Large - flowered (grandi- (fruticosa)

flora)

A botanical list of all the trees, shrubs, and vines in
Central Park will be found at the end of the book,
page 425.

From mountain-top to sea-shore the profusion of trees,
shrubs, and vines — summarized as landscape vegetation
— less difficult of identification than the minuter,
more hidden forms of growth, affords more constant
opportunities for entertaining research than any other
department of natural history. The areas favorable for
the other sciences are more or less local and restricted;
but these three growths are everywhere, the universal
garb and ornament of nature : they appeal to the most
casual observer, are a constant incentive to observation,
and their study yields its reward in the appreciation of a
thousand details of scenery that escape the careless eye.

The significance of Central Park, as the background
of our proposed narrative-picture, is not in the wide
repute of these spacious grounds, but in the fact that in
this area, accessible, within an hour's ride, to about one-
twentieth of the population of the whole United States,
is a remarkable epitome of these three types of vegeta-
tion, showing the best representatives of hardy native and
foreign trees, shrubs, and vines. Here we have a sort of
arboretum, and the best sort, not with genera and species

13

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

in tabulated regularity, as in the dead herbarium, but
disposed with reference to their contrasts and harmonies,
and showing their place in nature — miniature landscape
scenes, with nature's spirit and atmosphere, more edu-
cating than the completest scientific arboretum in the
world. Art has here conspired with nature only to
show nature at her best.

This work is designed for the uninstructed nature-
lover, who wishes help in learning the multitudinous
forms of landscape growth all around him, without the
labor of preliminary training in botanical science. It
will be found of great convenience, moreover, to the
more experienced botanist ; for, in scientific works, the
classification being based upon the details of the blos-
som, no help is there afforded for identifying a species
except in the short flowering period. But almost every
tree, and a large number of shrubs and vines, by the
groupings of this book, can be learned simply from the
leaf and other features of growth, and it therefore avails
for fully half the year ; and by the Analytical Keys every
species can be more quickly found than any botanist can
do it by the current method, even with the flower in
hand.

No criticism is here intended of the prevailing
method of classification by the often microscopic re-
semblances in flower and fruit : it is not only the most
valid system as yet devised, but is indispensable where
thousands of plants are concerned. The following work,
however, excludes four-fifths of our entire flora from con-
sideration, and a much simpler grouping is feasible.
Moreover, the trained botanist regards the matter from

14

Opening Leaves

one point of view, and the mere wandering nature-lover
from quite another ; and for the latter, the method that
makes brothers (or at least cousins) of the great laurel
and the lowly pipsissewa, of the frail little bunch-berry
and the great sour-gum-tree, is certainly not a service-
able one. Science represents the ripest thought of the
world's most patient and gifted thinkers, and its
methods are never to be spoken lightly of^but it is
fearfully dogmatic; too much so, considering its ex-
treme agility (acquired through long practice) in chang-
ing its attitude to square with new and victorious truths
which it could not overthrow. Evolution, of the most
ultra sort, is one of these winning truths, to which the
scientific world is fast surrendering.

No previous knowledge of botany is here presumed
upon. The descriptions, to which one is referred in
the Key, contain few technical terms, and these, if not
self-evident, are fully explained and illustrated. Only
the obvious features of leaf and blossom needful for
identification, and requiring no microscope, are pre-
sented. By this condensation all native and natural-
ized trees, shrubs, and vines found in the prescribed
territory are described in about a hundred pages.

The area covered by the work — as regards oui
native plants — is the Northeastern United States — from
Maine to Virginia (inclusive), and west to the Missis-
sippi— whose flora contains, approximately, 170 species
of trees, 197 of shrubs, and 127 of vines. Supple-
mental to this is a similar description of the foreign

15

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

(unnaturalized) and the native (extra-limital) species
in Central Park.

In trees, the leaf affords the principal basis of
arrangement, and the flower is secondary ; but, for the
still easier identification of the numerous ornamental
flowering trees, a second Key is added, to serve in the
flowering season.

Shrubs, having in general less distinctive foliage than
trees, very often require the flower for absolute cer-
tainty : the blossom, therefore, affords the principal basis
in the grouping of this section, with a second Key based
only upon the leaf, wherein over a third of the shrubs
are traceable to groups of only from two to twelve, so
that most of them can be determined without the flower.
Vines are grouped primarily according to their method
of growth, as, trailing on the ground, twining, climbing
by tendrils, or climbing by rootlets, and are further
subdivided according to differences of leaf and flower.

It is the prominent part of the flower — the corolla —
that is emphasized, the minuter parts — calyx, stamens,
and pistil — having much less importance in this scheme
and all that is needful to understand of flower-structure
is fully explained at the end of the work, and can be
learned in an hour's time. For conciseness a few simple
technical terms are used, which are either self-explana-
tory or are fully defined. The aim throughout has been
to reduce the brain-effort of the student to a minimum.
In addition to this more formal part, are several chapters
designed to bring the matter home to the reader in a
more intimate and attractive way, roaming at will wher-
ever the vista proves inviting, now with the atmosphere

i6

Opening Leaves

of spring in every scene, and later amid the vanishing
glories of autumn days.

For a definite background on which to project the
picture of tree-life, and to call more distinct attention
to its unrivalled opportunities for botanical study.
Central Park has been chosen as perhaps the most exten-
sive illustration in this country of landscape-gardening,
where nature has been not so much assisted as left untram-
melled by superfluous growth, to work out her own ideals
of beauty and dignity. The reader is in imagination
taken along a few of the real paths in this nature's
garden — threads on which to string such accounts of the
adjacent growth as will appeal to his mood of sentiment
rather than of science, and perhaps help him to realize
the charms hovering all around in the great out-of-doors,
and only needing mention to be recognized.

But soon the inborn naturalist will find the Park a
gilded cage ; and his soul will long for mountain, plain,
and valley, the arena of nature's grandest as well as
most delicate accomplishments. The slightest human
touch mars the grace of many woodland growths, which
must be sought where they flourish in native simplicity.

Although these pages are designed for popular read-
ing, the botanical names of plants, according to the re-
vised nomenclature, have been added, for convenience,
to their detailed description. Yet I am free to confess
that I am much less concerned to learn the latest ap-
proved scientific name than to discover the spirit and
special significance of a plant. My thanks are due to
several of the Park officials for their most cordial and
valuable assistance in the preparation of this work.

17

TREE LIFE

' ' Are not these woods
More free from peril than the court?"

— Shakespeare.

THE next best thing to getting the reader out
among the trees is to bring the trees home to
the reader, and this I have endeavored to do in
subsequent chapters, which aim, not so much to present
a few bare facts — statistics and purely botanical lore —
as to be a sort of cordial introduction to the numerous
arboreal individualities all around us, and to help the
novice to find a new significance in natural scenery.

In order to realize the extent and variety of tree-life,
which makes this section of our vegetation so important,
it will be well to preface the description of particular
species by a broad survey of our native sylva. The
best method of grouping the species, for such survey, is
by the variations in some conspicuous feature common
to all the trees ; and by such subdivision the majority
of nearly two hundred species can easily be remem-
bered.

For this purpose we take the blossom, in which the
variations are more radical than in any other part of the
plant. For those who feel that all classification should
proceed upon the orthodox lines laid down in current
botanical science it may be a satisfaction to know that

iS

ree

Life

to a great extent the following groups present substan-
tially the affinities recognized by rigid science : and —
as our present purpose is not to teach botany, but
simply to help the reader to enjoy nature — we do not
feel obliged to apologize for the few discrepancies. A
bird's-eye view of the trees of the Northeastern United
States is all that we are here attempting to present.

A few simple but interesting facts in flower-structure
will make the principle of our classification apparent.

All trees produce flowers, that outgrowth that even-
tuates in fruit of some sort ; but the flowers are of two
very distinct sorts ; one found in deciduous trees
(shedding their foliage in fall), the other in evergreens;
but here the distinction of foliage suffices to difl"eren-
tiate the two groups.

In the flower-type of the great deciduous group, con-
taining all except evergreens, and comprising more than
nine-tenths of all our species, a complete blossom con-
sists of four distinct parts — calyx, corolla, stamens, and
pistil ; and the evolution of this type from the simplest
to the most elaborate form shows a most interesting
series of gradations. Lowest in the scale are those
trees whereon one flower consists only of a few stamens
containing pollen, another of only a pistil or seed -case
to be fertilized by the pollen, neither of these flowers
with the slightest vestige of either calyx or corolla
(which botany calls the " floral envelope" of the blos-
som). Willows and poplars produce this rudimentary
flower.

A little higher in the scale such staminate and pistil-
late flowers as we find in willows have a rudimentary

19

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

calyx, but no corolla ; still higher, each has both calyx
and corolla ; next, stamens and pistils are combined in
the same flower, but without calyx or corolla; then
with only calyx, and, last and highest of all, the com-
plete flower contains all four parts, each variously
elaborated according to the species.

This is substantially the order of gradation from the
rudimentary willow up to the gorgeous rhododendron
and the magnificent yulan. But for our present pur-
pose it is sufficient to observe that the very manner in
which the blossoms are clustered on the tree is to a great
degree indicative of their stage of evolution, the most
rudimentary of the foregoing types being generally
crowded in long, slender, pendent tassels, called catkins
or aments, whereas the more complex types are either in
large single flowers, as in the tulip-tree or magnolia, or,
if clustered, never in the form of the slender, crowded
catkin, but loosely conjoined, as in the apple-tree,
horse-chestnut or locust. Thus, using the catkin or
ament as the criterion, all deciduous trees fall into two
groups, the amentaceous and the non-amentaceous ; the
latter, as having the most elaborate type of blossom,
we will consider first.

In the non-amentaceous group, the flower, by the
elaboration and size of its parts, and by conspicuous color-
ing, is more or less ornamental. To one whose casual
acquaintance with trees is mostly summed up in half a
dozen species, such as maples, elms, oaks, and hickories,
it is a surprise to think of any tree — save perhaps an
apple or cherry — as being covered with bloom, deli-
cate and briUiant as that of our choice herbaceous

Tree Life

plants, and that a large section — more than a quarter —
of all our native and naturalized species are not less
worthy of cultivation for their luxuriant display of flowers
than are the ornamental shrubs. For the clearer view of
the matter we therefore divide this non-amentaceous
group into two parts, the first containing those trees that
are often quite as notable for their beautiful floral display
as for fine foliage or imposing figure. These are the

ORNAMENTAL BLOSSOMING TREES

Silver-bell-tree

Flowering Dogwood

Red Bud

Wild Apple

June-berry

Catalpa

Black Haw

Tulip-tree

Common Locust

Clammy Locust

Wild Yellow Plum

Red Maple

Papaw

Umbrella-tree

Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree

Small Magnolia

Great-leaved Magnolia

Cucumber-tree

Loblolly Bay

Sweet Leaf

Fringe-tree

Sweet Viburnum

Yellow Wood
American Mountain-ash
Horse-chestnut
Ohio Buckeye
Sweet Buckeye
Purplish Buckeye
Red Buckeye
Sour Wood
Cockspur Thorn
White Thorn
Black Thorn
Washington Thorn
Summer Thorn
English Hawthorn
Downy-leaved Hawthorn
Dotted Haw
Southern Buckthorn
Alternate-leaved Dogwood
American Holly
Wild Black Cherry
Wild Red Cherry
White Alder

The following list contains the remaining non-
amentaceous trees of our territory, whose bloom is

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

mostly inconspicuous, which results in part from its
minuteness and partly from its dull coloring.

INCONSPICUOUS-FLOWERING, NON-AMENTACEOUS
TREES

Sour Gum

Persimmon

Sassafras

Alligator Pear

Large Tupelo

Basswood

Uowny-leaved Basswood

White Basswood

American Elm

Slippery Elm

Corky White Elm

Winged Elm

Nettle tree

Alder Buckthorn

Planer-tree

vSweet Gum

Buttonwood

Devilwood

Kentucky Coffee-tree

Poison Dogwood

Ailanthus

Staghorn Sumach
Hop-tree
Angelica-tree
White Ash
Red Ash
Black Ash
Green Ash
Blue Ash

Carolina Water Ash
Silver-leaf Maple
Ash-leaved Maple
Sugar Maple
Striped Maple
Mountain Maple
Cut-leaved Maple
Honey-locust
Water-locust
Prickly Ash
Red Mulberry
White Mulberry

The amentaceous (catkin-bearing) trees exhibit the
lower flower-types as explained above, and the flower-
clusters as a rule are not in the least degree ornamental ;
but the rule has a few notable exceptions, as in the chest-
nut and some of the birches, the graceful effect of whose
long, pendent tassels, white or golden, is not inferior to
that of many of the more pretentious blossoming trees.
In the beech the catkin takes the form of a globular mass.

22

Tree Life

The amentaceous group admits of a natural and very
evident twofold division, according as the ripened
fruit is a nut or a seed (or seed-like) — one of those con-
venient distinctions that science deigns to make use of,
though the difference is apparent rather than real, a nut
being only a large, meaty seed, and a seed being essen-
tially a diminutive nut. Moreover, the species of each
division exhibit in common a very distinctive tree-type,
for in the nut-fruited group are our finest forest-growths;
these are our great lumber-trees, for the most part tough-
fibred, often coarse-grained, utilitarian, like chestnut,
hickory, and oak ; whereas in the seed-fruited group are
the more delicate and graceful sorts — willows, poplars,
birches.

The following are our

NUT-FRUITED AMENTACEOUS TREES

Shagbark Hickory Scarlet Oak

Black Hickory Red Oak

Western Shagbark Hickory Black Oak

Small-fruited Hickory Barren Oak

Pignut (Hickory) Spanish Oak

Bitternut (Hickory) Pin Oak

Pecan Hickory Post Oak

Butternut Bur Oak

Black Walnut Willow Oak

Chestnut Water Oak

Beech Shingle Oak

White Oak Live Oak

Swamp White Oak Upland Willow Oak

Chestnut Oak Chinquapin
Yellow Chestnut Oak

23

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

The fourth section of deciduous growth contains the

SEED-FRUITED AMENTACEOUS TREES

Shining Willow White Birch

White Willow Yellow Birch

Long-leaved Willow Red Birch

Peach Willow Common Aspen

Purple Willow Large-toothed Aspen

Glaucous Willow Lombardy Poplar

Heart-leaved Willow Balsam Poplar

Black Willow Downy Poplar

Brittle Willow Balm of Gilead

Osier Willow Cottonwood

Weeping Willow Angled Cottonwood

Scythe-leaved W^illow Hornbeam

Bebb Willow Hop Hornbeam

Sweet Birch Sea- side Alder
Paper Birch

Evergreens, comprising about one-tenth of all our
species, are in some respects the most characteristic and
effective of all arboreal growth. Of formal aspect and
imperturbable temperament, they may be less responsive
to our own natures than the livelier and changeable
deciduous trees, but their unique figure and dark, mas-
sive foliage are the finest possible foil for all other vege-
tation. Summer and winter they ever stand like cooling
shadows in the landscape. Pines allure the sighing
breeze, and fill the air with pleasing melancholy ;
spruce and fir are cold and statuesque, responsive only
to snowdrifts; red cedar and arborvitae in artificial
culture are as immobile and passionless as mummies,
whereas in nature's hands, who makes the most of every-
thing, they often beautify a scene remarkably. The

24

Tree Life

hemlock, never so stately and distant as spruce or pine,
is the most gracious of all its kindred.

Clustered in darksome dignity, and swept by the
north wind, their communings are undoubtedly the
most serious of all their race. They never wax nor
wane, like other trees; the thrill of spring-time and
forebodings of autumn are alike unfelt, as they maintain
their age-long course with frigid equanimity. But every
nature-lover feels the refreshment of their rich dark
forms, and will deHght in studying their peculiarities
of species and genera no less than those of the deciduous
sorts. Pine, spruce, fir and cedar will then be some-
thing more than vague distinctions, and the one simple
scheme of arboreal growth will here be found curiously
diversified.

The following is the list, found in our territory, of

EVERGREEN TREES

White Pine Southern Balsam Fir

Red Pine White Spruce

Yellow Pine Black Spruce

Pitch Pine Red Spruce

Loblolly Pine Norway Spruce

Jersey Scrub Pine Hemlock

Northern Scrub Pine Arborvitae

Table Mountain Pine Larch (coniferous but decidu-

White Cedar ous)

Red Cedar Bald Cypress (coniferous but

Balsam Fir deciduous)

The five foregoing lists help one to realize the abun-
dance and variety of our sylva, and this method of

25

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

grouping will assist the memory in recalling the species.
Summarized, the classification is as follows :

Deciduous Trees : non-amentaceous :

Ornamental Flowering 44

Inconspicuous Flowering 41

Deciduous Trees : amentaceous :

Nut-fruited - 29

Seed-fruited 29

Evergreen Trees : cone-bearing 20

The characteristics of all these species will receive
attention in other chapters.

Botanists, in their eagerness to get the name of a
plant, seldom pay any regard to the leaf, except as it
helps to identify the species ; generally they hardly stop
to admire even the blossom (if there be any left after
pulling several to pieces to find the structure). Money-
misers are not the only misers; botanists are misers, in
their mad haste to add another and another to their
growing list of species, taking no real enjoyment in
what they have already accumulated. This is no slan-
der ; I have been a botanist, and know the fever of ac-
quisition.

A leaf is the whole tree in miniature : stem, midrib,
lateral veins and veinlets — the leafs skeleton — are mi-
nute copies of trunk, branch, and twig, and the chloro-
phyll is the foliage. This is one of the unities of nature,
showing the massive elm and its tiniest leaf modelled
alike. Of all the variable features of a leaf none con-
tributes so much to the beauty of foliage as the fringing
of its edge, as in the maple, birch, and elm, which in th^

26

Tree Life

mass produces a thousand shimmerings of light and
shade, ever grateful to the eye, as compared with the
characterless type of leaf in the sour gum, sassafras, and
osage orange. Although a leaf is not as important as a
tree's other features for showing its character, a little
observation convinces one that none other exhibits more
peculiar and interesting differences. Nothing will create
such an instant respect for this atom of vegetation as
the accurate drawing of half a dozen kinds.

The most ponderous volume ever published is the
ancient record of this earth, compiled during thousands
of years, and imprinted in the rocks deep-buried in the
dust of ages, which here and there protrude their leafy
edges. If all the pages shall ever become accessible,
and their chirography legible, the massive work will ex-
cite the profoundest interest — probably the one record
capable of surviving the ultimate wreck of earthly litera-
ture. An interesting page of that long history is the
testimony of fossil trees — rhododendron, oak, sweet gum,
persimmon, etc. — as to the climatic changes that have
swept again and again over the world, alternately exter-
minating and fostering the various forms of animal and
vegetable life.

In this account we read that magnolias, now a sub-
tropical growth, once adorned the landscape of Green-
land. It is hard to conceive of the present flora of
Virginia as having ever flourished far up within the icy
regions of the arctic circle. What vicissitudes vegeta-
tion has experienced in by -gone ages ! Now banished by

27

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

bitter cold, then coaxed back by tropic heat, the shift-
ing forests tell a tale of more remarkable migrations than
ever were accomplished by bird or beast. The stupen-
dous devastations of prehistoric times, mutely evidenced
by these buried trunks, only make the more mysterious
the ultimate destiny of this globe, if commensurate with
the infinite pains and ingenuity, and ages long of fire
and ice, consumed in preparation.

CENTRAL PARK

" No other noyse, nor peoples troublous cryes,
As still are wont t' annoy the walled towne,
Might there be heard : but carelesse Quiet lyes,
Wrapt in eternall silence farre from enemyes."

— Spenser.

AN admirable feature of Central Park is the fine
adaptation everywhere displayed. Each tree,
shrub, and vine, with artful ingenuity, is made
to show its best. Here, the water-loving hornbeam
hovers over the lake as if nature had put it there, and
the tall cottonwoods bathe their roots at its brink.
Yonder, staghorn sumachs, in October's crimson, are
gloriously massed, as they so like to be upon the hill-
side ; the graceful drooping white birch stands solitary
in an acre of greensward ; a large cluster of magnolias
gives a touch of tropical luxuriousness ; the group of
buttonwoods is a noble bit of forestry; black haw,
honeysuckle, and viburnum shrubs are scattered with un-
studied effectiveness ; stony embankments have allured
bittersweet, trumpet-flower, matrimony-vine, wistaria,
and ampelopsis to trail in graceful profusion, and double
rows of grand old elms on each side of the Mall are col-
onnades and vaulted roof to frame the finest vista in the
Park.

The flowering wonder of spring in these spacious
29

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

grounds is the Chinese magnolia, called yulan, stand-
ing a hundred feet from the Webster statue, near the
Seventy-second Street entrance, West. The first view
of the tree in full bloom fills one with amazement.
Winter's bleakness is everywhere, for it is now only
the latter part of April, and the tree is entirely leafless ;
but its whole figure is a mass of pure, delicious white,
beneath which every branch is hidden. But, quite
as remarkable as the total effect, is the individual
blossom, for its purity, texture, and elegance; coarse
fibre is usual in objects that are adequate for long per-
spective, but not so in the yulan ; its blossom is as su-
perb in detail as in its thousand -fold aggregation — a
cluster of eight large, thick petals, cream-white and de-
liciously fragrant, surrounding a yellow axis that ripens
into fruit. If the rose ever abdicates her queenly throne
I know of no blossom so eligible as this for the royal
succession. When I first saw the tree, in the zenith of
its beauty, I asked permission of a policeman to go on
the grass to examine it closely ; of course he refused —
how else could he show his authority, and what are
policemen for, except to thwart your wishes — but either
he was not made of the right stuff, or expected a good
" tip " from a poor naturalist, for he at last consented,
with the injunction to '* come right back," which I did,
when I got ready ; and when I told him what the tree
was, he repHed, '' Well, you call it a Chinese magnolia,
but / have been telling everybody that asked me about
it for the last ten years that it was a flowering dog-
wood'' (.^). As the blossom of the dogwood is to the
yulan' s something as a Methodist chapel is to Solomon's

30

Central Park

Temple, I feel that I have rendered a slight public service
in putting a stop to this periodical misinformation and
almost profanation.

Scarcely has the yulan's early beauty faded, when
masses of bright yellow are seen in all directions in the Park
— it is the forsythia in bloom, perfectly leafless, like the
magnolia ; and in the evolution of plant-life what strange
shock could have struck nature, and reversed her uni-
versal dictum of *' first the blade, then the ear, then the
full corn in the ear ' ' ? But we are deeply grateful for the
occasional anti-climax that she allows, for it lengthens
considerably the flowering period ; and the hearty way
in which she showers the earliest spring flowers upon us,
from yulan to violet, shows that she is no cold, " imper-
sonal force," but a cheery, motherly dame, that takes
this way of smiling upon her children in the morning of
the year, and we bless her for it.

The forsythia is probably the best early flowering
shrub now in cultivation ; hardy, and a most profuse
bloomer. There are three species in the Park, two erect,
the other drooping ; in some situations the last is more
decorative, but its flowers are not so abundant as in the
others. The specific name of the principal variety is
happily chosen, for its dark fresh foliage is truly vtr-
idissima until the middle of November.

April might well be called the golden month, the sun
has imaged itself so multitudinously in the early inflores-
cence of tree and shrub and vine. On April ist the
beautiful cornelian cherry was in full bloom. This
European shrub, or low tree, ought to be more widely
cultivated for its early brilliant display. There are some

31

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

fine specimens a little west of the menagerie, at Sixty-
fourth Street, East. The delicately scented spice-bush is
soon a yellow mist throughout damp woods, and, ple-
beian as it is, is rendering artistic service in the Park,
although it takes a million of its tiny flowers to produce
a strong dash of color. Numerous Norway maples (the
handsomest maple blossomer, next to the red maple,
and often eclipsing it) are now in bloom, and add their
quota to the prevailing tint, robed in countless clusters
of greenish yellow flowers, like a sudden gleam of sun-
shine through a cloud-rift.

But it is the stately weeping willows that late in April
are the centres of attraction in these grounds. Magnifi-
cent in figure, their long wiry pendent yellow branches,
flushed with the yellow hue of myriad catkins and bud •
ding leaves, look like huge arboreal fountains of golden
light. Throughout the year the Park shows nothing
that is at once so majestic, airy, graceful, luminous;
but it is an ephemeral display ; in a very few days they
assume a deepening green, the light fades out, other
trees come into leaf, and the willow's peculiar glory has
departed for another year.

These are a few chance glimpses ; but the Park is
full of them ; scene crowds upon scene through the hur-
rying days and weeks, until the landscape lies beneath
an icy mantle of repose.

One of the most interesting features of arboreal
study, especially in winter, and one for which the Park
off"ers better opportunities than any number of woodland
walks, is the character of trees as expressed by their
bared figures, into which far more individualism has

32

Central Park

been compressed than into their varied foliage, which,
however beautiful, the tree-student soon comes to
regard as a rather unmeaning adjunct. In fact, the
most superficial acquaintance with a tree is the knowl-
edge of its leaf — only a card of introduction ; foliage
is but the garb it wears a portion of the year, and it
conceals more than it reveals of vegetative nature.
Whoever can name a tree in winter may assume to know
it. Trunk, branch, twig, bark, grain, fibre, and even
the dormant bud are all sealed with the sign-manual of
some peculiar type, which is always distorted in forest-
growth, but has become realized in the favorable sur-
roundings of this great nature-garden. Never go to the
deep woods to study trees. A dense forest is a mass
of malformations, tall, spindling forms, each trying to
overtop its fellows, as if gasping for breath and strain-
ing for the hght.

In the single point of general figure, what contrasts
in the forms of the overarching elm, the slanting-
branched maple, the cylindrical tulip-tree, the round-
topped, almost globular horse-chestnut, the beech wide-
spreading with slender, horizontal, tremulously straight
boughs, the angular, stubborn-visaged oak, the coarse-
branched hickory and ailanthus, the spindling, effemi-
nate Lombardy poplar, the curious ginkgo, the languid,
refined white birch, the sprawling catalpa, all arms and
legs like an ungainly school-boy, the spruce little aspen
that ought to carry a little cane, the stately cottonwood,
a senator indeed, the conical red cedar, the tall-shafted
white pine, the king of trees.

How typical and ever varied the bark, one of the
33

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

most picturesque and interesting appurtenances of a tree,
in no two species quite alike, not obtrusive yet assertive,
to which we are more indebted for the ensemble of effect
than most people ever imagine. It is this dark, rigid
covering of trunk and branch, peeping through foliage,
that gives stability, vigor, and expression, as every painter
knows. Color and texture vary endlessly : browns and
grays of every shade, with here and there a reddish and
yellow, fill out the gamut from the Turkey oak's deep
black to the silvery and chalky white of the gray and
paper birches ; and, overall this, stripes, bands, blotches
and reticulations of infinite variety that so plainly char-
acterize the tulip-tree, shadbush, chestnut, sophora, but-
tonwood, paulownia, Chinese mulberry, etc.

Observe, too, the texture and surface-finish of bark ;
deeply corrugated in sassafras and osage orange, smooth
in birch and locust, unyielding in hickory and hornbeam,
loose and friable in white oak and elm, etc.; also the
three sorts of bark-exfoliation — in shagbark hickory, bald
cypress and red cedar longitudinal, in all birches lateral,
in button wood ragged and irregular ; the speckled,
warty or blistered surface in sweet gum, nettle-tree,
balsam fir, etc., and the diabolical spines of Hercules'
Club and honey locust. Every nature-artist tries vainly
to reproduce the bold and picturesque conceits in black
and gray and green upon the birches' white ground.
In all botanical life there is scarcely a greater mystery
than the infusion of such varied character and beauty
into what are really the cracked and worn-out garments
of the trees — dead husk converted into ornament.

Of the many tree-students I have seen, not one has
34

Central Park

failed to be more interested in this aspect of the matter
— the heart and marrow of the thing — than in the super-
ficial dress ; there was none who did not prefer the early
spring walk in the leafless woods to the foliage- vistas of
June. Trees and birds are alike in this respect, that
the best time to begin their study is in January ; it gives
aim for winter -rambles where one can note the sinewy
strength and the majestic pose of these noblest creatures
of the soil, many of which were living their sturdy life
before our day, and will abide in undiminished strength
long after we have passed away.

The foregoing are but a few of the differences in tree-
species ; to the tip of the tiniest twig, through all their
fibre, and to the core of the heart-wood, individuality is
stamped upon them. Penetrate below the surface of the
trunk, and note the coloring of the tree's lifeless centre —
for the interior of every sound tree is as dead as a post,
the life is all in the outer layers next the bark, and in
the juicy twig and leaf; yet in rather comical contra-
diction the defunct interior is called "heart-wood " —
cut to the centre, and find it crimson as blood in the
red cedar, black in ebony, white in basswood, yellow
in the yellow-wood, and in many cases with fanciful in-
grained designs, as in bird's-eye and curled maple.

In the requirements of human life what diverse quali-
ties in timber are demanded, and all of them are met by
the varying grain and texture of our trees — the horse-
chestnut for artificial limbs, holly for engraving-blocks,
maple and sweet gum for fine cabinet-work, ash for fur-
niture and oars, elm for wheel-hubs, black walnut for
gun-stocks, hickory for agricultural implements, white

35

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

birch for spools, red cedar for lead-pencils, red birch
for wooden-ware, hornbeam for tool-handles, white oak
the stanchest for ship-building, post oak for railway
tiers, shingle oak for shingles, beech for chairs, crack
willow for baskets, aspen and cottonwood for paper,
pine for masts and piles — though each of the foregoing
is serviceable for other ends ; and for an epitome of
timber uses, and to learn what a cosmopolitan affair a
one-horse shay is, consult Oliver Wendell Holmes.

A strange idiosyncrasy of trees is the gregarious
habit of some species and the solitary life of others.
Oaks and maples often cover large areas, and some vast
forests are composed chiefly of spruces or birches ; but
the hop-hornbeam, the buckeye, and the elm grow sin-
gly, and the Kentucky coffee-tree, one of our rarest
sorts (one or two are in the Park), is always found
alone; pines show a very sober sociability. And how
slight a modification of soil or climate proves an insu-
perable barrier to the further range of many species.
Some, that are moderately abundant in Northern Penn-
sylvania and New Jersey, suddenly disappear just
across the State line in New York. Alders and willows
congregate by the water, moose-wood loves the moun-
tain range. Most species require plenty of sunlight, but
the papaw and striped maple seem quite contented in
the shade.

Why do the larch, willow and alder respond with
such alacrity to the earliest vernal influences, while the
linden, paper mulberry, and catalpa are so tardy ? The
energetic horse-chestnut has developed all its dense
foliage ere the ailanthus betrays a single sign of life.

36

Central Park

Do trees possess nervous and lymphatic temperaments ?
Their times of budding are as various and constant as
the migration-dates of birds, and seemingly as irrespec-
tive of the weather. There is the same periodicity in
autumn's decadence ; the butternut begins to look very
untidy in August, the freshness of the elm is gone early
in September, not a leaf is on the linden while yet its
companion maples are in their full glory, and the weep-
ing willow, as though loath to give over its weeping,
holds its rich green untarnished till into November.

Not less mysterious is the rapidity of growth in some
species, and its extreme slowness in others. Young
cottonwoods show a marked increase in size not only
from year to year, but almost from month to month ;
these are being planted largely in the streets of New
York City; others are almost stationary from one dec-
ade to another, like the holly, of which one specimen
is known to have spent a hundred years in attaining a
diameter of five inches. Maples grow rapidly, elms
slowly.

And how varied and fixed the term of life in this and
all other flora. With a powerful microscope we might
almost see the date of its extinction stamped on every
seed. Barring all contingencies the white birch is
doomed to an early death ; the most flourishing colony
of this species is picturesquely strewn with many a pros-
trate form ; but elms are centenarians, the mulberry
has often reached the age of three hundred, oaks and
lindens may survive for nearly a thousand years.

"Three centuries he grows, and three he stays
Supreme in state; and in three more decays."
37

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

How inherently graceful and how incorrigibly un-
gainly different species are ! What provincialism in the
apple-tree, that never had an ungracious thought in its
life, and what a type of an exquisite the tulip-tree is ;
yet the latter is an utterly loveless creature, while the
homely apple-tree's dear old deformities are buried
fathoms deep in virtues.

One cannot study trees without being quickly re-
minded how nature's changeful temperament is echoed
or reflected in everything around him. Clouds mass
themselves according to season ; winds know the time
of the year, and tune their airs accordingly ; Novem-
ber sighs are never heard in summer nights. Yet what
one sees depends more on the seer than the seen.
Thoreau got more than a European trip out of a little
tramp from Boston to Mount Wachusett, only fifty miles
away ; but he was one of the few that can get the satis-
faction of a diamond out of a dewdrop.

It seems strange to think that undulations of air go
on and on in noiseless flight, becoming sound only when
they reach a living ear, much as lake-waves roll on in
silence till they break upon the shore ; that rays of light
are dark as night until they strike a living eye. Tem-
pests sweep over the mountain-sides and break down
trees, but there is no roar in the forest-tops, except
there be an ear to hear it; otherwise the silence of the
grave prevails throughout the turmoil. Solar rays,
though they pierce to the remotest star, after the lapse
of many thousand years, can never become bright unless
they strike an optic nerve. The interplanetary spaces
are not luminous, unless there be a spectator of the scene.

38

Central Park

Much the same that the shore is to water-waves, the
ear to atmospheric undulation, and the eye to ether-
waves, is the human heart to the impressions of nature.
The deepest, truest beauty there is not objective, self-
existent ; its forms and even its colors are largely trans-
muted into beauty by a reaction of the soul ; and that
reaction or responsiveness is the giving back to scenery
our thoughts — our anticipations and memories, joys
and sadnesses, our very moods, which all become inter-
woven with the scene, and show back to us, from forms
and colors of the mountains, valleys, trees, and clouds.
This interblending of nature and ourselves we may be
well assured of, though it be an unfathomable mystery.

Thus what we get out of nature is largely what we
have put into it, and that is why nature becomes more
and more to us as we grow older. The child finds very
little there, only what appeals to eye and ear, for he has
put little or nothing into it. Wordsworth sums up the
matter in a word when he says,

'* Minds that have nothing to confer
Find little to perceive; "

and what can we confer upon nature except our very
selves ?

And this mirror-like quality is the most delightful
feature of nature, enabling almost every object in it to
become a centre around which the imagination can play
interminably. Even an old, dead, wayside post may be
the garner of pleasant thoughts (else why is it put into
pictures) ; how much more such living, stately, and
graceful figures as trees and vines. Where is the soli-

39

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

tude, with such eternal company ? And these things
have that best of all friendly tact of somehow always
blending with our own humors — ingenious sympathizers
with the ups and downs of life. Art thou in sorrow,
the mournful pines sing the same sad song ; nature
echoes all our joys, and they are emphasized ; she mir-
rors all our glooms ; but they are so softened as to be
almost rubbed out ; and we find painted there, what no
other artist-colors can reproduce, in spring our pros-
pects, and in fall our retrospects.

With such running to and fro of our thoughts it is not
strange that one scene will often call up another scene
that is in striking contrast ; and there is a peculiar rem-
iniscence of spring atmosphere and bloom when in the
changed autumnal days we look upon the cool, ripe fruits
of black haw, thorn-tree or mountain-ash, shining in the
September and October sun. Sometimes brilliant colors
thus ripen out of inconspicuous flowers, but commonly
it is the fine blossom that develops into showy fruit.

Berries of every tint — white, blue, red, purple, black
— hanging amid the russet foliage reward an autumn's
walk in every woods, some only fit for show, others
tempting morsels for the winter birds. Almost the
earliest are those of the alternate-leaved dogwood,
whose dainty blue clusters on bright red stems can be
found toward the last of August. Then come the white
berries of the panicled dogwood, with the deep blue
fruit of the silky dogwood, and the large black clusters
of the maple-leaved arrow-wood ; surely such splendid-
looking berries must be edible; you try it — and you
will never try it again.

40

Central Park

Clambering over low shrubbery is the scarlet-fruited
nightshade or bittersweet, more brilliant but less abun-
dant than the orange fruit of the other bittersweet or wax-
work. Late in September the brilliant berries of the
spice-bush gleam like coals of fire amid the dark foliage.
This plant has already done considerable of its work
for next year, for the branches are thickly strewn with
flower-buds for early spring display. Hanging from a
rocky wall, drooping, or prone on the ground are the
long branches of the matrimony-vine (^Lyciuni) with a
medley of unseasonable blossoms trying to make it sum-
mer again, and a harvest of oblong, pink-scarlet berries,
and the flowering dogwood begins to glow in leaf and
fruit.

A sharp surprise is the winterberry that, having had
nothing particular to say thus far in the season, has
wisely kept silent, but now suddenly comes out with
some felicitous after -thoughts, in the shape of a prodigal
abundance of bright red berries, the size of a pea.
This and its near relative the inkberry find their way
into florists' windows to help the suffering rich to endure
the severities of winter. Now the mountain-ash is
heavily laden with its large clusters of dull red, and
the various thorn-trees are beginning to please the eye
and to prepare a winter's feast for hungry birds, which
ignore the thorn-berries at first, but become less fastidi-
ous toward spring, and have learned from experience or
from Shakespeare that hunger is the best sauce. In
October the black haw, last May in bridal robes, seems
almost in mourning, so thickly hang its blue-black clus-
ters. For weeks and months snowberry and coral-

41

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

berry will retain their pure white and dull red globules,
and nothing is finer for brightening snowy ground than
a low thicket of Chinese barberry, almost glittering
with its thousands of scarlet drupes, while a single tall
*' burning-bush " is a permanent conflagration. Earli-
est of all, the sumachs lift their dense pyramids of fire,
summer's torch- bearers, to spread the flames broadcast
through field and forest.

But it is with neither flower nor fruit that nature pro-
duces its masterpiece of landscape scenery, but with the
foliage of unnumbered trees, when in autumn the moun-
tain slopes and valleys are as gorgeous as if strewn with
sunset clouds. Now come

" The golden days fruitful of golden deeds."

How trivial the display of earlier months against this
avalanche of color! What rivalry of trees in all this
symphony of tones, when the severe oaks and sombre
gum-trees, that never before had a thought of brilliancy,
beech, poplar, maple, dogwood, sassafras, suddenly dis-
play a genius for rich hues that put summer's fairest
flowers to the blush, and picturesquely strew the ground
with ephemeral mosaics.

In tabulating the trees according to their autumn
coloring it must be remembered that in diff"erent years
the coloring varies greatly, both in amount and intensity,
and that many trees of every species have only withered,
colorless leaves. Also that in the gradual ripening of
foliage the color often passes through several distinct
shades, sometimes becoming darker, as in beech and
hickory, sometimes lighter, as in ash. With these

42

Central Park

qualifications the following lists are perhaps as accurate
as can be made. The poet summarizes the matter cor-
rectly when he speaks of

" Autumn beaming o'er the yellow woods,"

for that is the color assumed by the great majority of
species, as will be seen below ; the yellows are of all
shades, the first group containing only those in which
it is purest :

BRIGHT YELLOW

Tulip-tree Yellow-wood

Cucumber-tree Wild black cherry

Ailanthus Wild red cherry

Striped maple Scarlet thorn

Judas-tree Shadbush

Kentucky coffee-tree Mulberry

Osage orange
Black walnut
Chestnut
Common aspen
Large-toothed aspen
Balsam poplar

Basswood
Silver maple
Norway maple
Ash-leaved maple
Common locust
Honey-locust
Clammy locust
Mountain-ash
Witch-hazel
Spindle-tree
Hop- tree

PALE OR RUSTY YELLOW

Choke-cherry The birches

Papaw Hop-hornbeam

Persimmon Bur oak

Alternate-leaved dog- Chestnut oak

wood
Silver-bell-tree
Fringe-tree
Slippery elm
Butternut
Nettle-tree
The hickories

Beech

Swamp white oak

Spanish oak

Willow oak

Cottonwood

The poplars

White oak

Horse-chestnut
Mountain maple

Red oak

RED AND YELLOW

Sassafras
Post oak

43

Pin oak

Sweet viburnum
Angelica-tree

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

ORANGE, CRIMSON, YELLOW (more or less combined in same leaf)
Red maple Cockspur thorn Scrub oak

Sugar maple Dotted haw Hornbeam

Sweet gum Black oak

Sumachs
Flowering dogwood

White ash
Red ash

SCARLET

Scarlet oak
Sour gum

BROWNISH
Blue ash
Black ash

Black haw
Sorrel-tree

American elm
Buttonwood

The oaks — particularly white oak — hornbeam, and
beech are the three sorts that retain their dried foliage
through the winter, and saplings are more tenacious of
leaves than full-grown trees.

I have made the Park my home in winter and in
summer, in all sorts of weather, and watched its num-
berless transitions from the cold and brilliant glitter of
its icy branches in January to June's perfumed air, when
life is at the full ; and thence through the maturer, sober,
yet often more impressive scenes of the declining year.
Such intimate association makes a spot one's own in a
more real and satisfying sense than comes from merely
mercantile possession, an ownership as inalienable as
memory itself. But nature is too mighty to be mirrored
in her grander moods in any park, however spacious.
The scenery here is beautiful, the opportunities for study-
ing minutiae unsurpassed, the small ensetnble effects
most delicate : but the spirit is always that of sunshine,

44

Central Park

never that of magnificent glooms and storms ; the arena
is too limited for the wilder, more rugged views that so
invigorate the soul ; and the roughness and artless negli-
gence of the forest, mountain, and vale, the far horizon
and the wind-swept lake, afford a range of pleasures
never found where the scene comprises only a multi-
tude of small perfections.

In nature's vastness human touch can neither mend
nor mar her sublime effects. How magnificent is a great
forest, how profound its eternal repose ! One leaves the
din of human strife behind in entering its almost sacred
precincts, a sort of temple not made with hands. In
what restful, perfect silence works that immense machin-
ery of life ! Tons of water coursing incessantly upward
through all the trunks to their very tips, expansion in
billions of twigs and leaves, consolidation of wood-fibre
every instant, swelling of every bough and bole, the
production of an immeasurable mass of flower and fruit,
chemical action on the mightiest scale, by a forest energy
as frictionless, inaudible, and irresistible as that which
drives the planets in their orbits. Multiply the vital
force of one such forest by the thousands that cover all
the mountain slopes and plains, and how stupendous
nature's enginery appears !

May not our sympathy with trees spring partly from
the fact that they, more than other forms of vegetation,
seem linked with us in a common mortality? Youth,
manhood vigor, old age, and decay are theirs as ours :
certainly with no other object in nature below the grade

45

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

of animal life have we the semblance of fraternal feeling,
none other commands such an instinctive respect. Some
ancient oak or elm, standing near the old home, with
observant silence has entered into the joys and sorrows
of a century of human lives ; it seems consciously in the
confidence of the whole family, charged with sacred
secrets it will sacredly keep, and we begin to love that
tree as if it were our own kin. Does not many a reader
find some such old tree a central figure in the memory
of his childhood home ? A reminiscent mind can scarcely
pass by such a majestic figure without suspecting that its
broad, swaying boughs are whispering of by-gone days.
If there be any conscious being in the world of vegeta-
tion, we surely find it here, spreading its cool, kindly
shade over children and children's children, and stamped
with the dignity of a long and useful hfe.

The impression of age belongs only to objects of
growth. That huge bowlder perchance lying near our
venerable friend, and a thousand times older — who ever
gives it reverence? Spectator of all the tree has seen,
it yet has no link with human life — a changeless, unre-
sponsive granite rock. Is it not the frailty of mortality,
the mystery of " a future all unknown," that overcasts
the landscape with its finest tinge of sentiment, and
gives almost a touch of sanctity to every evening twi-
light hour ? Human nature is so taken with itself, that
one of its most pleasing occupations is to feel the kin-
ship of earth's lower types, and it never tires of find-
ing itself mirrored there.

46

WOOD NOTES

" Nature here
Wanton'd as in her prime, and play'd at will
Her virgin fancies."

—Milton.

IT is not when nature is in full flush of life, and the
botanist does not find the long midsummer days long
enough for the innumerable species springing into
bloom on every hand, that the landscape shows those
quickly varying effects that sweep like summer clouds
in silent swiftness over hill and dale, and change the
scene from day to day, almost from hour to hour.
Spring and fall show nature's flow and ebb, each day
another wave in the advancing or retreating tide. A
single night gives new complexion to the mountain-
steeps, awakening new patches of delicious green in
spring, or kindling new flames of maple foliage in fall.
It is the dawning life and the expiring breath in nature's
annual career that furnish the most interesting vistas for
the painter. With all their sombre majesty and eternal
calm, what a wilderness of dull monotony a world of
evergreens would be ! How endless the verdure-tints
of the new-blown buds in April and May, what a de-
licious softness of atmosphere overspreads them all, in
contrast with the deeper and more rugged tones of later
months. In the first gushing vernal days, when the

47

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

skies kiss the earth, the larches are sprinkled full of buds
of rarest green ; the honey-locust spreads a semi-trans-
parent feathery canopy above your head that in clear
May-light becomes a perfect dream of emerald; the
large-toothed aspen now gives the illusion of a leafless
tree in full white bloom ; for each small leaf, like a cra-
dled child of luxury, is deep buried in soft wool. Soon
the white oak's opening buds almost rival the arbutus's
delicacy of pink and white, and the weeping willow is
wrapped in a sheen of gold. Wonderful are the in-
numerable artist-touches in the scenes that usher in the
year. But one must be alert to catch the quick-dissolv-
ing views that make stupendous panoramas of our April
and May days, scene melting into scene like transient
dreams, and, ere Ave realize it, all the peculiar charms
of spring have disappeared, only to live in memory
until another year.

No plant is so plebeian as not to arouse a naturalist's
enthusiasm when it can give to his hungry eyes some
characteristic token of a reviving year that is always to
be brighter and happier than the last — a fond mistake
often made, and as often forgotten. No blossoms of all
the year have quite the aroma and ravishing color of
the earliest spring flowers ; coming when the landscape
is still drear, yet beautiful with the charm of an open-
ing year, they are spiced with that best flavor of all
happiness — expectancy.

In the same category as the fox sparrow, that warbles
his rich, plaintive song in leafless trees, the trillium, that
sends up fair white petals out of oozy ground, and all
such welcome harbingers of spring, is the common lit-

48

Wood Notes

tie spice-bush, with the faint fragrance of a universal
kindness, that does in a humble way in moist woods
what the forsythia is doing more brilliantly in more aris-
tocratic surroundings on our lawns. The spice-bush is a
pleasant thing, in foliage, flower and fruit, and they
have not disdained to make considerable use of it in the
Park, although I have a suspicion that, like some other
wild things, it is not pleasantly disposed toward artifi-
cial treatment. Awake with the first bright color of the
season (except perhaps that of the marsh-marigolds, often
called cowslips) its leafless branches suddenly bursting
into clusters of minute yellow blossoms just as the pine
creeper and yellow redpoll arrive, this little shrub, plant-
ing itself everywhere, is the most conspicuous object in
the bleak woods of early April.

Like the spongy soil, our memories are more impres-
sionable for the earliest beauties of the year, so that the
simpler things of April stir more enthusiasm than the
much finer displays of May and June. Would the world
really hold the violet and anemone in such aff'ectionate
regard, if they did not time their coming so as to mo-
nopolize our hearts, but delayed until they must be con-
tent with our subdivided affections? I hope that the
world would bend as eagerly over a bed of violets or a
flowering trillium in the ''height of the season" as in
the cold air and soggy soil of early spring ; but I sus-
pect that we annually become a trifle blase, that the fine
edge of our sentiments is a little worn ofl" in summer,
and it is a godsend that we have a winter in which to
starve our eyes and recuperate our feelings.

But to return — the spice-bush does not feel that it
49

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

has done its whole duty by early rising, but follows up
the floral display by a growth of dark-green, almost
glossy, laurel-shaped foliage that has lost none of its
freshness in the last of September, when brilliant scarlet
berries peep out among the leaves in striking contrast,
for rarely do bright fruit and deep-green foliage occur
together so late in fall.

Individually, the flower of the spice-bush is as dimin-
utive and ineff"ective as can be imagined, almost micro-
scopic; but this is only one instance out of many in
the floral kingdom that contradicts the old adage, and
proves that quantity is sometimes quite equal to quality.
With the exception of the magnolia, rhododendron,
azalea, and one or two others, all of our most striking
landscape inflorescence is produced by the vast aggre-
gation of diminutive blossoms. Throughout the Park
and in every lawn about the last of April the leafless
branches of the forsythia are buried in small yellow
flowers, looking like wands of gold ; at about the same
time, a tree here and there in the landscape is seen to
have suddenly burst as by magic into snowy white; it
is the shadbush or June-berry smothered in myriads of
diminutive rose-shaped flowers; later the numerous
black haws — tree and shrub — and wild black cherry
tree, form snowy masses out of a million tiny flowers ;
still more inconspicuous are the separate blossoms of
the Judas-tree — an anomaly in nature — whose every
branch and twig seems dipped in blood, from countless
tiny purplish-red flowers; a beautiful tree of this sort is
in the Park not far from the Webster statue, and others
not so large are on the east side. Of almost micro-

50

Wood Notes

scopic size, too, is the blossom of the million-flowered
African tamarix, a unique and superb shrub, handsomely-
represented in the Park in many places, and worthy of
cultivation in every lawn; and as the most familiar
instance of minute organisms aggregating into most
brilliant masses of color, may be mentioned the count-
less spiry panicles of our commonest autumn weed, the
golden-rod. But, although the sum-total is the greatest
of all in this widely distributed weed and in the asters,
the most impressive instance, to me, of nature's floral
lavishness, is in the full bloom of a lofty, wide-spread-
ing chestnut late in June, whitened with its thousands
of long catkins, every catkin crowded thick with blos-
soms. The sense of nature's opulence sometimes be-
comes oppressive.

Of the multitudinous flower-types disclosed by the
study of botany, the one adopted for the rose family
seems to be nature's favorite, since both in flower and
fruit that family has such commanding pre-eminence
throughout the earth. Besides numberless varieties of
the acknowledged queen of flowers, we have in this
family group the wild apple, wild black cherry, black
haw, shadbush, sweet viburnum, mountain-ash, Japa-
nese quince, English hawthorn, cockspur thorn, black
thorn, etc., with the many beautiful spiraeas, all nota-
ble for inflorescence. Note also the fact that all our
choice large and small fruits are from the rose family —
peach, pear, apple, apricot, quince, cherry, plum, black-
berry, raspberry, and sans pareil the strawberry — what

51

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

an array of universal favorites beautiful and delectable !
But pre-eminent in its double role is spring's fair emblem,
rustic, picturesque, and redolent of happiest memories,
when heaven's breath fills the apple-tree. A large pro-
portion of the bloom of this great family is linked with
spring-time associations. It is very curious that the
sour little crab-apple, parent stock of all the hundreds
of apple varieties, should surpass all fruit-trees in de-
licious fragrance and rosy tint — a crabbed face, betray-
ing byan unexpected gentle act, its kindly heart; almost
every community has its saintly crab -apple.

The great attraction of a wood-ramble in early
May, particularly in the southern part of our territory,
is the abundant flowering dogwood, its rather uncouth
figure suggestive of an apple-tree, but its luxuriant
bloom, so massive and beautiful at a distance, not to be
examined too minutely. It seems almost slovenly in
nature to tip off so crudely the ends of the four petal-
like bracts that pass by the name of ' ' flower, ' ' and we
are seldom so inclined to impugn her taste or good
judgment ; we botanists would certainly have managed
the business differently. One quite forgets the tree after
its spring beauty has departed — quite a usual circum-
stance, however, in human nature — but in autumn it
returns to favor with its brilliant crimson leaf and ber-
ries. Early blossoms, showy autumn foliage, and late-
hanging bunches of scarlet fruit give to the dogwood a
more protracted period of ornamentation than is found
in any other species. A red-blossomed variety, in cul-
tivation and rarely found wild, is very effective when
mingled with the white. Humbler members of the

52

Wood Notes

same family are the alternate-leaved and the poison
dogwood — oftener shrub than tree — the latter having
the unenviable notoriety of being the most virulently
poisonous growth in our woods; but fortunately it is

rare.

The thoughts of the Eternal mind are not all of equal
moment, any more than are those of finite creatures.
There is something grander in universal gravitation
than in the mere chase of ether-waves. Tipping the
earth's axis a few degrees out of the plane of its orbit,
whence instantly comes the entire succession of the sea-
sons, with all this signifies to the human race — this is a
more far-reaching thought than the moon's tides. The
night sky shows more prodigious thought than any
flurry of fire-flies; and evolution, rightly understood,
seems more stupendous than the entire aggregate of nat-
ure's works. A little consideration shows that, in vege-
tation, we have distinct evidence of superior skill in the
origination of the compound leaf; for this simple de-
vice secures an immense unrealized variety in foliage-
eflect. The exquisite symmetry of foliage in such trees
as the ailanthus, locust, mountain-ash, and Kcelreuteria,
is due to the precision of growth in leaves whose leaf-
lets are arranged with wellnigh mathematical exactness
along the common leaf-stem. Now, if these long stems
were true branches, enduring from year to year, the in-
juries to which they and their buds would be constantly
exposed would very soon result in such irregularity of
leaf-arrangement as would utterly eflace the original

53

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

scheme of ideal precision, and eventuate in simply a
miscellaneous output of small leaves, neither so profuse
nor so beautifully symmetrical as is invariably attained
from year to year by the scheme of compound leaves,
which can never degenerate into a medley of growth.
Let anyone study the doubly compound leaf of the
honey-locust and Kentucky coffee-tree, or the com-
pound leaf of the ailanthus and walnut, as compared
with the leaf-system in the elm and white birch, and
it will convince him that under present conditions of
growth, and with constant liability of derangement,
that singularly beautiful leaf-pattern and the profusion
and symmetrical effect of the foliage-mass could never
have been secured, without resorting to the compound-
leaf system. Horse-chestnut, hickory, sumach, butter-
nut, ash, locust, and many others, are thus widely dif-
ferentiated from oak, maple, hornbeam, beech, etc.,
producing a most, pleasing variety.

Large, roundish leaves are comparatively ungraceful,
and such trees as the catalpa, basswood, and button-
wood must have corresponding perspective, or be
planted where the surroundings will properly offset the
heavy, clumsy effect of such foliage. This is still more
true of such magnolias as the cucumber-tree, umbrella-
tree, and especially the large-leaved magnolia {niacro-
philla), whose heavy tropical appearance, strongly
punctuating a broad vista, is a monstrosity in a small
grass-plot, where only the graceful figure and delicate
leaf-tracery of such trees as the cut-leaved or Japanese
maple, the white birch, the Koelreuteria, the mountain-
ash or cut-leaved alder, are appropriate. For a dense

54

Wood Notes

yet graceful effect in larger foliage-mass the cut-leaved
beech is an excellent choice, and not disproportionate
to quite a small lawn.

When young trees are planted thought should be
taken of their ultimate effect when fully grown ; this
forethought would often induce the selection of dwarf
species, such as Judas-tree, hop-tree, silver-bell-tree or
hornbeam, which will not in the end so crowd their sur-
roundings as rather to disfigure what they were intended
to adorn, and crown the catastrophe by being finally
cut down.

The advantage of tree-study in such a place as Central
Park is not only that one acquires a discriminating eye
to enjoy such growth anywhere, but, in the event of
having his own grounds to decorate, be they large or
small, he is not left at the mercy of a florist. Fine
eflfects, and some that are inartistic, result from follow-
ing the advice of one who has plants to sell, when the
purchaser himself is helplessly ignorant.

The ideal for every lawn should be, that it shall have
some distinctively attractive feature for every part of
the year, and that its beauty shall not all be concen-
trated into a few fleeting weeks. Flowering vines,
shrubs and trees should be selected with a view to their
successive flowering, from the yulan, dogwood, forsythia,
Japanese quince, shadbush and wistaria in early spring,
to the catalpa, clammy locust, Koelreuteria, sophora,
and rose of Sharon in July, August, and September.
Variety of foliage-effect in form and tint of leaf should
be studied, mingling evergreens with deciduous trees,
the dark holly and beech with the light-green cut-leaved

55

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

maple and white birch, the honey-locust with the white
oak, with a sprinkling of tamarisk, weeping mulberry,
and Lombardy poplar. Another consideration is early
and late foliage. Norway and sycamore maples and
the European beech are about two weeks in advance of
most of the trees in vernation, and in fall the foreign
maples, weeping willow, California privet, and fre-
quently the forsythia, are fresh in foliage long after the
others are sere and bare. To bring autumn's coloring
to the lawn, plant the red maple, sweet gum, sour gum,
dogwood and tulip-tree ; and brighten winter's bleak-
ness with the showy fruit of thorn-trees, mountain-ash,
Japanese barberry, coralberry, and snowberry ; while
nothing is more conspicuous and beautiful amid the
snow than the blood-red branches of the leafless red-
osier dogwood.

These are the foremost points to be considered, in
securing variety, harmony, richness, and continuous sat-
isfaction in that bit of nature's garden that surrounds
every country gentleman's castle. Too many treat
their landscape-growth as they do the pictures on their
walls, giving them little thought after they are pur-
chased. Both of these adornments, indoors and out-of-
doors, are dear at any price, if they are to be thus
ignored; and it might almost be said that they are
cheap at any price, if they become a part of our own
life, as permanent objects of interest and affection.

56

■'-'•■'W

^v^:

-» -fi? ;

VHM POM)
The arrow shows the starting-point and the direction of the route.

AROUND THE " POND "—FIRST
EXCURSION

" Well may'st thou halt — and gaze with brightening eye ! "

— Wordsworth.

FOUR short walks in the Park have been selected
which bring to view the majority of our native
and foreign trees; and the route in three of
them is so obvious that one will have no difficulty
in recognizing the adjacent growths herein described.
The local coloring of the account will moreover make it
less formal and more interesting to those who may not
follow the routes prescribed.

Our first excursion is the circuit of the Pond (so-
called) — the picturesque little lake at the southeast
corner of the grounds. Starting a little south of the
bridge conspicuously spanning it, then crossing it and
bearing around to the left, one encounters successively,
almost within hand reach, the staghorn sumach, a
European oak, red oak, shining willow, Lombardy
poplar, ailanthus, bald cypress, hornbeam, European
alder, red maple, a fine cluster of five purple-leaved
beeches, European elm, sycamore maple, American
elm, a cluster of honey-locusts, Scotch pine, field
maple, cottonwood, Koelreuteria, weeping willow,
European ash, white pine, horse-chestnut, scarlet-fruited
thorn, a cluster of European beeches and a chestnut —

57

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

twenty-six characteristic native and foreign varieties,
ornamental and strikingly different, comprised in a ten
minutes' walk. In connection with such of them as
we are now to describe particularly, we will speak of
their kindred species, elsewhere in the Park, or in the
country, and their especial differences.

Staghorn SuiMACH. — On the border between tree
and shrub stands the staghorn sumach, aptly named
from the striking resemblance of its velvety forking
branches to the young antlers of a stag, a resemblance
visible only when the tree is leafless. Though of low
growth it is yet the tallest of the family, the only mem-
ber aspiring with any success to arboreal dignity — and
generally failing in the attempt. But occasionally one
finds a specimen with an erect and rigid trunk, type of
masculine singleness of purpose ; a few such are in the
Park.

The large cluster of these sumachs at this point sug-
gests a dense growth of ailanthus saplings, having the
same form of compound leaf, but closer inspection shows
the marked difference. The foliage is so dense, droop-
ing and luxuriant as to present quite a tropical effect.
It is finest in large shrubby masses, especially when blaz-
ing in autumn coloring, with a volume and intensity of
scarlet that puts to the blush every other attempt at
brilliancy save that of the sour gum or tupelo, which is
a veritable sheet of flame.

Oaks. — The oak is perhaps our greatest hero, the Ju-
piter of all trees, as the white elm, '^all and divinely

58

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

fair," is the Juno. If the old mythological fate were
ever to overtake me, and I were to be imprisoned in a
tree, I should pray that it might be a quercus — rugged,
venerable, and solitary, with shattered but defiant top,
its whole figure angularly beautiful, a forest monarch,
offspring of storm and sunshine, sylvan type of pictu-
resque endurance,

" Jove's own tree
That holds the woods in awful sovereignty,"

and no less dominant amid the refinement of lawn and
park, sternly majestic everywhere.

Its longevity befits the toughness of its fibre and un-
conquerable vigor :

" He has stood for a thousand years,
Has stood and frown'd
On the trees around,
Like a king among his peers."

The oak's vigor is well illustrated by Robert Douglas
where he says, '' The acorn is the only seed I can think
of which is left by nature to take care of itself. It ma-
tures without protection, falls heavily and helplessly to
the ground to be eaten and trodden on by animals, yet
the few which escape and those which are trodden under
are well able to compete in the race for life. While the
elm and maple seeds are drying up on the surface, hick-
ories and walnuts waiting to be cracked, the acorn is at
work with its coat off. It drives its tap root into the
earth in spite of grass and brush and litter. No matter
if it is so shaded by forest trees that the sun cannot pen-
etrate, it will manage to make a short stem and a few

59

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

leaves the first season, enough to keep life in the root,
which will drill deeper and deeper. When age or acci-
dent removes the tree which has overshadowed it, then
it will assert itself. Fires may run over the land, destroy-
ing almost everything else ; the oak will be killed to
the ground ; but it will throw up a new shoot the next
spring." What indomitable will ! Those who accept
the Darwinian theory will have no difficulty, in the case
of some men, in finding the oak in their direct line of
ancestry.

No other genus of trees shows such varieties of leaf-
type as are found in the numerous species of oak ; yet
bring together a leaf from each from all over the world,
and there is something in every one that plainly asserts
its common origin.

Out of eight or ten common species, the white oak is
probably the most satisfactory for cultivation for its very
healthy foliage, which is more free from insect attack
than any other ; yet the pin oak ( Quercus paliistris) is
sometimes as thrifty and of handsomer foliage j the red
and scarlet oaks are also more showy, with large glossy
leaves, and the swamp white {^Quercus bicolof) rivals
them all with a leaf that is both leathery and lustrous.
The post oak {^Q. minor) is less pretentious in size, but its
glossy, thick and almost evergreen leaf is one of the
handsomest in the family. In our third excursion we
shall encounter the most imposing oak specimen in the
park — a mossy-cup-oak (^Q. macrocarpa). What magnifi-
cence of color in October from all the various sorts,
robing the forests in such deep rich tones as send a
thrill through all the landscape ; here is the oak-fibre

60

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

again, become luminous. It is the white oak above
all others that clings to its withered foliage, a mournful
instrument for winter winds to play upon. The pin oak
is the easiest to recognize in winter by its drooping
lower branches that often sweep the ground. Culture
cannot spoil the oak spirit ; there is a refreshing barba-
rism in all the species that gives a wholesome, stirring
tone to scenery, much like the wild resonance of kettle-
drum and trombone to invigorate the mellifluous flute
and oboe and ethereal strings in a human orchestra.

Three unusual oaks in the Park should have special
mention. A singular variety is the cut-leaved {Quercus
robiir aspletiifolid) from abroad, an interesting curiosity.
Our native willow oak ((2- phellos), with a shining,
leathery leaf, almost a fac-simile in shape of a willow
leaf, is a beautiful tree, which, despite the willow type,
is very oakish, and one of the handsomest is the Turkey
oak {Q. cerris), of Southern Europe, with especially
effective foliage, and extremely dark, deeply furrowed
bark, found clustered and singly in several places.

Willows. — One of the most easily recognized types
of growth is found in willows. Generically so distinc-
tive, they are, however, the hardest of all to resolve into
species, offering quite as much difficulty to the botanist
as sparrows do to the ornithologist. Four kinds — weep-
ing, yellow, shining, and (in early spring) pussy willows
— are readily distinguishable, and their landscape effect
is individual ; but of nearly all the rest the differences
are so minute as to be of little interest except to the
expert. Even scientists are not agreed, and what one

6i

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

calls a distinct species another thinks only a variety, the
whole genus well exemplifying the truth that variety and
species differ only in degree, not in kind. Without
wishing to discourage research into the microscopic di-
versities of those closely related forms, indicating a com-
paratively recent common origin, it must be said that
for anyone whose aim is the enjoyment of nature in its
broader outlook, it is not worth while to investigate the
minutiae of willow-variation, since the number of ex-
perienced botanists is small who have grappled thor-
oughly with the subject.

Our native willows are all shrubs or very low trees ;
the arboreal sorts are foreign and to a small degree
naturalized. These latter are of great service in lawn-
culture, as presenting a noble and exceedingly graceful
arboreal figure, without the heaviness of dense and deep
green foliage, thus having the charm of water-color
rather than of oil-painting. In any water-scene, along
a brook, or on the margin of a lake, nothing blends
more exquisitely than such willowy, translucent figures,
relieving the eye from the solid tones of the more vigor-
ous and masculine trees by infusion of an ethereal and
feminine atmosphere. It were easy to imagine some of
those elegant and airy forms to be the embodiment of
old-time nymphs, in punishment or reward finding their
eternal future at the water's brink.

The yellow willow (^Salix alba var. vitellind) is justly
a favorite. Long before a single bud has swelled, even
in midwinter, it throws out the first signal of spring in
the golden-tinted bark of its bare branches, deepening
in color till the burnished mass of lithe twigs, in a clus-

62

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

ter of full-grown trees, presents, in full sunlight, such a
splendid spectacle as is unsurpassed by all the scenes
of spring. The shining willow {Salix lucidd), whose
broader leaf, glossy and deep green, has less of the wil-
low character, is admirable for strong color where the
scenery needs the emphasis of a small but conspicuous
tree. Mention is made elsewhere of the weeping willow,
to which stern science, with an unwonted sentiment of
poetry, has aptly given the specific name of Babylonica.

Bald Cypress. — Like tall sentinels stationed here and
there through the Park stand the bald cypresses {Tax-
odium distichtitn), the most columnar trees in the grounds
save the Lombardy poplar. This is a deciduous conifer ;
which means that, though having cones like evergreens,
its foliage is shed each fall — evidently one of the links
{not missing) that bridge the broad interval between
such diverse forms as the maple and the spruce.

With the impassive air of evergreens, the cypresses
have a half-mournful look that the eye cannot long dwell
upon with pleasure. They are cold and statuesque, but
the world needs some of them, though not many, for
their type strongly contrasts with everything around
them, and an observant eye will pause to note their
singularity. In full foliage they are richly but delicately
draped in green, but are most peculiar in late spring
when the closely crowded buds are just opening, and a
fine continuous ruff of light green runs along the upper
edge of every limb, strongly emphasized by the almost
black bark ; the effect is a little like that of the budding
larch, but more striking. Nature had a divided mind

63

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

in regard to its leaf-structure ; whether to make it a
series of simple, minute, narrow leaves strung along the
sides of the newly growing thread-like branch, or to
consider it a genuine pinnate leaf, as in the honey-
locust, she was plainly in doubt : and so are we ; for
many of the long leaf-stems (or branches) are dropped in
fall, and some are retained. Are we here looking upon
the very process of evolution in the ascent from the
simple to the compound leaf? Better to think this,
probably, than to suppose it a case of nature's being in
a quandary.

The cypress is native to the Southern States, and
yields valuable timber for house-finishings, etc. Like
alders and all natures of good taste it lingers by the
water's edge, and possibly finds pleasure in seeing its
tall form ever imaged in the mirror.

Hornbeam. — One of our smallest trees, often a shrub,
is the hornbeam, or ironwood (^Carpi?ius atnericand).
With a fine appreciation of the special affinities of vege-
table growth everywhere apparent, the landscape-gar-
dener has given to the water-loving hornbeam its favor-
ite place upon the shore of pond and lake. When trained
into symmetry it is a comparative failure, but in a semi-
straggling habit it is singularly effective, as may be seen
on the east side of the ' ' Pond. ' ' The leaf is quite elm-like
in appearance, and the peculiarly flat sprays show many
tiny leaves intermingled, an effect seldom seen except
in the hornbeam and an allied species. The bark is a
more ready index of the tree than in almost any other
species — dark ash, smooth as a beech, and with strange

64

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

longitudinal ridges and furrows. Its ally, the hop-
hornbeam, identical in leaf, is as unlike as possible in
the bark, which much resembles that of the white oak.
In the short fruiting season a full-laden hop-hornbeam
is extremely pretty with its abundant white or pinkish
clusters of hop-like fruit, but as a cultivated tree it is by
no means as popular as the hornbeam, and there are but
very few in the Park.

AiLANTHUS. — Among our impressive trees must cer-
tainly be named the ailanthus, of such proportions when
full-grown that it may well be the sole occupant of an
entire acre of greensward, and far too massive for lim-
ited lawns. Its two defects are its late vernation in
spring and its large-limbed, scrawny appearance in
winter, when it presents a mass of coarse, ungainly
branches, necessarily incident to its type of long and
heavy compound leaves. But amid the lifeless, ragged
appearance of foliage in general that betokens the ap-
proach of fall, this tree is remarkable for its special live-
liness and freshness of color, one of the most notable
effects in the Park at that season. On the other hand,
it is the last of our common trees to show signs of life
in spring. Far into May one might think it quite
dead amid its full-foliaged surroundings. But finally
its large buds swell, developing into a yellowish-green
pinnate leaf that soon attains a length of from two to
three feet, with thirty to forty leaflets, each quite
as large as a beech leaf. Soon the color deepens,
and in September, with its luxuriant and immense
dark-green foliage spreading majestically on every side,

65

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

it challenges admiration beyond almost any other
growth.

The ailanthus is what botanists call dioecious ; i.e., its
stamen-bearing flowers grow on one tree, and the pistil-
bearing on another. The staminate blossoms emit a
very disagreeable odor in June, which caused a reaction
from its popularity when first introduced into the coun-
try. But pistillate trees are now being exclusively
planted, and for certain situations nothing could be
more desirable ; and with large room a stately ailanthus
becomes the focal point of a broad landscape.

Beech. — One of our staple decorative trees is the
beech, a forest ornament, but much more beautiful
when, in ample space, with light and air on every side,
it can realize its type as a broad and shapely growth of
elegant form, with handsome bark and well-fashioned
leaf. An atmosphere of serenity always envelops a
beech ; we as instinctively associate it with sunshine as
the oak with storm. Its noble trunk and bark of fine
texture, with shelving sprays of full foliage, betray a dif-
ferent temperament from that of any other forest tree.
No tempests ever invade its spirit.

Our one native species will do credit to the most
select surroundings, but it is the European beech that is
commonly cultivated, having the slight advantage of
more delicate leaves, and the important merit of coming
into leaf earlier than our own by a couple of weeks.
This fact, and its great abundance in the Park, make it
the most conspicuous foreign species in spring. Noth-
ing sets off the prevailing green more effectively than

66

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

the purple-leaved beech, a mere variety of the European
form, said to have been discovered by a clergyman in a
German forest. A cluster of four can be seen on the
right after crossing the bridge. The dark color is
deepest in spring and summer, but largely '* burns off"
by fall, when the green is but slightly tinged. The
foreign beech is recognized by its smaller, rounder and
scarcely serrate leaf. The base of the trunk is but-
tressed by spreading roots even in a small beech more
than in any other tree.

European Alder. — Darkly rising from the water's
margin — its congenial situation — both at the Pond and
the Lake, is the alder, a gloomy but effective tree : not
a native growth, but from Europe, for our own alders
are only shrubs. It is ominous-looking in so sombre
hue, and sure to attract attention either in winter with
its branches thickly hung with black cone-like fruit, and
blackish bark, or in summer, luxuriant in dusky foliage.
The leaf is much like that of native alders — thickish,
oval and sharply serrate — not a handsome type, yet one
that masses up finely in suitable situations. In early
spring the alder is conspicuous for its abundance of long,
slender yellowish catkins. Although this is a primitive
mode of inflorescence, it sometimes is strikingly effec-
tive, coming as it often does, especially in birches, al-
ders and willows, before the leaves develop. Indeed,
one will rarely see a more beautiful view of its kind
than a white birch in early May, laden with slender
yellow tassels, like a rain of gold ; no ornate blossoms
could be more pleasing, the effect being heightened by

67

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

the fine tracery of twigs, flushed with the green of the
opening leaf-buds. The grace of such flowering is longer
remembered than many a more pretentious bloom.

Elms. — There is no tree that holds a prouder posi-
tion than does our favorite white elm, a distinctively
American growth, whose figure is at once unique, grace-
ful, and imposing. Elm and maple will always monopo-
lize the function of shade-trees in this country; yet
their types are so diff'erent that they can never be
rivals. The elm is built on too large a scale to be
desirable where maples are suitable. Its wide-spreading
top must have ample room, and the breadth of the arch
must be in better proportion to its height than is possi-
ble in streets of ordinary width. In its younger days it
is manifestly inferior to a maple for shade purposes; but,
like some people, it w^as created for a great occasion,
and when after a century it has attained full amplitude,
a venerable elm is the noblest type of graceful and
courtly grandeur to be found in the arboreal kingdom.
It is in the wide thoroughfares of old New England
towns that it is seen in perfection, where every other
growth, native or foreign, dwindles beside its towering,
massive figure. You would ransack Europe and Asia in
vain to find a tree that could fill the requirements of
Central Park, where the Mall is superbly bordered by
double rows of native elms.

An entirely diff'erent type is found in the famous
English elm, of which the Park aff'ords many fine exam-
ples. Lofty, of wide-spreading habit, and with some
of the oak's angularity, it is worthy of its repute as one

68

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

of Europe's favorite trees. It lacks, however, the mag-
nificent sweep of over-arching branches that makes an
ancient white elm seem like a silent benison of the
Almighty. Although called ^^Enghsh " elm, it is not
a native of that country, but was introduced many cen-
turies ago, and in its several varieties has spread over
all Europe.

No arboreal blossoms are more insignificant than the
elm's; but it needs no transient glory of bright color;
noble form, commanding size, an extremely graceful
leaf, and luxuriant foliage have given it an assured pre-
eminence in elegance and dignity. Quite inferior as
timber to oak and maple, its chief utility is ornament.
One of the fleeting pleasures of spring is to note the
first budding of the elm, as its tiny leaves expand
and fringe more deeply, day by day, the lace-like
filigree of minute twigs, until a filmy green spreads
over all.

KoELREUTERiA. — Probably the most ornate compound
leaf in the Park belongs to a species from Japan, which,
for want of any popular synonym must be introduced to
the reader under the formidable scientific name of Koel-
reuteria paniculata. Never a large tree, it is a charming
adornment of small grounds, and its bloom, late in
August, of showy panicled yellow flowers materially em-
phasizes its worth. Heavy foliage on large trees gives
strong tones to a broad landscape ; but such trees as
this, with elegant leaf-configuration in light sprays, give
to a limited area a pleasant shade without deep obscurity.
It will be found on the south border of the walk, south

69

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

of the *'Pond," not far from the cottonwoods. Color-
tones of landscape are like tones of melody ; an extensive
view, like a grand aria, calls for the widest range of the
gamut ; a miniature scene, like a simple folk-song, is
overwrought if it strikes the depths and heights.

Ash Trees. — A class of trees of no very special note
is the Ashes {Fraxinus). Their names — red, white,
green, blue, black — raise false hopes as to their beauty
and distinctiveness. Collectively, I make bold to say,
it is an indifferent group, scarcely worth cultivating for
ornament, and inferior as timber. A prominent writer
says of the white ash that it is ^'the most beautiful of
all the American species." She is entirely mistaken,
the black ash is a much prettier tree j its more numerous
and stemless leaflets give a more slender, compact form
to the leaf, which, moreover, is a dark, rich green, instead
of the faded tint of the white ash. The black ash, in
fact, is a rather dressy tree, and so is the blue ; but the
chief pleasure in finding a red or white ash is, that it
adds another to one's list of discoveries. The whole
group contributes little or nothing to the display of
autumn coloring. The European species are not essen-
tially different from our own. Ash and hickory having
much similarity in foliage, it is well to have an easy
means of distinguishing them. In the ash the leaves
are always opposite on the stem, in the hickory they are
always alternate ; and the hickory leaflets are com-
monly larger and broader. The long-winged and
abundant fruit of the ash accounts for its wide dis-
semination.

70

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

Horse-chestnut. — If the fabric of some foliage
were not thick and heavy, we should not realize how
light, airy, and translucent it sometimes is. The gar-
ments of the horse-chestnut, like rich silk, almost
** stand alone," and if her figure were Venus-like —
which it is far from being — she would be the envy of all
her tree-neighbors. Throughout the summer what a
refreshing coolness beneath those large, palmate, deep-
green leaves; but the latter glory often exceeds the
former, as in fall its mantle is sometimes dyed a golden
bronze. Its whole form is too stiff, round-topped, and
symmetrical to be strictly picturesque, yet a full-grown
specimen is of commanding aspect, and it is so luxuriant
and vigorous as to have become one of our most familiar
trees, although not indigenous, but an importation from
China. Its compact, numerous pyramids of white
flowers are of a piece with its general stiffness, but like
erect torches they illuminate the dark background in a
striking fashion.

Our native allied species, the Ohio buckeye, has but
five leaflets and pale yellow flowers. Another sort,
probably a hybrid of the Chinese and a native, with
five to seven leaflets, has rose-red petals, and is quite
pretty, and a still finer one {/Esculus Pavid)^ of Amer-
ican origin, whose entire flower is red, is found in
cultivation in the Northeastern States.

Poplars. — How unobtrusively yet forcibly trees im-
,age human temperaments and conditions ! Some are
born to command, others are menial ; and one of the
lordly sort certainly is the cottonwood or river poplar,

71

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

three or four of which on the south bank of the '' Pond*'
form one of the most impressive views in the Park, and
there are no trees throughout the grounds more likely to
attract the attention of a passer-by. Another cluster
is on the '* West Drive," near the soldiers' monument.
Better than mere size is their picturesque appearance.
It is as restful to watch those giant forms as to pause by
a babbling brook, for a breath of air puts the million
leaves a-quivering, and a moderate breeze instantly fills
them with a wild thrill of tumultuous silence. Though
such massive figures demand a long vista, younger
growths are in much favor for the lawn ; and their
rapid development, vigorous, glossy foliage, and not too
spreading form have induced their planting along many
of the streets in New York City.

In leaf-type, quivering foliage — effected by 2i flattened
instead of the usual round leaf-stem, by which it is so
weakened that the leaf is easily twisted by the wind —
and appearance of bark, our two aspens, common and
large-toothed, show themselves allied to the poplars.
With no objectionable aspects they are not sufficiently
admired for cultivation, the poor little common aspen
being hardly represented in the Park, and with not a sin-
gle specimen of the '' large-toothed " {grandidentd) ; so
that one finds them mostly in thin woods and along the
roadside, spruce little trees, that leave you asking
whether favor, as in the human kind, does not go by
luck as much as by merit. Their smooth yellowish-
gray bark is characteristic, and much prettier than that
of most small trees, and the '' large-toothed " presents
a singular appearance in early spring, when its small

72

Around the " Pond " — First Excursion

leaves are so covered with a white cottony substance as
to give, at a distance, the effect of full bloom ; but the
common aspen leaf is not thus blanketed in infancy.

The Lombardy poplar is the most columnar — fastigi-
ate, as botanists call it — of all our trees. Several small
ones are near the ^ ' Pond, ' * but a fine cluster of full-grown
ones may be seen at the extreme northern end of the
Park near the east wall. It is a tree that requires good
judgment in planting, as its singularly slender form does
not blend with all surroundings. It is a favorite tree
for country roads in some parts of Europe, but why I
could never comprehend, as its capability for shade is
almost nil.

Balsam poplar and balm of Gilead are two less familiar
members of the family ; and it is interesting to note, in
this as in similar instances, the resemblances that be-
tray kinship, sometimes plainly, often so subtly as al-
most to defy description. Indeed, the comparison and
contrast of allied forms is one of the most important
sources of pleasure in plant study, and increases our
wonder at the profound scheme of creation that has
clothed the earth with such bewildering diversity of
beauty, yet all its forms, in tones fainter or louder, ever
proclaiming their relationship and common origin.

Just as this earth is the theatre of man's evolution and
attainment of ideals, is it not equally true that, along
lower lines, other ideals in vegetable and animal life
have been constantly aimed at through the long ascent
from the original protoplasm? In recognizing this
earth as a vast moral and intellectual theatre, we must
not forget that it has been, through millions of years,

73

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

and is now, a stupendous botanical and zoological the-
atre of development as well, which adds immensely to
the dignity and significance of the long and mysterious
career of our globe.

One trait of the poplar family, seen in varying de-
gree in all its species, is a slender, tapering form not
quite like that of any other group. The Lombardy
poplar carries it to the extreme, but we find it in Cot-
tonwood and aspen in a modified way. Far as the eye
can see a balsam poplar this special feature is recog-
nizable. The whole group is like a family of children
having a common peculiarity of figure. The bark, too,
is tell - tale, and the smooth, leathery leaf. How
marvellous that somewhere in the tiny seed of each of
these species is wrapped an indestructible potency that
moulds the seedling, sapling, and the ever-growing tree
into rigid conformity to the poplar idea, yet with such
liberty of variation as makes not only the species to dif-
fer, but every tree different from every other in the same
species. In that microscopic embryo resides the forma-
tive principle of the plant's whole career, be it of se-
quoia that lives a thousand years, or of the cypress vine
that dies in six months, laying strong hand on every
branch, guiding each twig, determining the unfolding
of leaf, the fashion of flower and fruit, and appointing
its stature ; even its sentence of death is somewhere
written in the tiny germ. We look with wonder and
awe upon some of the mighty developments of plant
life ; we may well bend in reverence before that tiny
miracle of nature, a seed.

Of all the poplars the most picturesque is certainly
74

Around the " Pond "—First Excursion

the '' silver-leaf" {Populiis alba), which betrays as
much of a poetic temperament as is possible to be ex-
pressed in the arboreal type of growth. It breaks away
from the poplar characteristics of slenderness, and pre-
sents a portly breadth that is at once dignified and
graceful. One must have a year's experience of a tree
to know its most inviting aspect. In this poplar it
seems to be in the early budding period ; the dark and
deeply furrowed bark of the lower trunk is then seen
merging into the peculiarly mottled white of the summit
and of the spreading branches, and the entire pose of
its striking figure pleases the eye as it stands projected
against the sky, softened only by a wealth of slender
pendent catkins. The Park contains several notable
specimens of it, particularly one just north of the large
reservoir. It is hardly less beautiful in foliage, for the
small and finely shaped leaf, with something of the con-
tour of the ivy, is of a rich green above and silky white
beneath. Its popularity has been lessened by its pro-
pensity to spread by suckers from the root — a very lazy
objection to the cultivation of such a beautiful figure.
Introduced long ago from Europe it is now quite accli-
mated. No class of trees is oftener referred to in
ancient poetry than the poplars, and it is this '^silver-
leaf" species that is particularized.

Chestnut. — Chestnut, oak, and hickory show the
savage side of vegetation, for which we all have some
affinity, as we have for lions and tigers. Such trees can
never be tamed to gentleness, they scorn refinement.
But a huge chestnut, given a wide clear space, shows a

75

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

sort of brutal grandeur that is without competitor in all
our sylva. It is one of the few lordly trees ; heroic, a
sort of epic poem. Examined in detail there may be
much to criticise, but it is cast on broad lines and
refuses to be judged piecemeal ; in its entirety it is irre-
sistible. What a tremendous girth of trunk, what huge
branches flung on every side, each fit to be a sizable
bole ; how it scorns the thought of being graceful ;
every leaf wears a repellent air in its long rows of sharp
teeth ; its burs are untouchable ; it is a ponderous mass
of grim unsociability ; you may admire supremely, but
you could hardly love a rugged old chestnut.

But in June it takes a different fancy, and a cloud of
misty white envelops it — it is majestically in bloom, and
for miles around it is the towering centre of attraction ;
its millions of tiny blossoms conspire to produce one of
the most stupendous floral displays of nature. How
gracefully those slender, cream -white catkins hang by
thousands from every point of attachment — it is the
feat of forestry ! The man who is not impressed in an
unusual way by a magnificent chestnut in its June glory
— the grand finale of our amentaceous bloom — must be
almost incapable of being touched by any of the beau-
ties of nature.

76

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THE POINT

ON "THE POINT" — SECOND
EXCURSION

"The knottie maples, pallid birch, hawthornes,
The horn-bound tree that to be cloven scornes,
The dyer's shumach, with more trees there be,
That are both good to use and rare to see."

— William Wood.

STANDING on the grand stairway at the north
end of the Mall, and looking northeastward
across the esplanade, one sees a narrow strip of
land projecting into the water, which is commonly
called " The Point." Leaving the fountain on the left,
passing the group of magnolias, the austere cedar of
Lebanon, and the boat-house with its numerous pleasure-
fleet, and turning to the left, we reach the little tongue
of land jutting into the Lake. No spot of the same area
in the Park is so stocked with interesting trees ; for in a
length of scarcely two hundred feet one may find
twenty-three species, single and clustered, viz. : sassa-
fras, flowering dogwood, wild black cherry, yellow
locust, black haw, swamp white oak, nettle-tree, white
elm, mocker-nut hickory, white birch, paper birch,
cockspur thorn, European bird-cherry, scarlet oak,
hornbeam, European yew, Norway spruce, smoke-tree,
hemlock, alder, aspen, pin oak.

77

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Sassafras. — Our most aromatic tree, in root, leaf and
bark, is the sassafras, with also a spicy odor in the flower.
The blossom comes before the leaf, and a large tree in
full bloom is a golden ornament of April; very con-
spicuous, too, for the deep yellow clusters have almost
the monopoly of color, standing out boldly against the
bare forms of the woodland. The foliage has no special
recommendation except that best of all blessings, health-
fulness. One soon learns to recognize the tree from its
deeply furrowed, yellow-tinted bark, which is rougher,
even in a small tree, than in other trunks three times its
age and size.

The sassafras is not as important a plant as when
its medicinal virtues were in high esteem, but none
the less interesting to the botanist. For ornament it is
not a tree to choose ; too good wantonly to uproot, but
hardly worth deliberate planting, at least in such large
numbers as one finds in the Park. It spreads rapidly
by shoots from the root, so that a full-grown tree is apt
to be surrounded by a flourishing brood of saplings.
The fruit is berry-like and dark blue, on reddish stems,
and eagerly sought by the birds. The most noticeable
characteristic is the variant form of leaf, the mulberry-
leaf being the only other one that is like it in this re-
spect ; for while the majority of its leaves are " entire,"
some are two-lobed, others three-lobed, and all the dif-
ferent shapes are often growing on the same twig. The
foreign mulberry shows an even greater variation on the
same plant.

The " entire " form of leaf, /.<r., with a smooth edge,
always gives a colorless character to foliage. This is

73

On " The Point " — Second Excursion

one secret of the attractiveness of maple, elm, beech, and
oak, as compared with catalpa, persimmon, osage orange,
sour gum, and sassafras. Magnolias and rhododendrons
have entire leaves also, but the effect is somewhat offset
by their rich green and heavy texture. There are com-
paratively few species of plants to whose leaves Nature
has not taken the pains to give the finish of a fringed
edge. Let one examine a dozen leaves of different
species in this one respect alone, and it will be a revela-
tion of nature's skill in ornamentation before unrealized.
In my opinion, the peculiar serrate edge in the elm is
the most elegant of any native tree.

Locusts. — Of native ornamental trees none are
more generally cultivated and distinctive in their whole
atmosphere than the locusts, a pleasing text for any tree-
lover to dilate upon. Two of them being brothers
(botanically), and the third a first cousin, we had best
consider them together, the better to note their points
of contrast, although only the common locust is found
upon " The Point."

As regards foliage, by far the finest is the honey-lo-
cust, which is indeed unequalled among all our trees for
its exquisite feathery verdure, resulting from the minute
dissection of its decompound leaf, forming the most airy
sprays of foliage imaginable, emphasized by the often
imposing altitude, and an extremely dark-colored bark
— a most striking union of virility and grace. Compare
it for a moment with any other pinnate-leaved tree, like
the butternut or ash, and its extreme delicacy is at
once evident. It is in the middle of May that the mul-

79

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

titudinous, half-developed leaves bursting forth from a
large honey-locust can only be compared to a fleecy
emerald cloud enshrouding the massive black trunk and
branches; nothing in our vegetation rivals it, except
the wondrous misty green of the tamarix in fall, the
most strikingly beautiful shrub, as regards foliage, that
the Park contains.

In a tree of such temper one is surprised to find the
trunk horrent with dense clusters of formidable spines,
each spine a poignant condensation of an entire branch
into a rigid needle, the spines themselves branching
into other spines, and covering large portions of the
trunk, in some cases, with their horrid masses — and for
what earthly purpose? At least it is an interesting
parable of good and evil mixed in the same nature.

Having been so lavish in foliage-beauty, nature wisely
withheld the crowning charm of handsome inflorescence,
lest the honey-locust << should be exalted above meas-
ure"— possibly we have here the meaning of the spines,
they are ''thorns in the flesh"! One scarcely knows
when it is in blossom, it is such an insignificant matter,
but the minute flowers ripen nto portentous pods eight
to ten inches long, and an inch wide, yellowish-green
as they dangle from the boughs in September, but soon
blackening and clinging through the winter, till they
fall, twisted and unsightly, strewing the ground. The
color of bark and pod gives the name of black locust,
and " honey " locust comes from the yellow pulp in the
pod. The Park contains several fine clusters of this
species, the largest being east of the ''West Drive,"
near the Seventy-second Street entrance.

80

On " The Point " — Second Excursion

With a pinnate leaf of larger leaflets than in the fore-
going, the common locust mingles most gracefully with
such simple-leaved trees as the linden, catalpa, and ma-
ple. But its finest feature is its long pendent racemes
of fragrant white blossoms, filling the air with delicious
perfume. A large cluster can be seen on '' The Point,"
which well rewards a visit in blossoming time, the last
of May. Odor is the vaguest charm in the world of
sense, a sort of spiritual presence, on the very confines
of matter, sometimes as subtle as a blush, and evanes-
cent as a smile. But, vague as it is, no other sensations
are so indelible in the memory, inseparably blending
with experience sweet and bitter, so that the most casual
whiff invokes a vision of events in years long fled.

A cluster of much larger locusts will be found at the
extreme northwest end of the Park. This species has
bark that is rough and much lighter colored than the
preceding. The bark is prickly, especially on the
younger growth, but in the honey-locust it is thorny;
the difference is radical. Prickles, however large, are
an outgrowth of the bark ; peel off the bark and the
prickles go with it; thorns or spines are metamorphosed
branches, and proceed from the wood beneath the bark,
and are rigidly attached. The pods of the common
locust also hang all winter, but are neither so long nor
black, as in the honey-locust.

''All good things go in threes," says the proverb,
and the author may have had locusts in mind when he
said it : for quite as ornamental in its way is the third
member of the trio, the clammy locust {Robinia viscosd),
which is one of the unfortunate omissions of the Park

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

which seems unaccountable. This is a smaller tree than
either of the others, often found in blossom as a shrub, and
less familiar than the other two, being found wild only
in the southern part of our territory, but considerably
cultivated at the North. Its foliage effect is almost pre-
cisely that of the common locust, though sharp eyes will
detect the mucronate or finely pointed apex of each
leaflet. The two important distinctive features are the
stickiness of leaf-stem and branchlets, more marked than
in the butternut, and its dense and abundant masses of
pink-white or rose-colored flowers — pea-shaped, as in
the allied species — with a most delicate aroma, and far
handsomer than those of the acacia. Another advan-
tage is its later and more prolonged flowering ; for its
first bloom is not until about the first of July, and this
is followed a month later by another, more restricted,
yet quite showy. This beautiful growth, shapely and
perfectly hardy, deserves much wider popularity. Its
late flowering particularly commends it, and it is un-
equalled by any other native tree — scarcely by any
foreign — in the size, prodigality, and rich tint of its
flower-clusters. This, too, is often thorny, like its
kindred.

Hickories. — It is a transition that has the merit of
strongest contrast to speak next of the hickory — tough,
strong, and coarse-grained, without a particle of poetry
in its nature, forgive me, ye that think the contrary —
and may the writer pardon me who calls it "one of
our most picturesque trees ' ' ! Next to the chestnut,
it is our most rugged type of forest - growth, and its

82

On " The Point " — Second Excursion

pinnate leaves are of the largest and coarsest. As
timber, the hickory renders the most menial, yet a most
important, service, rising no higher in utilitarian art
than the manufacture of farming implements and parts
of carriages, and unsurpassed as fuel ; whereas the oak,
hardly less coarse-natured on the exterior, has so fine a
grain as to be adequate for the choicest cabinet work.

Yet this very roughness — a sort of brutal masculinity
— secures for the hickory a distinctive interest, some-
thing as Satan, in " Paradise Lost," has a " bad pre-
eminence " that makes him the fascinating hero. We
must certainly honor a tree whose brawn and muscle
enable it to play so responsible a part in life's utilities.
In its own sphere, although farthest from ornamental, it
stands pre-eminent.

I feel a pity for some of our trees with rather colorless
individualities ; not strong-fibred enough to be down-
right serviceable, not refined enough to be ornamental
— prosy characters, a sort of drone in the universal hive
of industry. As the world is constituted, utility has the
precedence of beauty, and the hickory is a good illustra-
tion of the providence that looks out for our lowest
even more than for our highest needs. Enumerate the
greatest blessings of life — health, food, sunlight, water,
air — the lowest creatures possess them as much as we,
they are the indispensables. And so the hickory,
though it never veneers our furniture like the oak, does
quite as much to keep the machinery of life in motion.

Most of the hickories — we have nine of them in Amer-
ica, and no other continent has any — are distinguish-
able from each other in foliage by rather small differences,

83

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

which will be found stated in the detailed descriptions.
The bark has a peculiarly tough and obstinate look in
all of them, and the fruits are quite diverse. Of hick-
ory-nuts only the ' ' shagbark ' ' and the pecan-nut (a
hickory growing in Illinois and southward) have com-
mercial value. It will gild the edge of this somewhat
unflattering account to say that the hickory contributes
a very distinctive tone to autumn coloring. The rusty
yellow that first replaces the green soon deepens to a
rich golden brown, by which the full-foliaged pyramidal
mass becomes a notable object in an October landscape.

Black Haw. — Of all low trees and shrubs in woods
and lanes the most conspicuous for abundant bloom in
the middle of May, as the dogwood fades, is the black
haw or stag-bush, one of the most valuable of native
growths for planting broadcast, and very desirable for
the particular season when in flower. It is cosmopolitan,
thriving anywhere, and its mass of pure white makes it
for the nonce the rival of the apple-tree, and the later-
blooming thorn. True, it is not exactly a *' cultured "
plant ; it lacks the indefinable something that makes so
many of our shrubs decorative when past the blooming
period. Its small leaf, in form and texture, is scarcely
dressy enough to compete with the choicer kinds. But
it is such a royal blossomer that in its palmy days of
May it is a very effective species for the lawn, and much
of the beauty of Central Park at that season is due to
the abundant planting of this small variety. After its
gala-day of flowering — which, by the way, is of good
length — it is fairly crowded out of mind by the other

84

On " The Point " — Second Excursion

forms of inflorescence that come so thick and fast. But
in early fall the eye reverts to it again ; its whiteness
has turned to abundant blue-black berry-clusters, and
the deep reddish -brown or bronze tint of foliage is
exclusively its own.

Nettle-tree. — An evident favorite of those who
stocked the Park (for it is profusely scattered throughout
the grounds) is the nettle-tree, also called hackberry
and sugarberry. East of Ohio it is rarely found except
in cultivation, as its habitat is chiefly the Middle and
Western States. Its leaf is small, rather triangular, and
decidedly lop-sided, as the linden is to some extent. It
is said to resemble the elm-leaf closely, but the differ-
ence, to a fairly good eye, is greater than the resemblance.
Why it is made so much of in the Park I cannot discover,
unless they secured a ''job lot" at a bargain. I have
tried hard to get interested in this species, with but poor
success. It is one of the easiest to recognize in winter,
as its branches are often filled with large clusters of
coarse dead fibre, the withered stems of the fascicled
staminate flowers; and its smooth, beech-like bark is
covered toward the base with blistered excrescences not
found in any other tree. It has no blossoms worth men-
tioning, its dark berry-like fruit is not so abundant as
to be attractive, and the foliage withers without a par-
ticle of color in fall. This is the faintest praise with
which I can bless this species.

Wild Black Cherry. — But a good, honest ornament
of our woods, and which bears itself most creditably in

85

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

the more elegant surroundings of a lawn stocked with
foreign growth, is the familiar wild black cherry. We
are often surprised that it can make so brave a show in
polite society. It cannot fill a niche in a corner, like
the black haw, for it is commonly a sizable, sometimes
an imposing tree, a few in the Park being of such mag-
nitude as to make their blossoming a striking spectacle.
One of the finest is just north of the '^ Reading-room,"
at the northwest corner of the '' Ramble." While the
black haw banks up well against other growths, afford-
ing a fringe of white to overlay the various greens, a
wild cherry demands a spot where it can monopolize
the view, a towering snowy mass upon the greensward.
It is not accounted one of the choicer species, for it has
the forest-flavor ; but a rugged, freely growing sort, that
for a large lawn is as satisfying as many that are more
pretentious. It does not pass from view after flowering,
for its shapely leaf grows more leathery and glossy as
autumn approaches, its fruit hangs thick in August, to
the great delight of the birds — and the deep crimson of
its October coloring is a conspicuous feature in the land-
scape. Moreover, it has a picturesque figure as it grows
larger. The bark is singularly rough and ragged, ap-
parently indicating an unhealthy tree ; doubtless a false
inference, as in every other respect it is perfectly
thrifty. The spicy fruit is not unpalatable, and is still
more agreeable in its fermented state to those addicted
to ' ' rum cherry. ' '

The European bird-cherry, standing at the extremity
of the Point, is quite as prodigal of its long racemes as
the black cherry, and surprises one with its beauty at

86

On '' The Point " — Second Excursion

the instant of full bloom with its countless sweeping
tassels of white, but in foliage it is inferior, and it lacks
the picturesque atmosphere of its relative.

Birches. — The birch family belongs to what in Eu-
ropean society would be called the ^' upper middle
class," and a patent of nobility, more deserved than in
many such conferments, has been granted to one mem-
ber of it, the cut-leaved weeping white birch. AH the
species — black, yellow, red, paper, and white — deserve
favorable mention, and the beauty of their forest-growth
is often transferred to adorn the lawn, all being found
in the Park.

The black or sweet birch is most widely known, many
people's acquaintance with it being, indeed, more inti-
mate than they think, for it is the oil extracted from its
bark that gives the '*wintergreen " flavor of a well-
known tooth - powder. This shares with the yellow
birch the peculiarity of having its leaves mostly in
pairs ^ giving unusual effect to a spray of foliage. The
most obvious difference of these two species is the yel-
lowish, silvery-gray bark of the latter, that exfoliates in
very thin layers whose ends are curled up, while the
dark-brown bark of the sweet birch shows only a trace
of exfoliation. In some yellow birches the trunk is as
beautiful as it is unusual ; the bark is less aromatic than
in the black birch. The river birch, with its branches
slender and drooping, furnishes material for *^ birch
brooms."

The most ornamental are the '* paper " and the white
birch ; the former, with broader, almost roundish, leaf,

87

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

is the more northerly, where it strongly punctuates the
forests with its bole of chalky white ; it is of larger
growth than the white birch, which is the pride of the
family, with its languid elegance of form and careless
grace,

•* The Lady of the forest,"

as Tennyson calls it, and at all times beautiful. In
winter, when its tangled mass of fine twigs fashion lace-
like designs upon the sky ; in spring, when thickly
hung with long, bright yellow aments ; and in summer,
when its tapering, lustrous leaves array the tree in foli-
age almost as light as gossamer — in each successive sea-
son one finds new pleasure in this slight figure that in
exquisite refinement rivals all other native growth. It
lacks the vigor and positiveness of many other trees, yet
I believe that if all the white birches were eliminated
from the Park, it would mar the scenery more than the
loss of any other one species. Nature has certainly
realized one of her ideals in the weeping cut-leaved
birch, that sways in every lightest breeze, a fountain of
green spray. Several fine examples can be seen a little
beyond the northwest corner of the " Ramble."

Thorn-trees. — No family of small trees fills so large
a place in landscape-gardening, through the combined
merits of fine foliage, notable bloom, and attractive
winter-ornamentation, as our thorn-trees, comprising
the cockspur, white, black, evergreen, and the famous
EngHsh hawthorn which is now beginning to be natural-
ized. They are all of low growth, often shrubby, filling
a niche far too small for cottonwood, linden, or locust,

On " The Point " — Second Excursion

yet requiring something more positive than mere shrubs.
The thorns that grow freely on the branches, though
long, are no disfigurement, the tree's form is comely,
the leaf bright and healthy and clearly individualized
in the several species, the luxuriant bloom is one of the
attractions even of the month of flowers, and, as summer
wanes, the prodigal clusters of scarlet berries begin to
show themselves, gleaming through the russet autumn
leaves, a shower of ruddy drops against a winter's sky,
rivalling the mountain-ash and holly. The whole an-
nual career of a thorn-tree is a case of patient continu-
ance in well-doing, and it does not lose its reward in the
world's wide approbation.

The middle of ^' The Point " becomes, early in June,
a broad sheet of white, which shows to best advantage
from the boat-house and the grand stairway of the Ter-
race, for here in one solid group are twenty-three cock-
spur thorns, one more, to make a round two dozen,
standing off by itself. But the paragon of thorns is the
red-flowered variety of the English hawthorn, which is
superb enough to warrant my giving its name in all its
pretentious fulness — Cratcegus oxyacantha flore plena
rosea. Among all the beauties scattered so profusely
throughout the Park, four will always recur to my mind
as perfectly unique — the gorgeous full bloom of the
yulan in the last of April, the pink-robed double-flow-
ered English hawthorn in June, the weeping willows
in early spring, and in fall the exquisite tamarix, that
marvel of green mist low lying on the ground, the most
vaporous exhalation of verdure to be seen in northern
latitudes.

89

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

One instantly knows the cockspur thorn by its pecul-
iar leaf — polished and thick, rounded at top and with
a long-tapering base ; none other is more deluged in
bloom, but the black and scarlet perhaps show a greater
profusion of fruit. The cockspur is the one most used
for hedges, though now being displaced by the thorny
osage orange. In planting thorns it is well to choose a
variety, as they differ in their flowering periods, the
cockspur being the latest, as the scarlet is about the
earliest.

90

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY CE ILLINOIS

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THE LAKE
The arrow shows the starting-point and the direction of the route.

ALONG THE LAKESIDE-
THIRD EXCURSION

*' The glossy holly loved the park,
The yew-tree lent its shadow dark,
And many an old oak, worn and bare,
With all its shiver'd boughs, was there."

— Sir Walter Scott.

CAN a lazy person, averse to long rambles, dis-
cover a pleasant path of ten minutes' length,
along which he can find, mostly within touch,
fifty ornamental tree-species, native and foreign, singly
and in clusters, picturesquely grouped, illustrating every
prominent type of form, foliage, and fruit in the growth
of sylva, at home and abroad ? Yes, the landscape-
gardener of the Park has provided just such an oppor-
tunity along the west side of the Lake, and this is the
route of our present excursion. The following list is the
briefest possible account of what is brought into view
successively by beginning at the south end of the
** Bow-Bridge," and following the path around the
west side till one reaches the little bridge at the north
end of the Lake. The distance is covered in less than
ten minutes.

Weeping Beech Weeping Willow

Mossy-cup Oak Sophora Japonica

Swamp Magnolia Angelica-tree

91

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Wild Black Cherry

Norway Maple

Sassafras

Cut-leaved Beech

Red Maple

Silver-bell-tree

Ailanthus

Shagbark Hickory

Alder

Ginkgo

Paulownia

Osage Orange

Black Thorn

Cockspur Thorn

Bald Cypress

Nettle-tree

Catalpa

Elm

Black Birch

Flowering Dogwood

Sweet Gum

White Birch

White Oak

Hop-tree

Fringe-tree

Common Locust

White Ash

Koelreuteria

Hornbeam

Honey-locust

Linden

Cottonwood

Umbrella-tree

Purple Magnolia

Tulip-tree

Buttonwood

Turkey Oak

Weeping Birch

Shadbush

Scarlet Thorn

Slippery Elm

Arborvitae

Hemlock

Weeping and Cut-leaved Trees. — An exceedingly
graceful novelty of recent horticulture is the " weeping "
tree, in most cases effected by grafting pendulous
branches upon an erect trunk. The commonest illus-
tration of this artful treatment of nature is found in the
weeping birch and weeping beech, two specimens of the
latter flanking the southern approach to the ' ' Bow-
Bridge." A really superb instance of the same will be
found on the north side of the '' Ramble," where three
tall weeping beeches are so closely clustered as to pro-
duce one of the finest and most novel effects in green to
be found in the entire Park. It is in an open space

92

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

about four hundred feet southeast of the Belvedere.
Pendulous varieties of the maple, mulberry, mountain-
ash, and elm are also cultivated, and all being of small
size are serviceable for the smallest lawns. Perhaps the
best as regards curious foliage is the weeping Russian
mulberry {Morus tartarica penduld)^ whose leaf is one of
the most ornate among trees. A few of these and of the
weeping ash and elm would do more to diversify the
Park than any number of European varieties whose dif-
ferences are purely microscopic.

Nature has also been coaxed into that extremely dis-
sected form of foliage known as the cut-leaved, beautiful
examples of which in Japanese purple-leaved maple, su-
mach, oak, and white birch are in the Park. Though
botanically only *■ ' varieties, ' ' they are of far more pro-
nounced effect than many of the distinct species, and are
one of the most important innovations in landscape
gardening that modern times have produced. Another
quite as important is the purple-leaved foliage, with
which the Park is well supplied ; if one will look over
the wall in the vicinity of East Seventy-second Street
— the best spot in the Park for studying purple and cut-
leaved foliage — he will find admirable examples of purple
or rose -purple leaves in white birch, Japanese and syca-
more maples and beech, all within a hundred feet of each
other. Some of the purple beeches in these grounds
are simply magnificent. The Japanese plum, also in the
Park, is becoming popular as a purple-leaved dwarf tree.

Mossy-cup Oak. — Near the weeping beeches at
** Bow-Bridge," across the path, one must note the fine

93

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

mossy-cup oak {Quercus macrocarpd), one of the finest
oaks in the Park — broad, luxuriant, and majestic. The
leaf, in contour, lustre, and leathery texture, resembles
the swamp white oak's more than any other, but a criti-
cal eye will soon note that the lower half is very deeply
lobed, and that the lobes of the upper half suddenly be-
come very small ; it is also a very large leaf, sometimes
twelve or even fifteen inches long, exceeding every other
in the genus. The *'cup" is also peculiar in the
fringe at its edge, which gives it the name of " mossy-
cup "; and the acorn is sometimes of huge size, occa-
sionally nearly two inches across. Its open and com-
manding position displays most admirably this splendid
growth, and it is a pleasure to add that it is one of our
*' home products," being found in a large area of the
country, and rated as one of the finest in North Amer-
ica.

Maples. — With nearly two hundred native hardy spe-
cies to choose from, maples must possess very special
merits that they should constitute more than nine-tenths,
perhaps forty-nine-fiftieths, of all the trees planted along
the streets in the Northeastern United States. The
reason for this unanimity of choice is easily apparent.
Many other species have one or another of the maple's
excellences, but none other has them all.

First, it is very healthy and luxuriant in bark and
foliage — the greatest desideratum of all. Secondly, it
is not only symmetrical, but its form exactly adapts it
to the requirements of street and sidewalk — tall and siz-
able, but not too broad ; the equally symmetrical beech

94

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

is too wide-spreading for the situation. Again, the maple
is a rapid grower ; some trees would require twenty or
thirty years to attain the size of a ten-year-old maple ;
this secures shade and ornament in the briefest period
after planting. The fast-growing cottonwood, which
has many of the maple's virtues, is also coming into
popularity, as may be seen in the recent plantings of
many New York streets. An important element in the
effectiveness of the maple is the configuration of its leaf.
This tree shows an endless gradation of greens, and a
certain lightness of effect, even in the densest foliage,
both resulting largely from the shape of the leaf. A
street lined with the horse-chestnut, linden, or catalpa
would present a very different and heavy appearance.
The eye is pleased by the maple's beautiful blending of
soft tones, its endless alternation of light and shade.
But if the leaf were as small as in the white birch or
the common aspen, the shade would not be thick enough.
And lastly, the normal height of the maple prevents its
overgrowth in streets of usual width ; but in exception-
ally broad avenues, as in old country towns, recourse
must be had to the lofty, wide-spreading elm.

Besides our three native species — red or soft, sugar or
rock, and white or silver-leaf — two from Europe, the
Norway and sycamore maples, are now widely used in
street and lawn. The leaf-type of these is much the
same, but darker and larger, especially in the Norway.
Neither is handsomer than a fine sugar maple, but the
advantage of the foreign sorts — a peculiarity common,
by the way, to most imported species — is, that they
come into leaf about two weeks earlier, and retain their

95

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

leaves about two weeks longer than our native species —
an important consideration from every point of view.
The field maple {Acer campestre), of Europe, is made
too much of in the Park, as it is a quite inferior species.
Its leaf-tvpe, as one can see by referring to the illustra-
tions, is least ornamental of all maples.

Two other interesting native species, oftener shrubs
than trees, with a northern and mountainous range, are
the striped and mountain maples, with very distinctive
leaves. Both blossom much later than the other sorts,
and the abundant long clusters of bright red-winged
fruit, hanging from the striped maple along a mountain-
road in August, will catch the aimless eye of the most
inattentive observer. This is the only species whose
flower-cluster is erect, drooping only as the fruit ripens.

The box-elder, or ash-leaved maple, with a com-
pound leaf, would never be admitted to the family,
were it not for its doubly winged fruit, which is the in-
dubitable proof of kinship ; this is of more westerly
range, but often planted eastward, where a small, quick-
growing, graceful tree is desired. With identical fruit,
but widely diverse foliage, there must be several '' miss-
ing links" — possibly held fast in the rock strata —
between the box-elder and all other maples.

This family fills a niche in nature and nature-art that
could be supplied by no other tree-group, the world
over. Its supreme glory, however, is in the transient
period of autumn coloring, and here the native species
are pre-eminent. The sour gum and dogwood may
show quite as startling a scarlet, the tulip-tree and ginkgo
as rich a yellow ; but for lavish quantity of gorgeous

96

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

tint, and interminable blendings of rich shades, noth-
ing approaches our plebeian red maple. It is the artist
tree. In early spring it flings out a wealth of crimson
flowers that is only prevented by our familiarity with
it from being more highly prized. When the blossoms
fade, the crimson dye runs back and suff'uses the leaf-
stems, whence later it spreads over the red-winged
fruit, and at last the fire that has long smouldered
breaks out into an October conflagration, that finally
consumes the foliage to ashes. The sugar maple is
often a mass of uniform light yellow, whose falling
leaves strew the ground with a strange sunshine. But
the white maple, whose deeply cut foliage gives it an
especially ' ' dressy ' ' look through the summer, turns to
a lifeless yellow, or simply withers.

Linden. — In marked contrast to maples are the lin-
dens, that present an altogether difl'erent type of figure,
leaf, and flower. Basswood and lime-tree are names of
two of the species, the latter being a favorite in Europe,
and figuring prominently in ancient poetry. Two or
three hundred years is a great age for most trees, but
there are authentic instances of the linden surviving
nearly a thousand.

We have three native species, two with very large,
and one with small leaves. With compact head and
thickly branched, the large - leaved species produce
remarkably dense foliage, with a contrasting eff'ect,
against elms, maples, and birches, that is fine ; but the
form and size of leaf preclude a graceful appearance.
For small grounds, therefore, the common basswood is

97

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

not advisable, having the slight additional demerits of
budding late in spring, and shedding its leaves quite
early, littering the ground with their large withered
forms. The small-leaved and the European species
are more desirable, and they are scarcely distinguish-
able, the main difference being a very slight variation in
the small flower, which will only be seen upon close
inspection. The flowers are cream- white and quite
pretty, but not very conspicuous, curiously attached to a
long wing that flies away with the seed in the fulness of
time. Their delightful fragrance lures the bees, and the
honey-fame of Hybla resulted from the abundant lindens
on its slopes.

Catalpa. — Catalpa is the Indian name of our most
tropical - looking tree, with perhaps the exception of
some of the magnolias. Chiefly a denizen of the South
it is thoroughly hardy in the Northern States, and one
of the most generally cultivated in park and lawn. It
must be planted singly amid small-leaved trees, as its
own immense leaf is clumsy when thickly massed ; but a
better foil for locust, elm, and white birch could not be
imagined. With tropical laziness, it is one of the very
last to show signs of life in spring, other trees being in
full leaf and often past their flowering, before the ca-
talpa bestirs itself; but its foliage is retained well into
the fall, and its late flowering, in the last of June and in
July, which is quite a brilliant affair, helps to lengthen
out the inflorescent period of our trees. In our latitude
its figure is commonly low, spreading, and exceedingly
ungraceful. Like an ungainly individual most catalpas

98

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

throw their limbs about in a most awkward, sprawling
fashion, and know nothing of grace and symmetry.
Yet occasionally a less uncouth specimen towers upward
in symmetrical dignity, much like the mountain-mag-
nolia. Such a tree in full bloom is a revelation. Its
bark is so distinctive as readily to identify the species,
but it is not an interesting feature of the tree. In fall
it hangs full of pods a foot long or more that remain
all winter and give the plant the name of Indian bean.
It is a thrifty species, easily cultivated both from slips
and from seed, and the Park contains many specimens,
especially the '* Ramble" and southward.

Angelica - TREE. — A real arboreal curiosity, that
looks, more than anything else in the Park, as if made
when nature was in one of her tantrums — if she ever gets
into that undignified state — is a plant euphemistically
called angelica-tree ; but one finds its nature much
better expressed in its two other more fitting names,
Hercules' Club and Devil's Walking-stick, which state
frankly and fairly the character of this savage little beast
of vegetation.

Imagine a grim-looking stump ten to fifteen feet high
and tapering gradually to the apex, scarcely branching
except toward the top, beset throughout with long sharp
spines, and from the summit throwing off in close suc-
cession a series of immense doubly or trebly compound
leaves sometimes over three feet long and two or more in
breadth, and one will understand the remarkable appear-
ance of this strange growth. Stripped of its foliage,
Hercules could not have asked for a better club, and for

99

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

a fiendish walking-stick it must be the devil's own choice.
The linking of '' angelica-tree" with such apt terms as
these finds no rational explanation in science or poetry.
In the South it attains a height of forty to fifty feet,
and its huge tuft of leaves spreading in all directions at
the summit produces something of the appearance of a
palm ; but at the North it has only a scrubby, surly
look of malignant deformity, ugly in summer, uglier in
winter. The massive leaf-stem is stout enough to be a
sizable branch, but the ultimate leaflets are scarcely three
inches long. In July and August, towering above its
palm-like elegance of foliage, rise long loose clusters of
whitish blossoms, which ripen into black berry-like fruit
that hangs long into the ..inttr. In its autumn tints of
yellow and red — the devil's sulphur and flames, to carry
out the analogy — it shows to best advantage. A large
cluster of these monstrosities are at the southwest corner
of the Lake, at the water's edge, and two specimens are
close to the walk which our companion-reader is now
following.

SoPHORA Japonica. — Close by the angelica-tree is a
Japanese importation but little known, the sophora, of
erect, graceful form, and with pinnate leaves that are
quite suggestive of the locust, but more tapering. Like
so much of pinnate-leaved vegetation in tree, shrub, and
herb, this is a leguminose species, which means that its
type of flower and pod is that of the pea and bean. The
association of these forms of leaves and flowers, and the
frequency of yellow blossoms in this family are facts for
which science as yet offers no explanation.

lOO

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

The sophora blossoms late in summer, bearing com-
pound clusters or panicles of whitish flowers not particu-
larly ornamental. An American species quite similar is
found in the far west and south. In every prominent
aspect it is as unlike the red-bud as possible, yet they
stand almost side by side in botany, which illustrates
how unlike are the points of view of the scientist and
the mere nature-loving observer.

BuTTONWOOD. — Widely distributed throughout the
country is the buttonwood, a group of which, near the
north end of our route, are among the more imposing
trees of the Park, but in their wild growth in the Eastern
States they cannot usually command much admiration.
But there are buttonwoods and buttonwoods; a man
may be handicapped by his environment as well as by
his ancestry, and often only needs transplanting into
surroundings that will bring out all there is in him,
and] surprise both himself and his friends. This has
evidently been the happy lot of the Park buttonwoods —
called sycamores in the West — and this particular cluster
is one of the noblest there. It is in winter that their
stately trunks, wide-reaching massive limbs, and smooth
yellowish bark are brought into full relief, and emphasize
the desirability of studying such growths in their bared
forms as much as when nearly concealed by foliage. In
most buttonwoods the thin bark flakes ofl" in large irreg-
ular patches, much to the detriment of its good looks,
but those referred to are unusually smooth.

As a rule, in woody plants the incipient bud of
next year's growth may be distinctly seen in the angle

lOI

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

of leaf-stem and branch as early as May. In some
trees, like the hickory, it becomes quite large by fall ;
but not a trace of it will you see in the buttonwood ;
but a little scrutiny shows the base of the leaf-stem quite
swollen ; detach it from the branch, and the end is
found to be a hollow cup, and the new bud can now be
seen on the branch neatly fitted to the cup, which all
summer had completely enveloped it. This is a mys-
tery ; the careful protection of the bud through the win-
ter we could understand ; but in this case — and the
same is true of the rarely seen * ' yellow- wood ' ' and a
few others — protection is given when it seems needless,
and withdrawn just as it might be of service. Every
operation of nature, however, has a motive, and this is
what makes her endless variations of conduct so inter-
esting.

Magnolias. — We have no group in which the family
type is more distinctive and apparent than in magnolias ;
manifest in figure, bark, leaf, and flower, the brother-
hood of the species is very striking. It is a hard family
for the anti-evolutionist to deal with. Its sympathies
are in the South-land, the most tropical of our growths;
bravely bearing our Northern clime, its affinities are
more with palms than pines. One species, the swamp
magnolia, to the surprise of scientists, has been found as
far north as Cape Ann, in Massachusetts, yet it is as
rare as the mocking-bird in all other Northern States,
and is practically a sub-tropical species like the others.
Though called a tree, it looks more like an overgrown
shrub in the incertitude of its trunk. Its dark green,

Along the Lakeside — Third Excursion

glossy, and thick leaf is much like that of the rubber-
plant and rhododendron, but falls in November at the
North. Its blossom is of exquisite texture, cream-white
and odorous, two to three inches in diameter, the small-
est of all magnolia flowers. It shows the family trait of
few and coarse branches, with the foliage mostly clus-
tered at the ends. This picture of it shows that it is
not a wise selection for a small lawn.

Another species, of still more awkward figure, toler-
able only upon large grounds, is the umbrella-tree, with
very large leaves crowded at the end of the branch. It
usually requires a strong imagination to see that this dis-
position of the foliage simulates an umbrella, but some
can see what others cannot, and people often grasp at a
straw in naming a plant. The blossom is enormous,
nearly ten inches across, and a vast disappointment to
one who sees it for the first time, after having read of it,
as it is coarse and uncouth. I cannot but wonder what
has given to this sprawling tree its wide popularity.
This species can be found in the *' Ramble," also just be-
yond the bridge under which one passes in going north
from the ''Menagerie," at Sixty-fourth Street, East.

But a truly noble specimen, the tallest and most
shapely of the species seen at the North, is the cucum-
ber-tree or mountain magnolia {M. acuminata), attaining
a height of nearly a hundred feet. Its bell-shaped,
greenish-yellow flowers do not enhance its beauty, but
in stately figure and dark luxuriance of foliage it is a
conspicuous ornament. A large cluster is in the "Ram-
ble," northeast of what might be called the duck-pond,
if it were large enough to have a name.

103

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

The large-leaved magnolia {M. macrophylld) is the
only remaining native species cultivated at the North,
with the most tropical aspect of all the group. But our
finest representatives of this family, as we are so often
compelled to admit, come from abroad, the most im-
portant of which is the yulan from China. As it has
been referred to elsewhere, it need only be added that
its magnificent bloom in April ushers in the spring with
more pomp than any other species, native or foreign.

The best-known foreign magnolia is the purple-flow-
ered, and the hybrid between the purple and the yulan,
whose mass of immense bloom on leafless shrubs makes
it extremely showy just at the season when it will be
most conspicuous and appreciated. Other foreign sorts
are being introduced, but it seems hardly possible that
anything new of this type can rival or displace what
we already have.

104

THE LIBRARY

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OHIVEBSITY OF ILLIMIS

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THE RAMBLE

IN THE "RAMBLE"— FOURTH
EXCURSION

"I shall be your faithful guide
Through this gloomy covert wide."

— Milton.

AMID such a labyrinth of paths as is found in the
'' Ramble," no precise route can be laid down,
as in our previous excursions ; but the actual
area is so small that a little patience will bring to view
most of the large assortment there collected. It would
be difficult, also, to state the precise number of tree-
species in this most highly cultivated portion of the
grounds ; it must be almost or quite a hundred, as I
found nearly eighty in a single walk through it. With-
out cataloguing the contents, therefore, we will describe
briefly some of the more interesting or rare sorts that
make this perhaps the most favorable spot in the entire
Park for this study.

Holly. — A beautiful tree or shrub — usually with the
figure of the first and the height of the second — is the
holly, too rarely seen, whose graceful, glossy, leathery,
and evergreen leaf is unrivalled in its kind. Florists
are quite as much to be praised and blamed for what is
found in lawns as the owners themselves, whose igno-
rance very often compels them to leave the selection of

105

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

plants to the professional dealer ; and it is the florist
who must be censured for the rarity of this unique
and serviceable plant, the holly, especially the English
species, which is hardy for the latitude of New York
City. Its extremely slow growth is but little excuse,
for it can at least be utilized as a shrub. Its delicate
white blossoms appear in June, ripening into bright
berries that last all winter, while its lustrous dark foliage
is an attraction the entire year, suffused with the glad-
ness of Christmas, of which it is the universal emblem.

Our native species is sparingly found as a shrub in
the Northern States, but it becomes larger and more
abundant to the south and southwest, where it has an
altitude of forty to fifty feet. It is slightly inferior to
the English holly in symmetry and lustre of leaf, and
brilliant color of the berry, but it will become more
popular when the public has learned its feasibility of
culture, and relies more upon its own taste in the matter
of selection.

Paulownia Imperialis. — From the land of flowers,
Japan, comes the most tropical, hardy specimen of a
large tree that the Park contains — the paulownia, a noble
cluster of which borders the greensward lying south of
the ''Belvedere." Its very name has a lordly reso-
nance, which is justified by its striking proportions,
enormous leaves, abundant purple flower-clusters, and
beautifully marked trunk. One honors his own dignity
by feeling a peculiar admiration for such a master-
growth. Another prominent cluster is a little east of
the Webster statue, fronting the visitor as he approaches

1 06

In the '' Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

on the "West Drive" from the south. It is one of
the later additions to our sylva, and one writer errs in
speaking of its maximum height in this country as being
about thirty feet; for many in the Park tower above all
surrounding trees ; and their massive tops and stalwart
forms, at once vigorous and graceful, heavy -foliaged
with a catalpa-like leaf often a foot long, surmounted
through the winter by large and abundant pyramidal
clusters of flower-buds that in June expand into a robe
of royal purple, make the Paulownia imperialis — with no
subserviency to foreign titles — one of the finest arboreal
examples in the Park.

Ginkgo. — But our most singular tree in these grounds
comes from China, and is becoming popular, though
not yet abundant — the ginkgo or maidenhair tree, from
the fern-like appearance of its leaf, in which the veining
is radically different from that of any other native or
foreign tree that we have. Quite as unusual also is the
tree's figure, with a very few long branches at an angle
of forty-five degrees or more, and numerous short,
slender branches closely appressed to the trunk after the
fashion of the Lombardy poplar. A single specimen
would induce the belief that its skeleton appearance was
due to careless or eccentric pruning, but after seeing
half a dozen, one is convinced that it is the work of
nature. The best cluster is on the western slope of the
slight eminence west of the esplanade. It is, in fact, a
pleasing curiosity, and as such a single specimen is
sufficient for a lawn. A tall tree of this sort is very
spindling, but the low growths are not devoid of grace.

107

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Tulip-tree. — Singularly tall — reaching in the West
an altitude of nearly two hundred feet — compact, cylin-
drical, and as painfully symmetrical as a freshly trimmed
privet hedge, is the tulip -tree, towering high above
everything in the Park except the cottonwoods. It has
the prim, expressionless figure of an arborvitse, its squar-
ish leaf is the most ungraceful of any of our foliage, and,
on the whole, without having given me any direct cause
for irritation, the tulip-tree rather annoys me. Others,
whose sense of beauty is quite as reliable as mine, greatly
admire it. Truth to tell, it is a very healthy tree, free
from insects — even the bugs don't like it — and when in
full bloom it makes a showy appearance. Its name
comes from the immense tulip-shaped flower, yellow and
orange, and from its no less tulip-shaped fruit, erect and
adhering to the tree all winter long. A large tree
loaded with these dry slender cups makes a not unpleas-
ing appearance.

When oak, elm, and birch begin to look shabby in
fall, this tree's foliage is in luxuriant contrast. Un-
doubtedly its greatest success is in the brief period of
October, when, amid the browns and reds and greens of
a brilliant landscape, tall, full-foliaged shafts of golden
yellow, alive with fluttering leaves, here and there shoot
up above the dogwoods, oaks, and hickories — they are
tulip-trees, like giant torches bringing into full rehef the
deeper hues of the surrounding woods.

Hop-tree. — Half shrub, half tree, the wafer ash or
hop-tree adorns many a niche that calls for something
more assertive than a shrub, yet too small for the more

io8

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

pretentious growths. Its three-fingered leaf gives a light
effect to the foliage spreading in loose sprays on every
side. The flower is small, but in large clusters, and
would be highly ornamental if it were not so greenish ;
but the ripened fruit, in the form of clusters of white,
orbicular, winged seeds, like a snowy bunch of hops, is
of quite unusual sort, and is very decorative about the
last of August. This can well be used to beautify the
edge of a walk, or to break the monotony of a small
greensward. It is a native of the Middle and Western
States, but east of Ohio it is only seen in cultivation.

Larch. — In the larch we encounter a type that dis-
tinctly borders upon the evergreens, yet breathing the
atmosphere of both deciduous and coniferous trees. The
European species, with longer leaves and larger cones, is
the one that is cultivated, being the more graceful and
thrifty of the two. With its luxuriant and needle-like
foliage and pendent branchlets, it is exceedingly effec-
tive in a dense cluster. While it suggests the spruce it
has none of its austerity.

The leaves, an inch long and slender as a needle,
grow in dense clusters as in the cedar of Lebanon. Its
deciduous growth and cone-bearing propensities, show-
ing that it stands on the dividing line between two op-
posing orders of vegetation, give our anti-evolutionist
friend another hard nut to crack. The vaporous, vivid
green of a million-budded larch in spring is as beautiful
in its way as the bluebird's earliest call, and, with it,
becomes one of the naturalist's memories and anticipa-
tions of that joyous season.

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Mulberry. — A leaf-type is a pretty well-established
affair, and one of the standard examples of nature's un-
swerving consistency. A dozen maple leaves from all
over the world bear the maple mark, despite all diver-
gence, and the sub-type of each species is still more in-
exorable. This is nature's rule ; but, though she made
the rule, she is not going to stick to it unless she chooses,
and herein she asserts the glorious prerogative of her
sex. Her conduct in making mulberry and sassafras
leaves shows one of her rare incertitudes of mind; we
call it a *' freak of nature " — a most complacent way of
hiding our ignorance of the actually controlling princi-
ple in the matter. On the same stem one leaf is entire,
another is lobed like a mitten, and another has three
lobes. But for a miscellaneous assortment of shapes
look at a foreign mulberry, the Tartarian, with a per-
fectly reckless display of variety. Having no clew to
the mystery, we calmly label it '' exception to the rule,"
virtually giving nature a little slap for inconsistency,
and congratulating ourselves that we would not have
been caught making such a slip. If we had an inkling
of all the profoundest principles of nature, how it
would demolish some of those paste-board structures
that we proudly call '' the sciences" ! It is no unjust
depreciation of them, frankly to confess (as the greatest
scientists themselves are ready to do) that we are as yet
only on the surface of things, in the understanding of
nature, and that our present attainments will one day
appear as elementary as the three-stringed lyre of the
ancient Greeks, compared with a modern orchestra, the
alchemy of the Middle Ages, compared with present

no

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

chemistry, and the astronomy of Tycho Brahe, com-
pared with our present knowledge of the heavens.

Our native red mulberry has a wide habitat, but is
found nowhere abundantly, and I have seldom run
across a specimen. It is inferior for cultivation to the
two foreign species, the black and the white, though
who knows how much cultivation might mend its man-
ners ? Our native sort has a very large leaf, rough-hairy
on the upper side, and the scanty foliage forms a close
flat spray as in the witch-hazel. But the foreign sorts
have smaller and glossy leaves of firmer texture, with
fruit that is acid-sweet, shaped like an elongated black-
berry.

Still another species, the Japanese or paper mulberry,
has a leaf almost as soft as down on one side from the
mass of fine hairs, and rough as a file on the other side.
It flowers the last of May, but its lazy leaves are not
fully developed until far into June, which detracts from
its worth as a shade-tree. Its pronounced yellow bark
is a peculiar feature, and this is often curiously banded
with a darker shade. It can be seen across the path
from the cluster of weeping beeches. The black mul-
berry is a fine shade-tree, and a rendezvous for birds in
the fruit-season.

Fringe-tree. — The popular names of plants often
show as little evidence of good taste as those of human
beings, and it would be fortunate if they could be
revised like their scientific nomenclature; but no title
could be more apt than " fringe-tree," which precisely
expresses its beautiful appearance when its mass of deep-

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

green foliage is airily overlaid with its floral tracery of
white lace, produced by the countless multitude of long,
thread-like petals. The delicate effect is best seen at
short distance, a charming device of nature in contrast
with the type of bloom displayed by the June-berry,
black haw, and thorn-trees. The leaf is dark and firm,
keeping its color far into the autumn. The affix " tree ' '
is more for euphony than otherwise, as in its northern
growth it is only eight to twelve feet high, though in
the Southern States, where it chiefly grows, reaching the
northern limit of its range in Pennsylvania, it attains
a height of twenty to twenty-five feet.

It is a general characteristic of trees to become dwarfed
and shrubby toward the boundaries of their habitat ; and
not only so in the case of the more tropical growth of
the South, which would naturally become stunted in
northern latitudes, but also of such as spread from North
to South and from West to East. Thus the yellow birch,
a hundred feet high in Canada, is hardly forty feet with
us ; whereas the red birch is largest in the South, and
dwindles northward. The white oak has its greatest
height in the lower basin of the Ohio, and the hop-
hornbeam, a small tree in the East, is fifty feet high in
Texas. The nettle-tree, rarely seen in the seaboard
States (though I discovered two growing wild in New
Jersey), and only sixty feet high in Ohio, exceeds a
hundred in the far southwest. Rhododendron, mountain-
laurel, and witch-hazel, only shrubs in the North, attain
arboreal dimensions in the Carolinas and Georgia ; and
the linden of the Ohio valley soars 130 feet, but is only
half as high near the Atlantic coast ; while the spindle-

112

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

tree, a shrub of only five or ten feet in New York, has
three times the altitude west of the Mississippi. Not to
multiply instances, these examples show how sensitive to
slight changes in climatic conditions our hardiest growths
really are.

Reverting to the matter of popular names, most of
them originate either in some fancied or real property
of bark, root, or leaf, or in some trivial or utilitarian
aspect of the plant. How unfortunate that our stateli-
est and most picturesque growths should be thus belittled
by such commonplace terms. Shingle oak and box
elder must be so called because the timber happens to
be good for shingles and wooden -ware; '^pignut"
hickory, because swine eat them; "fetid" buckeye,
because of offensive odor ; ''clammy" locust, because
leaf-stems are sticky, when pink locust would have em-
phasized the glorious masses of rosy bloom ; and one of
the handsomest oaks must have its vulgar utility ever-
lastingly obtruded upon us in the name of '' post " oak,
when its cruciform, glossy, leathery leaf affords data for
a more dignified title. How prosaic, too, are hack-
berry, honeyshucks, choke-cherry, cucumber-tree, and
sour gum. One of our most ornamental growths in
early spring, a white mist in the April bareness, has
been nicknamed shadbush, simply because the *' run of
shad " occurs at about the same time. One of the
most honored names in horticulture at the present time
is ''dogwood" ; yet originally it was probably given
as an opprobrious epithet, for the worthlessness of its
timber; " dog " in past times having been a term of
contempt, as it is now under exasperating circum-

113

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

stances ; but the species of this group have so dignified
the title that no odium now attaches to it. As exam-
ples of a euphonious and equally significant style of
nomenclature that far better befits the dignity of the
subject might be instanced the mountain maple, smoke-
tree, weeping willow, fringe-tree, staghorn sumach, tulip-
tree, silver-leaf poplar, red-bud, hawthorn, silver-bell-
tree, and rhododendron (literally, rose-tree). But it is
useless to complain : pignut it is, and pignut it will
remain ; our ancestors have a good many things to
answer for, and this is one of the minor sins.

Persimmon. — Some botanical writers seem to think
that they will degrade their subject unless they give to
every species a flattering notice, and the multitudinous
synonyms of the word '' beautiful " are successively ap-
plied to all the species brought under review. Thus
one authority — probably more from habit than from an
intention to deceive — introduces the persimmon with
the strange remark that it is '' one of the most interest-
ing of our native trees " ; yet I searched in vain in the
subsequent biography for a single item that would justify
such wholesale praise. Like men, trees are good, bad,
and indifferent ; and the persimmon is one of the indif-
ferent sort. Its form is unobjectionable, its leaf-type
rather colorless, its fruit at its best estate cannot be
reckoned among the standard sorts, and, although be-
longing to the ebony family, its conversion of sap-wood
into blackish heart-wood is so slow and limited as to
have no commercial value. Whoever likes persimmons
after the frost has touched them would do well to culti-

114

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

vate it; every arboretum should contain a specimen,
and its discovery adds one to the student's list of native
trees. The " Ramble " contains two, one of them in
the open grass-plot south of the duck-pond ; but why was
such a conspicuous position assigned to the persimmon ?

Sweet Gum. — Near the coast, from Connecticut
southward, grows a tree with star-shaped, glossy leaves,
of finer appearance than the majority of forest growths,
and with something of the oak's assertive figure. This
is the sweet gum, so named from its aromatic juices,
whose fragrant resinous odor is perceived in the leaf
when bruised. Erect, symmetrical, and medium-sized,
it lends itself to a variety of situations on the lawn, and
is considerably cultivated. In winter the contrast of
the blackish, deeply furrowed trunk, and the smooth and
hoary branches is quite marked, and the branches are
more or less corky- winged. The seeds are in curious
hard, spherical pods which hang thickly through the
winter, and cover the ground in spring. Whoever has
a sweet-gum-tree on his grounds will be visited through-
out the winter by large flocks of goldfinches that eat the
seeds. As I write this I can count nearly a hundred of
them in their brown winter dress close by the window
on the ground, busily feeding. The glossy green of
summer is followed by an autumn coloring that is the
most kaleidoscopic of any tree, in a brilliant combina-
tion of purple, yellow, red, and scarlet. Another name
for this tree is liquidamber.

Sour Gum. — In this connection we may speak of the
sour gum, which, however, stands in no sort of relation

115

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

to the preceding. The name of sour gum, to one famil-
iar with the tree's most notable feature, carries his
thoughts to the woods in autumn, when, rivalling the
dogwood's brilliancy, and of much greater size, before
which even the maple pales, it is a mass of vivid uni-
form scarlet, the most striking feature in the scenery.
It has a wide range, though not one of the more abun-
dant trees. The leaf is " simple and entire," as a bota-
nist would say, inclined to the obovate in form, and by
no means '' stylish " ; and the shelving sprays of foliage
help one to identify the tree at a long distance. It is
essentially a forest -growth, tolerated rather than favored
in cultivated grounds. In the West it is called pepper-
idge, but its Indian name, tupelo, is the prettiest — too
sweet for its sour juices, — and as we wish to make the
best of an indifferent matter, we will always hereafter
call it tupelo.

Kentucky Coffee-tree. — To know a tree thor-
oughly it must be studied in winter : this season is a
great revealer of secrets. Trees are sometimes as big
hypocrites as men and women, and when you see one
that in summer is all suavity and grace, wait till winter
before you make a final estimate. An elm carries one
disposition through the year ; but some species are the
incarnation of a snarl from fall till spring. Such a one
is the Kentucky coffee-tree, its few coarse branches
snappishly angular ; its appearance quite justifies its
other name of '^stump-tree."

The botanist knows what to expect in the way of fo-
liage when fine twigs are lacking — there will probably

ii6

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

be a display of large compound leaves, or possibly, as in
some magnolias, huge simple leaves a foot or two long :
with such verdure there is no place for twigs. Winter's
harsh angularity is thus atoned for. But one who is
not a botanist has no such knowledge wherewith to keep
his courage up, and turns in some disgust from the un-
sightly figure. Six months of the year it may properly
be said of the Kentucky coffee-tree that it is not fit to
live, *'cut it down; why cumbereth it the ground?"
Throughout May, all but the expert would declare it
dead. But early in June it begins to awake from its
long stupor, and slowly to put forth its leaves — and such
leaves ! The observer wonders if they will ever reach
their full dimensions; on and on, foot after foot, the
compound leaf unrolls ; doubly compound, in fact,
until it sometimes attains the enormous dimensions of
three feet long and two feet wide, containing over a
hundred leaflets, each of itself a sizable leaf. With such
a task before it, no wonder it procrastinates its budding
every spring. This is the largest of all native leaves,
beautifully symmetrical, dark green when mature, and
bright yellow in autumn. Its name comes from the fact
that the first immigrants to Kentucky used its berries as
a substitute for coffee — needless to say, a poor substitute,
and soon dispensed with for the genuine article. Few
comparatively have even heard of the tree, for, though
widely distributed in the country (though never in New
England), it is one of the rarest, and never grows in
clusters — is not gregarious, as we say of animals ; not
social, speaking humanly. I have seen but one speci-
men in the Park, on a slight elevation on the east side

117

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

of the *' Ramble," in a large open space, as must needs
be if it is to have full development. Trees ought to be
very grateful to mankind, and probably are, for taking
them out of a state of nature, and putting them into a
state of grace. What ambitious but often disappointed
affairs dense forest-growths are ; climbing over each other,
as it were, to reach the top and sunlight, where alone
they are verdant, and all below leafless and branchless,
tall barren trunks, a wilderness of gaunt forms. Nature
has the ability but not the room, the landscape-gardener
has the room but not the ability ; but let the two work
in conjunction, and nature finds the chance to realize
the ideals she has had from the foundation of the world.
Its late vernation and unsightly appearance for half of
the year prevents the coffee-tree's wide cultivation. For
six months it is uncouth, for the next six luxuriant and
stately, and all the year a curiosity. Its June flowers
are small and greenish-white, the staminate in very
short racemes, the pistillate in clusters nearly a foot
long, followed by pods somewhat like those of the
honey-locust.

Siberian Pea-tree. — A genuinely feminine type
of sylvan growth is the Caragana or Siberian pea-tree,
its hght pinnate foliage in drooping sprays, enriched
with abundant small clusters of yellow flowers of pea-
shape, presenting a graceful but not assertive aspect,
with the meUifluous mood of a Keats or a Shelley.
There are all varieties of temperament in the trees of
the '* Ramble," and an imaginative mind would find
it a pleasant task to wander through these winding

ii8

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

ways, and find the silent counterparts of humankind.
A very similar growth to the foregoing is the bladder-
senna (^Colutea ardorescens), also pinnate and yellow
flowered, but the flowers are in racemes instead of
umbels, and the leaf is odd-pinnate instead of even-pin-
nate; which is the scientific side of the matter, and
prosy enough, I hope, for those who have no sympathy
with nature's ''temperament" and "poetry." The
caragana fails of true arboreal dimensions as complete-
ly as the staghorn sumach, but it fills a small place in
a large way — which furnishes a good motto for all am-
bitious folk.

Cedar of Lebanon. — The species of most antique in-
terest in the Park is the famous cedar of Lebanon, a dark,
stern-looking evergreen that takes our thoughts across
the sea and thousands of years into the past. This very
tree might be descended, with only two or three inter-
mediate generations, from one that lost its life at the
building of Solomon's temple, more than five hundred
years before Plato, Socrates, and all the art and poetry
of the Greeks, and shows the length as well as brevity
of human history. Solomon was the most famous bota-
nist, zoologist, and polygamist of ancient times. ''He
spake of trees, from the cedar-tree that is in Lebanon
even unto the hyssop that springeth out of the wall ; he
spake also of beasts, and of fowl, and of creeping things,
and of fishes." What would not modern science give
for a transcript of the botanical, zoological, ornitholog-
ical, entomological, and ichthyological lore of that vo-
luptuous old wiseacre !

119

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

The leaves of this cedar are much like spruce-needles,
but clustered as in the larch, and the cones are globu-
lar. Besides the one in the '' Ramble," near the boat-
house, is a fine specimen about a hundred feet or more
east of the " Bethesda Fountain," and another on the
east slope of the Bolivar eminence, on the west side.

Yellow-wood. — A native tree that is but little
known, rare even in its habitat, which is in the South-
ern States, and not yet widely cultivated, is the yellow-
wood. Its greatest altitude is only fifty feet, but it is
usually of much lower growth, and its habit of dividing
the trunk quite close to the ground gives it a more
shrubby appearance. Its lithe branches, weighted with
long pinnate leaves of from seven to eleven leaflets,
spread and droop most gracefully, and its finely dissected
foliage makes it desirable for picturesque ornament
rather than for substantial shade. Late in June long
loose clusters of white blossoms hang from the ends of
the branches, and the leaflets have a way, oftentimes,
of falling one by one and leaving the stem bare, whose
swollen base, when detached, is found to be a hollow
cup enclosing the next year's bud.

Wild Yellow Plum. — One looks so eagerly for
bloom in spring that he will give to the wild plum a
more cordial welcome in early May than a few weeks
later. It has just one talent ; but it took warning and
put it out at moderate usury, so that it was not sum-
marily deprived of it, and one is likely to run across its
small but pretty clusters of white flowers in any moist

I20

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

situation that is thinly wooded. Its fruit might be
better or worse — more easily better, and is of variable
color. It is readily distinguished from similar growths
by its sharp thorns.

Common Sandthorn {Hippophae rhamnotdes).—'We
must not fail to mention (though not found in the
*' Ramble ") a tree that is interesting both for itself and
for its rarity — the sandthorn of Europe, of which there
is but one example in the Park, bending over the ^' West
Drive" just at the point where the entrance driveway
at Ninetieth Street meets it. It is half tree, half shrub,
with narrow leaves not much over an inch long, green
above and silvery - white beneath. The flowers are
rather inconspicuous, and ripen into orange-colored
fruit; the branches are somewhat thorny. The ob-
server will be struck by the foliage and drooping figure
of this interesting specimen.

Walnut and Butternut. — A large and luxuriant
walnut is a massive, stately growth that ought to mo-
nopolize an extensive greensward for its full effect, albeit
a trifle too symmetrical to be very picturesque. Its great
compound leaf is rich-hued and shapely, the handsom-
est leaf of all our timber-trees, and the blackish bark
gives a tone of solidity and strength. It is of westerly
growth and comparatively infrequent in the Eastern
States. The so-called English walnut {Juglans regid)^
though really from Asia, is in the Park, but it is not
distinctive enough from our own to call for special
comment.

221

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Closely allied to the walnut is the butternut (/. cin-
ered), which is a hopeless case for cultivation. Though
the leaf-type is almost identical with that of the walnut,
the foliage effect is very inferior, becoming so withered
and shabby even in August (when the leaves begin to
fall) as to be unsightly for the rest of the year. The
butternut's figure also has none of the walnut's noble
character. Aside from these disparaging features, it
can be recognized by the peculiar light tint of the
bark, and the stickiness of the leaf-stem and of the nut,
the latter of which has a maximum of husk for a mini-
mum of kernel.

Oleaster. — The semi-arboreal species of oleaster
known as Elceagnus angustifolia, from the Orient,
deserves mention as a beautiful rarity. Its small, taper-
ing leaf is silvery-white on the upper side, a novel effect
that contrasts admirably with surrounding verdure. Its
shrubby form adapts it easily to lawn -culture, and those
in quest of something that will not be duplicated on all
their neighbors' grounds will find it in this oleaster.

Osage Orange. — The ''Ramble" shows several
osage-orange-trees, which are at once conspicuous by
their tall forms, thorny branches, yellow -tinged rough
bark and tapering entire leaves. The ''orange" part
is a delusion and a snare, being only a globular, yellow-
ish-green mass, from four to five inches in diameter,
produced by the aggregation of ripened pistils, and not
at all edible. Its thorns make it very serviceable for
hedges, for which it is becoming popular, and it has the

122

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

further advantage of growing rapidly. This is an
*'extra-Hmital " tree, native to Texas and the south-
westerly part of the country.

Papaw. — In the shade of other trees grows the
papaw, from instinct or from its darksome situation
oftener a shrub than a tree. It belongs to the great
custard family of the tropics, and is one of only three
species that have wandered hither from the far South.
It is abundant in the Mississippi valley, and, though
rare, has spread eastward to Pennsylvania. Tropical
foliage is so typical that one will rightly guess from the
leaf that the plant is kindred to the magnolia. The
blossom, in early spring, has the pecuHarity of being
first green, then brown, and finally a deep purplish red.
It is rarely seen, even in cultivation, and is an interest-
ing specimen for anyone in search of novelties.

SiLVER-BELL-TREE. — One who has never seen the
silver-bell-tree in bloom might naturally think that the
name is a foolish bit of poetry applied by an over-
ardent admirer. But so far from being extravagant, it
is the only appropriate name that could be given. In
spring, before the leaves develop, this tree puts forth its
supreme effort of the year, and swings on every twig a
silvery set of chimes, burying trunk and branch beneath
the innumerable mass. The bells, an inch long, are of
elegant form and texture, and it is worth a visit to the
Park to see the brief but exquisite display. The largest
cluster is a little east of the Webster statue, grouped
with paulownias, magnolias and a red-bud. Of south-

123

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

erly growth, it is hardy even into New England, and
ought to be more widely cultivated.

Evergreens. — In addition to our native pine,
spruce, cedar, hemlock, etc., the Park shows many fine
species from abroad that reveal the decorative character
of the evergreen or coniferous type of growth much
better than our native sorts. The most varied displays
are in that small area chiefly devoted to evergreens just
northwest of the "Ramble," and around the Bohvar
statue on the west side are several unusual species. An
interesting variation from our white pine is the imposing
Himalaya pine (found in the ''Ramble " and elsewhere),
conspicuous for its immense drooping tassels of long
needles, nearly twice the length of our pine-needles,
and cones proportionally large. It is probably the
most observed evergreen on the grounds. A very com-
pact and ornamental pine, but quite small, is the cem-
bra, 3l cluster of which is not far from the Bolivar statue
and the cedar of Lebanon. For a small type of pine
this is the choicest in cultivation. The needles are of
a handsome dark-green tint, and the growth is very
luxuriant; still another is the mugho, a dwarf tree or
shrub, with leaves in twos, whereas in cembra they are
in fives.

But the two most abundant pines in the Park are the
Scotch and the Austrian, the former with short bluish
needles, and a distinctly red tinge in the trunk toward
the summit, the latter with long, stiff, dark-green leaves
and a very rough grayish bark. It presents much the
appearance of our native red pine, but in thrifty condition

124

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

is more luxuriant and effective. Unfortunately neither
the Scotch nor the Austrian pines thrive very well in
these grounds, and the former in many cases are so lean
and scraggly that it is a wonder they are tolerated.
Something should be done, and done quickly, for a
poor tree is worse than none. The European yew
{Taxus baccatd) is in much the same evil plight, and
not one of the many specimens I have seen is a credit
to the place.

It sometimes seems as if nature had put before us a
number of almost identical forms just to pique our curi-
osity and tempt investigation, to find out exactly what
she means by each of them. And as soon as we put in
the entering wedge of inquiry, how those similar forms
instantly begin to separate, till they stand apart in such
clear distinctiveness that we wonder we could ever have
been so stupid as to fail to see their individualities.
And when we hear a liberally educated man make a
random allusion to pines and spruces, that shows that
he could not, for the life of him, tell them apart, we
only smile commiseratingly and say to ourselves, " Poor
man, you can see, readily enough, the difference of
Greek and Latin roots, and how ca7i you be so blind as
not to know a pine from a hemlock ? ' '

It is singular that the evergreen species which we
perhaps regard most indifferently, seldom planting it for
ornament, and usually with dubious results — the white
or Weymouth pine {P. strobus) — at its best estate is the
most majestic and imposing of all our Eastern trees.
Comparatively few have seen it in perfection ; but its
broad sweep of huge horizontal shelving branches and

125

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

towering shaft command an admiration beyond even
that of the elm and oak.

Pines are distinguished from all other conifers by the
clustering of the leaves or needles in twos, threes, or
fives, and the white pine is the only native species hav-
ing them in fives. This is strictly an American growth,
reaching from Canada to Virginia, and attaining its
fullest development around the Great Lakes. It is a
kingly figure, this specimen of forest gianthood, and it
will be a rare moment of experience when the reader
first sees one that has attained its ideal ; and as he looks
upon its almost sublime and unapproachable proportions
he will be tempted to exclaim, ''There is but 07ie tree
— the white pine ! ' '

Red, yellow, and pitch pines have their utilities, but
can never come into the charmed circle of cultivation,
while botanists, who can find cause for praise where no
one else can, are significantly silent regarding those two
pitiable species, the Jersey scrub pine and the gray pine
of the North.

Our most popular spruce (a genus wherein the *' nee-
dles " 3IQ four-sided, and grow thickly from all sides
of the branch) is the now naturalized Norway spruce,
recognized by its extremely long cones, and pendent
branchlets hanging from the nearly horizontal arms.
It is such a fine tree, and thrives so well under Ameri-
can conditions, that it is becoming a little wearisome
from its ubiquity. It is not generally known that our
native white spruce (^Abies albd)^ when large and luxuri-
ant, is quite as decorative, with sometimes a silvery sheen
that reminds one of a silver fir. The black spruce {A.

126

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

nigra) is seldom cultivated. These two native species
are distinguishable, in one respect, by the fact that the
white one sheds all of its cones every year, whereas the
black spruce retains them for several years. The Park
contains also a spruce from the Black Sea {A. orientalis)^
and the Colorado blue spruce {A. pungens).

The most admired firs in the world (a genus withyfc^/
leaves, mostly in '' two ranks," i.e.^ on opposite sides
of the branch) are the beautiful silvery-tinted species,
which are quite rare. In their native habitats they are
often large and stately, but the cultivated specimens are
quite small. The Park contains two sorts, the Colorado
silver fir {A. concolor), and Nordmann's silver fir (^A.
fiordmafinii) from the Crimean Mountains. Here, too,
are the balsam fir {A. baisaf?iea), from which comes our
Canada balsam, and the Southern analogue of the same
(^A. fraseri).

The hemlock {Tsiiga canadensis), a North American
product, is a distinctive tree to be proud of, but its ap-
pearance in the Park does not do it justice. In luxu-
riant condition it combines the temperaments of conif-
erous and deciduous growth very effectively.

Junipers, erect and prostrate, are well represented here,
and illustrate a curious type of vegetation that is repug-
nant in detail but decorative in the mass. They can be
studied to good advantage around the Bolivar statue ;
all sorts of conifers in that locality seem to thrive better
than elsewhere.

A beautiful Japanese evergreen is the Cryptofneria^
more graceful than most of its class, a low tree with
rather spreading and drooping branches thickly studded

127

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

with short, curved, pointed leaves. Another, with mi-
nute, heath-Hke leaves, unusually beautiful when lux-
uriant, is the Retinospora ericoides, and equally fine is
Retinospora pisifera, a most elegant species of cypress.
This is quite abundant, and can be recognized by its flat
sprays of foliage, resembling arborvitae, and covered
with a white " bloom " on the under side. These last
three can be found close together in the area chiefly de-
voted to evergreens just north of the " Ramble," a hun-
dred feet west of the Reservoir. Throughout the Park
one may find fully forty species and varieties of conifer-
ous growth, some of them in a confirmed state of in-
validism, and a few so stately and ornamental as to be
an incentive to the study and cultivation of this unique
section of our sylva. It is earnestly to be hoped that
the conifers of the Park, as representative of the world's
best growth, will soon be brought up to the high stand-
ard of its deciduous trees.

Nothing shows better the wide variety and profusion
of growth in the Park than the impossibility of making
an absolutely complete inventory of its contents. After
the most thorough search by the various gardeners,
whose lists form the basis of the present catalogue, I
chanced to find an oak that had not been recorded, and
later, two foreign species ; doubtless this does not make
the record perfect.

One of the two was the white-beam-tree {^Pyriis aria)
of Europe, which is close to the small building on the
west side, near Sixty-sixth Street, It is noteworthy as

128

In the " Ramble " — Fourth Excursion

having one of the most distinctive types of leaf, of leath-
ery texture, dark green and lustrous above, whitish be-
neath, and with a deeply serrate-crenate edge — a leaf
that would attract notice, looking more like a Qiiercus
than a Pyrus. Its outline is on Plate IV. of foreign
trees.

The other discovery was a Japanese tree {Idesia poly-
carpa), whose leaf misled a gardener into calling it a
mulberry, but when I called his attention to the abun-
dant clusters of small yellowish flowers, it was conclusive
evidence. This will be found overhanging one of the
walks near the Conservatory.

Besides the four routes of our excursions one can take
many other walks that are favorable for botanical ob-
servation. Of these I would especially recommend the
paths along the ''West Drive," from Fifty-ninth to
Seventy-second Street, the vicinity of the East Seventy-
second Street entrance, the circuit of the so-called
^'Pool" on the west side, at about io2d Street — one
of the most delightful spots in the Park — the paths in
the vicinity of the Conservatory at East io6th Street,
and the circuit of ''Harlem Mere," at the extreme
northeastern corner of the Park.

129

SHRUBS AND VINES

** I sat me down to watch upon a bank
With ivy canopied, and interwove
With flaunting honeysuckle."

— Milton.

WITH all their distinctiveness of form and tem-
perament, one soon finds that trees, shrubs,
and woody vines are essentially one in nature
— a classification of convenience, not of science, with no
organic difference between the trailing arbutus and the
Sequoia giga?itea. The unbroken gradation from the
clinging ivy to the sturdy oak is so imperceptible that
precise characterization of the above sort is often diffi-
cult or impossible, and strictly scientific treatment of
these three forms of growth is comprised under the sin-
gle title '' Dendrologia. "

More than a quarter of all the trees of our territory are
also to be reckoned as shrubs ; climate and soil largely
determine whether a species will have the figure and stat-
ure of the one or of the other ; the rhododendron is a
tree in the Southern States, but only a shrub at the
North ; black haw and hornbeam assume both forms in
the same locality ; some diminutive growths have a thor-
oughly arboreal figure, and some unmistakable shrubs
are taller than some trees ; lofty trees of the far West
dwindle to low shrubs in the East, and the same is true
of many species in their northerly and southerly range.

130

3^

Shrubs and Vines

The distinction of shrub and vine is even more per-
plexing ; a score of familiar instances illustrate the dual
or indeterminate type ; the poison ivy, if it finds no sup-
port, knows how to support itself, and grows erect ; the
matrimony-vine is neither exactly vine nor shrub. The
countless circumstantial differences, as striking as they
are beautiful, thus evinced in one common nature, are
not only a link of some worth in the evolutionary argu-
ment, but they insure that freedom from angularity that
is an essential charm of all landscape scenery.

One who sees in a plant only the few obvious details
given in this book for identification misses much of the
wonderful scheme of vegetation, and of the beauty of a
thousand features, which are recognized only after thor-
ough study of structural botany. But that means an
amount of labor which to many is distasteful. There is
too much popular disinclination in these days to go
deeply into the science of things ; learning must be
made easy ; reading must take the place of study ; every-
thing must be illustrated. The mind will grow super-
ficial under this treatment. It is to be feared, from the
present trend of nature-study, despite its popularity,
that the old-fashioned, thorough-going race of botanists
will in the next generation become extinct. Inspira-
tion is doubtless better than information ; yet intelligent
enthusiasm always thrives best on a good subsoil of
scientific training.

In mass and brilhancy of color, very few plants,
native or foreign, can rival the gorgeous rhododendrons.
The original wild species are few in number — only one

131

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

native to our territory — but the florist's art has pro-
duced a splendid assortment, by grafting the floral
excellences of one upon the vigorous stock of another,
and by such commingling of tints as gives to this genus
a peculiar pre-eminence among shrubs.

In foliage it much resembles its near kindred, the
azalea, the leaf of each being thick, leathery, entire,
elliptical, and dark green ; and the flowers are of much
the same type, yet with the evident difference (at least
in the wild varieties) that the azalea blossom has five
stamens, that of the rhododendron ten. This is one of
the few shrubs distinctly preferring shade to sunshine,
and this fact must be taken account of, if it is to be
successfully cultivated.

Certainly in our northern latitude there is no surprise
more brilliant in store for the naturalist than to discover
the rich, full-blown clusters of a rhododendron gleaming
in the dark woods. Most of our cultivated specimens
have foreign stock grafted or budded upon our native
Catawbiense, the exotic species being too tender to
thrive upon their own roots. Another native rhododen-
dron, R. ??iaxwiu?n, or great laurel, thrives as far north
as Connecticut, and is a splendid growth, bordering on
the arboreal, which it fully attains in the Southern
States. This blossoms in July, later than all others of
its class, varying in color from pink to white.

The leaf-type of the genus is much the same as in the
magnolia, heavy and stiff", nearly or quite evergreen, and
admirable in its way, though far from graceful ; and the
figure of the entire plant, in harmony with the foliage,
is rigid and almost clumsy, yet with a rough vigor and

132

Shrubs and Vines

individualism that are as refreshing as a cool breeze on
a sultry day.

Is there any flower of the woods that the explorer is
more glad to discover than the delicate but showy azalea?
This is a small brother, as it were, of the rhododendron ;
of less massive type, but far better adapted to the lim-
itations of garden or conservatory. While the type of
flower and leaf is closely modelled after that of the
rhododendron, the latter has evergreen foliage, whereas
the azalea is deciduous.

To begin with our American species, the least preten-
tious is the small-flowered clammy azalea, which is
superior, nevertheless, to many other sorts in its ex-
treme fragrance ; yet it is hardly one to be chosen for
cultivation. The purple azalea — a misleading name, as
it has a variety of colors — also called pinxter-flower, is
the most widely distributed, and among the most wel-
come of May flowers, its profuse bloom burying the
shrub in rich tints. Of more surprising brilliance,
however, is the flame-colored azalea, indigenous in our
territory only in the southern portion, blossoming rather
late in summer, and one of the comparatively few con-
tributions of the New World to Europe, which has
adopted it among its choice shrubs.

But in this as in many other genera, the Old World
leads the New, which is not surprising, if in the origin
of species the radiating centre was in Asia, the source of
many so-called European species ; and it may be to this
fact as well as to peculiarly favorable soil and climate
that the region of Japan and China is so pre-eminent in
the choicest forms and colors of vegetation. From the

133

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

neighborhood of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean
comes the widely cultivated Azalea pontica, from China
the very small-leaved A. anmna, a splendid species,
from Japan the A. mollis. But the bewildering confu-
sion of superb tints shown in florists' windows and con-
servatories is the result of hybridizing, in the union of
various native and foreign species — composite forms
whose lines of heredity are lost to all but the profes-
sional horticulturist.

It is not amiss to remark, in passing, that it is no
affectation, even in the unscientific nature-lover, for
whom these pages are especially designed, to be some-
what familiar with the botanical names of plants. The
advantage of scientific nomenclature is that, as a rule, a
plant is generally known by a single name, and allusion
to it under that name leaves no ambiguity ; whereas
widely distributed species, if popular, are often differ-
ently named in different localities ; just as in birds the
golden-winged woodpecker, which is found from Maine
to Texas, has more than a dozen titles; and others, like
the oriole and bobolink, have several. Particularly is
this advice valid where a favorite genus has both native
and introduced species, the latter seldom with a popular
name in our country, and distinguishable from the na-
tive only by the scientific Latin term. There is hardly
a cultivated genus among us that is not enriched by for-
eign importation, and the only way to avoid embarrass-
ment in the case of our many spiraeas, a multitude of
leguminose plants, etc., is to adopt the botanical desig-
nation. This means a little extra labor, but the satis-
faction is commensurate.

134

Shrubs and Vines

Roses are too familiar to require extended notice in
this review ; but allusion should be made to one that is
peculiarly adapted for broad landscape-effect by being
cultivated in dense masses, which is exceptional in this
class of shrubs. This is the Rosa rugosa, justly popular
for its unusually fine, vivid foliage, large pink single
blossoms, and conspicuous bright-red *' hips" ; being es-
pecially hardy, easily cultivated, and disposed to spread,
it can be massed effectively on extensive grounds, as
well as trained into detached shrubs. Among the sev-
eral varieties will be found single and double flowers,
rose-red or white ; but emphasis should be laid on its
rich foliage quite as much as on the blossom.

A genus containing several valuable species, the best
of which come from Japan, is the barberry. As a class
they are prickly, with small leaves, yellow flowers, and
bright-red berries remaining far into or through the
winter. Some of them are quite dwarfish and are
massed effectively in broad clumps ; others are four to
eight feet high. Although of delicate figure, they ad-
mit of better treatment on spacious grounds where they
can form a dense, ample growth. There are few types
of vegetation so distinctive as the barberry — a delicate,
hardy ornamentation, attractive the year round. The
peculiar vaporous green of the opening buds is a charm-
ing sight in spring, and its refinement of foliage is quite
as important a feature as its pretty clusters of small yel-
low flowers.

Spiraeas, on the contrary, find their most effective
feature in the bloom, which is of so characteristic a type
as to be easily recognized amid all the numerous species,

135

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

to which artificial culture has added many fine varieties.
One of the commonest and, comparatively speaking,
coarsest is the nine-bark, that grows fi-eely in damp
localities, and gets its name from its peculiar bark that
peels off in numerous thin layers, much as in the grape-
vine. Some writers speak slightingly of it, others rec-
ognize its worth, and it is widely planted in the Park
with excellent effect. Some plants, like the diminu-
tive Deiitzia gracilis, are for the closest scrutiny, others
are for longer perspective; and, with its multitudinous
globes of small white flowers, enveloping a shrub of sub-
stantial size and strong foliage, this nine-bark is in
many situations quite as satisfactory as the more refined
sorts ; its variety, aurea, has yellow leaves, and mingles
finely with other foliage. The countless clusters of
ripened pistils assume so deep a red that one sometimes
mistakes them, at a distance, for a mass of inflorescence.
Still humbler sorts of spiraea are the meadow-sweet
and hardback, abundant on open, sterile ground, which
greatly cheapens their real worth ; if they were tender
plants, and named '' japonica," they would be admitted
to the lawn and garden. The most prized spiraeas, some
with white, others with pink or crimson flowers, come
from abroad — and here again China and Japan take the
lead — a few showing beautiful variegations of foliage
late in the season. Some spiraeas blossom early, others
late, the many species affording continuous bloom from
early spring to the end of summer. The profusion and
graceful arrangement of its flowers, with its easy culti-
vation and hardiness, has given this section of the rose
family a wide popularity.

136

Shrubs and Vines

Currants add a small quota to the embellishment of a
lawn. Passing over the sorts that are cultivated for
fruit, and whose flowers are greenish and inconspicuous,
a few species are desirable on the score of beauty, par-
ticularly the Missouri or golden currant {Rides aureuni),
bearing small but very pretty yellow flowers with spicy
fragrance in late spring ; its yellow fruit also is not
to be despised. Another kind, sangidneum, has bright
red and yellow flowers in midsummer, with a variety
producing double flowers, but on account of its early
bloom the Missouri is the more popular.

As a thing of beauty there is little to commend in
our American hazel-nut, and the European species in
its original form has no advantage over our own ; but
two "sports" of the European really belong to the
class of decorative plants. One of them has cut-leaved
foliage that gives beauty to almost any type ; but the
most important is the purple-leaved hazel-nut, unique
for its almost black foliage in spring and summer,
perhaps the nearest approach to black that is to be
found in vegetation, much darker than in the purple-
leaved beech, thus making it conspicuous amid any and
all surroundings ; but the color largely " burns off" by
fall, when it would be easily mistaken for our own spe-
cies. For strong yet not inartistic punctuation of a
landscape nothing is finer, as the contrast is as pleasing
as it is curious.

A considerable portion of the Park's white adornings
in June comes from that important genus in the honey-
suckle family known as viburnum, containing several
species with a showy profusion of bloom, largely native,

137

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

with a few introduced varieties, lending a charm to
numerous walks throughout the southerly portion of the
Park. The viburnums lack some of the attractions of
other shrubs, are not odorous and fine-foliaged, in fact
are a little coarse-fibred ; but they have a style of their
own — and individuality always commands a premium
— are strong and hardy and running over with petaled
whiteness, and in the embellishment of large grounds
can scarcely be omitted.

One of the most showy of the class is the so-called
guelder rose, or snowball-tree, covered with dense masses
of large sterile flowers, a modified form of the cranberry-
tree — the term *' tree " being only complimentary in
both cases, as the height is only five to ten feet. The
Japanese snowball, V. pHcatum, the finest in the Park,
has abundant ''heads" and a handsome leaf, not flat,
but distinctly plicate or plaited, from which comes its
specific name. Quite common is the species called
arrow-wood {dentatuni) with full heads of small perfect
flowers (/.<f. , with pistil and stamens). With similar
flowers but very different foliage is the black haw, both
tree and shrub, described elsewhere. In the same list
are the withe-rod, downy-leaved viburnum, and maple-
leaved arrow- wood, which one is glad to meet in wood-
land rambles, but would look a little askance at, if they
forced their way into the select society of cultivated
grounds. But the cranberry-tree and the hobble-bush,
with large marginal sterile flowers surrounding the com-
pact clusters, are important enough to be availed of
in the Park. With the immense volume of color de-
manded in such an area, one must not be too fastidious

138

Shrubs and Vines

as to its source ; and, to tell the truth, at long range
these humbler viburnums '' fill in " just as well as lilacs
or hawthorns.

A most distinctive type of shrub, with all the for-
mality of coniferous evergreens, yet finely contrasting,
by its remarkable compactness, with the loose foliage of
other growths, is the tree-box, not native to America,
but indigenous in Europe and Asia. It is a dwarf tree,
its highest altitude not exceeding fifteen feet, but when
only three feet in height its single shaft gives it an
arboreal figure. It is a tall brother of the trim little
box that has been used ad nauseam to border garden-
walks, and which ought to be called the spinster plant,
as being the most exasperating example of diminutive
vegetable precision. Our tree-box, Buxus se?npervirens,
though not a bit less prim, somehow escapes the odium,
and in many situations is a most desirable shrub.
When closely trimmed, its small dark-green leaves are
so solidly massed that its identity can never be mistaken.
It yields to the shears most readily, and can be trimmed
into conical and globular shapes without the impression
of ridiculous artificiality; but the poor thing is often
imposed upon, and nature insulted, by carving it into
grotesque forms of four-footed beasts, hens, roosters,
and other birds of prey.

Its timber is among the few sorts that sink in water.
There are varieties, leaves larger or smaller, and varie-
gated with white or yellow, but they substantially fill
the same niche, as a small, elegant, thrifty evergreen.

You can about as easily tame a squirrel as you can
tame the sumachs into conformability with lawn pro-

139

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

prieties. If you insist on keeping them within prison-
walls, you must at least leave them pretty much alone.
For small grounds they are simply impossible ; they
spoil their surroundings, and their surroundings return
evil for evil ; but in semi-rough nature, in some frag-
ment of a lawn that is not supervised too much, they
feel at home and are interesting.

The best native species are the dwarf and the stag-
horn ; the latter aspires to be a tree, and very rarely
succeeds ; the dwarf is about the most satisfactory, nor
is it so dwarf as the name implies, as it sometimes
reaches a height of fifteen or twenty feet; unlike the
others its pinnate leaves are very glossy, and it rivals
all its kindred in autumn's fiery brilliancy. One of
the most strikingly effective little trees in the Park
in October proved to be the dwarf sumach. The cut-
leaved variety of the smooth sumach is very orna-
mental.

If you have spacious grounds, create in a far-off
corner a semblance of nature's wildness, mingle sumachs
with low shrubbery and scattered trees, and a refreshing
glimpse of unconventional freedom will be afforded.

Never fraternizing with these humble sorts is the
more elegant Venetian sumach, better known as smoke-
tree j but it takes a microscope to see the relationship.
If it were human it would probably wish to repudiate
its connections, for it moves in a much higher circle
than its country cousins ever aspire to. This makes an
elegant centre-piece for a small greensward when wrapped
in its smoky cloud ; but at other times, with its long-
stemmed round leaves, it has nothing special to com^

140

Shrubs and Vines

mend it, except in late spring when covered with a pro-
fusion of very small yellow flowers.

The prevailing colors of flowers are white, red, and
yellow; blue and purple figure very little in nature's
painting ; so that the genus Aitiorpha, containing two
or three species in the Park, is at least a novelty, with
its indigo blossoms, whose form — having but one petal
— must be accounted as a caprice or a negligence of
nature; it is abnormal, amorphic, according to our
limited interpretation of law.

The leaf, as so commonly in the great leguminose
family to which the amorpha belongs, is pinnate with
numerous leaflets, the number in one species sometimes
not less than fifty-one. The flowers are small, but
repay examination, not only for their oddity, but for
the mingling of purple and yellow in petal and stamens ;
while their aggregation in numerous erect spikes aff"ords
a rich yet sombre efl'ect. Thanks are due to any plant
that blossoms quite early or quite late ; and one species
of Amorpha, called the lead-plant, is the more accept-
able in bloom for delaying the matter till August.

The prominent feature of the genus Eitonymus is its
bright red pods, which so envelop the plant in autumn as
to give it the apt name of burning-bush. A more matter-
of-fact name is spindle-tree, afforded by the utihty of its
wood in the manufacture of spindles. Our two native
species are in the Park, with the addition of the Euro-
pean in two or three varieties. The purple or purplish-
white flowers have no marked beauty. A shrub partic-
ularly handsome in its glossy evergreen foliage is the
Euofiynms Japonicus, which is quite hardy, at least as

141

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

far north as New York City ; a variety of it has yellow-
ish markings on the leaves ; such variegations are more
odd than beautiful, in the estimation of some.

Perhaps no plant so generally carries our thoughts back
to childhood and to the old home that possibly now ex-
ists only in memory, as that deliciously fragrant flower,
the lilac. It belongs to the year's childhood as well,
and all its entwined associations make it as heartily wel-
come as violets. If pansies are for thoughts, lilacs are
for memories.

Abundant as it is, it is not indigenous in America,
but comes originally from Asia Minor by the way of
Europe. In addition to a dozen or more distinct spe-
cies, cultivation has produced valuable varieties, yet the
old-fashioned sort holds its own amid them all. The
lilac is said to have been introduced into more countries
than any other plant ; and, in view of its early bloom,
luxuriant clusters, exquisite fragrance, and withal, hardi-
ness and easy culture, this is not to be wondered at.

In addition to many varieties developed from the orig-
inal species {Syri?iga vulgaris), with the different tints
of lilac, white, reddish-purple, crimson, blue — practi-
cally alike except in color — we have Persian, Chinese,
and Japanese lilacs, with flower single and double, of
various colors, and with such interblending of qualities
by hybridizing as to baffle even the scientist in the
attempt to disentangle the snarl of hereditary lines.
Every horticulturist has a mercenary incentive to put a
new variety of this and other popular plants on the mar-
ket ; occasionally it becomes a permanent form ; oftener
it reverts, sooner or later, to the original form, and

142

Shrubs and Vines

nothing more is heard of it ; rose after rose has been the
favorite of an hour, only to be supplanted by another
short-lived favorite. The naturalist, as such, will not
concern himself with these ephemeral phenomena, that
almost cheapen nature's original simplicity and beauty.
Yet it is undeniable that art has often assisted nature, by
bringing inferior species into a finer quality of growth,
and it is a difficult question at what point art must leave
nature alone ; for horticulturists are vying with each
other in attempts to transform every stamen into a petal,
and every simple flower-cluster into a huge mass of
bloom, so that catalogues are now thickly sprinkled with
flore pleno and grandiflora.

That section of the rose family that furnishes our
choicest fruits — apple, cherry, peach, plum — and com-
prised in the genera Prunus and Pyrus, is usually re-
garded as utilitarian rather than ornamental, or at least,
as not meeting the high standards of lawn culture. But
by the improvement of certain native species, with the
introduction of choice kinds from abroad, the names of
cherry, apple, etc., are becoming associated with our
most ornamental sylva and flora. This is signally the
case in the Chinese crab and the Japanese flowering
apple, the latter a pigmy tree only five to six feet high,
profusely covered with beautiful red blossoms in spring,
and scarcely less interesting when the flowers are fol-
lowed by an abundance of diminutive apples. One
writer calls it *' the most beautiful of its race, and one
of the best ornamental plants in cultivation." It is
thoroughly hardy, and has a variety with semi-double
flowers. The Chinese crab, Pyrus nialus spectabilis, is

143

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

of true arboreal size, a variety of it having full-double
flowers, two inches across, and very fragrant.

Passing from apples to cherries, there are several
species, mostly foreign, that have very ornamental
bloom. Few trees in the Park are more attractive when
in blossom than the wild black cherry ; all frequenters
of the " Ramble " must be familiar with the remarkable
specimen in the northwest corner, near what is now
the ''Reading-room." Besides this species, we have
the wild red cherry, and the bird cherry of Europe, the
double-flowering Chinese cherry, and some from Japan ;
and all are familiar with the flowering almond, of Asiatic
origin, whose stems are buried in pink and white blos-
soms in early spring. From the same source comes the
double-flowering peach in various colors, varieties of the
familiar peach-tree. Of ornamental plum-trees the most
important is perhaps the Persian purple-leaved plum, P.
pissardii, a low tree or shrub, decorative in foliage rather
than in flower. And lastly, no lawn should be without
the Japanese quince {Pyrus japonic a), one of the fresh-
est delights of spring, decking the still leafless bush with
an abundance of large pink or sometimes white blossoms,
the very emblem of spring's fairest anticipations. After
the flowering season is past — though it develops blos-
soms at intervals all summer — the shrub is still attractive
for its dark and almost glossy foliage. This brief list
emphasizes the versatility of that pre-eminent botanical
group, the rose family.

Seldom does one find cultivated forms credited to
Siberia ; yet that inhospitable land gives to the Park five
delicate leguminose species of the Siberian pea-tree —

144

Shrubs and Vines

tree only by compliment, for it is oftener a shrub. All
the species have the pinnate leaf that is characteristic of
the family, and mostly yellow pea-shaped blossoms.
Though hardy, they have a delicate appearance, due to
the soft texture of the finely cut leaves ; and the differ-
ences of the species are such as would interest the bot-
anist rather than the landscape amateur. Blossoming
in May and June they do not attract attention by con-
spicuous features, and can easily be overlooked from re-
semblance in flower and leaf to many other species.

The reputation of the entire dogwood family has been
made by one illustrious member of it — the flowering
dogwood, referred to particularly elsewhere. While this
is equally at home on the lawn and in the woods, his
kindred for the most part modestly remain in the back-
ground, and, truth to tell, there is little reason why they
should be invited to come forward into publicity. The
naturalist, however, is always glad to meet them in their
chosen haunts, and they offer interesting differences for
the scrutiny of the analytical botanist.

The common forms are the round-leaved, alternate-
leaved, silky, panicled, and red-osier dogwood. The
last-named, with an almost identical European form,
has a special interest as being the only case in which a
shrub's ornamentation is in neither foliage, flower, nor
fruit, but in the brilliant color of its bark in winter.
From May to December it is a dull brown, but it then
begins to brighten, and by February is of such a vivid
crimson tint as to make a large shrub in a snowy land-
scape one of the most peculiar and beautiful sights of
winter. In foliage and flower this is as commonplace

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

as its kindred, but it is often cultivated for its novel
winter-coloring.

The dogwoods as a rule have white blossoms ; but the
foreign Cornelian cherry (Corfius mas) is decked in
early spring with showy yellow flowers ; two varieties of
the same have white or yellow markings in the foliage ;
such effects are thought desirable by some, but to my
own taste it is more of an oddity than an ornament;
certainly at a distance the effect is decidedly that of
withered leaves, rather than of a rich mingling of colors ;
a criticism that is not so valid in the case of house or
garden plants.

In the chill days of November it is almost pathetic to
see the witch-hazel's leafless branches thickly covered
with small bright yellow blossoms, as if in the despairing
attempt to revive the glories of a summer that is gone.
This is the latest flowering plant we have, and is an ob-
ject of botanical interest ; but neither foliage nor flower
warrants its introduction to cultivated grounds, except
on the score of mere variety. Its autumn coloring is
sometimes efl'ective, and its oblique leaf has a peculiar
contour that is worth noting ; but it is a rather coarse-
natured individual, with just enough delicacy to appear
embarrassed amid cultivated surroundings. It is grow-
ing in two or three places in the " Ramble."

Little need be said of the familiar and universally
popular syringa (so called), whose exquisite fragrance,
purity of color, and profusion of flowers, with shapely
foliage, give it rank among the most desirable shrubs.

There is an unfortunate confusion in the names of two
of our favorite plants — lilac and syringa ; the botanical

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Shrubs and Vines

name of lilac is Syn?tga, and that of syringa is Philadel-
phus ; and horticultural writers are constantly urging
the public to name the plants correctly. I hope they
will succeed, but I suspect that lilacs will be called lilacs,
and syringa syringa, to the end of time.

Syringa — I mean Philadelphus — is a genus of about a
dozen species, the world over, and our common sort,
coronariiis, is an imported plant that has developed sev-
eral quite distinct varieties under the process of cultiva-
tion, with double flowers and peculiar markings of foli-
age. A native species of the Southern States, gra7idiflora,
has larger blossoms than the co?'o?iarius, which are also
quite as pleasantly scented as the latter ; but it is prob-
ably not hardy enough to supplant its foreign rival.
Hybridizing has put many varieties on the market, whose
advantages are very evident to the hybridists themselves,
and more or less so to others.

A synonym for fragrance is honeysuckle, although in
some of the species this is not a significant feature. The
genus — botanically called Lonicera — is widely repre-
sented in different countries, particularly those of the
north temperate zone, whereas its southern extension is
limited. Our native shrubs in this group are quite in-
ferior, and scarcely worth cultivating, with so many
choicer foreign species to choose from.

The flower-type is tubular or funnel -form, lobed and
somewhat irregular at the apex, with five stamens, and
the leaf is ovate, oval, or long-ovate, entire and oppo-
site. In foliage honeysuckles are inferior to many other
shrubs, and the blossom, as a rule, is quite small (which
is measurably compensated for by its profusion), of vari-

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

able tint, cream-white, pink, crimson, purplish, and yel-
low, with berry-fruit, which is red, orange, purple, or
black, and sometimes more attractive than the flower.

The Park shows a goodly array of this genus, though
the differences of species are in some cases scarcely ob-
servable except to a botanist. One of the most abundant
is the fragrafitissima from China, with a characteristic
found only or chiefly in this species, so far as I know —
a loose shreddy bark that peels off in long strips, as in a
grape-vine or nine-bark. This is about the earliest to
bloom, and it is aptly named, as the tiny flowers are
superlatively fragrant.

Another, widely used to border the walks, is the Tar-
tarian honeysuckle which blossoms later, with some vari-
ation in flower-tint. The fruit of this is quite as orna-
mental as the flower, often remaining till far into autumn,
untouched by the birds, thanks to its unpalatableness.
Several other species might be named that are less widely
known, with differences more delicate than conspicuous,
except in the case of Z. hildebra7idii, from Burmah, with
shining leaves, and crimson flowers more than six inches
long, a comparatively rare species in this country.
About a dozen sorts of honeysuckle may be found in
various parts of the Park.

Closely allied to the honeysuckle — probably often
mistaken for it — is the Weigela, a much more showy
genus with larger flowers, though with almost the same
floral type, but the leaf is serrate, not entire as in Loni-
cera. The bloom of the foreign weigelas is quite beau-
tiful, but the only species native to our territory, W.
trifida, is scarcely more than a weed, growing in open

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Shrubs and Vines

sandy ground ; its yellow blossoms are in threes, hence
the name trijida. The best of the species come from
Asia, and are mostly to be found in the Park.

A desirable little bush, throwing out its clusters of
purplish, rose-tinted, fragrant flowers in early spring
before the leaves appear, is the Daphne mezereum,
which has been for a long time popular in England. In
June its dark-green, lance-shaped leaves are illuminated
with bright red berries. Commendable in all respects,
this dainty specimen will fill a niche as very few other
plants can do. In the same genus is the garland flower,
D. cneoriim, with lilac-tinted flowers thickly clustered,
and very small evergreen leaves. Its first flowering is
in May, and at intervals it blossoms through the sum-
mer and even in fall. Another, D. genkwa, has violet
flowers, also before the foliage. This is a trio worthy
of becoming favorites — low, delicate, with fragrant
showy bloom in early spring, and attractive in foliage.
The flower has no corolla, the salver-shaped, four-lobed
colored calyx supplying its place.

The rose of Sharon might almost be the proverbial
''last rose of summer"; certainly this species is left
blooming pretty much alone, for it is well into Septem-
ber when it is densely covered with large flowers of
various pure or mingled colors, with scarcely a rival in
the field. The shrub has a particularly erect and even
jaunty air, that attracts attention before it blossoms. I
never pass a rose of Sharon without seeming to hear it
say, '' I had an ambition to become a great tree, but was
denied the opportunity." Possibly the lower growths
have their disappointments as well as we that are higher

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

in the scale. The leaf is of peculiar shape, with the
middle lobe quite tapering, and the large numerous pods
remain through the winter. Whether it be the beloved
flower of olden Jewish times or not, it is pleasant to
think so, and its probable origin in Syria — whence its
botanical name syriaciis — makes it at least plausible. It
is the last large and brilliant flower of the season, except
the late sporadic blossoms of the Japanese quince, and
fades with the incoming of October, a landscape shrub
of great beauty, and doubly effective from its period of
bloom.

The palmate type of leaf is the rarest of all, so that
when one sees the dwarf horse-chestnut for the first
time, he confidently pronounces it a species of the
yEsadus group ; but on looking at the very slender spikes
of flowers, a foot long, generally white, thickly covering
the bush in July, the difference from the horse-chestnut
creates a Httle doubt ; yet the flower is essentially the
same, only a variation in the mode of clustering, one of
those incidental circumstances that produce variety with
little or no organic difference. As a writer has well
said, nature is very sparing in fundamental types, but
lavish in variations. As it spreads quite rapidly and
tends to form a large clump, it is hardly a feasible plant
for small grounds, whereas under suitable conditions it
is desirable. Two clumps of it are in the ''Ramble,"
one near the north end of the " Bow-Bridge," the other
farther to the east, near the cluster of magnolias. Indig-
enous only in the Southern States, it proves quite hardy
in the North, and is not fastidious as to the kind of soil.
A kindred species, the red buckeye, also of the Southern

150

Shrubs and Vines

and Western States, with bright red flowers in short
clusters, is of more arboreal figure, and would be called
a dwarf tree, rather than a shrub.

An excellent genus of rather large shrubs, whose
flowers are of the beautiful camellia type, is Stuartia.
It is a small group, and we hardly need to go abroad for
its representation, as two of the finest species are native
to Virginia, and hardy up to Southern New England, if
planted in not too exposed a situation. In S. pentagyna
the cream-white blossoms, nearly four inches across, de-
velop in July and August. The five or more petals are
finely scalloped on the edge, and the stamens are very
numerous. The foliage is good, and as the shrub attains
a height often to twelve feet, its appearance in full bloom
is striking. A smaller sort is S. virginica, with purple
filaments in the stamens, blossoming in June and July,
and with a different foliage. The Japanese species, S.
pseudo camellia, not much known in this country, has
much the same features, and scarcely rivals our native
forms.

Sea-shore exposure requires special selection for the
lawn, and a native species, popularly called groundsel-
tree — though only a shrub ten to twelve feet high — ** to
the manor born," is desirable for such localities, and
will doubtless thrive inland equally well. The foliage is
dark green, and the flowers, in small, compact clusters,
are white in some plants, yellow in others ; for the pis-
tillate and staminate blossoms grow on separate plants.

The wild rosemary of Europe, also native to this
country, bears the botanical name of Aiidro7neda poli-
folia, appHed, in a spirit of poetry that is painfully lack-

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

ing in scientific nomenclature, by that prince of natu-
ralists, Linnaeus, who saw the tragic episode in the life of
that royal (and therefore beautiful) maiden pictured in
the color and the aqueous situation of this delicate
plant, often less than a foot high. The poetic tempera-
ment of those famous pioneers in botany and ornithology,
Linnaeus and Audubon, who could thus infuse their
subjects with the spirit of delightful imagery, has really
done more to elevate and popularize these two domains
of nature-study than all the microscopic precision of
exact science. Imagination fires mankind more than
the whole mass of technical detail in matters of fact.
Yet one must not forget that these details, rightly used,
are the best fuel to kindle the imagination.

Pieria, in Thessaly, the gathering-place of the Muses,
gives generic name to a select group of small hardy
shrubs in the heath family. Two American species,
P. mariana and P. ligustrma, throw out their white
bell-shaped flowers in abundance in April and the first
part of May, while an introduced species, P. Jloribunda,
in addition to the same floral effect, has evergreen foli-
age. Quite as desirable as either of these, however, is
P. japonica, whose evergreen foliage is glossy, the old
leaves being replaced in spring by new ones that are at
first bright red, soon changing to green ; and the early
bloom of pure white flowers in long clusters completes
the picture of an exquisite growth in every respect.
Farmers naturally think more of such practical things as
calves and lambs than of all landscape values, and, from
a probably fanciful notion of its poisonous effects, have
cast a lasting slur upon the delicate P. j?iariana, by call-

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Shrubs and Vines

ing it stagger bush ; but it thrives serenely unconscious
of the odium.

Another mythological genus is Cassandra, with ap-
parently only one species, calycidata, or leather-leaf.
Its thick-leaved foliage is impaired by its rusty appear-
ance beneath ; but in early spring the long, one-sided
racemes of small white bell-shaped flowers are very
pretty. The buds are so advanced in the previous
August that they look as if almost ready to break into
flower; but they ''bide a wee," and come out bright
and early the following year.

Zefwbia speciosa is too proud a name for a small shrub,
the only one of its genus, with white, waxen flowers of
the heath type, small but multitudinous, and with an
added interest from its long popularity, if it be true, as
asserted, that it was cultivated as long ago as that famous
lady of Palmyra lived. It is closely allied with the
three foregoing genera, mingles well with growths of
other types, and is sufficiently distinctive to be of inter-
est to the mere flower-lover as well as to the botanist.

Laurel is an exclusively American genus — a compar-
atively rare occurrence in vegetation ; and if we would
do ample justice to '' home production," this beautiful
growth would be oftener seen in cultivation. Like
azaleas and rhododendrons, this virile group forms a
small and characteristic section of the notable and ex-
tensive heath family, which, besides the above-named,
large-flowered and hardy sorts, furnishes many of the
most delicate and minute forms of inflorescence found
in conservatories.

The finest species of laurel is the broad-leaved or
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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

mountain-laurel — Kalmia latifolia — that in June breaks
out into a broad, compact mass of blossoms, varying
from white to rose-color, each shaped like a miniature
bowl with a row of ten depressions around the mid-
dle, in each of which an anther is neatly socketed. A
smaller and less showy sort is the narrow-leaved laurel —
K. angustifolia — often found in open pasture-land, and
called lambkill by farmers. This is doubtless a false
and unkind aspersion ; very possibly foolish lambs have
indigestion after eating it ; so would a three-months-old
baby, if fed with meat and potato ; and there is proba-
bly as much inherent poison in the one case as in the
other.

Another species, K. glatica, has purplish flowers, and
a fourth, growing in Virginia, a rosy-tinted corolla.
The only sorts desirable for cultivation are the broad-
leaved and the narrow-leaved ; and they need only to
be heralded on coming from Europe or Asia to secure
wider recognition of their worth.

Another strictly American group is the small one
called Calycanthus, chiefly known through a favorite
species, the sweet-scented shrub, C. floridus, that has
become popular in Europe. Flower, foliage, and bark
are aromatic, the blossom when warmed emitting a
fragrance quite like that of the strawberry. Being pur-
plish and not clustered, the flower is not a conspicu-
ous ornament, but its aroma and the thickly foliaged,
shapely bush have won a wide recognition at home and
abroad. A less known species, C. occidentalis, in Cali-
fornia, is of greater size, with ampler leaves and dark
crimson flowers three inches in diameter.

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Shrubs and Vines

A third genus, supposed to be indigenous only in
America, is another small group in the heath family,
named Clet/ira, and known as sweet pepper-bush or
white alder. The finest species found in our territory is
C. ahiifolia (i.e., alder-leaved), whose abundant, dense,
erect clusters of showy white, odorous blossoms, contrast-
ing finely with the glossy foliage, and often in continu-
ous bloom from July to October, make it a most desir-
able shrub for any lawn. Its congener, acwninata,
said to be widely cultivated in England and on the
Continent, is essentially the same except in the shape of
the leaf. Other species, less hardy, are only to be seen
in conservatories.

Generally in the heath family the petals are united
more or less by their edges, but in Clethra they are
entirely separate. In most families the anthers open
from end to end to discharge the pollen, but as a rule
in the heaths it escapes through a small opening at the
apex of the anther ; and in the barberry this aperture is
provided with a minute hinged lid that covers the top
until it is time to open !

A fourth genus of American plants is Shepherdia, of
but few species, and chiefly in repute on account of one,
S. argentea (silver-leaved), known as Buffalo berry.
Seldom does a shrub exhibit such strong contrasts of
color ; the foliage is silvery-white on both sides ; in
April or May appear the clusters of small but abundant
yellow flowers, which ripen into showy scarlet berries.

The heaths include one more American group of
ornamental shrubs — Leucothoe, containing six or eight
species. The flowers are white, rarely rose-tinted, in

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

terminal or lateral clusters, and the leaf thickish, nearly
or quite evergreen, and glossy in L. racemosa, which is
perhaps the most widely cultivated. L. axillaris is
commendable for its early blossoming, a circumstance
not to be forgotten in laying out a lawn or garden.
The flowers throughout the genus are of the typical
heath form — petals united into a short tube, lobed or
toothed at the apex.

The most conspicuous and brilliant reminder of our
Japanese indebtedness is the golden -flowered forsythia,
abundant in the Park, to which allusion is elsewhere
made. The secret of its profuse flowering is in trim-
ming it closely every year as soon as the blossoming
period is past ; for next year's flower-buds form chiefly
on this year's growth ; and if the stems are severely
pruned, the vigor of the plant sends up a multitude of
new shoots crowded with buds of the coming spring.
Its slender, dark-green leaves, persistent almost till
winter, are an added consideration to make this thor-
oughly hardy shrub one of the most beautiful attractions
in almost any situation.

Our native elders, though having a shapely leaf of fine
color, are of scattering growth, and so characterless as
to be unfit for culture. But the European elder —
Sambucus nigra — affords some varieties of marked
beauty, the finest being the cut-leaved, very ornamental
in foliage. Another, the golden elder, has yellow
leaves which, massed with surrounding greens, is ot
striking effect ; and a third, with variegation of white
and green, is an oddity that is more or less pleasing.

The two species indigenous in this country, the com-
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Shrubs and Vines

mon and the red-berried, have conspicuous differences :
the former, usually with seven to nine leaflets, has black-
ish berries and white or pinkish pith ; the latter, usually
with five leaflets, has red berries and brown pith. Both
are partial to swampy ground, and may be looked for
on the margin of ponds and streams.

Pre-eminent for its massive flower-clusters stands the
Hydrangea ; the foremost in hardiness and wide culti-
vation, H. pafiiculata, has been improved by horticult-
ural art, so that its immense clusters produce a superb
effect, and justify its pretentious title — Hydra7igea panic-
ulata grandijiora. Its catalogue of virtues is a long one
— hardy, with ornamental foliage, of prolonged inflo-
rescence, and with its gorgeous white pyramids changing
at maturity to a beautiful blush that deepens to a rich
pink followed by a delicate brown ; it is sans pareilysx
its exceptional character, and, coming into bloom with
the opening of September, it nobly crowns the sum-
mer's glory, and is probably the most popular of all
shrubs.

Without rivalling this, yet in some ways quite as
beautiful, especially in its glossy foliage, and with its
blossoms similarly overspread with pink or blue, is the
half-hardy H. horiefisis, with large globular clusters,
oftener seen as a potted plant, though more and more
left out of doors in winter well protected. Horticultur-
ists have, of course, produced varieties of this species,
each supposed to exhibit some special excellence, as in
tint or arrangement of flowers, or in variegation of foli-
age ; but such distinctions are often so minute as to be
chiefly valuable as an advertising pretext.

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Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Japan and China, as usual, are our main resource for
ornamental hydrangeas. Worthy of mention, though
inferior, is our own oak-leaved — H. qiieixifolia — with
large sterile blossoms mingled with the fertile ones in
the same cluster. The process of cultivation always
tends to transform stamens and pistils into petals, mak-
ing the flower only for show, without the means of self-
propagation, resulting usually in such metamorphoses as
we find in the cultivated rose and chrysanthemum with
a multitude of petals. But there is a singular difference
in the process, in the hydrangea, wherein the flower's
force is expended in simply enlargi?ig the calyx — it has
no corolla — instead of multiplying the number of sepals.
It may here be remarked, that while color and form —
mere sensuous beauty — may be equally appreciated by
all, intelligent interest in nature's processes of growth,
which afford a considerable part of the subject's at-
tractiveness, is quite impossible without an understand-
ing of structural botany ; and this is where the modern
*^ short methods" of nature-study reveal their super-
ficiality.

Among the rugged, dark-green-foliaged shrubs and
trees, one of the most interesting and sometimes prac-
tically valuable genera is the alder ; too coarse-fibred
for good effect at short range, it can be massed along a
water-course, pond, or lake very satisfactorily ; indeed,
there is nothing that quite takes its place in that situa-
tion. Its growth is thrifty, and its compacted roots
prevent erosion of the shore. Our three native species
are all shrubs, with no conspicuous differences, and a
practical value of them all is their protection of tender

158

Shrubs and Vines

plants in wind-exposed localities, as they are too vigor-
ous to be affected by any climatic inclemencies. The
European alder is a tree, whose dark trunk and foliage
make it a pleasing accessory of a water-scene, showing
to advantage in several places in the Park, and it is lux-
uriantly covered with yellowish catkins in early spring.

It is' not too much to say of the Deuizia gracilis that
it is the most chaste and elegant little shrub that we
have ; and it is an almost inevitable corollary of that
proposition, that it comes from Japan. In texture of
petal and leaf, in form and purity of its delicate white
flower, and in that atmosphere that is not reducible to
words, it is so singular that it might be called a thrush
among the flowers. Some plants must have their loca-
tion carefully considered ; they are more or less fastidi-
ous ; they might mar, or be marred by, their surroundings ;
but the little deutzia, like a kind word, fits in anywhere.

Another species much cultivated, D. crefiata, is not
materially different, but lacks the purity of color and the
dainty diminutiveness of the g7-acilis. A larger shrub
is D. scabf^a, which is literally overwhelmed in bloom
in June, and the leaf, which is very scabrous, is a most
beautiful object under the microscope, the roughness
consisting of silver stars, having six to ten rays, thickly
covering the field. Other species, varieties, and hybrids
bring the number up to eight or more now in this coun-
try, but the type of the genus is most finely expressed in
Deutzia gracilis.

A group for the most part tropical or sub-tropical,
but containing a few species hardy in the Northern
States, is Styrax, whose type of flower and leaf much

159

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

resembles that of the silver-bell-tree elsewhere described.
Of our three native species, one or two are worthy of
cultivation — .S*. grandiflora , about six feet high, and the
lower S. obassia, the flowers of both clustered in racemes.
But a better species is the one from Japan, S. serrulata^
with finer leaves and larger blossoms, of quite an arboreal
figure with spreading branches. Its hardiness and adap-
tability also recommend it, with perhaps the only draw-
back that its flowering period is very brief.

The fact that a plant blossoms as late as September or
even October attracts attention, and becomes a large in-
ducement to its cultivation. We have two such species
in the Desmodiu7?i genus, both of foreign growth — D.
penduliflorimi , of purplish-rose color, and D. japonicum,
with white blossoms. The flowering is profuse in both
if well trimmed each year, and the efl'ect of drooping
flower-laden branches so late in the season is particularly
pleasing.

Closely allied to the spiraea is a small genus, Exo-
chorda, better known as pearl bush, from the tint of its
blossoms. It comes from China, and is quite hardy in
the Northern States. Properly treated it is orna-
mental, but as its foliage is scanty it must be pruned
quite close. As in spiraea the beauty is mainly in its
bloom.

A shrub only four or five feet high, but with a single
shaft that makes it arboreal, is the leather-wood, whose
clustered, greenish-yellow flowers develop before the
long and tapering leaves. Its chief interest is the re-
markable character of its bark, which is as impression-
able as softened wax, but at once regaining its shape

i6o

Shrubs and Vines

when the pressure is removed, and extremely tenacious,
so that the Indians utilized it for bowstrings and other
purposes. As a curiosity it is well worthy of cultivation
where space permits.

A genus affording a rich yellow bloom late in summer
— July to October — is Hype?'icum, or St. John's-wort.
Many of its herbaceous species are indigenous and very
familiar, but within our territory only two are in shrub-
form, the most important being H. kahniamun, which is
chiefly found in the vicinity of Niagara Falls. It has
become a favorite flower in England, and its bright yel-
low bloom in August entitles it to wider appreciation in
America. Yet it is rather surpassed by several kindred
species from abroad, such as H. aureum, quite a small
plant, but with larger blossoms than our own, and H.
moseriana, with flowers sometimes two and a half inches
across, which is perhaps not hardy enough for Southern
New England without protection in winter. It is needless
to name other species that do not differ materially from
the foregoing. A peculiarity in all the genus is in the op-
posite entire leaves that are conspicuously spattered with
black dots, though not observable at a distance. This
group is valuable for its golden bloom at a season when
it is most welcome.

A tall thorny shrub that is often a tree, and used for
hedges in England, is the common buckthorn — Rham-
nus catharticus — with simple, opposite, ovate leaves, and
very small but abundant and fragrant flowers, mostly
white or pink. Though growing wild in some parts of
New England it is a naturalized European species. Its
general type is so much better represented in the various

i6i

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

thorns of the CratcBgus genus (hawthorn, black thorn,
etc.) that it will hardly come into popular favor.

Some genera, like acacia, contain several hundred
species ; but occasionally a genus-type has but a single
representation, like Stephanandra, in the rose family,
in many respects resembling spiraea; but a marked dif-
ference is in its more ornamental foliage, which is red-
dish-purple in spring, then changes to a lustrous green,
and in autumn resumes its spring-tint. In the flowering
season the whole plant is enveloped in white bloom ; its
native haunts seem to be in Japan.

Few genera call for such extended notice, for their
contributions in ornamental trees and shrubs, as the uni-
versally popular magnolia; and the shrubs of this group
are perhaps its most important section. Among the
early spring flowers nothing is more conspicuous than
the large purple and white blossoms of the M. purpurea
and M. soulangeana, so profuse that the leafless branches
are completely enveloped in bloom. The former has
purple on the outside and pure white on the inside of
the flower, whereas the latter, probably a hybrid, has a
white flower that is suffused with purple. Even 3f. pur-
purea is regarded by some as a hybrid. Both come
from China and are perfectly hardy. In tint and text-
ure of petal they do not compare with the more elegant
rhododendron and azalea, but in mass of showy color
they eclipse every other shrub we have. The buds,
formed in the previous year, are large and prominent
throughout the winter, as if eager to throw off their vel-
vet wrappings with the first warm touch of spring. An-
other foreign species, M. alexa?idrina, has large pink

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Shrubs and Vines

flowers, and in M. gracilis they are a rich purple. Con-
spicuously different from all others is M. stellata, a hardy
sort from Japan, also in the Park, whose small flowers
have about fifteen narrow petals, rayed like a star. It
blossoms very early, is fragrant, like most of the mag-
nolias, and its smaller size makes it more suitable for
some situations than any of the others.

Oar only native species in shrub form — and even this
is quite arborescent — is the swamp magnolia, or sweet
bay, M. glauca, whose extreme northern limit is prob-
ably Cape Ann, in the northeast corner of Massachusetts.
This has smaller blossoms than most of the others, but
remains well in flower, and is quite fragrant. The leaf-
type is essentially the same throughout the genus, and
the rich heavy foliage partly atones for the rather un-
graceful figure of most of the species, and affords a pleas-
ing contrast to other greens. It is unnecessary to enu-
merate the other species and hybrids in cultivation, as
the differences are not very conspicuous.

The genus mulberry, containing several interesting
trees, is here referred to only to call attention to a curi-
ous and beautiful variety that might be reckoned among
the shrubs, effected by grafting pendulous stock upon a
short shaft — the Russian weeping mulberry. The leaf
is very unique and variable in contour, and the mass of
luxuriant growth sweeping on all sides to the ground,
completely hiding the supporting trunk, is singularly
beautiful.

A genus little known, but affording a valuable accession
to our list of ornamental shrubs, is Elceagmis, or oleas-
ter, whose special characteristics are foliage that is dark

163

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

green above and silvery-white below (sometimes entirely
white), and a profusion of usually bright red fruit about
the size of currants. The one native species worth cul-
tivating is E. canadefisis, or Missouri silver-tree — though
its greatest height is about ten feet — which produces
fragrant yellow flowers in July and August, its foliage
silvery throughout. The Japanese E. loiigipes is one of
the finest, and about five feet high, though in its native
land it is many times higher. Its combined effect of dark
foliage and bright fruit is striking, the latter being utilized
in France for preserves, and highly esteemed. The
wild olive of olden times is another species of the group,
called E. angusfifolius, and sometimes Jerusalem willow.
New species are being introduced and tested, and this
genus should be kept in mind in selecting for the lawn.

Itea furnishes a single hardy shrub, virginica, worthy
of cultivation. The foliage, green in spring, afterwards
changes to a distinct red, and in June the plant is abun-
dantly decorated with the bloom of white racemes ;
growing wild as far north as New Jersey, it is hardy
enough for general cultivation.

Corylopsis, native only to Asia, has only recently
been introduced into this country. It is characterized
by yellow fine-petaled blossoms in showy lateral racemes,
which in at least one species, C. spicata, develop before
the leaves. That this species is a favorite in Japan is
sufficient endorsement for its rapid introduction. The
few other sorts in the genus need not here be particular-
ized, as they strongly resemble C. spicata, whose bright
spring bloom makes it a welcome addition to our shrub-
bery.

164

Shrubs and Vines

Symphoricarpus contains two species of small shrubs
whose white and red berries, respectively, have given
them the names of snow-berry and coral-berry. They
are delicately foliaged, and produce small but very
pretty pinkish flowers in mid-summer. The snow-berry
has fewer but much larger and handsomer berries than
the coral -berry, in which they are dull red and crowded
on the stems. Both grow wild in our territory, but are
chiefly seen in cultivation.

Antedating the flowering of the forsythia by at least
two weeks is a plant which, in its type and color of
blossom, might easily be mistaken for it — the early-
flowering jasmine (^/asminum nudifloruni) from China,
very conspicuous in its solitary bloom. Being a pros-
trate shrub, it verges on the vine, and can be effec-
tively massed in an upright position against the house,
where it shows with fine effect. The later appearing
leaves are trifoliate. It is on the east side of the
'< Ramble."

Allied to our angelica-tree is a thorny shrub from
China {Aralia chinensis), of lower growth, and with
minute differences that indicate diverse origin. This is
in the Park, with another {A. pentaphylla)^ from Japan,
whose leaf is palmate with five leaflets. Both may need
slight protection in winter.

The Chinese chestnut, so called {Xanthoceras sorbifo-
iia), found in the Park, is but little cultivated as yet in
this country. It is very showy in bloom, producing an
abundance of long clusters of white flowers, and the
compound leaves are not unlike those of the mountain-
ash. Not being especially tender, and of graceful figure,

165

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

it ought to become widely popular, especially as its
bloom is among the earliest.

One would not naturally think of selecting the swamp
blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum, for ornament ; and
he will usually be surprised at the attractive appearance
it can be made to present, when properly trained, in its
abundant array of greenish-white heath-like blossoms, in
early spring. The time of year is half the secret of it.
Although rather coarse-natured as a whole, the hungry
eye is almost as delighted at seeing it as if it were some
rare exotic. It is too shrewd to display its limited
charms in June. It is quite a large and conspicuous
object in the "Ramble," and several of its fellow-vac-
cinia are distributed in the Park.

One of the choicest evergreen shrubs is the English
holly \ and a handsomer effect in vegetation is rarely
seen, when its dark, thick, glossy foliage is illuminated
with an abundance of bright red berries ; in leaf and
fruit it is distinctly finer than our native species. A
bewildering number of varieties, many of them with
curious effects of mottled foliage, is catalogued, but it
is unnecessary here to describe their slight differences.
The Japanese species, Ilex latifolius, is considered by one
Japanese traveller to be the finest evergreen of its sort in
that country, its leaves not less than six inches long,
more glossy, if possible, than in the English holly, and
the berries more brilliant ; unfortunately it is not hardy
enough for the Northern States. /. crenata, said to be
the most popular holly in Japan, has leaves only about
one inch long, finely serrate, and black fruit. Our
own holly, /. opaca, ignobly brings up the rear,

1 66

Shrubs and Vines

and, though abundantly used and beautiful for Christ-
mas decorations, is manifestly inferior to the foreign
sorts.

A closely related shrub, but deciduous, and popular
for winter decoration, when its leafless branches are
loaded with red berries, is the winter berry or black
alder, a native growth, and a familiar object to those
who explore the woods in autumn.

The most polite way to warn off intruders upon your
grounds is by a hedge. Fences are semi-civilized and
only fit for cattle. Stone walls must have their asper-
ity tempered by vines and mosses to be picturesque.
Hedge-rows are one of the most beautiful devices of
English scenery, but one looks upon the high bare walls
there as a personal affront; whereas a hedge is such a
gracious refusal of admission that it pleases rather than
offends.

Among many shrubs used for the hedge, privet is one
of the commonest, a genus with no American represent-
ative. Its many species are not as distinctive as in
some genera, but the genus-type is strongly marked —
leaves small, long-oval, entire, opposite and of firm
texture, in some species glossy, in the South evergreen,
and remaining fresh in the North long after most other
leaves have fallen. Delightfully clean and fresh in ap-
pearance, hardy, quick-growing, accommodating them-
selves to all soils and conditions, the privets are a
good-natured folk, adept in finding the pleasant side of
every situation — the result of good health as much as of
grace of heart. If not trimmed, the abundant small
white flowers in panicled clusters, often fragrant, are a

167

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

pleasing feature ; but in hedge-form, when the new
shoots are closely cropped, there is little opportunity for
blossoming. The commonest is the English privet or
prim, in two or three varieties, with berries black or
yellow, and leaves box-like or variegated. The so-
called Cahfornia privet is a case of false credit, as it
really originates in Japan. This is quite a feature in the
Park, especially on the south declivity of BoHvar hill,
on the extreme west side, where it forms a miniature
grove, most noticeable in fall, when its remarkable
foliage retains all of its spring freshness.

Not to be confounded with viburnum is laburnum, the
latter a leguminose genus, whereas viburnum is in the
honeysuckle family. Laburnum has no American rep-
resentative, but two or three beautiful foreign species
are in the Park, with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers
in long pendent racemes, whence the name of golden-
chain. They are upright, arborescent shrubs, of fem-
inine figure, and an effective growth amid sturdier
forms.

Another leguminose genus is Colutea, with bright-
green compound leaves, and making a brave show of
yellow blossoms that are followed by almost translucent
bladdery pods, so hardy as to grow at the very summit
of Mt. Vesuvius. The commonest species is called
bladder-senna.

The thorns — Cratcegus — are often classed as shrubs,
assuming indifferently the forms of shrub and tree ; but
having already been considered as trees, they may here
be passed over.

No lawn should be without a Kerria japonica, also
i68

Shrubs and Vines

called corchorus ; for among low shrubs it has few
equals. The very foliage, of delicate texture, beautiful
tint and graceful contour, bespeaks its refinement ; and
when profusely laden with golden-yellow flowers, it is a
gem fit for the choicest situation. The double-flowered
variety was first introduced, but strangely enough it
is quite inferior to the original single-flowering form
which is now becoming prevalent.

A recent introduction from Japan, characterized by
large pure-white blossoms rather abundant but single at
the ends of the stems, and by large ovate leaves finely
jagged on the edge, and conspicuous in late fall for their
remarkably vivid tint, is Rhodotypos kerrioides, thickly
planted along many walks in the Park. Few plants re-
tain their bright verdure so long, and through summer
and autumn scattering blossoms are never absent,
though of that sporadic sort that does not greatly
beautify the plant, after its true flowering season is
over. For October greenery it cannot be excelled.

A shrub that never seems to know when to stop blos-
soming is the purple-flowering raspberry, Rubus odora-
tus, a peculiar plant of the wayside, the woods, and
the select surroundings of the garden — all things to all
men. Its huge three-lobed leaves are not unsightly,
unlike other raspberries it has no prickles, its showy
purplish-rose flowers are two inches across, and its sta-
mens are legion — or, more exactly, about 200 ! It is
only for show, as its large flat berry is very insipid ; but
if kept within limits it is interesting and attractive
in cultivation, though one is better pleased to meet it
unexpectedly in the wild wood.

169

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Even in horticulture utility is sometimes paramount
to beauty, which is almost the only excuse for alluding
to the Myricas — coarse-fibred shrubs that can withstand
all attacks of wind and weather, and are serviceable as a
defensive growth for other low plants in sea-side lawns.
So tenacious that they seem to court hardship, there
appears to be no exposure too severe for them, and two
of them thrive in the most barren soil. Yet it must be
conceded, despite their commonness, that the foliage is
most pleasantly aromatic, and the dark-green leaf al-
most glossy and of good texture.

The most useful is M. cerifera, also called wax-myrtle
and bayberry ; and in winter this is covered with whit-
ish pellets — minute globular cones coated with a waxen
substance that has some commercial value for soap and
candles, one pound of wax being obtained by boiling
four pounds of berries. This species is three to six or
even eight feet high ; but M. Gale, or sweet gale, is a
lower plant with a smaller leaf, growing close to the
water. The third native species is M. asplenifolia, or
sweet fern, whose task seems to be to cover the most
sterile and unattractive spots it can find. The hum-
blest object in nature is full of suggestion if we only
know how to look at it, and nothing is to be despised.
Sweet fern is a case in hand. If one will look at the
leaf illustration (Plate IX.) of shrubs, a curious bit of
nature's forethought in structure will be apparent,
which had never occurred to me until I prepared the
drawing. As a rule the two parts of a leaf, on opposite
sides of the mid-rib, are very symmetrical, and in the
most intricate configuration, as in oak and maple, lobes

170

Shrubs and Vines

and incisions correspond with surprising exactness.
But in the sweet fern, the incisions, which are very
deep, and reach almost to the mid-rib, are as uniformly
alternate on the two sides. A little thought will ex-
plain this almost solitary exception to the rule. The
incisions are so numerous and deep that the mid-rib
would be much weakened and liable to break if they
exactly coincided, but acquires rigidity by the simple
device of alternating the incisions, whereby the mid-
rib is strengthened on one side when weakened on
the other. I shall always have more respect for this
despised weed after such proof of painstaking in its
construction.

For those whose grounds adjoin a lake or pond, the
familiar button-bush, Cephalanthus occidentalism is worth
considering. It grows in water, has luxuriant, dark-
green foliage, and showy clusters of white flowers,
densely massed into spherical heads ; the leaves are op-
posite or whorled.

I have seen no shrub in the Park whose glossy ever-
green foliage surpasses that of Mahonia aquifolium, per-
haps the most desirable low species of its sort. The
leaf is pinnate, and each leaflet is the duplicate of the
English holly leaf, but with a lustre that can scarcely be
rivalled ; and being in the barberry family, it is often
called holly-leaved barberry. It comes from the Far
West, and, though called evergreen in the books, it does
not prove so in the Park. Its short racemes of small
yellow flowers are produced early in spring, and followed
by blackish berries. It should be included in every list
of lawn shrubbery, however small.

171

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

It is difficult to conceive of a more extraordinary, deli-
cate, and beautiful shrub than the Tamarix, or Tama-
risk. It is an exclusively foreign genus, and it can truly
be said, there is nothing more charmingly singular in the
Park than the few specimens scattered here and there.
The finest is the African, its lithe, willowy branches
literally buried in the countless tiny blossoms of early
spring before a leaf appears. Yet the climax is not in
the bloom, but in the full-foliaged effect, its million
leaves as minute as the lobes of the most delicate fern,
making the entire shrub a misty mass of translucent
green, too ethereal for description. The first view of
such an one as is found in the " Ramble " can only be
greeted with an exclamation. This will seem fulsome
praise only to those who have never beheld the plant,
and are not imaginative enough to picture it. Nature
was in her most poetic mood when she devised the
African tamarisk, and when she came out of it she fell
to making the Jersey scrub pine and persimmon.

Within a few years a unique type of foliage ornamen-
tation has come into great favor, in the curious, finely
cut, and richly tinted leaves of Japanese maples — shrubs
in size but arboreal in figure, and forming one of the
most delightful contributions of that favored land to our
Western sylva. From the leaf one would never dream
that these were maples, but the winged fruit is an un-
mistakable sign of kinship to our popular species. The
blossom, as a rule, is an inconspicuous feature in these,
as in European and most American maples, but the
pink flower oi Acer japonicum is very pretty. A species
becoming widely cultivated is A. polymorphum, with a

172

Shrubs and Vines

delicate five- to seven -fingered leaf; a variety of this is
dark purple, and this again has a cut-leaved sub-variety,
producing a most exquisite fringed effect in the mass ;
in spring particularly, when the new foliage takes on a
crimson shade, the effect of the pendent branches is su-
perb. A variety oi A. japonicu7n has yellow leaves that
mingle well with dark foliage. Another sort has a com-
mingling of rose, green, white, and yellow on the same
tree, which would be bizarre, were it not for the match-
less tints and the elegant contour of the small leaves.

These growths are among the most important acqui-
sitions of recent times, and are particularly desirable for
small grounds, yet none the less giving a peculiarly
graceful touch in the daintier landscape scenes of the
more spacious park.

The foregoing genera, which are well represented
in Central Park, contain our best ornamental shrubs,
native and foreign, that are sufficiently hardy for out-
door culture throughout our territory ; and the leading
species in each genus have been mentioned in detail.

It may be of service to those making a selection to
present the following lists, arranged with reference to
securing the greatest variety of effect, and suitable for
lawns requiring from one to four dozen species of shrubs
and trees, each list being supplementary to the preced-
ing, for grounds of larger extent.

The aim being, in general, to suggest the rarer and
newer sorts, several well-known species, like lilac, rose
of Sharon, and flowering dogwood, are omitted, with-

173

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

out at all underrating their value. It is perhaps need-
less to add that these rarer species are generally some-
what more expensive, for which there will doubtless be
ample compensation in the greater satisfaction derived
from a more choice and varied selection, whose beauties
of color and form are not reduplicated upon your neigh-
bor's grounds. To the popular name of each species is
added its botanical name, color of blossom, and other
characteristic features.

FIRST DOZEN

Weeping cut-leaved white birch (Betula alba laciniata pendula)

Weeping beech (Fagus sylvatica pendula)

Forsythia viridissima ; yellow ; April

Japanese quince ; Pyrus japonica; pink to white ; early spring

Kerria japonica ; yellow ; early summer

Deutzia gracilis ; white ; early summer

Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora ; white, then pink ; September

Euonymus japonicus ; evergreen, glossy

Weigela amabilis ; red or white ; June

Tamarix africana; pink; May, June

Pieris japonica ; white ; April, May ; evergreen, glossy

Cembra pine (Pinus Cembra)

SECOND DOZEN

Cut-leaved beech (Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia)

Weeping P.ussian mulberry (Morus tartarica pendula)

Yulan ; white; April (Magnolia conspicua)

Magnolia soulangeana ; purplish ; April

English hawthorn ; pink ; June (Crataegus oxyacantha flore plena

rosea)
Rhododendron ; various tints ; June
Rosa rugosa ; pink ; June
Holly-leaved barberry (Mahonia aquifolia)
Cryptomeria japonica; coniferous evergreen

174

Shrubs and Vines

Viburnum plicatum ; white ; June

Desmodium penduliflorum ; rose-purple ; September, October.
Cut-leaved Japanese maple (Acer polymorphum atropurpureum
dissectum)

THIRD DOZEN

Cercis chinensis ; purplish-pink ; May

Clammy locust ; rose ; July (Robinia viscosa)

Elaeagnus longipes ; showy fruit

Leucothoe racemosa; white; April, May

Purple-leaved hazel-nut (Corylus avellana atropurpurea)

Daphne mezereum ; pink ; early spring

Smoke-tree, yellow ; June (Rhus cotinus)

Azalea amoena ; pink ; May

Spiraea Reevesii ; white ; June

Cut-leaved smooth sumach (Rhus glabra laciniata)

European mountain-ash (Pirus aucuparia var. pendula)

Retinospora ericoides ; coniferous evergreen

FOURTH DOZEN

Paulownia imperialis ; purple ; June,

Silver-bell-tree ; white ; May (Halesia tetraptera)

Silver fir of Colorado (Abies concolor)

Austrian pine (Pinus austriacus)

Japanese ilowering-apple ; red ; May (Pirus malus floribunda)

Magnolia stellata ; white ; May

Styrax japonica ; white ; early summer

Caragana arborescens ; yellow ; May

Barberry (Berberis Thunbergii)

Purple-leaved maple (Acer pseudo-platanus atropurpurea)

Kcelreuteria ; yellow ; July, August.

Weigela variegata; pink; May, June; leaves variegated

The selection of vines, which depends so much upon
particular requirements, and the facilities for their sup-
port, cannot be advised in the same manner as trees

175

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

and shrubs. Without interference with the foregoing
lists, they can be interspersed according to the con-
ditions of the case. It is by these that the final touch of
ornamentation in natural scenery is afforded. Graceful,
delicate, artless, and wayward, they seem to symboHze
childhood better than all else that grows. A beautiful
vine is like a gem of lyric poetry, the consummate ex-
pression of nature's tenderness.

The Park contains forty varieties of vines. Besides
the ubiquitous wistaria, ampelopsis, and ivy, one will
find here and there a hydrangea-leaved vine clinging
to the rocks, which we must, perforce, introduce to the
reader under the fearful name of Schizophragma hy-
drangeoides, as it comes from abroad and has no popular
title. Its strong, glossy leaves finely drape its rocky
support, and nothing could be better for covering an ex-
tensive wall. It climbs by aerial rootlets like the ivy.

A delicate little herbaceous vine with a curiously
shaped compound leaf and violet flowers having three
concave petals, is the Akebia quinata, from Japan ; and
from China comes the great-flowered trumpet-flower
{Tecoma grandiflora') , with orange -red bell -shaped
flowers three inches across, and showy pinnate leaves.
Hardly inferior is our native species {T. radica?is), which
is cultivated abroad.

Here, too, are the best of the clematis species, hailing
from Japan and Europe — -flammula, lanuginosa, panicu-
lafa, Jackmanni, and Henryi — superb examples of hor-
ticultural art, showing most remarkable differences in
size, tint, and texture of flowers. The paniculafa is so
hardy, luxuriant, and fragrant that it leaves nothing to

176

Shrubs and Vines

be desired in that type of a vine, while the large purple
Jackmanni and the immense creamy-white Hefiryi are
among the choicest of their kind.

The best of the climbing honeysuckles are here, of
course with foreign labels, and of roses, our own prairie
rose, with the crimson rambler, yellow rambler, Balti-
more Belle, and others from abroad. The omnipresent
poison-ivy covers many an oak and maple, adds not a
little to the color-effect of autumn, and seems to injure
no one. The botanist Gray as a rule is very dispassion-
ate in his discussion of plants, but this one provokes
him to unusual ire, and he calls it ''a vile pest"! I
feel more lenient, and have often stopped to admire its
abundant clusters of whitish flowers, its white berries,
and the October crimson by which it shows its kinship
to the sumachs.

One will find here the bitter-sweet {Celastrus scatidens),
with its orange seeds, and the very different bitter-sweet
(^Solamtm didcamard), with its handsome scarlet berries ;
the Lycium, to all intents a vine, hanging profusely
along many a wall, purple-flowered and scarlet-berried ;
also the huge-leaved pipe-vine {Aristolochia sipho), the
pink-purple everlasting pea {Lathy rus latifolia), peri-
winkle, periploca, the curious trailing juniper, as much
vine as shrub, and many more. The entire catalogue is
almost identical with the lists advertised by the fore-
most florists, and the numerous walls and rockeries, by
this elegant ornamentation, become a conspicuous feat-
ure of the Park's attraction, especially along the walled
subways, and most of all in their endless tints of glorious
autumnal coloring.

177

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

After the rapid review in which we have glanced
at the prominent features of the Park's stately forest
growth, its brilliant shrubbery and graceful vines, let me
choose for my last allusion that delicate traiUng species,
the *' memorial rose " {Rosa wichuriand), that best be-
fits one's retrospective thoughts. Its name is one of the
most happily chosen; its five, pure white petals, its
dainty leaflets, vivid green, and its trailing habit, afford
one of the most charming effects in decoration of a rock-
ery, or to hang over a low wall ; a tender-thoughted
creature of the soil, that lingers long in memory.

Reviewing the foregoing inventory of trees, shrubs,
and vines, we must exclaim, what a wealth of vegetation
comes from Japan and China, the land of flowers, a
garden of the Lord, that has given us the yulan, the
quince, kcelreuteria, forsythia, kerria, deutzia, the best
of the azaleas, spiraeas, honeysuckles, weigelas — in a
word, the choicest of our cultivated plants in nearly
every type, particularly of the smaller growths. Dis-
cover a species peculiarly elegant, brilliant, or graceful,
in flower or foliage, be it tree or shrub, deciduous or
evergreen, and you are almost sure to find it labelled
<' Japonica "or *' Chinensis."

178

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTIONS

The following plant analysis is in six divisions, viz. :

Native and naturalized trees.
Native and naturalized shrubs.
Native and naturalized vines.
Foreign and extra-limital trees.
Foreign and extra-limital shrubs.
Foreign and extra-limital vines.

After each section in the description are the respective
leaf-illustrations, showing every leaf whose form is suffi-
ciently characteristic to aid materially in identification.
Actual size is not given, this being unnecessary ; only
the outline and system of venation (the way in which the
veins are arranged), the latter being often very distinc-
tive. The further details are found under each leafs
proper number, which is given at the bottom of each
plate. The fractions, ()^), (/^), etc., following the
proper numbers, mean that the illustrations are one-half,
two-thirds, etc., of the average size of the leaves. Only
the single leaf (simple or compound) is illustrated, except
in case of two or more forms on the same plant, or
when the mode of growth on the stem is to be shown.

In the Analytical Keys the plants are represented by
their proper numbers.

To assist those who wish to learn our trees, shrubs,
and vines, but have never studied botany, a brief ac-

179

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

count of plant structure is given at the end of the book.
With those explanations and a little practice in the use
of the Keys, the great majority of the following plants
can be easily determined ; and even the expert botanist
can more quickly identify these three sorts of growth
(tree, shrub, and vine) by this method, than by the con-
ventional analysis.

It will be observed that only such details of the blos-
som as can be seen without a microscope (with the single
exception of the very minute blossoms of the dodder,
of which only one species is widely prevalent in our ter-
ritory) are referred to throughout this work.

Length in feet and inches is indicated by the signs
° and ' : thus a leaf 3^-6' is three to six inches long ; a
shrub 5°-io° is five to ten feet high. Too much stress
must not be laid upon a leafs dimensions, but the figures
express the usual limits. The measurement does not
include the stem in compound leaves, nor in simple
leaves when it is very long. p. means polypetalous.
m. means monopetalous. These terms are explained
under Plant Structure. A scale of inches is often con-
venient.

Senile of inches.

180

TREES

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern United
States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the Missis-
sippi), classified by their LEAVES.

A very few of the most familiar cultivated foreign trees,
even though not naturalized, are put into this section, to
facilitate identification. Those shrubs that are sometimes
arboreal are here put in parenthesis, and their descriptions
must be looked for under *' Shrubs."

ANALYTICAL KEY

Trees not ** evergreen " nor cone-bearing (those are 151-
I 70 ; see below).

Trees not thorny nor prickly (those are 135-150 ; see
below).

LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate :
Entire :

widely distributed within territory :

leaves thickish and leathery : 1-5, 63

("Shrubs," 92, 93)
leaves thin : 6-14
found only on frontier — Virginia, Kentucky,
Illinois, or northern part of New England
or of New York : 15-19
181

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES SIWPLE :— Continued
Alternate :

Serrate (not lobed) :

widely distributed within territory :
leaves roundish : 20-30

leaves ovate, oval, oblong or elliptical : 27-53
leaves slender, including all willows : 53-64,

14
leaves triangular : 65-68
found only on frontier : 69-75, 17-19
("Shrubs," 72)
Lobed (lobes entire, not serrate nor bristle-pointed) :

12, 50, 76-80
Lobed (lobes bristle-pointed, and occasionally with a

few scattered teeth) : 49, 81-86
Serrate and Lobed (not bristle-pointed) : 78, 80,
87-91, 27, 28, 47
Opposite :

Entire : 92-95

Serrate (but not lobed) : 96, 97

Serrate and Lobed : 98-103

LEAVES COMPOUND:

PINNATE (or trifoliate) :
Alternate :

edge of leaflets entire; 104-108, 115, 134

("Shrubs," 166)
edge of leaflets serrate :

leaflets few (3-1 1) : 109-114, I19, 134
leaflets many (13-41) : 115-121
Opposite : 122-128
PALMATE: 129-133

TREES THORNY OR PRICKLY:
Leaves simple : 135-145
Leaves compound (pinnate) : 104, 105, 146-150

182

Trees

EVERGREEN AND CONE-BEARING TREES:

Strictly evergreen, i.e., with foliage the entire year:

leaves 2-5-clustered {i.e., growing from same point on

stem), slender, needle-like, I'-io'long: 151-158
leaves not clustered, growing from separate points, but
very short (y^'-3^') ;
roundish or 4-angled, stiff, apex sharp : 159-162
flat, pliant : 163-165
leaves ex^reme/y small (-,V'-X'), scarcely recognizable as
leaves, flat and roundish, or awl-shaped and prickly :
the branches with the closely appressed (when blunt)
leaves forming more or \q^^ flat sprays : 166-168
Not evergreen, losing all foliage in autumn, but cone-bear-
ing; leaf y.'-\\ either needle-like, or flat and nar-
row: 169, 170

183

TREES WITH ORNAMENTAL
BLOSSOMS

Native and naturalized in the Northeastern United States.

ANALYTICAL KEY

BLOSSOMS BEFORE OR WITH THE LEAVES:

flowers white : 42, 44, 72, 92, 143
" red: 9, 98
" yellow : 12
" purple: 8

BLOSSOMS AFTER THE LEAVES:

Flowers large and sl\gle (never clustered) :

Leaves entire :

crowded at end of branch, flower 6-9-petaled : 7,

16
scattered along branch :

flower entirely or chiefly white, 6-9-petaled : I,

15
flower greenish-yellow, 6-9-petaled, 6

Leaves lobed and squarish : 76

" serrate, leathery, glossy: 69 (Va.)

Flowers clustered :

trees thorny or prickly:
leaves simple : 135-145

" pinnate: 104, 105, 148
1S4

Trees with Ornamental Blossoms

Flowers clustered: — Continued

TREES NOT THORNY NOR PRICKLY:
LEAVES SIMPLE, alternate:

flowers white : lo, 20-23, 39» 41. 44» 48, 49

("Shrubs," 92, 93) (71, 72, Va.)
flowers rosy white : 47 (" Shrubs," 92, 93)
" yellow : 73 (Va.)
LEAVES SIMPLE, opposite : 93, 94, 96, 97

LEAVES PINNATE :

leaflets entire : 104-107
" serrate : 117, 118

LEAVES PALMATE :

flowers white, spotted: 129
" yellow : 130, 131
" purplish: 132
" red: 133

185

DESCRIPTION OF NATIVE
TREES

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern
United States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the Miss-
issippi), with a very few of the commonest cultivated
foreign species.

For definition of terms see pp. 41 1-424.

I. Small Magnolia. Sweet Bay. (Magnolia glauca.)

Leaf: 4'-6', simple, alternate, entire, oblong or oval, whitish
beneath, thickish, leathery. Flower: single, white, fragrant,
2' broad, sepals 3, petals 6-9, broad ; June-August. Range :
Cape Ann, southward near coast ; low tree and shrub. (PI. VII.)

2. Persimmon. Date-plum. (Diospyros Virginiana.)

Leaf : 4'-6', simple, alternate, entire, ovate-oblong, thickish,
glossy when mature. Flower : pistillate and staminate on dif-
ferent trees, corolla pale yellow ; June. Fruit : like plum, i'
diameter, yellow, edible after frost. Range : Rhode Island to
Illinois and south.

3. Willow Oak. (Quercus Phellos.)

Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, entire, narrow, tapering at both
ends, thickish, leathery. Acorn small, globular. Range : sandy
woods. Long Island to Kentucky and south. (PI. I.)

4. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak. (Quercus imbricaria.)

Leaf : 4-6', simple, alternate, entire, lance-oblong, glossy
above, downy beneath, thickish, leathery. Range : open wood-
lands, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south. (PI. I.)

186

PLATE I

1. Willow Oak. 3. (2/5)

2. Laurel Oak. 4. (V3)

3. Live Oak. 18. (2/3)

4. Chestnut Oak. 50. (V3)

5. Yellow Chestnut Oak. 51

6. White Oak. 77. (2/5)

(-/s)

187

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Description of Native Trees

5. Water Oak. (Quercus aquatica.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, entire or obscurely 3-lobed,
apex obovate, base wedge-shaped, glossy, thick. Range : Mary-
land and south.

6. Cucumber-tree. Mountain Magnolia. (Magnolia

acuminata.)
Leaf : 5-10', simple, alternate, entire, oblong, apex pointed,
green both sides, thin. Flower : 2>'-A broad, bell-shaped,
yellowish-green, single, sepals 3, petals 6-9 ; May, June.
Fruit : 2'-3' long, like small cucumber. Range : rich woods,
New York to Ohio, and south ; tallest of magnolias. (PI. VIII.)

7. Umbrella-tree. (Magnolia tripetala.)
Leaf : i°-2°, simple, alternate, entire, lance-oblong, apex and
base pointed, not thick, many crowded at end of branch in um-
brella-form. Flower : 8'-io' broad, white, slight and disagree-
able odor, 3 sepals, 6-9 petals ; May. Range : Pennsylvania to
south and west ; a low tree. (PI. VIII.)

8. Papaw. (Asimina triloba.)
Leaf: 8-12', simple, alternate, entire, lance-obovate, apex
pointed, thin. Flower: i^' broad, dark purple, single, in
spring with leaves. Range : west New York to Illinois and
south ; low tree and shrub. (PI. VII.)

9. Red-bud. Judas-tree. (Cercis canadensis.)
Leaf : 3'-5', simple, alternate, entire, roundish, base cordate,
apex pointed. Flower : small, very numerous, reddish-purple,
almost stemless, covering branches before leaves appear, showy,
cultivated. Range : New York to Illinois and south ; low tree
and shrub. (PI. VI.)

10. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. (Comus alternifoHa.)
Leaf : 3'-5', simple, mostly alternate, entire, oval or ovate,
apex tapering, base acute, whitish beneath, crowded at end of
branch. Flower : small, white, in broad, flat-topped clusters ;
May, June. Fruit : blue, berry-like ; branch greenish ; low
tree, oftener shrub.

iSq

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

II. Sour Gum. Tupelo. Pepperidge. (Nyssa sylvatica.)
Leaf: 2'-5', simple, alternate, entire, oval or obovate, usually
sharp-pointed, often slightly angled near apex, glossy^ crimson in
fall. Flower : 3-8-clustered on long stem ; April, May.
Fruit : berry-like, blue-black, ^' or less long. Range : Massa-
chusetts to Illinois and south. (PI. VII.)

12. Sassafras. (S. officinale.)
Leaf: 3'-6', simple, alternate, entire or 2-3-lobed, ovate or
oval. Flower: small, yellowish, clustered, in spring before or with
leaves. Fruit: blue, ovoid ; root, wood and bark spicy. (PI. V.)

13. Alligator Pear. Red Bay. (Persea Carolinensis.)
Leaf : 4' or more, simple, alternate, entire, oblong, pale.
Flower : small, few on a common stem ; June. Fruit : a blue
berr)'. Range : Delaware and south, in swamps.

14. Willow. Basket Osier. (Salix viminalis.)
Leaf: 3'-6', simple, alternate, entire or slightly crenate, ver)'

narrow, apex tapering, lustrous white and satiny beneath ; in
wet meadows.

15. Great-leaved Magnolia. (M. macrophylla.)
Leaf : 2^-3°, simple, alternate, entire, obovate-oblong, base

tapering and C07'date, whitish beneath. Flower : large, white,
base purple-spotted, 6-9 petals 6' long, slightly fragrant ; May,
June. Kentucky, planted north. (PI. VIII.)

16. Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree. (Magnolia Fraseri.)
Leaf: 8'-i2', simple, alternate, entire, auriculate at base, clus-
tered at tip of branch. Flower: large, white; April, May.
Virginia. (PI. VIII.)

17. Large Tupelo. (Nyssa uniflora.)
Leaf: 4'-6', simple, alternate, entire or with few sharp teeth,
oblong to ovate, base sometimes cordate, long-stemmed. Flow-
er : pistillate single; April. Fruit: blue, i' long. Virginia,
Kentucky, in water and swamp.

190

PLATE II

7. Swamp White Oak. 78. OU)

8. Post Oak. 79. (Vs)

9. Bur Oak. 80. (V4)
10. Pin Oak. 81. (-/s)

191

Of m

OHWERSnt OF ILUWK

Description of Native Trees

18. Live Oak. (Quercus virens.)

Leaf: i'-s', simple, alternate, entire or spiny-toothed, oblong
to elliptical, hairy beneath, evergreen, leathery ; acorn oblong.
Virginia. (PI. L)

19. Upland Willow-oak. (Quercus cinerea.)
Leaf : much as in 18, but more lance-shaped, and more downy
beneath ; acorn globular. East Virginia.

20. Linden. Basswood. Lime-tree. (Tilia Americana.)
Leaf: 5'-6', simple, alternate, sharply serrate, roundish, green
and smooth on both sides, base oblique and often slightly cordate.
Flower : whitish, fragrant, small, clustered and attached to a
long, narrow, leaf-like appendage ; June. (PI. IV.)

21. Downy-leaved Basswood. (Tilia pubescens.)

Leaf : 2'-3', like 20, but smaller, and soft hairy beneath.
Maryland, south and west.

22. White Basswood. (Tilia heterophylla.)
Leaf : 6'-7', like 20, but larger, and whitish beneath. Moun-
tains of Pennsylvania, south and west.

23. European Linden. (Tilia Europaea.)
Leaf : as in 20, but smaller, and generally cordate. Flower :
lacks the petal-like scales among the stamens found in American
species. Cultivated. '

24. Common Aspen. (Populus tremuloides.)
Leaf: i^'-2', simple, alternate, finely sercate or crenate,
roundish or ovate, apex pointed, base cordate, stem thin. Bark
yellowish or greenish-white. (PI. V.)

25. Large-toothed Aspen. (Populus grandidenta.)
Leaf: 3'-4', simple, alternate, very coarsely serrate with blunt
teeth, broad-ovate, young leaves very ivhite -woolly, soon becoming
smooth ; leaf and tree larger than 24, but bark similar. (PI. V.)

193

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

26. Downy Poplar. Swamp Cottonwood. (Populus
heterophylla.)

Leaf: 4-7', simple, alternate, serrate, broad-ovate, apex
blunt, base sometimes cordate, young leaves white-woolly, be-
coming almost smooth. Branches round. Range : west New
England to Illinois, and south ; swamps. (PI. V.)

27. Red Mulberry. (Morus rubra.)
Leaf: 3-6', simple, alternate, crenate-serrate (sometimes 2-3-
V)bed), roundish to ovate, base cordate and often oblique, apex
pointed, rough above, soft-hairy beneath. Flower : in catkin-
like spikes. Fruit : reddish, then purplish, blackberry-like, in-
sipid ; July ; low tree and shrub.

28. White Mulberry. (Morus alba.)

Leaf: 3'-6', as in 27, but glossy and smooth above, smooth
beneath. Fruit : whitish ; introduced, but becoming sponta-
neous. (PI. VIL)

29. Paper Birch. Canoe Birch. (Betula papyrifera.)

Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, serrate, broad-ovate to oval,
apex pointed, base cordate or obtuse. Bark chalky-white ; tree
much larger than white birch (65). Range : New England to
Pennsylvania and west. (PI. IV.)

30. Sea-side Alder. (Alnus maritima.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate, finely serrate, roundish to ob-
long, thickish. Flower : in catkins in September. Delaware
and Maryland, near water ; low tree and shrub.

31. Sweet Birch. Black Birch. (Betula lenta.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate (often in pairs), sharply serrate,
ovate to oval, apex pointed, base slightly cordate ; trunk-bark
dark, smooth, not peehng, but perpendicularly cracking ; twig-
bark aromatic. Range : northerly, and along Alleghanies ;
damp woods. (PI. IV.)

194

PLATE III

11. Red Oak. 82. (Vj,)

12. Scarlet Oak. 83. (V5)

13. Black Oak. 84: (v')

14. Barren Oak. 85. (i/J

15. Spanish Oak. 86. (Vg)

16. Red Maple. 98. (V3)

17. Silver-leaf Maple. 99. (i/J

18. Sugar Maple. 100. (2/5)

195

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OF THE

UmVERSITY OF ILLWOIS

Description of Native Trees

32. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch. (Betula lutea.)
Leaf: almost identical with 31 ; bark yellowish- or grayish-
white, peeling horizontally in thin layers, closely curled. Twig-
bark less aromatic than in Sweet Birch. Range : northerly, in
damp woods.

33. Red Birch. River Birch. (Betula rubra.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, doubly-serrate, ovate, base and

apex pointed, whitish beneath ; bark a little inclined to peel hori-
zontally. Range : Massachusetts to Illinois, and south, near
water. (PI. IV.)

34. Hop-Hornbeam. (Ostrya virginiana.)
Leaf : 1-4', simple, alternate, serrate, oval, apex tapering
(much like elm-leaf, but thin), foliage in flat sprays with very
small leaves intermingled. Fruit : white or pinkish, in hop-like
clusters ; August ; bark, with color and texture much as in white
oak.

35. Hornbeam. Iron-wood. Water-beech. (Carpinus

caroliniana.)
Leaf : almost identical with 34. Flower : in catkins. Fruit :
in clusters of small, 3-lobed leaves or bracts, one to each seed ;
bark, hard, smooth, ashy, ridged 2i^6. horny ; low tree and shrub,
near water. (PI. VII.)

36. American Elm. White Elm. (Ulmus americana.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, doubly serrate, oval or obovate,

apex pointed, base usually oblique, smooth or slightly rough.
Fruit : roundish, hairy-edged ; April, May. Tree vase-shaped,
or broad-topped and drooping branches. (PI. V.)

37. Slippery Elm. (Ulmus fulva.)
Leaf : 4-8', as in 36, but much larger and very rough. Fruit :
not hairy-edged ; April ; inner bark mucilaginous. (PI. V.)

38. Corky White Elm. (Ulmus racemosa.)
Leaf: 2'-4', about as in 36; branches often corky-ridged.
Fruit : as in 36, but larger ; April, May ; near water,

197

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

39. Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry. (Prunus serotina.)
Leaf: 2-5', simple, alternate, serrate, lance-oblong, apex
tapering, glossy above. Flower : white, in long clusters, after
the leaves; June. Fruit: purplish-black; bark ragged; tree
and shrub. (PI. IX.)

40. Beech. (Fagus ferruginea.)
Leaf : 4-6', simple, alternate, serrate, oblong, apex tapering,
border slightly "fulled." Fruit: prickly. Branches long,
slender, horizontal ; bark light-ashy. (PI. VI.)

41. Chestnut. (Castanea sativa, var. americana.)
Leaf : 4-12', simple, alternate, serrate (teeth incurved), lance-
oblong, apex pointed. Flower : whitish, in long abundant cat-
kins ; June, July ; bark perpendicularly light-streaked. (PI. IV.)

42. June-berry. Shad-bush. (Amelanchier canadensis.)

Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oblong (broadly

or narrowly). Flower : white, in short or long clusters, just

after leaves have started ; April, May. Fruit : globular, red

or purplish, sweet, ripe in June ; low tree and shrub. (PI. VIII.)

43. Nettle-tree. Hackberry. Sugarberry. (Celtis
occidentalis.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, markedly taper-
ing, base oblique and sometimes cordate. Fruit : purple, size of
very small cherry ; bark peculiarly warty on lower trunk ; Mid-
dle States and rarely east. (PI. X.)

44. Wild Red Cherry. (Prunus pennsylvanica.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, finely serrate, lance-oblong,
apex pointed, rather glossy. Flower : white, in rather large
lateral clusters, long stemmed ; May, when leaves are half-grown.
Fruit : very small, light red.

45. Balsam Poplar. (Populus balsamifera.)
Leaf : 3'-6', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, apex tapering,
smooth, leathery, lighter beneath ; buds fragrant. Range ;
northern New England to Wisconsin, and north. (PI. VI.)

198

PLATE IV

19. Striped Maple. loi. (V5)

20. Mountain Maple. 1 02. {V4)

21. Cut-leaved Maple. 103. (7^)

22. Ash-leaved Maple. 122. (74)

23. Chestnut. 41. (Vg)

24. American Linden. 20. O/4)

25. Paper Birch. 29. (Vg)

26. White Birch. 65. (V3)

27. Red Birch. 33. (V^)

28. Sweet Birch. 31. (1/4)

199

Of IHt
OKWERSITY OF ILUWIS

Description of Native Trees

46. Balm of Gilead. (Populus balsamifera, var. candicans.)
Leaf : 3'-6', much like 45, but broader, base cordate, and
young leaves and stems hairy. Range of 45. (PI. VI.)

47. Wild Apple. Crab Apple. (Pyrus coronaria.)
Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, coarsely serrate (and some-
times lobed), ovate, base occasionally cordate. Flower : rather
large, rosy, fragrant, few in cluster ; May. Range : west New
York to Wisconsin, and south ; small tree and shrub. The
" narrow-leaved crab apple," with narrower leaf generally ser-
rate, and styles entirely distinct, from Pennsylvania southward,
is probably a variety of the above. (PI. X.)

48, Sour-wood. Sorrel-tree. (Oxydendrum arboreum.)
Leaf : 4-7', simple, alternate, finely serrate, lance-oblong,
apex pointed. Flower : white (corolla 5-toothed), in long com-
pound terminal clusters ; June, July. Range : Pennsylvania and
Ohio, and south.

49. American Holly. (Ilex opaca.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, serrate with spiny teeth (or with
bristle-pointed lobes), oval, thick, evergreen, glossy. Flower :
white, sessile, in small clusters along branches ; June ; berries
red. Range : Maine to Pennsylvania, near coast ; tree and shrub.
(PI. X.)

50. Chestnut Oak. (Quercus prinus.)
Leaf : 4'-i2', simple, alternate, coarsely crenate or numerously
small-lobed, oblong or slightly obovate. More abundant to the
south. (PI. I.)

51. Yellow Chestnut Oak. (Quercus Muhlenbergii.)
Leaf : 4'-8', simple, alternate, coarsely toothed, oblong to
elliptical, apex usually pointed ; the form of chestnut leaf, but
with a slender stem. (PI. I.)

52. Chinquapin. (Chestnut.) (Castanea pumila.)
Leaf: 3'-$', simple, alternate, serrate, oblong or elliptical, apex
sharp, whitish beneath. Nut single in bur, -J size of chestnut.
Range : So, Pennsylvania to Ohio, and south ; low tree and shrub.

201

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

53. Shining Willow. (Salix lucida.)

Leaf : s'-s', simple, alternate, serrate, long-ovate to lance-
shaped, apex tapering, leathery when mature, glossy; near
water ; tree and shrub. (PI. X.)

54. Peach Willow. (Salix amygdaloides.)

Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate, lance-shaped, often
curved, apex very tapering, base wedge-shaped or rounded,
glossy above, whitish beneath ; more to the south and west.
(PI. XL)

55. Glaucous Willow. Pussy Willow. (Salix discolor.)

Leaf : s'-s', simple, alternate, serrate on sides, entire at base
and apex, lance-shaped to oblong, apex sharp, whitish bloom be-
neath on older leaves ; near water ; low tree and shrub. (PI. XL)

56. Purple Willow. (Salix purpurea.)

Leaf : 3-6', simple, alternate, finely but sparingly serrate,
reverse lance-shaped, apex pointed ; smooth ; twigs reddish or
olive-tinted ; low tree ; low grounds.

57. Heart-leaved Willow. (Salix cordata.)

Leaf : 2^'-6', simple, alternate, serrate, lanceolate, apex
tapering, smooth, paler beneath, base not always cordate. Cat-
kins with 4-5 minute leaves at base, before or with leaves ;
May, June ; low tree and shrub.

58. Black Willow. (Salix nigra.)

Leaf : 3'-6', simple, alternate, serrate, narrow, tapering, base
pointed, both sides green and smooth ; bark dark and rough ;
southerly along streams.

59. Brittle Willow. Crack Willow. (Salix fragilis.)

Leaf: 5-6', simple, alternate, serrate, narrow, tapering at
both ends, dark and smooth ; 2 warts on leaf stem ; branches
shining, greenish, very brittle ; tall foreign tree.

202

PLATE V

29. Cut-leaved Birch. 90. (V3)

30. Sassafras. 12. (V5)

31. American Elm. 36. (V3)

32. Slippery Elm. 37. {V4)

33. Sweet Gum. 87. C/s)

34. Common Aspen. 24. ('/j)

35. Large-toothed Aspen. 25. (^/g)

36. Downy-leaved Poplar. 26. (Vs)

203

IHt liSBABY

OF THt

UmVERSlTY OF ILUMOIS

Description of Native Trees

60. White Willow. Yellow Willow. (Salix alba, with
van vitellina.)

Leaf : 3-4', simple, alternate, serrate, narrow, apex tapering,
white silky hairy both sides, more beneath. The willow seen in
early spring with bright yellow branches is a variety (vitellina)
with shorter, broader leaves.

61. Weeping Willow. (Salix Babylonica.)
Leaf : 5', simple, alternate, serrate, long and narrow ; tree
recognized by long, drooping branches. (PI. X.)

62. Long-leaved Willow. Sandbar Willow. (Salix

longifolia.)
Leaf : 2'-6', simple, alternate, minutely serrate, Y^-Yz broad,
very silky when young ; along river-banks ; low tree and shrub

63. Bebb Willow. Long-beaked Willow. (Salix rostrata.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, quite or scarcely serrate, or en-
tire, long-obovate, apex sharp, base wedge-shaped or rounded,
when mature thick, dull green above, quite downy beneath ;
twigs usually reddish-brown ; tree and shrub.

64. Scythe-leaved Willow. (Salix nigra, van falcata.)
Leaf: 4-8', simple, alternate, finely serrate, very narrow,

apex and base tapering, often curved, both sides green and
smooth ; stipules persistent, crescent-shaped, serrate. Range :
New England to Pennsylvania and west ; low tree and shrub,

65. White Birch. Gray Birch. (Betula populifolia.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, doubly serrate, triangular,

apex long-pointed, rather glossy ; bark white, but not peeling as
readily as in Paper Birch. Range : Maine to Pennsylvania, near
coast. (PI. IV.)

66. Cottonwood. River Poplar. (Populus monilifera.)
Leaf : 2'-5', simple, alternate, rather coarsely serrate, triangu-
lar, apex tapering ; small branches somewhat angled. Range :
west New England to Illinois, and south ; stately tree ; near
waten (PI. VI.)

205

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

67. Angled Cottonwood. (Populus angulata.)
Leaf : 2'-6', simple, alternate, serrate, triangular, base some-
times cordate ; branches sharply angled or winged. Range :
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and south ; perhaps only a variety of
66.

68. Lombardy Poplar. (Populus dilatata.)
Leaf: 2', simple, alternate, serrate, very triangular ; tree tall

and very slender from the almost vertical direction of branches ;
-ntroduced from Europe. (PI. VI.)

69. Loblolly Bay. (Gordonia Lasianthus.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, lance-oblong,
base tapering, leathery, glossy. Flower : white, large, single,
5-petaled, on axillary stems ; May-July. Virginia, swamps ; low
tree and shrub.

70. Alder-buckthorn. (Frangula Caroliniana.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, very finely serrate, oblong.
Flower : small, greenish, clustered or single ; calyx-lobes,
petals and stamens each 5. Virginia and west ; said to be lo-
cally in New Jersey ; small thornless tree and shrub.

71. White Alder. Sweet Pepperbush. (Clethra acuminata.)
Leaf : s'-y', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oval or oblong,
apex sharp, pale beneath, thin. Flower : small, white, in long
drooping racemes ; July. Virginia ; low tree and shrub.

72. Silver-bell-tree. Halesia. (H. tetraptera.)

Leaf : 4'-6', simple, alternate, minutely serrate, long-ovate,

apex tapering. Flower : showy, white, bell-shaped, in long

chimes, covering tree when the leaves are slightly grown ; May.

Fruit : 1 1^' long, 4-winged. Virginia ; tree and shrub. (PI. X.)

73. Sweet-leaf. Horse-sugar. (Symplocos tinctoria.)
Leaf : s'-s', simple, alternate, finely serrate, long-oblong,
upex sharp, thickish, pale beneath, sweet. Flower : small,
yellow, fragrant (petals 5), 6-14 in cluster ; April. Virginia ;
tree and shrub.

206

PLATE VI

37- Balsam Poplar. 45. (1/ )

38. Balm of Gilead. 46. (V5)

39. Cottonwood. 66. (V^)

40. Lombardy Poplar. 68. (V^)

Silver-leaf Poplar. 80. (2/3)
Red Bud. o. (1/2) '^

American Beech. 40. (Vg)

5Q7

THt uBBAflY

Of THt

UHIVEBSITY OF ILUNOiS

Description of Native Trees

74. Winged Elm. Whahoo. (Ulmus alata.)

Leaf : i'-2}4', simple, alternate, serrate, short-lance-shaped,
thickish, downy beneath ; some of the branches fringed with
corky wings. Flowers in March. Virginia and west.

75. Planer-tree. (Planera aquatica.)

Leaf : as in elm, 36 ; difference in fruit, which is i- instead of
2-celled, nut-like, and not winged. Flowers in April. Kentucky.

76. Tulip-tree. Yellow Poplar. (Liriodendron tulipifera.)
Leaf : 5-6', simple, alternate, lobed, squarish. Flower :
large, tulip-shaped, greenish-yellow and orange, petals 6, 2' long ;
May, June. Fruit : persistent all winter, tulip-shaped. Range :
south New England to Illinois, and south ; tall, cylindrical
(PI. VIL)

77. White Oak. (Quercus alba.)

Leaf : 5-9', simple, alternate, about 7 (deeply)-lobed, not
bristle-pointed nor serrate ; bark ashy-white. (PI. L)

78. Swamp White Oak. (Quercus bicolor.)
Leaf : 5-6', simple, alternate, many-lobed (not as deeply as
77), sometimes coarsely toothed near apex, irregular, whitish-
downy beneath, not bristle-pointed ; bark ashy-white. (PI. 11.)

79. Post Oak. Rough White Oak. (Quercus minor.)
Leaf : 5-8', simple, alternate, strongly few-lobed, variable but

rather cruciform, rough above, thick, leathery, grayish beneath

(PI. IL)

80. Bur Oak. Mossy-cup Oak. (Quercus macrocarpa.)
Leaf : 6-12', simple, alternate, 5-7 (large)-lobed, most of the
lobes again small-lobed or very coarsely serrate ; lobes often
large at base, small at top ; when mature leather}', thick, glossy
above, and lighter, often rusty, beneath ; cup thick, covered with
scales that form a fringed border. Range : west New England
to Wisconsin and Kentucky. (PI. II.)

209

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

8i. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. (Quercus palustris.)
Leaf : 4-6', simple, alternate, 5-7 (deeply)-lobed, lobes with a
few scattering teeth and bristle-pointed, glossy when mature ; much
like that of scarlet oak, but smaller ; swamps and low ground.
(PI. II.)

82. Red Oak. (Quercus rubra.)

Leaf : 5-9', simple, alternate, 7-11-lobed, lobes with a few
scattering teeth and bristle-pointed, when mature dark green and
sometimes glossy. (PI. III.)

83. Scarlet Oak. (Quercus coccinea.)
Leaf : s'-g, simple, alternate, 5-7 (deeply)-lobed, lobes with a
few scattering teeth and bristle-pointed, very glossy when mature.
(PI. III.)

84. Black Oak. (Quercus coccinea, var. tinctoria.)
Leaf : 5'-8', simple, alternate, 7-9-lobed, with a few scattering

teeth, and bristly points ; quite variable forms on the same tree,
but generally with a heavier appearance, and less deeply lobed
than other oak leaves ; considered by Gray a variety, not a spe-
cies ; nearest like red oak. (PI. III.)

85. Barren Oak. Black Jack. (Quercus nigra.)
Leaf : s'-g', simple, alternate, usually 3-lobed at broad top

(lobes bristle-pointed), narrowed at base, when mature thick,
leathery, and glossy above, lighter and scurfy beneath. Range :
New York to Illinois and south. (PI. III.)

86. Spanish Oak. (Quercus cuneata.)
Leaf: 6' -7', simple, alternate, either 3-lobed only at apex, or
5-7-lobed throughout, the main ones slender and often curved,
and all with bristly points, perhaps a little serrate ; dark, glossy
above when mature ; rare north, abundant south. (PI. III.)

87. Sweet Gum. Bilsted. Liquidamber. (L. styraciflua.)
Leaf : 3' -6', simple, alternate, serrate and usually 5-lobed,
lobes pointed, rather glossy, aromatic when bruised. Fruit :
hard, globular aggregation covered with sharp points, hanging
into the winter ; branches gefierally corky-ridged. Range : Con-
necticut to Illinois, and south. (PI. V.)

210

PLATE VII

Buttonvvood. 88. (V4

45. Tulip-tree. 76. (V3)

46. Flowering Dogwood. 93.
4>. Sour Gum. 11. (V3)

Mulberry. 38. (V4)

49. Hornbeam. 35. (V3)

50. Papaw. 8. C/m)

51. Sweet Bay. i. (V3)

- 211

THt LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Description of Native Trees

88. Buttonwood. Buttonball. Plane-tree. (Platanus
occidentalis.)

Leaf : 4-9', simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, 3-5-lobed,
lobes pointed, general form almost circular. Fruit: in soft
globular masses hanging through winter ; bark peels off in irreg-
ular patches leaving trunk whitish or yellowish. (PI. VII,)

89. Silver-leaf Poplar. White Poplar. (Populus alba.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, coarsely serrate and 3-5-lobed,
ovate, cottony-white beneath; trunk below dark and rough, above
whitish, resembling white birch ; introduced but quite common.
(PI. VI.)

90. Cut-leaved Birch. (Betula alba laciniata.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate and lobed, triangular, a
variety of the white birch, the weeping cut-leaved birch being the
most beautiful. (PI. V.)

91. Cut-leaved Beech. (Fagus sylvatica asplenifolia.)
Leaf : 3-4', simple, alternate, lobed, with a few coarse teeth,
narrow-ovate, base wedge-shaped, apex pointed, otherwise like
the common beech (40) ; introduced. (PI. I. Foreign trees.)

92. Flowering Dogwood. (Cornus florida.)

Leaf: 3-5', simple, opposite, entire, ovate, apex taper-
pointed, base a little narrowed, veins beneath curving toward
apex. Flower : greenish-yellow, small, clustered, each cluster
surrounded by four large, petal-like, white or pinkish bracts, the
whole apparently forming one flower, before the leaves ; April,
May ; a variety has the " flower " a deep pink. Fruit : bright
red berries, showy in fall ; low tree and shrub. (PI. VII.)

93- Fringe- tree. (Chionanthus virginica.)
Leaf : 4-8', simple, opposite, entire, oval or oblong, dark
green. Flower : white, in long, loose axillary clusters ; petals
4-6, long-linear ; delicate and ornamental inflorescence ; June ;
south Pennsylvania and south ; low tree and shrub ; cultivated.

213

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

94. Catalpa. Indian Bean. (Catalpa bignonoides.)
Leaf : 6'-io', simple, opposite (or in threes), entire, roundish,
apex pointed, base cordate, downy beneath. Flower : orna-
mental, white, violet-tinged, yellow- and purple-spotted, in loose
clusters ; July ; pods 8-12' long, narrow, on the tree all winter.
Possibly in Illinois ; widely cultivated. (PI. IX.)

95. Devil-wood. (Olea americana.)
Leaf : 3'-6', simple, opposite, entire, oblong-lance-shaped,
glossy, leathery. Flower : small, white, clustered ; corolla bell-
shaped with 4-parted spreading border ; May ; coast of south
Virginia ; low tree.

96. Black Haw. Stag Bush. (Viburnum prunifolium.)
Leaf : i>^'-2', simple, opposite, finely serrate, oval, apex blunt

or slightly pointed ; stem slightly winged. Flower : small,

white (corolla 5-lobed), in large, flat-topped clusters ; May.

Fruit : berry-like, blue-black, sweet and edible after frost.

Range : Connecticut to Illinois, and south ; low tree and shrub.

(PL IX.)

97. Sheep-berry. Sweet Viburnum. (V. lentago.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, opposite, sharply serrate, ovate, sharply
pointed ; stem slightly winged. Flower : as in 96 ; May, June.
Fruit : blue-black, oval, Yz long, sweet ; more common north-
ward ; low tree.

98. Red Maple. Swamp or Soft Maple. (Acer rubrum.)
Leaf: 3'-6', simple, opposite, serrate, 3-5-lobed" (palmately),

slightly whitish beneath. Flower : usually red, in small clus-
ters, in early spring before leaves ; leaf-stem, twig, and fruit red
or reddish ; earliest to blossom of all our ornamental flowering
trees. Fruit : winged seeds, in pairs, as in all maples. (PI. III.)

99. Silver-leaf Maple. White Maple. (Acer dasycarpum.)
Leaf : 5-7', simple, opposite, serrate, deeply 5-lobed, when

mature silvery-white beneath. Flower : inconspicuous, yellow-
ish-green, before leaves. (PI. III.)

214

PLATE VIII

52. Cucumber tree. 6. (1/4)

53. Umbrella-tree. 7. (i/^)

54. Great-leaved Magnolia. 15. ('/u)

55. Ear-leaved Magnolia. 16.

56. Shad-bush. 42. (V3)

(V,)

215

THt LIBRARY

OF TH£

UWVERSITY OF ILUMIS

Description of Native Trees

100. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple. (Acer saccharinum.)
Leaf : 3'-6', simple, opposite, sparingly serrate, 3-5 main
lobes, other smaller ones, each main lobe tapering into a long
blunt point. Flower : small, greenish-yellow, clustered, de-
veloping with the leaves ; April, May ; more northerly, and in
mountains southerly. (PI. III.)

101. striped Maple. Moosewood. (Acer pennsylvanicum.)

Leaf : 3-7', simple, opposite, closely serrate, 3-lobed near
apex, very broad. Flower : greenish, in long drooping racemes,
after leaves are out ; June. Range : Maine to Wisconsin and
south, especially in mountains ; bark with dark longitudinal
stripes ; low tree and shrub. (PI. IV.)

102. Mountain Maple. (Acer spicatum.)

Leaf : 3-5', simple, opposite, serrate, 3- (or slightly 5-)
lobed, lobes generally very tapering, downy beneath, lighter
green than striped maple, with which it is frequently growing.
Flower : greenish, in erect racemes that droop in ripening ;
June. Range : Maine to Wisconsin, and south, especially in
mountains ; low tree and oftener a shrub. (PI. IV.)

103. Cut-leaved Maple. (Acer wierii laciniatum.)
Leaf : 3-7', simple, opposite, very deeply and numerously
lobed (5 main lobes, each with secondary lobes and coarse teeth),
whitish beneath ; flower and fruit as in other maples ; cultivated
variety. (PI. IV.)

104. Locust. Acacia. Black or Yellow Locust. (Robinia
pseudacacia.)
Leaf : 8-14', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 7-25, 1-2'
long, oblong or ovate, entire, distinctly stemmed. Flower :
white, sweet-pea-shaped, in dense drooping racemes, fragrant ;
early June. Pod, 3-4' long, hanging all winter ; bark rough,
trunk and branches often prickly, especially in the younger growth.
Range : Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south ; widely cultivated.
(PI. XI.)

217

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

105. Clammy Locust. (Robinia viscosa.)

Leaf : $'-12', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 11-21, i}^'-2*
long, oblong or ovate, entire, apex mucronate, stemmed. Flower :
rosy-white, sweet-pea-shaped, in dense clusters, slightly fragrant,
middle of June ; leaf-stems and branchlets sticky. Virginia ;
widely cultivated ; low tree and shrub ; sonietimes prickly,

106. Yellow-wood. (Cladrastis tinctoria.)

Leaf: io'-i6', odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 7-11, 4-6'
long, entire, oval or ovate, end-leaflet larger. Flower : white,
sweet-pea-shaped, in long, showy terminal racemes ; June ;
smooth bark. Kentucky ; cultivated. (PI. XL)

107. Kentucky Coffee-tree. Stump-tree. (Gymnocladus
canadensis.)

Leaf : I'-s", doubly pinnate, alternate ; leaflets (on each par-
tial leaf-stem), 6-12, about 2' long, entire, ovate ; a pair or two
of simple leaflets at base. Flower : greenish-white, small ; the
staminate in clusters 3'-4' long, the pistillate clusters io'-i2'
long ; June ; pod, 6'-io' long. Range : west New York to Illi-
nois, and southwest, but rare ; cultivated. (PI. XIIL)

108. Poison Sumach. Poison Dogwood. (Rhus venenata.)

Leaf: 7'-i4', odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 7-13, 2-4'
long, entire, oblong or obovate, apex sharp or slightly tapering.
Flower : greenish- white, or yellowish-green, small, in loose
clusters ; June. Fruit : white berries ; swamps ; low tree,
oftener a shrub ; very poisonous, (PI, XIL)

109. Shagbark Hickory. Shellbark Hickory. (Hicoria
ovata.)
Leaf: 6'-i8', odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, always 5, end
one largest with stem, other 4 almost or quite stemless, lowest
pair much smaller^ all finely serrate, lance-oblong or lance-obo-
vate, apex tapering, roughish below ; stem rough ; bark peeling in
longitudinal strips, but clinging to trunk ; 4-valved husk very thick
{j4') ; only valuable hickory-nut, except pecan-nut. (PI. XL)

218

PLATE IX

„. Wild B,acUCh„^. 39. ('« 60. Coaspu.TW„^^3|. j-W
58. Catalpa. 94- (U), , ., p.iack Thorn. 137- Vh)

59! Black Haw. 96. ("/s

219

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UKIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

Description of Native Trees

no. Mocker-nut. Black Hickory. Big-bud Hickory.

(Hicoria alba.)
Leaf: 8'-i2', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 7-9, 2-7' long,
serrate, stemless except the terminal, lance-obovate, apex pointed,
scented when crushed ; stem rough throughout ; husk thinner
than in shagbark (about ]i') ; buds very large. Range : eastern
and southern part of territory. (PI. XII.)

III. Pignut. Broom Hickory. (Hicoria glabra.)
Leaf : 8-12', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7, seldom 9,
2'-5' long, lowest pair smallest, serrate, lance-obovate or lance-
oblong, apex pointed, stemless (except the terminal), leaf and
main stem smooth ; husk thin ; nut pear-shaped or round ,
smooth .

112. Bitternut. Swamp Hickory. (Hicoria minima.)
Leaf: 6'-io', odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 7-1 1, 3' -6'

long, serrate, long-oval or long ovate, apex tapering, smooth
when mature ; stem usually slightly winged and flattened ; husk
very thin, nutshell thin, kernel very bitter.

113. Western Shagbark Hickory. (Hicoria sulcata.)
Leaf : much as in the eastern shagbark (109), but leaflets 7-9 ;

bark exfoliating, husk even thicker than in 109, and nut larger.
Range : Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and south.

114. Small-fruited Hickory. (Hicoria microcarpa.)
Leaf : 6'-io', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5 (rarely 7), 2'-
5' long, serrate, lowest pair smallest, elliptical, base and apex
pointed. Fruit : as in shagbark, but smaller, husk thinner.
Range : New York to Pennsylvania, and southwest ; probably a
variety of pignut.

115. Ailanthus. (A. glandulosus.)
Leaf: i}4°-3°, odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 21-41, 3'-5'
long, one or two teeth at base on each side (rarely none), lance-
oblong. Flower : yellowish-green, small, in dense upright
clusters (staminate malodorous) ; June. Fruit : winged seeds ;
introduced, but now spontaneous. (PI. XIII.)

221

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Ii6. Staghorn Sumach. Velvet Sumach. (Rhus
typhina.)
Leaf: i>^°-2°, odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 11-31,2-5'
long, serrate, lance-oblong, apex pointed ; leaf-stems and branch-
lets thickly and velvety hairy. Flower: greenish-white or
greenish-red, small, in dense erect pyramidal clusters; June.
Fruit : dry crimson berries densely clustered and showy in fall ;
low tree and shrub. (PI. XII.)

117. American Mountain Ash. (Pyrus americana.)
Leaf : 6'-io', odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 13-17, 2-3'

long, sharply serrate, lance-oblong, apex pointed, dark green
above. Flower : white, in large, flat-topped clusters ; June.
Fruit: bright red berries. Range: Maine to Pennsylvania,
west and south ; low tree and shrub ; cultivated. (PI. XIII.)

118. European Mountain Ash. (Pyrus aucuparia.)
Leaf: much as in 117, but leaflets oblong, apex blunt, dull

green above, downy beneath ; berries larger ; cultivat-ed.

119. Butternut. White Walnut. (Juglans cinerea.)
Leaf: i^-iYz", odd-pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 11-17, 3-5'

long, serrate, lance-oblong, apex tapering, base rounded, downy ;
stem, branchlets, and fruit sticky-hairy. Flower : small, stami-
nate in catkins 3-5' long, pistillate in spikes, Y^ long. May.
Fruit : oblong ; bark, light brownish.

120. Black Walnut. (Juglans nigra.)
Leaf : i°-2°, odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 13-23, 2-4' long,
serrate ; much as in 119, but base often oblique or cordate, and
smooth ; stem and globular fruit not sticky ; bark quite dark ;
scarce in Eastern States except when planted. (PI. XIII.)

121. Pecan-nut. (Hickory.) (Juglans olivaeformis.)
Leaf : I°-2^ odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 13-15, 2-5' long,
serrate, lance-oblong, apex very tapering, short-stemmed, slightly
scythe-shaped. Flowers in catkins. Fruit : oblong ; husk
four-valved, as in all hickories. Illinois and south.

222

PLATE X

63. English Hawthorn. 140. (V2)

64. Nettle-tree. 43. (i/.^)

65. Wild Apple. 47. (1/4)

66. American Holly. 49. (1/2)

67. Silver-bell-tree. 72. ("/g)

68. Weeping Willow. 6l. (V3)

69. Shining Willow. 53. (i/g)

223

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UHIVEBSITY OF ILLINOIS

Description of Native Trees

122. Ash-leaved Maple. Box-elder. (Negundo aceroides.)

Leaf : odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 3-5 (rarely 7), 2'-4' long,
unequally and coarsely serrate (the terminal quite often lobed),
ovate, apex sharp. Flower : small, greenish, before or with
leaves in drooping clusters ; April, May. Fruit : winged seeds
as in maple. Range : Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and south.
Cultivated. (PI. IV.)

123. White Ash. (Fraxinus americana.)

Leaf : 8'-i2', odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, 3-5' long,
minutely serrate or entire, ovate to lance-oblong, apex pointed,
dull above, lighter beneath, with distinct stem. Flower : in-
conspicuous, clustered ; April, May. Fruit : seeds long-winged
from apex ; leaf-stalks and branchlets smooth. (PI. XII.)

124. Red Ash. (Fraxinus pubescens.)

Leaf: io'-i2', odd-pinnate, opposite; leaflets, 7-9, 3'-5' long,
finely serrate or entire, ovate to lance-oblong, apex tapering,
short-stemmed ; leaf-stalks and branchlets thickly soft-hairy.
Flower: inconspicuous ; May. Fruit: seed margined and with
long wing from apex. Commoner eastward.

125. Black Ash. Water Ash. (Fraxinus sambucifolia.)

Leaf: io'-i 5', odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 7-1 1 (rarely 13),
3'-5' long, serrate, lance-oblong, apex tapering, steynless (except
the end one), dark green, smooth throughout ; crushed, smells like
elder. Flower: inconspicuous ; May. Fruit : seed margined
all around with long wing ; buds blackish. (PI. XII.)

126. Green Ash. (Fraxinus viridis.)

Leaf: io'-i2', odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, 3'-5' long,
serrate, oval, apex tapering, both sides bright green, smooth
throughout, stemmed ; bud grayish-brown. Fruit : seed mar-
gined all around, with long wing at apex ; possibly only a va-
riety of red ash.

225

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

127. Blue Ash. (Fraxinus quadrangulata.)
Leaf : 8-12', odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, 3-5' long,
serrate, ovate or oval, apex tapering, both sides green, very short-
stemmed. Fruit: narrow-oblong, apex often notched, seed
winged all around ; differs from green ash in having a calyx ;
branchlets 4-angled ; inner bark yields a blue dye. Quite westerly.

128. Carolina Water Ash. (Fraxinus platycarpa.)
Leaf : 8'-io', odd-pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-7, s'-s' long,
slightly serrate, ovate to oblong, both ends pointed, short-stemmed.
Fruit : oblong, broadly winged. Virginia, near water.

129. Horse-chestnut, (y^sculus hippocastanum.)
Leaf : $'-7', palmate, opposite ; leaflets, 7, serrate, obovate-
oblong, apex pointed. Flower : white, yellow-and-purple-spot-
ted, in pyramidal clusters ; late in May. Young fruit prickly.
Introduced from China, but widely cultivated. (PI. XIIL)

130. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye. (/Esculus glabra.)
Leaf: 5-9', palmate, opposite; leaflets, 5 (rarely 7), serrate,
obovate-oblong to oval, apex pointed. Flower : pale yellow,
small, in pyramidal clusters, stamens longer than petals ; June ;
young fruit prickly. Range : west Pennsylvania, south and
west ; a small tree. (PL XIV.)

131. Sweet Buckeye. Big Buckeye, (^sculus flava.)
Leaf : 5-9', palmate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-7, long-obovate to
long-oval, apex pointed. Flower : yellow, in pyramidal clus-
ters, stamens no longer than petals, April, May ; fruit not
prickly. Range : Pennsylvania, south and west ; tree and
shrub.

132. Purplish Buckeye, (^sculus flava, var. purpurascens.)
Leaf : as in 130. Flower as in 130, but corolla and calyx
purplish ; fruit smooth. West Virginia and south ; tree and shrub.

133. Red Buckeye. (/Esculus pavia.)
Leaf : much as in 130. Flower as in 130, but corolla and
longer tubular calyx bright red, stamens not longer than corolla,
May ; fruit smooth. Virginia and Kentucky ; tree and shrub.

226

PLATE XI

70. Peach Willow. 54. (i/.,) 74

71. Pussywillow. 55. (1/5) 75.

72. Hop-tree. 134. (1/2) 76.

73. Yellow-wood. 106. (Vio)

227

Common Locust. 104. (Vio)
Honey-locust. 146. (Via)
Shagbark Hickory. 109. (V12)

THt DBB/iRY
OF THE

oHivEasin OF Illinois

Description of Native Trees

134. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash. Shrubby Trefoil. (Ptelea

trifoliata.)
Leaf : 3-5', trifoliate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, entire, ovate or
long-ovate, apex pointed, base of the terminal one tapering.
Flower : small, greenish-white, in compound clusters, ill-scented ;
June. Fruit : roundish, winged all around, often white and
ornamental in September. Range : Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and south ; low tree and shrub. (PI. XI.)

135. Cockspur Thorn. (Crataegus crus-galli.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, serrate toward apex, obovate,

base wedge-shaped tapering to a point, stemless, thick, glossy.

Flower : white, 5-petalled, clustered ; June. Fruit : globular,

red, Yj^ diameter ; thorns long ; low tree and shrub. (PI. IX.)

136. White Thorn. Scarlet-fruited Thorn. (Cratcegus

coccinea.)
Leaf : 2'-5', simple, alternate, doubly serrate, or with small
lobes, round-ovate, stem slender ; entirely smooth. Flower :
white or rosy-tinged, in large clusters ; May. Fruit : bright red,
ovoid, Yz across, hardly edible ; low tree and shrub ; thorny.
(PI. IX.)

137. Black Thorn. Pear Thorn. (Crataegus tomentosa.)
Leaf : 3'-5', simple, alternate, doubly serrate or even some-
what lobed, oval to ovate, stem somewhat margined ; thickish,
and apt to be downy beneath. Flower: white, clustered ;
May, June. Fruit : orange or scarlet, Y' diameter ; low tree
and shrub ; thorny. (PI. IX.)

138. Dotted Haw. (Crataegus punctata.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, unequally serrate toward apex,
obovate, base strongly wedge-shaped and entire, tapering into
winged stems, thickish. Flower: white, clustered ; May, June.
Fruit : yellowish-red, whitish-dotted ; low tree and shrub ; thorny.
139. Downy-leaved Hawthorn. (Crataegus mollis.)
Leaf : essentially as in 137 (of which it is probably a variety),
but rounder, and downy when young ; fruit larger. Illinois and
Michigan ; low tree and shrub ; thorny.

229

Tree?. Sh":':^^ .'."d Vines

140. Erngiish Hawthor::. :::l:;;;_^ :::y:.:i-:'.t.)
liA" :';-; -r^r^f i':r::M:e, obovaEe. :ire fi^^-^-zr-ei.
:::i:f ii : .: :t :. yi' I-. ■ ;: .:r. rosr.orre: :; .:-:7:;; ^ :;-.?•!;=.;.■.

ii:. Washington ThoriL (Crataegus oordata.)
1 — ■ -: 5 \r f i :7::.i:e. senate, :;' - -—"abed, tri-
.: I : i: i f - f :: f- a little c: aish, stem

7-7: 7: • v^ Tunc. Ji^Liii ; red, very

'■'_:::■..:.. A. :-.r. 1 -~y. , ::tv :. " i ^inab ; tbomj.

14,2. S-^-.r.er Thorn. S'-nr..nr.er Haw. (Crata^us flava.)

143.. Wild Yellow or Red Plu-r..

14-i. Southern Buckthorr.,

ii = . Western B-ckthorn.

146. Hcnej-locust. Three-thomed Acacia.

Leaf: 6—* - t:.i-i.s.:t i.-i 1::;/^ -ir.r.i:^ i.:t
lO-Of, i'-2" L^rig -■-- :-:e ri--i-r ■ ^ - - ::^:-i : t
r, and TCfv z..-r.t:::, t: : -t :: vt-y

THE LIBR&RY

0? TiiE

UKlVZaSir/ Gr ILUKOIS

Description of Native Trees

long-oval, apex rounded ; thorns large, often branched and clus-
tered on trunk and branches ; bark dark, smooth. Flower :
small, greenish, in small dense clusters ; June. Fruit : a pod,
8'-i8' long, clinging through winter. Pennsylvania, west and
south ; cultivated. (PI. XI.)

147. Water-locust. (Gleditschia monosperma.)

Leaf : as in 146, but leaflet ovate or oblong, thorns more slen-
der, pod ovalf with one seed. Illinois ; low tree.

148. Angelica-tree. Hercules' Club. Devil's Walking-
stick. (Aralia spinosa.)

Leaf : 2°-3°, twice pinnate, alternate, crowded ; leaflets, 2'-3'
long, ovate, serrate, apex pointed ; trunk club-shaped, little-
branched, beset with stout spines. Flower : small, whitish, in
very long, erect, compound clusters ; July, August. Pennsylva-
nia to Kentucky ; low tree and shrub; cultivated. (PI. XIII.)

149. Prickly Ash. Toothache Tree. (Zanthoxylum ameri-

canum.)

Leaf : i° or more, odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-1 1, 2-3'
long, almost or quite entire, long-oval, base and apex pointed,
downy when young, stemless, with lemon odor when crushed ;
branches and sometimes leaf-stalk prickly. Flower : small,
greenish, in side-clusters before leaves ; low tree (in cultivation)
and shrub. (PI. XII.)

150. Prickly Ash. (Southern.) (Zanthoxylum carolinianum.)

Leaf : 1° or more, odd-pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 7-1 1, 2-3',
ovate or lance-ovate, base oblique, glossy. Flower : small,
greenish-white, in terminal clusters, after the leaves ; June.
Coast of Virginia ; low prickly tree and shrub.

151. White Pine. Weymouth Pine. (Pinus strobus.)

Leaf : 3'-5', slender, soft, 5-clustered. Cone : 4-6' (longest
of all except of Norway spruce), often curved. (PI. XIV.)

233

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

152. Pitch Pine. (Pinus rigida.)

Leaf : 3-5', rather stiff, dark green, 3-clustered. Cone :
i'-2j4', often clustered, the scales having short, stout, recurved
prickles at apex. Eastern States. (PI. XIV.)

153. Red Pine. (Pinus resinosa.)

Leaf : 4-6', rather stiff, dark green, 2-clustered. Cone : 2'
or more in length, without prickles at apex of scales. Pennsyl-
vania to Wisconsin, and south. (PI. XIV.)

154. Yellow Pine. Spruce Pine. (Pinus mitis.)
Leaf: 3-5', dark green, slender, 2- and 3-clustered. Cone:
about 2' long, with small, weak prickles at apex of scales. South-
ern New York, south and west. (PI. XIV.)

155. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine. (Pinus taeda.)
Leaf : 6'-io', light green, 3-clustered. Cone : 3-5', stiff-
prickly on scales. New Jersey, and south.

156. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine. (Pinus virginiana.)
Leaf : lyi'-S, vivid green, twisted, 2-clustered. Cone : 1-3',
usually somewhat curved, scales prickly. New Jersey to Ken-
tucky, and south.

157. Northern Scrub Pine. Gray Pine. (Pinus banksiana.)
Leaf: i', curved, stiff, 2-clustered. Cone: i>^ '-2', com-
monly curved ; scales not prickly. Northern frontier ; low tree
and shrub.

158. Table Mountain Pine. (Pinus pungens.)
Leaf: i%'-2^/i', stiff, bluish, 2-(occasionally 3-)clustered.
Cone: 35^', clustered, scales stout-prickly. Pennsylvania, and
south along Alleghany Mountains.

159. White Spruce. (Picea canadensis.)
Leaf : j4'-^X', 4-angled, apex sharp, pale green or with white
bloom, growing from all sides of branch. Cone : cylindrical,
about 2' long, not hanging over winter ^ scales entire at apex.
Northern frontier. (PI. XIV.)

234

PLATE XIII

83. Mountain Ash. 117. (V5)

84. Kentucky Coffee-tree. 107. (V15)

85. Angelica- tree. 148. (Vis)

86. Black Walnut. 120. (V12)

87. Ailanthus. 115. (Vie)

88. Horse-chestnut. 129. (V5)

235

THE LIBRARY
OF THE

U£:v:riSiT/ c? iiuscis

Description of Native Trees

i6o. Black Spruce. (Picea mariana.)

Leaf : yi'-^i' , 4-angled, apex sharp, dark green or with white
bloom, growing from all sides of branch. Cone : oval or long-
ovate, I'-iyi' long, hanging two or three years ; scales with up-
per edge often slightly eroded. Northern New England and
New York, and along the Alleghanies.

161. Red Spruce. (Picea rubens.)

Leaf : %'-}(', 4-angled, apex sharp, dark glossy green when
mature, growing from all sides of branch. Cone : iX'-2', long-
ovate, not hanging over winter; a little more southerly than black
spruce, of which it is perhaps a variety.

162. Norway Spruce. (Picea excelsa.)

Leaf : much as in white spruce (159), but tree identified by
conspicuous drooping of branchlets, especially in older trees, and
by great length of cones (4'-6') ; introduced, but becoming spon-
taneous.

163. Hemlock. Hemlock Spruce. (Tsuga canadensis.)

Leaf : about %\Jiat, apex rounded, pliant, mostly 2-ranked,
i.e., growing on two opposite sides of branch. Cone : ^'-^',
oval, remains through one winter ; commonest northward. (PI.
XV.)

164. Balsam Fir. Balm of Gilead Fir. (Abies balsamea.)

Leaf: )^'-i',y?a/, apex usually pointed, pliant, not 2-ranked,
as in hemlock. Cone : 2'-4', cylindrical, erect on branch (in
other evergreens it droops) ; trunk thickly blistered, exuding an
aromatic gum. South to Pennsylvania, and along Alleghanies ;
prefers damp woods.

165. Southern Balsam Fir. (Abies fraseri.)

Leaf : as in 164 ; chief difference in the cone, which is only
i'-2' long, and long-ovate. Mountains of Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia.

237

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

1 66. Arborvitae (White Cedar). (Thuya occidentalis.)
Leaf : extremely small (scarcely ^' long), scale-like, closely
appressed to stem, roundish or ovate ; branches growing \n flat-
tened, fan-like sprays; aromatic when crushed. Cone: about ^'
long, oval to roundish, 6-10 scales, seeds broad-winged. Penn-
sylvania and northward ; near water. (PI. XV.)

167. Cypress. White Cedar. (Chamaecyparis thyoides.)

Leaf : much as in 166, but smaller, dull green, sharp-pointed
or ovate, and "sprays" much more delicate. Cone: lobular,
X' diameter. Maine, southward along coast. (PI. XV.)

168. Red Cedar. Savin. (Juniperus virginiana.)

Leaf : of two forms : flat and closely appressed to branch, as
in arborvitae (but smaller, -j-^^' long), or awl-shaped, ver}- sharp-
pointed, prickly and divergent from branch. %' long ; in vigorous
tree-branches and in shrubs it is mostly of the latter sort ; in older
growth, of the former ; dark green. Cone : berr}--shaped, ^'-
)A^ diameter, blackish with white bloom ; tall, spiry tree, and shrub.

169. Larch. Tamarack. Hackmatack. (Larix americana.)

Leaf: i', more or less, needle-like, '\n fascicled clusters, i.e.^
so crowded as to appear in a dense cluster or whorl ; in early
spring ; deciduous ; bright green when young. Cone : >^'-^'.
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and north. The European larch,
which is the one usually cultivated, has longer leaves and cones.
(PI. XV.)

170. Bald Cypress. (Taxodium distichum.)

Leaf : %'-}(', narrow, flat, thin, 2-ranked, late in May, decid-
uous, as are also some of the branchlets. Cone : globular, i' di-
ameter. Delaware to southern Illinois, and south ; planted
north. (PI. XV.)

238

PLATE XIV

90

92

89. Ohio Buckeye. I30. (V,n)

90. White Pine. igi. (2/3) ''''
91- Pitch Pine. 152. (1/3)

93. Yellow Pine. 154. (1/ )

94. Spruce. 159, (2/3)

239

THE UBRIIRY
Or V,\i

PLATE XV

95. Hemlock. 163. 0/„)

96. Arborvitae. 166. ('/^)

97. Larch. 169. Ou)

98. White Cedar. i67. (Va)

99. Bald Cypress. 170. (V4)

241

m UBHARY
Or mi

SHRUBS

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern
United States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the
Mississippi), classified by their BLOSSOMS.

ANALYTICAL KEY

Shrubs not *' evergreen" nor cone-bearing (those
are 194-197 ; see below).

Shrubs whose blossoms are not in the form of catkins,
or catkin-like spikes, as in the chestnut, oak, etc. (those
are 167-193; see below).

GROUP L — Blossoms White or Cream-white

Section I. — Blossoms polypetalous, i.e., tvith petals entirely
distinct from each other.

Shrubs not thorny nor prickly (those are 39-48 ; see below) ;

widely distributed in territory {at least not limited to the
frontier States of our prescribed area) :
blossoms before or with the leaves : 1-3

(" Trees," 42)
blossoms after the leaves :

LEAVES SIMPLE:

ALTERNATE :

Entire : 4, 5, 26, 94 (" Trees," i, 10)
Serrate (but not lobed) : 5-17, 105 (" Trees," 39, 49)
Serrate and Lobed : 18-21
Opposite :

Entire : 22-26 (" Trees," 92, 93)
Serrate : 27, 28

243

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate (or trifoliate): 29, 165, 166 ("Trees," 116-118,
134) (" Vines," 2)

found only on frontier ;

LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate : 30-34 (" Trees," 69, 71)
Opposite: 35-38

Shrubs thorny or prickly (throughout area) :
thorny: 39-42, 3, ("Trees," 135-142, 148)
prickly : 43-48

Section IL — Blossoms (white) monopetalous, i.e., with petals
more or less united in one piece :
widely distributed in territory :

LEAVES SIMPLE :

Alternate :

Entire : 49-56, 92, 93, 97, 99-102

Serrate : 50, 51, 56, 57, 13-17 ("Trees," 49)

Opposite (or whorled) :

Entire : 58-61, 65, 93, 112, 135 (" Trees," 93)
Serrate (but not lobed) : 58, 62-66 (" Trees," 96)
Serrate and Lobed : 67, 68

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate : 69, 70

found only on frontier :

in Virginia : 30, 30*, 32-34, 71-82 (" Trees," 72)
on northern edge : 83-89

Section III. — Blossoms (white or reddish) apetalous, i.e., with

no corolla : 90, 91, 102, 164

244

Description of Native Shrubs

GROUP II. — Blossoms Rosy -white to Red and

Crimson
LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate :

Entire : 92-103, 49-51, 53 (" Trees," 9)
Serrate or Lobed : 100, 104-107, 7, 8, 10, 50, 51
(" Trees," 47, 136, 140)
Opposite (or whorled) :

Entire: 93, 103, 108-112 (89, White Mountains)

("Trees," 92)
Serrate or Lobed : 108-110, 28
LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate (or trifoliate): 113-117, 47, 48, 165, 166

(" Trees," 105, 116)
Palmate : (" Trees," 133)

GROUP III. — Blossoms Yellow (or Yellowish)

LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate :

Entire : 118-124, 5^ (76, Virginia)

Serrate or wavy edged: 125-127, 56 (76, Virginia),
("Trees," 73)
Opposite :
Entire :

leaves black-dotted : 128-132

leaves not dotted : 118, 119, 133-138 ("Trees," 92)
Serrate: 138, 139

LEAVES COMPOUND :

Pinnate (or trifoliate) : 140, 141 (" Trees," 108)
Palmate : (" Trees," 131)

GROUP IV. — Blossoms Purplish, Blue or Dark

LEAVES SIMPLE :
Alternate :

Entire : 142-147, 97, 99-102 (" Trees," 8, 9)
Serrate : 10, 100, loi, 107
245

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES SIMPLE -.—Continued
Opposite (or whorled) :
Entire : 148-150, 61
Serrate : 151, 152

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate : 153-15 5
Palmate: ("Trees," 132)

GROUP V. — Blossoms Greenish, or Greenish-
white, ALWAYS Diminutive

LEAVES SIMPLE :
Alternate :

Entire: 5, 146, 147, 156

Serrate (but not lobed) : 5, 13-17, 157-159 (32-34, Vir-
ginia) (" Trees," 70)
Serrate and Lobed : 19-21, 160-163

Opposite :

Entire: 65, 90, 164

Serrate: 65, 152, 164 (" Trees," loi, 102)

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate (or trifoliate) : 165, 166 (" Trees," 108, 116, 134,
149, 150) ("Vines," 2)

Shrubs with blossoms in catkins or catkin-like

SPIKES :
leaves fragrant when crushed : 167-169
leaves not fragrant when crushed :
widely distributed :

leaves roundish to elliptical, not willow-
like : 170-178 (" Trees," 27, 30, 35)
leaves willow-like: 179-187 ("Trees,"
53, 57, 63, 64)
only on northern frontier : 188-193

'' Evergreen " Shrubs : 194-197 (" Trees," 157, 168)
246

SHRUBS

Native and naturalized, within prescribed territory,
classified by their LEAVES.
Shrubs not ' ' evergreen ' ' nor cone-bearing (for those,

see below).
Shrubs not thorny nor prickly (for those, see below),
widely distributed — at least not limited to the
frontier States of our area.

ANALYTICAL KEY

LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate (or close-clustered) :

Entire : 4, 5, 26, 49-56,92-102, I18-121, 123, 144, 146,
147, 156, 168 (willows, 181-183, 186) (" Trees," i,
8, 9, 10, 63)

Serrate or wavy-edged (not lobed) : 1-3, 5-17, 50, 51,
56, 57, 100, 105, 107, 127, 158, 159, 167, 168, 170-
176, 178 (willows, 179-181, 184, 185, 187) ("Trees,"
27, 30, 35, 39. 42, 47, 49, 53, 57, 63, 64)

Lobed {not serrate) : 169, 176, 177 (" Trees," 49)

Serrate and Lobed : 18-21, 104, 106 ("Trees," 27, 47)

Opposite (or whorled) :

Entire: 22-26, 58-61, 65, 90, 93, 102, 108, 109, ill,
112, 118, 119, 128-131, 133, 134, 137, 148, 149
(" Trees," 92, 93)
Serrate (not lobed) : 27, 28, 58, 62-66, 139, 151, 152

("Trees," 96)
Lobed (not serrate) : 108, 109
Serrate and Lobed : 67, 68 (" Trees," loi, 102)
247

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate (or trifoliate) :
Alternate :

leaflets entire: 141, 153, 166 ("Trees," 108,

134) ("Vines," 2)
leaflets serrate (or lobed) : 140, 155, 165, 166
(" Trees," 116-118) ("Vines," 2)

Opposite :

leaflets serrate : 29, 69, 70

Palmate: (" Trees," 131)

found only on frontier of prescribed area :
LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate :

Entire : (on northern frontier : 84, 88, 98, 142, 145,
189, 193) (in Virginia. 33, 76, 103, 122, 124, 143)
(Southern Illinois, 75)

Serrate : (on northern frontier : 85-87, 188-192) (in
Virginia, 30, 32-34, 72-74, 76-81, 91) (Michigan,
31) (Southern Illinois, 75) (" Trees," 69-73)

Opposite :

Entire : (on northern frontier : 89, 132, 135, 136) (in
Virginia, 35, 36, 38, 71, 103, 138, 150) (in Illinois,
37, no, 164)

Serrate or Lobed : (on northern edge : 83) (in Virginia,
35. 36, 71, 82, 138) (in Illinois, no, 164)

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate : (in Virginia, 117) (in Michigan and Wisconsin,
154) ("Trees," 105)

Palmate: ("Trees," 132, 133)
248

Description of Native Shrubs
Shrubs thorny or prickly :

widely distributed in area :
thorny :

leaves simple, alternate (or closely clustered) : 3,

39, 40, 125, 157 (" Trees," 135-138, 140)
leaves compound: ("Trees," 148, 149)

prickly :

leaves simple, alternate : 160-163
leaves compound, pinnate, or trifoliate : 43-47,
113-116

found only on frontier :
thorny :

leaves simple, alternate (or closely clustered) : 41,

42, 126 ("Trees," 139, 141, 142)
leaves compound, pinnate : (" Trees," 105, 150)
prickly :

leaves compound, pinnate or trifoliate, 48

Shrubs *' evergreen" or cone-bearing:

194-197 (" Trees," 157, 168)

249

DESCRIPTION OF NATIVE
SHRUBS

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern
United States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the
Mississippi).

For definition of terms see pp. 411-424.

1. Beach Plum. (Prunus maritima.)

Leaf : i'-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, ovate to oval,
downy beneath. Flower: p., white (petals 5), in small lateral
umbels, before or with the leaves. Fruit : globular, J^'-i' in di-
ameter, crimson or purple, with bloom. Range : Maine to Vir-
ginia, near coast ; 2°-5'' high. (PI. I.)

2. Dwarf Cherry. (Prunus pumila.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, serrate near apex, narrow-obo-
vate, base tapering. Flower : p., white (petals 5), in small
lateral umbels, before or with leaves. Fruit : ovoid, dark red.
Range : Massachusetts, west and south ; }4°-3° high. (PI. I.)

V 3. Chickasaw Plum. (Prunus Chicasa.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, finely serrate, lance-shaped.
Flower: p., white (petals 5), in small lateral umbels, before or
with leaves. Fruit : globular, red, }4'-}i' i^ diameter. Range :
Maryland to Illinois, and southwest ; 6°-i2° high, rarely thorny.

4. Labrador Tea. (Ledum latifolium.)
Leaf: 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, oblong to elliptical, rusty-
woolly beneath, edge rolled under. Flower : p., white (petals
5), small, in terminal clusters of about 12 ; June. Range : New
England to Pennsylvania, and northwest ; 2''-5" high. (PI. I.)
250

Description of Native Shrubs

5. Mountain Holly. (Nemopanthes mucronata.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire or slightly serrate, ob-
long, smooth, stem slender. Flower: p., white or greenish-
white, small (petals 4-5, spreading, narrow), commonly single, on
long stems ; May, June. Fruit : red, large as peas. Commoner
northward ; 4°-8° high.

6. New Jersey Tea. (Ceanothus Americanus.)
Leaf : l^^'-a', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, base often cor-
date. Flower: p., white (petals 5 and hooded), calyx and
flower-stem white, in long, dense clusters. July ; root dark red ;
i°-3° high. (PI. L)

7. Common Meadow-sweet. (Spiraea salicifolia.)
Leaf: iyi'-3\ simple, alternate, serrate, lance-shaped, base
tapering, almost smooth. Flower : p., white or rosy, minute,
in erect dense clusters ; July ; low shrub, (PI. L)

8. Birch-leaved Spiraea. (S. corymbosa.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, serrate near apex, oval to ovate,
smoothish. Flower : as in 7, but in large Jlat clusters ; June.
Mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and west ; low. (PI. I.)

9. Choke-cherry. (Prunus virginiana.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oval or obovate,
apex abruptly pointed, thin. Flower : p., white (petals 5, round-
ish), crowded in rather long terminal clusters ; May ; fruit dark
red ; commoner northward ; tall. (PI. I.)

10. Choke-berry. (Pyrus arbutifolia.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, obovate or ob-
long. Flower : p., white, reddish, or purplish (petals 5), usu-
ally io-i2-clustered ; May, June ; fruit red, purple, or black ;
damp places ; 2°-io° high.

II. White Alder. Sweet Pepperbush. (Clethra alnifolia.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate (entire toward base),

wedge-obovate, both sides green. Flower : p. , white, fragrant

251

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

(petals 5), in erect spike-like clusters, rather showy, 10 stamens ;
July, August. Range : Maine to Virginia, wet places near
coast ; 3°-io° high.

12. Itea. (I. virginica.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oblong or oval,
apex sharp, short-stemmed. Flower : p., white (petals 5, lance-
shaped, much longer than calyx), small, in spike-like clusters ;
June. New Jersey and south ; wet places near coast ; 6° high.

13. Mountain Ilex. (I, montana.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate to elliptical, apex
tapering, smooth. Flower : p. and m., white or greenish-
white, small (petals and stamens 4-6, sepals hairy-fringed),
single or y<fzt;-clustered ; May. Fruit: red or purple. Range:
Pennsylvania and south along mountains, locally in New York.

14. Soft Ilex. (L mollis.)
Leaf : as in 13, but downy beneath. Flower : as in 13, but
the staminate in large clusters ; May. Locally in Pennsylvania,
and south in mountains.

15. Winterberry. Black Alder. (Ilex verticillata.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate, obovate to wedge —
lance-shaped, base and apex pointed, veins beneath downy.
Flower : as in 13, and almost stemless ; May, June ; fruit
bright red. (PI. II.)

16. Smooth Winterberry. (I. laevigata.)
Leaf : as in 13, but rather glossy above, smooth beneath.
Flower : as in 13, but the staminate on long stems ; fruit bright
red ; near water.

17. Inkberry. (Ilex glabra.)
Leaf: i'-2', simple, alternate, serrate toward a/^jc, oblong,
base wedge-shaped, glossy above ^ leathery. Flower : as in 13,
but stems }^' long ; June. Fruit : black, shining. Massachu-
setts to Virginia, near coast; 2°-3° high. (PI. II.)

252

PLATE I

1. Cherry and Plum Type, i, etc.

2. New Jersey Tea. 6. (av. size)

3. Labrador Tea. 4. (av. size)

4. American Holly. (Trees, 49.) (Va)

253

5. Meadow Sweet. 7. (2/3)

6. Birch-leaved Spiraea. 8. (-/g)

7. Snowberry. 109. (-/j)

THE UBR&RY
OF THE

Description of Native Shrubs

1 8. Ninebark. (Physocarpus opulifolius.)
Leaf : i}4'-3', simple, alternate, serrate and three-lobed,
roundish, base cordate. Flower : p., white (petals 5), small, in
roundish clusters ; June ; dark peeling in long strips of many
thin layers. Var. aurea (cultivated) has yellow variegation in
foliage. (PI. II.)

19. Wild Black Currant. (Ribes floridum.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate, 3-5-sharply-lobed, base
slightly cordate, sprinkled with resinous dots. Flower : p.,
whitish or greenish, rather large (petals and stamens 5) in droop-
ing many-flowered clusters ; calyx long-bell-shaped. May ; fruit
black. (PI. II.)

20. Wild Red Currant. (Ribes rubrum.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate, 3-5-bluntly-lobed, base
cordate ; veins whitish beneath. Flower : as in 19, but from
buds distinct from leaf-buds ; calyx flat. May, June ; fruit red ;
New Hampshire, and west ; straggling. (PI. IL)

21. Fetid Currant. (Ribes prostratum.)
Leaf : as in 19, but base deeply cordate, and not resinous-
dotted. Flower : as in 19, but clusters erect, calyx flattish ;
May. Fruit : pale red and (with the stems) bristly ; bruised
herbage and berries malodorous. New England, New York,
and Pennsylvania.

22. Round-leaved Dogfwood. (Cornus circinata.)
Leaf: 3'-5', simple, opposite, entire, roundish to oval, apex
pointed, woolly beneath. Flower : p., white, small (petals 4), in
large flat clusters. June ; fruit light blue ; branch greenish with
warty spots ; 6°-io° high. (PI. II.)

23. Silky Dogwood. Kinnikinnik. (Cornus sericea.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, opposite, entire, narrow ovate to ellipti-
cal, apex pointed, dull green, downy beneath, as also branchlets
and flower-stalks ; branches purplish. Flower : as in 22, but
clusters smaller. June ; fruit pale blue ; near water ; 3°- 10"
high. (PI. III.)

255

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

24. Red-osier Dogwood. (Cornus stolonifera.)

Leaf : 2-4', simple, opposite, entire, broad-ovate, base rounded,
apex pointed, roughish, whitish beneath, branches red-purple
in winter. Flower : p., white, small (petals 4), in small flat
clusters. June ; fruit white or leaden ; commonest north ; 3°-6*
high.

25. Panicled Dogwood. (Cornus paniculata.)

Leaf : I'-s', simple, opposite, entire, long-ovate, apex taper-
ing, base pointed, whitish beneath. Flower : as in 24, but in
numerous small panicles ; June ; fruit white, branches gray ; near
water ; 4°-8° high. (PI. III.)

26. Sand Myrtle. (Leiophyllum buxifolium.)

Leaf: ^i'-yi', simple, opposite (sometimes alternate), entire,
crowded, oval or oblong, glossy, leathery. Flower: p., white
(petals 5, spreading, stamens 10), small, in terminal umbels ; May.
New Jersey, and south ; low evergreen.

27. Syringa. Mock Orange. (Philadelphus coronarius.)

Leaf: 3'-4', simple, opposite, remotely serrate, ovate, apex
pointed. Flower : p., cream-white (petals 4), fragrant, in
abundant clusters ; June ; introduced, but becoming spontane-
ous. (PI. n.)

28. Wild Hydrangea. (H. arborescens.)

Leaf: 4'-5', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate, apex pointed,
green both sides, smooth. Flower: p., white, becoming rosy,
small (the marginal ones large with white calyx, but no petals,
stamens nor pistil), in large flat clusters ; July ; New Jersey to
Illinois, and south. (Often without enlarged flowers.)

29. Bladder-nut. (Staphylea trifolia.)

Leaf: pinnate, opposite; leaflets, 3-5, serrate, ovate, apex
pointed, 3-4' long. Flower: p., white (petals 5), in terminal
drooping clusters, showy ; May ; pod large, 3-sided, 3-parted at
top; 6°-io"' high. (PI. III.)

256

PLATE II

8. Winterberry. ic. (av. size)

9. Inkberry. 17. (2/3)
10. Ninebark. 18. (2/3)

11. Wild Currant. 20. (a v. size)

12. Syringa. 27. (V3)

13. Round-leaved Dogwood. 22. (Va)

257

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UKlVEaSlTY OF ILUHOIS

Description of Native Shrubs

30. Stuartia. (S. virginica.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, finely serrate, long-ovate, soft
hairy beneath. Flower: p. or m., white (petals 5, i' long),
single, short-stemmed, showy. Virginia.

30a. Stuartia. (S. pentagyna.)

Leaf: as in 30, but smoother. Flower: p. or m., cream-
tinted, larger than in 30 (petals 5 or more, crimped on edge, nu-
merous stamens, 5 styles), single, very showy, cultivated ; July,
August. South Virginia. 6°-i2° high.

31. White Flowering Raspberry. (Rubus nutkanus.)

Leaf : 4'-8', simple, alternate, 5-lobed, coarsely serrate.
Flower : p., white, large (petals 5, stamens numerous) in small
clusters. Michigan.

32. Cassena. Yaupon. (Ilex Cassine.)

Leaf: i'-i^', simple, alternate, round-toothed, lance-ovate
to elliptical, leathery. Flower: p. and m., white or greenish-
white (petals and stamens 4-6), small, single and almost stemless-
clustered ; calyx teeth blunt ; May. Virginia.

33. Dahoon. Holly. (Ilex Dahoon.)

Leaf: 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, or serrate toward apex,
oblong or reverse lance-shaped, edge rolled under, leathery.
Flower : as in 32, but calyx teeth sharp ; May, June. Virginia,
swamps near coast.

34. Ilex. (I. decidua.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate, blunt-toothed, glossy above,
thickish when old. Flower : as in 32, but calyx teeth sharp ;
May. Virginia, Illinois, near water.

35. Odorless Syringa. (Philadelphus inodorus.)

Leaf : 3'-4', simple, opposite, entire or somewhat serrate ;
ovate, apex pointed, smooth. Flower: p., white (petals 5, sta-
mens numerous), not fragrant, single or few-clustered, showy
mountains of Virginia.

259

Trees. Shrubs and Vines

36. Large-flowered Syringa. 1 Phi'.idelphus inodorus, var.

grand: floras.)

LE.A.F : ^-4', as in 35, but somewhat hair)-. Flower: as in
35. but larger, and caI\-x-lobes longer and tapering. Virginia ;
cultivated.

37. Rough-leaved Dogwood. (Comus asperifolia.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, opposite, entire, ovate, apex pointed,
quiU raugk atjze, dowTiy beneath, branchlets rough. Flower :
p., white, small (petals 4), in broad flat clusters; May, June.
Illinois, dr\- soil.

38. Stiff Cornel. (Comus stricta,)
Leaf: 2-4, simple, opposite, entire, ovate or long-ovate,
apex quite tapering, base pointed, smooth. FLO^^•ER : p., white,
small (petals 4), in loose flat clusters. Virginia, swamps ; S°-i5°

high.

39, Dwarf Thorn. (Crataegus parvifolia.)

Leaf : >^ -i>2 , simple, aitemate, round-toothed, obovate with
long, narrow base, thick, glossy above when mature. Flower :
p., white, 1-3-clustered ; May ; fruit yellowish. New Jersey and
south ; 3'-6' high ; thorny. (PI. IIL)

40. Sloe. Black Thorn. (Prunus spinosa.)
Leaf : 1-3, simple, aitemate, serrate, long-ovate or elliptical.
Flower: p., white (petals 5, stamens rather numerous), few-
clustered, before or with leaves ; fmit small, black, \*-itha bloom.
Maine to Pennsylvania ; thorny.

41. White Thorn. (Crataegus spathulau.)
Le.af : 2-3', simple, aitemate, rcund-toot Jud to^Oixd apex, oc-
casionally lobed, long-obovate, base tapering, thickish, glossy.
Flo\\t.r : p.. white, in large clusters; May; fmit red, Vir-
ginia; io"-i = '' high ; thorny.

42. White Thorn, (Crataegus apiifolia.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate, i---deepl}-\o\>^<i,
roundish. Flov-tr : as in 41: March. April Virginia ; thorny,

260

PLATE III

14. SIW Dogwood. 33. (5/«) 17. Dwarf Thorn. 39. f5 ,)

15. Pamded Dogwood. 25. C^/j) iS. Raspberrv and Blackberrv Type.

16. Bbddorimt. 39. O/s) 43> "^

261

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CF THE

UaiVESSITY OF ILUMOIS

Description of Native Shrubs

43. Wild Red Raspberry. (Rubus strigosus.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 3-5, long-ovate, apex pointed, irreg-
ularly serrate (lateral ones without stems), whitened beneath.
Flower: p., white (petals 5, stamens numerous); June, July;
fruit red, hemispherical ; stalks with bloom, and bristly rather
than prickly. (PI. III.)

44. Black Raspberry. Thimbleberry. (Rubus occidentalis.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 3 (seldom 5), ovate, coarsely serrate,
apex pointed, whitened beneath, lateral ones short-stemmed ;
stalks and leaf-stems with bloom and prickly. Flower : as in
43 ; fruit purple-black, hemispherical. (PI. III.)

45. High Blackberry. Common Blackberry. (Rubus

villosus.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 3 (or lateral ones in pairs), ovate, ser-
rate, apex pointed, green beneath. Flower : as in 43, but in
lengthened leafless clusters ; May, June ; stalks grooved, prickly
and without bloom ; i°-6° high. (PI. III.)

46. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. (Rubus canadensis.)

Leaf : about as in 45. Flower : as in 45 ; stalk but little
prickly, not grooved^ with no bloom, considerably trailing. (PI.
III.)

47. Sand Blackberry. (Rubus cuneifolius.)

Leaf: pinnate; leaflets, 3-5, wedge-obovate, serrate toward
apex, thickish, whitened below. Flower : p., white or rose-
tinted (petals large, three times length of sepals), 2-4-clustered ;
May-July. Southern New York and south ; i°-3° high ; prickly.

48. Low Bush-blackberry. (Rubus trivialis.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 3 (or lateral ones paired), long-ovate
to lance-shaped, serrate, evergreen, leathery. Flower : as in
47 ; March-May ; stalks prickly, and almost trailing. Virginia.

263

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

49. White Swamp Azalea. Clammy Azalea. (Rhododen-

dron viscosum.)

Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, often crowded at end of branch,
entire, long-obovate, apex often bristle-tipped, smooth. Flower :
m., white or rosy, fragrant (corolla funnel-form, with 5 spreading
lobes), sticky, stamens and style protruding from corolla-tube,
6-i2-clustered ; June, July ; branchlets bristly. A variety glauca
has leaves with bloom on one or both sides, often rough hairy ;
another, nitida, is dwarf, leaf green both sides. Range : Maine
to Virginia, swamps near coast ; 4°-io'' high. (PI. IV.)

50. Common High Blueberry. Swamp Blueberry. (Vac-

cinium corymbosum.)

Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire (in some varieties ser-
rate), ovate to lance-shaped, glossy to pale. Flower : m. (co-
rolla white or rosy-tinted, oblong-cylindrical, 5-toothed), clustered,
before or with the leaves j 5°-iO° high. (PI. IV.)

51. Low Blueberry. (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.)

Leaf : ^'-i', simple, alternate, entire or finely serrate, oval or
obovate, thickish, dull green, with bloom beneath. Flower :
m., white or reddish-white (corolla bell-shaped), clustered ;
May. New England and south ; i°-2>^° high.

52. Leather-leaf. (Cassandra calyculata.)

Leaf: i', simple, alternate, entire, oblong, leathery, scurfy
beneath. Flower: m., white (corolla cylindrical, 5-toothed),
small, in one-sided leafy racemes in early spring ; near water ;
low shrub. (PI. IV.)

53. Andromeda. Stagger-bush. (Andromeda mariana.)

Leaf : i'-3', simple, alternate, entire, oval or oblong, rather
leathery. Flower : m. , white or pale red (corolla long-ovoid,
5-toothed), drooping, in clusters ; May, June. Rhode Island to
Virginia, in sand, near coast ; 2°-4° high. (PI. IV.)

264

Description of Native Shrubs

54. Privet Andromeda. (A. ligustrina.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, entire, obovate to lance-shape.
Flower : m. , white, small (corolla somewhat globular, 5.
toothed), thickly clustered, with last year's pods often still cling-
ing ; June, July. Near water ; 3°-io° high. (PI. IV.)

55. Marsh Andromeda. Wild Rosemary. (A. polifolia.)
Leaf: about i', simple, alternate, entire, lance-shaped or
narrow-oblong, thick, evergreen, edge rolled under, white beneath.
Flower: m., white, small (corolla rather globular, 5-toothed),
in terminal clusters; May; plant smooth, with bloom. Penn-
sylvania, west and north, in bogs ; 6'-i8' high.

56. Groundsel-tree. (Baccharis halimifolia.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, upper leaves often entire, lower
coarse-toothed, obovate, base wedge-shaped. Flower: m.,
whitish or yellow, in "heads," each a cluster of many small
tubular blossoms (corolla of pistillate flowers thread-like ; of stam-
inate, larger and 5-lobed) ; " heads " single and clustered ; Sep-
tember. Massachusetts to Virginia, on sea-shore ; 6°-i2'' high.

57. Leucothoe. (L. racemosa.)
Leaf : 1-2;^', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oblong or
oval, apex sharp, thickish. Flower : m., white, fragrant (corolla
cyHndrical, 5-toothed), in long, one-sided spikes; May, June,
Massachusetts to Virginia, near coast ; 4°-6° high.

58. Withe-rod. (Viburnum nudum and cassinoides.)
Leaf: 2-4', simple, opposite, entire or round-toothed, oval to
lance-shaped, thickish. Flower: m., white, all small (corolla
spreading, 5-lobed), in large, flat, showy clusters ; in two varieties,
as leaf is more entire (south) or more toothed (north) ; May, June.
S^-io" high. (PI. IV.)

59. Button-bush. (Cephalanthus occidentalis.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, opposite or 3-whorled, entire, long-stemmed,
ovate to obovate, apex sharp. Flower: m., white, very small,
clusters in balls (corolla tubular, 4-toothed) ; July, August. Near
water. (PI, IV.)

265

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

60. Common Privet. (Ligustrum vulgare.)

Leaf: 1-2', simple, opposite, entire, lance-shape to obovate,
thickish, smooth, dark green. Flower ; m., white, small (corolla
funnel-shaped, 4-lobed), in erect clusters ; June. Introduced for
hedges, but locally spontaneous in New England and Pennsyl-

61. Tartarian Honeysuckle. (Lonicera tartarica.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, opposite, entire, ovate, base cordate,
somewhat glossy. Flower: m., white to purplish, small, fra-
grant, in pairs on a single stem (corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed) ;
April-June. Introduced, cultivated, locally spontaneous.

62. Arrow-wood. (Viburnum dentatum.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, coarsely serrate, ovate to round-
ish, base cordate, stem slender. Flower: m., white, all small
(corolla 5-lobed), in flat clusters ; June ; fruit ovoid, blue ; 5°-io°
high. (PI. V.)

63. Soft Viburnum. (V. molle.)

Leaf : much as in 62, but downy beneath, as also leaf- and
flower-stem and branchlets. Flower : as in 62, of which it may
be only a variety. Martha's Vineyard, and south.

64. Downy Arrow-wood. (Viburnum pubescens.)

Leaf : as in 62, but less serrate, apex sharp or tapering, downy
beneath, and very short-stemmed. Flower : as in 62 ; fruit
dark purple. Range : Vermont to New York, Kentucky and
"Wisconsin ; low, straggling.

65. Marsh Elder. Highwater Shrub. (Iva frutescens.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, opposite; lower coarsely serrate, oval to
lance-shaped, thickish (upper narrow, entire, or mere bracts).
Flower : m., white or greenish- white, small (corolla tubular or
funnel-shaped), massed in small, flat "heads," pistillate and
staminate in each ; July-September. Massachusetts to Virginia ;
salt marshes near coast ; 3°-8° high.

266

PLATE IV

19. Clammy Azalea. 49. (i/j)

20. Leather- leaf. 52. (Vg)

21. Common Blueberry. 50. (V2)

22. Andromeda. 53. (2/3)

23. Withe-rod. 58. (2/3)

24. Button-bush. 59. (i/j)

267

(I!t liuiURY

or T!it

UKIVEDSITY OF ILLINOIS

Description of Native Shrubs

66. Hobble-bush. Am. Wayfaring-tree. (Viburnum lan-

tanoides.)

Leaf : 4' -8', simple, opposite, serrate, roundish, base cordate,
apex pointed, rusty-scurfy beneath and on stalks and branchlets.
Flower: m., white (corolla 5-lobed), in flat clusters (no common
flower-stalk), the marginal of each cluster much larger and showy,
without stamens and pistils ; May ; fruit ovoid, dark red.
Range : New England, to Pennsylvania, and south in mountains,
(PI. V.)

67. Cranberry-tree. High Cranberry Bush. (Viburnum

opulus.)
Leaf: 3-5', simple, opposite, serrate, 3-lobed, lobes serrate
only toward their apex. Flower : as in 66, but on a common
flower-stalk ; June, July ; fruit globular, bright red. Range :
northerly, and in AUeghanies, near water ; 5°-io° high ; in cul-
tivation it is the " snow-ball " or " Guelder rose," with all the
flowers large. (PI. V.)

68. Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Dockmackie. (Viburnum
acerifolium.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, opposite, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed, round-
ish, downy beneath, 3-ribbed. Flower: m., white, all small
(corolla 5-lobed, stamens longer than corolla), in small flat clus-
ters ; May, June ; fruit blackish ; 2°-6° high. (PI. V.)

69. Common Elder. (Sambucus canadensis.)
Leaf: pinnate, opposite; leaflets, 5-1 1 (usually 7), 2'-4' long,

serrate, oblong, apex sharp, lower often deeply 2-3-lobed.
Flower: m., white, small (corolla spreading, 5-lobed), in large
fiat clusters ; June, July ; fruit blackish ; pith white or pinkish-
white ; 5°-io° high. (PI. V.)

70. Red-berried Elder. (Sambucus pubens.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-7, serrate, short lance-
shaped, downy beneath. Flower : as in 69, but in convex ox py-
ramidal clusters ; May ; fruit red, occasionally white ; June ; pith
red or brown ; northerly, and south in mountains ; 2°-io° high.

269

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

71, Arrow-wood. (Viburnum obovatum.)
Leaf: I'-iy^', simple, opposite, entire or finely serrate, ob-
ovate (base often long-tapering), thickish, glossy. Flower : m.,
white, small (corolla spreading, 5-lobed), in small, Jlat clusters ;
May. Virginia, 2°-8° high.

72. Storax. (Styrax grandifolia.)

Leaf: 3'-6', simple, alternate, entire or minutely serrate, ob-
ovate, apex pointed, white-cottony beneath. Flower: m.,
white (corolla 4-8-deeply-lobed, lobes mostly downy), showy, yi'
long, in long racemes. Virginia, in woods.

73. Storax. (Styrax pulverulenta.)

Leaf: i'-i}4', simple, alternate, entire or minutely serrate,
oval or obovate, scurfy-woolly beneath. Flower : as in 72, but
1-3-clustered, fragrant, }i' long. Virginia ; i°-4° high.

74. Storax. (Styrax americana.)
Leaf : I'-s', simple, alternate, entire or minutely serrate, ob-
long, both ends sharp, smooth. Flower : as in 72, but single
or 3-4-clustered. Virginia ; 4°-8° high.

75. Farkle-berry. (Vaccinium arboreum.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, entire or finely serrate, oval to
obovate, bright green and glossy above. Flower : m., white
(corolla bell-shaped, 5 -toothed, size of blueberry blossom), single
along stem, or clustered ; June ; berry black. Virginia (?), and
South Illinois ; 8°-i5° high.

76. Groundsel-tree. (Baccharis glomeruliflora.)
Leaf: 2'-4', simple, alternate, upper entire, lower serrate, ob-
ovate-oblong. Flower : as in 56, but the "heads" larger, and
the leafy scales beneath each head broader and blunt ; Septem-
ber. East Virginia ; 6°-i2° high.

77. Blueberry. (Vaccinium erythrocarpon.)

Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, bristly serrate, oblong, apex

tapering, thin, smooth. Flower: m., white (corolla 4-lobed,

lobes rolled back), small, single ; July ; berry purple, tasteless.

Mountains of Virginia ; i°-4° high.

270

PLATE V

25. Arrow-wood. 62. (^A)

26. Hobble-bush. 66, (V3)

27. High Cranberry -bush. 67. (-/s)

Maple-leaved Arrow-wood.
, (V2)
Common Elder. 69. (Ve)

68.

27]

IHt LIBRARY

QF THE

umVERSITY OF ILUKOIS

Description of Native Shrubs

78. Leucothoe. (L. axillaris.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oval to short-lance-
shaped, glossy, leathery, very short-stemmed. Flower: m.,
white (corolla rather ovoid, 5-toothed), stemless, in dense racemes
{sepaXs broad o\diX.€) ; February-April. Virginia, near water ; 2°-
4° high.

79. Leucothoe. (L. Catesbaei.)

Leaf : 1-2', much as in 78, but longer-stemmed. Flower :
as in 78, but sepals narrower, apex often sharp ; May. Moun-
tains of Virginia, near water ; 2°-4° high.

80. Leucothoe. (L. recurv-a.)

Leaf : as in 78, but not glossy nor leathery. Flower : as in
78, but short-stevwied, in one-sided racemes ; April. Mountains
of Virginia ; branches recurved.

81. Andromeda. (A. floribunda.)

Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, short-lance-
shaped, thick, evergreen, with stem. Flower: m., white (co-
rolla rather ovoid, 5-toothed, 5-angled), in dense panicled ra-
cemes ; April, Virginia, in mountains ; 2°-io° high ; young
branches bristly.

82. Callicarpa. French Mulberry. (C. Americana.)

Leaf : 1-3', simple, opposite, serrate, long-ovate, base taper-
ing, whitish beneath. Flower: m., whitish (corolla long-bell-
shaped, 4-5-lobed, stamens 4), small, in small clusters along
branch ; May-July. Virginia.

83. Few-flowered Arrow-wood. (Viburnum pauciflorum.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, serrate, 3-lobed near apex,
roundish, ^-ribbed at base. Flower: m., white, small (corolla
spreading, 5-lobed, stamens shorter than corolla), in small, flat
clusters ; June ; fruit globular, red ; northern part of New
Hampshire, New York, and Wisconsin ; low shrub.
273

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

84. Bog Bilberry. (Vaccinium uliginosum.)
Leaf : %'-%' ., simple, alternate, entire, oblong to obovate,
dull green, lighter beneath. Flower : m., white (corolla almost
globular, 4-toothed), 1-3-clustered, drooping ; June, July ; berry
black, sweet. Alpine tops of mountains in New England and
New York ; 4-18' high.

85. Bilberry. (Vaccinium caespitosum.)

Leaf : ^' or less, simple, alternate, serrate, obovate, glossy.
Flower : m., white (corolla oblong, 5-toothed), single, droop-
ing ; June ; berry blue. Alpine tops of White Mountains ; dwarf.

86. Bilberry. (Vaccinium ovalifolium.)

Leaf : Yz or less, simple, alternate, hardly serrate, elliptical,
apex blunt, pale green, with bloom. Flower : much as in 85 ;
May ; berries blue. Near Lake Superior ; s'-io' high, straggling.

87. Bilberry. (Vaccinium myrtilloides.)

Leaf : Yz or less, simple, alternate, finely serrate, ovate, apex
sharp, bright green. Flower: as in 85, but corolla larger and
almost globular ; May, June ; berry black, large. Near Lake Su-
perior ; i°-4° high.

88. Canada Blueberry. (Vaccinium canadense.)
Leaf: about i', simple, alternate, entire, lance-shaped to ellip-
tical, both sides downy, as also branchlets. Flower : m., white
(corolla bell-shaped, 5-toothed), clustered, before leaves in spring.
Maine to Wisconsin ; i°-2"' high.

89. Alpine Azalea. (Loiseleuria procumbens.)
Leaf : ^' or less, simple, opposite, entire (edge rolled back),
elliptical, leathery, evergreen. Flower: m., small, white or
rosy (corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 5 stamens), 2-5-clustered ;
June. Alpine tops of White Mountains ; low, much branched.

90. American Mistletoe. (Phoradendron flavescens.)
Leaf : |^'-i>^', simple, opposite, entire, oval to obovate, yel-
lowish, thick. Flower : whitish or greenish-white {no petals^

274

Description of Native Shrubs

calyx corolla-like, globular, generally 3-lobed), staminate and
pistillate, in spike-like clusters. Fruit : white, size of small pea.
Parasitic on various trees. New Jersey to Illinois, and south.
(PI. VI.)

91. Fothergilla. (F. alnifolia.)

Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate near apex, obovate or
oval. Flower : no corolla, calyx bell-shaped, slightly 5-7-
toothed, long white stamens about 24, on edge of calyx, develop-
ing somewhat before the leaves ; April, May. Virginia ; low
shrub.

92. Rhododendron. Great Laurel. Rose Bay. (Rhodo-
dendron maximum.)

Leaf : 4-10', simple, alternate, entire, oval to elliptical, apex
sharp, base tapering, edge slightly revolute, thick, evergreen.
Flower : m., pale rose to whitish, greenish in throat, yellow- or
red-spotted (corolla 1-2' broad, 5-lobed), in large terminal clus-
ters ; July, August. Range : Maine to Ohio (damp woods), in
mountains of Pennsylvania and south ; shrub, rarely low tree in
Pennsylvania. (PI. VI.)

93. Mountain Laurel. Calico-bush. (Kalmia latifolia.)

Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, sometimes opposite or whorled,
entire, lance-shaped or elliptical, both ends pointed, glossy, ever-
green, leathery. Flower: m., rosy to white, large, showy,
sticky (corolla broad bell-shaped, stamens 10, ends sunk in de-
pression of corolla), in large terminal clusters ; May, June ; north-
erly a shrub, in Pennsylvania a low tree.

94. Rhodora. (R. Canadense.)

Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, entire, oblong to obovate, whit-
ish beneath, pale. Flower : rose-purple, rarely white (corolla
in 2 parts, one with three lobes, the other very deeply lobed or of
two distinct petals, 10 stamens), in small clusters before the leaves ;
May. New England to Pennsylvania, mountains or damp woods ;
low shrub.

275

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

95. Smooth Azalea. (Rhododendron arborescens.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, obovate, stnooth, glossy
above, a bloom beneath, edge bristly hairy, thickish. Flower :
m., rose-color, fragrant, slightly sticky (corolla funnel-form with
5 spreading lobes shorter than tube ; stamens and style much
longer than corolla tube), in terminal clusters ; June. Mountains
of Pennsylvania, and south ; 3°-i2° high.

96. Flame-colored Azalea. (Rhododendron calendulaceum.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, entire, obovate to oblong, hairy
(as also branchlets). Flower : m., orange to flame-color, not
odorous nor sticky (corolla as in 95, but its tube shorter than the
lobes), in terminal clusters, profuse, before the leaves ; May.
Pennsylvania and south ; 3°-io° high ; cultivated.

97. Pinxter-flower. Purple Azalea. (Rhododendron
nudiflorum.)

Leaf : 2'-3', much as in 96, branchlets hairy. Flower : m.,
pink, purple, buff, mottled or white, often fragrant (corolla fun-
nel-form with 5 large spreading lobes ; stamens and style much
longer than tube), clustered, with or before leaves ; April, May;
2°-6° high.

98. Black Crowberry. (Empetrum nigrum.)

Leaf : ^', simple, alternate, entire, crowded, narrow, ever-
green. Flower : reddish (no corolla, 3 spreading sepals, 3 sta-
mens), very small, along branch ; May, June. Fruit : black,
berry-like. Alpine tops of mountains in New England and New
York, and along iSIaine coast and Lake Superior ; low, spread-
ing.

99. Common Black Huckleberry. (Gaylussacia resinosa.)

Leaf : i'-2^', simple, alternate, entire, oval to long-ovate,
thickly covered with shining resinous dots. Flower : m., white,
red- or purple-tinged, corolla cylindrical, 5-lobed, a reddish bract,
falling early, with each flower and cluster ; May, June. Fruit :
black, rarely white, without bloom ; i°-3° high.

276

Description of Native Shrubs

100. Dwarf Huckleberry. (Gaylussacia dumosa.)

Leaf: I'-iJ^', simple, alternate, entire or finely serrate, ob-
ovate, bristle-tipped^ somewhat thick and glossy. Flower : m.,
white, red- or purple-tinged (corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed), with
leaf-like bract as long as flower-stem, longish-clustered ; June.
Fruit: black, tasteless. Maine to Virginia, near coast; 1°-$°
high.

loi. Dangleberry. Blue Tangle. (Gaylussacia frondosa.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, obovate, dull green,
bloom beneath. Flower: as in 100, but corolla more glob-
ular, with slender bract shorter than flower-stem ; May, June,
Fruit : blue, sweet, with bloom. New England (coast) to
Kentucky ; i°-5° high.

102. Mezereum. Daphne. (D. mezereum.)

Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, entire, lance-shaped. Flower :

purplish rose, rarely white (no corolla, calyx 4-lobed, spreading,

8 stamens), few-clustered, before the leaves ; April. Introduced,

and now somewhat spontaneous in Massachusetts and New York.

103. Hairy Laurel. (Kalmia hirsuta.)
Leaf: ^', simple, alternate and opposite, entire, oblong or
lance-shaped, stiff-hairy (as also branches), at length smooth ;
leathery, evergreen. Flower: m., rose-color (corolla open
bell-shaped, 5-lobed, ends of stamens sunk in 10 depressions),
single along branches ; May-September. Virginia ; 1° high.

104. Shrubby Althaea. Rose of Sharon. (Hibiscus Syriacus.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, 3-lobed (middle one long), coarse-
serrate, base wedge-shaped, apex sharp. Flower : 5-petaled,
rose-colored, large, many stamens in a colu77tn ; September. In-
troduced, and locally spontaneous ; tall. (PI. VI.)

105. Hardhack. Steeple-bush. (Spiraea tomentosa.)

Leaf : i'-2^', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate to oblong,

woolly beneath, as also stems (thick and rusty on new shoots).

Flower : p., rose-colored, rarely white, very small, in erect dense

clusters ; July. Commonest in New England ; 2°-4° high. (PI. VI.)

277

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

106. Purple-flowering Raspberry. (Rubus odoratus.)
Leaf: 5-10' across, simple, alternate, serrate, 3-5-lobed,
roundish, large. Flower : 5-petaled, rose-purple, often 2'
broad (often 200 stamens), clustered ; June-August ; stalk,
branches and calyx clammy-hairy ; not prickly ; commoner north-
ward ; 3°-5° high. (PI. VI.)

107. Box-huckleberry. (Gaylussacia brachycera.)
Leaf: i', simple, alternate, finely round-toothed, oval, smooth,
evergreen, thick. Flower : m., white, red-or-purple-tinged
(corolla long-bell-shaped, 5-lobed), clustered ; May. Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia ; i' high.

108. Coral-berry. Indian Currant. (Symphoricarpus orbic-
ularis.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, opposite, entire (often lobed or wavy-
toothed on young shoots), oval. Flower : m., rosy-white (corolla
bell-shaped, 4-5-lobed, hair)- within, 4-5 stamens), crowded in
clusters along branch ; July ; berr}' small, dark red. West New
York and Pennsylvania, and westward ; cultivated ; 2°-3' high.

109. Snowberry. (Symphoricarpus racemosus.)
Leaf: as in loS. Flower: as in loS, but in clusters at eud
of branch ; June-September ; berry large, white. Virginia to
Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin; cultivated; 2°-4° high. (PI. L)

1 10. Wolfberry. (Symphoricarpus occidentalis.)
Leaf: as in loS. Flower: as in loS, but larger and in
dense clusters both terminal and lateral, and stamens projecting
beyond corolla-tube ; July ; berry white. Illinois, Michigan ;

2°-4° high.

III. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. (Kalmia angustifolia.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, opposite or 3-whorled, entire, oval to
elliptical, leather)-, evergreen, lighter beneath. Flower : m.,
crimson (corolla broad bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 10 stamens, their tips
inserted in depressions of corolla), in lateral clusters ; May, June ;
hill-sides ; 2° -3° high.

278

PLATE VI

JO. Amoican Mistletoe. 90. (-/a)

31. Rhododendron. 92. (-/s)

32. Rose of Sharon. 104. i^/i)

33. Hardhack. 105. (-/s)

34. Purple-flowering Raspbenr. 106.

35. Heather (Calluna . II2. Q/i%)

279

THE UBRHW

CF THE

Description of Native Shrubs

112. Heather. (Calluna vulgaris.)
Leaf : ^' or less, simple, opposite, entire (with 2 sharp pro-
jections at base), minute, crowded, evergreen. Flower: m.,
rose-colored or white (corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed, much shorter
than calyx, 8 stamens), in short spike-like racemes chiefly one-
sided ; July, August. Locally in Maine and Massachusetts.
(PL VI.)

113. Swamp Rose. Carolina Rose. (Rosa Carolina.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-9, serrate, elliptical, apex
often sharp, dull green above, lighter below, stipules narrow.
Flower : p., rose-colored (5 petals, pistils and stamens numer-
ous), several-clustered ; June-September ; flower-stems and calyx
bristly ; stalks with hooked prickles ; low ground ; 4°-7° high.

(PI. vn.)

114. Dwarf Wild-rose. (R. lucida.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-9, serrate, elliptical to

lance-shaped, glossy, stipules broad. Flower : as in 113, but i-

3-clustered ; May-July; prickles fewer than in 113, and nearly

straight ; dry ground ; i''-2° high. (PI. VII.)

A variety {nitida) has narrow leaflets, both ends sharp, and

flowers usually single.

115. Early Wild-rose. (R. blanda.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7, serrate, oval to ob-
long, apex blunt, dull green both sides, large stipules. Flower :
as in 113, but light rose-color; May, June; flower-stems and
calyx-tube sfnooth, and with bloom; few prickles. Virginia to
Pennsylvania, and west ; i°-3° high. (PL VII.)

116. Sweet-brier. (Rosa rubiginosa.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7, serrate, %'-^4' long,
base rounded, resinous-dotted beneath, fragrant when crushed,
stems hairy. Flower: p., light rose-color, mostly single, with
bristly stems, sepals serrate and hairy ; June-August ; prickles
numerous ; often climbing. (PL VII.)

281

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

117. Bristly Locust. Rose-acacia. (Robinia hispida.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 13-19. I'-iK' ^o^g, entire,
oval to oblong, apex bristle - pointed ; stejiis and branchlets
bristly. Flower : deep rose-colored, pea-shaped, large, scent-
less, clustered ; May, June. Mountains of Virginia ; cultivated ;
3°-8° high. (PI. Vn.)

118. Hudsonia. (H. ericoides.)
Leaf : y^'-^i' , simple, alternate and opposite, crowded, entire,
slender, awl-shaped, downy, spreading from branch. Flower :
p., bright yellow (petals 5, stamens rather numerous), small and
showy, on leafless stalks ; May. Maine to Virginia, near coast ;
scarcely 1° high ; greenish, downy. (PI. VH.)

119. Hudsonia. (H. tomentosa.)
Leaf : much as in 118, but smaller, appressed to branch.
Flower : as in 118, but usually on leafy branches ; May, June.
On coast from Maine to Maryland, and along the Great Lakes ;
scarcely 1° high; whitish, downy. (PI. VH.)

120. Woad-waxen. Whin. (Genista tinctoria.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, entire, lance-shaped, branches
angled. Flower : yellow, small, pea-shaped, in spiked racemes ;
June. Introduced, now spontaneous in Massachusetts (Essex
County) and New York ; low shrub.

121. Spice-bush. Wild Allspice. (Lindera benzoin.)
Leaf : 2-5', simple, alternate, entire, obovate-oblong, both
ends pointed, pale beneath. Flower : yellow, small (no corolla,
yellow calyx 6-parted, spreading), almost stemless, in numerous
compound clusters along branch, before the leaves ; March,
April ; somewhat fragrant ; damp woods ; 5°-i5° high ; branches
smooth ; fruit ; red berry. (PI. VII.)

122. Wild Allspice. (Lindera melissaefolia.)
Leaf : as in 121, but base blunt or cordate. Flower : as in
121, but clusters few ; April. Virginia ; branches fine-hairy.
282

PLATE VII

36. Rose Type. 113. etc.

37. Bristly Locust. 117. (i/g)

38. Hudsonia. 118. (V5)

39. Spice-bush. 121. Q/^)

40. Barberry. I25. (i/^)

41. Witch-hazel. 127. (1/2)

42. Fragrant Sumach. 140. (Vj)

283

Cf THE
URlVWyit OF IWW»

Description of Native Shrubs

123. Leatherwood. Moose-wood. (Dirca palustris.)
Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, entire, oval to obovate, short-
stemmed. Flower : light yellow (no corolla, yellow calyx tubu-
lar, its edge wavy or slightly 4- toothed, 8 long stamens), 3-4-
clustered along branches before the leaves ; April. New England
to Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and north ; 2°-5° high.

124. Pond Spice. (Tetranthera geniculata.)
Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, entire, oblong, hairy on mid-
rib beneath. Flower : almost identical with 121, but in simple,
2-4-flowered clusters, before the leaves ; April. Virginia.

125. Common Barberry. (Berberis vulgaris.)
Leaf: 1-2', simple, alternate or fascicled, serrate (teeth
bristle-pointed), oval ; often replaced on branchlets by small
forked spines. Flower : p., yellow (petals 6, obovate, not
notched at apex, stamens 6), in drooping many-flowered clusters ;
May, June ; berries oblong, scarlet. Introduced, and now spon.
taneous, chiefly in Eastern New England ; 3°-8° high ; thorny.
(PL VII.)

126. American Barberry. (Berberis canadensis.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, broad-round-toothed (less
bristly-pointed than in 125), oval. Flower : as in 125, but
petals notched at apex, and clusters few-flowered ; June ; berries
oval, scarlet. Mountains of Virginia ; i°-3° high ; thorny.

127. Witch-hazel. (Hamamelis virginica.)

Leaf : 3'-5', simple, alternate, wavy-edged or broad-toothed,

obovate to oval, oblique at base, a little one-sided. Flower : p.,

yellow (petals 4, long and narrow, stamens 8), instemless clusters

along branch ; November ; damp woods ; 5°-i2° high. (PI. VII.)

128. St. Peter 's-wort. (Ascyrum stans.)
Leaf: about i', simple, opposite, entire, oval to oblong,

thickish, black-dotted, slightly surrounding branch at base.
Flower : p., yellow (petals 4, obovate, stamens many), mostly
single, showy, almost stemless ; July, August. Long Island to
Pennsylvania, and south ; i°-2° high.
285

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

129. St. Andrew's Cross. (Ascyrum Crux-Andreje.)
Leaf : i' or less, simple, opposite, entire, na7-row, long-obovaie ,
black-dotted, thin. Flower : as in 128, but petals narrow-oblong,
scarcely longer than sepals ; July-September ; New Jersey to Illi-
nois, and south ; i°-2° high.

130. Shrubby St. John's-wort. (Hypericum prolificum.)
Leaf: i'-2^', simple, opposite, entire, lance-oblong, apex

usually blunt, base narrower, black-dotted ; branchlets 2-edged.
Flower : p., yellow (petals 5, stamens many), }(.' across, numer-
ous, in thick clusters ; July-September. New Jersey, west and
south ; i°-6'' high.

131. Shrubby St. John's-wort. (Hypericum densiflorum.)
Leaf : about i', as in 130, but smaller and crowded. Flow^er :

as in 130, but smaller {%'-^A' across), more abundant in com-
pound clusters. New Jersey to Kentucky, and west ; much
branched ; i°-6° high.

132. Kalm's St. John's-wort. (Hypericum Kalmianum.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, opposite, entire, oblanceolate, with a

bloom, crowded, black-dotted. Flower : as in 130, but i' across,
few-clustered ; August ; branches 4-angled, branchlets 2-edged.
Niagara Falls and along Northern Lakes ; i°-6° high.

133. Fly-honeysuckle. (Lonicera ciliata.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, entire, oblong-ovate to oval,
base often cordate, with a stem, thin, downy beneath. Flower :
m., yellowish, ^' long (corolla tubular, apex 5-lobed, very slightly
spurred at base), paired on a single stem ; May ; berries red, sep-
arate. Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, and west ; 3°-5° high ;
straggling.

134. Mountain Fly-honeysuckle. (Lonicera cerulea.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, opposite, entire, oval, very short-stemmed.
Flower : as in 133, but common stem very short ; berries blue,
united. Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and north ; i°-3° high.
286

Description of Native Shrubs

135. Swamp Fly-honeysuckle. (Lonicera oblongifolia.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, entire, oblong, almost stemless.
Flower: m., yellowish- white, Y^ long (corolla tubular, 5-lobed,
and deeply 2-lipped), paired on long stem ; June ; hern&s, pta-ple,
united or nearly separate. Northern New York to Wisconsin, in
bogs ; 2''-5° high.

136. Honeysuckle. (Lonicera involucrata.)

Leaf : 3-6', simple, opposite, entire, ovate-oblong, apex usu-
ally sharp, with a stem ; branches 4-angled. Flower : m. , yel-
lowish (corolla tubular, 5-lobed, sticky-hairy), paired on single
stem ; June ; berries purple, separate. Lake Superior and west.

137. Shepherdia. (S. canadensis.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, opposite, entire, elliptical to ovate, silvery-
downy beneath. Flower : yellowish, very small (no corolla,
yellow calyx 4-lobed, 8 stamens), staminate clustered, pistillate
often single, almost stemless ; May ; fruit yellow-red, round,
size of small pea ; rusty scales on leaves, branchlets and flowers.
New York, and west.

138. Sea Ox-eye. (Borrichia frutescens.)

Leaf : i' or less, simple, opposite, entire, or serrate toward
base, rather lance-shaped, leathery or fleshy. Flower : yellow
(anthers blackish), in single, terminal, many-flowered "heads."
Virginia ; 6'-i2' high ; plant whitish-fine-hairy.

139. Bush Honeysuckle. (Diervilla trifida.)

Leaf : 2-4', simple, opposite, serrate, long-ovate, apex taper-
ing, with stem. Flower : m., light yellow (corolla funnel-
form, 5-lobed, 5 stamens), mostly 2)-c luster ed on single stem ;
June-August ; pod surmounted by a slender beak, on which the
sepals are still seen ; i°-2° high,

140. Fragrant Sumach. (Rhus aromatica.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, broad-ovate, 1-3' long,
irregularly and coarsely serrate, the middle one with wedge-

387

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

shaped base, thickish when old, fragrant when bruised. Flower ;
p., light yellow, small (petals and stamens 5), crowded in clusters
before the leaves ; April, May ; 2°-6° high. (PI. VII.)

141. Shrubby Cinque-foil. (Potentilla fruticosa.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7, entire, about i' long,
lance-oblong, silky (especially beneath), crowded. Flower : p.,
yellow (petals 5, stamens many), abundant, at ends of branchlets ;
June-September ; damp places ; 2°-^" high. (PL VIII.)

142. Lapland Rose-bay. (Rhododendron lapponicum.)

Leaf : ^', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, apex blunt, ever-
green, dotted 7vith rusty scales. Flower: m., purplish (corolla
broad bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 5-10 stamens), about 2^' across, few-
clustered, terminal ; July. Alpine tops of mountains in Maine,
New Hampshire, and New York ; very low shrub.

143. Rhododendron. (R. catawbiense.)

Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, entire, oval to oblong, base and
apex rotmded, lighter beneath, evergreen. Flower : m., lilac-
purple (corolla broad bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 10 stamens), in ter-
minal clusters ; June. High mountains of Virginia ; 3°-6° high.

144. Broom-crowberry. (Corema conradii.)

Leaf : 34", simple, alternate, entire, narrow, scattered or
crowded ; evergreen. Flower : with no corolla nor calyx : 3-4
long purple stamens; in terminal "heads," each io-15-blos-
somed ; March, April. Maine to New Jersey, along coast ; low
shrub.

145. Phyllodoce. (P. taxifolia.)

Leaf : 3^', simple, alternate, entire, Hnear, apex blunt, rough-
edged. Flower: m., purplish (corolla long-urn-shaped, 5-
toothed, 10 stamens), single or few-clustered at top of branch ;
July. Alpine tops of mountains in Maine and New Hampshire ;
lOTV evergreen shrub.

288

Description of Native Shrubs

146. Squaw Huckleberry. Deerberry. (Vaccinium
stamineum.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, entire, oval or ovate, whitish
beneath. Flower: m., purplish or greenish-white (corolla bell-
shaped, 5-lobed, 10 stamens), in long, leafy, terminal clusters ;
May, June ; berries large, greenish. Chiefly eastward ; 2°-3°
high.

147. Menziesia. (M. globella and globularis.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, entire, long-obovate, hairy.
Flower : m., purplish, or greenish-white, small (corolla nearly
bell-shaped, 4-lobed, 8 stamens), drooping, in terminal clusters ;
June ; branches hairy. Mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia;
low shrub.

148. Pale Laurel. (Kalmia glauca.)

Leaf : i', simple, opposite or whorled, entire, oblong, edge
rolled under, white bloom beneath, leathery, almost stemless ;
branchlets 2-edged. Flower : m., lilac-purple, ^' across (corolla
open bell-shaped, 5-lobed, ends of 10 stamens sunk in depressions
of corolla), in terminal, few-flowered clusters ; May, June. Penn-
sylvania to Kentucky, and north, in bogs and mountains ; i°-2°
high.

149. Sweet-scented Shrub. Carolina Allspice. (Calycan-
thus nanus.)

Leaf : 3-5', simple, opposite, entire, oblong, bright-green
above, quite s77iooth. Flower : dark purple (petals and sepals
colored alike, in many rows, thickish, stamens about 12), with
strawberry-scent when bruised ; single along branch ; May-
August. Pennsylvania and Virginia, mountains.

150. Sweet-scented Shrub. (Calycanthus floridus.)

Leaf : as in 149, but oval, and downy beneath. Flower : as
in 149, but larger ; April-August. Perhaps in Virginia moun-
tains ; cultivated.

289

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

151. Burning-bush. Waahoo. (Euonymus atropurpureus.)
Leaf: 2-5', simple, opposite, serrate, long-oval, variable,
rather long stem. Flower: p., dark purple, small (petals and
stamens usually 4), 3-6-clustered, lateral, on long stems ; June ;
showy in fall, with crimson seeds exposed. New York to Wis-
consin, and south ; 6°-i4° high ; cultivated.

152. Strawberry Busho (Euonymus americanus.)
Leaf: 1-2', simple, opposite, serrate, oval, very short stem,
bright green, thickish. Flower : p., greenish-purple or green-
ish, small (petals and stamens commonly 5), in small, lateral clus-
ters ; June ; fruit crimson. New York to Illinois, and south,
near water ; 2°-^° high.

153. False Indigo. (Amorpha fruticosa.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 15-25, i' long, entire, oval,
small-dotted. Flower : purple or violet {one petal only, sur-
rounding 10 stamens), in crowded, erect, spike-like racemes ; June.
South Pennsylvania, south and west ; 6°-i6° high. (PI. VIII.)

154. Lead-plant. (Amorpha canescens.)

Leaf : as in 153, but leaflets, 31-51, small ; whole plant ivhitish-
hairy. Flower: as in 153, but blue; July. Michigan and
Wisconsin ; i°-4° high.

155. Shrub Yellow-root. (Xanthorhiza apiifolia.)
Leaf : pinnate or twice pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3-5, 2'-3'
long, serrate, sometimes lobed, ovate with wedge-shaped base,
stemless. Flower: p., brownish-purple (petals 5, smaller than
the sepals, stamens 5-10), in drooping panicles or racemes, in early
spring with the leaves ; roots and bark yellow. In Southwestern
New York, Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and southward in moun-
tains ; i°-3° high'. (PI. VIII.)

156. Oil-nut. BufFalo-nut. (Pyrularia pubera.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, very veiny.

Flower : greenish, small (no corolla, calyx 5-lobed, stamens 5),

in small terminal spikes ; May ; fruit pear-shaped, i' long.

Pennsylvania and south, in mountains ; 3°-i2° high.

290

Description of Native Shrubs

157. Common Buckthorn. (Rhamnus cathartica.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, ovate. Flower :
p., greenish (petals 4, notched at apex, the 4 stamens standing
opposite (directly before) them ; sometimes no petals), clustered
along branch ; May, June ; branchlets thorny. Introduced, but
now slightly spontaneous in Eastern States ; used for hedges.

158. Lance-leaved Buckthorn. (Rhamnus lanceolata.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, finely serrate, lance-shaped (or
oblong on flowering branches). Flower : much as in 157, but
petals deeply notched ; May. Pennsylvania to Illinois ; not
thorny.

159. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. (Rhamnus alnifolia.)
Leaf : i'-3', simple, alternate, serrate, oval, apex sharp.
Flower : greenish, small {no corolla, calyx 5-lobed, 5 stamens
alternating with calyx-lobes), in clusters along branch, staminate
and pistillate commonly on different plants ; June. Maine to
Pennsylvania and Illinois ; 2°-4° high ; thornless.

160. Prickly Gooseberry. (Ribes cynosbati.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate, serrate, 3-5-lobed, roundish-
heart-shaped. Flower : p., greenish, small (petals and stamens
5, style undivided), 1-3-clustered on slender stem ; stamens not
longer than broad calyx ; May ; 1-3 prickles on branch near base
of leaf-stem ; berry large, brownish-purple, long-prickly (rarely
none). Commonest northward ; 2°-4° high. (PI. VIII, )

161. Common Wild Gooseberry. (Ribes oxyacanthoides.)
Leaf : 1-2', as in 160. Flower : as in 160, but stamens
scarcely longer than bell-shaped calyx ; style 2-lobed at apex ; 1-2
on very short stems ; May ; branches smooth or prickly ; fruit
smooth, purple, small. New England to Illinois; moist ground.
(PI. VIII.)

162. Round-leaved Gooseberry. (Ribes rotundifolium,)
Leaf : as in 160, but more roundish, and commonly not cordate.
Flower : as in 160, but stamens longer than cylindrical calyx ;

291

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

style 2-lobed at apex ; 1-3-clustered ; June ; fruit smooth ;
branches usually prickly. Western Massachusetts to Wisconsin,
and south in mountains to Virginia.

163. Swamp Gooseberry. (Ribes lacustre.)
Leaf : as in 160, deeply lobed ; young shoots with abundant,
weak, reddish prickles ; old stems somewhat thorny. Flower :
as in 160, but style 2-lobed at apex ; 4-9-clustered, drooping ;
June ; fruit, small, bristly, purple. New England to Wisconsin,
and in Pennsylvania.

164. Forestiera. (F. acuminata.)
Leaf : i'-3', simple, opposite, finely serrate or entire, long-
ovate, base and apex sharp. Flower : greenish, or whitish (no
corolla, calyx of 4 small, soon-falling sepals, 2-4 stamens) ; 1-3.
clustered ; April. West Illinois.

165. Smooth Sumach. (Rhus glabra, with var. laciniata.)

Leaf: pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 11-31, 2-4' long, lance-
shaped, serrate, whitish beneath, stfiooth, with some bloom.
Flower : p., whitish, greenish, or greenish-red, small (petals and
stamens 5), in erect, dense, pyramidal clusters, which in fruit are
crimson; June, July ; 3°-i5° high. (PI. VIII.)

The ornamental cut-leaved sumach is a variety of this species.
(PI. VIII.)

166. Dwarf Sumach. (Rhus copallina.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 9-21, 1-3' long, ovate to
lance-shaped, entire or slightly serrate, somewhat glossy above ;
the stem broadly margined between the pairs of leaflets.
Flower : as in 165 ; July, August ; i°-7° high ; rarely arboreal,
i5°-20°. (PI. IX.)

167. Sweet Gale. (Myrica Gale.)
Leaf: i'-i)^', simple, alternate, serrate toward apex, long-
obovate, base tapering, fragrajit wheti bruised. Flower : the
staminate catkins i' or more in length, terminal ; the pistillate ^'
long, oval, lateral ; no corolla nor calyx ; April, before the leaves.
New England, south and west ; on edge of fresh water ; 2°-5''
high. (PI. IX.)

292

PLATE VIII

43. Shrubby Cinquefoil. 14 1. (V4)

44. False Indigo. 153. (Va)

45. Shrub Yellow-root. 155. (Vs)

46. Gooseberry. l6l. (^'g)

47. Smooth Sumach. 105. (Ve)

48. Cut-leaved Sumach. 165. (Va)

293

(iit rCP.ARY

Of )iit
anivtHillY OF ILUMIS

Description of Native Shrubs

i68. Bayberry. Wax-myrtle. (Myrica cerifera.)

Leaf : i^'-3', simple, alternate, entire or slightly serrate tow-
ard apex, oblong-elliptical, base narrowed, glossy, fragi-a^it when
bruised. Flower: much as in 167, but after the leaves ; May ;
seeds in globular, berry-like cones, abundant, coated with white
wax, remaining through winter. Sandy soil near sea-coast, and
on Lake Erie. (PI. IX.)

169. Sweet-fern. (Myrica asplenifolia.)

Leaf : 3-6', simple, alternate, many-lohed, very 7icrrow,
fragrant when bruised. Flower : staminate in cylindrical,
pistillate in globular, catkins ; no calyx nor corolla ; April, May,
before leaves. In poor soil, often in large masses ; i°-2° high.
(PI. IX.)

170. Low Birch. (Betula pumila.)

Leaf: yi'-iyi', simple, alternate, roundish-toothed, broad-
oval or obovate, thickish, young branches and leaves beneath soft,
hairy. Flower : staminate in pendent, pistillate in erect, catkins,
both ]4.' to }(' long, 2-3 blossoms under each bract ; in early
spring, before or with leaves. Mountains of New England, also
in Connecticut, New Jersey, and west ; 2°-8° high. (PI. IX.)

171. Speckled Alder. Hoary Alder. (Alnus incana.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, serrate (finely, and often also
coarsely), roundish or ovate, base rounded, slightly cordate, or
pointed, whitish and downy beneath, a little thickish. Flower :
staminate in slender pendent catkins, 2'-3' long, pistillate in thick,
oval catkins, about y^' long, catkins of both sorts 3-5 clustered ;
March, April, before leaves ; fruit in short cones. Massachu-
setts, west and north, in damp soil ; 8°-20° high.

172. Smooth Alder. (Alnus serulata.)

Leaf : as in 171, but green both sides, base sharp, generally
smooth. Flower : as in 171. Massachusetts, west and south ;
5°-i5° high. (PI. IX.)

295

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

173. Green Alder. Mountain Alder. (Alnus viridis.)

Leaf : much as in 171. Flower : as in 171, but the pistillate
formed in spring (not late in previous year, as is the case with
both pistillate and staminate catkins of 171, 172), and the flowers
appear with, not before, the leaves ; seeds winged ; in 171, 172
they are wingless. Western Massachusetts, west and north, and
in Alleghany Mountains.

174. Hazel-nut. (Corylus americana.)

Leaf : 3-6', simple, alternate, serrate, roundish, base slightly
cordate, apex slightly tapering. Flower : staminate (8 stamens
in each) in long pendent catkins ; pistillate (one style with 2 stig-
mas in each), several in a short ovoid catkin ; April before leaves ;
fruit, a hard oval nut, enclosed in a leafy cup of 2 separate,
broad, deeply serrate or lobed bracts. (PI. X.)

175. Beaked Hazel-nut. (Corylus rostrata.)

Leaf : as in 174, but often smaller. Flower : as in 174, but
the leafy bracts around fruit extended in a long bristly tube above
the nut. Commoner north ; 2°-6° high.

176. Scrub Oak. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. (Quercus Muhlen-
bergii.)

Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, coarsely round-toothed or
slightly lobed, long-obovate, base sharp, glossy above, whitish or
bluish and slightly downy beneath. Flower : yellowish green ;
staminate in slender pendent catkins (calyx 2-8-lobed) ; pistillate
(with 3-lobed stigma) single or few-clustered ; in spring. Massa-
chusetts, west and south ; 2°-4° high. (PI. X.)

177. Bear Oak. Black Scrub Oak. (Quercus ilicifolia.)

Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, about 5-lobed (lobes rounded
and bristle-pointed), long-obovate, base wedge-shaped, whitish
downy beneath, thickish. Flower : as in 176. New England
to Ohio, and south ; on sandy or rocky ground ; 3°-8° high.
(PI. X.)

296

PLATE IX

49. Dwarf Sumach. 166. (V3)

50. Sweet Gale. 167. (2/3)

51. Bayberry. 168. (Vs)

52. Sweet Fern. 169. ("/s)

53. Low Birch. 170. (Va)

54. Smooth Alder. 172. (V»)

297

,jHWtas,\i^

Description of Native Shrubs

178. Dwarf Chestnut. Chinquapin. (Castanea pumila.)
Leaf: 3-5', simple, alternate, elliptical, sharply serrate, whit-
ish-downy beneath. Flower : staminate (8-20 stamens, calyx
about 6-lobed) in slender, pendent catkins, 2-3' long ; pistillate
about 3-clustered, forming ovoid prickly mass ; flowering after
leaves ; nut single, hardly half as large as common chestnut.
New Jersey, south and west ; shrub or low tree.

179. Long-leaved Willow. (Salix longifolia.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, very sparingly serrate, very nar-
row, base and apex tapering ; near water ; 2°-20° high. (PI. X.)

180. Glaucous Willow. (Salix discolor.)
Leaf: 2-5', simple, alternate, serrate except near base and
apex, long-obovate or oblong, apex pointed, with a bloom beneath
when mature ; 7°-i5° high ; shrub or low tree.

181. Hoary Willow. Sage Willow. (Salix Candida.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, or slightly serrate at
apex, narrow, apex tapering, very white -downy beneath ; older
shoots red ; newer whitened ; 2°-6° high. New Jersey, west and
south.

182. Prairie Willow. (Salix humilis.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, entire (edge sometimes rolled
under), long-obovate, apex sharp, or obovate, apex blunt, do7uny
beneath ; leaf-stem distinct ; open ground, poor soil ; 3°-8° high.
(PI. X.)

183. Dwarf Gray Willow. (SaHx tristis.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, narrow, broader at
top, apex pointed, whitish-woolly beneath, and also above when
young, thick, almost stemless ; stipules very small, falling early ;
i°-iK°high. (PI. X.)

184. Silky Willow. Gray Willow. (Salix sericea.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, finely and evenly serrate, lance-
shaped, narrow, grayish-silky beneath when young, black when
dry ; 6°-8° high.

299

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

185. Long-stalked Willow. (Salix petiolaris.)
Leaf : as in 184, but not so silky beneath, and when mature
with a bloom ; not as black when dry ; 4°-i5° high.

186. Myrtle Willow. (Salix myrtilloides.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, edge rolled under, ellip-
tical to oblong, very smooth, lighter or with bloom beneath,
rather thick. New England, westward, and New Jersey ; i°-3°.

187. Livid Willow. (Salix livida.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, oblong or long-obovate, apex
sharp, scarcely toothed, downy above, beneath veiny, soft-hairy
and with bloom. New England to Pennsylvania, and west.

188. Dwarf Birch. (Betula glandulosa.)
Leaf: 3^ '-|^', simple, alternate, round-toothed, obovate with
wedge-shaped base, or quite roundish, thickish, both sides green ;
branchlets strongly marked with wart-like dots. Flower : stam-
inate in long and pendent, pistillate in short, catkins ; early
spring, before or with leaves. High mountains of northern
frontier, and shore of Lake Superior ; i°-4° high.

189. Green Willow. Mountain Willow. (Salix chloro-
phylla.)

Leaf : I'-s', oblong to reverse-lance-shaped, mostly entire,
glossy, very smooth, leathery when mature. Alpine tops of White
Mountains ; low, spreading.

190. Herb Willow. (Salix herbacea.)
Leaf : i', simple, alternate, roundish, serrate, base cordate,
apex notched, glossy. Alpine tops of mountains in New Eng-
land ; smallest willow, branches only one or two inches high
from creeping stem.

191. Bear-berry Willow. (Salix Uva-ursi.)
Leaf: %^', simple, alternate, slightly serrate, elliptical with
apex sharp, or obovate and blunt, glossy, a little bloom beneath.
Alpine tops of mountains in New England and New York ; very
low shrub.

300

PLATE X

55. Hazel-nut. 174. (V2)

56. Scrub Oak. 176. (-/b)

57. Bear Oak. 177. (V5)

( I. Long-leaved. 179. (-/s)
t;8. Willow Types. ■< 2. Prairie. 182. (V3)

I 3. Dwarf Gray. 183. (V3)

59. Common Juniper. 194. OU)

60. American Yew. 197. (Va)

301

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Description of Native Shrubs

192. Silver-fruited Willow. (Salix argyrocarpa.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, irregularly round-toothed, lance-
shaped, base tapering, beneath long-shining-hairy wheti young ;
"whole plant when young with a glossy satiny lustre." Alpine
ravines of White Mountains ; i°-2° high.

193. Balsam Willow. (Salix balsamif era.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, somewhat ovate, base com-
monly cordate and broadly rounded ; leaf-stem about %' long.
Maine, and west.

194. Common Juniper. (Juniperus communis.)
Leaf: K'-|4^', prickly, stiff, 3-whorled, spreading, whitened
above, green below. Flower : staminate and pistillate usually
on different plants, in very short or ovoid catkins ; no calyx nor
corolla ; fruit berry-like, blackish, }{' or more in diameter ; "ev-
ergreen," usually in low broad clumps (2°-3°), sometimes in py-
ramidal form (6°-8°). New Jersey, north and west. (PI. X.)

195. Alpine Juniper. (Juniperus communis, var. alpina.)
Much like 194, but with leaves much shorter and less spreading ;
plant prostrate. Maine, and shores of Great Lakes.

196. Prostrate Juniper. (Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens.)
Much like 194, but leaves chiefly opposite, and of two forms :
sharp-pointed, as in 194, and flat, scale-like and appressed to
stem, as in arborvitae ; fruit as in red cedar, but larger and droop-
ing ; plant prostrate or creeping. Maine, and west along Great
Lakes.

197. American Yew. Ground Hemlock. (Taxus cana-
densis.)
Leaf: %'-%', narrow, flat, stiff, evergreen, green both sides,
2-ranked on branch (as in hemlock, but larger). Flov^^er : stam-
inate in small globular catkins ; pistillate, single ; no calyx nor
corolla ; April, May ; fruit red, like a pea. New Jersey, west
and north ; straggling bush, often in large clumps ; 2° -3° high.
(PI. X.)

303 >j

VINES

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern
United States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the Mis-
sissippi).

ANALYTICAL KEY

Vines widely distributed in above territory, at least
not found exclusively on frontier.
not prickly nor rough-bristly (those are 84-102).
not ''evergreen/' i.e., with needles as in hemlock or

spruce (those are 103).
not leafless, parasitic (those are 104).
climbing by minute rootlets along the stems; if with
tendrils, they terminate, like the rootlets, in sucker-
like disks : 1-4.
climbing by twining tendrils (no sucker-like disks at
their ends) :

tendrils growing from the stalk, not from leaf-
stems :
leaves simple, serrate (often lobed) :

5-10.
leaves simple, lobed (not serrate): 11,
12.
tendrils growing only from near the base of leaf-
stems: 13-15.
304

Vi

ines

climbing by tendrils from upper end of pinnate leaves :
style thread-like, hairy only at apex : 1 6

(Vetches),
style flattened, hairy along one side : 1 7
(Vetchlings).
without tendrils ; trailing, or climbing by twining
stalks or twisted leaf-stems :

LEAVES SIMPLE :

Alternate (or clustered) :
Entire :

trailing : 18-26, 29, 30, 32, 41, 44, 98
twining :

flowers Yz'-'^ long : 26-31, 41
flowers less than ^' long : 32-35,

44, 93-98
Serrate (not lobed) : 36-38

Lobed {ox angled), not serrate : 26, 28, 29, 39-44
Opposite (or whorled) :
Entire :

without milky juice :

twining or climbing : 45-50, 35, 59, 91
trailing: 50-54, 24, 91
with milky juice : 55-58
Serrate : 59-61, 53

LEAVES COMPOUND :

Pinnate (or trifoliate) :
Alternate or clustered :

leaflets 3, not serrate ; calyx-teeth 5 or more :

62-70
leaflets 3, not serrate : calyx-teeth 4 : 70-72
leaflets more than 3 (or if 3, serrate) : 73-76, 81-83
Opposite : 77-79
Palmate : leaflets 5 : 80

305

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

VINES PRICKLY OR ROUGH-BRISTLY:

stems densely covered with minute reversed prickles or
rough bristles :
leaves simple, alternate, entire: 84, 85
leaves simple, opposite, serrate : 86
leaves 4-8-whorled : 87-91

stems with scattered, larger prickles :

leaves simple, entire or lobed : 92-98
leaves pinnate or trifoHate : 99-102

" Evergreen " vines : 103
Leafless, parasitic vines : 104

Vines found only on frontier :

In Virginia (and thence westerly more or less) :
leaves simple, alternate, entire : 105-107
leaves simple, alternate, serrate or lobed : 107-111
leaves simple, opposite : 112-114
leaves pinnate : 115-119

In Illinois: 120-125

In Kentucky : 126, 127

306

DESCRIPTION OF NATIVE

VINES

Native and naturalized, found in the Northeastern
United States (Maine to Virginia, and west to the Mis-
sissippi).

For definition of terms see pp. 411-424.

I. American Ivy. Woodbine. Virginia Creeper. (Am-
pelopsis quinquefolia.)

Leaf : palmate, alternate ; leaflets, 3-7 (commonly 5), serrate,
(except lower half), elliptical, both ends pointed. Flower : green-
ish, small (petals 5), clustered ; July ; fruit small berries, dark
blue ; climbing by short rootlets ending xnjlat disks. (PL I.)

2. Poison Ivy. Poison Oak. (Rhus toxicodendron.)

Leaf: pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, entire, or irregularly and
coarsely notched or lobed, long-ovate, apex pointed. Flower :
greenish-white, small (petals 5), clustered ; June, July ; fruit
light-brown or white, berry-like ; climbing by short rootlets end-
ing vsxjlat disks ; sometimes a low, erect shrub. (PI. I.)

3. English Ivy. (Hedera helix.)

Leaf: simple, alternate, 5-lobed or angled (entire near the
flowers), thick, leathery, evergreen. Flower : greenish-yellow
(petals, stamens and styles 5), clustered ; August-October. Eu-
rope ; widely cultivated, and now locally spontaneous. (PI. I.)

307

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

4. Trumpet Flower. Trumpet Creeper. (Tecoma radicans.)
Leaf: pinnate, opposite; leaflets, 7-11, coarsely serrate,
ovate to oval, base and apex pointed, 2-3' long. Flower :
scarlet outside, orange inside (corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed), 2^-3
long, clustered ; June-August ; fruit a pod, 5'-6' long, curved.
Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south ; cultivated ; climbing by
short rootlets ending '\x\. flat disks j woody stems. (PI. I.)

5. Northern Fox-grape. (Vitis labrusca.)

Leaf : 4' -6' wide, simple, alternate, serrate, variably lobed,
roundish, base cordate, very woolly both sides when young (as
also branchlets), continuing rusty woolly beneath. Flower :
greenish, small, clustered ; June ; berries large, purple or amber,
with musky flavor ; with clasping tendrils growing from branch ;
tendril or flower-cluster opposite every leaf ; in all other grapes,
intermittent ; eastward. (PI. I.)

6. Summer Grape. (Vitis aestivalis.)
Leaf : 4'-;' wide, simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, commonly
3-5-lobed, roundish, base cordate, downy beneath at first, then
smoothish and whitish. Flower : greenish, in long clusters ;
June ; berries small, black, with bloom ; tendrils from stalk.
(PL L)

7. Winter Grape. Frost Grape. (Vitis cordifolia.)
Leaf : 3-5' wide, simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, often a
little 3-lobed, roundish, base cordate, apex sharp, green both
sides, thin, ribs beneath usually hairy. Flower : in large,
loose clusters, very fragrant ; May, June ; berries small, black or
blue, with bloom, very sour until after frost ; tendrils from stalk.

8. Southern Fox-grape. Muscadine. (Vitis rotundifolia.)
Leaf : 2'-3' wide, simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, rarely
lobed (slightly), roundish, base cordate, glossy both sides.
Flower: in small dense clusters; May; berries large, musky,
purplish, no bloom, tough-skinned ; bark not "shreddy ' as in
other grapes. Maryland, west and south ; tendrils from stalk.

308

PLATE I

1. Virginia Creeper. I.

2. Poison Ivy. 2.

3. English Ivy. 3.

4. Trumpet Creeper. 4. (Vs)

5. Grape Type. 5, 6. (V4)

6. Bur Cucumber. 10. (Ve)

309

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UNIVEBSITY OF ILUNOIS

Description of Native Vines

9. River Grape. (Vitis riparia.)
Leaf : 3-5' wide, simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, rather
deeply 3-lobed, roundish, base cordate, rather glossy, green both
sides, ribs and stem short-hairy ; May, June ; berries small, with
thick bloom. Western New England to Pennsylvania, and west ;
tendrils from stalk.

10. One-seeded Bur-cucumber. (Sicyos angulatus.)
Leaf : s'-s' wide, simple, alternate, serrate, 5-lobed or angled
(lobes pointed), roundish, base cordate, whole plant hairy.
Flower : whitish, small (petals and stamens 5), clustered ; July-
September ; fruit bristly ; tendrils growing from stalk ; her-
baceous ; cultivated for screens. (PI. I.)

II. Wild Balsam Apple. (Micrampelis lobata.)
Leaf : 5', simple, alternate, deeply 5-lobed (lobes not serrate),
base cordate, thin. Flower : greenish-white, small (petals 6,
lance-shaped, spreading, stamens 3), staminate in long (often 1°)
clusters ; pistillate, few-clustered or single ; July-October ; fruit
oval, 2' long, weak-prickly. West New England to Wisconsin,
and Kentucky ; tendrils growing from stalk ; cultivated, herba-
ceous. (PI. IL)

12. Yellowish Passion-flower. (Passiflora lutea.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate. 3-lobed near apex, lobes entire,
with stipules. Flower : greenish-yellow, i' broad (sepals, petals,
and stamens 5), single or paired ; July-September ; fruit dark
purple, y2 diameter. South Pennsylvania, west and south ; ten-
drils growing from stalk ; herbaceous. (PI. II.)

13. Carrion-flower. (Smilax herbacea.)
Leaf : 2'-$', simple, alternate, entire, roundish-ovate, apex
pointed, base usually cordate, 7-g-veined beneath, smooth (with
a downy variety), leaf-stem 1-3' long. Flower : greenish or
yellowish, small, malodorous (sepals and stamens 6, no petals),
clusters often large (40-80) ; May, June ; berries blackish with
bloom ; tendrils from leaf-stems ; herbaceous ; no prickles.
(PI. II.)

311

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

14. Yellowish Carrion-flower. (Smilax tamnifoHa.)

Leaf : as in 13, but narrower to lance-shaped, 5-7-veined.
Flower : as in 13, but clusters smaller (io-20-flowered). New
Jersey, and south ; tendrils as in 13 ; no prickles,

15. Laurel-leaved Smilax. (S. laurifolia.)

Leaf: 2'-5', simple, alternate, entire, lance-shaped to narrow,
thickish, evergreen, smooth. Flower : as in 13, but not mal-
odorous, 6-30-clustered ; June-August ; berries black. New Jer-
sey, south ; tendrils from leaf-stem ; seldom prickly ; woody vine.
(PI. IL)

16. Vetches. (Vicia.) (PI. IL)

In six species, all with pinnate alternate leaves ; leaflets en-
tire, small, main leaf-stem ending in a tendril ; flower small, pea-
shaped, one- to many-clustered ; fruit a flat, oblong pod ; in all
these points the vetches are like the vetchlings (17) ; the differ-
ences are : in vetches, leaflets are 4-12-paired, i' or less \x\ length
and the style thread-like, and hairy only at apex ; in vetchlings,
leaflets are i-6-paired, usually i'-2' long, and the style flattened
and hairy along one side.

The six species of vetches are distinguished as follows :

Common Vetch (V. sativa) : leaflets 10-14, long-obovate to
linear, apex notched and bristle-pointed, /^ -i' long ; flower vio-
let-purple, Yz long, almost stemless, single or paired ; June,

Four- SEEDED Vetch (V. tetrasperma) : leaflets 8-12, narrow
apex blunt, ^'-|' long ; flower whitish, very small, with stem
single or paired ; July. New England to New Jersey, near coast

Hairy Vetch (V. hirsuta) : leaflets 12-16, apex square
%'-y^ long ; flower pale bluish, small, 3-6-clustered ; June ; pod
hairy. Massachusetts to Virginia ; a slender, creeping, hairy vine

Tufted Vetch (V. cracca): leaflets 20-24, rather lance
shaped, apex bristle-pointed, ^'-/^' long, downy ; flower blue
then purple, ^' long, in long, close, one-sided clusters ; July
New England to Kentucky, and north ; somewhat rare.

Carolina Vetch (V. caroliniana) : leaflets 8-16, usually al-
ternate, rather oblong, ^'-i' long, apex variable ; flower whitish

312

PLATE II

7. wild Balsam Apple, il. (V4)

8. Yellow Passion Flower. 12. (-/s)

9. Carrion Flower. 13. (V2)

Laurel-leaved Smilax. 15. (2/5)
Trailing Arbutus. 18. (Va)
Vetch Type. 16. (Va)

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Description of Native Vines

(keel blue-edged), very small, 6-12-clustered ; May. New York,
south and west.

American Vetch (V. americana) : leaflets 10-14, elliptical,
apex blunt, about i' long ; flower purplish, ^' long, 4-8-clus-
tered ; May, June. New York, New Jersey, and west.

17. Vetchlings. (Lathyrus.) (PI. III.)

Leaf and flower essentially as in the vetch (16), where the dif-
ferences of the two genera are noted. The six species of vetch-
lings are distinguished as follows :

Swamp Vetchling (L. palustris) : leaflets 4-8, narrow, apex
pointed, 1-2' long, stipules small, lance-shaped, both ends
pointed ; flower purplish, y^ long or more, 2-6-clustered ; June,
July ; square stem, usually xvinged on edges. New England to
New Jersey, and west.

Veiny Vetchling (L. venosus) : leaflets 8-14, long-oval,
i>^'-2'long; stipules very small, slender, apex pointed, base
half-arrow-shaped ; flower purple, many-clustered ; June, July ;
stem square. Pennsylvania, west and south.

Myrtle-leaved Vetchling (L. myrtifolius) : leaflets 4-8,
ovate to oblong, about i' long; upper stipules rather large;
flower purplish, 3-5-clustered ; July ; square stalk more or less
winged. West New England to Virginia.

Spreading Vetchling (L. pratensis) : leaflets ttvo, narrow, apex
sharp, about i' long ; stipules half as long or more, ends long-
pointed ; flower yellow, few-clustered. Massachusetts and New
York ; introduced.

Yellow-white Vetchling (L. ochroleucus) ; leaflets 6-10,
oval to ovate, i'-i>^' long ; stipules large, half cordate ; flower
yellowish-white, 7-10-clustered ; June, July ; New Jersey, west
and north ; rare.

Beach-pea (L. maritimus) . leaflets 6-12, oval to ovate, thick,
1-2' long, lowest the largest ; stipules almost as large as leaflets,
rather ovate, base cordate, often serrate ; flower purple or blue,
large, 6-io-clustered ; June-August ; stem square. New Eng-
land to New Jersey, on coast.

The Sweet Pea is a vetchling.

315

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

i8. Trailing Arbutus. Mayflower. (Epigsa repens.)

Leaf ; 2-2 >^', simple, alternate, entire, ovate to roundish,
base cordate, thick, evergreen, rather coarse, the plant rusty-
hairy. Flower : rose-colored, fragrant (corolla 5-lobed, spread-
ing, hairy within), clustered, on short stems ; April, May; com-
moner eastward ; trailing; woody. (PI. II.)

19. Small Cranberry. (Vaccinium oxycoccus.)

Leaf : X' or less, simple, alternate, entire, edge rolled under,
ovate, apex sharp, whitish beneath, evergreen. Flower : rose-
color, on slender stems (petals 4, narrow, rolled back, stamens 8) ;
June ; berry Y^ long, almost globular, red, hardly edible. New
England to Pennsylvania, and west, in bogs ; trailing, woody.
(PI. III.)

20. Large Cranberry. American Cranberry. (Vaccinium
macrocarpon.)

Leaf : yi'-%' , simple, alternate, entire, oval or obovate, apex
blunt, evergreen, whitish beneath. Flower : as in 19 ; June j
berry red, >^.'-i' long, roundish, acid, edible. Eastern States,
swamps ; trailing, woody.

21. Bearberry. (Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi.)

Leaf ; i', simple, alternate, entire, obovate, base tapering,
smooth, thick, evergreen. Flower : whitish (corolla urn-shaped,
5-toothed, hairy inside), in small pendent clusters ; May ; berry
red, small, sour. New Jersey, west and north ; trailing.

22. Cowberry. (Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea.)

Leaf : i' or less, simple, alternate, entire, obovate, edge rolled
under, evergreen, dark, glossy, blackish-bristly beneath. Flower ;
whitish (corolla bell-shaped, 4-lobed), in short pendent racemes ;
June ; berr>' dark red, acid ; erect short branches from trailing
stem. New England (mountains), Maine coast, locally in Massa-
chusetts.

316

Description of Native Vines

23. Creeping Snowberry. (Chiogenes serpyllifoHa.)

Leaf : y^', simple, alternate, entire, ovate or oval, apex sharp,
edge rolled under, rusty -hairy beneath {as also branches), ever-
green, with flavor of birch. Flower : white, small (corolla bell-
shaped, 4-lobed, 8 stamens, 2 small bracts under calyx), single ;
May ; fruit a white berry %' diameter, edible. In damp woods ;
woody, trailing. (PI. III.)

24. Pyxie. Flowering Moss. (Pyxidanthera barbulata.)

Leaf • X' or less, simple, alternate or opposite, entire, narrow,
apex sharp, evergreen. Flower : white or rosy, bell-shaped,
single (corolla 5-lobed, 5 stamens, anthers slender-pointed at
base), %' across, stemless ; numerous ; April, May ; short trail-
ing evergreen. New Jersey, ard south. (PI. III.)

25. Breweria. (B. pickeringii.)

Leaf : i'-i>^', simple, alternate, entire, very narrow (or lowest
broader at apex, base tapering). Flower : white, Y^-Yz across
(corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 5 stamens, sepals very hairy, sta-
mens and style longer than corolla), 1-3-clustered on long stem
with leaf-like bracts ; summer. New Jersey, west and south ;
trailing, herbaceous.

26. Wild Potato-vine. (Ipomcea pandurata.)

Leaf • 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire (or sides contracted more
or less into fiddle-shape), heart-shaped, apex sharp. Flower :
white, purple inside (corolla funnel-form, sepals smooth), 3' long,
1-5-clustered ; June-August. Connecticut, west and south ; trail-
ing and twining. (PL III.)

27. Common Morning-glory. (Ipomcea purpurea.)

Leaf; 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, base cordate, apex
sharp. Flower : purple, rosy or white, 2' long (corolla funnel-
form, «^ bracts at base of calyx), 2-5-clustered ; July-September ;
stalk rough-hairy ; twining ; herbaceous ; introduced, but spontane-
ous around houses. (PI. III.)

317

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

28. Wild Cypress-vine. (Ipomcea coccinea.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, entire or slightly lobed or angled,
base cordate, apex sharp. Flower : scarlet, occasionally yellow-
ish, i' long (corolla tubular with flat border, stamens protruding),
about 5-clustered ; twining ; herbaceous. Middle States, Virginia,
and south. (PL IV.)

29. White Star-ipomcea. (I. lacunosa.)

Leap": 2', simple, alternate, entire or lobed, heart-shaped, apex
sharp. Flower : white (or purple-edged), bell-shaped (corolla
5-lobed, yi'-'i-' long, sepals pointed and hairy, no leafy bracts at
base of calyx), 1-3-clustered ; August, September. Pennsylvania
to Illinois, and south ; twining and traiUng ; herbaceous.

30. Field Convolvulus. (C. arvensis.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, somewhat arrow-shaped,
the projections at base j//d!r/. Flower- white or reddish-tinged
(corolla funnel- to bell-shaped, 3^' long), mostly single ; June , in
old fields. Maine to Virginia ; twining or trailing (sometimes
erect). (PI. IV.)

31. Pipe-vine. Dutchman's Pipe. Wild Ginger,

(Aristolochia sipho.)

Leaf : 6'-i2' across, simple, alternate, entire, roundish, base
cordate. Flower ; brownish (no corolla, calyx i^' long, tubular,
bent, with brownish-purple flat border), single or paired ; May,
June, Pennsylvania to Kentucky, and south ; cultivated ; twin-
ing, woody. (PI. IV.)

32. Black Bindweed. (Polygonum convolvulus.)

Leaf • i'-2', simple, alternate, entire, halberd-shaped, base
cordate ; stalk a little rough, not prickly ; base of sheathing stip-
ules not bristle-fringed. Flower : whitish, or greenish-rosy -
tinted, small (no corolla, calyx 4-5-parted, 3 outer lobes keeled
or angled), in short racemes ; July, August ; seed not glossy.
Eastern States ; climbing and trailing.
318

PLATE III

13. Vetchling Type. 17. (I/3)

14. Small Cranberry. 19. (7g)

15. Creeping Snowberry. 23. (Yj)

16. Pyxie. 24. (Va)

17. Wild Potato- vine. 26. ("/g)

18. Morning Glory. 27. (-/s)

19. Small Morning Glory. 40. {'/a)

319

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVEQSITY OF ILUNOIS

Description of Native Vines

33. Bristly-jointed Bindweed. (Polygonum cilinode.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, heart-shaped, apex ta-
pering ; base of sheathing stipules bristle-fringed. Flower :
as in 32, but outer calyx-lobes very slightly keeled ; July to Sep-
tember ; seed glossy ; twining.

34. Climbing False Buckwheat. (Polygonum scandens.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, heart-shaped, apex
pointed ; sheathing stipules unf ringed. Flower : as in 32, but
the clusters commonly leafy; seed glossy; fruit is margined,
as in elm-seeds, pink and quite showy ; climbs higher than 33.
(PI. IV.)

35. Wild Yam-root. (Dioscorea villosa.)
Leaf : 3', simple, mostly alternate (sometimes nearly opposite
or whorled), entire, heart-shaped, strongly pointed, somewhat
downy beneath. Flower : greenish-yellow, very small (no co-
rolla, calyx deeply 6-lobed, 6 stamens, 3 styles), in pendent ra-
cemes and panicles ; July. Commoner southward ; twining.

36. Wintergreen. Checkerberry. (Gaultheria procumbens.)

Leaf: i'-i>^', simple, alternate, slightly serrate, oval to obo-
vate, evergreen, glossy, thick, aromatic. Flower : white (corol-
la rather ovoid, apex 5-toothed), mostly single, on short (3'-5'),
erect, leafy branches from trailing stem ; July-September ; berry
red, edible. Commoner northward. (PI. IV.)

37. False Violet. (Dalibarda repens.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate or clustered, round-toothed,
roundish, base cordate, downy, slender stem (i'-3'). Flower ;
white (petals 5, obovate, spreading, stamens many, styles 5-10,
long), single (or two), on a long stem ; June- August. Pennsyl-
vania, and north, in woods ; short, herbaceous, trailing.

38. Bitter-sweet. Wax-work. (Celastrus scandens.)

Leaf : 2-3^', simple, alternate, finely serrate, oval to long-
ovate, apex pointed, smooth. Flower : greenish, small (petals

321

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

and stamens 5), clustered ; June ; pods orange with scarlet seeds;
showy till into winter; twining, woody. (PL V.)

39. Moonseed. (Menispermum canadense.)
Leaf : 4-5', broad, simple, alternate, 3-7-lobed or angled, not
serrate, roundish, base cordate. Flower : white, small (petals
6-8, stamens 12-24), in loose panicles ; June, July ; fruit black,
like a small grape ; near water ; twining, woody. (PI. IV.)

40. Small Morning-glory. (Ipomoea hederacea.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, usually 3-lobed, lobes pointed,
not serrate, broad-ovate, base cordate. Flower : purple, rosy,
or white (corolla funnel-form, \'-i]4.' long, calyx hairy), 1-3-
clustered ; July-September. Pennsylvania, and south ; culti-
vated ; stalk hairy, trailing or twining herbaceous. (PI. III.)

41. Hedge Bindweed. Rutland Beauty. (Convolvulus
sepium.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, often slightly lobed on the base,
not sharply serrate, often entire, halberd-shaped, apex sharp, pro-
jection at base squarish, often irregular. Flower : white or
rosy, I ^'-2' long (corolla funnel-form, edge entire or slightly
lobed, 2 large leafy bracts at base of calyx), single ; June-Au-
gust ; near water ; twining or trailing ; herbaceous.

42. Cypress-vine. (Ipomoea vulgaris.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, deeply lobed into linear divis-
ions, feathery. Flower : scarlet, with a white variety (corolla
tubular, with a flat, slightly lobed border), single ; in summer.
Introduced, slightly spontaneous, southerly ; cultivated ; twin-
ing ; herbaceous, (PI. IV.)

43. Climbing-Fern. (Lygodium palmatum.)
Leaf : i'-2', simple, alternate in pairs, 4-7-lobed, not serrate,
roundish, base cordate ; no flowers ; fruit, in double rows of dots
on back of very small leaves narrowly lobed, at the ends of
stems. Massachusetts to Virginia, and Kentucky ; rare, climb-
ing. (PI. V.)

322

PLATE IV

Cypress Vine. 42. (V2)
Wild Cypress Vine. 28. (-/O
Field Convolvulus. 30. (Vo")
Pipe Vine. 31. (i/,)

24. Climbing False Buckwheat.

34' (-/s)

25. Wintergreen. 36. (2/5)

26. Moonseed. 39. (V4)

323

THE LIBRUnY

OF TliE

UHIVERSITY OF ILUMIS

Description of Native Vines

44. Woody Nightshade. Bittersweet. (Solanum dul-
camara.)

Leaf ; 2-3', simple, alternate, mostly 2-lobed at base (lobes
sometimes like distinct leaflets), occasionally entire, not serrate,
long-ovate, base cordate, apex sharp. Flower : blue or purple
(corolla 5-parted, spreading, whitish-spotted, stamens 5), small-
clustered ; June-September ; fruit berry-like, oval, scarlet. Spon-
taneous in Pennsylvania ; cultivated ; woody, climbing or trail-
ing. (PI. V.)

45. Trumpet Honeysuckle. (Lonicera sempervirens.)
Leaf : 2^-3', simple, opposite, entire, oblong and variable,
lower with stems, upper pairs grown together around stem. Flow-
er : red (rarely yellowish) outside, yellowish inside (corolla trum-
pet-shaped, 5-lobed, 2' long), odorless, in whorled clusters ; May-
September. Connecticut, west and south ; cultivated, twining.

46. Yellow Honeysuckle. American Woodbine. (Lon-
icera grata.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite or 3-whorled, entire, obovate,
upper pairs grown together, evergreen, bloom beneath. Flower :
whitish above, purple or red below, finally all yellowish (corolla
funnel-shaped, i>^' long, upper lip 4-lobed, lower lip narrow),
fragrant, in whorled clusters ; May, June. New York, west and
south ; cultivated, twining.

47. Yellow Honeysuckle. (Lonicera SuUivantii.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, opposite, entire, obovate to oval, bloom
both sides, thickish, dull green, many pairs grown together.
Flower: light yellow, tube y^ long (corolla-lips as in 46), fra-
grant, about lo-clustered ; May-July. New York, south and
west ; low climbing.

48. Small Honeysuckle. (Lonicera glauca, with var. doug-
lasii.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, oblong, much bloom be-
neath, many pairs united, others stemless. Flower : greenish-
yellow (often purple- or red-tinged), 3^' long corolla-lips as in

325

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

46, tube yi', hairy within, in 2 or 3 adjacent whorls ; May, June.
Pennsylvania, west and north ; climbing 3*-5°.

The Douglas variety has greener leaves, downy beneath or
hairy-edged when young, and crimson or purple blossoms ; Ohio
and west.

49. Hairy Honeysuckle. (Lonicera hirsuta.)

Leaf : 3-4', simple, opposite, entire, broad-oval, hairy below,
usually so above and on edge, higher pairs joined, lower short-
stemmed, branches hairy. Flower : orange-yellow, sticky (co-
rolla-lips as in 46, tube about >^' long, bulging at base), in ad-
jacent whorls ; July. Pennsylvania, west and north ; coarse,
large-leaved climber.

50. Japanese Honeysuckle. (Lonicera japonica.)
Leaf : 1-2 >^', simple, opposite, entire, never joined, obovate
to oval, dark green till into winter ; branchlets hairy. Flower :
white, then light-yellow, in pairs, i}4' long, fragrant (corolla-lips
as in 46, tube hairy in- and out-side) ; June, July. Cultivated, and
becoming spontaneous ; twnning and trailing.

51. Creeping Phlox. (P. reptans.)
Leaf: 1-2', simple, opposite, entire; roundish and thickish
on the creeping runners, oblong {}i') on flowering upright stems
(4-8'), latter leaves fine-hairy. Flower : reddish-purple (co-
rolla with long tube (i'), and flat, 5-lobed border (almost i'),
the lobes somewhat roundish), clustered at summit of stems ;
May, June. Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and south ; trailing,
herbaceous.

52. Partridge-berry. (Mitchella repens.)
Leaf : }4' or more, simple, opposite, entire, roundish-ovate,
base slightly cordate, evergreen, glossy, smooth. Flower :
white or purple-tinged, Yz long, in pairs, fragrant (corolla fun-
nel-form, its 4 lobes spreading, hairy inside, stamens 4) ; June,
July ; fruit, a red, rather tasteless berry, double, resulting from
the pair of flowers, surmounted with 2 sets of calyx-teeth, lasting
into wnnter ; small, woody, trailing. (PI. V.)
326

PLATE V

27. Climbing Fern. 43. (V3)

28. Bittersweet (Celastrus scan-

densj. 38. (Av. size.)

29. Moody Nightshade. 44. (Av.

size.)

30. Partridge-berry. 52. (Va)

31. Twin-flower. 53. (Va)

32. Moneywort. 54. C/j)

327

THE umvi

OF THE
UHIVEBSITY OF ILUHOIS

h

Description of Native Vines

53. Twin-flower. (Linnrea borealis.)

Leaf : i', simple, opposite, entire or obscurely round-toothed
or wavy-edged, roundish or oval, evergreen, somewhat hairy.
Flower : rose or purple to whitish, fragrant, pendent in pairs on
long stem (corolla rather bell-shaped, 5-lobed, hairy inside, sta-
mens 4) ; June. South to New Jersey and in mountains to
Maryland, and west ; herbaceous, trailing. (PI. V.)

54. Moneywort. Creeping-Charlie. (Lysimachia nummu-
laria.)
Leaf : i', simple, opposite, entire, roundish, smooth, short-
stemmed, base often slightly cordate. Flower : yellow, large
(i' across), single (corolla deeply 5-lobed, spreading, lobes al-
most roundish, stamens 5) ; July-September. Introduced, becom-
ing spontaneous ; trailing, herbaceous. (PI. V.)

55. Enslenia. (E. albida.)

Leaf : 3-5' broad, simple, opposite, entire, ovate, base cor-
date, apex sharp, long-stemmed. Flower : whitish, small (co-
rolla 5-parted, lobes erect), in lengthened clusters ; July-Sep-
tember. Ohio to Illinois, and south ; river-banks ; twining,
herbaceous ; milky juice.

56. Black Vincetoxicum. Black Milkweed. (V. nigrum.)

Leaf : 2', simple, opposite, entire, ovate or oblong-ovate.
Flower : dark purple, small (corolla 5-parted, lobes spreading,
stamens 5, anthers adhering to stigma, a 5-10-lobed flat, fleshy
disk in centre), clustered. New England to Pennsylvania ; more
or less twining, herbaceous, milky juice.

57. Rough-fruited Milkweed. (Gonolobus obliquus.)

Leaf : 3'-8', simple, opposite, entire, heart-shaped, apex sharp,
stem and stalk quite hairy. Flower : greenish outside, crim-
son-purple inside (corolla 5-parted, spreading, i' across, or less,
lobes narrow), many-clustered ; July-September ; pod 5' long,
rough-pointed. Pennsylvania, south and west, near streams :
twining or trailing, herbaceous, milky juice.
329

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

58. Twining Milkweed. Periploca. (P. graeca.)
Leaf ; 3-4', simple, opposite, entire, ovate or long-ovate, apex
pointed. Flower : dark purple (corolla 5-parted, lobes spread-
ing narrow, very hairy inside, filaments of stamens distinct, a
5-lobed crown in centre, each lobe bristle-tipped), long-clustered ;
August. Locally in Western New York, cultivated; twining,
woody, milky juice.

59. Climbing Hempweed. Climbing Boneset. (Mikania
scandens.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, opposite, serrate at base (sometimes en-
tire), long-heart-shaped, apex pointed ; leaf -stem usually 1-2'
long. Flower : flesh-colored to dull purple, small (corolla
tubular, 5-toothed, stamens 5), in 4-flowered "heads" having 4
bracts at base, many "heads" clustered together; July-Sep-
tember. New England, south, near water ; rather rare ; twin-
ing, herbaceous. (PI. VL)

60. Gill. Ground-ivy. (Nepeta Glechoma.)
Leaf : i', simple, opposite, round-toothed, roundish, base
heart-shaped, with stem. Flower : light blue (corolla tubular
below, an upper lip erect, notched, a lower lip spreading, 3-
lobed, stamens 4), 1-3-clustered ; M ay- August ; in damp ground;
trailing, herbaceous, stem square. (PI. VI.)

61. Trailing Strawberry-bush. (Euonymus obovatus.)
Leaf : 2', simple, opposite, serrate, rather obovate, base
pointed, apex usually so. Flower: greenish-purple, small
(petals, sepals, and stamens 4-5, petals separate, rounded), about
3-flowered on long stem ; June ; pod splitting and showing scar-
let seeds. New York, west and south, in damp ground ; branch-
lets 4-angled ; usually trailing, woody, rooting at joints.

62. Wild-bean. Kidney-bean. (Phaseolus polystachyus.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, ii'-3i' long, round-
ovate, apex sharp. Flower : purplish, small, sweet-pea-shaped
(calyx 5-toothed), in lengthened loose clusters ; July. August ;
pod 2' long, curved ; twining or trailing, herbaceous. (PI. \ L)
330

Description of Native Vines

63. Various-leaved Kidney-bean. (Phaseolus helvolus.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, ^'-3' long, ovate to long-
ovate, entire or 3-lobed. Flower ; greenish-white, red- or pur-
ple-tinged, sweet-pea-shaped (calyx 5-toothed), few-clustered on
long stem ; August, September ; pod about straight. Massa-
chusetts, and south, on coast, and along Great Lakes : twining
and trailing, herbaceous.

64. Umbelled Kidney-bean. (Phaseolus umbellatus.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, about i' long, ovate to
lance-shaped, rarely lobed. Flower : sweet-pea-shaped (calyx
5-toothed), almost stemless, few-clustered ; pod about straight,
nearly 2' long, very narrow. Long Island, south and west, in
sandy soil ; twining or trailing, herbaceous.

65. Spurred Butterfly-pea. (Centrosema virginianum.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 3, i' long or more, long
ovate to linear, glossy ; stalk rough-hairy. Flower : violet
pea-shaped, i' long (spur near base, calyx 5-toothed), 1-4-clus-
tered ; July ; pod straight, 4'-5'. Maryland, and south ; twining,
herbaceous.

66. Butterfly-pea. (Clitoria mariana.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, i' long, long-ovate to
lance-shaped. Flower : blue or purple, with some whitish,
showy, 2' long, pea-shaped, not spurred (calyx 5-toothed), 1-3-
clustered ; July, August; pod i ^'-2', narrow, flat. East New
York, New Jersey, south and southwest ; twining, sometimes
creeping, woody at base.

67. Bush-trefoil. Tick-trefoil. (Desmodium rotundi-
folium.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, 1-2' long, roundish, en-
tire , stipules prominent, ovate, pointed; leaf and stalk hairy.
Flower : purple, pea-shaped (calyx 5-toothed), few-clustered ;
August ; pod 2-6-jointed, edge deeply lobed, covered with hooked
hairs ; trailing, herbaceous. (PI. VI.)

331

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

68. Smooth Bush-trefoil. (Desmodium humifusum.)

Leaf : as in 67, but almost smooth, and leaflets less round,
stipules smaller and narrow. Flower : as in 67. Maine, Penn-
sylvania, south,

69. Bush-clover. (Lespedeza procumbens.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, i'-^' long, roundish to
obovate, smooth above, resi of plant do-ony . Flower : purplish,
pea-shaped, larger and smaller on some plant (latter often with-
out petals, cah-x 5-toothed), few-clustered ; August, September ;
pod roundish, flat, one-celled ; trailing, herbaceous.

70. Hog-peanut. (Amphicarpsea commosa.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, Yz-'h long, ovate-rhom-
bic. P'lower : purplish-white, small, pea-shaped (calyx 4-(rarely
5-)toothed), a bract under each 2 or more, clustered ; August,
September ; twining, hair\-, herbaceous. (PI. VL)

71. Milk-pea. (Galactia regularis.)

Leaf: pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, I'-i^' long, long-ovate
to elliptical, sometimes notched at both ends, a little hair>' be-
neath. Flower : rose-purple, small, pea-shaped (calyx 4-toothed),
4-3-clustered ; pod i>^', narrow, flat, hairy; July. New York

and south ; trailing, herbaceous.

72. Downy Milk-pea. (Galactia pilosaO

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, J^'-i' long, oval, whitish-
hairy beneath, as also stalk. Flower : purplish, small, pea-
shaped (calyx 4-toothed), in rather large long clusters ; July; pod
very downy. Pennsylvania, and south ; twining or trailing ; her-
baceous.

73. Ground-nut. Wild Bean. (Apios tuberosa.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 5-7,1^-2', ovate-lance-
shaped. Flower : brownish-purple, odorous, pea-shaped, in
dense clusters ; August, September ; twining, herbaceous, with a
little milky juice. (PI. VIL)

332

PLATE VI

33. Climbing Hempweed. 59 • ( A^. ?| "^^^ ^f^i^ 67.' 0/ i>l

5i2e.> ^ \ Hog Peanut. 70. KVJ

34. Gill. 60. (Av. size.) --/• " ^

333

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UHIVEBSITY OF ILLIHOIS

Description of Native Vines

74. Climbing Fumatory. Mountain Fringe. (Adlumia
fungosa.)

Leaf : twice pinnate, alternate ; ultimate leaflets mostly in
threes, delicate, usually 2-3-lobed. Flower : white or purplish
(petals 4, joined in pairs, sepals 2, stamens 6), pendent, in large
panicles ; June-October. Often cultivated, delicate, climbing by
leaf-stems, herbaceous. New York, west and south. (PI. VII.)

75. Dwarf Raspberry. (Rubus triflorus.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3-5, 1-2' long, serrate,
long- or broad-ovate, base and apex pointed, thin, smooth.
Flower t white, small (petals 5-7, erect, stamens many), 1-3-
clustered ; June ; fruit small, sour, dark red. New Jersey, west
and north ; often trailing, not prickly, mostly herbaceous.

76. Silver-weed. Potentilla. (P. anserina.)

Leaf : pinnate, clustered ; leaflets, 9-19 (with additional mi_
nute pairs), coarsely serrate or lobed, oblong, green above, silvery-
white ajtd silky-hairy beneath, stipules with cut edge. Flower :
yellow (petals 5, stamens many), single, on long stems directly
from the ground ; June-September. New England to Pennsyl-
vania and west ; with creeping runners.

77. Clematis. Virgin's-bower. (C. virginiana.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 3, 2-3' long, coarsely ser-
rate, often somewhat lobed, ovate, apex long-pointed, base a little
cordate. Flower : white, small (no petals, sepals 4, spreading,
stamens many), clustered, abundant ; July, August ; fruit with
feathery appendages ; climbs by twisted leaf-stems. (PI. VII.)

78. Whorled Clematis. (C. verticillaris.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite (often in pairs) ; leaflets, 3, 1-2' long,
entire or slightly serrate or lobed, ovate, base often cordate, apex
pointed. Flower : purplish, 2-3' broad (no corolla, sepals 4,
colored, spreading, many stamens), single ; May. In rocky and
mountainous ground, east ; rare ; climbing by twisted leaf-stems.

335

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

79. Leather-flower. (Clematis viorna.)

Leaf : pinnate (upper occasionally simple), opposite ; leaflets,
3-7, entire or 2-3-lobed, ovate-lance-shaped or oblong, base occa-
sionally slightly cordate. Flower : purple, large, single (no
corolla, sepals 4, i' long, very thick and leathery, more or less
grown together, pointed at apex, many stamens) ; May-August.
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and south : climbing, herbaceous, stalk a little
grooved and ridged. (PI. VH.)

80. Common Cinque-foil. Five-finger. (Potentilla
canadensis.)

Leaf: palmate ; leaflets, 5, 1-2', obovate, base wedge-shaped,
coarsely serrate toward apex. Flower : yellow (petals 5,
roundish, stamens numerous), single. April-July ; plant silky-
hairy, often trailing, herbaceous. (PI. VH.)

81. Wild Strawberries. (Fragaria vesca, virginiana, and
indica.)

Leaf : trifoliate, clustered, radical, i.e., from the ground ; leaf-
lets, i'-2' long, obovate, base wedge-shaped, coarsely serrate,
stipules growing to base of leaf-stem. Flower: white (petals 5,
separate, roundish, stamens many), single on stem from ground ;
in spring ; with leafless runners ; in 2 species : — vesca, with calyx
spreading or rejlexed after blossoming, and the small seed-cases
on the surface of a rounded or conical receptacle ; virgiyiiana,
calyx erect after flowering, seed-cases sunk into pits on roundish
receptacle. Another species {indica), introduced, and locally
spontaneous near Philadelphia, has the runners leafy, petals yel-
low, leafy bracts larger than sepals below calyx, fruit tasteless.

82. Running Buffalo Clover. (Trifolium stoloniferum.)

Leaf : trifoliate ; leaflets, broad-obovate or reverse heart-
shaped, finely serrate ; long running stems. Flower : pur-
plish-white, in "heads" (like other clover), but not densely
flowered. Ohio, Illinois, and south ; trailing, herbaceous.
336

PLATE VII

38. Ground-nut. 73. (1/3)

39. Climbing Fumatory. 74.

40. Clematis. 77. (1/3^

41. Leather-flower. 79. (i/^)

42. Fine-finger. 80. (2/3)

43. Halberd-leaved Tearthumb. 84

(73)

337

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UHIVEBSITY OF ILLIHOIS

Description of Native Vines

83. White Clover. (Trifolium repens.)

Leaf : trifoliate ; leaflets, obovate, apex deeply or slightly

notched, slightly serrate ; leaf- and flower - stems very long.

Flower : white (corolla much longer than calyx), in small loose
"heads" ; trailing, herbaceous.

84. Halberd-leaved Tearthumb. (Polygonum arifolium.)
Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, halberd-shaped ; plant-
stem 4-angled and grooved, edges covered with reversed fine
prickles. Flower : white or rosy (no corolla, colored calyx 4-5-
lobed, stamens 6), few-clustered ; June-September ; weak, her-
baceous, cHmbing by prickly stems ; in damp ground. (PI. VH.)

85. Arrow-leaved Tearthumb. (Polygonum sagittatum.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, entire, arrow-shaped ; plant-
stem 4-angled, edges covered with reversed fine prickles for
climbing. Flower : as in 84 ; in damp ground. (PI. VIIL)

86. Hop. (Humulus lupulus.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, opposite, serrate, 3-7-lobed, roundish,
base cordate, rough above. Flower : greenish, small, staminate
and pistillate, clustered ; June-August ; herbaceous, climbing,
stems very rough-bristly, with reversed bristles or fine prickles.
(PI. VIIL)

87. Bedstraw. Cleavers. (Galium aparine.)

Leaf: i '-2', simple, 6-8-whorled, entire, very narrow, base
tapering, apex sharp, midrib and edge rough. Flower : white,
small (corolla 4-parted, stamens 4), in small clusters ; June ; fruit
prickly ; eastward ; stem weak, 4-angled, edges covered with
fine reversed prickles for climbing. (PI. VIIL)

88. Rough Bedstraw. Rough Cleavers. (Galium asprel-

lum.)

Leaf : ^'-%", simple, 4-6-whorled, entire, narrow, base and

apex tapering, midrib and edge prickly ; flower as in 87 ; fruit

small and smooth ; northward ; stem rough-bristly. (PI. VIIL)

339

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

89. Small Bedstraw. (Galium trifidum.)

Leaf : i'-j4', simple, 4-7-whorled, entire, narrow, apex blunt,
edge and midrib rough. Flower: white, very small (corol-
la-lobes and stamens 3-4), 1-7-clustered ; fruit smooth ; in
swamps ; dries black ; stem rough-bristly. (PI. VTII.)

90. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. (Galium triflorum.)
Leaf: i'-2', simple, 4-6-whorled, entire, oval to elliptical,
edge rough, apex bristle-pointed. Flower : greenish or green-
ish-white (corolla 4-parted, stamens 4), mostly 3-clustered ; fruit
covered with hooked prickles ; plant sweet-scented when dried ;
swamps ; stem rough-bristly. (PI. VIII.)

91. Hairy Bedstraw. (Galium pilosum.)
Leaf: i' or less, simple, 4-whorled, entire, oval, apex not
bristle-pointed, hairy. Flower : purplish, brown or whitish ;
otherwise as in foregoing ; July-September ; fruit with hooked
bristles ; stem square, edge roughish or hairy. (PI. VIII.)

92. Cat-brier. Green-brier. (Smilax rotundifolia.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, entire, roundish to ovate, often
broader than long, base slightly cordate, apex abruptly pointed,
smooth, thickish, rather evergreen southerly, 5-7-veined ; tendrils
from leaf-stem. Flower : greenish or yellowish (no corolla, 6
sepals and stamens), few-clustered, cluster-stem }4' long or less ;
May-July ; fruit, blue-black berries, with a bloom ; stalk and
branches often yellow-green ; with stout prickles. (PI. VIII.)

93. False Sarsaparilla. (Smilax glauca.)

Leaf : 2'-4', much as in 92, but with a whitish bloom beneath,
and occasionally above. Flower : as in 92, cluster-stem i' long
or less ; fruit, black with a bloom. Massachusetts, south and
west ; with and without prickles.

94. Stretch-berry. (Smilax bona-nox.)

Leaf: 2'-4', simple, alternate, entire, roundish heart-shaped,
slightly narrowed above broad base, to deeply lobed and fiddle-
340

PLATE VIII

44. Arrow-leaved Tearthumb. 85.

(V2)

45. Hop. 86. (V4)

341

46. Bedstraw Type. 87, etc.

47. Cat-brier. 92. (V3)

48. Rose Type. 99, 100.

THE umm

OF THE
iJKIVEaSlTY 0? ILLWOIS

Description of Native Vines

shaped, edge often bristly ; glossy green. Flower : as in 92,
cluster-stem i' or less ; fruit, black berries ; stalk and branches
green. New Jersey, west and south ; sparingly prickly.

95. False China-brier. (Smilax pseudo-China.)

Leaf: 3-5', simple, alternate, entire, ovate, base cordate or
rounded, apex bristle-pointed, often bristly on edge. Flower :
as in 92, but the stem of cluster 2'-3' long ; July ; fruit, black
berries. New Jersey, west and south ; with few weak prickles
or none.

96. Rough Smilax. (S. hispida.)

Leaf : s'-s', simple, alternate, entire, ovate (the larger with
base cordate), apex bristle-pointed, edge sometimes rough, green
both sides. Flower : as in 92, but larger, and the cluster-stem
i'-2' long ; June ; fruit black. Connecticut, south and west ;
base of stalk thickly covered with long, blackish, needle-shaped,
weak prickles.

97. Walter's Smilax. (S. Walteri.)

Leaf : 3'-4', simple, alternate, entire, ovate or slightly lance-
shaped, base sometimes slightly cordate, apex bristle-pointed,
thickish, smooth, green both sides, distinctly 3-veined. Flower :
brownish, otherwise as in 92 ; cluster-stem Y^ long or less ;
April-July ; fruit, red berries. New Jersey, and south ; few
prickles near base ; stalk somewhat angled.

98. Matrimony-vine. (Lycium vulgare.)

Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate (or clustered), entire, oval to
lance-shaped, or broader toward apex, base tapering. Flower :
purplish (corolla 5-lobed, spreading, calyx usually 3-lobed,
stamens 5), rather small, single or paired ; June-August. Culti-
vated, and spontaneous in Pennsylvania ; trailing or drooping,
the angled stems often spiny. Southern Europe.

99. Climbing Rose. Prairie Rose. (Rosa setigera.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate, with stipules ; leaflets, 3-5, i'-2'
long, ovate, serrate, apex pointed. Flower : rose-color to
343

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

white (petals 5, obovate, many stamens, styles in a column), 2'-3'
across, a little fragrant, clustered ; July ; fruit spherical, red.
New York, west and south ; cultivated ; climbing, with large
prickles. A favorite variety of this almost the only native climber
is the Baltimore Belle. (PI. VIII.)

100. Sweet-brier. Eglantine. (Rose rubiginosa.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate, with stipules ; leaflets, 5-7, Yz-Vi
long, serrate, oval, downy, with many resinous dots beneath,
fragrant when bruised. Flower : light rose, fragrant (petals 5,
calyx-lobes hairy and deeply cut on edges), mostly single on
bristly stems ; June-August ; fruit oblong or obovate, orange-
red. Eastern States ; vine and shrub ; stalks with both hooked
and oval-shaped prickles. A variety has smaller flowers, calyx-
lobes not remaining on fruit, and fruit elliptical. (PI. VIII.)

lOi. Running Swamp Blackberry. (Rubus hispidus.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3-5, 1-2' long, serrate (en-
tire toward the base), obovate, smooth, thickish. Flower : white
or reddish, small (petals 5, stamens many), few- or many-clus-
tered, cluster-stem often bristly ; June ; fruit small, sour ; trail«
ing, branches somewhat erect (8-12') ; with reversed prickles.

102. Low Blackberry. Dewberry. (Rubus canadensis.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3-7, coarsely serrate,
i'-i}4' long, oval to ovate-lance-shaped, nearly smooth, mostly
pointed, thin. Flower : white (petals 5, large, stamens many),
in leafy-bracted racemes ; May ; fruit juicy, J^'-i' in diameter ;
July, August ; shrubby and trailing ; somewhat prickly.

103. Club-mosses. (Lycopodium.)
Four species of " evergreen " vines : stems creeping, branches
(except in the Carolina) erect, short (3-8'), stem and branch
thickly covered with minute, stiff, awl-shaped, pointed leaves,
spreading or appressed to stem. Fruit in catkin-like " spikes,"
i'-2' long, from summit of branches (except in the Carolina).
These are the characteristics in common ; the special features of
the species are as follows :

344

PLATE IX

49. White Passion-flower, no. (2/5)

50. Wistaria. 115. (2/3)

51. Common Club Moss. 103.

52. Northern Club Moss. 103.

345

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVEBSITY OF ILUNOIS

Description of Native Vines

Northern Club-moss ; Ground Pine, (L. complanatum) :
leaves 4-ranked, of 2 forms, on flattened, fan-like spreading
branches ; lateral leaves somewhat spreading, with projecting
sharp points, saw-like ; leaves above and below smaller, nar-
rower, closely appressed to stem, — the whole appearance some-
what like arborvitse ; "spike" cylindrical (i' long or more), 2-6
borne on a slender leafless or minutely bracted stalk growing at
summit of leafy branch ; July ; less fan-like far north. (PI. IX.)

Carolina Club-moss. (L. Carolinianum) : stem and branches
trailing, flattened, leafless on under side, leaves on 3 other sides ;
the lateral broad-lance-shaped and widely spreading ; the upper
shorter and closely appressed to stem ; " spike " cylindrical (about
i'), single on a minutely bracted slender stalk (2-4') ; July ;
wet pine-barrens. New Jersey and south.

Common Club-moss. (L. clavatum) : leaf of one form, linear
awl-shaped, finely bristle-pointed, spreading ; branches erect
(2-5'), very leafy ; " spike " slender, cylindrical, bristly (1-2'), 2-3
(rarely i or 4) borne on a slender leafless or minutely bracted
stalk (4-6') that terminates a leafy branch ; July ; used for
Christmas decoration. (PI. IX.)

Interrupted Club-moss. (L. annotinum) : leaf of one form,
lance-shaped, very finely serrate near apex, spreading ; spike
single, thick-cylindrical (i'), borne direct from summit of leafy
2-3-forked branch (4-8'), without intervening leafless stalk;
July ; in woods of New England ; a smaller variety found in
White Mountains.

104. Dodder. (Cuscuta.)

Leafless parasitic vines generically called dodder, in 11 species
(the last found only on frontier), all with thread-like stems bear-
ing a few minute scales in place of leaves, the whole plant yellow-
ish or reddish, and supported by the juices of the plants around
which they twine ; the species are chiefly distinguishable by dif-
ferences in the minute blossoms (V long or less), as follows :

(N.B. — All but Flax-dodder and Thyme-dodder have stigmas
capitate^

347

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Gronovius Dodder. (C. Gronovii) : corolla bell-shaped,
mostly 5-parted, its tube as long or longer than its ovate blunt
lobes ; flowers with stems, closely or loosely clustered ; common
throughout, the chief species in the Northeastern States.

Flax-Dodder. (C. epilinum)i stigma elongated j flower globu-
lar (corolla 5-parted, stamens not exserted), stemless, in dense
scattered heads ; in flax fields, introduced from Europe.

Thyme-Dodder. (C. epithymum) : stigma elongated^ stamens
exserted ; introduced ; occasionally in clover-beds.

Field-Dodder. (C. arvensis) : corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted,
its tube scarcely longer than the broad-lobed calyx, and shorter
than its own lance-shaped lobes ; flower on stem in clusters ;
June, July ; earlier and smaller than the others. New York,
south and west.

Compact Dodder. (C. compacta) : corolla with cylindrical
tube, sepals 5, separate, roundish, slightly toothed, with 3-5
bracts below like sepals ; flower stemless, clustered. New York
and New Jersey, south, and along southern frontier.

Bending Dodder. (C. inflexa) : corolla fleshy, 4-lobed, its
tube as long as the keeled and pointed calyx-lobes ; its lobes
ovate, erect and fitiely serrate ; flowers with stems. Southern
New England, west.

Green-fruited Dodder. (C. chlorocarpa) : corolla open-bell-
shape, mostly 4-parted, lobes often longer than tube, short-
stemmed ; coarse plant-stem orange-colored. Pennsylvania and
Delaware.

Slender-flowered Dodder. (C. tenuiflora) : corolla 4-
parted, its tube twice the length of calyx-lobes ; lobes of calyx
and corolla oblong and blunt ; coarse stems yellow. Pennsyl-
vania, west and south, in damp ground.

Beaked Dodder. (C. rostrata) : corolla bell-shaped, 5-parted,
its tube twice the length of its ovate blunt lobes ; flower nearly or
quite ]i' long, larger than in any other of our species. Allegha-
nies of Maryland and Virginia.

Coiled Dodder. (C. glomerata) • flowers in very large, close
clusters, each flower with numerous bracts at base, the matted.
348

Description of Native Vines

coils like ropes, often y^ or more in thickness ; corolla 5-parted,
5 separate sepals. Ohio to Wisconsin, and south.

Handsome Dodder. (C. decora) : flower broad-bell-shaped,
fleshy, corolla 5-lobed, pointed tips of lobes turned in, edge
slightly serrate; calyx-lobes pointed, triangular, "the handsom-
est of our species." Illinois.

105. Lance-leaved Smilax. (S. lanceolata.)

Leaf: 2', simple, alternate, entire, short-lance-shaped, thin-
nish, rather glossy above. Flower : greenish or yellowish,
small (no corolla, 6 sepals and stamens), clustered ; June ; ber-
ries red ; tendrils from some of the leaf-stems. Virginia.

106. Dichondra. (D. repens.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, entire, round-kidney-shaped, fine-
hairy, green both sides. Flower : white or yellowish, small
(corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed, 2 distinct styles and pods), single ;
trailing, herbaceous. Virginia.

107. Cocculus. (C. carolinus.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire or lobed, ovate or cor-
date, variable, downy beneath. Flower: p., greenish (petals
and stamens 6), small, clustered ; July, August ; climbing.
Virginia and Southern Illinois.

108. Heart-leaved Grape. (Vitis indivisa.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, not lobed, roundish,
base cordate or square, apex sharp, almost entirely smooth.
Flower : greenish, small (petals and stamens 5), in small loose
clusters ; June ; berry size of pea ; tendrils. Virginia and Ohio.

109. Supple-jack. (Berchemia volubilis.)

Leaf : 2', simple, alternate, only slightly serrate, long-ovate,
apex sharp. Flower : p., greenish-white, small petals 5, ob-
long, pointed, short as calyx-lobes, stamens standing in front of
petals, not alternating ; June ; high-climbing. Virginia.

349

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

no. White Passion-flower. (Passiflora incarnata.)

Leaf: 2'-3', simple, alternate, serrate, 3-lobed. Flower:
whitish, with triple purple and flesh-colored crown, 2' across
(petals and stamens 5), single, 3 leafy bracts at base ; May-July ;
fruit oval, large as hen's egg, called Maypops ; tendrils. Vir-
ginia and Kentucky. (PI. IX.)

III. Melothria. (M. pendula.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, 5-lobed or angled, small, roundish,
base cordate, roughish. Flower : greenish or yellowish, very
small, pistillate and staminate (5 stamens with bell-shaped, 5-
lobed corolla), the latter in small racemes, pistillate single ; June-
August ; tendrils. Virginia.

112. Yellow Jessamine. (Gelsemium sempervirens.)

Leaf : i j^'-2', simple, opposite, entire, ovate to lance-shaped,
glossy, with minute stipules. Flower : yellow, handsome, nearly
xYz long, fragrant (corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, stamens 5, style
long), clustered ; March, April ; twining. Virginia.

113. Fosteronia. (F. difformis.)

Leaf : simple, opposite, entire, short-lance-shaped, thin.
Flower : pale yellow, small (corolla funnel-form, border 5-
lobed, stamens 5), clustered ; April ; twining. Virginia and
Southern Illinois.

114. Smooth Gonolobus. (G. laevis.)

Leaf : i'-2', simple, opposite, entire, heart-shaped, smooth.
Flower : yellowish-green corolla 5-lobed, spreading, with a
small crown in centre, stamens 5, 10 pollen masses adhering to
stigma, calyx and corolla smooth, clustered on one common stem
growing between opposite leaf-stems ; July ; twining ; milky
juice. Virginia, and west.

115. Wistaria. (W. frutescens.)

Leaf: pinnate, alternate, with minute stipules; leaflets, 9-13,
i', ovate-lance-shaped. Flower: purple, showy, pea-shaped, in
350

Description of Native Vines

dense racemes ; May ; not as fine as the Chinese species, though
cultivated ; twining. Virginia to Illinois. (PI. IX.)

1 16. Clematis. (C. cylindrica.)
Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, long-ovate to lance-
shaped, entire or 3-5-lobed. Flower : purplish (no corolla, ca-
lyx somewhat cylindrical below, lobes broad, wide-spreading, with
wavy, thin margin), single, large ; May-August ; climbing by
twisted leaf-stems. Virginia.

117. Grape. (Vitis bipinnata.)
Leaf : twice or thrice pinnate, leaflets deeply serrate or lobed.
Flower : greenish, small (petals and stamens 5), clustered ;
berry black, obovate ; tendrils. Virginia and Kentucky.

118. Rhynchosia. (R. tomentosa.)
Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, three or one ! roundish, somewhat
downy. Flower : yellow, somewhat pea-shaped (calyx about
as long as corolla. 4-lobed, upper lobe notched), clustered ; twin-
ing or trailing, herbaceous. Virginia.

119. Bignonia. (B. capreolata.)
Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 2, ovate or oblong (often with
another small pair close to stalk like stipules), leaf-stem ending in
a tendril. Flower : orange, 2' long (coroHa rather bell-shaped,
5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped, 4 stamens), few-clustered ; April ;
pod 6' long. Virginia.

120. Birthwort. (Aristolochia tomentosa.)
Leaf : s'-s', simple, alternate, entire, round-heart-shaped ;
stalk downy. Flower (no corolla, calyx tubular, curved like
pipe, yellowish, purple at apex, wrinkled border at top): single or
paired ; June ; twining. Southern Illinois.

121. Brunnichia. (B. cirrhosa.)
Leaf : simple, alternate, entire, heart-shaped or ovate, apex
pointed ; stalk grooved, leaf -stem broader at base. Flower :
greenish (no corolla, calyx 5-parted, lobes oblong, stamens 8),

351

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

2-5-clustered above a bract, these clusters numerous in a raceme ;
tendrils. Southwest Illinois,

122. Pitcher's Clematis. (C. Pitcheri.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 3-9, ovate or base cor-
date, entire or 3-lobed ; highest leaves often simple. Flower :
purplish (no corolla, calyx bell-shaped, its 4 sepals with narrow
recurved points), large, single ; climbing by twisted leaf-stems,
mostly herbaceous. Illinois.

123. Few-flowered Kidney-bean. (Phaseolus pauciflorus.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, i'-2' long, long-ovate to
linear. Flower : purple, X' ^<^"?' ^^^^ pea-blossom, single or
few-clustered ; July-September ; pod i' or more, straight, nar-
row ; twining. Illinois.

124. Downy Grape. (Vitis cinerea.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, entire or 3-lobed, downy beneath (and
above when young) ; branchlets thickly downy ; fruit black, small,
no bloom ; tendrils. Illinois.

125. Red Grape. (Vitis palmata.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, lobed, lobes tapering, smooth ; fruit
black, shining, no bloom ; tendrils. Illinois.

126. Cupseed. (Calycocarpum Lyoni.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, 3-5-deeply-lobed, large, base cor-
date, lobes pointed. Flower : greenish-white (no petals, sepals
6, stamens 12 or more), in long panicles ; May ; fruit spherical,
i' diameter, greenish ; high-climbing. Kentucky.

127. Tragia. (T. macrocarpa.)

Leaf: 3', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, base deeply cox A2i\t,
mostly long-stemmed^ stalk hairy. Flower : small (no corolla,
calyx 3-8-parted, stamens 2-3), in racemes ; twining, herbaceous.
Kentucky.

352

FOREIGN TREES IN CENTRAL
PARK

(comprising the principal foreign hardy trees ctdtivated
in the Northeastern United States.)

ANALYTICAL KEY

Not evergreen, nor cone-bearing, nor thorny.

LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate :

Entire : 1-4, 10, 51 ("Foreign Shrubs," 11, 50, 52)
Serrate (not lobed) : 5-27 (" Native Trees," 23, 59-61,

68)
Lobed (lobes entire, not serrate nor spiny-pointed) : 28-

31
Lobed (lobes spiny-pointed) : 32
Serrate and Lobed : 33, 7, 11, 19, 27 ("Native Trees,"

89, 91, 103)

Opposite :

Entire : 34, 35 ("Foreign Shrubs," 5)
Serrate (not lobed) : 36
Lobed {not serrate): 35, 37
Serrate arid Lobed : 38-41

LEAVES COMPOUND:
Pinnate :

Alternate :

edge of leaflets entire : 42, 43 (" Foreign
Shrubs," 56, 57) ("Native Trees," 115)
353

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate :

Alternate :

edge of leaflets serrate or lobed : 44-46 (" Na-
tive Trees," 115, 118)
Opposite : 46-48
Palmate : 49 (" Native Trees," 129)

TREES THORNY:

leaves simple : 50, 51, 3 (" Native Trees," 140)
leaves compound (pinnate or trifoliate) : 52, 53

EVERGREENS AND CONE-BEARING TREES :
strictly evergreen :

leaves 2-5-clustered, slender, needle-like, I'-io' long :

54-58
leaves many in a whorl, short, slender, stiff : 59, 60
leaves not clustered nor whorled, each growing from a sep-
arate point, very short {%'-2'), except in 62
slender, but flat : 61-66, 73

awl-shaped, not flat, usually stiff: 67-70 ("Native
Trees," 162)
leaves 4-whorled, ]^\ prickly : 71, 72

leaves extremely small (-|V-X )> scarcely recognizable as
leaves, flat and roundish, or slender and often prickly,
the branches with the closely appressed (when not
prickly) leaves forming more or less Jlat sprays : 74-
76

Trees not evergreen, but deciduous ; cone-bearing ; leaf Yz-'i!
or more, needle-like, pliant, whorled : 77, 78

354

Foreign Trees in Central Park
ANALYTICAL KEY

(Of foreign trees in Park with ornamental blossoms.)

blossoming before leaves appear: i, 2 ("Foreign

Shrubs," 2, 5)
blossoming with or after leaves :

leaves simple, alternate, entire : 3 (" Foreign

Shrubs," II, 50, 52)
leaves simple, alternate, serrate : 12-20, 32
leaves pinnate or trifoliate: 42, 43, 45, 52, 53

("Foreign Shrubs," 56, 57)
leaves palmate: 49

355

DESCRIPTION OF FOREIGN TREES
IN CENTRAL PARK

I. Yulan. (Magnolia conspicua.)
Leaf : 6'-8', simple, alternate, entire, obovate, apex pointed,
downy when young. Flower : white, very- large, fragrant (pet-
als 6-9, sepals 3), single, very profuse, before leaves j low tree.
China. (PI. I.)

2. Chinese Judas-tree. (Cercis japonica.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, entire, somewhat roundish,
base only slightly cordate, apex somewhat pointed, smooth, 5-
veined. Flower : rich reddish-purple, pea-shaped covering
tree before leaves, larger than in American species ; low tree and
shrub.

3. Oleaster. (Elaeagnus angustifolia.)
Leaf: 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, both ends
pointed, both sides silvery, as also young shoots. Flower :
yellow, fragrant (calyx bell-shaped, 4-8-lobed, stamens as many
as lobes, i style), 1-3-clustered, lateral ; midsummer ; often
thorny ; low tree and shrub ; from the Orient. (PI. I.)

4. Small-leaved Willow. (Salix rosmarinifolia.)
Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, above smooth,
beneath silky-shiny ; blossoms in May. Sweden.

5. European Alder. (Alnus glutinosa.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate, roundish to obovate,
apex blunt or emarginate, base wedge-shaped, bright green be-
neath, hairy in angles of veins, sticky when young (as also branch-
lets) ; long yellowish catkins in March ; bark blackish ; native
alders are shrubs. (" Native Shrubs," PI. IX.)
356

Description of Foreign Trees

6. European Alder. (Alnus cordata.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, base cordate,
apex considerably pointed ; young branches mostly hairy, but not
sticky ; catkins in April. Italy.

7. Paper Mulberry. (Broussonettia papyrifera.)

Leaf : 4-6', simple, alternate, serrate, often lobed, ovate,
very rough-hairy above, thick soft-downy beneath, base some-
times cordate. Japan. (PI. III.)

8. European Hornbeam. (Carpinus betulus.)

Leaf and bark as in American species (" Native Trees," 35) ;
most evident difference in the fruit-bract, which has a very long,
serrate middle lobe in the European, but a much shorter one with
entire edge in the American.

9. European Chestnut. (Castanea sativa.)

Leaf : as in American species (" Native Trees," 41), but blunt
at base, not pointed ; flower in catkins ; nut larger and less sweet.

10. European Beech. (Fagus sylvatica.)

Leaf: 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire or wavy-toothed, more
hairy, smaller and rounder than the American beech. Var. pur-
purea (copper or bronzed beech) has very dark foliage ; var. pen-
dula has long pendent branches ; var. asplenifolia, cut-leaved
beech, has longer leaves deeply cut. (PI. I.)

II. Black Mulberry. (Morus nigra.)

Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, serrate, often 2-3-lobed, ovate
to roundish ; fruit ovate, violet-black. Europe.

12. Asiatic Cherry. (Prunus cerasus.)

Leaf : simple, alternate, serrate, elliptical, not hair}% stiffly
divergent from stem. Flower : white (5 petals, many stamens.
I style), in lateral umbels ; early May.
357

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

13. Japanese Plum. (Prunus pissardii.)
Leaf: 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate, oval to ovate, small,
purplish. Flower : white (petals 5, many stamens), in umbels ;
spring ; low tree or shrub.

14. Grape-cherry. (Prunus padus.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, serrate, oval to elliptical, smooth,
slightly wrinkled ; leaf-buds long, pointed. Flower : white
(petals 5, many stamens), in abundant, showy racemes, about
first of May ; fruit cherry-shaped, black ; ornamental tree in
bloom. Europe, Asia.

15. European Cherry. (Prunus Mahaleb.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate, base sometimes
cordate, of agreeable odor, not hairy, often 2 glands on stem.
Flower : p. white (details as in native cherry) in stemmed
corymbs ; May ; i2''-20°.

16. Apple-tree. (Pirus malus.)
Leaf: i'-3', simple, alternate, serrate, oval, woolly beneath.
Flower : white to rosy (petals, sepals and styles, 5, many
stamens), in lateral umbels ; May.

17. Japanese Flowering Apple. (Pirus floribunda.)
Leaf : 2', simple, alternate, serrate, obovate, small. Flower :
rose-red^ abundant (of apple-type), in early spring ; fruit small ;
very low tree or shrub, very ornamental.

18. Chinese Crab-apple. (Pirus spectabilis.)
Leaf: 2', simple, alternate, serrate, oblong -lance -shaped,
smooth. Flower : red or rose-color, semi-double, in umbels (of
apple-type) ; April and May ; fruit reddish-green ; 20°-30°.

19. Toringo Apple-tree. (Pirus Toringo.)
Leaf : 2', simple, alternate, serrate (on new shoots often 3-5-
lobed), oval to oblong, hairy beneath. Flower : white (petals,
sepals and styles 5, latter woolly at base, stamens many), in small
clusters ; May ; fruit small, globular, yellow, astringent ; low tree
or shrub. Japan.

358

PLATE I

1. Yulan. I. (Vs)

2. Oleaster. 3. (1/2)

3. European Beech. JO. (V2)

4. Cut-leaved Beech. ("Native

Trees," 91.) (1/2)

5. Southern Over-cup Oak. 28. (V3)

6. Turkey Oak. 39. (V3)

7. English Oak. 30. (V4)

359

THE LISRABY

D? THE

UHlVEaSlTV CF ILUHOIS

Description of Foreign Trees

20. European Linden. (Tilia europsea.)

Leaf : 3-4', as in American species (" Native Trees," 20), but
not so cordate and oblique at base. Flower : as in American
species, but with no petal-like scale in front of petal as in our own
species.

21. English Elm. (Ulmus campestris.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, serrate, oval to obovate, pointed,
mostly smooth ; fruit deeply notched at apex ; branches horizontal
or upward slanting,

22. Scotch or Wych Elm. (Ulmus montana.)

Leaf : 2-5', simple, alternate, serrate, roughish, buds not
downy ; calyx, lobes and stamens about 5 ; fruit i' long, smooth.

23. Small-leaved Elm. (Ulmus parvifolia.)

Leaf : less than i', simple, alternate, serrate, elliptical, al-
most leathery ; blossoms in May and June with leaves ; fruit
ovate, not hairy, apex notched ; bark loosening in thick layers.
China.

24. Long-stemmed Mountain Elm. (Ulmus effusa.)

Leaf : 2-4', simple, alternate, serrate, elliptical, base tapering,
very one-sided, pointed, smooth above, long-stemmed ; blossoms
early, before leaves ; fruit hairy-edged.

25. Willow. (Salix pentandra.)

Leaf : 3-4', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate-elliptical, short-
pointed, bright green beneath, many glands on stem ; like laurel
leaf ; flowers in May. Europe.

26. Lance-leaved Willow. (Salix lancifolia.)

Leaf : 3-4', simple, alternate, finely but sharply serrate, oblong-
lance-shaped, hairy both sides when mature ; flowers before
leaves. Germany,

361

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

27. Purple-leaved Birch. (Betula alba, var. atropurpurea.)
Essentially like our white birch (" Native Trees," 65), but with
purple foliage.

28. Southern Over-cup Oak. (Quercus lyrata.)

Leaf: 5-8', simple, alternate, 7-9-lobed (lobes triangular,
acute, not serrate), obovate-oblong, glossy above, whitish be-
neath, crowded at end of branch ; nut globular, almost enclosed
in rough globular cup. Southern and Western States. {PI. I.)

29. Turkey Oak. (Quercus cerris.)

Leaf : 4-5', simple, alternate, pinnately lobed, not serrate,
long-oblong, broadest in middle, dark green above, hairy when
young, short-stemmed ; acorn-cup with long divergent scales.
Southern Europe. (PI. I.)

30. English Oak. (Quercus robur.)

Leaf • 4-6', simple, alternate, lobed (not as deeply as in our
white oak, which it resembles, but not as large, nor whitish be-
neath), no teeth or bristles. Nz.x.pendula with drooping branches.
Var. aspleni folia with cut-leaved foliage. (PI. I.)

31. Ginkgo. (SaHsburia adiantifolia.)

Leaf : 2', on long stem, simple, alternate, fan-shaped, fern-
like, deeply notched at apex, lobes again lobed or wavy-edged,
base wedge-shaped ; flowering minute as in yew ; tree of peculiar
figure, with few large branches. Japan, (PI. IIL)

32. European Holly. (Ilex aquifolium.)

Much like American species (" Native Trees," 49) ; evergreen.
leathery, more glossy, and berries brighter red ; flowers about the
same ; tree and shrub. Var. niacrophyllum, with large leaves,

33. Oriental Plane. Sycamore. (Platanus orientalis.)

Leaf : 3-5', as in our buttonwood (" Native Trees." 88). but
more cut and becoming smooth, and fruit-heads larger.
362

PLATE II

8. Paulownia Imperaiis. 34. (Vb) "• Cut-leaved Japanese Maple. 38.

9. Field Maple. 37- 0/\) ('/'.j)

10. Japanese Maple. 38. (V3)

[2. Norway Maple. 39. ('/4^
[3. Sycamore Maple. 40. (.V4)

363

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UKlVEaSiT/ Of lUIBOIS

Description of Foreign Trees

34. Paulownia imperialis.

Leaf: 6'-i2', simple, opposite, entire, roundish, pointed, base
cordate ; much as in catalpa, but more downy. Flower : violet,
nearly 2' long (corolla funnel-shaped, lobed), in large, erect pani-
cles ; June ; bark smooth, dark. Japan. (PI. II.)

35. Japanese Catalpa. (C. bungei.)

Leaf: 6'-io', simple, opposite, entire, often 3-lobed or angled,
roundish, pointed, smooth. Flower : half the size of native
species ; low tree and shrub.

36. Cercidophyllum japonicum.

Leaf: 1^-2', simple, opposite, minutely serrate, round, apex
slightly pointed, paler beneath ; flower inconspicuous ; low tree.
Japan.

37. Field Maple. (Acer campestre.)

Leaf: 3-4', simple, opposite, 3-5-lobed (lobes blunt, entire or
lobed, not serrate), rather roundish, some hairy beneath, as also
stem, both sides same color. Flower: greenish, in cor}'mbs ;
May ; fruit with divergent wings, broadest at ends ; tree and
shrub. Europe. (PI. II.)

38. Japanese Maple. (Acer polymorphum, with var.)

Leaf: 2-3', simple, opposite, serrate, about ^-pahnately-
lobed, rather small. Flowers in cor)'mbs ; May ; fruit with short,
blunt, divergent wings. Var. pahiiatutti is 7-9-lobed, and in var.
dissectum atropurpuretim the lobes are finely cut, almost feath-
ery, of rich rose-color, later purple ; ver>' handsome. (PI. II.)

39. Norway Maple. (Acer platanoides.)

Leaf: 5-7', simple, opposite, 5-lobed, with large but very
sharply pointed teeth, deep green, large. Flower : yellowish-
green in profuse clusters, latter part of April ; fruit with large,
very divergent wings ; juice milky. Europe. (PI. II.)

365

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

40. Sycamore Maple. (Acer pseudo-platanus.)

Leaf : 5'-6', simple, opposite, rather closely and evenly ser-
rate, 3-5-lobed, large, on long reddish stems. Flower : green-
ish, in large pendent panicles ; May. Europe. Var. folius atro-
purptireus has leaf deeply colored on both sides. (PI. II.)

41. Tartarian Maple. (Acer tartaricum.)

Leaf ; 4-5', simple, opposite, lobed, cut and serrate, base
slightly cordate, both sides colored alike. Flower : whitish, small,
in short, erect panicles, late in May, after the leaves ; fruit-wings
at last red.

42. Common Laburnum. (Laburnum vulgare.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3, 2-3' long, entire, oblong,
slender-stemmed. Flower : yellow, showy, pea-shaped, rather
large, in long racemes, late spring ; low tree or shrub. Europe.

43. Sophora Japonica.

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 11-13, entire, small, oval or
tapering, smooth. Flower : cream-white, small, pea-shaped, in
loose panicles, late summer ; low to medium-sized. Japan. (PI.
III.)

44. English Walnut. (Juglans regia.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-9, 4'-5', obscurely ser-
rate, oval, smooth. Flower: in catkins, or i-to-few-clustered ;
husk of fruit friable, nut roundish, thin-shelled. Asia.

45. Kcelreuteria. (K. paniculata.)

Leaf: pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 9-13. irregularly serrate
and lobed. Flower : yellow, small (petals 3 or 4, each with a
2-parted small scale, sepals 5, style i), in large panicles, late
summer; small tree. China. (PI. III.)

46. Cork-tree. (Phellodendron amurense.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate below, opposite above ; leaflets, 11-
17, serrate, lance-shaped. Flower: staminate and pistillate
366

Description of Foreign Trees

(calyx 5-parted in latter, 5 distinct sepals in former, petals 5
or 10) ; June ; corky bark. Amur.

47. Flowering Ash. (Fraxinus ornus.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, serrate, entire at base,
small, oblong to lance-shaped, downy beneath. Flower : small
(petals 4 or 2, greenish), along branch, with or before leaves.
Southern Europe.

48. European or English Ash. (Fraxinus excelsior.)

Leaf : pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-9, serrate, lance-oblong,
bright green, almost stemless. Flower : no petals, hardly
calyx. Var. weeping ash (in Park) has pendent branches.
Southern Europe.

49. Red Horse-chestnut. (Pavia rubra.)

Leaf : palmate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-7, bright green. Flower :
rose-red (petals 4, stamens usually 8), in dense panicles, early
summer ; fruit prickly ; probably a hybrid ; low tree and shrub.
Asia.

50. Osage Orange. (Madura aurantica.)

Leaf: 3'-5', simple, alternate, entire, lance-ovate; fruit
crowded in spherical head, size of orange ; bark rough, yellow-
tinged ; usually spiny. Arkansas, etc. (PI. III.)

51. Common Sandthorn. (Hippophae rhamnoides.)

Leaf: 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, long-elliptical, green
above, silvery beneath. Flower : yellowish or greenish, the
staminate with 2 small, ovate sepals, 4 stamens ; pistillate with
lobed, tubular calyx ; fruit orange-color ; io°-20° ; often thorny.
Europe.

52. Chinese Honey-locust. (Gleditschia sinensis.)

Leaf: pinnate or twice-pinnate; leaflets sma.\\, entire, oval,
broader than in native species. Flowers same as, thorns
stouter than, in our species.

367

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

53. Orange. (Citrus trifoliata.)
Leaf: trifoliate, alternate; leaflets, 2', blunt-elliptical, stem-
less ; the leaf-stalk winged. Flower : creamy-white (petals 4-
8, linear-oblong, thick, stamens usually many, their filaments
somewhat united) ; May ; fruit orange-yellow, small ; low tree or
shrub, spiny. Japan. (PI. III.)

54. Spanish Pine. (Pinus mugho.)

Leaf: 2', in twos, needle-like, sharp-pointed; cone, 2, oval,
horizontal, often 2-3-clustered, scales prickly at apex ; tree and
shrub.

55. Scotch Pine. (Pinus sylvestris.)

Leaf: 2-4'. in twos, rather flat, bluish-white; cone tapering,
the scales with tubercle-like tips ; dark reddish on upper part of
trunk ; prevalent in Northern Europe.

56. Austrian Pine. (Pinus austriaca.)
Leaf: 4-6', in twos, rigid, slender, dark green ; cone conical,
3' or less ; large tree, with rough bark.

57. Himalayan White Pine. (Pinus excelsus.)
Leaf : 6'-8', in fives, whitish, slender, in large pendent tufts,
nearly twice as long as in native white pine ; cones large, 6'- 10'
long.

58. Swiss, Stone, or Cembra Pine. (Pinus cembra.)
Leaf : 3-4', in fives, 4-angled, green, crowded, on erect
branches ; cone somewhat roundish, 2' long, erect, with round
seeds the size of peas ; small tree from the higher Alps.

59. Cedar of Lebanon. (Cedrus Libani.)
Leaf: i', much as in larch (whorled), but stiff, evergreen, and
dark ; cone large, globular ; branches stiff and horizontal. (PI.
IV.)

60. Himalayan Cedar. (Cedrus atlantica.)
Leaf : less than i', short and clustered as in larch, stiff, ever-
green, the outer ones always smaller ; flat-3-angled, bluish green ;
cone 4' or more.

368

PLATE III

C4. Ginkgo. 31. (Vs)

[5. Sophora japonica. 43. (V4)

16. Mulberry. 7. (1/4)

[7. Koelreuteria. 45. (V5)
[8. Osage Orange. 50. (Vs)
19. Orange. 53. (V4)

369

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UXIVESSITY OF ILUHOIS

Description of Foreign Trees

6i. Silver Fir of Colorado. (Abies concolor.)
Leaf : 2', flat, blunt-pointed, somewhat 2-ranked, bluish

above, whitish beneath ; rare.

62. Cephalotaxus. (C. fortunei.)
Leaf : 3' or more, flat, gradually sharp-pointed, rather long,
2-ranked ; fruit elliptical, a little over i' long. China.

63. European Yew. (Taxus baccata.)
Leaf : i', flat, green both sides, rather 2-ranked ; pistillate
flower developing into a small, red, berry-like fruit with blackish
seed ; a tall tree in Europe, but only a low tree or shrubby in
this country, of which our "gn'ound hemlock" is a variety. (Pi.
IV.)

64. Asiatic Silver Fir. (Abies Xordmaimiana.)
Leaf : i, flat, blunt, curved, rather broad, and quite thick set
on branch, green above, whitish beneath ; cone, ovate, large.

65. Douglas Spnice. (Tsuga Douglasii.)

Leaf : i' or more, flat, minutely stemmed, light green, some-
what 2-ranked ; cone 2'-3', its serrate and pointed bracts pro-
jecting beyond scales. Rock}' Mountains and west.

66. Japanese Yew. (Taxus cuspidata.)
Leaf : i', flat, linear, ai>ex roimded then suddenly sharp,
thickened on edge, 2-ranked ; low tree.

67. Norway Spruce. (Abies excelsa.)
LE.A.F : 3/', needle-shaped, single, rigid, pointed, growing from
all sides of branch ; cone 5-7', rather slender, its scales thin ;
generally recognized \i\ pendetit hraiuhUts (especially in old trees)
and long cones. Europe ; becoming naturalized.

68. Eastern Spruce. (Abies orientalis.)
Le-U^ : }i\ short, needle-shaped, thick, 4-angled, blunt, not
2-ranked ; cone, a little over 2' ; tree much like "Norway," but

smaller in all details ; branches fine-hair\-. Asia ; rare.

3:1

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

69. Colorado Blue Spruce. (Abies pungens.)

Leaf : ^', needle-shaped, stiff, pointed, not 2-ranked ; foliage
rich blue or sage color ; rare.

70. Cryptomeria. (C. japonica.)

Leaf : ^' or less, awl-shaped, very tapering, incurved, rather
appressed, crowded on branch ; cone globular, peculiarly rough,
the scales large at summit, surmounted by reflexed bristly points
or teeth. (PI. IV.)

71. Juniper. (Juniperus sabina.)

Leaf : %\ slender, stiff, sharp-pointed, 4-whorled ; a pros-
trate shrub with upright branches ; fruit small, blue-black, berry-
like. Middle Europe.

72. Juniper. (Juniperus squamata.)

Much like the last, but leaves less divergent from branch, and
a more prostrate shrub.

73. Heath-leaved Cypress. (Retinospora ericoides.)

Leaf : X' awl-shaped, small, not rigid, divergent from
branch, crowded ; cone globular, size of pea ; foliage has a
fluffy effect. Japan. (PI. IV.)

74. Cypress. Retinospora. (R. obtusa.)

Leaf : %' or less, small, much as in arborvitae, above and
below very small and ovate, the lateral quite large, blunt, keeled ;
foliage with white blootn beneath ; the berry-like cone size of pea,
with 8 or 10 scales, 2 seeds under each. Var. aurea has young
foliage with yellow or white variegation. Japan. (PI. IV.)

75. Cypress. Retinospora. (R. pisifera.)

Leaf : "%.' or less, small, much as in arborvitae, but all of
about same size, those above and below ovate-pointed, the lateral
keeled ; cone-berries like peas. Japan. (PI. IV.)
372

PLATE IV

20. Cedar of Lebanon. 59.

21. Cryptomeria. 70. (Va)

22. Hearth-leaved Cypress.

(V3)

23. European Yew. 63. (Va)
Retinospora. 75. (Va)

73- (Va) 25! Pyrus aria. Page 128. (V,)

373

THE LIBRMIY

OF THE

URlVEaSlTY OF ILUHGIS

Description of Foreign Trees

76. Giant Arborvitae. (Thuja gigantea.)

Leaf: as in common arborvitae ("Native Trees," 166), but
<z// pointed and flat ; tree 90°-i50°. Northwestern America.

77. European Larch. (Larix europsea, with var. pendulata.)

Leaf : about i', in dense whorled clusters, also singly along
branch, soft, needle-like, deciduous ; cone about i' long, much
larger than in American species ; the vdiXxety pendulata has long
drooping branchlets. (" Native Trees," PI. XV.)

78. False Larch. (Pseudo-Larix Ksempheri.)

Leaf : as in preceding, but longer and broader, not so many
in a cluster, with blue-white lines beneath, golden-yellow in fall ;
cone 2'-3', oblong-ovate, hanging. China.

375

FOREIGN SHRUBS IN CENTRAL
PARK

(Comprising the principal foreign ha?'dy shrubs culti-
vated in the Northeastern United States.)

ANALYTICAL KEY

Shrubs not ''evergreen" (like spruce or pine) nor

cone-bearing.
Shrubs whose blossoms are 7wt in the form of catkins,

as in chestnut.
Shrubs not thorny nor prickly :

blossoms before or with the leaves :

flowers white: 1-3, 36(a, c), 63(b, c), 71

C Native Shrubs," 102)
flowers purplish or rosy to red : 2-4, 36(b, c),
43. 47, 63(b, c), 71 (- Native Shrubs,"
102) (''Foreign Trees," 2)
flowers yellow : 5-10, 54
blossoms after the leaves :

GROUP' I. — Blossoms White or Cream-white

Section I. — Flowers Polypetalous

LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate :

Entire : 11-14, 71

Serrate (not lobed) : 14-18, 19 (a, d, e, j, k)s 73
("Foreign Trees,'" 13, ig)
376

Foreign Shrubs in Central Park

LEAVES SIMPLE -.—Contimud.
Alternate :

Serrate and lobed : 19 (e, k), 46
Lobed (lobes ending in spines) : (" Foreign Trees,"
32)

Opposite :

Entire : 20

Serrate or lobed : 21-25, 64 (" Native Shrubs," 27)

LEAVES COMPOUND:

Pinnate : 26-28, 19 (f, g)
Palmate : 29

Section IL — Flowers (white) Monopetalous

LEAVES SIMPLE :

Alternate :

Serrate : 30, 31

Opposite (or whorled) :

Entire : 32-35, 36(a, c), 63(b-d) (" Native Shrubs,'

60, 61, 112) (" Foreign Trees," 35)
Serrate (not lobed) : 37-39i 48 (c, g), 24, 64
Serrate and lobed : 40, 41
Lobed (not serrate) : (" Foreign Trees," 35)

GROUP II. — Blossoms Rose-tinted to Red, or
Flesh-colored

LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate :

Entire : 42-45, 4, 12, 14

Serrate: 46, 14, 18, I9(a-c, h, i) ("Native
Shrubs," 104) C' Foreign Trees," 17)
377

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

LEAVES SIMPLE -—Continued,
Opposite (or whorled) :

Entire : 47, 36 (b, c), 63 (b, c) ("Native Shrubs,"

112)
Serrate or lobed : 48, 64

LEAVES PALMATE: ("Foreign Trees," 49)

GROUP III. — Blossoms Yellow (or Yellowish)

LEAVES SIMPLE:

Alternate :

Entire: 49-52 ("Native Shrubs," 120) ("Foreign

Trees," 3, 51)
Serrate or lobed : 53, 54

Opposite :

Entire .-55

LEAVES PINNATE: 56-59 ("Foreign Trees," 42)

GROUP IV. — Blossoms Blue, Purple (or Purplish)

OR Dark
LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate :

Entire : 60-62, 72
Opposite :

Entire: 63 (a, d) ("Native Shrubs," 61) ("For-
eign Trees," 34, 35)
Serrate : 64, 65

GROUP V. — Blossoms Greenish, or Greenish-
white, Inconspicuous

LEAVES SIMPLE:
Alternate : 66

Opposite: 67, 68 ("Foreign Trees," 36, 38)
378

Foreign Shrubs in Central Park

SHRUBS THORNY:

Leaves Simple: 69-73, 12 ("Native Shrubs," 125,

157) ("Foreign Trees," 3, 50, 51)
Leaves Pinnate : 74-77
Leaves Palmate: 78-80

shrubs with flowers

in catkins or heads not ornamental : 81

SHRUBS EVERGREEN (like spruce or pine) : see Analytical
Key of foreign evergreen trees.

379

DESCRIPTION OF FOREIGN
SHRUBS

I. star-flowered Magnolia. (Magnolia stellata.)
Leaf: 2-4', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, thick, leathery.
Flower: p. white, 3' across (petals about 15, narrow, stamens
many), single, before leaves, said to be the earliest flowering and
smallest magnolia ; 4°-8°. Japan. (PI. I.)

2. Purple Magnolia. (M. purpurea and soulangeana.)

Leaf: 5-7', simple, alternate, entire, oval to obovate, thick,
deep green. Flower : p. purplish-pink and white, large, 3'
long or more, single (petals 6 or 9, stamens many), abundant,
showy, before leaves. Purpurea is more purple than soulangeana,
which is probably a hybrid, 5°-i5°- Japan.

2*. Chinese Dwarf Cherry-tree. (Prunus sinensis,)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, alternate, serrate, elliptical, hairy be-
neath on veins, no glands on stem. Flower : p. white or rosy-
red (petals 5, stamens many), abundant, 2-3-clustered, earliest
spring ; only about 3° high,

3. Flowering Almond. (Amygdalon communis flore pleno,)
Leaf: 2', simple, alternate, serrate, oblong - lance - shaped,
smooth, I or 2 glands on stem. Flower : double, rose-color or
white, before the leaves. Asia.

4. African Tamarix. (Tamarix africana.)

Leaf : ^', simple, alternate, awl-shaped, minute, appressed
to stem ; branches very slender, somewhat drooping. Flower :
pink, very small (petals and sepals 4 or 5, stamens 8 or 10), pro-
fuse, entirely covering branches of last year's growth ; delicate and
unique ; May and June. (PI. L)
380

PLATE I

Star-flowered Magnolia. I. (V4) 4-

Tamarix. 4. (V4) . 5-

Early-flowering Jessamine. lO. (^U) 6.

381

Oak-leaved Hydrangea. 35. (Vs)
Bladder-nut. 27. (V3)
European Snowball. 40. (Va)

rist ucnARY

C? TliE
UHIVERSITY OF ILLIKOIS

Description of Foreign Shrubs

5. Cornelian Cherry. (Cornus mas.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, ovate or long-ovate,
pointed. Flower : yellow, small (4 petals and stamens, single
style), clustered, profuse, before leaves ; often in full bloom April
ist in Park ; fruit oblong, cherr}'-red ; tall shrub or low tree.
Europe.

6. Forsythia. Golden Bell. (F. \nridissima.)

Leaf : s'-s', simple, opposite, serrate, lance-shaped, deep
green. Flower: m. golden-yellow, sho\\w (corolla bell-shaped),
deeply 4-lobed, lobes spreading, 2 stamens, profuse in small
clusters along last year's growth, March and April, before leaves ;
branches spreading but not drooping. China. (PI. IV.)

7. Forsythia. (F. suspensa.)

Leaf : 2', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate, smaller, duller, and
thinner than in last ; branches slender, long and drooping.
Flower : as in last, but earlier and less profuse, before leaves.
China. (PI. II.)

8. Forsythia. (F. Fortune!.)

Leaf : 2', simple, opposite, entire or obscurely serrate, oblong,
lance-shaped, dull green above, glossy beneath. Flowtir :
essentially as in last ; March, April. China.

9. Azalea. (A. pontica.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, entire, obovate or oblong, apex
mucronate, thin, not evergreen. Flower : m. orange-yellow,
slightly fragrant, 2' across or more (corolla tubular-bell-shaped,
5-lobed, tube sticky, 5 long stamens, i long style), in terminal
clusters ; before leaves in spring. Native of the Caucasus.

10. Early-flowering Jessamine. (Jasminum nudiflorum.)

Leaf: pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 3 or 5, ]4.'-^^\ entire, ob-
long, pointed. Flower : m. yellow (corolla salver- shaped, 6-
lobed, 2 stamens, i style), single ; March, before leaves ; droop-
ing shrub, or trained as a N-ine. China. (PI. I.)

3S3

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

II. Cotoneaster. (C. frigida.)

"LyJlF : 2-3', simple, alternate, entire, oblong, pointed, brown-
wooUv beneath. Flow'er : p. white (sepals and spreading-
petals 5, stamens many, styles 2), clustered, numerous; May;
fruit reddish-black, then black ; i5°-20-. Himalaya.

12. Common Quince. (Cydonia \-ulgaris.)

Leaf : 2', simple, alternate, entire. al to ovate, cottony be-
neath. Flower : p. white or pale rosy (petals 5, stamens many,
calyx-lobes leafy, styles 2-5), single at ends of stems ; late
spring ; often thorny. From the Levant.

13. Exochorda. (E. grandiflora.)
Leaf: 2-2,', simple, alternate, entire, oblong or base tapering,
smooth. Flower: p. white (5 roundish calyx-lobes, petals 5,
stamens 15, short style), in lateral clusters; May. China.

14. Buckthorn. (Rhamnus frangula.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, entire or minutely serrate, el
liptical, pointed ; bark white-dotted. Flower : p. white or
pinkish, small (petals and stamens 4-5. latter standing on a fleshy
disk, I style), clustered ; May, June ; 6°-i5°. Orient ; thorn-
less.

15. Deutzia. (D. crenata.)

Leaf : 2'-4', simple, alternate, finely round-toothed, ovate to
long-ovate, dull green. Flower : p. white (petals 5, stamens
10. alternate ones longer, filaments broader upward, 2-lobed at
top), in abundant small panicles ; May, June. Japan.

16. Deutzia. (D. gracilis.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, sharply serrate, lance-ovate.
bright green, smooth. Flower : p. ven.- white, small, details as
in last, but stamen-filaments forked at top ; May. Japan.

17. Deutzia. (D. scabra.)

Leaf : 2-4', as in crenata, but wrinkled, quite rough, and
minutely sharp-serrate. Flo\ver : as in crenata, but stamen-
filaments tapering and m)t lobed at top. Japan.
384

Description of Foreign Shrubs

1 8. Califomian Rose-mallow. (Hibiscus calif ornicus.)
Leaf : 3-5', simple, alternate, serrate, net lobed, ovate, cordate
at base, soft-hair)^ and ashy gray beneath. Flo\\'er : p. white
or rose, \\'ith purple eye, 3-5' across (petals 5, stamens in a coU
tunn. 5 capitate stigmas on united stj'les).

19. The Spiraeas. (Spiraea.)

The leaf is usually simple, alternate, serrate, 1-2', rarely com-
pound or lobed. The flower is polypetalous, \\-ith 5 petals and
many stamens, small and clustered, usually white, sometimes pink
or red. The specific details are as follows :

(a) S. callosa : leaf coarsely and finely sharply serrate, lance-
oblong, apex taj>ering. Flower (with 10 glands in calyx) in dense
terminal clusters. Var. alba has white, var. rosea has deep pink
blossoms. Japan.

(b) S. Antania ivateri : leaf coarsely serrate, long oval, apex
pointed. Blossoms in large heads of bright crimson or deep pink ;
only 2 "-3° high ; compact and dwarf. Japan.

(c) S. Douglasii : leaf serrate, lance-oblong, apex blunt, a lit-
tle whitened beneath. Flowers small, deep pink, in erect pani-
cles of spike-like clusters ; much like "hard hack,'" but deeper
colored. California and Oregon.

(d) S. pruni folia : leaf finely and sharply serrate, ovate, small.
Flower as cultivated full-cUnibU, white, ^ across, profuse.
Japan.

(e) S, Reevesli : leaf coarsely serrate, often 3-5-lobed, ellipti-
cal, blue-green beneath ; branches not hairy. Flower white, in
compact clusters ; May, June. Var. Jtare pleno has flowers
double; s'-s". Japan.

(f) S. sorbifolia : leaf pinnate, alternate ; leaflets 17-21, sharp-
ly serrate, lance-shaped, quite tapering. Flower white, small, in
large terminal panicles. Siberia. (PI. II.)

(g) S. Van Houtii : leaf pinnate, alternate ; leaflets 3, serrate,
oval. Flowers white, profuse ; May ; 4'-6'. Japan. (PI. II.)

(h) S. salicifolia : leaf serrate, elliptical, smaller at base,
smooth. Flower flesh-red in terminal panicles ; June-August ;
branches angular ; 3'-6'. Siberia.

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

(i) S. Fortunei : leaf serrate, oblong-lance-shaped. Flower
rose-colored, in flat-topped clusters ; June.

(j) S. Thunbergii : leaf sharply serrate, oblong-lance-shaped,
not hairy ; branches hairy. Flowers white, 2-5-clustered ; April ;
3°. Japan.

(k) S. trilobata : leaf serrate, slightly 3-lobed, roundish, not
hairy. Flowers white, clustered, profuse ; May ; 2°. Siberia.
(Pi. II.)

20. European Red-osier. (Cornus sanguinea.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, ovate, somewhat downy
beneath ; branches becoming bright red at end of winter.
Flower : p. white, small (petals and stamens 4), in flat-topped
clusters, early in summer ; berries small, black or purplish.

21. Philadelphus. (Syringa.) (P. gordonianus.)
Leaf : 3'-4', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate, pointed, hairy
both sides, branches drooping. Flower : p. white (petals 4,
toothed at apex, many stamens, 4 or 5 styles more or less grown
together), single ; July ; 6°-9°. Northwestern America. Var.
aurea nana is smaller, with yellow foliage.

22. Rhodotypus. (R. kerrioides.)
Leaf : 3', simple, opposite, irregularly and sharply serrate,
ovate-lance-shaped, bright green, not hairy, of vivid color late in
fall. Flower : p. white, nearly 2' across (petals 4, roundish,
stamens many, sepals large) ^ single, terminal ; April and all sum-
mer ; somewhat resembles a rose. Japan.

23. Hydrangea. (H. nivea.)
Leaf : 2'-4', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate or slightly cor-
date, pointed, white-woolly beneath, green and smooth above.
Flower : p. white (calyx 4-5-toothed, small petals as many as
calyx-teeth, stamens 8-10), in flat cymes, a few marginal flowers
sterile and enlarged. Southern States.

24. Hydrangea. (H. paniculata grandiflora.)
Leaf: 3'-$', simple, opposite, serrate, long-ovate, pointed,
slightly hairy. Flower : white, afterward rosy, sterile (con-
386

PLATE U

19. Forsythia suspensa -r ra, ^
"'• ^P^*^ Van HoutiriJ: g.

S ^^'^i '^- ^.

387

THE LICRARr

OF TliE

^MVEBilTY OF iUmOIS

Description of Foreign Shrubs

25. 0=>-:eavei Hvdr-ges.

26. Bladder-r.u:,

-.' • r-

27. Bladder-nu:, -- -; ti 7 r .m:^

28. Xanthocera,. X. >:-::; ;.:i
17 ti ? ^^?, p. white (petals 5. siirreri : :

29. Dwarf Horse-chestnut. ^.x^s-r-^Ms ~.i:-:
Lz .7 ;:^ - :7 oppoate; leaflets, 5-7, 3-:

s_ t-e.: .-^ -^laments ve-

30. Sraartia. (S. z<:

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

31. Storax. (Styrax japonica.)
Leaf: 2%', simple, alternate, serrate, ovate or long-ovate,
pointed. Flower : m. white (corolla deeply 5-8-lobed, hairy,
stamens 10-16, style i), clustered ; June, July ; 4*-6°.

32. Fontanesia. (F. Fortunei.)
Leaf : 1-3', simple, opposite, entire, elliptical, smooth.
Flower : m. white, small (corolla 4-lobed, 2 stamens, i style,
2-lobed at apex), in terminal and lateral clusters ; July ; 8°-i2° ;
often arboreal. Syria.

33. California Privet. (Ligustrum ovalifolium.)

Leaf: 2', simple, opposite, entire, oval, dark green above;
whole bush entirely smooth. Flower : m. white (corolla salver-
shaped, 4-lobed, I style 2-lobed at apex), clustered ; summer.
Japan.

34. Ibota Privet. (Ligustrum Ibota.)

Leaf: 2', simple, opposite, entire, elliptical; a hairy shrub.
Flower : essentially as in last. Japan.

35. Italian Privet. (Ligustrum Italicum.)
Leaf: i'-i^', simple, opposite, entire, elliptical, both ends
pointed. Flower : m. white (details as in foregoing) ; berries
white in fall. Europe.

36. Honeysuckles. (Lonicera.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, oval to elliptical, mostly
smooth, and almost or quite stemless. Flower : m. white to
pinkish (corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular,
or 2-lipped, 5 stamens, slender style), few-clustered ; specific de-
tails as follows :

(a) L. fragrantissima : leaf i>^-3', hairy on midrib beneath,
as also young shoots. Flower rather hairy inside, whitish, very
fragrant, early spring ; bark shreddy ; berries entirely or almost
separate; 3°-6°. China.

(b) L. rubra: 2i\2iX\&X.y ol fragrantissifna with red flowers.

390

Description of Foreign Shrubs

(c) L. tartarica : leaf 2'-3', oval, base cordate. Flower whitish
or pinkish, paired, along branch ; spring and early summer ; ber-
ries red, joined at base ; 5°-8°. Siberia.

(d) L. Morrowi : leaf (2-3') and white flower much as in the
foregoing, but of straggling habit in its form.

37. Japanese Viburnum. (V. tomentosum.)
Leaf: 3-5', ,simple, opposite, coarsely serrate, ovate, hairy
above. Floavter : m. white, small (corolla 5-lobed, spreading,
stamens 5, stigma 3-lobed, no style), in compound clusters, with
a fe-tv larger sterile ones in border ; May. Japan ; low shrub.

38. Japanese Viburnum. (V. plicatum.)

Leaf: 3-5', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate or long-ovate,
pointed, slightly plaited. Flower : m. white, in verj' abundant
"heads," «// flowers sterile, handsome; May. Japan.

39. European Viburnum. (V. lantana.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, serrate, elliptical, pointed,
loose-hairy above, woolly-whitish beneath. Flower : as in last,
but fragrant, and with none enlarged and sterile ; clustered ;
May.

40. European Snowball. (Viburnum opulus.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, serrate and 3-lobed, fine-hairy
and green beneath, glandular-bristly on stem. Flower : m.
white (details as in 37), in large clusters in which a few middle blos-
soms are small and regular, and the outer ones much larger, with
no stamens nor pistils ; May ; berries bright red, elliptical ; high,
often arboreal. (PI. I.)

41. American Snowball. (Viburnum oxycoccus.)
Like the last, but smaller ; flower-clusters smaller, fruit larger ;
a cultivated form.

42. Azalea. (A. amoena.)
Leaf : K -i', simple, alternate, rather crowded at end of
branch, entire, oblong or elliptical, thick, leather}-, glossy, small.
Flower : m. rose-red (corolla funnel-shaped, 5 spreading lobes,

391

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

5 stamens), clustered; May; 2°-3°; brilliant in full bloom.
China. (PI. III.)

43. Cotoneaster. (C. vulgaris.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, entire, ovate, yellow-downy
beneath, smooth above. Flower : p. almost flesh-colored (5
erect petals, many stamens, 2 styles), i- to few-clustered, abun-
dant ; April ; fruit reddish, rarely white or yellow ; I'^-d". Europe.

44. Tamarix. (T. germanica.)

Leaf : ^', simple, alternate, entire, Hnear-lance-shaped, blunt,
very small. Flower : p. red (sepals 5, petals S, stamens 10),
small, in terminal spikes ; summer. Europe.

45. Late-flowering Tamarix. (T. Indica.)
Much like last, but blossoms in fall (August, September) on
same year's growth. Europe. Africa.

46. Rose of Sharon. Shrubby Althaea. (Hibiscus syriacus.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, coarsely serrate, 3-lobed (mid-
dle one usually tapering), rather ovate, base wedge-shaped.
Flower : p. rose-color, purplish or white, 3' across (petals 5 or
many, many stamens joined in tube-form, their bases adhering to
base of petals), single along branch ; September ; arboreal shrub.
Syria.

47. Erica. (E. carnea.)
Leaf : »^', simple, 3- or 4-whorled, linear, small, smooth, edge
slightly rolled under. Flower : m. flesh-red, small (corolla
tubular, contracted at apex, 4-toothed, stamens 8, style i) ; April,
May. Alps, Ireland.

48. Weigelas. (Weigela.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate-lance-shaped.
Flower : m. tubular with lobed border, 5 stamens, i style ; spe-
cific details as follows :

(a) IV. rosea : flower rose-red, corolla i' long or more ; May,
June ; 3°-7° ; a variety has variegated foliage.
392

Description of Foreign Shrubs

(b) W. Desboissii : like last, but flowers much deeper rose.

(c) W, Candida : like rosea, but flowers cream-white.

(d) W. Abel Carriere : like rosea, but flowers bright rose.

(e) W. Eva Ratke : like rosea, but flowers a clear, brilliant
crimson.

(f) W. Lavallei : hybrid ; like rosea, but flowers dark reddish
purple; straggling.

(g) W. amabilis : leaf wrinkled, rather large. Flower red or
white, broadening suddenly from base, 3-clustered.

49. Chinese Azalea. (A. mollis.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, entire, elliptical, hairy (as also
branches). Flower : m. yellow (corolla broad-bell-shaped, 5-
lobed, stamens 5), clustered ; May ; 2°-3°.

SO. Silver-leaved Oleaster. (Elaeagnus argentea.)
Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, entire, oval, silvery on both
sides. Flower : yellowish, fragrant, perianth bell-shaped,
lobes spreading, stamens and pistil in each, mostly ; stamens as
many as perianth-lobes ; June- August ; fruit red ; young branches
beset with brown scales ; 6°-i8°. Western States ; sometimes a
tree.

51. Buffalo-berry. (Shepherdia argentea.)
Like the last, but leaf oblong, narrowed at base ; flowers mostly
staminate and pistillate, stamens twice as many as lobes.

52. Smoke-tree. (Rhus cotinus.)
Leaf: i^'-3', simple, alternate, entire, broad-oval to round-
ish, smooth, thickish, quite long-stemmed. Flower : p. yel-
lowish, small (petals and stamens 5), in panicles, abundant ;
June ; 4°-io°. Europe. The lengthened flower-stems are later
much branched and hairy, giving a cloudy effect, whence the
name; shrub or low tree. (PI. III.)

53. Kerria. Corchorus. (K. japonica.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, alternate, serrate, lance-ovate, thin.
Flower : p. yellow, handsome (petals 5, many stamens), in

393

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

single and full-double varieties, the latter somewhat like small
full roses; May; branches bright green from March on ; another
form has foliage white-variegated ; 2°-5°. (PI. III.)

54. Buffalo or Missouri Currant. (Ribes aureum.)
Leaf: 2', simple, alternate, 3-lobed and coarse-toothed,
roundish. Flower : p. bright yellow, spicy-fragrant (petals
and stamens 5, styles 2 or i), in small racemes bearing leafy
bracts ; early spring ; berries blackish, tasteless. Western
States. (PI. III.)

55. St. John's-wort. (Hypericum moserianum.)
Leaf : i' or more, simple, opposite, entire, with translucent

dots. Flower: p. yellow, large, 2' or more across (petals 5,
many stamens), abundant, low shrub.

56. Siberian Pea-tree. (Caragana arborescens.)
Leaf : even-pinnate ; leaflets, S-16, i' long, entire, elliptical,

somewhat hairy, prickly-pointed. Flo\\t:r : yellow, pea-shaped,
in umbels; May; 6°-i2". Siberia; slightly arboreal. (PI. III.)

57. Bladder-senna. (Colutea arborescens.)
Leaf: odd-pinnate ; leaflets, about 11, i', entire, oval, emargi-
nate, dull green. Flower : yellow, pea-shaped, 3-6-clustered,
throughout summer ; of arboreal figure. Europe. (PI. III.)

58. Holly-leaved Barberry. (Mahonia aquifolium.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-9, 2', spiny-toothed, oval
or long-ovate, very glossy. Flower : p. yellow (petals 6, i sta-
men m/r^«^ of each petal, their anthers with hinged valves at
top like trap-door, i pistil), in racemes ; spring, berries black or
blue with bloom ; 2°. Oregon. (PI. IV,)

59. European Elder. (Sambucus nigra.)
Leaf : odd-pinnate ; leaflets, mostly 5, 1-3', serrate, long-ovate,
long-pointed. Flower : m. yellowish- white, fragrant (corolla
394

PLATE III

7. Azalea amoena. 42. (V2)

8. Smoke-tree 52. (V2)

9. Kcrria japonica. 53. (V3)

Missouri Currant. 54. (-/a)
Siberian Pea-tree. 56. (V2)
Bladder-senna. 57. Q/3)

395

TBE mm

OF TliE
UHIVERSITY OF ILUHOIS

Description of Foreign Shrubs

wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, stamens 5, 3-5 stigmas without styles) in
compound clusters ; June ; fruit black. Var. aurea has yellow-
variegated foliage.

60. Lycium. (L. chinensis.)

Leaf: i%'-2}4.\ simple, alternate, entire, oval, base tapering;
branches drooping, seldom thorny, whole plant smooth. Flower :
blue-violet (corolla short-funnel-shaped with 5 spreading lobes, 5
stamens projecting from corolla-tube, bearded at base). China.
(PI. IV.)

61. Rhododendron. (R. ponticum.)

Leaf : 4'-6', simple, alternate, entire, obovate-lance-shaped,
base tapering, evergreen, thick, smooth. Flower : m. purple,
very open-bell-shaped (corolla 5-lobed, stamens 10, style i), in
terminal clusters, late spring ; low shrub. Pontus, etc.

62. Rhododendron. (R. hybridum.)

Leaf essentially as in last ; flower variable in color by grafting
foreign upon native stock.

63. Syringa. Lilac. (Syringa.)

In ail lilacs the leaf (3-4') is simple, opposite, entire ; flower is
m. tubular, with 4-lobed and more or less spreading border, in
large clusters ; details as follows :

(a) S. Josikcea : leaf elliptical, base tapering, glossy, lighter
beneath, somewhat fleshy, not hairy. Flower deep violet-blue,
odorless, lobes not spreading ; June ; 8°-i2°. Hungary.

(b) S. Persica : leaf lance-ovate. Flower white, corolla-lobes
wtV^-spreading or flat when fully open, rather loosely clustered ;
2 varieties, alba and rubra (reddish flowers), in Park.

(c) .S", vulgaris alba : leaf ovate, base somewhat cordate.
Flower fragrant, lobes somewhat spreading, in crowded compound
panicles ; spring ; color white and red in varieties alba and rubra.
Eastern Europe.

(d) S. villosa : flower light purple in bud, then white ; two
weeks later than other lilacs.

397

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

64. Hydrangea. (H. hortensis.)

Leaf : s'-s', simple, opposite, serrate, oval, bright green.
Flower : blue, purple, pink or white, almost all neutral and en-
larged, in large, dense, roundish clusters ; half-hardy. China.

65. Aucuba. (A, japonica.)

Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, somewhat serrate, oblong-ovate,
large, bright green, commonly yellow-marbled. Flower : p.
dull purple, minute, staminate and pistillate (petals and stamens
4, style short, stigma capitate), in small panicles ; handsome red
berries. Japan.

66. Japanese Oleaster. (Elseagnus longipes.)

Leaf : 1-2', simple, alternate, serrate, thick, dark green
above, silvery-white beneath. Flower : greenish-white, incon-
spicuous, perianth bell-shaped, 4-8-lobed. Fruit large, bright red
in July ; 3°-5°-

67. Tree Box. (Buxus sempervirens.)

Leaf : i', simple, opposite, entire, evergreen, thick. Flower :
greenish (no corolla, 4 sepals, 4 stamens or 3 styles) in small
lateral clusters ; erect, compact shrub with single trunk ; from the
Mediterraneanu

68. Japanese Spindle-tree. (Euonymus japonica..

Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, finely serrate, obovate, glossy.
Flower : p. greenish-white (obovate petals and stamens 4,
latter borne on flat disk, slender style), in small clusters ; globular
pods bright colored ; branchlets 4-angled.

69. Chinese Barberry. (Berberis Thunbergii.)

Leaf : 5^', simple, alternate, entire or sparingly serrate, obo-
vate or with tapering base. Flower : p. yellow (sepals, petals
and stamens 6, latter with lid at top of anther !), clustered ; May ;
stems brownish red, usually thorny at base of leaves.
398

Description of Foreign Shrubs

70. Evergreen Thorn. (Cotoneaster pyracantha.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, round-toothed, ovate-lance-
shaped, glossy, evergreen, not hairy ; young shoots yellow-hairy.
Flower: p. white (petals and styles 5, stamens many), pani-
cled ; May ; fruit like peas, scarlet ; 4°-6° ; thorny. Europe.

71. Japanese Quince. (Pirus japonica.)

Leaf : 2', simple, alternate, entire, oval to oblong, with
wedge-shaped base, a little glossy. Flower : p. rosy, scarlet,
to white (petals 5 or more), rather large, handsome, before or
with the leaves ; first of May ; somewhat thorny.

72. Lycium. (L. barbarum.)

Leaf : i>^'-2_^', simple, alternate, entire, oblong-lance-shaped,
base tapering ; branches drooping, fine-hairy, often thorny.
Flower : m. purplish- white, rather salver-shaped or funnel-
form (corolla 5 lobed, 5 stamens, bearded at base) ; summer
Northwestern Africa.

73. Evergreen Buckthorn. (Rhamnus alaternus.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, alternate, serrate, oblong to elliptical,
dark, glossy, leathery, evergreen. Flower : p. white, small
(petals and stamens 4-5, latter standing on a disk), in lateral
clusters ; often thorny.

74. Chinese Aralia. (A. chinensis.)

Leaf : twice or thrice pinnate, opposite ; leaflets, 5-7, oval,
pointed, serrate ; stem fine-hairy. Flower : p. whitish (petals
and stamens 5, styles 5 or 2), small, in large compound clusters ;
August, September ; 6°-9'' ; thorny. (PI. IV.)

75. Barberry. (Berberis Fortunei.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 7-9, small, lance-elliptical, dark green
above. Flower : much as in 69, but crowded, short-stemmed ;
June ; thorny. North China.

399

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

76. Roses. (Rosa.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7 (1-2'), serrate. Flow-
er : of the rose type, p. petals 5 or many, stamens many ; stems
thorny (except in Boursaltii) ; specific details as follows :

(a) R. canina : leaflets, 5-7, elliptical, not hairy ; prickles
stout, sickle-shaped. Flower rosy, sepals feathery ; June ; fruit
oblong, dark red ; s'-q". Europe.

(b) R. centifolia : leaflets, 5, oval, hairy beneath. Flower rose-
color, large, full double (calyx-lobes mostly somewhat pinnate),
single, on long stems ; June ; stems erect, with stout curved
thorns.

(c) R. rugosa : leaflets, 7, oval, pointed, dark vivid green,
thickish, somewhat wrinkled. Flower rose-red, petals 5. Var.
with white flowers ; June. (PI. II.)

(d) R. Boursaltii : leaflets, 7, oval, base tapering, thin.
Flower deep pink, petals 5 ; shrub and vine ; thornless.

77. European Raspberry. (Rubus idaeus.)
Leaf : pinnate (7 leaflets) or trifoliate ; leaflets serrate, more
or less white-cottony beneath, ovate, pointed. Flower : p.
white (petals 5, about or quite as small as sepals, stamens many),
in small clusters ; May, June ; thorny.

78. European Raspberry. (Rubus fruticosa.)
Leaf: palmate; leaflets, 5, serrate. Flower: p. reddish

(details as in last, but petals not as small), in loose, terminal
clusters ; June, July ; fruit black ; thorny.

79. Cut-leaved Raspberry. (Rubus laciniata.)
Leaf : palmate ; leaflets, 5, fringe-cut, hairy beneath.

Flower : p. violet (details as in last), in large, terminal clus-
ters ; July, August ; thorny. (PI. IV.) (The illustration should
have been palmate.)

80. Japanese Aralia. (A. pentaphylla.)

Leaf : palmate, opposite ; leaflets, 5, serrate, elliptical, pointed,
pale green. Flower : as in 74 ; thorny. (PI. IV.)
400

PLATE IV

13. Holly-leaved Barberry. 58. (V3)

14. Lycium. 60. {^U)

15. Cut-leaved Raspberry. 79. (Va)

[6. Aralia pentaphylla. 80. (Va)

17. Chinese Aralia. 74. O/q)

18. Forsythia vindissima. O. (2/4)

401

THE LIERHRY

OF THE

UmVERSlTY OF JLUHOIS

Description of Foreign Shrubs

8i. European Hazel-nut. (Corylus avellana, with var. atro-
purpurea.)

Leaf • 3-4', simple, alternate, serrate, slightly roundish, base
cordate, downy when young. Flower : staminate in slender
dense catkins ; fertile in a small "head"; oval nut, i' long, en-
closed in deeply lobed involucre of about same length ; young
shoots bristly. Var. atropurpurea has dark purple foliage which
becomes almost green by fall.

403

FOREIGN VINES IN CENTRAL
PARK

(Comprising the principal foreign hardy vines cultivated
in the Northeastern United States.)

ANALYTICAL KEY

THORNLESS :

Leaves Simple :

Vines climbing by small rootlets terminating in sucker-
like disks : 1-3, 5 (" Native Vines," 3)

Vines climbing by tendrils : 7

Vines climbing by twining branches or leaf-stems :
8-10, 16 (" Native Vines," 42, 58)

Vines trailing : 11, 12 (" Native Vines," 54, 98)
Lea\':es Pinnate or Trifoliate :
Alternate : I, 6, 13, 24
Opposite : 4, 14-19 (" Foreign Shrubs," 10)

Leaves Palmate: 20
THORNY : 21-24 (" Native Vines," 98)

404

DESCRIPTION OF FOREIGN VINES

I. Ampelopsis. " Boston Ivy." (A. veitchii.)
Leaf: simple or pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 3 or 5, i'-4',
coarse-serrate, glossy, ovate-long- pointed or elliptical, smooth ;
sometimes, especially in young plants only simple, ivy-lobed.
Flower: inconspicuous (petals 4-5, soon falling, stamens 4-5),
clustered ; a delicate climber ; deciduous ; climbing by rootlets
with sucker-like disks ; var. /rzV^/<7r has variegated foliage. (PI. I.)

2. Irish or Scotch Ivy. (Hedera hibernica.)
Leaf: 2-3', simple, alternate, 3-5-lobed (sometimes entire),
evergreen, glossy. Flower : p. greenish-yellow (petals, stamens
and styles 5 or 10), clustered ; berries black ; not essentially dif-
ferent from common ivy, of which it is perhaps only a variety %
climbing by rootlets. (PI. I.)

3. Schizophragma hydrangeoides.

Leaf : 2-4', simple, opposite, serrate, ovate-cordate to rouna-
ish, long-pointed, glossy, long-stemmed. Flower : p. white or
flesh-colored (petals 5), in terminal cymes 6' across, fall ; vigor-
ous, climbing by rootlets. Japan. (PI. I.)

4. Great-flowered Trumpet-flower. (Tecoma grandiflora.)
Leaf: pinnate, opposite; leaflets, 5-11, 2-3', serrate, lance-
shaped, narrower than in native species radicans. Flower :
scarlet and orange-yellow, 3' broad and long (corolla wide-bell-
shaped, 5-lobed) ; climbing less than radicans, by rootlets.
Japan.

5. Spindle-tree. (Euonymus radicans.)
Leaf: i>^', simple, opposite, serrate, roundish or oval, rather
leathery, evergreen. Flower : greenish, small (petals and sta-
405

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

mens 4-5, latter on a disk, i style, 3-5-lobed stigma), clustered ;
climbing by rootlets with sucker-like disks ; a variety has varie-
gated foliage.

6. Everlasting Pea. (Lathyrus latifolia.)
Leaf: pinnate, alternate; leaflets, 2, oval, entire, the leaf-
stalk ending in a tendril ; leaf- and plant-stems wing-margined,
the latter broadly (and not hairy). Flower : pink-purple (with
a white variety), odorless, pea-shaped, in racemes ; climbing by
tendrils. Europe. (PI. I.)

7. European Grape. (Vitis vinifera.)

Leaf: 3-4', simple, alternate, serrate, 3-5-lobed, cordate at
base, rounded, woolly beneath when young. Flower : greenish,
somewhat fragrant (petals and stamens 5), in large clusters ; late
in spring ; tendril-bearing.

8. Honeysuckle. (Lonicera Halleana.)

Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, almost evergreen.
Flower : m. pure white, turning yellow (corolla tubular, with 5
lobes), flowering from July more or less till late fall ; a scarcely
distinguishable variety of the next ; twining.

9. Honeysuckle. (Lonicera japonica.)
Leaf : 2'-3', simple, opposite, entire, oval or long-ovate,
short-stemmed, stem downy. Flower : m, white, later yellow,
often reddish or purplish outside (corolla, as in last, in pairs) ;
berries blackish ; twining.

10. Honeysuckle. (Lonicera brachypoda.)
Leaf : 2-3', simple, opposite, entire, ovate-oblong, apex
pointed, smooth, on short stem. Flower : m. yellow (corolla as
in last), in small lateral clusters, almost stemless ; very fragrant ;
twining. Japan.

II. Common Periwinkle. (Vinca minor.)
Leaf : 2', simple, opposite, entire, lance-elliptical, glossy,
evergreen. Flower: m. bright blue, rarely white (corolla
406

Description of Foreign Vines

salver-shaped, 5-lobed, 5 stamens, i style), single ; spring and
eariy summer ; stems creeping, blossoming branchlets upright ;
suitable for shady spots under trees. Europe.

12. Prostrate Juniper. (Juniperus squamata.)
Leaf : X'» sharp, rigid, in threes ; see under Foreign Trees.

13. Chinese Wistaria. (W. sinensis.)
Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 9-15, 2-3', entire, lance-
ovate. Flower : purplish-blue, pea-shaped (only i appendage
at base of " wing" petals, instead of 2, as in native species), in
dense racemes longer than in native, and the vine higher-climb*
ing ; often twice-flowering in season ; twining.

14. Sweet-scented Clematis. (C. paniculata.)
Leaf : pinnate (simply or doubly), opposite ; leaflets, 3 to 5
or more, entire or lobed, ovate to long-ovate, long-stemmed.
Flower : white, small, fragrant (no corolla, usually 4 white
sepals, many stamens and pistils), in panicles, profuse ; mid-
summer ; fruit with feathery appendage. Europe ; climbing by
twisted leaf-stalks. (PI. L)

15. Sweet-scented Clematis. (C. flammula.)
Much like last, but leaflets commonly lobed, and flowers less
profuse. Europe.

16. Clematis. (C. Jackmannii.)

Leaf : trifoliate or simple ; leaflets entire, lance-ovate, hairy
beneath, as also stem. Flower : violet-purple, very large,
single, with 6 outspread sepals, widest in middle ; summer ; climb-
ing by twisted leaf-stalks. Japan.

17. Clematis. (C. lanuginosa.)
Like last, but blossoms bright blue.

18. Clematis. (C. Henryi.)
Like last, but blossoms creamy-white and still larger.
407

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

19. Clematis. (C. coccinea.)

Leaf much as in foregoing, but smaller, more delicate, and
rather roundish ; irregular ; flower scarlet, somewhat tubular,
slightly spreading at apex, not profuse ; inferior to all the others.

20. Akebia. (A. quinata.)

Leaf : palmate; leaflets, 5, I'-i^', oval to roundish, entire,
notched at apex, rather long-stemmed. Flower : violet, pistil-
late and staminate (3 concave sepals), in small lateral clusters ;
April, May. Japan. (PI. I.)

21. Field Rose. (Rosa arvensis.)

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 5-7, serrate, oval, stem hairy and
often prickly. Flower : white, seldom red, single or clustered ;
June, July ; low, creeping or climbing ; with curved thorns.

22. Crimson Rambler.

Leaf : pinnate ; leaflets, 5-7, serrate, oval, glossy. Flower :
crimson, small, semi-double, in very profuse clusters ; May, June.
Japan ; thorny.

23. Yellow Rambler.

Much like last, but blossoms yellow in bud, yellow-tinged
when half-opened, white when fully grown, 2'-2^' across, 6-10-
clustered, slightly fragrant ; thorny.

24. Memorial Rose. (R. Wichuriana.)

Leaf : pinnate, alternate ; leaflets, 5-7, small, oval, serrate.
Flower: pure white, profuse, i>4'-2' across, yellow stamens,
blooming throughout July ; low and trailing ; good for rockeries,
etc., a Japanese variety.

408

PLATE I

1. Ampelopsis veitchii. I. (Vt)

2. Scotch Ivy. 2. (V3)

3. Schizophragma. 3. (Vj)

4. Everlasting Pea. 6. ('/s)

5. Clematis paniculata. 14. ('/a^

6. Akebia quinata. 20. (^/o)

409

THE LIBRWY

OF THE

UHlVEBSiTY 0? ILLWGIS

PLANT-STRUCTURE

LEAF : leaves are simple and compound ;

Simple, when in one piece ; Fig. i.

Compound, when in parts so distinct that each part looks like
a small but complete leaf ; the subdivisions are called leaflets ;
in a twice-compound leaf each leaflet is similarly subdivided ;
Fig. 2.

COMPOUND LEAVES are of two sorts : pinnate and
palmate.

Pinnate has the leaflets along the stem, and at right angles
with it ; even- and odd-pinnate differ in regard to the end-leaflet ;
Fig. 2.

Palmate has all the leaflets radiating from the apex of the
leaf-stem ; Fig. 3.

ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON BRANCH. Fig. 4

Leaves are arranged in four ways :

Alternate, when following along singly on branch (a).

Opposite, when in pairs, on opposite sides of branch (b).

Whorled, when three or more circle around stem at same
point (c).

Indeterminate, when closely and irregularly crowded on
stem (d).

Most leaves have longer or shorter stems, but some are stem-
less or sessile.

FORMS OF SIMPLE LEAVES

The general form of a leaf (Fig. 5) may be roundish (a),
oval (b), oblong (c), ovate (d), obovate (e), elliptical (f), arrow-
shaped (g), halberd-shaped (h), lance-shaped (i), linear (j), or
requiring some combination of these terms.

411

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

The base (Fig. 6) may be square (a), rounded (b), tapering
(c), wedge-shaped (d), pointed (e), or cordate (more or less heart-
shaped) (f).

The apex may be blunt, sharp, taper-pointed, or notched
(emarginate) (Fig. 7).

The edge (Fig. S) may be entire (a), wavy (b), or variously
cut ; when the incisions are small, it is serrate or toothed (c) ;
when large, lobed (d) ; with long, sharp projections it is bristle-
pointed (e) ; there is great variety in size and form of teeth and
lobes ; many leaves are both serrate and lobed. All the varia-
tions in form and edge of simple leaves may occur in the leaflets
of a compound leaf.

BLOSSOM

A complete blossom has four distinctive parts : viz., calyx, co-
rolla, stamens and pistil (Fig. 9).

Calyx : this is an outer whorl, usually resembling minute
narrow green leaves, either distinct from each other, or more or
less grown together, and often with only the apex of each distinct,
in the form of a tooth ; the parts of the calyx are called sepals.

Corolla : this is an inner whorl, usually much larger than the
calyx, and variously colored — the showy part of the flower ; the
parts, called /<r/a/r, are either distinct, or more or less grown to-
gether, often separate only at the apex, the lobes showing the
number of petals. When the petals are entirely distinct the blos-
som is called polypetalous (many-petaled) (Fig. 10) ; when more
or less united by their edges, monopetalous (one-petaled) (Fig.
11) ; if corolla and calyx are not both present, it is the corolla that
is lacking, while the calyx is often colored like a corolla ; the
flower is then apetalous (without petals).

Stamens (Fig. 12) : consisting of filament and anther ; the
former usually slender and thread-like, enlarged at apex into the
anther that contains the pollen ; the filament is sometimes short
and stout.

Pistil (Fig. 13) : consisting of seed-case (a) at base of flower,
surmounted by an erect slender style (b) (much like filament of
stamen), longer or shorter, and swollen at apex into a stigma (c),
for receiving the pollen,

412

]> c d e f g K i j

« ■ •

413

THE LIBRARY

OF THE

UWVEaSlTY OF ILUKOIS

e f

415

THE imm

OF THE
UWVEaSiTY OF ILLIKCIS

Plant-Structure

A staminate flower has stamens, but no pistil ; a pistillate
flower has pistil, but no stamens ; this form of growth prevails in
the catkin-bearing (amentaceous) trees and shrubs ; sometimes
the two forms grow on the same plant ; sometimes only the stami-
nate on one, the pistillate on another, as in the ailanthus.

ARRANGEMENT OF BLOSSOMS

Blossoms grow either suigly or in clusters. Clusters are of
different forms :

An UMBEL contains few or several blossoms, whose separate
stems grow from almost the same point on the branch, as in
cherry or apple-tree (Fig. 14).

A RACEME is a slender, leafless, unbranched stalk, bearing
numerous blossoms (with stems) throughout its length (Fig. 15).

A SPIKE is a raceme densely crowded with minute stemless
blossoms (Fig. 16).

A PANICLE is a leafless branching stem covered with blossoms ;
in other words a compound raceme : both raceme and panicle
commonly bear the rudiments of leaves, often called bracts : a
leafy raceme has the leaves somewhat developed (Fig. 17).

A CORYMB is a raceme, in which the lower flower-stems are Ion-
ger, producing a flat-topped or convex cluster (Fig. 18). Com-
pound corymbs and cymes often have an immense number of
blossoms, as in the hydrangea and hobble-bush.

A CYME is much like a corymb, flat-topped or convex, but the
middle flowers developing first.

A HEAD is a dense spherical mass of small blossoms (Fig. 19).

A CATKIN or AMENT is much like a spike, but the blossoms
are very rudimentary, having no corolla (sometimes no calyx),
staminate and pistillate, and 1-4-clustered, each cluster under a
scale or minute bract, and crowded on the stem (Fig. 20). Cat-
kins are usually /i?«^i?;z/, spikes erect.

A CONE is a longer or shorter (occasionally spherical) growth,
covered with broad, flat, rigid scales against which (with no cov-
ering) lie the seeds (Fig. 21).

Blossoms (single or clustered) are terminal or lateral, accord-
ing as they are borne at the end of the branch, or along the side.
417

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

These general facts of plant-structure, with the added glossar)-,
suffice to explain all of the more technical terms used in the fol-
lowing descriptions. In the case of white-blossoming shrubs, it
must be noted, first of all, whether the petals are distinct, or
somewhat cohering by their edges (i.e., whether the flower is
polypetalous or monopetalotis), as the first two groups are based
upon this difference : p. means polypetalous ; m. means mono-
.petalous.

418

419

THE LIBRiRY

OF THE

OHIVEBSITY OF ILLIKOIS

GLOSSARY

OF BOTANICAL TERMS USED IN THIS
BOOK

Acuminate : tapering to a sharp point.

Alpine : on high mountains above the forest limit.

Amentaceous : like an ament or catkin, Fig. 20.

Anther : top of the stamen, containing the pollen, Fig. 12, b.

Apetalous : without petals.

Apex : top of leaf, petal or sepal.

Appressed : lying parallel with and close to stem.

Awl-shaped : pointed, and with broad base.

Beaked : surmounted by a slender, stem-like growth.

Bloom : white, powdery coating, which rubs off.

Bract : minute leaf, often at base of flower-stem, single or clustered.

Bristly: long- stiff-hairy.

Calyx : outer circle of green leaves in a blossom, Fig. 9.

Catkin : long, slender cluster of minute stemless flowers. Fig. 20.

Compound leaf: a leaf divided into several leaf-like parts, Figs.

2, 3-
Cordate : rather heart-shaped.

Corolla: inner circle of leaves in a blossom, Fig. 9.
Corymb : a flat- or round-topped flower-cluster. Fig. 18.
Crenate : with rounded teeth.
Crowded leaves : growing too closely to be distinctly alternate or

opposite. Fig. 4, d.
Cyme : flattish-topped flower-cluster, the central ones developing

first.

Deciduous : of foliage, falling in autumn.
Dissected : of leaves, cut into numerous deep lobes.

421

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Double flowers : with additional petals, by transformation of
stamens.

Elliptical: long-oval.

Emarginate : slightly notched at apex.

Entire : a leaf-edge unbroken by teeth or lobes, Fig. 8, a.

Even-pinnate : with an even number of leaflets.

Evergreen: retaining foliage over winter; distinctively applied to
the type of foliage in cone-bearing plants.

Exserted: when stamens protrude above the top of the corolla-
tube.

Fascicled: densely clustered, and radiating from one point, as

leaves in the larch.
Filament: thread-like stem of anther, Fig. I2, a.

Habitat: area of natural growth.

Halberd-shaped : tapering, with abrupt lobes projecting at base,

Fig. 5, h.
Head : a globular mass of flowers, Fig. 19.
Heart-shaped : referring especially to rounded indentation at base

of leaf, Fig. 6, f.

Involucre : cluster of bracts at base of a flower-cluster.

Keeled : sharply ridged along the middle.

Leaflets : the leaf-like subdivisions of a compound leaf, Figs. 2, 3.
Lobed : leaf-edge deeply cut. Fig. 8, d.

Midrib : central vein in a leaf.

Monopetalous : with all the petals more or less united, Fig. Ii.

Mucronate : abruptly tipped with a short point.

Obovate: reverse ovate, broad end at top.

Odd-pinnate : with an odd number of leaflets.

Opposite: with leaves on exactly opposite sides of stem. Fig. 4, b.

Oval : somewhat flattened circle.

Ovoid : applied to fruit when oval or ovate.

Palmate leaf : with all its leaflets radiating from same point,
Fig. 3.

422

Glossary

Panicle : a loose, lengthened compound flower-cluster, Fig. 1 7.

Papilionaceous : of butterfly-shape.

Perianth : calyx and corolla together, especially applied when

they are colored alike.
Petal: leaf of corolla.

Pinnate leaf: with leaflets along a branch-like stem. Fig. 2.
Pistil : the seed-producing organ, Fig. 13.
Pistillate : said of a flower bearing a pistil without stamens.
Pith : " marrow " of a stem.

Polypetalous : with petals entirely distinct. Fig. 10.
Prickles : sharp-pointed outgrowth of bark.

Raceme: a lengthened, unbranched flower-cluster. Fig. 15.
Radical : growing directly from the ground, not from a branch.

Scabrous : rough-hairy.

Sepal: a leaf of the calyx.

Serrate : toothed edge of a leaf. Fig. 8, c.

Simple : said of a leaf when in one piece, Fig. i.

Spike : a raceme of crowded, stemless flowers. Fig. 16.

Spine: a minute, sharp-pointed branch, outgrowth of the wood,

not of the bark.
Stamen: pollen-producing organ. Fig. 12.
Staminate : said of a flower bearing stamens without pistil.
Stigma: summit of pistil, Fig. 13, c.
Stipules : minute, leaf-like bracts, sometimes (in pairs) at base of

leaf-stem, and more or less coherent with it.
Style : support of stigma, Fig. 13, b.

Tendril: a thread-like growth in vines for supporting the plant.

Terminal: said of blossoms at end, rather than along, a branch.

Thorn : same as spine.

Trifoliate : compound leaf with three leaflets.

Twining : said of vines that twist around the support.

Umbel: flower-cluster whose stems radiate from one point. Fig. 14.

Variety : subdivision of a species.

Veins : composing the framework of a leaf ; the larger ones are
called ribs.

423

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

Wavy-edged: entire, yet slightly undulating. Fig. 8, b.
Wedge-shaped: lower part of leaf tapering with straight edges to

a point.
Whorl: cluster of leaves encircling stem at same point. Fig. 4, c.
Winged: said of a seed with membranous extension, as in maple

and elm.

424

BOTANICAL LIST OF ALL
TREES, SHRUBS, AND VINES
IN CENTRAL PARK

DECIDUOUS AND NON-CONIFEROUS TREES

Acer campestre

dasycarpum

negundo

palmatum

platanoides

polymorphum

polymorphum dissectum

pseudo-platanus

pseudo-platanus, var. atro-
purpureum

rubrum

saccharinum

saccharinum, var. dissec-
tum

tartaricum
j^sculus hippocastanum
Ailanthtis glandulosa
Alnus cordata

glutinosa
Amelanchier canadensis
Aralia spinosa

Betula alba, var. atropurpurea
alba, var. laciniata
alba, var. pendula
lenta

Betula lutea

papyracea

populifolia

rubra
Broussonettia papyrifera

Caragana arborescens
Carpinus americanus

betulus
Carya alba

porcina

sulcata

tomentosa
Castanea americana

saliva
Catalpa bignonioides

bungei
Celtis occidentalis
Cercidophylltcm japonicum
Cercis canadensis

japonica
Citrus trifoliata
Cladrastis tinctoria
Cohitea arborescens
Cornus alternifolia

425

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

DECIDUOUS AND NON-CONIFEROUS TREES— Coni'd

Conius florida alba

Laburnum vulgare

florida rosea

Liquidamber styraciflua

CratcEgus coccinea

Liriodendron tulipifera

crus-galli

flava

Madura aurantica

oxyacantha

Magnolia acuminata

oxyacantha flore plena rosea

conspicua

tomentosa

glauca

macrophylla

Diospyros virginiana

purpurea

soulangeana

EliBagntis angustifolia

tripetala

Fagiis ferruginea

Mortis alba

sylvatica

nigra

sylvatica asplenifolia

rubra

sylvatica atropurpurea

Nyssa multiflora

sylvatica pendula

Fraxinus americana

Ostrya virginiana

excelsior

Oxydendron arboreum

ornus

sambucifolia

Paulownia imperialis

Pavia flava

Gleditschia sinensis

ohioensis

triacanthus

rubra

Gymnecladus canadensis

Phellodendron amurense

Halesia tetraptera

Platanus occidentalis

HippophcB rhamnoides

orientalis

Populus alba

Idesia polycarpa

balsamifera

Ilex aquifolium

dilatata

aquifolium macrophyllum

monilifera

opaca

tremuloides

Juglans cinerea

Prunus cerasus

regia

mahaleb

padus

Kcelreuteria paniculata

pennsylvanicus

426

Botanical List of Trees, Shrubs and Vines

DECIDUOUS AND

NON-CONIFEROUS TREES-C^«/fV

Primus pissardii

Phammis catharticus

serotina

Robinia pseudacacia

spinosa

pseudacacia, var. inermis

Ptelea trifoliata

Pyrus aria

Salisburia adiantifolia

floribunda

Salix alba vitellina

malus

babylonica

spectabilis

discolor

toringo

lancifolia

pentandra

Quercus alba

rosmarinifolia

bicolor

Sassafras officinale

cerris

Sophora japonica

coccinea

imbricaria

Tilia americana

lyrata

europaea

macrocarpa

nigra

Ulmus americana

obtusiloba

campestris

palustris

effusa

phellos

fulva

prinus

montana

robur

parvifolia

robur asplenifolia

robur pendula

Viburnum lentago

rubra

prunifolium

EVERGREEN

AND CONIFEROUS TREES

Abies balsamea

Cedrus atlantica

concolor

libani

excelsa

Cephalotaxus fortunei

fraseri

Cryptomeria japonica

nordmanniana

Cupressus thujoides

orientalis

pungens

Juniperus communis

427

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

EVERGREEN AND

CONIFEROUS TRY^Y.^— Continued

Juniperus prostrata

Finns sylvestris

sabina

taeda

squamata

Pseudo-Larix kaempheri

virginiana

Reiinospora ericoides

Larix americana

obtusa

europaea

obtusa aurea

pisifera

Pintis austriacus

cembra

Taxodium distichum

excelsa

Taxiis baccata

inops

cuspidata

mitis

Thuja gigantea

mugho

occidentalis

rigida

Tsuga canadensis

strobus

Douglasii

SHRUBS

J^scttlus macrostachya

Berberis Thunbergii

Alnus viridis

vulgaris

Amorpha fruticosa

vulgaris purpurea

Amygdalus communis flore Biixiis sempervirens

pleno

Andromeda floribunda

Calluna vulgaris

Aralia chinensis

Calycanthus floridus

pentaphylla

laevigatus

Aucuba japonica

Caragana arborescens

Azalia amoena

Cephalanthus occidentalis

calendulacea

Chionanthus virginica

mollis

Clethra alnifolia

nudiflora

Colutea arborescens

pontica

Cornus mas

viscosa

sanguinea

sericea

Baccharis halimifolia

stolonifera

Berberis Fortunei

stricta

428

Botanical List of Trees, Shrubs and Vines

SHRUBS-

Corylus avellana

avellana atropurpurea
Cotoneaster frigida

vulgaris
Crates gus pyracantha
Cydonia japonica

vulgaris

Deutzia crenata
gracilis
scabra

Elaagnus argentea

longipes
Erica carnea
Euonymus americana

japonica
Exochorda grandiflora

Fontanesia Fortune!
Forsythia Fortune!

suspensa

viridissima

Hamamelis virginica
Hibiscus californicus

syriacus
Hydrangea arborescens

hortensis

nivea

paniculata grandiflora

quercifolia
Hypericum moseriana

Hex verticellata

-Continued
Jasminum nudiflorum

Kalmia latifolia
Kerria japonica

japonica flore pleno

japonica fol. var.

Leucothoe catesbaei
Ligustrtim ibota

italicum

ovalifolium

vulgare
Lindera benzoin
Lonicera fragrantissima

morrowi

rubra

tartarica
Lycium barbarum

chinense

Magnolia stellata
Mahonia aquifolia
Myrica cerifera

Philadelphus coronarius

gordonianus

grandiflorus

inodorus

nana aurea
Prunus maritima

sinensis

virginiana
Pyrus arbutifolia erythrocarpa

arbutifolia melanocarpa

Rhamnus alaternus
frangula
429

Trees, Shrubs and Vines

SHR\JBS— Continued

Rhododendron hybridum

ponticum
Rhodotyptis kerrinoides
Rhus copallina
cotinus
glabra

glabra laciniata
typhina
Ribes aureum
Robinia hispida
Rosa blanda
Boursaltii
canina
centifolia
rubiginosa
rugosa
Riibus fruticosa

fruticosa laciniata

idaeus

odoratus

Sambucus canadensis

nigra

nigra aurea

racemosa
Shepherdia argentea
Spiraa Antonia Wateri

callosa alba

callosa rosea

Douglasii

Fortunei

opulifolia

opulifolia aurea

prunifolia

Reevesii

Reevesii flora pleno

Spircea salicifolia

sorbifolia

Thunbergii

tomentosa

trilobata

Van Houttii
Staphylea colchica

pinnata

trifoliata
Stuartia pentagyna
Styrax japonica
Syniphoricarpits racemosa

vulgaris
Syringa Josikaea

persica alba

persica rubra

villosa

vulgaris alba

vulgaris rubra

Tamarix africana
gallica
indica

Vacciniiini corymbosum

frondosum

vacillans
Viburnufu acerifolium

cassinoides

dentatum

lantana

lantanoides

opulus

oxycoccus

plicatum

tomentosum

430

Botanical List of Trees, Shrubs and Vines

SHRUBS— Con/im^ed

Weigela Abel Carriere Weigela rosea

amabilis rosea fol. var.
Candida

Desboissii Xanihoceras sorbifolia

Eva Rathka Xanthorhiza apiifolia
Lavallei

Akebia quinata
Ampelopsis quinquefolia

tricolor

Veitchii
Aristolochia sipho

Celastrtis scandens
Clematis coccinea

flammula

Ilenryi

Jacqmannii

lanuginosa

paniculata

Euonymus radicans
radicans fol. var.

Hedera hibernica

Juniperus squamata

Lathyrus latifolia
Lonicera brachypoda
halleana

VINES

Lonicera japonica
sempervirens

Periploca graeca

Rhus toxicodendron
Rosa arvensis

Baltimore Belle

crimson rambler

setigera

wichuriana

yellow rambler

Schizophragma hydrang^oides
Smilax rotundifolia

Tecoma grandiflora
radicans

Vifica minor
Fitis aestivalis

labrusca

vinifera

Wistaria fruticosa
sinensis

431

INDEX

The general account of plants precedes, and their detailed description fol-
lows, page i8o. Botanical names are in italics.

Abies balsamea, 2zy

concolor, 371

excelsa, 371

fraseri, 237

nordmanniana, 371

orient alis, 371

pungens, 372
Acacia, 217

Three-thorned, 230
Acer campestre, 365

dasycarpuni, 214

pennsylvanicum, 217

platanoides, 365

polymorphum, 365

var. dissectum atropurpure-
um, 365

pseudo-platanus, 366

rubrum, 214

saccharinuni, 217

spicatum, 217

tartaricum, 366

wierii laciniatum, 217
Adlumia fungosa, 335
^sculus Hava, 226

var. purpurascens, 226

glabra, 226

hippocastanum, 226

macrostachya, 389

pavia, 226
Ailanthus, 65, 221
Ailanthus glandulosus, 221
Akebia quinata, 176, 408
Alder, 158

Black, 167, 252

Alder, European, 67, 356

Green, 296

Hoary, 295

Mountain, 296

Seaside, 194

Smooth, 295

Speckled, 295

White, 155, 206, 251
Alder-Buckthorn, 206
Alligator Pear, 190
Allspice, Carolina, 289

Wild, 282
Alniis cordata, 357

glutinosa, 356

incana, 295

maritima, 194

serulata, 295

viridis, 296
Althaea, Shrubby, 277
Amelanchier canadensis, 198
Amorpha, 141
Amorpha canescens, 290

fruticosa, 290
Ampelopsis, 405
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, 307

veitchii, 405
Amphicarpcea commosa, 332
Amygdalus communis Aore pie-
no, 380
Andromeda, 264, 273

Marsh, 265

Privet, 265
Andromeda Horibunda, 273

ligustrina, 265

433

Index

Andromeda mariana, 264

polifolia, 151, 265
Angelica-tree, 99, 233
Apios tuberosa, 332
Apple, Chinese Crab, 358

Crab, 201

Japanese Flowering, 358

Wild, 201

Wild Balsam, 311
Apple-tree, 358

Toringo, 358
Aralia, Chinese, 165, 399

Japanese, 400
Aralia chinensis, 165, 399

pentaphylla, 165, 400

spinosa, 233
Arborvitae, 238

Giant, 375
Arbutus, Trailing, 316
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 316
Aristolocliia siplio, 318

tomentosa, 351
Arrow-wood, 138, 266, 270

Downy, 266

Few-flowered, 273

Maple-leaved, 138, 269
Ascyriim crux-andrce, 286

stans, 285
Ash, Black, 225

Blue, 226

Carolina Water, 226

European, 367

Flowering, 367

Green, 225

Mountain (American), 222
(European), 222

Prickly, 233

Red, 225

Wafer, 229

Water, 225

White, 225
Ash Trees, 70
Asimina triloba, 189
Aspen, Common, 193

Large-toothed, 193
Aspens, 72

Aucuba japonica, 398
Autumn Scenes, 40
Azalea, 133, 383

Alpine, 274

Chinese, 393

Clammy, 133, 264

Flame-colored, 133, 276

Purple, 133, 276

Smooth, 276

White Swamp, 264
Azalea amcena, 391

mollis, 393

pontica, 383

Baccharis glomeruliftora, 270

halmifolia, 265
Balm of Gilead, 201
Barberry, 135, 399

American, 285

Chinese, 398

Common, 285

Holly-leaved, 171, 394
Basswood, 97, 193

Downy-leaved, 193

White, 193
Bayberry, 170, 295
Beach-pea, 315
Beam-tree, White, 128
Bean, Kidney, 330

Few-flowered, 352

Umbelled, 331

Various-leaved, 331

Wild, 330, 332
Bearberry, 316
Bedstraw, 339

Hairy, 340

Rough, 339

Small, 340

Sweet-scented, 340
Beech, 198

American, 66

Cut-leaved, 213

European, 66, 357

Purple-leaved, 67, 357

Water, 197

Weeping, 92, 357

434

Index

Berheris, canadensis, 285

fortunei, 399

thunbergii, 398

vulgaris, 285
Berchemia voluhilis, 349
Betula alba, var. atropurpurea,
362

var. laciniata, 213

glandulosa, 300

/^nfc, 194

/«*^a, 197

papyrifera, 194

populifolia, 205

pumila, 29s

rubra, 197
Bignonia, 351
Bignonia capreolata, 351
Bilberry, 274

Bog, 274
Bilsted, 210
Bindweed, Black, 318

Bristly jointed, 321

Hedge, 322
Birch, Black, 87, 194

Canoe, 194

Cut-leaved, 213

Dwarf, 300

Gray, 197, 205

Low, 295

Paper, 87, 194

Purple-leaved, 363

Red, 197

River, 87, 197

Sweet, 194

White, 88, 205

Yellow, 87, 197
Birches, 87
Birth wort, 351
Bittersweet, 177, 321, 325
Black Haw, 84, 214
Black Jack, 210
Blackberry, Common, 263
High, 263
Low, 263, 344
Low Bush, 263
Running Swamp, 344

Blackberry, Sand, 263
Bladder-nut, 256, 389
Bladder-senna, 119, 168, 394
Blue Tangle, 277
Blueberry, 270

Canada, 274

Common High, 264

Low, 264

Swamp, 166, 264
Boneset, Climbing, 330
Borrichia frutescens, 287
Boston Ivy, 405
Box, Tree, 139, 398
Box-Elder, 96, 225
Breweria, 317
Breweria pickeringii, 317
Broom Crowberry, 288
Broussonettia papyrifera, 357
Brunnichia cirrhosa, 351
Buckeye, Big, 226

Fetid, 226

Ohio, 226

Purplish, 226

Red, 226

Sweet, 226
Buckthorn, 384

Alder-leaved, 291

Common, 291

Evergreen, 399

Lance-leaved, 291

Southern, 230

Western, 230
Buckwheat, Climbing False,

321
Buffalo-berry, 155, 393
Buffalo-nut, 290
Bumelia lanuginosa, 230

lycioides, 230
Burning-Bush, 290
Butterfly-Pea, 331

Spurred, 331
Butternut, 122, 222
Button ball, 213
Button-bush, 171, 265
Button wood, loi, 213
Buxus sempervirens, 398

435

Index

Calico-Bush, 275
Callicarpa, 2T2,
Callicarpa aniericana, 273
Calluna vulgaris, 281
Calycanthus iloridus, 154. 289
nanus, 289
occidentalis, 154
Calycocarpum lyoni, 352
Caragana arborescens, 394
Carpinus betulus, 357

caroliniana, 197
Carrion-Flower, 311

Yellowish, 312
Cassandra calyculata, 153, 264
Cassena, 259

Castanea pumila, 201, 299
sativa, 357

var. aniericana, 198
Catalogue of trees, shrubs, and
vines in Central Park, 4, 425
Catalpa, 98, 214
Japanese, 365
Catalpa bignonoides, 214

bungei, 365
Cat-Brier, 340
Ceanothus americanus, 251
Cedar, Himalayan, 368
of Lebanon, 119, 368
Red, 238
White, 238
Cedrus atlantica, 368

libani, 368
Celastrus scandens, 321
Celtis occidentalis, 198
Central Park, Routes in, 57, 77y
91, 105, 129
Views in, 29
Centrosema virginianum, 331
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 171,

265
Cephalotaxus fortunei, 371
Cercidophyllum japonicum, 365
Cercis canadensis, 189

japonic a, 356
Chamcecyparis thyoides, 238
Checkerberry, 321

Cherry, Asiatic, 357
Chinese Dwarf, 380
Cornelian, 31, 146, 380
Dwarf, 250
European, 86, 358
Grape, 358
Rum, 198

Wild Black, 85, 198
Wild Red, 198
Chestnut, 75, 198
Chinese, 165
Dwarf, 299
European, 357
Chinquapin, 299

(Chestnut), 201
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, 317
Chionanthes virginica, 213
Choke-berry, 251
Choke-cherry, 251
Cinque-foil, Common, 336

Shrubby, 288
Citrus trifoliata, 368
Cladrastis tinctoria, 218
Classification of native trees by

the type of blossom, 18
Clematis, 335, 351. 407» 4o8
Japanese and European, 176
Pitcher's, 352
Sweet-scented, 407
Whorled, 335
Clematis, cylindrica, 351
coccinea, 408
flammula, 407
henryi, 407
jackma7inii, 407
lanuginosa, 407
paniculata, 407
pitcheri, 352
verticil laris, 335
viorna, 336
virginiana, 335
Clethra acuminata, 155, 206

alnifolia, 155, 251
Climbing Fern, 322
Clitoria mariana, 331
Clover, Bush, 332

436

Index

Clover, Running Buffalo, 336

White, 339
Club-Moss, Carolina, 347

Common, 347

Interrupted, 347

Northern, 347
Cocculus, 349
Cocculus carolinus, 349
Colutea arborescens, 119, 168,

394
Compound leaf-type, 53
Convolvulus, Field, 318
Convolvulus arvensis, 318

sepium, 322
Coral-berry, 165, 278
Corchorus, 169, 393
Corema conradii, 288
Cork-tree, 366
Cornus, alternifolia, 189

asperifolia, 260

circinata, 255

iiorida, 213

mas, 380

paniculata, 256

sanguinea, 386

sericea, 255

stolonifera, 256

striata, 260
Corylopsis, 164

spicoto, 164
Corylus americana, 296

avellana, 403

van atropurpurea, 403

ro strut a, 2g6
Cotoneaster, 383
Cotoneaster frigida, 383

pyracantlia, 399

vulgaris, 392
Cottonwood, 71, 205

Angled, 206

Swamp, 194
Cowberry, 316
Cranberry, American, 316

Large, 316

Small, 316
Cranberry-Bush, High, 269

Cranberry-Tree, 138, 269
Cratccgus apiifolia, 260

coccinea, 22g

cordata, 230

crus-galli, 22g

liava, 230

mollis, 22g

oxyacantha, 230

parvifolia, 260

punctata, 229

spatliulata, 260

tomentosa, 229
Creeping-Charlie, 329
Crowberry, Black, 276
Cryptomeria japonica, 127, 372
Cucumber, One-seeded Bur, 311
Cucumber Tree, 103, 189
Cupseed, 352

Currant, Buffalo or Missouri,
394

Fetid, 25s

Indian, 278

Wild Black, 255

Wild Red, 255
Cuscuta arvensis, 348

chlorocarpa, 348

compacta, 348

decora, 349

epilinum, 348

epithymum, 348

glomerata, 348

gronovii, 348

infiexa, 348

rostrata, 348

tenuifolia, 348
Cydonia vulgaris, 384
Cypress, 238, 372

Bald, 63, 238

Heath-leaved, 372
Cypress Vine, 322

Wild, 318

Dahoon (Holly), 259
Dalibarda rep ens, 321
Dangleberry, 277
Daphne, 277

437

Index

Daphne cneorum, 149

genkwa, 149

mesereum, 149, 277
Date-Plum, 186
Deerberry, 289
Desmodium humifusum, 332

japonicum, 160

pendulifiorum, 160

rotundifoliiim, 331
Ueutzia crenata, 159, 384

gracilis, 159, 384

scabra, 159, 384
Devil-wood, 214
Devil's-Walking-Stick, 233
Dewberry, 263, 344
Dichondra, 349
Dichondra repens, 349
Diervilla triftda, 287
Dioscorea villosa, 321
Diospyros virginiana, 186
Dirca palustris, 285
Dockmakie, 269
Dodder, Beaked, 348

Bending, 348

Coiled, 348

Compact, 348

Field-, 348

Flax-, 348

Green-fruited, 348

Gronovius, 348

Handsome, 349

Slender-flowered, 348

Thyme-, 348
Dogwood, Alternate-leaved,

Flowering, 52, 145, 213

Panicled, 256

Poison, 218

Red-Osier, 145, 256

Rough-leaved, 260

Round-leaved, 255

Silky, 255
Dutchman's Pipe, 318

Eglantine, 344
Elaeagnus, 163
ElcBognus angustifoliaj 164,

189

356

Elaagnus argentea, 393

canadensis, 164

longipesj 164, 398
Elder, Box-, 96

Common, 156, 269

European, 156, 394

Marsh, 266

Red-berried, 156, 269
Elm, American, 68, 197

Corky White, 197

English, 68, 361

Long-stemmed Mountain, 361

Scotch or Wych, 361

Slippery, 197

Small-leaved, 361

White, 197

Winged, 209
Empetruni nigrum, 276
English Hawthorn, 89, 230
Enslenia, 329
Enslenia albida, 329
Epigcea repena, 316
Erica carnea, 392
Euonymus americanus, ago

atropurpiireus, 290

japonica, 141, 398

obovatus, 330

radicans, 405
Evergreens, 124
Exochorda, 160

Fagus ferruginea, 198

sylvatica, 357

var. asplenifolia, 213
False China-Brier, 343
False Indigo, 290
False Sarsaparilla, 340
False Violet, 321
Farkle-berry, 270
Fir, Asiatic Silver, 371

Balm of Gilead, 2^7

Balsam, 2^7

Silver, of Colorado, 371

Southern Balsam, 227
Firs, 127
Five-Finger, 336

438

Index

Floral wealth of Japan and

China, 178
Flowering Almond, 380
Flowering Dogwood, 145
Foliage, Purple-leaved, 93
Fontanesia fortunei, 390
Forestiera, 292
Forestiera acuminata, 292
Forsythia, 31, 156, 383
Forsythia fortunei, 383

suspeiusa, 383

viridissima, 383
Fosteronia diffortnis, 350
Fothergilla, 275
Fothergilla alnifolia, 275
Four dozen plants for lawns,

174
Fragaria indica, 336

vesca, 336

virginiana, 336
Frangula caroliniana, 206
Fraxinus americana, 22$

excelsior, 367

ornus, 367

platacarpa, 226

pubescens, 22$

quadrangulata, 226

sambucifolia, 22$

viridis, 225
Fringe-tree, iii, 213
Fumatory, Climbing, 335

Galactia pilosa, 332

regularis, Z2>2
Galium aparine, 339

asprellum, 339

pilosum, 340

triiidum, 340

triHorum, 340
Garland Flower, 149
Gaultheria procumbens, 321
Gaylussacia brachycera, 278

dumosa, 277

frondosa, 277

resinosa, 276
Gelsemium sempervirens, 350

Genista tinctoria, 282
Gill, 330

Ginkgo-tree, 107, 362
Gleditschia monosperma, 233

sinensis, 367

triacanthos, 230
Golden Bell, 383
Gonolobus Iccvis, 350

obliquus, 329
Gonolobus, Smooth, 350
Gooseberry, Common Wild, 291

Prickly, 291

Round-leaved, 291

Swamp, 292
Gordonia lasianthus, 206
Grape, Downy, 352

European, 406

Frost, 308

Heart-leaved, 349

Muscadine, 308

Northern Fox, 308

Red, 352

River, 311

Summer, 308

Southern Fox, 308

Winter, 308
Green-Brier, 340
Ground-Ivy, 330
Ground-Nut, 332
Ground Pine, 347
Groundsel-Tree, 151, 265, 270
Guelder Rose, 138
Gum, Sour, 115, 190

Sweet, 115, 210
Gymnocladus canadensis, 218

Hackberry, ig8
Hackmatack, 238
Halesia tetraptera, 206
Hamamelis virginica, 285
Hardback, 277
Hawthorn, English, 89, 230
Hazel-nut, 296

Beaked, 296

European, 403

Purple-leaved, 137

439

Index

Heather, 281
Hedera helix, 307

hibernica, 405
Hemlock, 127, 22,7

Ground, 303
Hempweed, Climbing, 330
Hercules' Club, 2^3,
Hibiscus californicus, 384

syriacus, 277, 392
Hickory, Big-bud, 221

Bitternut, 221

Black, 221

Broom, 221

Mockernut, 221

Pignut, 221

Shagbark (Shellbark), 84,

Small-fruited, 221

Swamp, 221

Western Shagbark, 221
Hickories, 82
Hicoria alba, 221

glabra, 221

microcarpa, 221

minima, 221

olizctformis, 222

ovata, 218

sulcata, 221
Highwater Shrub, 266
HippophcE rhamnoides, 367
Hobble-Bush, 138, 269
Hog-Peanut, 2>32
Holly, 105

American, 201

English, 166, 362

Japanese, 166

Mountain, 251
Honeysuckle, Bush, 287

Fly, 286

Hairy, 326

Hall's, 406

Japanese, 2,26, 406

Mountain Fly, 286

Small, 325

Swamp Fly, 287

Tartarian, 266

Trumpet, 325

218

Honeysuckle, Yellow, 325
Honeysuckles, 147, 390
Hop, 339

Hop-hornbeam, 65, 197
Hop-tree, 108, 229
Hornbeam, 64, 197

European, 357

Hop-, 65, 197
Horse-chestnut, 71, 22^

Dwarf, 150, 389

Red, 367
Horse-sugar, 206
Huckleberry, Box, 278

Common Black, 276

Dwarf, 277

Squaw, 289
Hudsonia, 282
Hudsonia ericoides, 2Z^

tomcntosa, 282
Humulus lupulus, 339
Hydrangea, 157, 386, 398

Oak-leaved, 389

Wild, 256
Hydrangea arhorescens, 256

hortensis, 157, 398

nivea, 386

paniculata grandiflora,
386

quercifolia, 158, 389
Hypericum aureum, 161

densitiorum, 286

kalmianum, 161, 286

moseriatia, 161, 394

prolificum, 286

Idesia polycarpa, 129
Ilex aquifolium, 106, 362

cassene, 259

crenata, 166

dahoon, 259

decidua, 259

glabra, 252

lavigata, 2^2

latifolia, 166

mollis, 212

montana, 2^2

157.

440

Index

Ilex opaca, 106, 166, 201

verticillata, 252
Ilex, Mountain, 252

Soft, 252
Indian Bean, 214
Indian Currant, 278
Inkberry, 252
Ipomoea, White Star-, 318
Ipomaa coccinea, 318

hederacea, 322

lacunosa, 318

pandurata, 317

purpurea J 317

vulgaris, 322
Iron-wood, 197
Itea, 252

Itea virginica, 164, 252
Iva frutescens, 266
Ivy, American, 307

English, 307

Ground-, 330

Irish or Scotch, 405

Poison, 177, 307

Jasminum nudiHorum, 165,
Jessamine, Early-flowering,
383

Yellow, 350
Judas-tree, 189

Chinese, 356
Juglans cinerea, 222

nigra, 222

olivcrtormis, 222

regia, 366
June-berry, 198
Juniper, 2,72

Alpine, 303

Common, 303

Prostrate, 303, 407
Junipers, 127
Juniperus communis, 303
var. alpina, 303

sab%na, 372

var. procumbens, 303

squamata, 372, 407

z'irginiana, 238

383
i6s,

Kahnia angustifolia, 154, 278

glauca, 154, 289

hirsuta, 277

latifolia, 154, 275
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 116, 218
Kerria japonica, 168, 393
Kinnikinnik, 255
Kalreuterta paniculata, 69, 366

Laburnum, 168

Common, 366
Laburnum vulgare, 366
Lambkill, 278
Larch, 238

American, 109

European, 109, 375

False, 375
Larix americana, 238

europcca, 375

var. pendulata, 375
Lathyrus latifolius, 406

maritimus, 315

myrtifolius, 315

ochroleucus, 313

palustris, 315

pratensis, 315

venosus, 315
Laurel, 153

Great, 275

Hairy, 277

Mountain, 275

Pale, 289

Sheep, 278
Lawns, Suggestions for, 54, 174
Lead-Plant, 141, 290
Leaf-types, 54
Leather-flower, 336
Leather-leaf, 153, 264
Leather-wood, 160, 285
Ledum latifolium, 250
Leiophyllum buxifolium, 256
Lespedesa procumbens, 332
Leucothoe, 265, 273
Leucothoe axillaris, 156, 273

catesbai, 27s

racemosa, 156, 265

441

Index

Leucotho'e recurva, 373
Ltgtistrum ibota, 390

ttalicum, 390

ovalifolium, 390

vulgare, 266
Lilac (Syringa), 142, 397
Lime-tree, 97, 193
Linden, 97, i93

European, 193. 361
Lindera benzoin, 282

melisscsfolia, 2S2
Linncca borealis, 329
Liquidamber, 210
Liquidamber styraciflua, 210
Liriodendron tulipifera, 209
Loblolly Bay, 206
Locust, 217

Black or Yellow, 81, 217

Bristly, 282

Chinese Honey, 367

Clammy, 81, 218

Honey, 79, 230

Water, 233
Loiseleuria procumbens, 274
Lonicera, 147

brachypoda, 406

cerulea, 286

ciliata, 286

fragrantissima, 148, 390

glauca, 325

var. douglasii, 325

grata, 325

halleana, 406

hildebrandii, 148

hirsuta, 326

inz'olucrata, 287

japonica, 326, 406

morrowi, 391

oblongifolia, 287

rubra, 390

sempervirens, 325

sulltvantii, 325
tartarica, 148, 266, 391
Lycium, 177
barbarum, 399
c/iineniw, 397

Lycium vulgare, 343
Lycopodium annotinum, 347

carolinianum, 347

clavatum, 347

complanatum, 347
Lygodium palmatum, 322
Lysimachia nummularis, 329

Madura aurantica, 367
Magnolia, Great-leaved, 104, 190
Mountain, 103, 189
Purple, 104, 380
Small, 186
Star-flowered, 380
Swamp, 102
Magnolia acuminata, 189
alexandrina, 162
conspicua, 356
fraseri, 190
glauca, 163, 186
gracilis, 163
macropliylla, 190
purpurea, 162, 380
soulangeana, 162, 380
stellata, 163, 380
tripctala, 189
Magnolias, 102

Malionia aquifolium, 171, 394
Maple, Ash-leaved, 96, 225

Cut-leaved, 217

Field, 96, 365

Japanese, 365

Mountain, 96, 217

Norway, 3-2. 95. 36S

Red, 97, 214

Rock, 217

Silver-leaf, 214

Soft, 214

Striped, 96, 217

Sugar, 97, 217

Swamp, 214

Sycamore, 95, 366

Tartarian, 366

White, 97, 214
Maples, 94

Japanese, 172

442

Index

Matrimony Vine, 343

Mayflower, 316

Meadow-sweet, Common, 136,

251
Melothria pendula, 350
Menispenniim canadense, Z22
Memiesia glabella, 289

glohularis, 289
Mezereum, 277
Micrampelos lobata, 311
Mikania scandens, 330
Milk-Pea, 2,2>2
Downy, 2,^2
Milkweed, Black, 329

Rough-fruited, 329
Twining, 329
Missouri Currant, 137
Mistletoe, American, 274
Mitchella repens, 326
Moneywort, 329
Moonseed, 322
Moose-wood, 217, 285
Morning-Glory, Common, 317

Small, 322
Morus alba, 194

nigra, 357

rubra, 194
Moss, Flowering, 317
Mountain-Fringe, 335
Mulberry, no

Black, III, 357

French, 27^,

Paper, in, 357

Red, III, 194

Weeping Russian, 93, 163

White, 194
Muscadine, 308
Myrica, 170

asplenifolia, 170, 295

cerifera, 170, 295

gale, 170, 292

Nature, assisted by art, 118, 143
Dynamic force of, 45
its impressions on the mind,
38

Negundo acer aides, 22$
Neopanthes mucranata, 251
Nepeta glechoma, 330
Nettle-tree, 85, 198
Nine- Bark, 136, 255
Nyssa sylvatica, 190
unitiora, 190

Oak, Barren, 210
Bear, 296
Black, 210
Black Scrub, 296
Bur, 209
Chestnut, 201
Dwarf Chestnut, 296
English, 362
Laurel, 186
Live, 193

Mossy-cup, 93, 309
Pin, 210
Poison, 307

Post, 209

Red, 210

Rough White, 209

Scarlet, 210

Scrub, 296

Shingle, 186

Southern Over-cup, 363

Spanish, 210

Swamp Spanish, 210

Swamp White, 209

Turkey, 362

Upland Willow, 193

Water, 189

White, 60, 209

Willow, 186

Yellow Chestnut, 201
Oaks, 58
Oil-nut, 290
Olea americana, 214
Oleaster, 122, 163, 356

Japanese, 398

Silver-leaved, 393
Orange, 358

Mock, 256

Osage, 122, 357

443

Index

Ostrya virginiana, 197
Oxydendron arboreum, 201

Papaw, 123, 189
Partridge-Berry, 326
PassiHora incarnata, 350

lutea, 311
Passion-Flower, White, 350

Yellowish, 311
Faulownia imperialis, 106, 365
Favia rubra, 367
Pea, Everlasting, 406
Pea-tree, Siberian, 394
Pecan-nut, 222
Pepperbush, Sweet, 251
Pepperidge, 190
Periploca, 330
feriploca graca, 330
Periwinkle, Common, 406
Fersea carolinensis , 190
Persimmon, 114, 186
Phaseolus helvolus, 331

paucifloruSj 352

polystachyus, 330

umbellatus, 331
Fhellodendron amurense, 366
Fhiladelphus, 386

coronarius, 256

gordonianus, 386

inodorus, 259

var. grandHioriis, 260
Phlox, Creeping, 326
Fhlox rep tans, 326
Phoradendron Havescens, 274
Phyllodoce, 288
Phyllodoce taxifolia, 288
Physocarpus opulifolius, 255
Picea canadensis, 234

excelsa, 237

mariana, 237

rub ens, 227
Pieria Horibunda, 152

japonica, 152

ligustrina, 152

mariana, 152
Pine, Austrian, 124, 368

Pine, Cembra, 124, 368

Gray, 234

Himalaya White, 124, 368

Jersey Scrub, 234

Loblolly, 234

Northern Scrub, 234

Old Field, 234

Pitch, 234

Red, 234

Scotch, 124, 368

Spanish, 368

Spruce, 234

Swiss, 368

Table Mountain, 234

White or Weymouth, 125, 2^^

Yellow, 234
Pinus austriaca, 368

banksiana, 234

cembra, 368

excelsus, 368

mitis, 234

mugho, 124, 368

pungens, 234

resinosa, 234

rigida, 234

strobus, 233

sylvestris, 368

tada, 234

virginiana, 234
Pinxter-flower, 133, 276
Pipe-Vine, 318
Pirus americana, 222

aria, 128

aucuparia, 222

coronaria, 201

florabunda, 358

japonica, 144, 399

mains, 358

spectabilis, 358

toringo, 358
Plane, Oriental, 362
Plane-tree, 213
Planer-tree, 209
Planera aquatica, 209
Plant Structure, 411
Platanus occidentalis, 213

444

Index

Platanus orientalis, 362
Plum, Beach, 250
Chicasa, 250
Japanese, 93, 358
Wild Yellow or Red, 120, 230
Poison Ivy, i77> 307
Poison Oak, 307
Polygonum arifolium, 339
cilinode, 321
convolvulus, 318
sagittatum, 339
scandens, 321
Pond Spice, 285
Poplar, Balsam, 73, 198
Downy, 194
Lombardy, 73. 206
River, 205

Silver-leaf or White, 75, 213
Yellow, 209
Poplars, 71, 74
Populus alba, 213
angulata, 206
balsamifera, 198

van candicans, 201
dilatata, 206
grandidenta, 193
heterophylla, 194
monolifera, 205
tremuloides, 193
Potato-Vine, Wild, 317
Potentilla, 335
Potentilla anserina, 335
canadense, 336
fruticosa, 288
Privet, 167

California, 168, 390
Common, 266
English, 168
Ibota, 390
Italian, 390
Prunus americana, 230
arbutifolia, 251
cerasus, 357
chicasa, 250
tnahaleb, 358
maritima, 250

Prunus padus, 358

pennsylvanica, 198

pissardii, 358

pumila, 250

serotina, 198

5ineM^t.y, 380

spinosa, 260

virginiana, 251
Pseudo-Larix kcrmpheri, 375
Ptelea trifoliata, 229
Pyrularia pubera, 290
Pyxidanthera barbulata, 317
Pyxie, 317

Qw^rcM^ a/ba, 209
aquatica, 189
bicolor, 209
cerris, 362
cinerea, 193
coccijiea^ 210

var. tinctoria, 210
cuneata, 210
ilicifolia, 296
imbricaria, 186
lyrata, 362
macrocarpa, 209
minor, 209

muhlenbergii, 201, 296
nigra, 210
patustris, 210
phellos, 186
prinus, 201
robur, 362
rubra, 210
^'^ren^, 193
Quince, Common, 384
Japanese, 144, 399

Rambler, Crimson, 177, 408

Yellow, 177, 408
Raspberry, Black, 263

Cut-leaved, 400

Dwarf, 325

European, 400

Purple-flowering, 169, 278

White-flowering, 259

445

Index

Raspberry, Wild Red, 263
Red Bay, 190
Red Buckeye, 150
Red-Bud, 189
Red-Osier, European, 386
Ketinospora ericoides, 128,

obtusa, 372

pissifera, 128, 372
Rhamnus alatemus, 399

alnifolia, 291

cathartica, 161, 291

frangula, 384

lanceolata, 2gi
Rhododendron, 131, 275,

397

Rhododendron arborescens,

calendttlaceum, 276

catawbiense, 132, 288

hybridum, 397

lapponicum, 288

maximum, 132, 275

nudifiorum, 276

ponticum, 397

vise 0 Slim, 264
Rhodora, 275
Rhodora canadense, 275
Rhodotypxis kerrioides, 169,
K/i«i aromatica, 287

copallina, 292

cotinus, 393

glabra, 292

var. taciniata, 292

toxicodendron, 307

typhina, 222

venenata, 218
Rhynchosia tomentosa, 351
Ribes aureum, 137, 394

cynosbati, 291

iioridum, 255

lacustre, 292

oxyacanthoides, 291

prostratum, 255

rotundifolium, 291

rub rum, 255

sanguineum, 137
Robinia hispida, 2S2

272

288,

276

386

Robinia pseudacacia, 217

I'ucc^a, 2 1 8
/^oja arvensis, 408

blanda, 281

boursaltii, 400

canina, 400

Carolina, 281

centifolia, 400

lucida, 281

rubiginosa, 281, 344

rugosa, 135, 400

setigera, 343

zi'ichuriana, 178, 408
Rose, Carolina, 281

Climbing, 343

Dwarf Wild, 281

Early Wild, 281

Field, 408

Memorial, 178, 408

Prairie, 343

Swamp, 281

Sweet-Brier, 281, 344
Rose-Acacia, 282
Rose Bay, 275

Lapland, 288
Rose family, Pre-eminence of,

51. 143
Rose-Mallow, Californian, 384
Rose of Sharon, 149, 277, 392
Rosemary, Wild, 151
Routes in Central Park, 57, 77,

91, 105, 129
Rubus canadensis, 263, 344

cuneifolius, 263

fruticosus, 400

liispidus, 344

tdcpus, 400

laciniata, 400

nutkanus, 259

occidentalis, 263

odoratus, 169, 278

^frtiroi^M^, 263

trifiorus, 335

trivialis, 263

villosus, 263
Rutland-Beauty, 322

446

Index

St, Andrew's Cross, 286
St. John's-wort, 394

Kalm's, 286

Shrubby, 286
St. Peter's-wort, 285
Salisburia adiantifolia, 362
Salix alba, 205

var, vitellina, 205

amygdaloides, 202

argyrocarpa, 303

babylonica, 205

balsamifera, 303

Candida, 299

chlorophylla, 300

cordata, 202

discolor, 202, 299

fragilis, 202

herbacea, 300

humilis, 299

lancifolia, 361

livida, 300

longifolia, 205, 299

lucida, 202

myrtilloides, 300

nigra, 202

var. falcata, 205

pentandra, 361

petiolaris, 300

purpurea, 202

rosmarinifolia, 356

rostrata, 205

sericea, 299

tristis, 299

Mz;a-Mr.yi, 300

viminalis, 190
Sambucus canadensis, 269

«jgra, 156, 394

pubens, 269
Sand Myrtle, 256
Sandthorn, Common, 121, 367
Sassafras, 78, 190
Sassafras officinale, 190
Savin, 238
Schizophragma hydrangeoides,

176, 405
Scientific Training, Need of, 131

Scientific Nomenclature, Ad-
vantage of, 134
Sea Ox-eye, 287
Shad-bush, 198
Sheep-berry, 214
Shepherdia, 287
Shepherdia argeniea, 155, 393

canadensis, 287
Shrub, Sweet-scented, 154
Shrub Yellow-root, 290
Shrubby Althaea, 392
Shrubby Trefoil, 229
Siberian Pea-tree, 118, 144
^'icyo^ angulatus, 311
Silver-bell-tree, 123, 206
Silver-weed, 235
Sloe, 260
Smilax, Lance-leaved, 349

Laurel-leaved, 312

Rough, 343

Walter's, 343
Smilax bona-nox, 340

glauca, 340

herbacea, 311

hispida, 343

lanceolata, 349

laurifolia, 312

Pseudo-China, 343

rotundifolia, 340

tamnifolia, 312

walteri, 343
Smoke-tree, 140, 393
Snowball, American, 391

European, 391

Japanese, 138
Snowball-tree, 138
Snowberry, 165, 278

Creeping, 317
Solanum dulcamara, 325
Sophora japonica, 100, 366
Sorrel-tree, 201
Sour Gum, 115, 190
Sour-wood, 201
Spice-bush, 32, 48, 282
Spindle-tree, 141, 405

Japanese, 398

447

Index

Spiraea, Birch-leaved, 251
Spiraeas, 135, 136, 385
Spiraa antonia wateri, 385

callosa, 385

corymbosa, 251

douglasii, 385

fortunei, 385

prunifolia, 385

reevesii, 385

salicifolia, 251, 385

sorbifoHa, 385

thunbergii, 385

tomentosa, 277

trilobata, 386

I'an houtii, 385
Spring Scenes, 47
Spruce, Black, 126, 237

Colorado Blue, 372

Douglas', 371

Eastern, 371

Hemlock, 237

Norway, 126, 237, 371

Red, 237

White, 126, 234
Stag-bush, 214
Stagger-bush, 153, 264
Staphylea colchica, 389

pinnata, 389

trifolia, 256
Steeple-bush, 277
Stephanandra, 162
Stiff Cornel, 260
Storax, 159, 270, 390
Strawberry, Wild, 336
Strawberry-bush, 290

Trailing, 330
Stretch-berry, 340
Stuartia, 151, 259
Stuartia pentagyna, 151, 389
pentcphylla, 259

pseudo-camellia, 151
virginica, 151, 259
Stump-tree, 218
Styrax americana, 270
grandifiora, 160, 270
japonica, 390

Styrax ohassia, 160

pulverulenta, 270

serrulata, 160
Sugar-berry, 198
Sumach, Cut-leaved, 292

Dwarf, 140, 292

Fragrant, 287

Poison, 218

Smooth, 292

Staghorn, 58, 222

Velvet, 222

Venetian, 140
Sumachs, 139
Supple-jack, 349
Sweet Bay, 115, 186
Sweet Brier, 281, 344
Sweet-Fern, 170, 295
Sweet Gale, 170
Sweet Gum, 115, 210
Sweet-leaf, 206
Sweet Pepperbush, 155, 206
Sweet-scented Shrub, 289
Sycamore, 362
Symphoricarpus, 165

occidentalis, 27S

orbicularis, 278

racemosa, 278
Symplocos tinctoria, 206
Syringa, 146, 256, 386

Large-leaved, 260

Odorless, 259
Syringa josikoea var. alba, 397
var. rubra, 397

persica, 397

villosa, 397

vulgaris, 142
var. alba, 397
var. rubra, 397

Tamarack, 238
Tamarix, 89

African, 172, 380

German, 392

Late-Flowering, 392
Tamarix africana, 172, 380

germanica, 392

448

Index

Tamarix indica, 392
Taxodium distichum, 238
Taxus baccata, 371

canadensis, 303

cuspidata, 371
Tea, Labrador, 250

New Jersey, 251
Tearthumb, Arrow-leaved, 339

Halberd-leaved, 339
lecoma grandiHora, 176, 405

radicans, 308
Tetranthera geniculata, 285
Thimble-berry, 263
Thorn, Black, 229, 260

Cockspur, 89, 90, 229

Dotted, 229

Downy-leaved, 229

Dwarf, 260

English Haw-, 89, 230

Evergreen, 399

Pear, 229

Scarlet-fruited, 229

Summer, 230

Washington, 230

White, 229, 260
Thorn-trees, 88
Thuya gigantea, 375

occidentalis, 238
Tilia americana, 193

europaa, 193, 361

lieterophylla, 193

pubescens, 193
Toothache-tree, 233
Tragia macrocarpa, 352
Trees, age of, 37

bark of, 33

early and late vernation of,
36

figure of, 33

gregarious and solitary, 36

human sympathy with, 45

in winter, 32

interior of, 35

popular names of, 113

rapid and slow growth of, 37

resemblance of shrubs to, 130

Trees, testimony of fossil, 2j

their timber uses, 35

variable size in same species
of, 112

weeping and cut-leaved, 92
Trees, Native, colors of, in
autumn, 42

Evergreen and coniferous, 25

Inconspicuous flowering, 22

Nut-fruited, 23

Ornamental blossoming, 21

Seed-fruited, 24
Trefoil, Bush-, 331

Smooth Bush-, ^^2

Tick-, 331
Trifolium repens, 339

stoloniferum, 336
Trumpet Creeper, 308
Trumpet-Flower, 308

Chinese, 176

Great-Flowered, 405
Tsiiga canadensis, 2^7

douglasii, 371
Tulip-tree, 108, 209
Tupelo, 190

Large, 190
Twin-Flower, 329

Ulmus alata, 209

americana, 197

campestris, 361

effusa, 361

fulva, 197

montana, 361

parvifolia, 361

racemosa, 197
Umbrella-tree, 103, 189

Ear-leaved, 190

Vaccinium arboreum, 270
cccspttosum, 274
canadense, 274
corymbosum, 166, 264
erythrocarpon, 270
macrocarpon, 316
myrtilloides, 274

449

Index

Vacciniuin ovalifolium, 274

oxy coccus, 316

pennsylvanic^im, 264

stamineum, 289

uliginosuvt, 274

vttis-tdaa, 316
Vetch, American, 315

Carolina, 312

Common, 312

Four-seeded, 312

Hairy, 312

Tufted, 312
\etchling, Beach-pea, 315

Myrtle-leaved, 315

Spreading, 315

Swamp, 315

Veiny, 315

Yellow-white, 315
Viburnum, 137

Downy-leaved, 138

European, 391

Japanese, 391

Soft, 266

Sweet, 214
Viburnum acerifoHum, 269

cassinoides, 265

dentatum, 138, 266

lantana, 391

lantanoides, 269

lentago, 214

molle, 266

nudum, 265

obovatum, 270

opulus, 269, 391

oxycoccus, 391

paiiciHorum, 273

plicatum, 138, 391

prunifoliuvi, 214

pubescens, 266

tomentosum, 391
Vicia americana, 315

caroliniana, 312

cracca, 312
hirsiita, 312

sativa, 312
tetrasperma, 312 "

Vinca minor, 406
Vincetoxicum, Black, 329
Vincetoxicum nigrum, 329
\'irginia Creeper, 307
Virgin's-Bower, 335
Vitis crstivalis, 308

bipinnata, 351

ctnerea, 352

cordifolia, 308

indivisa, 349

labriisca, 308

pahnata, 352

riparia, 311

rotundifolia, 308

vinifera, 406

Waahoo, 209, 290
Walnut, 121

Black, 222

English, 366

White, 222
Wax-Mj-rtle, 170, 295
Wax- work, 321

W'ayfaring-Tree, American, 269
Weigela, 148, 392
VVeigela abel carriere, 393

amabilis, 393

Candida, 393

desboissii, 393

^z'fl ratka, 393

lavallei, 393

rosea, 392

trifida, 148
Whin, 282
Wild Ginger, 318
Wild Rosemary, 265
Willow, Balsam, 303

Basket-Osier, 190

Bearberry, 300

Bebb, 205

Black, 202

Brittle, 202

Crack, 202

Dwarf Gray, 299

Glaucous, 202, 299

Gray, 299

450

Index

Willow, Green, 300

Heart-leaved, 202

Herb, 300

Hoary, 299

Lance-leaved, 361

Livid, 300

Long-beaked, 205

Long-leaved, 205, 299

Long-stalked, 300

Mountain, 300

Myrtle, 300

Peach, 202

Prairie, 299

Purple, 202

Pussy, 202

Sage, 299

Sandbar, 205

Scythe-leaved, 205

Shining, 63, 202

Silky, 299

Silver-fruited, 303

Small-leaved, 356

Weeping, z^, 205

White, 205

Yellow, 62, 205
Willows, 61
VVinterberry, 167, 252

Winterberry, Smooth, 252
Wintergreen, 321
Wistaria, 350

Chinese, 407
Wistaria frutescens, 350

sinensis, 407
Witch-Hazel, 146, 285
Withe-rod, 138, 265
Woad-Waxen, 282
Wolfberry, 278

Woodbine, American, 307, 325
Woody Nightshade, 325

Xanthoceras sorhifolia, 165, 389
Xanthorhiza apiifolia, 290

Yam-root, Wild, 321
Yaupon, 259
Yellow-wood, 120, 218
Yew, American, 303

European, 371

Japanese, 371
Yulan, 30, 356

Zanthoxylum americanum , 233

carolinianum, 233
Zenobia speciosa, 153

451

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