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Batik (i OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS
} 1915: No. 22
APRIL 15 1915
$ The Trees of Texas
, : An Illustrated Manual of the Native and
% Introduced Trees of the State
35 BY
: 3 Isaac M. Lewis, Ph. D.
é . Associate Professor of Botany
M 6 The University of Texas
‘
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a5

die ta La ae 8

j

wearer

Published by the University six times a month and entered as

We second class matter at the postoffice at
a AUSTIN, TEXAS

Publications of the University of Texas
Publications Committee:

W. J. BATTLE E. C. BARKER

J. C. TOWNES A. CASWELL ELLIS
W.S. CARTER R. A. Law
Kimuis CAMPBELL J. A. Lomax

F. W. Simonps A. C. Jupson

The University publishes bulletins six times a month. These
comprise the official publications of the University publica-
tions on humanistic and scientific subjects, bulletins prepared
by the Department of Extension and by the Bureau of Munci-
pal Research, and other bulletins of general educational in-
terest. With the exception of special numbers, any bulletin will
be sent to a citizen of Texas free on request. All communica-
tions about University publications should be addressed to the
Editor of University Publications, University of Texas, Austin.

+

A. C. Baldwin & Sons, Austin, Texas

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BULLETIN aca

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS

1915: No. 22

APRIL 15 1915

The Trees of Texas

An Illustrated Manual of the Native and
Introduced Trees of the State

BY

Isaac M. Lewis, Ph. D:

Associate Professor of Botany
The University of Texas

“LIBRARY

maw YORK

BeTANICAL
GARDEN

Published by the University six times a month and entered as
second class matter at the postoffice at

AUSTIN, TEXAS

The benefits of education and of
useful knowledge, generally diffused
through a community, are essential
to the preservation of a free gov-

ernment.
Sam Houston.

Cultivated mind is the guardian
genius of democracy. . . . Itis the
only dictator that freemen acknowl-
edge and the only security that free-

men desire.
Mirabeau B. Lamar.

WOVE - 1918

PREFACE

The present bulletin has been prepared to meet the needs of
those persons who desire to become more familiar with our native
and introduced trees, but who do not have access to the more
complete sets of books which treat this subject. It has been my
constant aim to avoid the use of technical terms, and only such
lave been introduced as can be easily learned from the glossary
by the amateur student of nature who has had no previous train-
ing in botany. The scientific name and the common names most
generally in use have both been given for each species. The
keys for the separation of families, genera, and species are based.
im so far as is possible, on the leaf characteristics. This is neces-
sary for the reason that the leaves remain on the tree throughout
the summer, while the flowers soon fall away. We should not
be deceived, however, into thinking that leaf characteristics de-
note natural relationship to the same degree as the characteris-
ties of the flower. It has sometimes been necessary to make use
of other characteristics of the tree, such as the fruit, bark, or
thorns in order to separate closely related genera or ‘species.

The list of trees herein given has been checked from Sud-
worth’s ‘‘Check List of Forest Trees of America’’, Britton’s
‘‘North American Trees’’, and Sargent’s ‘‘Manual of the Trees
of North America.’’ There will doubtless be a number of rare
eultivated varieties that have been omitted.

The descriptions are based largely upon herbarium specimens
deposited in the herbarium of the University of Texas. The
collection of this herbarium material has extended over a period
of fifteen years, and has been accomplished by the various per-
sons who have been connected with the School of Botany during
that time.

The drawings of leaf characteristics are taken from Gray’s
“Text Book of Botany’’ and have been used by permission of
the American Book Company to whom the anthor wishes to ex-
press his indebtedness. The photcgravhs for plates 1, 23. 3, 24, 5.
are by Professor Wm. L. Bray, formerly Professor of Botany in
this University, published by. him in his ‘‘Forest Resources of
Texas’’, and are here published with his permission. All other
line figures have been drawn from herbarium or fresh specimens

lv Preface

by Miss Josephine Huppertz, a graduate student in the School
of Botany of the University of Texas. The writer also acknowl-
eages his indebtedness to the various published works of others.
The notes of Mr. J. B. Mackenson of San Antonio, on the ‘‘ Trees
of San Antonio and Vicinity’’ and of Mr. Carl Hartman on ‘‘The ~
Trees of Huntsville’’ have been freely used. The characteristics
and uses of the various woods have been based, in part, upon a
report of ‘‘The Wood Using Industries of Texas’’ by Hu Max-
well, Expert, and Charles F. Hatch, Statistician of the United
States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, published in
the Lumberman’s Trade Journal, New Orleans. The arrange-
ment of the groups is essentially that of Engler and Prantl.
ISAAC McKINNEY LEWIS.

University of Texas, School of Botany, February 6, 1915.

CONTENTS

Introduction—

The Tree and Its Parts: Page.
OT el a Ste ME ee 7 oe a a 1
LS RS SIRE aI ATES el ne an he OO) i
MRM aia” Gre tae tae olenn oe Me i
Go ee ES TTT Ny RR Tine WA SS kee nD 10
STEED EL CRIE sobs ae Js itn ns me PE a aks af
PNM ne Pree wen et et et boo ak wale bogee w 14

Peeeramion orl rees in. Texas... cs. ce bee oe ee ee ANS

Influence of Trees on Climatic, Erosion and Run-off..... 16
I COCR Tce psy Rae ka eal We otted a, eh ates 17
6 LEST ofan Foal al IE Wi Sa gc eg ee 18
mmm OMe RCE The IN GNr i lat cons Saas oncdeicestotg n'y s wwe cosa a eR 20
Pewerorgne Hamilies and Genera. ..... 2.6. .e ee nee 25
5 LP EERIE Spel AUS Sy Ae Sa ne Se no 33
OL BESET IG PESOS oS DRE RCO ak oir ce ai 46
NE! STL GICCB VEO Rn Sel ACISOR NCPR eine a 47
oc ESTE CLR S(S I 0a el a i Se I CO re ee ag Oa 53
Ae ACO nar ee We ee 8S Ny ace ste, | 54
(TGCS 0 ace RRR iS Na NA AN ee a 54
(EES Gk oT as TRIG a SEE DP ans bec ee na 59
EEE 8 fel FONG Soe PS ghochal oa ech os 60
CE La D808 oo une DRE AES a pi ee 1 61
TE OG ETE ge Die Ie TAs See a Re 88
SEG ESA 2S ate 01S cy | a ne 94
TELUS Gers eT NS Sa aie Ree eeaey eat SCR aia ae A Sem 101
J ISTE ISG: I ge Oe ea ea ee to a 2 102
| LEST) TR Gee a ae A en 103
eee emcee as el Boot PP td As tg idem n 104
NS LEGGE Aas oe tage Re Se 105
J TEES CBI Cae a 8 IOI ee Bey a ea 111
ch YE LENG SAI oe EME PORE? 9 Mee et ane oe 114
“LICE EID ARGOS CEA ee a a a ar 118
[1 TEE TS ae fie ae ee 121
LOT EIEN FAR So aN int cn, ae 125
POPSET ESS IS Sci ae ae Ck 125

Na Te UNS Rae ae es ae eS 125

v1 Contents

Page

DHMATUDACCAC .il-sul epee eee eee ai? Ref Oe TG
Mebacene: (14 ale oemetei ee aes ee as Behe sre eget et 128
Spindigceae:. 72-25. )s soe cS 5 Pa ene cree ie teers Seen 128
Cymilbacede (Sate hart at ence es ee ee Oe ee 130
Aquifolincéaes a. 2.3. ee ‘£80
AMeseilaceae. se Sn ee oe en ee gE
Celositaceaé:. 2° Wa So ee ee eee 132
P NCEP ACEAG Uo, <2 was cis eee eee nets) & Sate ieee ee 134
DAWIIMLACCA Ea. ead, Ue eee ea? eee 138
Pranvulacties. co .20 463 ¢R eee ee ee 139
PUACCRS os Ee ee ee eee te 140
Bueteneriaceage >Use ee a ee ee 141
Tamar icacede %,.. oe oe ee ee PS ae ee eee 141
Joamraceae: > A. see 5 Ae ee ee 141
INVSSACCHG ik slik ak Soe eg meet ae ee 148
Mvrieaceae: 2. ose e so eee ee a a ee 145
TIEMerACERE Is a ee eee Fim SEER TO os, 7: <n ee 147
IMACCIINACEAR nc en as lc ei De ete geet ae eee ee 147
DONA COAG 2 6 yy Ae Se Peg it erent eno 147
DADA bACORE are ne 5 ae eds iene ope Soy ee cake pai toh ane ae 148
Sty racacegess. «0 is8 focn thse © ce eae ee eee 150
Oleacedie.. SA a a ee 150
Hhretiaeeae <6 Ser oe eee ee eee 154
Rhinanthaceie’:. 25. See Gs kee se Be eee ae £55
Bi@rioniaeeae ss 5) ce eee ccc oe pee Fe 155
Ribigeede 2). 5 cl eee A Cie ae 15e
Caprifioliaceae <-... pai SAE eh Co ee ter ee 157
Sear Vw oils vse n Sk a ecadla eB De Sec a 159

Index ‘of Species «:.5., 55 60 Sea ee ee 163

INTRODUCTION

A tree is a woody plant which produces one main central up-
right axis or stem that does not branch for some distance above
the ground. <A shrub is also a woody plant, but its stem always
branches directly at the ground. Some plants are either trees or
shrubs, as, for example, the well known mesquite or the willows.

The tree, as a whole, is an active, living, working being, en-
dowed with all the vital activities peculiar to plants, and sensi-
tive to the physical and biological environment in which it lives.
A tree is composed of stem or trunk, roots, leaves, branches, buds,
flowers, fruit and seed.

The leaf is an expanded, usually flattened branch of limited
erowth, consisting of two main parts: the blade or expanded
portion, and the petiole or stalk which connects the blade with
the shoot. A pair of leaf-like appendages, knows as stipules, are
sometimes attached to the petiole. There is a wide variety in
shape, size, form and structure of leaves, and it is on these char-
acteristics that the key for the separation of the species is largely
based.

The leaf performs three very important functions, namely:
photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration.

The word, photosynthesis, means synthesis by means of light.
In this process, the green, expanded portion of the leaf, in the
presence of sunlight, unites carbon dioxide, which it receives
from the air, and water, which it receives from the soil, forming a
new compound, carbohydrate, and liberating oxygen, which es-
capes from the leaf into the atmosphere as a waste product.
Thus the green leaf consumes a gas which cannot support com-
bustion or be used in respiration by animals or plants, and re-
leases one which ean be so utilized. This explains the purifying
effect of green plants on the atmosphere. This process is entirely
dependent upon sunlight, and will not take place unless the
leaf is properly illuminated. It does not occur any place in
nature except in green tissue of plants, and a similar union of
the crude materials, carbon dioxide and water to form sugar,
has not been brought about, so far, by our most ingenious
chemists.

1—Trees.

2 Bulletin of the University of Texas

The process of photosynthesis easily ranks as one of the most
important of all vital processes, for upon it all life, animal as
well as plant, depends. All living substance requires for its nu-
trition, carbon, for it is one of the essential constituent elements
of such substance. But neither plants nor animals are able to
utilize crude carbon dioxide as food. It must first be combined
chemically with hydrogen to form sugar or starch before it can
be so utilized. It is seen, therefore, that plants and animals are
alike as regards their food requirements. They differ only as
to the manner of procuring food. The plant is an independent
organism which is able to manufacture its food from erude in-
organic material, while the animal is ultimately dependent upon
plants.

It is a well known fact, that when materials containing carbon,
as for example, starch, oil, sugar, coal or wood, are burned, carbon
dioxide is given off and energy is released in the form of heat.
This heat energy was potential in the compound burned. The
radiant energy of sunlight enables the green leaf to unite carbon
dioxide and water to form carbohydrates, and becomes potential
in the compounds formed. Its subsequent release, to do our
bidding, depends upon the combustion of these compounds. The
energy which furnishes the chief driving power of the world’s
machinery is energy from the sun, which has been arrested and
rendered potential by the green leaves of plants. The coal which
warms our homes, cooks our food, and drives our machinery, de-
pended for its formation upon this function of the leaves of
plants, which inhabited the earth at that remote age when —
coal was formed. The heat energy has remained locked up,
potential in the carbon compound, awaiting an opportunity to
again become kinetic.

The food substances which nourish plants and animals, fur-
nishing them materials out of which their bodies are built, and
energy with which to carry on their vital processes, depends
upon this ability of the green leaf to unite carbon dioxide and
water to form starch and store the radiant energy of the sun-
hght in a potential form. The release of this energy by a liv-
ing plant or animal is accomplished by another vital process
known as respiration.

If the ability of green leaves to carry on this most important

The Trees of Texas 3

function in nature depends upon sunlight for its realization, we
might well expect to find provision in the arrangement of leaves
to facilitate an optimum light exposure.

This expectation is borne out by the facts, and can be easily
verified by an examination of the leaves of a few of our native
trees with this point in mind. One ean not fail to be impressed
with the wonderful adjustment by which each leaf on the tree
is so placed as to bring it into just the proper exposure to light.
Obviously, one of the great difficulties to be overcome is the
danger of shading of the lower leaves by those growing above
them. The leaf is in its best hght relation, on most plants, when
its blade is exposed at an angle of about ninety degrees, to the
source of light and is free from the danger of being shaded. The
exact arrangement of leaves on the stem is a constant character-
istic for any plant. In some species the leaves are borne in pairs,
one leaf attached on the shoot opposite the other. In this man-
ner of attachment the pairs are arranged in such a way that
when looking down on the stem from above there can be seen
four distinct rows of leaves separated from each other by greater
or less distance, depending upon whether the leaf blade is narrow
or wide. In the great majority of trees the leaves are attached
singly, and not opposite. This arrangement is called the alter-
nate arrangement, and they are spaced in definite cyclic order
upon the shoot in such a manner as to afford sufficient space be-
tween the lower leaves and the ones growing above them.

The blades of many leaves are variously cut, toothed, notched,
lobed or compounded, and through these openings the light is
enabled to filter down to the lower parts of the tree. It is not
to be expected that every leaf on a tree can be so placed that it
will be in its optimum light relationship at every minute in the
day. This would only be possible if the leaf were able to swing
about on its petiole and follow the daily march of the sun. When
the leaf has reached maturity, its position is relatively fixed ana
its position with reference to light has been determined by the
direction from which it was illuminated during the greater part
of the day as it developed. It is, therefore, in the shadow during
a part of the time only. Some plants require much more light
than others, and many find their best conditions for growth in the
subdued light of our deep forests. The shade loving habit of

+ Bulletin of the Unwerstty of Texas

the ferns, and of many herbs and shrubs, gives us the charac-
teristic ground plants or undergrowth of the woodlands. Trees
erowing in open situations, where they are equally illuminated
from all sides, are usually lower, more bushy topped and sym-
metrical than members of the same species which grow crowded
together in forests. This is to be accounted for by upward
erowth of the stem, under the stimulus of hight from above only.
It usually happens, also, that the branches of trees growing close
together die away from the older portions, resulting in tall naked
stems with a crown consisting of a few branches at the top.

The second important function of leaves is transpiration, or
the evaporation of water. The life of the tree depends upon
the ability of the leaf to perform this function properly. The
amount of water thrown off depends upon the structure of the
leaf itself, and upon the physical environment in which the tree
grows. The total amount of water transpired by plants is sur-
prisingly great. It has been estimated that an oak tree with
seven hundred thousand leaves would give off 244,695 pounds of
water from June to October. A birch tree with 200,000 leaves
transpired 700 to 900 gallons per day on hot summer days. An
acre of such trees would, therefore, transpire 3,168,000 pounds
of water in a single season. It is estimated that 200 to 500 pounds
of water is transpired in the manufacture of one pound of dry
substance. This accounts for the cooling and refreshing effect
which vegetation exerts on the atmosphere. It is a well known
fact that plants die if they are unable for any reason to take
in a supply of water from the roots, sufficient to meet the
enormous and continual drain from the leaves. This accounts
for the disastrous effects which hot, dry winds exert on many
species of plants, and raises the question whether such quantities
of water as are ordinarily thrown off are an advantage or a dis-
advantage to the tree. The opinion is now widely held by bot-
anists, that much greater quantities of water are thrown off by
plants than is necessary for the carrying on of their vital activi-
ties, and that such great water loss is due to the fact that plants
have not fully solved the problem of conserving water. In order
for the leaf to carry on the process of photosynthesis, it must of
necessity be provided with some means which will permit the
entrance of air containing the necessary carbon dioxide, and the

The Trees of Texas a

removal of the waste oxygen formed during the process. This is
made possible by numerous very small openings in the outer coat
of the leaf tissue, known as breathing pores or stomates. It is
thru these minute pores that all the gaseous exchanges take place,
which make photosynthesis and respiration possible. These
openings are therefore necessary for both of these processes.
But it is also through them that the water escapes to the outside
in the form of vapor, where it evaporates and is lost from the
tree. It appears, then, that the functions of the leaf are some-
what antagonistic. It must be aeriated in order to carry on
photosynthesis and respiration, but the provision for aeriation
is the source of the evil of excessive water loss. It should not be
understood, however, that all water loss is a disadvantage.
This is true only when it becomes excessive. Doubtless the cooling
of the leaf on hot summer days, due to this evaporation of water,
keeps the heat from destroying the delicate living substances
which compose it.

It is evident that the condition of the soil and air in which
the tree grows must determine, to a great extent, the amount of
transpiration, since evaporation of water depends directly upon
the temperature and the amount of water vapor in the at-
mosphere.

But the plant itself is not without devices to reduce the loss
of water. The breathing pores are principally on the lower side
of the leaf, while the upper surface presents, usually, an un-
broken covering, which is coated with a waxy substance that
does not readily permit the escape of water. Such waxy cover-
ings of the leaf characterize trees which grow in dry situations
where the evaporation rate is high, and doubtless have played
an important part in fitting these trees to their environment.

The lower side of many leaves is covered with a more or less
dense growth of hair-like outgrowths, which also serves to retard
the evaporation of water. Such hairy coverings are almost al-
Ways present on both surfaces of leaves when they first expand
from the bud. They frequently remain throughout life or they
may disappear with the development of the wax-like, water-proof
coat which characterizes the mature leaf.

The size and number of leaves also bears a definite relationship
to the environmental conditions. Trees growing in very dry, hot

‘

6 Bulletin of the Unwersity of Texas

regions are characterized by small leaves, which do not permit
excessive losses of water, while trees growing in warm, moist
localities bear numerous large leaves. Some trees bear leaves
which are reduced to mere scales, and in some plants, as the cactus,
the leaves have entirely disappeared, or have been reduced to
small outgrowths known as spines. This is to be explained on the
basis of water loss. Such plants grow natively in arid places,
where they are fitted by nature to live, and where plants provided
with structures which would not insure them against excessive
transpiration, could not survive. The distribution of trees is de-
termined largely by their adaptation to water, and this is in
turn determined by the root and leaf characteristics.

The third function of the leaf is respiration or breathing.
Respiration is a very important vital process which takes place
in all hving parts of the tree, and is not confined to the leaves
alone. Unlhke photosynthesis, it does not depend upon light. The
gas consumed in respiration is oxygen, and the gas set free is
carbon dioxide. It will be seen, therefore, that the plant breathes
in exactly the same way as animals, consuming oxygen and liber-
ating earbon dioxide. Respiration is the process in which energy,
Jocked up in foods, is released. It is closely akin to combustion,
but the two processes are not identical. The radiant energy from
the sun enables the green leaf, in the process of photosynthesis,
to decompose the simple inorganic compounds of carbon dioxide
and water, and to recombine them into foods which represent
a certain amount of stored or potential energy. Respiration
breaks down the products of these foods and sets the energy free.
Life involves always and continually these transformations of
energy. The sun is the source of all life, for it is the source of
energy. Photosynthesis utilizes carbon dioxide, and releases
oxygen, thus keeping the air pure for breathing purposes. Res-
piration uses oxygen, liberates carbon dioxide, and sets energy
free, and thus makes possible the vital phenomena requiring en-
ergy.

The roots of trees constitute the organs of anchorage and ab-
sorption. They anchor the tree firmly in the soil and absorb the
water and mineral solutions from the soil. The roots are of two
kinds, surface and tap, depending on their shape and depth of
penetration. It may seem surprising that the roots are able to

The Trees of Texas 7

absorb such great quantities of water as we have already seen
are thrown off by the leaves in transpiration. But the extent
of the root system is much greater than we ordinarily suspect,
usually equaling or even surpassing in extent the spread of the
branches. The roots of tree frequently penetrate the soil to great
depths. This is particularly true of trees which grow in very
dry soil. The roots of the mesquite are known to attain depths
of sixty feet when growing under arid conditions.

The work of absorbing water is carried on by delicate hair-like
outgrowths known as root hairs, which form near the tip of the
root. These root hairs are fine and delicate, and attach them-
selves closely to the water-bearing particles of the soil.

Roots of trees are made up largely of woody tissue like the stem,
and this enables them to serve as an avenue for the conduction
of water as well as to give the trees a firm anchor in the soil.

Roots are sensitive to the pull of gravity, and are also attracted
by moisture. The main central or tap root, if growing in soil
equally moist on all sides and not hindered by any mechanical ob-
struction, takes a course straight downward, while the lateral or
secondary roots branch out in all directions. Roots usually grow
toward moisture. This may be observed along ditches or irri-
gation canals as well as on the sides of vertical cliffs. The sensi-
tiveness of roots to water, and their ability to grow toward it
has been of great advantage to plants. Trees which develop
long tap roots are transplanted only with great difficulty. The
pecan is a noteworthy example. To offset this difficulty, the tap
root on young trees is sometimes cut by nurserymen and a mass
of much branched roots of about equal size develops to take its
place. The root system must be able to supply the water tran-
spired by the leaves or the tree will die. Accordingly, in trans-
planting young trees the top should be cut back sufficiently to give
the roots time to become established and develop their root hairs.

Roots are very useful in many places because of the binding
action which they exert on the soil, thus preventing erosion.
Such trees as willows growing along water courses, or the trees
of mountain sides and hill slopes, furnish examples of this prin-
ciple.

The stem may be defined as that part of the tree which bears
the roots and leaves and serves as a connection between them.

8 Bulletin of the University of Texas

The water, with its dissolved mineral salts taken up by the roots,
passes up through the stem and its branches out into the leaves.
The stem responds to the stimulus of gravity and hght by grow-
ing away from the pull of gravity and toward the light. This
response is exactly the opposite to that made by the root, and
results in an elongated aerial organ whose chief function is to
display the foliage leaves to light. The lateral branches of the
stem, hike the branches of the root, grow in various directions.
The branches may be almost horizontal, drooping, or ascending.
In the coniferous trees, such as the pines, the main stem does not
branch equally, but extends upward through the crown to the
top, and the lateral branches are arranged in regular whorls,
which decrease in length from the base to the apex of the stem.
Such trees form a more or less symmetrical, elongated, cone-
shaped body, which affords the optimum exposure to hght. Many
of our deciduous trees also exhibit quite regular, conical-shaped
erowns. The lombardy poplar, the sour gum, and many species
of oak and maple furnish examples. In some trees the main trunk
does not extend upward through the crown, but is soon lost and
the crown becomes rounded or spreading; the bur oak, the hack-
berry and the American elm are examples of this type.

In transverse cuts across the stem or any of its branches, four
distinct main parts may be observed: the central pith, the woody
cylinder, the cambium or growing layer, and the bark.

The woody eylinder consists of a series of annual rings arranged
more or less in concentric order. Each ring represents a single
season of growth, and by counting the rings the age of the tree in
years can be determined with almost perfect accuracy. The ring
is made up of two layers, of which the thin, firm layer represents
the fall growth, while the more porous large vessels develop in
the spring and early summer. It sometimes happens that if
erowth is checked during the growing season more than one ring
is formed, but this can usually be distinguished by careful exami-
nation. The outer layer of wood, the sap wood, is usually hghter
in color and more readily subject to decay than the central layers
or heart wood. This is due to the deposition in the vessels of the
heart wood of various secretions which render them impervious
to water and exert an antiseptic action on the organism of de-
cay. The sap wood is the chief water-conducting avenue of the

The Trees of Texas 9

stem, hence trees may be killed by cutting out a ring of this
wood entirely around the stem, thus preventing the ascent of
water.

The medullary rays radiate from the pith to the bark, and are
seen in cross cuts as fine lines of varying widths. In longitudinal
euts, or when the wood is split lengthwise they are seen to be
thin plates which differ in structure from the wood proper. The
beautiful silver grain of quarter-sawed wood is due to these
medullary rays. The rays transport material laterly in the stem
and serve as a storehouse for reserve food substance principally
in the form of starch.

The cambium is a layer of living tissue which occurs at the
outer boundary of the woody cylinder. It is fine and delicate
and separates the wood from the bark. It is due to the growth
of this tissue that the tree increases in diameter from year to
year. The woody cylinder is made up of dead tissues, but the
cambium is alive and active, forming new wood on the inside
and bark on the outside.

The bark is made up of two distinet layers, an inner and an
outer bark. The inner bark is thin, white and fibrous, and has
for its function the transport of plastic food substances from one
part of the tree to another. If during the growing season the
bark is removed just down to the wood, the tree remains alive
for the remainder of the season, but dies the following spring.
This is due to starvation of the roots, as there is then no way by
which food from the leaves or stem can reach them. This prin-
ciple is frequently made use of in the killing of willow trees an¢
others.

The outer bark is made up of a layer of cork tissue which
surrounds the stem and varies in thickness from a very thin
papery layer on some trees to several inches in thickness on
others. The bark develops from the inside out, and the outside
layers are shed and fall away. The method of shedding the
bark is quite variable among trees, but is relatively constant for
any given species. In some species the bark is tight and smooth,
while in others it becomes deeply furrowed or grooved and broken
on the surface into smaller scales. The bark of the birch peels
away in thin papery layers, the cedars become shreddy, while
some of the hickories form large shaggy plates. An experienced

10 Bulletin of the Umversity of Texas

forester can usually determine the species of tree by the bark
characteristic alone.

The function of the bark is to prevent loss of water and to
protect the delicate inner living tissues from the entrance of
parasitic fungi and bacteria which would lead to the decay and
death of the tree. Injuries which break the continuity of the
bark are the most frequent causes of diseases of trees. The gnaw-
ing of the bark by horses is one of the serious menaces to street
shade trees, and they should always be protected against it. The
bark forms a very effective protective layer which, if uninjured,
usually suffices to keep most trees in a relatively healthy condi-
tion. It is, however, provided on young portions with openings
which are necessary to furnish a means for aerating the stem.
These openings are known as lenticels, and they furnish an un-
avoidable avenue for loss of water and for the entrance of fungi
and bacteria.

A bud may be defined: as an undeveloped shoot. The forma-
tion of buds takes place during the active growing season, which
in our latitude lasts until the middle or latter part of July.
After this time the tree continues to manufacture food and store
it up in the buds and other organs until September or October,
when a period known as the winter rest period begins. This
lasts until the following spring, when the buds expand into leafy
or floral shoots. This rhythmic periodicity in the life of the tree
is directly due to the change of the season from conditions favor-
able to growth to conditions unfavorable.

The bud contains, in miniature form, the leaves or flowers which
will appear the next year. These structures are very small, yet
all the parts are present. The outer part consists of a series of
leathery, scale-like leaves which overlap each other and protect
the delicate inner parts from injury. It is a popular notion that
the enveloping bud scales serve as a protection against cold and
keep the inner parts from freezing during the cold winter. But
this is not the case. There are in plants no provisions for main-
taining a body temperature higher than that of the surrounding
air, and there is no cold so intense that it could not be endured
by many plants if this were the only unfavorable factor. The
bud scales serve primarily as a protection against loss of water,
for which purpose they are well fitted. The mucilaginous or

The Trees of Texas BU

resinous material with which the scales are cemented together
renders them almost water-proof and prevents the escape of
water at a time when none could be obtained from the soil. In
the spring, however, after the buds have begun to open, they are
readily killed by freezing, for this draws the water out of the deli-
cate inner parts, and the protection against loss of water having
been now lost, the bud dies of dessication when the ice melts.

Buds may be grouped into various classes on the basis of
structure, position on the stem, parts included, and time of de-
velopment.

As a rule, buds are borne singly in the axils of the leaves; at
the end of the stem or its branches; or directly underneath the
petiole of the leaf. The bud may contain foliage leaves, flowers,
or in some cases both. Many buds, because of their location,
fail to develop and are known as dormant buds. They usually
die within a few years, but in some cases they remain alive and
become covered over with layers of wood, under which they grow
slowly and maintain themselves near the surface of the wood.
These buds, growing and branching in the wood, produce the
eurling and twisting of the grain, which is known as ‘‘ bird’s-eye’’
wood.

The dormant buds may begin to develop at any time, provided
they are favorably located and supplied with sufficient food.
This condition arises when part of the tree is broken or cut
away and the young shoots that develop come largely from dor-
mant buds. Buds may also arise at any time from the stem,
root, or even the leaves. These are called adventitious buds.
The frequent suckering of many plants from the roots is due to
these adventitious buds, as is also the growth of sprouts from
the stumps of hardwood trees.

The rapid unfolding of buds into leaf and flower is ever a
constant source of pleasure, for it marks the transition from
dormant to active life. It involves all the changes which take
place in the great awakening of nature from its long winter
sleep period, and inspires within us hopes of a promise to be ful-
filled in leaf, flower and fruit.

The flower may be defined as the forerunner of a seed. All of
our trees, when they have reached a certain age, bear flowers
and develop seeds. It is this characteristic which enables each

12 Bulletin of the Unwersity of Texas

species to perpetuate itself and to become distributed over the
earth.

In the typical, complete flower, four sets of organs are pres-
ent: the calyx, the corolla, the stamens, and the pistil. The
calyx is the outer whor! of leaves, usually greenish in color, which,
before the flower opens, functions in much the same manner as
the bud seales, preventing the delicate inner parts from suffering
injury due to water loss. The calyx is composed of several sepa-
rate leaves known as sepals. The corolla is the showy colored part
of most flowers, and is made up of a number of colored leaves,
petals, which may be entirely separated from each other, or in
some cases are more or less united at the base. The stamens,
several in number, are usually separate, filamentous structures
which bear an enlarged body at the upper end known as an
anther or pollen case. Their function is to produce the pollen.
The pistil consists of three parts: the ovary or basal enlarged por-
tion which is usually somewhat inflated and bears the ovules or
young seeds; the style, a filament about the size of the stamens
and growing up to about the same level with their tops, or some-
times projecting beyond them, and the stigma, or the swollen
expanded end of the style.

The stamens and the pistil are the essential parts of the flower,
while the calyx and corolla are known as the accessory parts.

When the flowers are fully developed the anther case breaks
open and the pollen is shed from it. In order for a seed to be
formed, some of this pollen must fall upon the stigma and de-
velop into a long burrowing tube which grows down through the
style into the ovule or young seed. This is known as the pollen
tube, and each ovule must receive such a tube or die. The pollen
tube is microscopic in size and bears the male reproductive, or
sperm cells. Inside the young seed or ovule, the female repro-
ductive cell, the egg cell, is borne. The pollen tube penetrates
the opening to the ovule and delivers the male cell to the female.
These two cells then fuse completely into one. This process is
known as fertilization, and the embryo plant develops from the |
fertilized egg cell. The embryo plant with the tissue surrounding
it is called the seed.

Of all the processes carried on by plants, the method by
which a seed is formed is perhaps the most striking and interest-

The Trees of Texas 13

ing. It is the device by which perpetuation is insured. The chief
problem of each organism that lives is to maintain its existence
during life and to leave others like itself when it dies. The
flower then is the structure upon which the perpetuation of the
species depends and toward which all the energy of the tree is
directed. The mightiest trees which today inhabit the earth
began life, some of them, perhaps eight thousand years or more
ago, when the pollen tube delivered its sperm cell to the egg cell
in the young ovule. For in this way, and this way only, can a
new individual originate.

The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma is known
as pollination. When the pollen is borne on one flower and the
stigma on another, the process is known as ecross-pollination ; but
if they are produced in the same flower it is called self or close
pollination. Perhaps the great majority of plants favor cross-
pollination, for there are many evidences in support of this
theory. In many plants the flowers are incomplete; that is,
some flowers bear only stamens while others bear only pistils,
and in some plants these two types are borne on separate indi-
viduals. Such plants are called dioecious.

Cross-pollination is brought about through the agency of the
wind, water and insects. Wind pollenized flowers are usually
small, consisting only of the essential flower parts, while those
which are visited by insects are usually larger, more showy and
produce nectar and odor. The relationship which exists between
insects and flowers is one of the most interesting chapters in
biology. The insect and the flower have evolved together, and
they perform for each other a mutual service. The insect visits
the flower in order to procure food, but while there its body be-
comes dusted with pollen, and this is transferred to other flowers
which it then visits. The pollen of one species will grow only
upon the stigma of the same or of a closely related species. This
tends to keep each svecies pure. However, crossing may occur
provided the pollen of one species is carried to the stigma of an-
other that is closely related to it. This has led to the improve-
ment of many of our cultivated varieties of plants as well as to
the origin of entirely new hybrid varieties.

Flowers are either borne singly on the stem or in clusters.
When the flowers are solitary, they are either on short lateral

14 Bulletin of the University of Texas

shoots in the axils of leaves, or at the end of the main axis of the
shoot. Flowers which occur in clusters may be grouped for
convenience into a number of definite types. A raceme of flowers
or fruits is an arrangement of the individual flowers on the
more or less elongated axis, each with a separate pedicel, all
about equal in leneth. <A panicle is a flower cluster in which
the simple pedicels of the raceme become branched and spreading.
A corymb is also like the raceme, but in this ease the flower shoot
is Shortened, and the lower pedicels are longer than those borne
above them, so that the clusters become flat topped with all the
flowers borne at about the same level. A cyme resembles a corymb,
but in this case the pedicels become branched and the central
flower blooms first. An.wmbel is a flower cluster in which the
pedicels of the flowers start from the same point and become about
of equal length. A head is a cluster in which the axis is very
short and the flowers are without pedicels, or nearly so, forming
a globose or compressed cluster. A catkin, or ament, is a long,
slender, drooping axis which bears numerous solitary sessil
flowers in the axils of bracts, the whole cluster falling away after
the maturity of the flowers. Among trees, the willows, poplars,
oaks, and birches bear their flowers in catkins.

A flower has been defined as the forerunner of a seed; but
plants bear their seeds in some kind of a structure known as a
fruit, consisting of the ripened ovary, and sometimes other ac-
eessory parts. The fruit is a structure which aids in the distri-
bution of seeds. Fruits are either dry or fleshy. Dry fruits may
be grouped under two heads: those which open and shed their
seeds at maturity are dehiscent, those which do not open are inde-
hiscent. Of the indehiscent fruits, our commonest examples
among the trees are the samara or the dry winged fruits of
maples, elms, ash, ailanthus, hop tree, ete.; the acorn of the oaks;
the nut of the walnut and hickory. The dry dehiscent fruits are
known as pods if the seeds are fastened along one side and there
is but a single cavity, otherwise they are called capsules.

Among the fleshy fruits our commonest examples are the berry,
pome, and drupe. The term berry may be used to denote all
fleshy fruits with more than one seed buried in the mass of pulp.
The pome or apple fruit differs from the berry by bearing the
seeds inclosed by a hardened substance. The drupe is a single-
seeded fleshy fruit.

The Trees of Texas 15

DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN TEXAS

Within the wide domain included by the boundaries of Texas,
the natural conditions which go to determine the distribution of
trees are extremely varied in character. The chief factors which
have influenced distribution are rainfall, character of the soil,
temperature, light and winds. Of these the first two are by far
the most important.

The factor which more than any other dominates the distribu-
tion is rainfall. This is shown by the transition which takes
place in the character of the tree flora from the moisture-loving
species of the eastern part of the state to the drought-resistant
varieties of the west.

A map of Texas constructed to show the difference m annual
rainfall for each degree of longitude divides the state into nine
zones differing from each other by five inches of rainfall and ex-
tending in a general north and south direction across the state.
The first of these zones receives an annual rainfall of more than
fifty inches, and in this zone the trees reach their maximum size
and abundance. ‘The second, with forty-five inches, extends to
the ninety-sixth meridian, the third, with forty inches, extends
to the ninety-seventh, and so on to the one hundred and second,
where the rainfall is fifteen inches. These zones, passing from
north to south across the state, imelude a wide variety of soil
types and physiographic features, which have, to a certain extent,
modified the character of the vegetation. In order to understand
fully the factors which have influenced the distribution of trees
in any area, it is necessary to consider the quality of the soil,
the physiographic features and all the climatological factors.

The trees which inhabit the eastern part of the state are ex-
tensions of the forests of the Atlantic and gulf coastal plains,
as well as some from the Middle and North Atlantic States.
These trees are all adapted to abundant rainfall and become
ehecked near the Brazos River by the dry climate of the South-
west. Concerning the further westward extension of this forest
area, Bray says: ‘‘Here its vanguard is broken into straggling
detachments of which only the hardier varieties push onward
along the prairie streamways or up the deeper canyons of the
hills. It is a striking phenomenon this breaking and gradual
dwindling away of so vast and vigorous a forest. Not only in

16 Bulletin of the University of Texas

Texas, but far to the north, through Indian Territory, Kansas,
Nebraska and the Dakotas, the same thing may be seen. Like a
vast wave that has rolled in upon a level beach, the Atlantic for-
est breaks upon the dry plains—halting, creeping forward, thin-
ning out, and finally disappearing, except where along a river
course it pushes far inland.’’—Forest Resources of Texas.

The trees of central Texas are made up of these last straggling
remnants of the mighty forests of the eastern states; some species
which have reached into it from Mexico and the Rocky Moun-
tains, together with others which are not found in any other part
of the world and may be regarded as its own peculiar product.
Central Texas is, therefore, the meeting ground for the outposts
of three great forest areas, and is peculiarly rich in the variety
of its tree flora.

The trees of the Southwest and West are principally species
which have a wider distribution into Mexico and the Rocky
Mountains.

INFLUENCE OF FORESTS ON CLIMATE, RUN-OFF
AND EROSION

The chief value of forests is as a source of timber, but in many
parts of the world they exert other influences which are of the
utmost importance. The chief subsidiary value of the forest
is in its relation to the climate, run-off, and erosion.

The influence of forests on climate is chiefly to render the
atmosphere more humid, to modify the radiation of heat, and
check the winds. It is a popular belief that forests exert an in-
fluence on the amount of rainfall over a given area, but this
theory has not been substantiated by any experimental data.
It is very doubtful if forests influence in any way the actual
amount of precipitation. They do, however, exert a profound
influence on the retention of water, thus controlling run-off and
erosion.

In the forest the heavy rain, as it falls, is checked by the
branches and leaves of the larger trees, particularly when they
are in full leaf. From these the water drips to the smaller trees
and undergrowth and then to the carpet of leaves below. Here
it is held in great quantities and slowly percolates into the humus
soil, which is also able to hold many times its own weight of

The Trees of Texas ly

water. In this way long continued heavy rains are required be-
fore the excess water begins to flow off into streams and rivers.
The water which percolates down into the soil gradually runs
away to feed streams and springs, and thus maintains their
steady flow throughout the year. It is a very noticeable fact
that springs are much more common in forested lands than in
the open, and that they usually cease to flow when the forest
is removed. The water-holding power of a watershed is much
greater if it is covered with timber than with any other vegeta-
tion, but grassy plains catch and hold much more water than
cultivated areas. The removal of forests, and the cultivation of
_the areas once occupied by them, has given rise to the various
floods which now occur on many rivers throughout the country.
Concerning erosion, it has been estimated that 1,000,000,000 tons
of sediment are annually pouring into the seas from the rivers
of the United States. This material is derived from the surface
layers, the richest part of the soil, and its land value, the annual
loss, would exceed all the land taxes of the country. The soil
actually removed does not, however, constitute the entire danger.
The surface of the hillside areas frequently become so gullied
that they can no longer be tilled, and all productive power is lost.

SHADE TREES

Aside from their more readily estimated value for fruit, timber,
and fuel, trees are valuable for shade and ornament. The orna-
mental shade tree ministers not only to our physical comfort,
but also to the aesthetic pleasures which come to us through a per-
ception of beauty. The chief value of trees for city streets, lawns,
and parks is due to the beauty which can be developed by their
use. It is a value not always appreciated by all, and one which
should be enhanced by education.

There is a growing sentiment throughout the country in favor
of the planting and care of shade trees. In the past, each owner
has planted along his property such trees as he saw fit, and given
them such attention as his knowledge and circumstances permit-
ted. This has resulted in miscellaneous collections of trees, de-
void of design, harmony and adaptation of means to an end—the
very principles upon which beauty depends.

In many of the cities of this country the work of planting and.

2—Trees.

18 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

care of trees for streets and parks has been placed under the
supervision of an experienced official, who superintends the work
for the entire city. This method is bringing about much better
results, and is to be recommended wherever practicable. Every
city should take some action to encourage more uniformity in the
matter of planting trees. Trees for any given street should be
of the same variety, equally spaced, planted the same distance
from the sidewalk, pruned to the same height and kept in a
healthy condition. They should be free from the ravages of
horses’ teeth, the old-time ‘‘tree pruner,’’ the merchant’s sign
poster, and the telephone lineman—the worst pests of street trees.

A city with beautiful avenues, lined on either side with such
trees, possesses an asset of almost inestimable value, for it con-
tributes to the happiness and eivie pride of all its people and
hence elevates the tide of life through an appreciation of the
‘beautiful.

Trees for parks should represent all the varieties possible in
as nearly as practicable their natural forest habits. A native
wooded park is an asset which no city or town can afford to con-
sider lightly. One of the most delightful spots in all Texas is
to be found in beautiful Brackenridge Park of San Antonio.
This fine tract of native woodland, generously donated to that
city by Mr. George W. Brackenridge, will become a priceless
heritage as the years go by. If the wishes of the former philan-
thropic owner and lover of nature are observed, it will never be
defiled by ax or saw, but will remain forever to inspire in the
hearts of men a love and reverence for the passing things of
wild free nature, as they come down to us undefiled by the hand
of man. What better gift could be bestowed by any philan-
thropist than this, and what better precedent might be followed
by others.

THE NAMES OF PLANTS

Plants, like everything else, are given names by which they
may be designated. We recognize plants both by common and
scientific names. The common name of a plant is the name by
which it is known locally, and frequently differs in various see-
tions of the country. The co-called Texas long leaf pine of East
Texas becomes the Georgia pine further east. In fact, this one
pine is known by as many as thirty different common names in

The Trees of Texas 19

different parts of its range. The scientific name of a plant is
given to it by the individual who first describes the species, and
the name of the species is usually followed by the name of the
man who described it. For example, Quercus alba L. means
that this plant was originally described by Linnaeus and given
the name Quercus alba. No other plant is known by this name.
Scientific names should be used more extensively by all in desig-
nating plants, for it is only through this means that we are able
to know with certainty that reference is made to a definite
species. The name of a plant consists, usually, of two parts or
words, as, for example, Prosopis glandulosa, Pinus palustris,
Ulmus Americana, Quercus nigra. The first of these words indi-
eates the genus to which the plant belongs, and is always capi-
talized, the second indicates the species and is only rarely capt-
talized.

The classification of plants is an attempt to express their
actual kinship, or what we are accustomed to know as blood re
lationship. Each kind of plant is known as a species. A species
consists of a group of individuals which resemble each other
more than they resembleany other individual. For example, al!
of the trees which we call Ulmus Americana are more like each
other than they are like any other group of trees. Then there are
eroups of species which are more like each other than they are
hke any other species. Such a group is known as a genus.
There are in our area four species, all of which are more like
Ulmus Americana than they are like any other species, but each
differs from it and from each other in certain essential character-
istics. These species are Ulmus Americana, Ulmus alata, Ulmus
erassifolia and Ulmus fulva. The name of the species consists
of the generic name which denotes the genus, and is followed by
the specific name which defines the species. But the genus and
species is not the complete expression of the relatiom-hip of any
given plant. There are groups of genera which resemble each
other more closely than they resemble any other genera. Sueh
groups are known as families; for example Ulmus (elms) and
Celtis (hackberry) make up the family Ulmaceae. Families are
likewise grouped into orders, and these.in turn into larger groups.

It should be borne in mind that,. knowing the name by which
a plant is designated marks only the beginning of an acquaint-

20 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

anceship with it. It serves merely as our introduction. An inti-
mate acquaintance depends on a knowledge of its distribution,
family relationship, characteristics, soil and water requirements,
products, economic or horticultural value—in short, all that may
be learned about it. The writer hopes that no one will be found
who retains the hopeless attitude that to know more about
plants eauses a lessening of our appreciation of thei beauty...

HOW TO USE THE KEY

The number of species which occurs in our tree flora is so
great that descriptions alone would not enable the beginner to
deterniine the name of a tree without long and tedious effort,
which in the end would frequently prove uncertain. Accord-
ingly, the key has been arranged in such a way that if followed
step at a time the investigator may arrive at the proper de:
scription with relative ease and accuracy. Suppose, for example,

I. Outlines and Bases of Simlpe Leaves.

VOO@
OV

1-4 einen, Di Lanceolate lance- -shaped). 3. Oblong. 4, Elliptic.
5. Oval. 6. Ovate Coste shaped). 7. Oblanceolate. . Spatulate
(spatula-like). 9. Obovate (reversed ovate). 10. eae (wedge-
shaped).

one wished to find the name of the American elm. The first
choice to be made is between ‘‘leaves needle, scale or awl-like;
fruit a cone of dry scales or a berry-like cone,’’ and ‘‘leaves with
expanded blades, fruit not as above.’’ This choice is easily
made in favor of the latter. Under ‘‘I,’’ leaves compound, or
‘TT,’ leaves simple, the beginner will find it necessary to consult
the glossary and illustrations to determine just what is meant by

The Trees of Texas 21

these terms, when his decision will be in favor of ‘‘IL.”’ Then he
must determine whether the leaves are opposite or alternate on
the stem. Here his decision goes to ‘‘B,’’ leaves alternate. Under
‘*B,’’ the choice goes to ‘‘2,’’ leaves with ‘‘netted veins,’’ then to
“bh *? ‘leaves with only one primary vein at base.’’ The next
choice is between ‘‘leaves entire and blade of leaf serrate or
notehed,’’ ‘‘(1)’’ or ‘‘(2).’’ Im this case the second is found
correct. After this the choice falls on ‘‘(a),’’ ‘‘veins of leaves
straight,’’ not prominently branched then ‘‘y.’’ Trees not thorny

II. Leaf Edges.

{
1
\
oe
\

1. Serrate (saw-toothed).

Dentate (toothed). 3. Crenate (scalloped).
4, Undulate (wavy).

Sinuate (bayed). 6. Incised (jagged).

2
5.

~ and finally ‘‘(x)’’ leaves oblique at base, and ‘‘m’’ fruit a
circular samara, leaves harsh to the touch. This leads unerr-
ingly to the genus Ulmus, and no other tree in our flora ean be
placed here if the observations are carefully made and each deci-
sion accurately drawn. Turning to the page reference a descrip-

IiI. Leaf Tips.

1. Acuminate. 2. Acute. 3. Obtuse. 4. Truncate... 5. Retuse. 6. Emar-
ginate. 7. Obcordate. 8. Cuspidate. 9. Mucronate.

tion of the genus is given. Here again the student should check
each statement in the description, to see if it tallies with the speci-
men at hand. If correct, the key to the genus must next be con-
sulted. Here the choice goes to ‘‘flowers opening in the spring
before the leaves.’’ ‘‘Branches not corky winged.’’ ‘‘ Leaves
smooth or somewhat roughened above, inner bark not mucilagin-

22 Bulletin of the University of Texas

ous.’’ The determination is then checked by turning to the de-
scription of the species and consulting the illustration. If the
pine is taken, the first choice goes to ‘‘leaves needle scale or awl-

IV. Lobed Simple Leaves.

Bi
Se

Pinnately: 1. -—Lobed. 3. Cleft. 5. Parted. -7. Divided.
Paimately: 2. -tobed= 42 Clert: . Parted. 8. Divided.

shaped,’’ etce., which leads to the family Pinaceae. Here the
decision is between *‘leaves all needle-shaped’’ and ‘‘leaves seale-
lke and appressed to the stem, or some of them awl-shaped,
spreading.’’ If the leaves are needle-shaped and borne in elus-
ters of two to five, the species goes to the genus Pinus.

It is believed that practice in the use of the key will soon
enable one to locate the family, genus, and species with almost
certain accuracy. It must be borne in mind that accuracy of
observation is necessary to its successful use.

bo
~~

The Trees of Texas

aves.

V. Compound Le

Des
\~

Wp.
ANN

Iv
an

3 Zz "Vy SS
5 y |

—
i

s
en ae

eae

A KEY TO THE TREES OF TEXAS

Leaves needle, scale, or awl shaped; fruit a cone
of dry scales or a berry-like cone..............
Leaves with expanded blades; fruit not as above.
I. Leaves compound.
A. Leaves palmately compound.
ASIEN th EOD) Ooo ad as ha fee oan 4 oe ROE
LO as Te eS ee a

B. Leaves pinnately compound.
1. Leaves once pinnate.

a.

_»b.

Leaves without an odd leaflet at
the end, opposite, persistent........
Leaves with an odd leaflet at the
end.
(1) Leaves alternate.
(a) Leaflets toothed or notched
all the way around.
x. Trees with thorns......

y. Trees thornless.
(x) Fruit red drupes...
WYSE Eat a ibe... oiex. 6
(z) Fruit a_ trilobed
BADSUNEE ceaviers < digs 2

(b) Leaflets entire.

Re, Trees With: tHOEHS)s <5 65's

y. Trees without thorns.
(x) Fruit yellow drupes
borne in clusters.. ..
(y) Fruit an elongated
WG prac oe ee
(c) Leaflets with one to four
gland tipped notches at
TSG hers TN 5 Genta eu eins

(2) Leaves opposite.

(a) Leaflets, three evergreen...

(b) Leaflets 3-5, lobed or
doubly serrate, fruit
RAS I ag ae hy ab oe As

(c) Leaflets 5-11, sharply ser-
rate, fruit clusters of
SENOS as. 5c, as dle ieee aces

Page
Pinaceae “o.-2 3 5c: 5
Aesculaceae ....132

Ptelea in
Staphyllaceae ..126

Zygophyllaceae .125

Fagara in

Rutracede 2 ies... £25
schmaltzia 3... 2% g Bes
Juglandaceae ... 47

Unegnadia in

Sapindaceae ....138
ia bacese.s.°-*. cP
Sal Gas. = aC k 138
Bapacese 42. pal
Ailanthus .....%* 127
Heletia in

RUipeeae 3. s, 2. 125
Aceraceae ...... 134
Sa OUCHS! . &.. 157

26 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

Pag3
(d) Leaflets 5-11, entire or
toothed, fruit a samara....Oleaceae........ 150
2. Leaves twice pinnate.
a. Leaves with an odd leaflet.
(1) Fruit clusters of yellow drupes,
plant, not LhOrny. wci.2 ees ee Melia. cca 128
(2) Fruit a pod, tree thorny, leaves
Welry ares. wg ee ieee Ayahia A. 5 tees 147
b. Leaves without an odd leaflet.
(1) Pinnae 2.
(a) Leaflets, 2-4 pairs, small...Cercidium ...... 120
(b) Leaflets numerous, min-
ute, leaves in fasicles..... Parkinsonia..jsi4a
(2) Pinnae 2-4, leaflets numerous...Prosopis ....... 114
a3) 2Pinnaé. 409r Motes wes ee cit Mimosaceae ....114
3. Leaves both once and twice pinnate on
the same street x. ees eis ceteie s ace ane Gleditsia «oc... 120
II. Leaves simple.
A. Leaves opposite or whorled.
1. Petiole of leaf long, more than 1% inches.
a. Blades: palmately 3-)" lobed =... 4-2... o.< Aceraceae ...... 134
b. Blades entire or with 1 or 2 laterai
lobes.
(1) Fruit an elongated capsule........ Catalpa in
Rhinanthaceae. .155
(2)-Fruit. an ovoid capsule: . 2.2. ss Paulownia in
Rhinanthaceae .155
2. Petiole of leaf short, less than 1% inches.
a. Blades entire.
(14) “"Erees: with thGrns. 24. sees saree Karwinskia in
Frangulaceae ...139
(2) Trees without thorns.
(a) Fruit fleshy.
x. Veins of leaves prominent-
ly curved, fruit a red drupe.Cynoxolum .....145
y. Veins not prominently
curved, fruit a black drupe..Chionanthus ....154
(b) Fruit dry.
x. Fruit an elongated persist-
ent pod, leaves linear some-
times-alternates..3. Aves aad OHIOPIS® ss cs oes 156
y. Fruit a globose structure of
nutlike -bodies2:...)t:5 dears Cephalanthus ..157
b. Blades undulate or serrate.
(1) Blades finely serrate, the nerves
pubescent beneath with deep red
COMM aC WIN, Messed ees as ob che OE ViIbULRUnN 3.5 oe 158

The Vrees of Texas 27

Page

(2) Blades slightly serrate above the
middle, drupes elongated.......... V0). hie ae 153

(3) Blades serrate, fruit a four-lobed
capsule with bright red seeds...... EKuonymus...... 132

B. Leaves alternate.
1. Leaves parallel nerved, crowded at the
end of single or sparingly branched stems. Palms and Yucca 46
2. Leaves with netted veins.
a. Leaves with more than one primary
vein at base or the lower veins longer
and more branching than those above
them.
(1) Blade of leaf entire.
(a) Primary veins three, base of
featvopligue. fruit a drupe. 22. Celtis: 26... 98
(b) Primary veins five to seven,
base of leaf heart-shaped,
fruit an dongated pod....... Cassiaceae ..... 118
(2) Blade of leaf serrate or notched.
(a) Leaf broadly heart-shaped.
x. Oblique at base, sap watery,
fruit a winged nutlet...... yt ae eee ame 14%
Not oblique at base, sap
milky, fruit a berry, leaves
frequently lobed.
(x) Berry edible, leaves

™

y-

NOt WAITY oo soca De MOPS hee. cae SS
(y) Berry not edible,
leaves: Hairpin feos SS. Broussonetia ... 92

(b) Leaf not at all heart-shaped,
the base decidedly oblique,
TRUE VMPC Te haved Bates e i8 OTEISS Oa is < 98
(c) Leaf blade deltoid, or some-
times heart-shaped, buds
gummy, petiole usually flat-
EGMEU Foi ab tiealaesite rae See BOpwlas ion cs aes
(3) Blade of leaf lobed.
(a) Plant quite thorny, fruit ter-
minated by the spreading
RAIDS t Brie chatane <iaie oes ak we o's Crataegus ...... 105
(b) Plant not thorny.
k. Leaf star-shaped, lobes 5-9
REDS eee ache ta Sac cte'n a te Liquidambar ...101
l. Leaf large with 3-5 irregu-
lar lobes, petiole of leaf
covering the young buds,
fruit a globose head of
POS (PCG. Fak ys. are acw a feo RR hs: ee ae 104

oO
|

bo
Ow

Bulletin of the University of Texas

Page
m. Leaves aromatic, entire,
OT Zam CRS: 3 a ee RBASSATTAS SS Sykes 142
n. Leaves 5-7 lobed, juice
WOMNOR Fo Sia S le She PICUS YS. cowl weet 92
o. Leaves 3-5 lobed, the lobes
blunt pointed, fruit a
leathery capsule opening
before maturity, bark
SOIT 32: Sse wvs's Ss se era Rirmiana. .<..2 141
b. Leaves with only one primary vein
at base.
(1) Blade of leaf lobed, fruit an acorn.Quercus ........ 63

(2) Blade of leaf entire.
(a) Leaves long, more than six
inches.
x. Fruit a banana-like struc-
ture, flowers opening be-
fore or with the leaves,
leaves broadest above the
middle, emitting a foetid
odor when crushed........ Anonaceae ..... 102
. Fruit a cone-like body,
flowers opening after the
es 4 ga es a eet ep Be ME LE Magnoliaceae ...103
(b) Leaves less than six inches in .
length.
x. Leaves evergreen.
(x) Bark and leaves aro-
TIATIC ce eRe Cee Lauraceae ...... 141
(vy) Bark and leaves not
aromatic.
(x) Fruit and acorn,
leaves sometimes
serrate on young
LWAES) nS Lee Quercus in
Fagaceae ....... 63
(y) Fruit a dblack
drupe with thick
skin, leaves leath-
ery, pointed at
tHe Bpex 2) sy oie ee Laurocerasus ...115
y. Leaves deciduous.
(x) Leaves scale like.
(x) Trees with thorns. Koeberliniaceae 125
(vy) Tress without.Tamaricaceae ..141
thorns.

<j

The Trees of Texas

(y) Leaves not scale like.
(x) Trees more or
less thorny.

m.Fruit black,
drupe-like: ber-
ry, sap milky,
thorns some-
times at ends
of branches....Bumelia
nh. Prurt or-
ange-like, sap

mre 9 Ao so ese Toxylonn

o. Fruit a drupe,
ae kate i 1.
diameter, leaf
blades ___leath-
ery, spatulate. Condalia

(y) Trees not thorny.
m.Leaf blade
thin, oval in
outline, veins
prominently
curved, fruita

29

Page

eras ope as 139

drupe. = 22>. Nyssaceae ...... 143

n. Leaf blade
thins, with
blunt rounded
apex, )-Erwit
small drupes.
borne in ter-

minal panicles.Cotinus .

o. Fruit a berry
with thicken-
ed calyx.

(m) Berry 1-
% inches
long, yel-

paar ee 128

low .-Diosyporys .....148

(n) Berry %
in. long,

blueblack. Brayodendron .147

D6 F Tait. a. ped;
leaves linear...Chilopsis
q. Fruit a blunt
two-celled cap-
sale 1-16 inch

r

PORE ks ne os, on Cyrillaceae .....130

30

Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

r. Fruit an ellip-

Pies! rire

aboutone inch

LON 2263s ee

s. Leaves thick,

fruit an acorn.

(3) Blade of leaf serrate or notched.

(a) Veins of leaves straight not
prominently branched.

x. Trees with thorns, fruit a

DOME Senco. Sas. Se peice

y. Trees without thorns.

(x) Leaves oblique at
base, fruit a circular
samara, leaves harsh
to the. COUCh e+ see

(y) Leaves not oblique at
base.

m. Leaves rounded or
somewhat heart-
shaped at base 1-2
16” A AON: are ke
fruit a globular
drupe % inch in
qiameter Fass s ae:

n. Leaves thin, buds
long sharp pointed,
bark smooth, fruit
a bur with two tri-
angular shaped
MMS oh er eS seme ees

o. Leaves thin, the
bark of the trunk
peeling off in thin
papery leaves......

p. Leaves thin, flower
in? “Carkinss -inak
HO Paliike mace 2 ese

q. Leaves thin, fruit
a catkin with large

leaf like bracts.
trunk of tres
PTDOVEE aye ee ent es

r. Leaves thicker
than the preceding,
fruit an oval shap-
ed woody cone.....

Page
Letinera..). sae 53
Quercus: .s:25 sh 63
Cratseeus” 4.226 105
ATMS = 54% Fee 94
Planera. «oscar 97
Macus, 04% 5 aire 62
Betula . 3: eee 61
GOstryacckieleee 59
Carprnus” Atenas. 60
ANS... bee shee 61

The Trees of Texas 31

s. Leaves thick, fruit
Ty 9 anes ee Quercus. 27 55% 65
t. Leaves thick, the
notches spine tip-
ped, fruit a prickly
DRERE. 2is. deed caeece eens Castanea. 5 S20 ss 62
(b) Veins of leaves not straight,
prominently branched.
x. Leaves evergreen.
m. Leaves thick § spiny
toothed, 1%’-4’ long,
iruit‘a red. drupe: 22. 2... | R=) oF ak ge pee ae 130
n. Leaves oblong-oblanceo-
late, sharply toothed to-
ward the apex, gland-
ular and strongly aro-
MAE SoS x: Bo aan ee CIE aot ta Morella-.26 50.258 54
o. Leaves ovate or oblong
ovate, 3’-5’ long, covered
with a rusty colored to-
mentum, fruit a drupe,
rarely two seeded, one
VICI TR (Gc) hae git te Soe ES COrdiaucc seas: 154
p. Leaves oval or ovate ob-
long, long pointed, fine-
ly serrate, fruit 2-4
WSC M a! sce Ce Seats See's Mohrodendron ..150
q. Leaves thick, reddish
tinged, 1-3 inches long,
bark on trunk dark red
brown, fruit drupaceous,
GAP TERS 08 ees cote AP TEGUES) oP e al snics 145
r. Leaves elliptical-oblong,
coarsely serrate, 1-2 in-
ches long, fruit a red
GEUTE <5. ee es ee oe PISS Fiteee Sieihg atte 130
y. Leaves deciduous.
m.Fruit a drupe with
Dinele SORE esis sown n= Prunus and Padus
in Amyegdolaceae 111
n. Fruit a pome_ termi-
nated by the calyx, tree

PLDT 0g 1) Ae ee a A Crataceus...a.. :. 105
o. Fruit a black berry,
Three secdede oi. sé. RAMUS. 22.5.%. 139

p. Fruit a red berry with
ey BEGGS: was so cade ko POM iweesea dansk is

q.

. Fruit a_ black,

eS itse bens

Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

Seeds of fruit with cot-

ton hairs, leaves at

least three times as long

AS WEGG eer ees peewee Salix
many
seeded berry............ Batodendron
small, yellow,

globose drupes, the s‘ze

OL a BOR aha a sean ay pe Ehretia
Fruit a yellowish green

pome

‘aPe Wee ae

ose es eee

Page

PINACEAE. The Pine Family.

Trees with a resinous juice; leaves linear or seale-like, clus-
tered, or borne alternately on branches, mostly evergreen:
fruit a dry cone, or scmetimes a berry. A family with about
250 speeies distributed throughout the world, but confined
principally to temperate regions. They are of great economic
importance as a source of resin, tar, turpentine and pitch as

well as for lumber and ornamental planting.
Leaves all needle-shaped.

Leaves borne in clusters of two to five.......... 1 Pinus.
Leaves scattered on the stem.
NL MMA ACUAT GARG ap os ori, = acs o siel’'s 6 win sie oes «800s 2 Taxodium.
LS ECT ED Ea ote 1 SR a i a a ae ae a a 3 Pseudotsuga.

Leaves scale-like and appressed to the stem, or
some of them awl-shaped, spreading.
Fruit a small cone consisting of a few scales:
Peete OI) 10 ODLONE . (20. aa. 5 c ais.¢ eke vide ee ee 4 Thuja.
PIOUS eae rat keh Ste. Be «hy asse 5 Chamecyparis.
Fruit fleshy, berry-like.
Leaves awl-shaped, .spreading on mature

Emme COMCR. AXMIATY.. 67 ckiec sce sce ee 6 Juniperus.
Leaves’ scale-like, appressed on mature
pranenes cones terminals: .. ose... 0. cs. 7 Sabinia.

1 PENUS:; <The Pines.

Monoecious, evergreen trees or rarely shrubs of great eco-
nomic importance. The leaves are borne in clusters of two
to five upon minute dwarf branches. The main stem pro-
duces branches regularly in whorls which decrease in length
towards its apex. thus giving the tree a conical appearance.
Flowers borne in the spring; the fruit, a woody cone, not
ripening until the season following. The seeds are borne in

pairs at the base of the cone scales.
Leaves in 5’s with a deciduous sheath at base,
CONC SCAlGS MINATINEG 2.0520. . ons. eet bok 132 Pex tlis:
Leaves in bundles of three.
Cones subterminal, cylindrical or conical—
oblong, slightly curved, armed with small

DEE tts TTICUION on eis plc area ciea ou ede 2. P. palustris.
Cones lateral, ovate-oblong, armed with short,
MB EE ERT MO er ccn <2, es cheat in A he we. oily aie ante LAB:

3—Trees.

34 Bulletin of the Umversity of Texas

Leaves in bundles of two or three.
Cones oval to oblong-oval; scales without

prickles; leaves short, %’ to %4’ long.... 4. P. edulis.
Cones subterminal, 57-15’ long; scales armed
With: Stoutspricisgios. 27 aoc eet eee 5. P. ponderosa.
Cones lateral, conic, 1144’-2%’ long........... 6. P. echinata.
Leaves in bundles of two; cones ovoid to globose:
| spines ‘short’ OF NOME s.4.405 os) eee i. Beeeiabra,

1. Pinus Flexilis James. Rocky Mountain White Pine.
Bull Pine. Limber Pine.

A round topped tree reaching a maximum height of 40°-50°
and trunk diameter of 2°-5° with short trunk, stout branches,
and thick fissured bark. Leaves borne in elusters of five,
about-114’-3’ long, stout and stiff. Cones 3’ to 10’ long. Wood
soft, close grained.

Alberta southward to southeastern California and western
Texas, extending into the Guadalupe and Linpia mountains.

The wood belongs with the yellow pines. It is soft and
easily worked, but the trees of our area are too small to be
of much value for timber. 7

2. Pinus Palustris Mill. Long Leaf Pine. Texas Long
Leaf Pine. Texas Yellow Pine.

A large forest tree with a maximum height of 100°-120°
and trunk diameter of 2°-3° with narrow crown and thin,
sealy, orange brown bark. Leaves bright green, soft, and
flexible, sharp tipped, 8’ to 18’ long, borne in clusters of three
with a sheath at base. The cones are almost sessile, cylindrie,
or oblong, 6’-10’ long, frequently slightly curved. The scales
are thin, flat and armed with a small reflexed spine.

Southeastern Virginia to Florida and along the Gulf coast
through Louisiana to Texas. It grows in sandy soil and is
not common in river valleys. In Texas it extends to the
Trinity River.

The wood of this vine is stiff and hard, possessing great
streneth. It is much used in the central and eastern part
of the United States as bridge wood. It is also well adapted
for frames, and trusses for large buildings. Large quanti-
ties of this wood are employed for flooring and car building.
In addition to the wood, it yields valuable naval stores, such
as rosin, pitch, turpentine, and oils. The forests of the older

See eR.

of Forestry.

‘=
Li
~
“

ry

Bureau

in

b]

EE. §

: 38 Wie ;

pine forest
of

Dept.

te AEE cg
cae 3 aa -.
bere ope ees

¢

Long leaf

Crd

6 Bulletin of the University of Texas

Gulf States have been largely depleted of this fine wood and
the supply in Texas will be exhausted in a few more years

3. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old-field Pine.
A lerge, round topped, forest tree with straight, tapering

hie. 2 Pinus taeda.

trunk, reaching a height of 80°-100° and a maximum diam-
eter of 5°, with stout branches and reddish brown ridged
bark. Leaves pale green, slender, stiff, 6’ to 9’ long,
borne in clusters of three with a sheath at base. Cones conic

The Trees of Texas 37

cylindric, 3’ to 5’ long. The scales are armed with a straight
or somewhat curved stout spine.

Southern New Jersey to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas and
in the Mississippi Valley to Arkansas and Oklahoma. In
Texas, it extends to the valley of the Colorado.

The loblolly pine is perhaps the most aggressive of all the
pines of our area. It is known in many localities as ‘‘old-field
pine,’’ because of its ability to take possession of, and reforest
old fields where corn and tobacco once grew. It will in all
probability be with us long after the longleaf has disap-
peared.

The wood is not of as good quality as the longleaf pine,
being rather weak, coarse grained and brittle. It is employed
in the manufacture of doors and different kinds of finish.

4. Pinus edulis Eng. Rocky Mountain Nut Pine. Pinion
Nut Pine. Pinion Pine.

A small tree which may reach a height of 30°-40° and diam-
eter of 215°, but is usually much smaller. The trunk is fre-
quently divided almost to the ground. Leaves dark green,
stout, 34’-114’ long, sharp pointed and borne in elusters of
two or three without a sheath. Cones nearly globose, the
scales unarmed. The seed is 1%’ long, nearly cylindric and
contains a sweet, resinous eh Page

Southwestern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Ww estern Texas to
Arizona. In Texas, it is confined to the mountains of the
western portion of the state.

The trees of our area are too small to be of much use for
timber. The chief product of value is the nut, which is of
some commercial importance.

5. Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Bull Pine. Yellow Pine.
Rocky Mountain Yellow Pine.

A tree reaching a maximum height of 100°-200° and trunk
diameter of 4°-6°, usually about two-thirds the above dimen-
sions, With very thick, reddish-brown, deeply furrowed. bark.
Leaves in 3’s, five to ten inches long. Cones reddish-brown,
oval when open, narrowly ovate when closed; scales armed
with a stout recurved prickle; seeds dark brown ovate, flat-
tened at the apex 3 to 4 lines long, winged, the w ing 3, to 1
inch long, widest above the middle.

Oo

hi ccomnpitimb areca sey adgeiegs
A

cat ie

a a eo a.

ate

Puy

7 6s: ee
oe ee a

a)

istribution and Adaptation of the Vegetation of Texas).

(Bray,

ast 'Texas

1 OF

in

forest

y pine

Lobloll

The Trees of Texas 39

A western mountain form extending from Montana and
British Columbia to California and Mexico, eastward to Ne-
braska and Western Texas. In Texas, it reaches the Guada-
lupe and Limpia Mountains, and extends northward.

ear
. : bata

Pio AS Pinus echinata.

Pinus ponderosa grows in a wide variety of habitats. It
is at home on the moist fertile mountain slopes and plateaus,
dry ov rocky ridges, fertile gravelly valleys, and arid desert
slopes. It reaches its maximum size and abundance in the
yellow pine belt of the Sierra Nevada.

The trees of our area are small and of comparatively little
value. The wocd is classed with the yellow pines. It is soft

40 Bulletin of the University of Texas

and easily worked and does not contain so much rosin as
the lougleaf pine.

6. Pinus echinata Mil. Short-leaved Pine.

A forest tree reaching a height of 80°-100° and a maximum
trunk diameter of 3° to 4° with rough, coarsely furrowed
bark. Leaves deep green, borne in clusters of two or three,
3’-5’ long, shorter than any other timber pine of Texas, slen-
der, soft and flexible. Cones 114’-214’ long, conic when closed
and ovoid when open; the cone scales armed with slender
spines, seeds 14’ long, winged.

New York to Kansas, Florida and Texas. In Texas it is
found in the northeastern portion of the state.

The short-leaf pine is the most extensively used wood in
Texas. The wood is soft and works easily. It is used prin-
cipally in the manufacture of doors, sash, and for interior
house finishing wood.

2. TAXODIUM Rich. The Bald Cypress.

Taxodium distichum (Linnaeus) L. C. Richard. A large
forest tree with maximum height of about 150° and 4°-5° in
diameter, with a straight buttressed base which is frequently
hollow. Trees growing in wet localities frequently develop
projections from the roots known as “‘knees,’’ which project
above the water; bark smooth and rather. brownish ted,
branches short, slender, horizontal or drooping, disappearing
below from the old trees, forming an irregular crown.’ Leaves
thin, flat, 2-ranked, linear, 14’-34’ long, somewhat curved,
sharp pointed, sessile; shed with the lateral twigs in the fall.
Cones globose 1’ in diameter, borne in pairs at the ends of
the branches.

It extends from Delaware to Florida westward along the
Gulf Coast to Texas, and up the valley of the Mississippi to
Missouri and southern Indiana. In swamps it is frequently
the predominating tree, often forming extensive forests. In
Texas it occurs sparingly 1 valley of the Nueces confined
mostly to overflow land al yer bottoms and in canyons.
The tree is a very slow growing one, and requires two or
three centuries to produce a trunk large enough for saw logs.

ge

The Trees of Texas 41

There are few young trees coming on, and with the drainage
of swamps and the building of levees along the river this tree
will gradually give way to more rapidly maturing species. It
has been strongly recommended’ by some nurserymen for

Fig. 5. Bald cypress forest about the Neches River. (Bray Bulletin 47
Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. Agr.).

ornamental planting. It is successful only in wet soil, where
it doubtless has some horticultural value.

The wood is light, soft-grained, but not strong. It is easily
worked, and does not shrink or warp much. Its chief use is
for construction purposes.

3. PSEUDOTSUGA Sudw.

Pseudotsuga mucronata Sudw. M»uglas Spruce. Red Fir.
A very large forest tree somegey 200° high and 3°-4° in
diameter, but usually smaller, 39%100° high with narrow

erown and thick, deeply furrowe bark. Leaves straight or
slightly eurved, 34’-114’ long, dark vellowish green to bluish

42 Bulletin of the University of Texas

green. Male cones orange red; female characterized by the
elongated red bracts. The mature cones are 2’-414’ long,
borne on stout stems.

British Columbia, south to Colorado, Arizona, Texas and
Mexico. In Texas it is found only in the northwestern part
of the state.

The heart wood is light red or vellow with almost white
sapwood and is used extensively for lumber.

4. THUYA (Tournefort) L. Arbor Vitae.

Aromatic shghtly resinous, evergreen trees or shrubs with
opposite, scale-like, imbricated, four ranked leaves. ‘Stam1i-
nate and pistillate flowers borne on the same tree but upon
different branchlets. Mature cones, elongated, consisting of
8-12 scales. A wide range of ornamental varieties occurs in
our area.

5. CHAMAECYPARIS Spach. Chinese Arbor Vitae.

Resembling Thuya and distinguished from it by the globose
shaped cones. Extensively cultivated for ornament.

6. JUNIPERUS. .

Juniperus communis L. Juniper. A small erect conie
shap tree with slender branches and thin reddish bark which
splits into persistent scales. The leaves are awl-shaped
14’-1,," long, spreading, borne in whorls of three and persist-
ing for many years. Fruit a subglobose berry-lke cone 1’ in
diameter, blue or almost black with a bloom, borne in the
axils of leaves. Seeds usually solitary.

It ranges from Greenland and Labrador to Alaska, south
to Pennsylvania, Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas. It oc-
curs only rarely in the dry sterile hills of northwestern Texas.

The wood is hard, close grained, dark brown in color. It
is durable and takes a fine polish. It is used for finishing,
chests and furniture. The tree is planted extensively in its
natural range for ornamental purposes.

The Trees of Texas 45

7. SABINA. Haller. The Cedars.

Moncecious or dioecious, strong scented trees or shrubs.
Leaves scale-like or sometimes awl-shaped, appressed to the
stem, not spreading on mature branches, each with a gland
on the back. Flowers and fruit terminal. Cone berry-like.

Fruit reddish brown, lrage with 1-12 seeds.

NEBR W002 Nod hla’, Deki ny ae) sie. Seu) URNS. Mowudie Wis ie ale 1 S. pachyphlaea.
Seeds PMO OM ANN cee lad steal. mas fe eierebs © 2 S. flaccida.
Seeds | adh ae SS alae Ae a era aA AR eA ae 345. Pinchot.
Fruit blue or blue-black, small.
Leaves denticulate.
Fruit globose or oblong, seeds usually 1, rarely
MraCNIelS SICNOGH: 2 .so%% 5 ad ake ee et 5 S. monosperma.
Fruit globose, seeds 1-4, leaves keeled and
Pe MPIN IM NGS wees hey A! Sia v Soc tars ahh, ciel ont, of e0eW a's ae 6 S. sabinoides.
Leaves entire.
Fruit subglobose %’ to 1/3’ long, seeds 1-4,
branchlets stout, not pendulous or only
Srey ISO, OfCeM EPEC... fo. ee Se ce 7 S. Virginiana.
Fruit subglobose 1%’ in diameter, seeds
usually 2, branches pendulous............ 8 S. barbadensis.
Fruit subglobose ripening the second season,
1/9’-1/3’ in diameter; seeds usually 2,
Deanchiets. rigid, often: erect... 2.02 5... 6. 9 S. scopulorum.

1. Sabinia pachyphlaea Vorr. Juniper. Thick-barked
Juniper. Mountain Cedar.

A tree reaching a maximum height of 50 to 60 feet and
diameter of 3-5 feet, with long branches and thick. sealy, red-
brown bark divided into 4 sided plates. Leaves in pairs
about 1, inch Jong, appressed, keeled and glandular, bluish
green. Fruit globose about 44 inch long, reddish brown, and
contains a sweet mealy flesh.

At altitudes of 4000 to 6000 feet from Colorado to Nevada,
Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In Texas it is
found only in the western part of the state.

The wood is sofe and brittle and is not used extensively.
The fruit is used for food by the Indians.

2. Sabinia flaccida Schlecht. Drooping Juniper. <A tree
reaching a ‘height of 30° or often only a shrub. The branches
are wide spreading, and the long drooping branchlets give
the tree a characteristic appearance. Leaves about 1%’ long,

os Bulletin of the University of Texas

opposite, light yellow green, and conspicuously glandular on
the back, and slightly toothed on the margin. Fruit globose
to oblong, 42’ to 34’ long, dull reddish brown with a glaucous
bloom. Seeds 4-12, some of them abortive.

Extending from eastern Mexico to the Chisos Mountains

of southwestern Texas. It grows best at altitudes of 6000-
8000°.

3. Sabinia Pinchoti Sudworth. Pinchot’s Juniper. <A
small tree 20 feet in height, with very short trunk. Leaves
usually in threes, but sometimes in twos; margin entire, sharp
pointed, keeled, and glandular, about 1/12 inch long. Fruit
globose about 13’ long, red or copper colored without bloom;
seeds 1 or 2.

Found only in Briscoe, Randall, and Armstrong counties,
Texas. It grows associated with 8S. monosperma. It has the
peculiar habit of throwing up numerous sprouts from fire
killed stumps. Frequently several of these shoots develop
into main trunks.

The wood is close grained, but rather soft. It is used for
fence posts, and for fuel.

4. Sabinia monosperma (Engelman) Sargent. One-seeded
Juniper. <A tree reaching a maximum height of 40 to 50° and
trunk diameter of 2° with stout branches, ascending and
siender twigs. Leaves in twos or threes, about 1%’ long,
sharp pointed, and sparingly glandular; fruit dark blue
glaucous with sweet resinous flesh; seeds usually solitary
but sometimes 2 or 3.

Eastern slopes of the Rockies extending from Colorado to
Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas.

The wood is hard, close grained, and is very durable. It is
used largely for fence posts, and for fuel. The fruit is used
as food by the Indians. The fibrous inner bark is also utilized
somewhat as fiber.

5. Sabinia sabinoides (H. B. K.) Small. Mountain Cedar.
A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 40° and diameter
of 1° with short trunk and shreddy brown bark. Leaves
scale-like, appressed and imbricated, opposite, minutely
toothed on the margin, 44’-14’ long, long pointed, sparingly

The Trees of Texas 45

glandular. Fruit almost globular 14’-14’ in diameter, dark
blue with thin, sweet resinous flesh. Seed 1-4 ribbed.

In the limestone hills of central and western Texas extend-
ing to Mexico.

The wood is hard, close grained but weak. It is used very

erence gee: orcerceraceeneeaerecewren ine gree

SD: My i Nt

a
®

ea teten
*

tte aaron “maining

Fig. 6. Sabinia sabinoides.

extensively for fence posts, telegraph poles and for fuel. The
tree is also used somewhat for ornamental planting in the
region in which it is native.

6. Sabinia virginiana (L.) Antoine. Red Cedar. <A rather

46 Bulletin of the University of Texas

large tree reaching a height of 90-100° and trunk diameter of
4-5°, but usually much smaller, sometimes shrub-like, with
ragged and sheddy bark. Leaves mostly seale-like, appressed,
opposite and four-ranked, 14’ long, glandular. The leaves on
young twigs are frequently linear-lanceolate, 4% inch long,
sharp pointed, somewhat spreading.

Fruit globular or nearly so, 1/5’-1/8’ in diaineter, blue, cov-
ered with a bloom, ripening the first autumn. The seeds are
flattened 14’ long, smooth.

Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, western Ontario, South Da-
kota and extending southward to Florida, Alabama, and east-
ern Texas.

The wood is close grained, soft and weak. It has a beau-
tiful red heart wood, which is used for furniture making,
chests and pencils. It is also used extensively for posts, as
it is quite durable. Oil of juniper is distilled from the Jeaves
and wood. The tree is extensively cultivated for ornamental
purposes. i

7. Sabinia scopulorum Sargent. Rocky Mountain Red
Cedar. A tree 30°-40° in height with a trunk sometimes
reaching a diameter of 3° but more often divided near the
ground into a number of secondary stems. Leaves opposite,
borne in pairs, closely appressed to the stem, glandular, dark
green or frequently pale and glaucous, entire on the margin.
The fruit is nearly globose 14’ to 14’ in diameter, bright blue
with a bloom, ripening the second season. Seeds one or
mostly 2, prominently grooved and angled.

From Rocky Mountain foothills, extending to western
Texas, and west to Arizona, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

ARECACEAE Reichenb. The Palm Family.

Trees with upright stems, which bear a crown of leaves at
the end. The leaves in our species are large, fan-shaped,
palmately cleft or divided. Fruit a dupe or a berry.

1. Sabal Adams. The Palmetto. Unarmed trees with
stout upright trunks, which are covered with a red-brown
rind. The tree is characterized by the fiber-hke threads which
droop from the margins of the leaf segments.

The Trees of Texas 47

Bracts of the flower cluster 7° to 8° in length.

mais 2iobose, one-Celled..:......0..202.c200e% 1 S. Palmetto.
Bracts of the flower cluster 2° to 2-%° in length,
fruit ofen 2-3 lobed with 2 or 3 seeds.......... 2 S. Mexicana.

1. Sabal Palmetto R. & S. Cabbage ‘Tree. Cabbage
Palmetto. A tree with maximum height of 30° to 40° and
diameter of 2°; leaves 5° to 6° long and 7° to 8° broad,
dark green, divided into numerous narrow segments. The
leaf petiole is 6°-7° in length. Flowers in axils of deciduous
bracts, full globose.

Found in dry or wet situations from eastern North Caro-
lina to Florida and sometimes cultivated throughout the South
Atlantic States for ornament.

2. Sabal Mexicana Mart. Palmetto. A tree reaching a
height of 30°-50° feet with diameter of 212°. Leaves
5°-6° in length and 7° in diameter, lustrous yellowish green.
Fruit 2-3 lobed, ripening in the summer. Flowers in the axils
of persistent bracts.

Rich bottom lands near the mouth of the Rio Grande and
southward. Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in
the cities along the Rio Grande.

JUGLANDACEAE Lindley. Walnut Family. Large
aromatic trees with alternate, odd pinnate leaves. The flow-
ers are monoecious, the staminate borne in catkins, the pistil-
late solitary or in clusters at the ends of branches. Fruit a
nut borne inside a dry husk which is dehiscent or indehis-
cent.

Husk indehiscent, nut with numerous rough pro-

SPpEEMNNNS 0: FE TEE ECW oe oS aw ck cca» dix ate 1. Juglans.
Husk dehiscent into four segments, nut more or less
a Na SIO SF hn ST. ayaa a btn are ed 2. Hicoria.

1, Juglans L. The Walnuts. Large aromatic trees with
alternate odd pinnate leaves, furrowed bark, and a rough,
sculptured nut which is produced inside a fibrous, indehiscent
husk.

Leaflets 15-23; nut irregularly ridged and promi-

Sime NSA TREE crs cs ag Sol dens. c! oo tay a Rake aie mw 1. J. Nigra.
Leaflets 9-23; nut deeply grooved................. 2. J. rupestris.
Leaflets 11-17; nut inconspicuously grooved........ 3. J. Californica.

48 Bulletin of the University of Texas

1. Juglans nigra Linnaeus. Walnut. Black Walnut. One
of the grandest and most valuable of our forest trees, reach-
ing a height of 100° to 150° and trunk diameter of 4°-6° with
straight trunk, stout branches, and thick, furrowed bark.
Leaves 12’-28’ long; leaflets 12-23, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous
above, pubescent below. Nut nearly round, somewhat flat-
tened, 114’ to 144’ in diameter. The kernel is sweet and edible.

In well drained soil from Ontario south to the Gulf States
and west to Nebraska and Texas. Because of the value of
the nuts and of the wood, the black walnut has been a favor-
ite tree and is frequently planted throughout its range.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong and rather coarse. The
heart wood is a beautiful dark brown, and takes a high polish.
It is much sought by furniture makers and is used extensively
in the manufacture of ornaments and for gun stocks. The
supply of available timber has been almost exhausted. The
tree has been planted extensively for ornament, but does not
make a very satisfactory shade tree.

2. duglans rupestris Engelm. Texan Walnut. A forest
tree 50° in height but in our area usually much smaller. The
upright growing branches form a narrow stiff crown. ‘The
bark on young irees is thin and pale, becoming deeply fur-
rowed and broken on the older portions. Leaves 7’-15’ long,
with 9-28 short stalked, ovate-lanceolate leaflets which are
21,’-5’ in length by 14’-114’ in width. The leaflets are dark
yellow green, glabrous or pubescent along the midribs, finely
serrate, somewhat curved with a rounded base. Fruit globose
to oblong 14’ to 144’ in diameter with a thin husk; nut globose
and with deep prominent ridges, sweet and edible.

Extends from the limestone regions of western Texas to
Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. In Texas it
occurs along stream banks of the limestone area, reaching
its maximum size in the canyons.

The trees of our area are small and of little economic im-
portance. The wood is hard, close-grained, weak, dark brown
in color. The tree is occasionally planted for ornament, and
erows well in localities outside its natural range.

3. dJuglans Californica Wats. Jalifornia Walnut. <A
stately forest tree reaching 60° in height by 18’-20’ in diam-

The Trees of Texas 49

eter, irequently much smaller, with stout branches, some-
what drooping and forming a beautiful, rounded, symmetrical
erown. Leaves 6’-9’ long. The leaflets are long pointed,
sharply serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at base, sessile, glab-
rous or bearing tufts of hair in the axils of primary veins.
Fruit globose 34’-114’ in diameter with thin husk. The nut

is globose without prominent ridges; the seed is sweet and
edible.

Extends from the valley of the Colorado through western
Texas to California.

The wood is dark brown or mottled, hard, coarse grained;
used in the manufacture of furniture. The tree is useful for
ornamental planting. It has been greatly improved by
hybridization with the European walnut to produce a beauti-
ful thrifty, quick growing tree,—the Burbank walnut.

2. HICORIA Rabinesque. The Hickories.

Large, fine forest trees with very hard, tough, elastic wood,
and hard, fissured, tight, or scaly bark. The young branches
are flexible and not easily broken. The leaves are alternate,
deciducus, odd-pinnate with serrate margins. Fruit a hard
bony nut surrounded by a woody husk which separates at
maturity into four segments. Staminate flowers clustered,
usually on the wood of the preceding year; the pistillate in

spike-like clusters at the ends of the wood of the present
season. 7

1. Bud scales few, valvate (in pairs), fruit with
more or less prominent ridges at the
sutures of the husk, shell thin except
m (3).

(1) Leaflets 9-17, usually about 13; nut
ovate-oblong, circular in cross sec-

tion, kernel sweet and edible....... 1 H. pecan.
(2) Leaflets 7-11, nut oblong, elliptic in
cross section; Kernel bitter......... 2 H. Texana.

(3) Leaflets 5-9; shell of nut very thick

(5) Leaflets 7-11; nut flattened, some- 3 H. myresticaeformis.
times ‘prvuader: tan longi...) . Ss 4 H. aquatica.

(4) Leaflets 9-13; nut corrugated....... 5 H. cordiformis.

4—Trees.

00 Bulletin of the University of Texas

2. Bud scales numerous, imbricated, fruit not
winged as above. The shell of the nut is
always thick and bony.

(1) Bark separating from trunk in

shaggy plates, leaflets 5-7.......... 6 H. ovata.
(2) Bark not separating as above;

as ea rletse (O38 oo oi ee hess eee es 7 H. alba.

bo heallets “S-% oe as her nk cas eee 8 H. glabra.

1. Hicoria pecan (Marsh) Britton. Pecan. A tall tree
100° te 170° in height and 6° in diameter with an enlarged,
buttressed base. Trees growing in the open have a rounded
erown which is widespreading. Leaves 12’ to 20’ in length
with 9-17 leaflets which are lanceolate, long pointed, curved,
serrate 234’-6’ long, rounded, or wedge-shaped at the unequal
base, hairy when young, becoming smooth with age. Frnit
in clusters of 3-11, oblong 134’-28%’ long, the husk splitting
to below the middle. The nut is ovoid to ovoid-oblong, red-
dish brown, nearly cylindrical.

In the Mississippi valley from Indiana to Iowa, south to
Alabaina and Texas. In Texas it occurs along streams cen-
tral and southwestern.

The wood is heavy, hard, but not strong and is less val-
uable than the other hickories. The nuts are the most val-
uable of the hickories, and are an important article of com-
merece. Many improved varieties are now known and are
being extensively planted. The native trees are frequently
budded with the more desirable varieties. Pecans are also
desirable shade trees in certain cities of the state, but they
are rather slow growers for this purpose, and do well only
in soils that are adapted to them. They are also difficult to
transplant.

2. Hicoria Texana (Leconte) Britton. Bitter Pecan. Texan
Peean. A forest tree 100° high and 3° in diameter, but gen-
erally much smaller,—15° to 25° tall and 8’-10’ in diameter,
with a narrow, rounded crown. Leaves 10’-12’ long with
7-11, occasionally 13, lanceolate, pointed, serrate, leaflets,
which are curved, almost sessile, hairy at first, becoming
smooth, 3’-5’ long, 144 wide. Fruit clustered 114’ to 2’ long,
with a thin husk. The nut is oblong-ovoid, pointed at both

The Trees of Texas D1

ends, somewhat flattened, wrinkled with a thin shell. The
seed is extremely bitter.

Occurs only in Texas, reaching its maximum size along the
Brazos and extending throughout the low, wet woods of east-
ern Texas, 100 to 150 miles inland from the coast.

The wood is tough, close-grained, and strong. It is used
for fuel.

3. Hicoria myristicaeformis (Micheaux) Britton. Nutmeg
Hickery. Bitter Walnut. Tall straight trees 100° high and
2° in diameter with a narrow rounded open crown. Twigs
slender, bark 14’ to 34’ thick, close shallowly fissured. Leaves
7’-14’ jong with pubescent petioles, leaflets 5-11, ovate to
ovate lanceolate, almost sessile, sharp-pointed, coarsely ser-
rate, dull green above, pale, lustrous, and somewhat hairy
beneath, 4’-5’ long, 114’ wide. Fruit cylindrical or slightly
obovate, prominently 4-ridged with a thin husk. The nut is
pointed at both ends, without grooves, 1’ long by 34’ broad,
resembling a nutmeg. The shell is very thick and bony.

Borders of swamps and streams from South Carolina to
Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Texas. In Texas it ex-
tends as far west as Mexico.

The wood is tough and strong, close grained, with a rela-
tively large proportion of sap wood. It is used for fuel, and
in the manufacture of machinery. The tree is desirable for
ornamental planting.

4, Hicoria aquatica Britton. Water Hickory. Bitter Pecan.
A tree 80’-100’ high with trunk diameter of 2’, usually much
smaller. The slender upright branches form a narrow crown.
Leaves 9’-15’ long with 7-13 ovate lanceolate, almost sessile,
long pointed leaflets, 3’-5’ long, 14’-114’ wide. Bark brown,
separating in thin appressed scales, rather roughish in ap-
pearance, somewhat reddish. Fruit clustered, oblong 114’
long, with prominent ridges. Nut 1’ long 34’ broad, pointed
at the ends, flattened, 4-angled with a thin shell. Kernel very
bitter.

In river swamps and wet situations from Virginia to Illinois,
and south to Florida and Texas, extending to the valley of
the Brazos.

52 Bulletin of the University of Texas

The wood is strong, but rather brittle and soft. It is used
principally for fuel.

5. Hicoria cordiformis (Wagenheim) Britton. Pignut. Pig
Hickory. Tight Bark Hickory. <A forest tree 100° high and
2°-3° diameter, with stout branches, widespreading crown,
and tight, thin, heht gray bark which sometimes separates to
form thin plates. Twigs when young, thin and hairy, becoming
brown and smooth with age. Leaves 6’-10’ long, the main axis
somewhat hairy, with 5-9 leaflets. The leaflets are lanceolate
to oblong or obovate, 2’-6’ long, smooth above, hairy beneath,
somewhat curved, unequal at base. Fruit globose 347-114’
long, 4-winged from the apex to the middle, husk thin, about
1-16 inch, covered with yellow scurfy pubescence, tardily
dehiscent. Nut ovoid or oblong, somewhat. flattened, some-
times broader than long, with thin and brittle shell. Kernel
very bitter.

Quebec west to Minnesota, south to Florida, and west to
Texas. In moist soils to the Trinity valley.

The wood is tough, heavy, strong, and durable. Used for
vehicles and machinery. |

6. Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton. Shellbark Hickory.
Sealy Bark Hickory. Red Hickory. <A large forest tree 100°
or more in height and 3°-4° diameter. Bark or trunk separat-
ing in thin, long, flat plates, light gray or darker. Leaves
8’-14’ long with 5-7, generally 5, leaflets. The leaflets are
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, 4’-7’ long, the lateral sessile. the
terminal stalked. Fruit subglobose, or obovate, depressed
at the apex, 1’-1144’ long. The husk is thick and the seg-
ments split freely to the base. Nut variable in shape and size,
oblong, subglobose, or obovoid, somewhat flattened and
wrinkled. Shell rather thin. Kernel sweet and edible, used
extensively for food.

(Juebee to Minnesota and Kansas, and extending south to
Florida and Texas. In Texas it occurs in rich moist soils of
the eastern portion.

The wood is hard, strong, and elastic. It is used in the
manufacture of vehicles, and machinery. The nut is an im-
portant article of commerce.

7. Hicoria alba (Linnaeus) Britton. White Hickory.

The Trees of Texas 53

Mocker Nut. A large handsome forest tree with maximum
height of 100° and trunk diameter of 3°, but usually much
smaller, with light gray, fissured bark which is never scaly.
Leaves with a resinous odor, 8’-12’ long, with 5-9, generally 7
leaflets; leaflets oblong lanceolate, or obovate-lanceolate, ses-
sile or the terminal one short-stalked, pointed at the apex,
hairy at first, but becoming smoother with age. Fruit sub-
globose, elliptic, 144’-2’ long, with a thick husk which splits
to the base. Nut globose to elliptic, smooth, without promi-
nent angles; shell thick, kernel sweet and edible.

Ontario south to Florida and west to Texas, extending to
the valley of the Brazos.

Wood and uses similar to Hicoria ovata.

8. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton. Pignut. Black Hickory.
A tall forest tree 80°-90° high and 3°-4° in diameter with
narrow crown, somewhat pendulous branches, and bark of
trunk usually dark gray to almost black, tight, fissured, with
narrow furrows. Twigs slender, hairy at first, becoming
smooth and reddish brown with age. Leaves 6’-9’ long with
smooth axis. Leaflets 3-9, more commonly 5-7, 214’-6’ long,
pointed, hairy when young, smooth or with a few hairs in the
axils of the veins when mature, unequal at base. Fruit obo-
void cr globose somewhat pear-shaped, 114’ long; husk thin;
nut obovoid to elliptic, smooth, shell thick, kernel sweet or
bitter.

Maine to Nebraska, south to Florida and west to Texas. Ex-
tends to the valley of the Nueces.

Uses similar to H. ovata.

LEITNERACEAE Drude. Cork Wood Family.

Leitnera Floridana Chapm. A shrub or small slender tree
sometimes 20° high and 4’-5’ in diameter, with dark gray fis-
sured bark about 1-16’ thick. Leaves alternate, somewhat
leathery, deciduous, 4’-6’ long, 114’-21%4’ wide with petiole
1’-2’ in length, margin entire or somewhat wavy, but not ser-
rate, pointed at the apex, equal and gradually narrowed at
base, bright green and smooth above, hairy beneath. Flowers
in aments, the male and female on different plants. Stamen

54 Bulletin of the University of Texas

bearing aments clustered at the ends of branches, pistils bear-
ing aments scattered on the stem. Fruit a compressed dry
brown drupe, solitary or in clusters of 2-4, ripening before the
leaves are mature, 34’ long, 14’ wide.

Swamps of Florida, Texas and southeastern Missouri. In
Texas it occurs In swamps of the Brazos River.

The wood is lighter than any other in our area. It is fre-
quently used for floats of fishing nets.

MYRICACEAE Dumort. Bayberry Family.

Morella cerifera Linnaeus. Wax Myrtle. Bayberry. A
fragrant shrub or small tree occasionally reaching a height
of 40° and trunk diameter of 8’-10’, but usually much smaller,
shrubby and forming dense thickets. Bark smooth, light gray,
about 14’ thick. Leaves alternate, simple, thick, firm, ever-
green, fragrant, oblanceolate or oblong-spatulate, sparingly
notched or entire, 114’-4’ long, glandular on both surfaces,
hairy beneath. Flowers in aments appearing about the end of
March, staminate and pistillate borne on different plants.
Fruit short spikes of dry, ovoid drupes covered with waxy
coating. it

New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Florida, Arkansas, Mis-
sissippi and Texas.

The wood is soft, brittle, and used only for fuel. The wax
which occurs on the fruit is sometimes collected and used for
candles.

SALICACEAE Lindley. The Willow Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with or with-
out stipules. Flowers borne in catkins appearing before or
with the leaves, staminate, and pistillate on different trees.
The fruit is a dehiscent capsule containing numerous seeds,
each with a dense tuft of long, silky, white hairs at the apex.

Leaves less than twice as long as broad, winter

buds. With WuUMeErous SCALES. week ctoreass here « sree ses 1. Populus.
Leaves more than twice as long as broad, winter

buds with one outer scale, cick soe es reo 2. Salix.

Or
ce) |

The Trees of Texas
tL. (POPULUS. L. The Poplars.

Large, rapidly growing forest trees with large, scaly, resin-
ous buds; pale, furrowed bark; alternate, toothed or lobed
leaves, and flowers borne in catkins.

Petiole of leaf round, scarcely or not at all flattened
laterally, buds cottony, leaves more or less
RS TERR ha er ob key Ree a 12-P. alba.
Petiole of leaf flattened laterally, leaves with mar-
gins notched or toothed, but not lobed.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly sharp pointed at
the apex.
Leaf blades for the most of the leaves longer
STIS Te | eo ee Mae ea 2. P. deltoides.
Leaf blades mostly broader than long.
Leaves truncate and slightly cordate at
base with many small teeth.......... 3. P. Fremontii.
Leaves more or less cuneately narrowed on’ :
the petiole with few teeth which are :
relatively larger than the preceding... 4. P. Wislizeni.

1. Populus alba L. White Poplar. Silver-leaf Poplar. A
large tree with height of 100° and trunk diameter of 3° or fre-
quently much smaller, with numerous suckers developing from
the rocts. Bark on young trees smooth, gray, or a greenish
white: on old trees furrowed, gray or brown. Leaves ovate
or triangular, irregularly toothed, or 3-5 lobed, pointed, firm,
densely white, velvety, hairy beneath when young becoming
smoother with age. The leaf petiole is almost round, some-
times fiattened somewhat laterally, shorter than the blade of
the leaf.

Introduced from Europe. It is cultivated throughout a
large portion of the state for ornament.

The silver poplar grows rapidly, is adapted to a wide range
of soils, is easily propagated and stands pruning well. It is
planted in many localities as an ornamental tree, for which
purpose it is perhaps the most valuable of the poplars.

2. Populus deltoides Marshall. Cottonwood. Carolina Pop-
lar. Necklace Poplar. <A large tree 120° or more in height
and 6°-8° in diameter, found principally along stream banks.
Bark gray with a greenish cast, thin and smooth on young
twigs, and branches, thick end fissured on old branches and

56 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

trunk. Leaf with flattened petiole, blade about 114’-5’ long
and almost as wide, coarsely toothed, teeth ineurved, gland-
ular, veins prominent on both surfaces. Flowers borne in
eatkins appearing before the leaves. The staminate catkins 114’
long, the nvistillate 114’-2’ long before the fruit ripens, becom-
ing 3’-4’ long as the fruit develops.

Quebee to Florida and west to the Rocky Mountains. It
grows in moist soils aiong lakes and streams.

The wood is principally sap wood which is light, soft, and
weak. It warps badly, and is dried only with difficulty ; used
principally for box boards, siding, sheeting, excelsior, and
pulp. The supply has been almost exhausted. The cotton-
wood is sometimes planted as an ornamental tree, but this is
to be recommended only where a quick growing shade, or
windbreak must be had at the sacrifice of more desirable slower
growing varieties.

3. Populus Fremontii Watson. Cottonwood. A tree 100°
in height and 5°-6° in diameter with a rather broad, open
erown and short trunk. Bark on young branches, light gray
brown, thin and smooth; on older parts, thick, dark brown
with reddish tinge, and deeply fissured. Leaves deltoid or
reinform, 2’-214’ long, 214’-3’ broad. Coarsely serrate, with
4-12 ineurved glandular tipped teeth on each side.

A western form extending from California eastward to
Nevada, and south to Texas. It occurs along water courses
throughout the western part of the state.

Its uses are similar to Populus deltoides.

4. Populus Wislizeni Sarg. Cottonwood. Occurs in the
valley of the Rio Grande from El] Paso to the Gulf. It is dis-
tinguished from P. Fremontii by the greater length of the
flower pedicel, and the more sharply pointed leaves.

2. SALIX L. Willow.

Trees or shrubs with soft wood, simple, alternate leaves
which are elongated, pointed, deciduous, without lobes, usually
serrate. Flowers in catkins appearing before or with the
leaves. Staminate and pistillate flowers borne upon different
trees. Fruit a dehiscent capsule containing many seeds which

The Trees of Texas 5

~

bear a tuft of long silky hairs at the apex. Found principally
in damp situations. There are so many hybrids and intro-
duced species that the classification of the willows is difficult
and sometimes impossible. The following key includes the
forms which are known to occur in our area.

Eramcnes decidedly drooping. ...... 2.20... eeteees 1. S. babylonica.

Branches not decidedly drooping.
Leaves small, 1/3’-1 1/3’ long, entire or nearly so,

mame e@reen Of Poth Sides. ii eres... soo ce cle wes 2. S. taxifolia.
Leaves long, 4’-7’, silvery white below........... 3. S. longipes.
Leaves green on both surfaces, 3’-6’ long, %’-%4’

wide, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed....... 4. S. nigra.
Leaves pale, or glaucous below, 2-%’-4’ long,
[ae 2 wide, broadly lanceolate. .2...........: 5. S. amygdaloides.
Leaves linear, lanceolate green on both surfaces,

Serer. ee A WAGE «220% 2.02 ho ow. g Bens oe uh 6. S. interior.

1. Salix babylonica L. Weeping Willow. An ornamental
tree which has been introduced from Asia and is grown quite
extensively throughout North and South America. Its dis-
tinguishing mark is the drooping habit of its branches from
which its name is derived. Sometimes reaching a height of
60’ and a trunk diameter of 3°-5°, with bark on old parts gray,
rough and fissured. The young twigs are green, slender, and
drooping. Leaves linear to linear lanceolate, pointed, pale
green below. It is used only as an ornamental shade tree.

2. Salix taxifolia H. B. K. Willow. Yew Leaved Willow.
A tree sometimes reaching a height of 40°-50° and trunk
diameter of 18’, with broad open crown, light gray-brown,
fissured bark, 34’-1’ thick, covered with small scales. Leaves
smaller than any of the other species of willow, 1/3’-11/3’
long, 1/12’-1/8’ wide.

Arizona southward through western Texas and Mexico to
Guatemala. It is sometimes planted for ornament.

3. Salix longipes Anderson. Ward’s Willow. Trees
reaching a height of 30° and trunk diameter of 6’-8’, with
thick, brown, rough bark divided into angular plates, hairy
and reddish brown on young twigs. Leaves lanceolate to
ovate lanceolate, somewhat pointed at the apex, round or
heart-shaped at base, bright green and smooth above, pale and
glaucous or hairy beneath. Flowers in April and May.

08 Bulletin of the Umversity of Texas

Maryland to Kentucky, and Missouri, south to Florida,
Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico.

The wood is weak, soft, and rather dark brown and of little
economic value.

4, Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow. A tree reaching a
maximum height of 100°, and diameter of 3°, but commonly
much smaller,—30°-40°. The crown is wide spreading. Bark
of trank rough, thick, flaky, dark brown or nearly black on
old portion, shoots hairy at first green or greenish brown, be-
coming brown and smooth with age. Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, long pointed, bright green above, paler and smooth be-
neath, closely serrate, sometimes with hairs along veins.
Flowers in April and May.

New Brunswick west to North Dakota, south to Florida
and west to Texas. Grows along stream banks.

The wood is light, soft, warps badly, and has not been of
much economic importance.

5. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach Willow. Almond
Willow. A tree reaching 60°-70° in height and 2° in diameter.
Regarded by some as a variety of 8. nigra. Bark of trunk fis-
sured, 14’ to 34’ thick, brown tinged with red. Young twigs
smooth, orange to reddish brown, brittle. Leaves lanceolate
to ovate lanceolate, somewhat curved, long pointed, hight green
above, pale and glaucous beneath, closely serrate. Flowers
earlier than the preceding species.

@uebee west to Manitoba, southward to Ohio and westward
to the Rocky Mountains, extending to southwestern Texas.
Common along the Rio Grande from El] Paso northward.

Too rare to be of much importance. The wood has been
used in the preparation of charcoal.

6. Salix interior Rowlee. Sand Bar Willow. A shrub, or
sometimes a tree reaching 40°-50° in height, but usually not
over 20°. Sometimes forming thickets. The bark is brown,
rather thin, 14’-14’, and almost smooth. The young twigs are
slender, smooth, or with fine hairs, reddish, becoming brown
with age. Leaves linear lanceolate, often falcate, pointed at
both ends, light yellowish green, darker on upper than on
lower surface, remotely notched with projecting teeth. Petiole
of the leaf grooved 14’-14’ long.

\

The Trees of Texas 59

Y

Alorg streams and sand bars from Quebee southward, Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Nebraska, and Texas. In Texas it is found
west of the Pecos River.

Economie uses similar to Salix amygdaloides.

CORYLACEAE Mirbel. Hazel Nut Family.

Small trees with close grained, hard wood, and smooth or
sealy bark. Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, straight
veined and doubly serrate. Flowers borne in catkins in the
early spring.

ese eI) Dra. SINOOLR 22... 66 a's <2 So, 6 eee. OSS 1. Ostrya.
Semen an Wini trisiie TIE 6 oot. wei es ee eee 2. Carpinus.

1, OSTRYA Scap. Hop Hornbeam.

1. Ostrya Virginiana (Mill) Willd. Ironwood. American
Hop Hornbeam. A small tree usually 20°-30° high with trunk

Ostrya Virginiana.

diameter of 18’-20’.. The branches are long, slender, and droop-
ing, forming a rounded open crown. Bark brown, thin and

60 Bulletin of the Umversity of Texas

shreddy on trunk and older branches, green and hairy on
young twigs. Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute at the apex,
rounded, wedge-shaped, or heart-shaped at base, sharply,
doubly serrate, 214’-4’ long, thin and tough. Flowers borne
in catkins in early spring. Fruit hop-like, 2 to 3 times as
long as wide, consisting of bladder-like bracts which enclose
the nuts.

Valley of the St. Lawrence, south to Florida and west to
Texas, Ontario, Minnesota, South Dakota and Kansas. It is
found principally in dry soil in thick woods.

The wood is very hard, tough, close grained. It is used for
fuel, fenee posts, tool handles, and mallets. The small size
of the tree makes it of little economic importance. It is some-
times planted for ornement.

2. CARPINUS L.

1. Carpinus Caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam. Wa-
ter Beech. Blue Beech. Small trees with fluted or ridged
trunk rarely 40° high with diameter of 2°. Bark smooth,
close, gray on older parts, hairy and green on young twigs.
Leaves ovate to oblong, pointed, doubly serrate, somewhat
unequal-sided, hairy when young, smoother with age, dull
bluish green above, yellowish beneath. Flowers borne in eat-
kins in early spring. The nut is 14’ long, ovoid, flattened and
ribbed. The seales are leaf-like, three-lobed, the lateral lobes
much shorter than the terminal.

Nova Scotia to Florida, west to Ontario, Minnesota, Kansas,
and Texas. It occurs in moist woodlands, and along streams,
but may also be found in dry woodlands. It grows principally
in the shade of larger forest trees.

The wood is heavy, hard, tough, but the small size of the
tree and the crookedness of the stem renders it of no economic
importance for timber. It is sometimes planted for ornament.

BETULACEAE (Tournefort) L. Birch Family.

Monoecious, aromatic trees or shrubs with simple, alternate,
straight veined, usually serrate leaves. Flowers borne in eat-
kins, opening in the early spring usually before the leaves.

The Trees of Texas 61

The fruit is a leafy scaled ecatkin or a woody cone-lke aggre-
gate of bracts. Bark smooth, shining, usually scaling away in
thin plates.

Bracts of the fruit forming a woody, persistent

ETA 25 oG tie orc ee ee oat ee 1. Alnus.
Bracts of the fruit membranous deciduous with
Le SS i Gale aS coh) PURE SL Na A ee bie Mt co ky le

1, ALNUS L. Alder.

Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch. Smooth Alder. A shrub
or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 30°. Bark thin,
smooth, brown. Leaves 2’ to 414’ long, thick, obovate, oval,
blunt, or rounded at the apex, sharply serrate, dark green
above. Nut ovate, sharply margined without wings.

Maine to Minnesota, Florida and Texas. Usually along
streams. The trees are too small to be of value for timber.
The wood is used for fuel and for charcoal.

2. BETULA L. Birch.

Betula nigra L. Birch. Water Birch. Red Birch. A large
forest tree reaching a height of 80°-90° and trunk diameter of
5°. The branches are slender and the crown is narrow. Bark
on branches thin, smooth, reddish brown, or silver gray, peel-
ing off in thin layers; on main trunk thick, reddish brown,
scaly. Leaves rhombic-ovate, irregularly doubly toothed or
sometimes lobed, 114’-3’ long, dark green and lustrous above
somewhat hairy beneath, or smooth except along the veins.
Flowers opening before or with the leaves.

Massachusetts to Minnesota and Kansas, Florida and
Texas. Chiefly along banks of streams, ponds, and swamps.
In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley.

The wood is hard, strong, light brown. It is used for fur-
niture, and for fuel.

FAGACEAE Drude. The Beech Family.

Monoecious trees with watry juice; leaves alternate, pin-
nately veined, mostly deciduous; staminate flowers in elon-

62 Bulletin of the University of Texas

gated catkins, or rounded heads, pistillate flowers, solitary or
clustered. Fruit a one-seeded nut, borne in a prickly bur or
seated in a woody, scaly cup. This is the most important
economic group of trees occurring in the state.
Staminate flowers borne in rounded heads; nut tri-

angular, borne inside a woody husk armed

WILD TECUrved PriChtes ie 35. wisls sete ee seater SER 1. Fagus.
Staminate flowers in elongated slender catkins.

Nut borne inside a closed woody husk, but

armed with straight prickles............. 2. Castanea.
Nut seated in a-scaly, woody cup............. 3. Quercus.

1. FAGUS (Tournefort) L. Beech.

Fagus Americana Sweet. The Beech. A tree usually
about 70° to 80° in height, but sometimes larger. The lower
branches are drooping, the middle almost horizontal, while
the upper are ascending, forming a rather narrow crown.
Bark hght gray, thin, and smooth. Winter buds about one
inch Jong, taper pointed, with light brown scales. Leaves
ovate to oblong-ovate, usually rather long taper-pointed with
a wedge-shaped or sometimes heart-shaped base. The margin
of the leaf is regularly minutely serrate, the veins ending in
the apex of the teeth, smooth above, minutely hairy or smooth
below. Nuts %%’-14’ long, triangular, reddish brown, quite
hairy.

Nova Scotia to Ontario and Wisconsin, extending south to
the Gulf States and west to Texas. In Texas it extends to
the Trinity River.

The wood is hard, strong, tough, close grained, takes a high
polish. It is used for building material, fuel, staves, and
heading. The nut is sweet and edible. The tree is not well
adapted for ornamental purposes, because the roots grow
near the surface, and grass does not thrive under it.

2. CASTANEA (Tournefort) Adanson. The Chestnut.

Castanea pumila Miller. Chinquapin. A shrub or medium
sized round topped tree 50’ high with spreading slender
branches, furrowed scaly bark. Leaves obovate, thick, firm,
rounded or pointed at the apex, wedge shaped or sometimes
unequal at the base, sharply toothed, 3’-4’ long, 114’-2’ wide,

The Trees of Texas 63

yellowish green, lustrous above, paler and somewhat hairy
beneath. Flowers in long catkins. Fruit a closed woody bur
with straight prickles ripening in the autumn and opening
with the first frosts. Nut compressed sharp pointed °4’-1’ with
sweet edible seed.

Pennsylvania, Florida, Missouri and Texas.

The wood hard, strong, close grained, light with little sap
wood. It is used for railroad ties and fence posts.

3. QUERCUS (Tournefort) L. The Oaks.

Large forest trees or shrubs with simple, alternate decid-
uous or evergreen leaves which are entire toothed or lobed.
The leaves are rather thick and woody and remain on the tree
either throughout the winter or until nearly all other decidu-
ous leaves have fallen. The staminate flowers are borne in
long, slender, pendulous catkins, the pistillate solitary or in
clusters. The fruit is a nut borne in a shallow woody cup.
In the so-called white oaks, the fruit ripens the first year,
while in the black oaks, it does not mature until the second.
The oaks comprise more species than any other genus of trees
within our area, and are frequently difficult to identify with
certainty, as a number of the species readily hybridize. The
oak is one of our most valuable sources of timber, furnishing
a large part of the hard woods. It is also cultivated exten-
sively for shade and ornament.

I. Mature leaves, entire, notched or lobed, rarely
bristle tipped; fruit maturing the first
MOONEE PT Se oltre ME es cloia « fia aeaauag ae White Oaks.
A. Leaves deciduous.
1. Leaves lobed, the lobes rounded, never
tipped with bristles.
a. Leaves smooth beneath, 3-9 lobed.. 1 Q. alba.
b. Leaves hairy beneath.
(1) Leaves oblong-obovate, usually 5-
lobed with stellate hairs above.. 2 Q. stellata.
(2) Leaves deeply lobed, cup fringed
by the awned scales............- 3 Q. macrocarpa.
(3) Leaves deeply 5-9 lobed, nut
often nearly enclosed in the cup 4 Q. lyrata.
2. Leaves’ straight veined, variously
toothed or notched, but not deeply

64

Bulletin of the University of Texas

lobed (Chestnut Oaks).
a. Acorns sessile.
(1) Leaves obovate, small tree or
SH TUD teeta ee pie Ree ee VEU Bes:
(2) Leaves oblong to lanceolate,
sometimes: ObOVate. 5226.8 56.3 25
b. Acorns borne upon stalks about as
long as the leaf petiole.
Ch) ‘Leaves densely hairy below....
(2) Leaves smooth below...........
3. Leaves entire, undulate, or lobed only
near apex.
a. Cup saucer-shaped, thin, leaves hairy
DEReCAEn 4. LOR SiN Be ee eee See eS
b. Cup saucer-shaped, leaves smooth,
CUP ENA K othe oe ee oe he ee ee
Leaves persistent until the appearance of
the new leaves of the following year,
mostly evergreen.

.1. Leaves entire on mature branches,

sometimes serrate on young twigs,
dark green, southeastern species......
2. Leaves spinulate toothed to entire, dark
green, western species................
3. Leaves sinuate lobed not toothed......
4. Leaves light or blue green, hairy be-
neath when old, entire wavy or lobed. .
5. Leaves light or blue green, smooth be-
neath when old, entire wavy or lobed...

II. Leaves or their lobes mostly tipped with

A.

B.

bristles, fruit maturing the second season. .

Leaves persistent; densely white, downy
Denes th atic were = oietika.< ch ie ees ae

Leaves deciduous.

1. Leaves deeply cut or lobed.

a. Leaves lobed to about the middle,
lobes wedge shaped; cup of acorn,
saucer shaped, thick, about %-inch
DEOAA Hos ow ks icy GRR ie eo ane

b. Leaves lobed to beyond the middle
or sometimes a few of them not as
deeply lobed.

dQ.

10

11

12
13

14

15

16

(1) Cup of acorn saucer shaped, thin, —

enclosing the nut for about 1/3
its length; leaves dull above,
cup about 54” -broge,. 28.5). Soe

fae 2 Ae ean Ce

prinoides.

. Muhlenbergii.

. Michauxii.
. bray.

. Durandii.

. Laceyi.

. Virgiana.

. Emoryi.
. breviloba.

. undulata.

. oblongifolia.

Black Oaks.

. hypolerica.

. rubra.

. Sehneckii.

The Trees of Texas 65

(2) Cup top-shaped or hemispheric,
enclosing the nut_ generally
about % its length.
(a) Inner bark bright orange,
scales of the cup large,
forming a loose margin.... 19 Q. velutina.
(b) Inner bark gray, reddish, or
yellow, cup less than %’

PEOR wa esc SE ly ONE 20 Q. Texana.
ec. Leaves irregularly lobed with a gray
or rusty pubescence beneath........ 21 Q. digitata.
d. Leaves obovate with 38-5 lobes above
the middle.
(>) 4ueaves hairy beneath... 0.2.01... 22 Q. Marylandica.
(2) Leaves smooth beneath........ 23 Q. nigra.

2. Leaves entire or with few teeth.
a. Leaves smooth beneath,’ sharp

Pemited, (Cups Very fates ot es SE 24 Q. Phellos.
b. Leaves hairy beneath, cup saucer |
IEC wren et oceer ees 4.0 eee. ts NT ES 25 Q. cinerea.

1. Quercus alba Linnaeus. White Oak. A large forest
tree usually 60°-80° in height and trunk diameter of 4° but
frequently larger. Trees growing in the open are rather low
with round full crown, crowded in the forest they become
tall and without branches except at the extreme top. The
bark is a hght gray, sometimes tinged with brown, flaky
without deep fissures except on the lower part of the main
trunk. Leaves obovate to oblong, 4’-8’ in length, wedge-shaped
at base, 3-9 usually 7 lobed, the lobes entire or with one or
two secondary lobes, pale and smooth beneath, bright or dull
green above. Flowers appearing before the leaves have
reached more than one-fourth their mature size. Acorns
stalked or sessile, ovoid to oblong, the cup enclosed from 14
to 14 of its length.

Southern Maine, Ontario, west to Minnesota and south to

Florida and Texas. In Texas it extends to the valley of the
Brazos.

The wood. is heavy, hard, close grained and is very tough,
durable, and strong. The heart wood is light brown, the sap
wood heght. The medullary rays are prominent and the quar-
ter sawed wood is extensively employed in the manufacture
of furniture. It is the most valuable timber tree of America.

5—Trees.

66 Bulletin of the University of Texas

The wood is used in general construction, finishing, cooper-
age, wagon and carriage stock, agricultural implements, rail-

Quercus alba.

road ties, fence posts, baskets and fuel. The tree is one of
ereat beauty and has no undesirable habits. It 1s, however,

The Trees of Texas 67

a slow grower, and is difficult to transplant. It would not
be advisable to attempt to cultivate it very far from its nat-
ural vange. The soil should be rich, moist, well drained.
Wherever the tree can be successfully grown its planting
should be encouraged.

2. Quercus stellata Wangenheim. Post Oak. A large for-
est tree reaching 100° in height with diameter of 2°-3°, but
generally smaller. The branches are widespreading, forming a

Fig. 9. Quercus stellata.

rounded crown. Bark about one inch thick, reddish, furrowed
on main trunk, smooth on young twigs. Leaves obovate,
d-lobed, the middle pair of lobes much larger than the basal,
the notch between the lower and middle lobes very deep and
wide. The lower lobes are rounded, the upper two or more
with secondary lobes. The leaves are thick, firm, dark green
above with light stellate hairs, densely hairy beneath with
hght yellow or silvery hairs. Acorn ovoid about 14’ long, 14
to 1% enclosed in the saucer shaped cup.

68 Bulletin of the University of Texas

Massachusetts to Pennsylvania, west to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. In Texas it extends to the central part of
the state. Most abundant in sandy or sterile soils. It is by
far the most abundant of any of the oaks in Texas. :

The wood is heavy, hard, close grained, durable. It is used
for fence posts, cross ties, building material, and fuel. The
tree is often planted for ornament, but does not thrive well
in heavy soils and is a slow grower.

Fig. 10. Quercus Macrocarpa.

The Trees of Texas 69

3. Quercus macrocarpa Micheaux. Burr Oak. Mossy Cup
Oak. A large stately forest tree which in its maximum size
may reach a height of 170° with trunk diameter of 6°-7°. It
is, however, more commonly medium size 40°-60° high. The
branches are stout and spreading, forming a wide open crown.
Bark 1’-2’ thick, gray to brown, deeply fissured. Leaves obo-
vate or oblong, 4’-12’ long, 5-9 lobed, variable, some of them
barely lobed, others cut almost to the midrib, dark green and
smootn above, whitish and hairy beneath. Acorn ovoid, 34’
to 114’ long, one-third to almost its entire length enclosed in
the cup-shaped cup. The upper edge of the cup is fringed
with a mossy border made up of the awned upper scales.

Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Minnesota, Wyoming. south to
Georgia, and west Texas. In Texas it extends to the Nueces
River.

The wood is similar to that of Q. alba, both being called
white oak by lumbermen. The supply of these two valuable
timber trees is rapidly diminishing. There remains practically
no virgin forests.

4. Quercus lyrata Walter. Overcup Oak. A large forest
tree 100° in height and 2°-3° in diameter. The trunk is either
tall, erect, or divided into several main branches which are
wide spreading, and form a beautiful rounded crown. The
bark is one inch or more in thickness, light gray, fissured, and
scaly. Leaves obovate-oblong, 5-9 lobed, frequently cut almost
to the midrib near the middle, wedge shaped at base, green
and smooth above, pale and hairy beneath. Acorns sessile
or short stalked, nut globose, depressed, 34’ long, almost com-
pletely enclosed in the rather thin reddish brown cup.

Maryland south to Florida, west to Texas, and north
through Tennessee, Indiana, and Illinois. Confined principally
to moist soil. In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley. Most
abundant in wet rich alluvial soils.

The wood and uses are similar to Quereus alba. It has
been used extensively for railroad ties.

5. Quercus prinoides Willdenow. Chinquapin Oak. <A
shrub cr small tree sometimes reaching a height of 15°-20°.
The bark is hght brown and somewhat sealy. Leaves obovate
or oblanceolate, pointed or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped

70 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

or rounded at base, coarsely toothed, green and shining above,
hairy beneath with grayish hairs. The acorns are sessile or
very short stalked, nut ovoid to oblong 14’ to 1’ long, light

ig. 11. Quercus Tyrata.

brown in color, cup hemispheric 1%’ in diameter enclosing
about one-half of the nut.
Maine to Minnesota, south to Alabama and Texas.

The Trees of Texas 71

The trees are too small to be of value for timber. It is
used for fuel.

6. Quercus Mublerbergii Englemann. Yellow Oak. Tan
Bark Oak. A large forest tree with maximum height of 100°
and trunk diameter of 6°-7°, but usually smaller, 60°-
70° high, and 3°-4° in diameter. The branches are spreading,
forming a rather broad crown. The bark on old trunks is
about 114’ thick, close, light to dark gray, scaly, sometimes
separating in rather large flakes. Leaves with petioles
14’-114’ long, obovate to oblong lanceolate, taper pointed,
coarseily toothed, teeth incurved, glandular, hairy on both
sides when young, smooth above at maturity, hairy below.
Acorn 14’-34’ long enclosed for about one-third of its length
by the thin, silvery gray cup-shaped cup. This tree is fre-
quently confused with Quercus prinus from which it may
be distinguished by the bark on the mature trunk.

Vermont to Minnesota, south to Florida and west to Texas.
It is most abundant on limestone soils.

The wood is heavy, close grained, hard and strong. It is
used for the same purposes as Quercus alba.

7. Quercus Michauxii Nuttall. Cow Oak. Basket Oak.
A large forest tree reaching a maximum height of 100° with
trunk diameter of 6°-7°. The branches are stout and up-
right, forming a rather narrow rounded crown. The bark is
14’ to 1’ thick, light ashy gray, separating into thin plates.
Leaves obovate to broadly oblong with petioles 3<’-114’ long,
short taper-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or sometimes
rounded at base, toothed, smooth and dark green above, paler
and densely hairy beneath. Acorns solitary or in pairs, borne
on short stalks, nut ovoid 1’-114’ long, one-half enclosed in
the scaly, pubescent, saucer-shaped cup.

Delaware to Indiana, Missouri, south to Florida and west
to Texas. In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley.

Uses similar to Quercus alba.

8. Quercus Brayi Small. Bray’s Oak. A rather large
forest tree attaining a height of 50° to 60° with gray, flaky
bark. Leaves obovate, somewhat triangular, wedge-shaped
toward the base, coarsely wavy toothed, thin, dark green

72 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

above, smooth on both surfaces, paler beneath with prominent
whitish midrib and relatively few strong regular, prominent
lateral veins. The acorns are borne upon short stalks, nut

ge. 12. Quercus Michauxii.

oblong to ovoid, about one-third enclosed in the thin walled,
warty scaled, hemispheric cup.

Occurs only in canyons of central Texas.

9. Quercus Durandii Buckley. Durand’s Oak. A _ tree
reaching a maximum height of 40°-50° with trunk diameter
of 2°-3°. Bark light gray, somewhat scaly about 14’-34’ thick.

The Trees of Texas Ei

we

Leaves entire or sometimes 5-lobed near the blunt apex,
wedge-shaped at base, thick, bright, lustrous green above,
pale and hairy beneath. Acorns almost sessile, cup shallow,
nut ovoid somewhat depressed. Distinguished from Quercus
breviloba by the very shallow cup.

Alabama, extending into the eastern part of Texas. It
grows in dry soil of river valleys.

Similar to Quercus alba. The tree is also planted for orna-
ment.

10. Quercus Laceyi Small. Lacey’s Oak. A small tree
15°-20° high or more frequently a shrub. Bark rough, irreg-
ularly and deeply grooved, brown in color. Leaves oblong
to chlong-obovate, 3-5 lobed, thick, short stalked, olive green,
the upper surface has a waxy appearance while the lower is
grayish and covered with minute scales, not falling until
about the time the new leaves unfold. Acorns sessile or
nearly so, the nut is oblong to oblong-ovoid, enclosed only
at the base by the shallow saucer-shaped cup.

Limestone hills of south central Texas. Too small to be of
economic importance. Used for fuel.

11. Quercus Virginiana Miller. Live Oak. A large ever-
green tree 40°-50° high with trunk diameter of 3°-4°. The
stocky stem is buttressed at the base and frequently divides
a few feet above the ground into large secondary branches
which are widespreading, forming a low rounded crown. Old
trees are almost globular in outline. The bark is 14’ to 1’
thick, brown, tinged with red, somewhat furrowed, scaly.
Leaves oblong, oval, or obovate, mostly blunt. sometimes short
pointec, margins entire on mature branches, somewhat toothed
on young branches, dark green above, pale and somewhat
hairy beneath. Acorn borne singly or in clusters of two to
five, short stalked; the nut-is ovoid or oblong, one inch or
more jong, brown, shining, about one-fourth enclosed in the
light brown, turbinate, hemispheric cup.

Virginia to Florida, west to Texas, and Mexico. In Texas
it occurs abundantly in the coast country from the Brazos to
the Nueces. It extends to the northward across the Black
and Grand prairies. The tree grows in a wide variety of soils
and habitats. It seems to reach its maximum development in

74 Bulletin of the University of Texus

rather heavy clay soil but thrives well along river bottoms.
It is also very drouth-resistant, attaining a considerable size
on dry barren hills of central and west Texas.

Fig. 138. Quercus Virginiana.

The wood is hard, strong, close-grained. It was formerly
used in ship building. The live oak is one of the finest of our

ornamental shade trees

The Trees of Texas TD

12. Quercus Emoryi Torrey. Black Oak. A small round-
topped tree 30° to 40° high with short trunk, stout drooping
branches and slender reddish branchlets. Bark 1’-2’ thick,
deeply divided, dark brown. Leaves oblong, lanceolate,
pointed, entire or somewhat toothed, 1’-214’long, 44’-1’ wide,
thick and glossy when mature, persistent until spring. Fruit

Fig. 14. Quercus Emoryi.

sessile or nearly so, ripening from July to September of the
first year; acorn oblong or oval 14’-84’ long,14’ wide, enclosed
for about one-third its length in the cup-shaped cup.

On mountain sides and in canyons. New Mexico, Arizona,
northern Mexico and Texas. In Texas it occurs in the Limpia
and Chisos mountains.

The wood is soft, strong, brittle, close grained, dark brown.
The acorns are sweet and edible, being used as food by the
Mexicans.

13. Quercus breviloba (Torrey) Sargent. Texan White
Oak. A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of
25°-30°. The trunk divides near the base to form several
branches. The thin, silvery, gray bark separates from the

76 Bulletin of the University of Texas

trunk in loose, elongated plates. Leaves obovate or oblanceo-
late, with 5-7 shallow lobes, wedge-shaped at base, bluish green
and shining above, paler and hairy beneath, remaining on the
tree until the new leaves of the following spring unfold.
Acorns sessile or very short stalked; nut ovoid, cup saucer-
shaped, scales appressed, encloing about one-fourth of the nut.

West Texas and Mexico. Most abundant in dry limestone
soil.

The wood is used for fuel.

14. Quercus undulata Torrey. Shin oak. <A_ shrub or
small tree sometimes 25°-30° high with thin sealy gray bark,
and reddish brown twigs. Leaves oval to oblong 1’-3’
long, %4’- 4%’ wide entire or with wavy sometimes toothed
margin, smooth and lustrous above, yellowish brown beneath,
peris: ut. Fruit ripen'ng the first season, solitary or in vairs,
sessile or stalked. Acorn oval 34’-1’ long enclosed for about
one-third its length in the cup.

On dry ridges and cliffs, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, Nevada, western Texas, and Mexico.

15. Quercus oblongifolia Torrey. Blue Oak. A small tree
usually not over 30° in height, and 18’-20’ in diameter. It
branches freely to form a rounded symmetrical crown. The
bark is. 34’-114’ thick, hght gray, scaly, the scales are close,
regular. Leaves oblong, ovate or oblanceolate, entire or
notched at the apex of the undulate margin, bluish green per-
sistent until the new leaves of the following spring. Acorns
are sessile or stalked; nut ovoid, dark brown, %’-%’ long,
about one-third enclosed in the hemispheric, hairy cup.

Chisos Mountains of West Texas, extending into Mexico,
Arizona, and New Mexico. The trees are small and are only
used for fuel.

16. Quercus hypoleuca Englemann. White Leaf Oak. A
shrub or small tree usually not over 30°-40° high with round
top, spreading slender branches, and rough fissured dark bark.
Leaves lanceolate, elliptic -or oblong lanceolate, 2’-4’ long,
14’-1’ wide, with thickened margins, entire or some of them
slightly toothed, bristle tipped, yellowish green and lustrous
above, whitish and wooly beneath. Fruit ripening in the see-

The Trees of Texas 17

ond summer, solitary almost sessile, acorn ovoid 1/2’-2/3’ long
about one-third enclosed in the turbinate cup.

Mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, western Texas, and
northern Mexico. The wood is heavy, hard, close grained,
brown in color.

17. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. A large forest tree 70°
to 80° in height and with trunk diameter of 2° to 4°. Trees
crowing in dense forests are tall and straight with a rather
narrow crown of few branches. Bark on young trees smooth
and light gray, on old trunks regularly and coarsely fissured,
1’-11,’ thick, dark brown with a tinge of red. Leaves obo-
vate or oblong 5’-9’ long, 4’-6’ broad with 5-11 coarse toothed
bristle tipped lobes, usually divided about half way to the
midrib, lobes wedge-shaped tapering from the base, and mostly
with three teeth at the apex. Thin and firm, hairy at first
becoming smooth, dark green and dull above, pale yellow
green below with occasional small tufts of rusty hairs in
the axils of the veins. Acorns solitary or in pairs maturing
in the autumn of the second season. Sessile or borne on short
stalks. The cup is shallow, saucer-shaped enclosing only the
base of the nut. Seales closely appressed, bright red brown
somewhat glossy. Nut ovoid, flat at the base %’-1’ long rounded
at the apex, gray or reddish brown, more or less pubescent.

Nova Scotia and Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas.

The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, strong light reddish
brown. It is used for building material, finishing, car and
wagon stock. The red oak is also a very desirable tree for
ornamental planting. It thrives best in a moist rich soil where
it grows rapidly.

18. Quercus Schneckii Britton. Schneck’s Oak. A large
forest tree 150° high and 4°-6° in diameter, but usually smaller.
The trunk is tall and straight with a butressed base. The
lower branches are drooping while the upper are widespread-
ing and form a wide, rounded open crown. Bark on young
branches smooth and gray, on old trunks dark brown with a
tinge of red, fissured, the ridges flat, furrows shallow. The
leaves are ovate to obovate 3’-7’ long, wedge-shaped or trun-
cate at base with 5-9 lobes which extend more than half way
to the midrib; the lobes are wedge-shaped or oblong usually

78 Bulletin of the University of Texas

toothed, the teeth ending in bristles; thin, bright green, shiny
and smooth above, paler and smooth with reddish brown
hairs in the axils of veins below, petioles 14’ long. The acorns
are borne solitary or in pairs sessile or on very short stalks.
Nut ovoid 34’ long, reddish brown sometimes striped with

Fig. 15. Quercus Schneckii.

darker lines, somewhat hairy, enclosed for about one-third
its length in the saucer-shaped cup which is rounded or nearly
flat.

Iowa, [llinois, and Indiana sou’h to Florida and Texas.

Uses similar to Quercus rubra.

The Trees of Texas 19

19. Quercus velutina Lamark. Black Oak. A large for-
est tree 150° high and 3°-4° in diameter, but usually smaller,
70°-80° high. The branches are slender, ascending, and with
stout branchlets form a widespreading, rounded crown. Bark
on trunks thick, deeply fissured, not scaly, dark brown or

Fig. 16. Quercus velutina.
almost black, inner bark deep orange. Leaves obovate to
oblong, quite variable in size, and from 5’-7’ long, 5-9, most
generally 7-lobed, the openings between the lobes are wide
and rounded, sometimes extending almost to the midrib; lobes
broad, oblong to triangular, bristle tipped. usually wedge-

sO Bulletin of the University of Texas

shaped at base, thin and firm at maturity, smooth glossy,
bright green above, paler or yellow green and smooth below
or with hairs in the axils of the veins. The acorn sessile or
nearly so, solitary, or in pairs. Nut subglobose, ovoid or
oblong, 14’ to 34’ long, somewhat hairy, especially at the
summit, enclosed for about one-half its length in the deeply
cup-shaped cup; kernel yellow, bitter. The scales of the cup
are coarse, loose above the middle, thin sharp pointed forming
a fringed border to the rim.

Maine to western Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. It
occurs in east Texas and in rocky ravines and mountains near
the mouth of the Pecos.

The wood is coarse grained, strong, heht reddish brown.
The wood is not usually distinguished from the red oak com-

mercially, but it is inferior in quality. Its uses are similar
to @. rubra.

20. Quercus Texana Buckley. Texan Oak. Red Oak.
Spotted Oak. Spanish Oak. A small tree, with spreading
branches forming a rounded crown. The bark is light brown,
somewhat scaly on older portions, thin and smooth on young
branches. Leaves oblong to obovate, 2’-4’ in length, with
3-7 triangular to ovate lobes, the terminal lobe much larger
than the others; lobes sometimes toothed, bristle tipped; deep
green, smooth, shining above, paler, yellowish below, with
prominent red venation. Acorns sessile or on very short
stalks; nut ovoid-oblong or oblong, light brown, enclosed for
about one-third its leneth in the hemispheric cup; scales of
the cup ovate, blunt, forming a fringe around the rim of the
cup.

In drv rocky soils of southern and western Texas.

The woed is close grained and hard. It is used for fuel.

21. Quercus digitata Sudw. Spanish Oak. A forest tree
70°-80° high with trunk diameter of 2°-3°. The branches are
stout, spreading, and form a loose open crown. The bark is
3/,’-1’ thick, dark brown, fissured, the furrows usually narrow,
sometimes wide, ridges rather broad, broken into short plates;
young shoots at first hairy greenish red or gray brown, be-
eoming smooth and dark gray brown. Leaves oblong or

The Trees of Texas 8l

obovate, quite variable in outline, 3’-9’ long; somewhat curved,
wedge-shaped, rounded or truncate at the base, 3-11, usually
5-9 lobed; the number of lobes more variable than in any
other of the oaks; the middle lobe is generally longer than

Fig. 17. Quercus digitata.

any of the others, but the terminal lobe is frequently much
elongated and scythe-shaped. Acorns borne sessile or almost
so; nut subglobose, 3%’ long, more or less hairy, light brown,
enclosed for about one-half its length in the cup-shaped cup;
scales of cup thin, oblong, reddish and hairy.

6—Trees.

82 Bulletin of the University of Texas

New Jersey tc Missouri, Florida and Texas. In Texas it
extends to the valley of the Brazos.

Its uses are similar to Quercus rubra. The tree is planted
for ornament and shade, for which it is well adapted.

22. Quercus Marylandica Muenchaussen. Black Jack Oak.
Black Jack. A forest tree 40°-50° high with trunk diameter
of 18’, but usually much smaller. The- branches are short,
stout, often eontorted and form a compact rounded crown.
Bark 1’-114’ thick, black, very rough on mature trunks. Leaves
broadly obovate 6’-7’ long, 3-5 lobed, narrowly rounded or

Fig. 18. Quercus Marylandica.

heart-shaped at base, thick almost leathery, deep green and
smooth above, paler pubescent and with prominent venation
below; the notches between the lobes quite variable, fre-
quently only undulate lobed; lobes bristle tipped. Acorns
borne solitary or in pairs sessile or nearly so; nut subglobose
or ovoid 34’ long, hairy, ight yellow brown sometimes striate ;
enclosed for about two-thirds its length in the top-shaped cup;
seales of cup blunt, light or reddish brown, hairy, rather loose
particularly near the top.

New York te Pennsylvania, Indiana and Nebraska, south
to Florida and Texas.

The wood is of little value execpt for fuel.

ter.

in win

Post oak trees

Fig. 19.

84 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

23. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak. A round topped forest
tree sometimes 80° high with slender branches, smooth, light
brown bark and reddish twigs. Leaves oblong some of them

V. é ‘i . ee eee i & = ae
| ; ra
\

” ae Se ico soo na nae q

Fig. 20. Quercus nigra.

three or more lobed toward the apex and _ linear-obovate,
21,,’-6’ long, 144’-214’ wide, dull green above, paler below,
petioles short. Fruit solttary or in pairs, sessile or short
stalked; acorn ovoid 1/2’-2/3’ long and almost as wide, en-
closed at the base in a thin saucer-shaped cup, often striate.

The Yrees of Texas 85

Delaware, Florida, west to the Colorado River, Texas.

The wood is heavy, hard, close grained and strong. It is
used for fuel.

24. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak. A forest tree 70°-
80° high, with trunk diameter of 2°-4°. The branches are
small and form a rather narrew, open rounded crown. The
bark is thin, %’-%’ thick, light reddish brown, smooth on
young branches, shallowly fissured on old trunks. Leaves

Fig. 21. Quercuz Phellos.

linear oblong, ovate lanceolate or sometimes lanceolate-obo-
vate, acute at both ends often faleate, entire or undulate mar-
gin, 214’-5’ long, 1%4’-1’ wide, borne on short petioles, thick,
smooth and shining above, paler and somewhat hairy beneath.
Acorns borne usually solitary, sessile or very short-stalked ;
nut subglobose or hemispherical, covered with pale pubescence,

86 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

inclosed only at the base in the shallow saucer-shaped cup;
scales of cup close, thin, hairy dark reddish brown.

New York to Florida, west to Kentucky, Missouri and
Texas. It prefers wet sandy soil and is found principally
along swamps, but scmetimes occurs on highland. In Texas
it extends to the Sabine River.

The tree has been planted extensively for ornament. It is
hardy as far north as southern New England. The wood is
used in somewhat the same way as Quercus rubra.

eZ

Fig. 22. Quercus cinerea.

25. Quercus cinerea Michaux. Upland Willow Oak. Blue
Jack Oak. <A tree usually 15°-20° high with trunk diameter
of 5’-6’, but sometimes larger, 50°-70° high. The branches are
stout and stiff, forming a rather narrow irregular crown. Some

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88 Bulletin of the University of Texas

trees are broad and rounded. The bark is %4’-14’ thick,
divided into small angular plates, covered with black scales.
Leaves | oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate 2’-5’ long,
14’-1144’ wide, entire or with undulate margins, sometimes
slightly lobed near the apex, blue green above, pale hairy
beneath, slightly bristle tipped. Acorns borne sessile, pro-
duced in great numbers; nut oblong to subglobose, 14’ long,
light brown often striate, hoary pubescent at the apex: -cup
saucer-shaped enclosing the nut only at the base or for about
one-half its length. |

North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas. It occurs
principally on sandy uplands, mostly near the coast. In Texas
it extends to the valley of the Brazos.

The wood is hard, close grained, strong. It is used prin-
cipally for fuel. The trees of our area are small.

MORACEAE. The Mulberry Family.

Trees with milky sap; leaves simple, alternate, two ranked,
serratc entire or variously lobed, 3-5 veined at the base; flow-
ers borne in ament-like spikes or heads on the outside of a
receptacle or on the inside of a closed receptacle; fruit com-
pound, drupaceous.

1. Flowers on the outside of the receptacle.

a. Flowers all in spike like catkins, fruit an
elongated edible berry somewhat re:

sembline: the “DIackberhys. . ec... sh eure Se 1. Morus.
b. Pistillate flowers in heads, fruit globose,
not edible.
(1) Branches armed with thorns, leaves
VUES 2 Fab Oe tree ean te i ye 2 Loxylon:
(2) Branches unarmed, leaves serrate or
LOWS: fox ie cle a eden SeMeaese re ie teteba ede 3. Broussonetia.

2. Flowers borne inside a hollow receptacle...... 4. Ficus.
1. MORUS. The Mulberries.

Trees with edible fleshy fruit, milky juice; flowers monoe-
cious or dioecious; leaves often deeply irregularly lobed.

The Trees of Texas 89

Leaves rough above, pubescent beneath, fruit red

CONTE Cho) I pe ee ne a 1. M. rubra.
Leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so.
Deven -iarer, 2-96°-6 lone ol yuk wll. cs. -.. 2..M. alba.
Leaves small 1-%’ long, %’ wide............. 3. M. microphylla.

1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry. A tree 60°-70° high,
and 3°-4° in diameter. The trunk is generally short and the
branches stout, forming a dense rounded broad crown. The
bark is dark brown somewhat tinged with red, 14’-34’ thick,
fissured into long thin plates. Leaves broadly ovate or ovate-

Fig. 25. Morus rubra.

orbicular, contracted at the apex into a long point, heart-
shaped or rounded at base, coarsely serrate, frequently 2-7,
mostly 3, lobed, smooth above, hairy beneath, thin, dark
bluish green, turning yellow before falling from the tree. The
flowers appear with the opening of the leaves; pistillate aments
about half as long as the staminate. Fruit cylindric about
1’-114’ long, dark purple or alinost black when mature.
Massachusetts to Ontario; Michigan and Nebraska, south
to Florida and Texas. Occurs most frequently in moist situa-
tions. In Texas it extends to the valley of the Colorado River.

The wood is light, soft, but tough, takes a high polish, dur-
able in contact with the soil. It has been used for cross ties

90 Bulletin of the Unwersity of Texas

and posts, but the supply is not sufficient to be of much eco-
nomie importance. The tree is hardy and easily transplanted.
It has been extensively planted for ornament.

2. Morus alba L. White Mulberry. A tree reaching a
height of 40°-60° with diameter of 2°-3°, but usually smaller.

J

ak
am
3)

Sore pea: Mi
3x8

<3," Lar py
a ee

Fig. 26. Morus alba.

<<

The trunk is short and low branched, forming a round topped
crown. Bark thin, light gray, furrowed into rough ridges.
Leaves thin, firm, ovate or ovate oval, sharp-pointed at the
apex, heart-shaped or rounded at the base, serrate, sometimes
lobed, smooth, light green above, paler and hairy along the
veins below. The staminate aments are slender, drooping,

The Trees of Texas Of

the pistillate, ovate, shorter. The fruit is white, or pinkish,
sweet, edible, insipid.

Introduced from Europe, where the leaves are used for
feeding the silk worm. It has been extensively planted for
ornament, and thrives best in rich moist soil. It grows well,
however, on the dry prairies.

3. Morus microphylla Buckley. Texan Mulberry. <A small
tree or shrub sometimes 30° high and 12’-14’ in diameter
with slender branches. The bark is smooth, thin, 4’ thick
or less. light gray, fissured with surface scales. Leaves ovate,

\}
.

Fig. 27. Morus microphylla.

rounded or sharp-pointed at the apex, serrate, heart-shaped
at base, occasionally lobed, thin and firm, dark green, rough-
ened above, paler and hairy along the midribs below, 114’
long, 34’ wide. Flowers are borne in short spikes. Fruit dark
purple to black with hght brown, thick walled seeds, edible.

Texas to Arizona and Mexico. In Texas it occurs princi-
pally near the Mexican border.

a2 Bulletin of the University of Texas
2. TOXYLON Raf. Osage Orange.

Small trees with alternate, simple, entire leaves, milky juice
and axillary thorns.

1. Toxylon pomiferum Raf. Osage Orange. <A _ small
thorny tree which may reach a height of 50°-60° with trunk
diameter of 2°-8°, but usually smaller. Bark 2/3’-1’ thick
with broad rounded ridges, somewhat shreddy, brown. The
spines are about 34’ long, and produce painful wounds. The
leaves are ovate lanceolate, entire, long pointed, smooth, end
glossy green above, 3’-5’ long, 2’-3’ wide. The staminate
flowers are borne in elongated catkins, the pistillate in rounded
heads. The fruit is yellowish green, resembling an orange,
outer coat rough, about 4’ in diameter.

Missouri and Kansas, south to Texas.

The wood is heavy, hard, strong and durable in contact
with the soil. It is extensively used for fence posts. The
tree has been extensively planted in the prairie regions for
hedge fenees. When well pruned and taken cure of ,it makes
a thick almost impenetrable barrier for all kinds of animals.
Now largely superceded by wire fences. Not so well adapted
for ornamental hedges as many other shrubs.

3. BROUSSONETIA Ventenat. Paper Mulberry.

Broussonetia papyrifera Ventenat. A small tree with
greenish gray bark, milky juice and stout hairy twigs. Leaves
thin, 3-5 lobed or sometimes with only one lateral lobe, rough
above, hairy below, borne on long stalks. Flowers diecious,
the pistillate in dense round heads on one tree, the staminate
in catkins on another. Fruit a globular aggregate of small
red drupelets 14’-1’ in diameter.

Native of Asia, introduced and growing spontaneously in
this eountry.

The fibrous inner bark is used in the manufacture of paper.

4. FICUS (Tournefort) L. The Figs.

Trees, shrubs or woody climbers with milkv sap; thick,
leathery mostly alternate lobed leaves; flowers borne in a
receptacle, usually dioecious.

~ ot ee

The Trees of Texas 93

Ficus carica L. Common Fig. A shrub or round topped,
small tree with short trunk, close, smooth, reddish or gray
bark and stout, pithy twigs. Leaves large, thick, firm, leath-

Fig. 28. Broussonetia.

ery, suborbicular or oval, deeply 5-7 lobed, rough and hairy
above, pale and hairy beneath. Flowers dioecious, the stam-
inate usually absent in the cultivated form. Fruit pear-
shaped, with soft, sweet edible flesh.

A native of the Mediterranean region, extensively planted
in our area for fruit and ornament.

94 Bulletin of the University of Texas
ULMACEAE Mirbel. The Elm Family.

Trees with watery juice; leaves alternate, simple, serrate,
pinnately veined; flowers small and without the corolla; fruit

a samara, drupe or small nut.
Leaves with one primary vein at base, lateral veins

parallel.
Fruit a samara winged all the way around.... 1. Ulmus.
Fruit a small nut with soft tubercles......... 2. Planera.
Leaves 3-veined at the base, fruit a fleshy, juicy
CROPS 355, 2 eee 8 ete RL oe ae 3. Celtis.

1. ULMUS L. The Elms.

Trees with deeply furrowed bark; leaves simple, alternate
two ranked, doubly serrate, taper poimted, unequal at base,
lateral veins prominent and parallel; flowers small clustered
appearing in the spring before the leaves in all except one
species; fruit a samara surrounded by a wide membranous
wing.

Flowers opening in the autumn, borne in the axils

of the leaves of the Season. S84. 2.2.6 1. U. crassifola.
Flowers opening in the spring before the leaves.
Branches Corky \win eds soni ae es 23 U.. -alakay

Branches not corky winged.
Leaves smooth or somewhat roughened

above, inner bark not mucilaginous... 3. U. Americana.
Leaves very rough above inner bark,
mMUuEUCHAaAliNOVME Ht fe ari eee 4. U. fulva.

1. Ulmus crassifolia Nuttall. Cedar Elm. A forest tree
sometimes reaching a height of 80° with trunk diameter of
2°-3°, but usually smaller. The branches are usually wide-
spread and droop, forming a flat topped wide crown. Leaves
oblong-oval with rounded apex and unequal base, finely
doubly serrate, very rough and dark green above with soft
pubescence below, 1’-2’ long, 14’-1’ wide. The flowers ap-
pear in the autumn in the axils of the season’s leaves. They
are borne in elusters of three to five. The fruit ripens in
September or sometimes in November, depending upon the
time of flowering. The bark is light brown, tinged with red,

Fig. 29. a. Ulmus alata. b. Ulmus crassifolia. c¢. Ulmus Americana.

96 Bulletin of the University of Texas

about one inch thick, deeply fissured, the furrows interrupted,
the ridges broad and flat.

Southern Arkansas to Mississippi, Texas, and Mexico. It
is the commonest elm tree of our area, and reaches its maxi-
mum size along the Guadalupe and Trinity rivers.

The wood is reddish brown, heavy, hard, strong and brittle.
It is used for hubs, furniture, and fencing. The tree is fre-
qnetly planted for ornament and shade.

2. Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm. A forest tree 40°-
90° high and with a trunk diameter of 2° or less. The branches
are short, stout, ascending: and form a rather open crown.
Bark thin, with shallow fissures, hght reddish brown with flat
ridges. The young twigs develop corky wings which are per-
sistent. Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
scythe-shaped, rather sharp-pointed at the apex, 114’-3’ long,
wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, doubly serrate, the teeth
eurved inward, thick and firm almost smooth above, pubescent
below. The flowers are borne in the early spring before the
leaves unfold. The fruit is ripe at about the time the leaves
appear.

Virginia, Indiana, I\linois and Kansas, south to Florida and
west to Texas. It thrives best in dry soil. In Texas it extends
to the valley of the Trinity River.

The wood is heavy and hard, but not strong, close grained.
It is used for hubs, handles for implements and fuel. The tree
is extensively planted for shade and ornament throughout
its range.

3. Ulmus Americana. White Elm. American Elm. A
large forest tree sometimes 100°-120° feet high and 6°-
11° in diameter. The branches are upright, gradually spread-
ing to form a wide spread rounded crown of great beauty.
Bark ashy gray, 1’-114’ thick, deeply fissured, with rather
broad ridges. Leaves oval to obovate-oblong, 2’-5’ long, dark
green, and somewhat rough above, paler and smooth or pubes-
cent below, abruptly pointed at the apex, unequal, at base,
sharply doubly serrate. The flowers are clustered, borne on
slender stalks, opening in early spring before the leaves. The
fruit ripens with the unfolding of the leaves.

Quebee to Florida, west to Nebraska and Texas. The trees

The Trees of Texas 97

of our area are not so large and ornamental as the trees grow-
ing in the northeastern states.

The wood is hard, tough, flexible, and difficult to split. It
is used for agricultural implements, hubs, crates, staves, and
heading. It is also used extensively in furniture making, as
it takes stains very well. The tree has been a great favorite
for shade tree planting. It grows rapidly. The American elm
is one of our most beautiful native trees, and its planting
should be encouraged.

4, Ulmus fulva Michaux. Slippery Elm. Red Elm. A
forest tree 60°-70° high with trunk diameter sometimes reach-
ing 2°, usually smaller. The branches spread to form a broad
open flat-topped crown. Bark deeply fissured, reddish brown,
the inner layer fragrant and mucilaginous. Leaves ovate-
oblong, 4’-6’ long, coarsely doubly serrate, rounded on one
side at base, oblique on the other, thick dark green, very
rough above, more or less pubescent beneath. The flowers
appear before the leaves in the early spring and the fruit
ripens when the leaves are about one-half their mature size.

(Juebee to Florida, west to North Dakcta, Nebraska and
Texas. It extends to the valley of the San Antonio River.

The wood is hard, strong, ight, durable when exposed in
the soil. It is used for cross ties, fence posts and otherwise
as Ulmus Americana.

2. PLANERA Gmelin. Planer Tree.

Planer aquatica Gmelin. A small tree 30°-40° high and
20’ in diameter with low broad crown and slender branches.
Bark thin, about 14’, light brown, falling away in large scales.
Leaves ovate-oblong, rounded or unequally wedge-shaped at
base, pointed or rounded at the apex, toothed, 2’-214’ long,
34’-1’ wide, dark green above, paler below. Flowers of two
kinds, the stamen bearing or staminate are borne on wood of
the previous year, the pistil bearing or pistillate in the axils
of leaves of the current season. The fruit is a nut-like struct-
ure covered with elongated projections, ripening in the spring.
The tree resembles the elms, but may be readily distinguished
by the fruit.

7—Trees.

98 Bulletin of the University of Texas

North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas. It extends
into Texas as far as the Trinity River.

The wood is of no economic value.

3. CEHLTIS (Tournefort) L. The Hackberries.

Trees or shrubs with simple alternate leaves, smooth, thin
or warty bark, and scaly buds. The leaves are 3 rarely 4-5
veined at the base, entire or toothed; staminate flowers borne
in clusters, pistillate solitary or few together in axils of the
leaves; fruit an ovoid or globose drupe with thin sweet pulp
and wrinkled bony stone. The drupe hangs on the tree until
early spring. The hackberry is our commonest shade tree.

1. Leaves sharply and coarsely serrate........ 1. C. occidentalis.
2. Leaves entire or with only a few teeth.
a. Leaves densely gray tomentulose be-
neath, few toothed, somewhat heari-
shapéd-at base:.22 ) 032. 2 Reh So eee ee Blerrore
b. Leaves smooth or nearly so beneath.
(1) Leaves thick, strongly reticulate

veined with a few teeth........... 3. GC. reticulata,
(2) Leaves thin, entire, slightly curved
lanceolate to ovate lanceolate...... 4. C. Mississippiensis.

1. Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. White Hackberry.
Usually a small tree 30°-40° high and 1°-2° in diameter, but
occasionally much larger. The trunk branches a few feet
from the ground into a few large limbs. The small branches
are horizontal, forming a broad rounded crown. Bark on
youne twig green, somewhat hairy, becoming reddish brown;
on old trunks thick, light brown or silver gray, with short
ridges or warty exerescences. Leaves ovate, 2144’-7’ long,
usually long taper pointed, slightly heart-shaped or unequal
at base, usually sharply toothed occasionally entire margined,
thin, smooth or nearly so above, hairy beneath. The flowers
appear during April and May, they are small and inconspicu-
ous. The fruit is a globular drupe 14’ long, dark purple. It
is sweet and edible. The tree is known in some localities as
sugar berry.

St. Lawrence Valley to the Gulf States, and west to Texas
and Manitoba. It occurs only in the eastern part of Texas.

The Trees of Texas go

The wood is yellowish white, heavy, but not strong. It re-
sembles the ash somewhat and is used for the same purposes.
The tree is also planted for shade and ornament.

2. Celtis Helleri Small. Heller’s Hackberry. A small tree
with maximum height of 30°-40° and trunk diameter of

Fig. 30. Celtis reticulata.

2°-3°. The branches are widespread, forming a rounded
crown. Bark on mature trunks is characterized by the numer-
ous corky warts. The young twigs are slender and hairy,
becoming smooth and brown with age. Leaves firm, ovate to

100 Bulletin of the University of Texas

oblong or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 114’-4’ long, pointed
or blunt at the apex, heart-shaped at base, dark green and
rough above, hairy below, with rather prominent netted vein-
ing, toothed above the middle. Fruit globular, light, lustrous
brown, borne on short curved stalks. Seeds globose with four
prominent ribs.

Dry soil of southern Texas.

The wood jis similar to Celtis Mississippiensis, from which it
is not generally distinguished. The tree is used for street
and ornamental planting.

3. Celtis reticulata Torrey. Thick Leaved Hackberry. A
small bushy tree 40°50° high with rounded crown. Bark
bluish gray and covered with numerous corky warts on the
older parts of the stem. Leaves thick and very strongly
netted veined, entire or toothed above the middle, dark green
and smooth or somtimes rough above, paler and somewhat
hairy beneath, with prominent reticulate veining. Fruit
globular, red, 14’ to 14’ long, borne on stalks which are usually
longer than the subtending leaf petiole.

Kansas to Texas, Colorado, Nevada, Arizona, and Lower
California. It is widely distributed in Texas.

Uses similar to Celtis Mississippiensis. -

4. Celtis Mississippiensis Bosc. Mississippi Hackberry <A
tree 60°-80° high and 2°-3° in diameter. The branches are
somewhat pendulous and form a broad rounded crown. Bark
light gray with corky warts, 1/2’-2/3’ thick. eaves broadly
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, long pointed somewhat curved, un-
equal at base, entire or with never more than one or two
teeth, firm dark green and smooth ahove, paler below, 37-4’
long, 34’-3’ wide. Fruit ovoid-globose 147-14’ long, bright
orange red, borne on a stalk which is somewhat elongated.
The tree differs from other hackberries particularly in the
size ot the fruit and in the entire margined leaf. It is the
commonest of our haekberry trees.

Indiana to Florida, and west to Missouri and Texas.

Used for fuel, fencing, and to some extent for flooring. The
commonest street shade tree in central Texas.

The Trees of Texas 101

Fig. 31. Celtis Mississippiensis.

ALTINGIAECEAE Hayne. Sweet Gum Family.

Liquidambar.

Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweet Gum. A tree 80°-140°

high with straight erect trunk 4°-5° in diameter. The branches

102 Bulletin of the University of Texas

are slender and form a rather narrow crown. Bark deeply
furrowed, gray to brown. 34’-114’ thick. The young branches
are frequently winged with cork. A resinous sap which issues
from wounds is popular among children as ‘‘gum.’’ Leaves
alternate, almost round in outline, about 5’ wide, cleft into
4-7 wedge-shaped, serrate lobes, firm, bright green, and shin-
ing above, paler below, aromatic when bruised, smooth on
both sides or nearly so, turning red in the autumn before
they fall. Flowers appear when the leaves are about half the
adult size. The staminate flowers are borne in slender
racemes, the pistillate in a dense globular head. Fruit a
globular, spiny, cone-like aggregate, 114’-114’ in diameter,
which frequently persists on the tree throughout the winter.

Connecticut west to Missouri, south to Florida and Texas.
In Texas it extends to the valley of the Trinity River, most
abundant in heavy bottom soils.

The wood is heavy, close-grained, hard but not strong. It
polishes well and ean be finished to imitate walnut. How-
ever, if warps and shrinks to such an extent that it is but little
used for timber. The tree is planted for ornament but is
transplanted with some difficulty. . Its foliage is beautiful
throughout the summer and the autumnal tints add to its
value as an ornamental tree. In our area, it is attacked by a
fungus parasite which tends to mar the beauty of the foliage
in the late summer.

ANONACEAE de Condolle. The Custard Apple Family.

Asimina (lu) Dunal. The Pawpaw.

Asimina triloba Duval. <A tall shrub or small tree some-
times reaching a height of 25° or 30° with a trunk diameter
of 1°, but usually much smaller, with slender nodding twigs.
Bark smooth, somewhat ridged on old trees, about 14’ thick,
gray or brown with lighter blotches except on young twigs,
where it is reddish brown. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, wedge-
shaped at base, sharp. pointed at the apex, 4’-12’ long,
4’-6’ wide, green above, paler and hairy beneath when young,
becoming smooth with age. The leaves give off a rank foetid
odor when crushed. The flowers appear before or with the

The Trees of Texas 103

leaves. The sepals are green, broadly ovate; the six petals
are green at first but soon become maroon color. Fruit cylin-
drical, somewhat curved, about 2147-5’ long, green becoming
vellow, finally brown. The flesh is sweet and edible and the
fruit lias been recently called the ‘‘Hoosier banana.’’

Southern Ontario, east to Pennsylvania, south to the Gulf
States and west to Kansas and Texas. In Texas it extends to
the valley of the Sabine River.

The wood is soft, Hight, and coarse grained. The supply
is s¢ small that it has no economic importance for timber.
The fruit is edible and the tree is adapted for ornamental
planting within its native range. It prefers deep rich moist
soil.

MAGNOLIACEAE St. Hilaire. The Magnolia Family.

Trees with aiternate simple, entire, large leaves and bitter,
aromatic bark. The flowers are large, perfect, solitary,
terminal. The fruit is a cone-like aggregate.

Leaf blades thick, leathery, persistent, with brown,

ih heel MRO er os Saw oe oes bee's ene be M. foetida.
Leaf blades membranous, smooth or silky beneath... M. Virginiana.

1. Magnolia foetida (l..) Sargent. Bull Bay. Laurel. A
large cone-shaped tree 60°-80° high and 4°-5° in diameter,
with short branches, and rough, light brown, scaly bark
1,’-34’ thick. Leaves evergreen, firm, leathery, bright glossy
green above, duller and covered beneath with rusty hairs,
5’-8’ long, 2’-3’ wide with prominent ribs and veins. Fruit
ovate or oval 3’-4’ long, 114’-214’ wide, flattened some-
what and covered with hair.

In river swamps and near ponds. North Carolina, south
to Florida and westward to Arkansas and Texas. In Texas
it extends to the Brazos valley.

The wood is rather hard and used to a very limited extent
only for timber. The tree is planted for ornamanet and is
highty prized throughout its range.

2. Magnolia Virginiana L. Sweet Bay. White Bay.
Swamp Bay. A slender tree reaching a maximum height of

90°-70° with trunk diameter of 2° to 316°, bat usually small-

104 Bulletin of the University of Texas

er, the base of the trunk is frequently swollen. Bark thin
and gray on mature trunks, pale gray or almost white on
younger branches. The twigs are covered with fine hairs.
Leaves obiong to elliptic, firm, evergreen, green and shining
above, pale and with fine silky hairs below, 4’-6’ long,
1y’-214’ wide, with prominent veins and midrib. Flowers
globuiar, white and fragrant. Fruit oval, smooth, dark red,
2’ lone, 44’ wide, with flattened seeds.

Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, south to Florida and west to

Arkansas and Texas. In Texas it extends to the Trinity
Valley.

The wood is rather light and is not exteusively used for
timber. The tree is planted for ornament throughout its
range and is well adapted for this purpose.

PLATANACEAE Lindley. The Plane Tree Family.

Platanus. The Plane Tree.

Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore. Button Wwod. A
very large tree 140°-170° high with a trunk diameter some-
times reaching 10°-11°. The trunk frequently branches near
the ground into several large secondary divisions forming a
very wide spread, irregular, open crown. Bark on old trunks
is gray to reddish brown with plate-like scales, on younger
portions it is grayish green, thin, separating from the tree in
large, thin brittle plates which exposes the whitish smooth
inner layer, giving the tree a clean ‘‘whitewashed” appear-
ance. Leaves broadly ovate, 3-5 lobed, 4’-9’ wide, the lobes
broad, toothed, thin and firm, bright green above, paler below,
hairy when first expanded, becoming smooth with age. Flow-
ers borne in dense globular heads on wooly stalks appearing
with the leaves. Fruit a globular head 14’-114’ in diameter
which bears numerous seeds, and persists on the tree until the
following spring. The seeds drop out throughout the early
winter.

Southern Ontario, Maine, south to the Gulf States and west
to Nebraska and Texas. In Texas it extends to the valley of
the Devils River. It grows principally along streams and in

The Trees of Texas 105

rich lowlands, but is extensively planted in Texas as an orna-
mental shade tree on dry uplands, where it thrives very well.

The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, but weak, takes
a high polish and is used to some extent for interior finishing.
The tree is not regarded in the northern states as desirable
for ornamental planting as the leaves are attacked by a fungus
which causes them to fall prematurely. In our area, how-
ever, ihe defoliation does not appear to be so severe from this
cause and it has been extensively used as a street shade tree.
It is undoubtedly superior to some trees which are more
abundantly grown.

MALACEAE Small. The Apple Family.

Trees with simple alternate leaves, regular perfect flowers,
and more or less fleshy, pomaceous fruits.

Mature fruit green in color with mature carpels

MARR iano PA AYA Ge tale ata. hala atald con’ Sos ev 23 1. Malus.
Mature fruit red, orange, blue, black, yellow with
MESES CATNCIS DORYs.0 oils eo Skee he dct e Sea's ee Crataercus.

MALUS. The Apples.

Malus Seulardii (Bailev) Britton. Crab Apple. <A small,
upright, stout tree reaching a height of 15°-25° and a trunk
diameter of 6’-8’, with rather stiff and dense rounded crown.
Bark reddish brown, fissured, and. scaly, rather thin. Leaves
ovate, elliptic or obovate, blunt at the apex with rounded nar-
row base, irregularly toothed or sometimes lobed, very wooly at
first but becomine smooth above, remaining hairy beneath.
Flowers rather large, about 144’-2’ in diameter when fully
expanded, rose pink, in dense flat topped clusters. Fruit flat-

,tened. globose about 114’ long and 11’ in diameter, greenish
yellow when mature, the flesh is firm and is acid to the taste.

Minnesota southward to Texas. It occurs but sparingly
in the woods of east Texas.

The tree is valuable for ornamental planting.

CRATAEGUS. The Thorn Trees. Hawthorn.

Small trees or shrubs. usually spiny; leaves simple, alternate,
toothed, notched or lobed; flowers mostly white; fruit fleshy,

106 Bulletin of the University of Texas

variously colored. This genus comprises more species than
any other, some 600 having already been deseribed.

1. Leaves 6-7 lobed, the margins of the lobes
sharpiv Serrate cnc ccc odiag && Shkee cate Seas aia eee i Cy Apntolia,
Leaves variously notched, toothed or serrate,
sometimes 3 lobed at the apex.
a. Leaves broadest above the middle.
(1) Leaves entire at base, serrate above th?
middle, some of them 3 lobed at the
apex:Siruit: scarlet. S. no. aacs ew eul lek 2... spathulata:
(2) Leaves entire at base, serrate toward
the apex; fruit green tinged with red.. 3. C. edita.
(3) Leaves entire at base, serrate above the
middle, not lobed; fruit blue or blue
NOTE IC CON wees re es care tae care sie oie ee ai 4. C. brachyecantha.
(4) Leaves oval to obovate; fruit longer
than broad, bright canary yellow, 1/3’-
16? MONEY Seahs een See ee Le Se eee 5. CC. Brazoria:
(5) Leaves elliptical toothed or serrate
above the middle; fruit bright red
dotted with pale spots, ripening in May 6. C. aestivales.
(6) Leaves ovate to oblong ovate, some-
times 38-lobed toward the apex; fruit
scarlet or orange, ripening in the
autumn, %’-14’ in diameter.......... 1. Ce ViITiGis:
(7) Leaves oblong ovate to semiorbicular,
serrate above the middle; fruit dull
orange, about 4’ in diameter........ 8. C. glabriscula.
b;.ioeaves broadest atthe base. ....:.2 ¢aesens 9. C. Texana.

bo

1. Crataegus apiifolia Michx. Parsley Haw. A _ small
tree sometimes 20° high with a trunk diameter which may
reach 6-8" but is usually smaller. The branches spread at
right angles, forming a rather broad irregular crown. Branch-
lets armed with stout, straight, chestnut-brown spines which
are 1’.144’ long. Bark smooth and rather thin, gray in color.
Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, somewhat heart-shaped at
the broad base, 5-7 lobed, the lobes sharply serrate 1’-144’
long 2/3’-114’ broad, bright green above, pale below. Flowers
14’ in diaineter borne in 10-12 flowered corymbs, stamens 20
anthers bright rose red. Fruit oblong to oval ¥4” long, scarlet,
with 1-3 nutlets, often hanging on the tree until early winter.

Southern Virginia to Florida and west to Arkansas and
Texas. In Texas it extends to the Trinity Valley.

The Trees of Texas 107

2. Crataegus spathulata Michx. Small-fruited Thorn. A
small tree 18°-25° high and trunk diameter of 8’-10’ with up-
right, spreading branches which form a rather wide, rounded
erown. The branchlets are smooth or armed with straight,
brown spines 17-114’ long. Bark gray or brown, smooth or
somewhat scaly. Leaves shaped like a spathula, rounded and
sometimes 3-lobed at the apex, serrate except at the base, dark

Fig. 32. Crataegus apiifolia.

green above, paler below, 1’-2’ long, 1’-114’ wide. Flowers
¥,’ in diameter on slender pedicels in many flowered corymbs;
ealyx lobes triangular, stamens about 20, anthers rose col-
ored. Fruit ripening in autumn, globose to sub-globose 14’ in
diameter, bright scarlet with 3-5 nutlets and thin, dry mealy
flesh.

Virginia to Florida and west to Arkansas and Texas. In
Texas it extends to the valley of the Colorado River. It occurs
abundantly in the eastern portion of the state.

108 Bulletin of the Unwersity of Texas

3. Crataegus edita Sargent. A tree sometimes reaching a
height of 40° and trunk diameter of 1°, but usually smaller.
The branches are stout, horizontal and form a wide, rounded
erown. The branchlets are armed with scattred, brown spines
which become gray with age. Bark dark, rather thin and
sealy. Leave oblong, obovate or oval, 1147-2’ long,
14,’-1’ wide, smooth and dark, lustrous green above, paler and
somewhat. pubescent along the veins below, serrate above the

Fig. 33. ‘Crataegus spathulata.

middle, entire and wedge-shaped at base. Flowers are 1/-
2/3’ in diameter, in few flowered corymbs; sepals entire or
somewhat serrate, stamens 20, anthers rose red. Fruit
ripens in autumn, short oblong 14’-14’ long, dull green, tinged
with red, with thin, greenish flesh.

In low wet woods and stream borders in the valley of the
Sabine River.

The Trees of Texas 109

4. Crataegus brachycantha Sarg. and Engelm. A tree
18°-25° high with trunk diameter of 8’-10’, branches upright,
spreading to form a rather broad rounded crown; branchlets
armed with straight light brown spines 1’-114’ long. Bark
dark brown and rather deeply fissured on mature trunks,
light brown on yvounger twigs. Leaves lanceolate-oblong to
ovate, serrate above the middle, 1’-2’ long 14’-1’ wide, dark
green above, paler beneath. Flowers in many flowered cor-
ymbs. Fruit ripening in August, bright blue, 14’-15’ in
diameter.

Northwestern Louisiana to eastern Texas.

5. Crataegus Brazoria Sargent. A small round topped
tree 20°-25° high with ascending branches, gray scaly bark,
and long gray spines. Leaves oval to obovate, wedge-shaped
and entire at base, rounded or pointed at apex, serrate, smooth,
lustrous green aboce, 2’-214’ long, 114’-144’ wide, pale be-
neath with a few hairs. Flowers in many flowered corymbs,
the pedicels and calyx hairy. Fruit ripening in autumn, sub-
globose, bright canary yellow.

In rich woods and bottom lands along the Brazos River.

6. Crataegus aestivalis. A medium sized tree 20°-30°
high and 12’-18’ in diameter with straight or divided trunk,
reddisk, armed twigs and scaly, reddish brown bark. Leaves
elliptical, oblong or obovate, 114’-2’ long, 14’-1’ wide, entire
at base, notched or toothed above the middle, smooth above,
with rusty hairs alonz the veins and midrib below. Corymb
2-5 flowered. Fruit ripening in May, depressed globose,
1/2’-2/5’ in diameter, bright red with pale spots, and thick,
juicy iiesh.

Florida to Arkansas, Louisiana and eastern Texas,

7. Crataegus viridis L. Southern Thorn. <A smaJl round
topped tree 20°-30° high and 18’-20’ in diamter with orange
colored bark, gray to reddish brown twigs and slender short
spines. Leayes oblong-obovate, pointed or rounded at the
apex. wedge-shaped ard entire at base. serrate above with
olandular teeth or some of them 3-lobed toward the apex, 1’-3’
long. 14’-114’ wide, smooth above with hairs in the axils of
veins below. Corymbs smooth, many flowered. Fruit ripen-

110 Bulletin of the University of Texas

ing in the autumn, remaining throughout the winter, de-
pressed globose, 14’-14’ in diameter, bright scarlet with thin
dry flesh.

Maryland, South Carolina to Florida and west to Missouri
and ‘J’exas. It extends to the Colorado River.

Fig. 34. Crataegus viridis.

8. Crataegus glabriscula Sarg. A medium sized tree 20°-
25° high with ascending branches, brown, scaly bark and
slender, brown spines. Jeaves oblong, ovate or somewhat
orbicular, pointed or rounded at the apex. 114’-2’ long,
34’-1’ wide, entire at base, glandular, toothed above the mid-
dle, sometimes 2-3 lobed toward the apex. Corymbs few flow-
ered, smooth; pedicels long and slender. Fruit ripening in
the autumn and remaining on the tree throughout early win-

The Trees of Texas 11]

ter, obovate to globose, about 14’ long, dull orange with small
dots.
In the bottom lands of the Trinity River.

9. Crataegus Texana Buckley. Texas Thorn. A medtum
sized round topped tree 25°-30° high with sealy bark, reddish
brown twigs and chestnut colored spines. Leaves broadly
ovate, pointed at the apex, doubly serrate, frequently 4-5
lobed above the middle, 3’-4’ long, 215’-3’ wide, smooth above,
hairy below. Corymbs many flowered, hairy, the flowers large.
Fruit ripening in the autumn, pear-shaped when young, be-
eoming short oblong at maturity, 34’-1’ long, bright scarlet,
with pale dots. In bottom lands, central and west Texas.

AMYGDOLACEAE Reichenbach. The Plum Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate simple serrate leaves which
are firm or leathery and sometimes persistent until the follow-
ing season. Flowers regular, perfect, petals 5, sepals 5, stam-
ens numerous. Fruit. a one seeded edible drupe.

Drupes fleshy.

Flowers umbellate to corymbose, borne before
the leaves on branchlets of the previous

SLT TE he SRN ah or pk Ne Soa a! eee hele ene ae he rins,
Flowers racemose, borne on branchlets of the
“TE VRS a VE oe 7 a de a ta 2. Padus.
Drupes dry or nearly so, leaves persistent......... 3. Laurocerasus.

PRUNUS (Tournefort) L. Plums and Cherries.

Drupe purple, red, yellow or orange, with a bloom.. P. tarda.
Drupe red or orange without bloom.
Leaves oblong to obovate, petioles not glandular.. P. Americana.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, petioles
Oe Cn se ne ea Rieter aoe age F. hortulana.

1. Prunus tarda Sargent. Texan Sloe. <A small tree 20°-
25° high with spreading branches, thin, scaly bark, and lus-
trous branchlets which become dull with age. Leaves oblong
to obovate 114’-3’ long, 34’-114’ wide, pointed, firm, serrate,
yellowish green and smooth above, somewhat hairy along the
midrib and prominent veins below. Flowers in clusters of

112 Bulletin of the University of Texas

2 or 5. Fruit variousiy colored, oblong to subglobose, sour,
with flattened wrinkled stone.
Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas.

2. Prunus Americana Marsh. A medium sized, broad
topped spiny tree. 25°-30° high with drooping branches, green
twigs and reddish brown branchlets. Leaves oval to obovate,
pointed at the apex, 3’-4’ long, 1144’ wide, sharply serrate
with ineurved teeth, smooth and yellow to dark green above,
paler and somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers white in clus-
ters of 2-5. Fruit globular to oblong, 1’ or less tong, red, with
juicy, acid flesh.

New York west to Montana, south to Florida and west to
Texas. Cultivated for fruit and ornament throughout its
range.

3. Prunus hortulana Bailey. Wild Plum. A small low
branched, broad topped tree 20°-25° high with thin dark
brown bark and reddish brown twigs. Leaves ovate-lanceo-
late or oval, 4’-6’ long, 1’-114’ wide, firm, long pointed
at the apex, serrate with incurved elandular teeth, smooth,
dark green above, paler and with hairs in the axils of primary
vein beneath. Flowers in 2-4 flowered lateral clusters before
the leaves. Fruit globular to subglobose or oval, 34’-1’ in
diameter, red, with thin, hard, acid flesh.

In rich moist soil. Illinois to Tennessee, Alabama, Arkansas
and Texas.

PADUS Borkhausen. Wild Cherries.

Sepals not present on fruit, leaves with slender
|e SY 8 ee Nm tem AEN re GIR EPONA LZ nit es, CRM tre aap ee 8 1. P. Virginiana.
Sepals present on fruit, leaves with coarse teeth.
Sepals broader than long, leaves with reticulate

SE TEDGe ychs Gh Aare, cee rel aia koe Rotter site ear oe eee 2. P. eximia;
Sepals longer than broad, leaves not reticulate
WIT GL os hss scene Aas soe. ates aise aed da bt bd Nara 3. P. serotina.

1, Padus Virginiana (L.) Roemer. Choke Cherry. A
shrub or small tree 20°-25° high with spreading. drooping
branches, thin, smooth, dark gray bark and reddish brown
twigs. Leaves ovate to obovate, 2’-4’ long, 1’-2’ wide, thin,

The Trees of Texas 113

pointed at the apex, serrate with slender teeth, smooth on both
sides. Flowers in loose racemes. Fruit globose, ¥4’-%4’ in
diameter, red, black, or yellow with thin, juicy, astringent
flesh.

Newfoundland to Manitoba and British Columbia, south to
Georgia, west te Texas and Colorado.

2. Padus eximia Small. Texas Cherry. A rather large
round topped tree 60°-80° high with spreading branches and
smooth, red-brown twigs. Leaves ovate, some of them varyng
to oblong, oblong-lanceolate or oval, 114’-3’ long, blunt at
the apex or taper pointed, serrate, smooth on both sides, dark
green above, paler beneath. Flowers in drooping racemes.
Fruit globose, purple, with sweet flesh.

Found only in rich valleys of southern Texas.

3. Padus serotina (Ehrh.)Agardh. Wild Cherry. Black
Cherry. A large narrow topped tree 80°-100° high and
4°-5° in diameter, with horizontal branches, and reddish
brown, rough, aromatic, bitter bark and twigs. Leaves oblong,
or elliptic to obovate lanceolate, 2’-5’ long, 114’-2’ wide, taper
pointed, finely serrate with incurved teeth, firm, glossy, smooth
on both sides. Flowers white in long racemes. Fruit globose,
almost black with sweet, astringent flesh.

Ontario to North Dakota, Florida and Texas. In Texas it
is found in the eastern portion and in the mountains of the
west.

The wood is strong, hard, close grained, yellowish red, and
is used in making furniture, panels and for finishing.

LAUROCERASUS (Tournefort) Reichenbach. Wild Orange.
Wild Peach.

Laurocerasus caroliniana (Miller) Roemer. <A _ beautiful,
medium sized tree 30°-40° high with smooth, gray bark, green
twigs and reddish brown branches. Leaves leathery, persist-
ent, elliptic, oblong-lanceolate, entire or few teeth, 2’-4’ long,
pointed at the apex, glossy green above, dull below. Flowers
in short racemes. Fruit oblong or oval, black with thick, lus-
trous skin and thin flesh.

$—Trees.

114 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

North Carolina to Florida and Texas. Planted throughout
its range as an ornamental tree.

MIMOSACEAE. The Mimosa Family.

Trees with alternate compound evenly pinnate leaves and
small leaflets. Fruit a bean-lke pod.

Leaves with 1 to 2 pairs of pinnae.

Leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, pods tightly twisted........ 1. PLLOMmpOear Da.

Leaflets 12-20 pairs, pods not twisted........... = SEE
Leaves 2 to 3 pairs of pinnae, leaflets numerous... 3. es
Leaves with 1 to 4, 2 to 3 or 3 to 4 pairs of pinnae. 4. Acacia.
Leaves with: 3-to-). pairs or —innNae ee ee ee ee 5. Havardia.
Leaves ‘with 's to-8 pairs of pimnae: <” soce-. ee eae 6. Vachellia.
Leaves with 2-to°20. paiss of pinnae.t°. J). 2... 7. Leucaena.

1. STROMBOCARPA. Screw Bean.

1, Strombocarpa odorato (Torrey) A. Gray. Screw Bean.
A shrub or small tree with thick, shaggy, light brown bark,
and reddish brown branches which are armed with axillary
spines. Leaves bipinnate mostly with 1 pair of pinnae, some-
times 2 pairs. Flowers in slender, stalked, axillary spikes.
Fruit a twisted cylindrical pod.

2. PROSOPIS. The Mesquites.

1. Prosopis glandulosa Torrey. Mesquite. A low, round
topped tree with thick, reddish brown, fissured bark, yellow-
ish green twigs and darker branches which are frequently
armed with axillary spines. The leaves are bipinnate with 1
to 2 pairs of pinnae; leaflets numerous. Flowers perfect,
borne in slender, green or yellowish spikes. Fruit a straight
or slightly curved indehiscent pod.

Mexico north to Nevada, Kansas, Texas and California. It
has gradually encroached on the grassy plains and frequently
forms dense shrubbery thickets.

The wood is heavy, very hard, close grained, dark red in
color, very resistant in contact with the soil, takes a beauti-
ful finish. It is used for furniture, ornaments, gun stocks, grill
work, posts and fuel. The beans are used for food.

The Trees of Texas ti Ep
3. SIDEROCARPAS. Texas Ebony.

1. Siderocarpas flexicaulis (Bentham) Small. <A small ey-
ergreen tree or shrub with spreading zigzag branches, armed
with short spines. Leaves bipinnate, pinnae 4-6, leaflets few,

Fig. 35. Prosopis glandulosa.

sessil, leathery. Flowers in summer or autumn, in cylindrical
shaped spikes. Fruit a flattened, straight, or slightly curved
pod. On bluffs of southwest Texas and Mexico.

The wood is dark red to purplish brown, hard, used for
cabinet work.

116 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas
4. ACACIA (Tournefort) Adamson. The Acacias.

Thorny trees with alternate evenly bipinnate leaves, nu-
merous pinnae and numerous leaflets. Flowers in globose
heads, or cylindrical racemes. Fruit an elongated, flat or
eylindrieal pod.

Flowers in elongated spikes or racemes.

Pods-only«shehtly, curved: 3.45 ae oe 1. A. Wrightii.
Pods much curled: and: contorted 7 )< -.... ss.6 se 5 2. A. Greggii.
Plowers-in elobilar Meads... > a> ale kee Pee nee 3. A. Subtortuosa.

1, Acacia Wrightii Bentham. Cat’s Claw. <A small wide
topped tree, sometimes 25° high, with furrowed bark; striated,
angular branchlets, and short curved spines. Leaves evenly
bipinnate with 2-6 pinnae; leaflets 6-12, sessil, firm, lght
green, hairy, with prominent veins. Flowers borne in racemes
in the axils of the leaves, yellowish, fragrant. Fruit a flat-
tened, almost straight pod constricted between the seeds.
Western Texas to Mexico.

The wood is close grained, hard, used for fuel.

2. Acacia Greggii A. Gray. Paradise Flower. Devil’s
Claw. <A small, thorny tree 20°-30° high with stout reddish
brown zigzag branchlets and hairy twigs. leaves evenly
bipinnate, pinnae 2-6, leaflets 8-14, thick, firm, light green.
Fruit a very much contorted flattened pod constricted between
the seeds. In the ravines from the valley of the San Saba
River to the Devil’s River and south to Mexico.

3. Acacia subtortuosa Shafer. Rio Grande Acacia. A
small round topped tree 18°-20° high or a shrub, with dark
brown fissured bark, zigzag branches, hairy twigs and light
gray spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 6-8, leaflets 9-14
pairs. Flowers in globose heads, in axillary clusters of 1-3,
fragrant, bright yellow. Fruit a straight shghtly flattened
pod, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Along the Rio
Grande River, southwestern Texas and adjacent Mexico.

5. HARVARDI Small. Huajillo.

1. Havardia brevifolia (Benth). Small. A small, evergreen
tree with erect branches, thin gray bark and short curved

The Trees of Texas 117

spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 2-5 pairs, cach with
10-20 pairs of sessile hgeht green leaflets. Flowers in head-
like clusters. Fruit a flattened, pointed, dehiscent pod. Along
the Rio Grande River and Northern Mexico.

The wood is hard, dark reddish brown and very heavy.

6. VACHELLIA Wright and Arnott. Huisache.

1. Vachellia Farnesia (Linnaeus) Arnott and Wright. A
small, round-topped, thorny tree 20°-380° high, with drooping
branches and thin bark which peels off in long, reddish brown
scales. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 3-8 pairs, leaflets
20 to 50, light green and smooth on both sides. Flowers yel-
low in globular heads, very fragant. Fruit a cylindrical,
straight or slightly curved, dark brown or purplish pod con-
stricted between the seeds.

On the plains and prairies of Southern Texas and South
to Mexico. Extensively cultivated throughout the tropics.

7. LEUCAENA Benth. Lead Trees. Trees or shrubs with
evenly bipinnate persistent leaves, slender branches without
thorns, flowers in globose heads, and dehiscent, lnear, flat-
tened pods.

Eanene 10 to 20 pairs, TLWiZS -WoOOly../..... 2.0.25 00s% 1. L. pulverulenta.
Pinnae 2 to 10 pairs, twigs smooth.

eee TO Pn ASE E Se aoc ne ace Sah gcc dace eo 2. i, SIUC.

ree eine ee el ASE 8 ok ss Sole Sa aiievs O's He 3. L. Greggii.

1. Leucaena pulverulenta (Schlechtendal) Bentham. Mex-
ican l.ead Tree. A medium sized, round topped tree 40°-50°
high with straight trunk, spreading branches and thick light
brown scaly bark. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 10-20
pairs; leaflets 15-30 pairs, small, light green, smooth. Flowers
in dense globose heads in the axils of the leaves. Fruit a
brown, shining, linear flattened pod.

Along the Ric Grande River, Texas, and Mexico.

2. Leucaena glauca (Linnaeus) Bentham. Lead Tree. A
shrub cr small tree with spreading branches, thin, dark brown
bark and hairy twigs. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 3-10
pairs, leaflets 20-40, light green, paler beneath. Flowers in

118 Bulletin of the University of Texas

globose heads, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves.
Fruit a linear flattened pod pointed at both ends.
In sandy and rocky soils Florida to Texas and Mexico.

CASSIACEAE Link. Senna Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple or compound leaves;
some species armed with prickles. Flowers mostly perfect,
in clusters, regular or irregular. Fruit a 2-valved or inde-
hiscent pod.

1. Leaves simple, rhomboidal, heart shaped at bas: 1. Cercis.
2. Leaves pinnate.
a. Leaves once pinnate.
(1) The axis of the pinnae broad and
winged, borne in _ fasicles, leaflets

NUINETOUS! fe eS ae ae a ee ee 2. Parkinsonia.
(2) The axis of the pinnae not broad and
wineed, leaftléets:Tew . ... 6c ccuniockiiss «Doe 3. Cercidium.
3. Leaves bipinnate or once pinnate on the same

LTCC BoE h c tee ee hee ee Be eee 4. Gleditsia.
CERCIS ‘1. > The Red Buds.

Smail unarmed tree with alternate, simple, deciduous leaves
which are round in outline and heart-shaped at base. Flowers
red or purplish in axillary clusters on branches of preceding
year, appearing before the leaves. Fruit a flattened, leathery
pod.

Leaves pointed at the apex, pods stalked.......... 1. C. Canadensis.
Leaves rounded and blunt at the apex.
Pod) HOR ASIA Keds 3:02 lee eee ioe eee eee 2. C. reniformis.

1. Cercis Canadensis R. Red Bud. Judas Tree. A small
tree with thin fissured bark, smooth branches, and slender,
hight brown twigs. Leaves ovate-orbicular to reniform, pointed
at the apex, rounded at base, bright green and smooth above,
paler and hairy along the veins below. Flowers before the
leaves in clusters of 4 to 8, purplish, pedicels somewhat elon-
gated. Fruit a linear oblong pod which tapers at both ends,
persistent until winter. .

Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota, Arkansas, and east-
ern Texas. Principaily along streams and in rich bottom

The Trees of Texas 119

lands. <A very desirable ornamental tree or shrub which
should be more extensively cultivated.

2. Cercis reniformis Eng. Red Bud. A tree resembling

Fig. 36. Cercis reinformis.

Cercis canadensis, but with blunt pointed leaves and dense
flower clusters.
Texas and Mexico.

PARKINSONIA (Plumies) L. The Horsebeans.

1. Parkinsonia aculeata L. Retama. <A _ small thorny,
open topped tree or shrub, with thin, reddish brown, mostly
smooth bark and yellowish green twigs. Leaves in fasicles,

120 Bulletin of the University of Texas

bipinnate, rachis winged, leaflets numerous, small, rather far
apart. Flowers large and showy, bright yellow, in slender
upright racemes. Fruit a cylindrical few seeded pod, con-
tracted between the seeds, pointed at base and apex. In the
Rio Grande Valley and extending into Mexico. It has been
extensively naturalized throughout the southern part of Texas
and is planted for ornament.

CERCIDIUM Tulasne.

1. Cercidium floridum Benth. A low wide topped tree
15°-20° high with short, crooked trunk, green bark and axil-
lary spines. Leaves evenly bipinnate, pinnae 1 pair bearing
2-4 pairs of small glandular leaflets. Flowers appearing with
the leaves and produced for several months in successive
crops, rather large, golden yellow, in 3 to 5 flowered racemes.
Fruit a flat, straight, dehiscent, 2 to 3 seeded pod, constricted
between the seeds.

Southern Texas and adjacent Mexico.

The wood is soft, close grained, used for fuel.

GLEDITSIA (Clayton) L. The Honey Locusts.

Trees with. alternate, equally bipinnate or once pinnate
leaves; small, greenish, polygamous flowers in slender axillary
clusters; simple or branched axillary spines, aud elongated or
oval pods.

Pod oval or elliptie-with- lor. 2 seeds:.2.- 3. =... sa.cn 1. G. aquatica.
Pod elongated 8 to 12 inches, many seeded......... 2. G. triacanthos.
Pod elongated 4 to 5 inches, many seeded......... 3. G. Texana.

1. Gleditsia aquatica Marsh. Water Honey Locust. <A
medium sized, wide topped tree 50°-60° high with short trunk,
stout branches, reddish brown, fissured bark and _ straight
spines which are usually only slightly branched. Leaves once
or twice pinnate, pinnae 3 or 4 pairs, leaflets 4 to 12 pairs.
Flowers 1’ long, 14’-14’ wide, in slender racemes after the
leaves. Fruit an obliquely oval 1 or 2 seeded pod.

In swampy places North Carolina, Florida west to Indiana,
Arkansas and Texas. The wood is heavy, hard and strong.
Tree sometimes planted for ornament.

The Trees of Texas 121

2. Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honey Locust. A rather large
rapidly growing tree 100° or more high with pale rough bark,
spreading branches, zigzag twigs and long simple or branched
thorns. Leaves mostly bipinnate sometimes once pinnate,
Flowers in staminate and pistillate racemes in April. Fruit
~a long, flattened, more or less twisted pod with a pulp between
the seeds.

Ontario to Kansas, Florida and Texas. Extensively planted
-throughout. Grows well in dry or sandy soil. The thorns
are somewhat objectionable. Wood hard, strong, coarse
grained, reddish brown.

3. Gleditsia Texana Sargeant. Texan Honey Locust. A
large narrow topped tree 100°-120° high, with thin, smooth
bark and unarmed branches. Leaves once or twice pinnate.
Flowers in axillary staminate and pistillate racemes. Fruit
a straight, flat pod 4+ to 5 inches long without pulp between
the seeds. Reported from a single bottom land grove near
Brazoria, Texas.

FABACEAE Reichenbach. The Pea Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, pinnate leaves, usually per-
fect pea shaped flowers, borne solitary or in compound elus-
ters. Fruit a dehiscent or indehiscent pod.

Leaves with an odd leaflet at the end............. 1. Eysenhardtia.
Leaves without an odd leaflet at the end.
Pods constricted between the seeds........... 2. Sophora.

Pods not constricted between the seeds.
Branches with thorns, pods winged on the
ERE RENO Oe pce No athe, oat pvc, of oh Wie win, oA 3. Robinia.
Branches without thorns, pods not winged 4. Coursetia.

EYSENHARDTIA H. B. K.

1. EHEysenhardtia orthocarpa S. Watson. A small tree or
shrub with thin, gray, scaly bark and reddish brown twigs.
Leaves equally pinnate, leaflets 10-24 pairs. Flowers white in
dense many flowered axillary spikes. Fruit a short pod. bear-
ing usually a single seed.

Plains and prairies of western Texas and Mexico.

122 Bulletin of the University of Texus

SOPHORA IL. The Coral Beaus.

Trees or shrubs with evenly pimnate leaves, showy flowers
in clusters, and usually indehiscent constricted pods.

1. S. affinis.
2. S. secundiflora.

1. Sophora affinis Torrey and Gray. Deciduous Coral

Bean. A small round topped tree with thin, reddish brown

Fig. 37. Sophora secundiflora.
Leaves deciduous, unequally pinnate,
leaflets 11 to 19, stalked. Flowers in axillary drooping ra-

bark and green twigs.

The Trees of Texas 123

cemes. Fruit a black, shining, indehiscent pod constricted
between the seeds.

On lmestone hills, valley of the Arkansas River to the San
Antonio and westward to the upper Colorado River.

2. Scphora secundifiora Dec. Evergreen Coral Bean.
Mountain Laurel. A small narrow topped tree 15°-20° or a
shrub with upright branches, and velvety twigs which become
smooth with age. Leaves evenly pinnate, persistent, leaflets
leathery 7 to 13. Flowers in terminl racemes, violet blue, fra-
grant. Fruit a hard, woody, indehiscent pod mucin constricted
between the seeds.

Matagorda Bay to New Mexico and Mexico. Common on
limestone cliffs. Planted for ornament.

ROBINIA L. The Locusts.

Trees or shrubs with alternate unequally pinnate leaves,
prickly spines, flowers in drooping axillary racemes, and fat
dehiscent pods, winged on one edge.

ED Se, OLE ag be epee en, ae ee a Ee 1. R. Pseudacacia.
PE EFOSC POIOLES 35 a). as oe ee ees os ees eee 2. R. Neo Mexicana.

1. Robinia pseudceacia L. Locust. A rather large, slen-
der tree 70°-80° nigh with ascending branches, and, deeply
furrowed, reddish brown bark. Leaves unequally pinnate,
leaflets 7-19. Flowers in loose racemes, white with a yellow
spot on the standard, fragrant. Fruit a dehiscent, slightly
curved, reddish brown, flat pod.

An eastern tree introduced into our area.

2. Robinia Neo Mexicana Gray. New Mexico Locust. A
small tree or shrub 20°-25° high with ascending branches, thin,
scaly bark and almost straight spines. Leaves unequally pin-
nate, leaflets 10 to 15. Flowers in rather dense axillary ra-
cemes, rose colored. Fruit a dehiscent flat, leathery, light
brown pod.

New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and extending in Texas to
the Pecos River Valley.

fed
bo
TS

Bulletin of the University of Texas

SEE tes Oe Robinis pseudocacia.

COURSETIA De Condolle.

1. Coursetia axillaris. Coulter and Rose. <A small tree or
shrub with unarmed zigzag twigs and smooth bark. Leaves
unequally pinnate, leaflets 7 to 11. Flowers white, in few

The Trees of Texas 125

flowered racemes, or solitary. Fruit a narrow lnear, smooth
pod constricted between the seeds.
Near San Diego, Texas.

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Lindley. The Caltrop Family.

Porleira Ruiz and Pavon.

1, Porleira augustifolia (Engelman) A. Gray. A! small
straggling tree or shrub with smooth branches, ieaves oppo-
site, evenly pinnate, leaflets 4 to 6 pairs. Flowers purple,
borne on short branches. Fruit a 2-lobed or 4-lobed capsule.

On plains and prairies of western Texas and Mexico.

KOEBERLINIACEAE Engler. The Junvo Family.

Koeberlinia Zuccarini.

1. Koeberlinia spinosa Zuccarini. A smali, low, round
topped, thorny tree with reddish brown bark and light green
twigs. Leaves alternate, scale-like, soon deciduous. Flowers
small, perfect in short racemes at the ends of branchlets. Fruit
a globose black berry with thin flesh and one to several seeds.

RUTACEAE Juss. Rue Family.

Aromatic trees or shrubs with simple or pinnate leaves
borne alternate to opposite, mostly regular, perfect flowers
in compound clusters. Fruit a capsule, berry samara or drupe.

Fruit a dehiscent capsule, 1 to 2 seeded........... 1. Fagara.
Fruit an indehiscent samara.
Samara 3 to 4 winged, leaves evergreen...... 2. Helietta.

Samara with one wing surrounding the seed.. 3. Ptelea.
FAGARA L. Prickly Ash.

Trees with alternate unequally pinnate leaves, small, white,
polygamous flowers in terminal or axillary clusters, and corky
ridged bark,

Flowers terminal, leaves deciduous............... 1. F. Clava-Herculis.
Flowers axillary, leaves evergreen................ 2. F. Fagara.

1. Fagara Clava-Herculis (L.) Small. Prickly Ash. Tooth-

ache Tree. A small round topped tree 25°-30° high with

126 Bulletin of the University of Texas

armed branches, thin light gray bark which bears numerous
conic cork based prickles. Leaves deciduous, alternate, un-
equally pinnate, leaflets 7-19, taper pointed and shallowly
toothed. Flowers in terminal panicles, dioecious. Fruit ©
globose capsules borne in dense clusters.

Virginia to Florida and extending along the coast to Texas,
and north to Arkansas.

2. Fagara Fagara (lL.) Small. Wild Lime. A shrub or
small evergreen tree 25°-30° high, with thin gray cork ridged
bark, and thorny branches. Leaves evergreen, unequally pin-
nate; leaflets 5-11, sessile with axis between the leaflets
winged. Flowers yellowish in axillary cymes. Fruit an ovoid,
rough capsule.

A tropical species found in our area from Matagorda Bay
to the Rio Grande River.

HELIETTA. Tulasne.

1. Helietta parviflora Bentham. A shrub or small tree
20°-25° high with erect slender trunk, ascending branches,
and thin brown bark. Leaves evergreen, small, trifoliate;
leaflets sessile, leathery, obovate. Flowers in axillary cymes.
Fruit a samara, with wing divided into 3-4 parts.

_ A Mexican species extending into our area at Rio Grande
City. |

PTELEA L. Hop Tree.

1. Ptelea trifoliata L. Hop Tree. Wafer Ash. A shrub
or sometimes a small round topped tree 20° high with smooth,
sray, bitter bark. Leaves deciduous, alternate, trifoliate;
leaflets sessile, taper pointed, strong scented when bruised.
Flowers greenish white in terminal cymes. Fruit a 2-seeded
broad winged samara.

Ontario to Florida, Minnesota, Texas, New Mexico, Colo-
rado and northern Mexico. There is a wide range of varia-
bility in the shape and size of the leaves of the species. Fre-
quently cultivated for ornament.

ho
at |

The Trees of Texas fe

Fig. 39. Ptelea trifoliata.

SIMARUBACEAE De Condolle.

Ailanthus Desfontaines.

1. Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Tree of Heaven. A large
rapidly growing tree with thin pale bark, marked with large
lenticels. Leaves large, unequally pinnate, ill-scented, leaf-
lets 13-41, short stalked, pointed, notched at base with green
glands on the under side of the teeth. Flowers greenish
white in large panicels. . Fruit a linear, curved samara with
the seed in the middle. A chinese tree naturalized and fre-
quently planted for ornament. It sprouts freely from the
roots and becomes a pest in some localities.

128 Bulletin of the University of Texas
MELIACEAE Ventenat. The Mahogany Family.

Melia L. China Tree.

Trees with alternate mostly bipinnate leaves, perfect flow-
ers in much branched, axillary panicles and large clusters of
globose yellow drupes which remain on the tree after the
leaves have fallen.

1, Melia Azedarach L. China Tree. Pride of India. A
medium sized tree 40°-50° high with smooth twigs and fur-
rowed bark. Leaves large, sometimes thrice pinnate; leaflets
notched. Flowers purple in large axillary panicles. Fruit
remains on the tree throughout the winter. The seeds are
seattered by birds. Robins are said to ‘‘get drunk’’ from
eating the fruit.

A native of China naturalized in our area, and frequently
found growing spontaneously. It is much planted for shade
and ornament.

2. Melia Azedarach umbreculifera Sarg. Umbrella China.
Similar to Melia Azedarach but with depressed umbrella-like
top. Very extensively planted for shade,

SPONDIACEAE Kunth. Sumac Family.

Shrubs or small trees with resinous or milky juice; alter-
nate, single or compound pinnate leaves; mostly dioecious
flowers borne in axillary, lateral or terminal spikes or racemes,
and dense heads of drupaceous fruits.

Leaves. “Simple. 2.5 cS ee eee ee eee 1. Cotinus.
Leaves -pinnately compound... os.si eae ee oes 2. Schmaltzia.

COTINUS Adams.

1. Cotinus cotinoides (Nutt.) Britton. Smoke Tree. A
shrub or small tree with spreading, drooping branches, purple
twigs, and light gray furrowed bark. Leaves simple, alter-
nate, oval or obovate, 2’-6’ long, entire or with undulate mar-
gins, dark green above, paler below. Flowers in few flowered
plumose panicles, at the ends of branches, staminate and pis-
tillate borne on different trees. Fruit a drupe.

Missouri, Tennessee, Alabama and Texas. Cultivated for
ornament.

The Trees of Texas 129
SCHMALTZIA Desv. Sumac.

1. Schmaltzia copallina (L.) Small. Dwarf Sumae. Us-
ually a shrub, but sometimes a small tree with velvety twigs
and reddish brown bark. Leaves alternate, unequally pin-
nate; leaflets 9-21, sessile, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the axis

Fig. 40. Melia Azedarach umbraculifera.

of the leaf winged. Flowers terminal in dense panicles, the
staminate and pistillate on different trees. Fruit bright red
drupes in clusters. Ornamental.

9—Trees.

130 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

2. Schmaltzia lanceolata (Asa Gray) Britton. Closely re-
sembles S. copallina and sometimes becomes a small tree. Its
leaflets are short stalked, narrowly lanceolate, pointed at the
apex and somewhat curved.

Found only in Texas, principally on limestone soil.

CYRILLACEAE Lindley. The Titi Family.
Cyrilla L.

Cyrilla racemiflora (L.) Titi. Leatherwood. <A shrul or
small tree 30°-35° high with thin, pale or whitish bark and
reddish brown smooth twigs. Leaves alternate, deciduous,
simple, obovate to oblanceolate, 2’-3’ long, 14’-1’ wide, leath-
ery with entire margins. Flowers small white or pink in clus-
ters of many elongated racemes. Fruit a blunt ovoid capsule.

In swampy places und along streams. Virginia to Florida
and eastern Texas.

AQUIFOLIACEAE De Condolle.

Tlex L. The Hollies. Shrubs or trees with alternate, sim-
ple deciduous or persistent leaves, perfect axillary flowers and
showy drupaceous fruit.

1. Leaves evergreen.

a. Leaves with spiny toothed margin......... ie Topaca:
b. J Leaves serrate but: not-Spin yee ee eee 2. I. vomitoria.
2 AGCAVGS*CECIAUOUS 026%, Baie 2s ee ae ee a. 1 decidua:

1, Ilex opaca Aiton. American Holly. A medium sized
narrow topped tree 40°-50° high with light gray roughened
bark. Leaves simple, alternate, 2’-4’ long, evergreen, stiff
and leathery. with spiny margin. Flowers small, in axillary
cymes. Fruit a bright red drupe which persists throughout
the winter. Emblematie of the Christmas season.

Maine to Florida, west to eastern Texas and extending up
the Mississippi Valley to Missouri and Indiana. The wood is
used for finishing wood and cabinet making.

2. Ilex vomitoria Aiton. Yaupon. A shrub or in our area
a small tree with small, frequently inclined trunk and numer-
ous, stiff branches. Leaves elliptical to elliptical-oblong, small,

The Trees of Texas 131

sparingly crenulate, thick, glossy green above, paler below,
persistent. Flowers staminate and pistillate. Fruit a small
bright red globose drupe. Much prized for Christmas decora-

Fig. 41. Ilex vomitoria (left). Iler decidua (right).

tion. The glossy green leaves and shining red berries give to
the tree a striking beauty.
Virginia to Arkansas and Texas. Cultivated for ornament.

132 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

3. Ilex decidua Walter. Deciduous Holly. A shrub or
small much branched tree with thin warty bark. Leaves obo-
vate, thick, deciduous, notched or blunt at the apex, light
green, sparingly serrate, wedge-shaped at. base.. Flowers stam-
inate and pistillate. Fruit red, or orange colored, globose
drupes.. Used for decoration but less prized than the preced-
ing species.

In lew ground, Virginia, Illinois, Kansas, Florida and Texas.

CELOSTRACEAE Lindley.

EKuonymus L. Burning Bush.

Euonymus atropurpusens. Commonly a shrub, but some-
times a small tree 20’-25’ high and 4’-6’ in diameter with thin
gray bark, spreading branches and slender branchlets. Leaves
opposite, elliptical, ovate, finely serrate, pointed at the apex,
2’-5’ long, 1’-2’ wide, ight green and smooth. Flowers in
axillary cymes. Fruit a fleshy 4-lobed capsule which spreads
open when ripe exposing the bright red seeds.

New York to Nebraska, Dakota, Kansas, Florida, Arkansas
and Texas. ,

A beautiful shrub, particularly in autumn after the capsules
open.

AESCULACEAE Lindley. The Buckeye Family.

Aesculus. The Buckeyes.

Trees with brown or gray, scaly bark, stout twigs, large
scaly buds; opposite palmately compound leaves; large showy
flowers in terminal panicles and three lobed, yellowish green
capsules.

Flowers reddish.

Leaves densely hairy beneath................ 1. A. austrina.
Leaves’ smooth ‘beneath: Vaksccastis ak ves eb 2s, i. Pavia:
Plowers “yellowish... sey F 04. es. w bis tie, we ie © + bees ae 3. A. octandra.

1. Aesculus austrina Small. Southern Buckeye. A shrub
or small narrow topped tree sometimes 30° high with stout
branches, light brown, smooth bark and drooping branchlets.

The Trees of Texas 133

¢

Leaves palmately compound; leaflets usually 5, sometimes 3,
short stalked, pointed at the apex, unequal at base, serrate,
smooth above, hairy beneath. Flowers in terminal panicles,

Fig. 42. Aesculus pavia.

red, with tubular calyx, and stamens longer than the corolla.
Fruit a pear-shaped capsule with yellowish brown seeds.
Tennessee, Missouri, Louisiana and eastern Texas.

In rich
soil and along rivers.

2. Aesculus pavia L. Red Buckeye. A shrub or small

134 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

tree with smooth, brown bark, and purple twigs. Leaves
palmately compound, leaflets 5-7, firm, pointed at the apex,
finely serrate, lustrous and smooth above, almost smooth be-
neath. Flowers in terminal panicles, red, with stamens as
long or longer than the petals. Fruit a smooth oblong, obovate
capsule with dark brown seeds.

3. Aesculus octandra Marshall. Sweet Buckeye. A large
forest tree 100° high or in our area sometimes a shrub with
brown, scaly bark. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7
oval to obovate or elliptic leaflets, which are short-stalked
or sessile, long pc:nted at the apex, finely serrate, smooth
above, hairy along the veins beneath. Flowers yellowish or
purplish in terminal panicles. Fruit a smooth obovoid pod.

In woods and along streams, Pennsylvania, lowa, Georgia,
Louisiana and Texas. In western Texas it becomes a shrub.
The tree has been extensively planted for ornament. The
wood is very lght.

ACERACEAE Tourn. Maple Family.
Trees with opposite, simple or pinnately compound leaves

which are usually 3-5 !cbed, small flowers in axillary or termi-
nal clusters... Fruit a two winged double samara.

Leaves simple, palmately lobed twigs, reddish

BROWAIS soo Al og ee As Oe tet oft BM a eres Acer.
Leaves pinnate or trifoliate, twigs green or
PUL DISH.y, 2s -sse aaa ee sce oes baer doe Goeen ceicaaes Rulac.

ACER (Tourn.) L. The Maples.

1. Leaves with large teeth or lobes, the margin
entire.
a. Leaves large, eastern species.

(1) Bark on trunk gray or nearly black.. 1. A. saccharum.
(2) Bark -on tromle whitessi <0 +e eee 2. A. Floridanum.
b. Leaves small, western trees............ 3. A. grandidentatum.

2. Leaves with 3-5 primary lobes, the margins
of the lobes serrate or toothed.
a. Leaves distinctly 5 lobed, the terminal
lobe long and broadest at apex..... 4, A. saccharinum.
b. Leaves with 3-5 shallow lobes, the
terminal lobe broadest at the base.
(1) Leaves almost or quite smooth below 5.
(2) Leaves persistently wooly below.... 6.

. rubrum.
. Drummondi.

> >

The Trees of Texas 135

1. Acer saccharum Marshall. Sugar Maple. Hard Maple.
A large round topped tree 100°-120° high with brown scaly
bark, reddish brown twigs, and sugary sap. Leaves usually
3-lobed, sometimes with 5 lobes, 3’-6’ broad, long stalked,
rather thin, dark green above, paler and smooth below. Flow-
ers greenish yellow, the staminate and pistillate usually in
separate clusters on the same or different trees. Fruit ripen-
ing in the late summer or autumn, wings parallel or somewhat
divergent.

On uplands New Foundland to Georgia, west to Manitoba,
Nebraska and Texas.

The maple sugar and sirup which are staple articles of
commerce are made from the sap of this tree. The wood is
very valuable, being used for flooring, finishing, and cabinet
work.

2. Acer Floridanum (Chapman) Fox. Florida Sugar
Maple. A medium sized, round topped tree with rough,
ehalky-white bark and light reddish brown twigs. Leaves
rounded, 3-5 lobed, the notches between the lobes rounded,
bark green and smooth above, hairy along the veins below.
Flowers similar to Acer saccharum. Fruit a greenish 2-winged
samara, the wings divergent. In lowland, Georgia, Florida,
Louisiana and Texas.

3. Acer grandidentatum Nuttall. Mountain Sugar Maple.
A small tree 30°-40° with scaly, brown bark and reddish
branches. Leaves 3-lobed, the lobes with large coarse teeth,
notches between the lobes broad and shallow. Flowers sim-
ilar to Acer saccharum. Fruita two winged, green samara,
the wings spread ng or erect.

Along mountain streams, Montana, Utah, Arizona, New
Mexico, Texas and northern Mexico.

The wood is hard and close grained.

4. Acer saccharinum lL. Silver Maple. Soft Maple. A
large forest tree 100° high with short trunk and large upright
branches. Bark on old stems scaly, brown; on young stems
and branches, smooth light gray. Twigs reddish, curved up-
ward at the end. Leaves deeply five lobed, the lobes sharp
pointed and toothed, smooth and dark green above, pale
silvery and smooth below. Flowers greenish in the axils of

136 Bulletin of the University of Texas

the leaves of the preceding year. Staminate and pistillate
flowers in separate clusters. Fruit a greenish two winged
samara ripening in late spring; wings divergent. In wet

Fig. 48. Acer saccharinum.

ground, New Brunswick, Ontario, South Dakota, Florida,
Oklahoma and Texas. Many cultivated varieties with finely
cut leaves are planted for ornament. A very quick growing
tree extensively cultivated.

5. Acer rubrum L. Red Maple. A large forest tree with
upright branches. Bark on young stems gray, smooth, be-
coming brown and shaggy on older stems. Twigs reddish
brown. Leaves 3-5 lobed, the middle lobe longer than the others
and tapering toward the broad base, serrate margined,
notches wide obtuse angled, medium green and smooth above,
paler and somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers searlet or yel-
lowish, in clusters in tle axils of leaves of the preceding year.

The Trees of Texas 137

Staminate and pistillate in separate clusters. Fruit on long
drooping pedicels, ripening in the spring. Wings divergent
at maturity.

Most abundant on low wet ground, but sometimes found

Fig. 44. Acer rubrum.

growing on hillsides. Quebec, Ontaria, Florida and west to
Iowa and Texas.

The wood is used for furniture, flooring and finishing.

6. Acer Drummondi Hooker and Arnot. Drummond’s
Maple. A medium sized tree with whitish scaly bark. Leaves
long stalked, deep green above, whitish and wooly below,
3-lobed, the lobes sharp pointed, and coarsely toothed. Flow-
ers red, in clusters, staminate and pistillate on different trees.
Fruit a two-winged samara with slender pedicel and large
convergent wings.

In viver swamps, Georgia, Florida and Texas.

RULAC Adams. Box Elders.

Meee, AIT POIs SPOOL ai. ss or siara2ee + bce ee ole oe ee R. Negundo.
ered EDC TAICH MAING 2 i. ais oly oo, flaws le asveue w a’wcee R. Texana.

1. Rulac Negundo (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Box Elder. A
medium sized tree with short trunk, widespreading branches,

138 Bulletin of the University of Texas

flaky bark and smooth green twigs. leaves pinnate, leaflets
3-5 rarely 7, coarsely and sparingly toothed, thin, light green,
and smooth above, somewhat hairy along the veins below.
Flowers yellowish green in drooping clusters before the leaves,
the staminate and pistillate on separate trees. Fruit matur-
ing during the summer and persistent on the branches, twigs
somewhat incurved.

In lowlands, Vermont te Florida and west to the Rocky
Mountains.

2. Rulac Texana (Pox.) Small. Box Elder. Similar to
Rulac negundo and distinguished from it by the hairy twigs
and smaller leaflets which are thick lobed.

Along streams Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Texas and Mexico.

SAPINDACEAE R. Brown. The Soapberry Family.

- Trees with alternate compound, pinnate leaves. Flowers
regular or irregular in large clusters. Fruit a capsule or a
berry.

Fruit ‘berry-like, flowers Te2ular -: 3.2. i2:d.ase<ceee oe 1. Sapindus.
Fruit a leathery 3-lobed capsu’e; flowers irregular. 2. Ungnadia.

.SAPINDUS IL. The Soapberries.

1. Sapindus Drummondi Hooker and Arnott. Wild China.
A medium sized tree 40°-50° high with upright branches and
thick, fissured, flaky bark. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets
7-19, short stalked, unequal-sided, entire margined, smooth
above, slightly hairy below. Flowers regular, whitish in large
dense clusters. Fruit yellow, berry-like, persistent until spring.

Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and
northern Mexico.

UNGNADIA Endlicher. Spanish Buckeye.

1. Ungnadia speciosa Endlicher. A small tree 25°-30°
high with gray, fissured bark and slender, smooth, brown twigs.
Leaves unequally pinnate; leaflets 5-7, the lateral ones sessile
or almost so, the terminal ones stalked, pointed at the apex,

finely serrate. Flowers pink, in large clusters, appearing

The Trees of Texas 139

with the leaves. Fruit a long stalked 3-lobed leathery capsule
which remains on the tree throughout the winter. Along
streams and in canyons, Texas, New Mexico and Mexico.
Planted for ornament.

FRANGULACEAE. Buckthorn Family.

Trees or shrubs with simple alternate or sometimes oppo-
site leaves, bitter watery juice, small regular flowers and fruit
either a drupe or a capsule.

Fruit fleshy with a single stone.

Pen Wee SSG ik. on dsb EB. Hl ae os 1. Condalia.
NS ESIEC SOU Ts. its cess Po 2 Bate wala seg oe: KAYWIDSKIA.
Fruit fleshy with 2-3 seed-like nutlets............. 3. Rhamnus.

CONDALIA Cavanilles. Purple Haw.

Condalia obovate Hooker. A shrub or small tree 20°-30°
high with pale gray bark and spinescent twigs. Leaves small,
1’-114’ long. and 14’ wide, alternate, obovate or spatulate with
entire margin. Flowers small, greenish, solitary in few flow-
ered clusters in the axils of the leaves. Fruit a blue or black
oblong drupe 14’ long with sweet flesh.

In dry soils of western Texas and northern Mexico.

KARWINSKIA Zucearini.

Karwinski glandulosa Zucc. A small tree or shrub with
smooth light brown branches and hairy twigs. Leaves oppo-
site, 114’-214’ long, firm, oval, with entire margin. Flowers
small green in axillary clusters. Fruit a small subglobose
black drupe.

RHAMNUS L.

Rhamnus caroliniana Walter. Indian Cherry. A shrub or
smal! tree 30°-35° high with gray bark, and smooth reddish
brown twigs. Leaves alternate, firm, oblong to elliptic, 2’-5’
long, varrow at base, smooth and shining above, paler and
somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers in small clusters in the
axils of the leaves. Fruit globose, bluish black with three

140 Bulletin of the University of Texas

seeds and sweet flesh. Along streams and on hillsides, Vir-

ginia to Missouri, Kansas, Florida and Texas. Planted for
ornament.

TILIACEAE Jussien. Linden Family.

Tilia L. The Bass Woods.

Trees with mucilaginous sap, tough inner bark, alternate,
serrate, unequally cordate, or truncate leaves; flowers in ax-
illary clusters with penduncles attached to a conspicuous
bract; fruit nut-like.

Leaves: Smooth. Dene aR: *. a sc8 3 pis Meracduehseaer eae: ae 1. T. Americana.
Leaves more or less hairy beneath .... 32:38 S.AsuA 2. T. leptophylla.

1. Tilia Americana L. A large straight trunked forest
tree, usually 60°-70° high with spreading branches, gray bark,

Fig. 45. Tilia Americana.

and light gray or brownish twigs. Occasionally larger, 100°-
120° high. Leaves orbicular, firm, heart-shaped or truncate
at base, sharply serrate, smooth dark green above, yellow-
ereen and lustrous with hairs in the axils of the veins be-

The Trees of Texas 141

neath. Bract rather large, the peduncle decurrent almost to
the base. Fruit hairy. In woods New Brunswick to Manitoba,
south to Georgia and west to North Dakota and Texas.

The wood is soft, tough, light, and is used in quantities for
furniture and in carpentry. There is no merchantable supply
produced in Texas.

2. Tilia leptophylla (Vant.) Small. A medium sized for-
est tree with smooth bark and slender twigs. Leaves thin.
ovate, long pointed, toothed, smooth above, more or less hairy
beneath. Bracts sessile or almost so. Fruit globose, hairy.

In Louisiana and Texas extending north to Missouri.

BUETTNERIACEAE H. B. K. Chocolate Family.

Firmiana Marsigli. Japanese Varnish Tree.

Firmiana platanifolia (L.) R. Brown. A shrub or small
round topped tree 30°-35° high with smooth bark and stout
green twigs. Leaves large, alternate, 3-5 lobed, smooth dark
green above, hairy and paler beneath. Flowers greenish in
clusters. Fruit a capsule which opens at maturity into five
leathery follicles expesing the seeds.

Natives of Asia introduced into our area and planted for
ornament.

TAMARICACEAE Lindley. Tamarisk Family.

Tamarix L.

Tamarix gallica L. Tamarisk. Salt Cedar. A shrub or
low tree with spreading, wand-like branches and numerous
branchlets. Leaves scale-like, clasping or sheathing. Flow-
ers pink in dense plume-like clusters. Fruit a pyramidal-
shaped capsule.

Native of southern Europe, introduced and growing spon-
taneously in our area, especially near the coast. Cultivated
for ornament.

LAURACEAE Lindley. Laurel Family.

Aromatic trees or shrubs with simple, alternate, opposite

142 Bulletin of the Umwversity of Texas

or whorled leaves. Flowers regular, usually in clusters. Fruit

a drupe.

Leaves persistent, blades entire, leathery.......... 1. Persea.

Leaves deciduous, some of htme lobed............ 2. Sassafras.
PERSEA Gaertner. The Red Bays.

Aromatic trees with alternate, entire, evergreen leaves.
Flowers small in panicles. Fruit a subglobose drupe.

Prat ovyalor pear-shaped, large 4: 22 bs-eekt oe eee 1. Persea.
RTLit: DVO, “SMa 5 13. freee + hee Oe ene ee eee 2. Borbonia.

1. Persea persea (L.) Cockrell. Alligator Pear. A me-
dium sized ornamental tree with thin gray bark and smooth
branches. Leaves oblong to oval, smooth, reticulated beneath,
margins entire. Flowers small, green in leafless clusters. Fruit
a rather large drupe. Native of Central America planted for
ornament in our range.

2. Persea borbonia (lL.) Sprengel. Red Bay. Sweet Bay:
A medium sized forest tree with thick brown, fissured bark
and smooth twigs. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong, entire
margins, pointed at base and apex, smooth and dark green
above, paler and hairy beneath. Flowers in clusters in the
axils of the leaves. Fruit globular, blue or black, lustrous.

In moist soils Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and Arkan-
sas.

The wood is bright red and is used in the manufacture of
small trays, mirror frames, canes, and cupboard shelves.

SASSAFRAS Nees and Ebermeir.

Sassafras sassafras (l.) Karsten. Sassafras. A medium
sized tree with thick, rough, prominently ridged, brown bark,
greenish brittle twigs and mucilaginous sap. Leaves entire or
2-3 lobed, smooth, becoming red or yellow in autumn. Flow-
ers yellow, imperfect, mostly dioecious. Fruit an oblong-
globose drupe. The bark of the root yields an aromatic stim-
ulant used in medicine.

In dry soil, Maine to Ontario, Iowa, Nebraska, Florida and
Texas.

The wood is deep brown, somewhat resembling ash in its
general characteristics.

The Trees of Texas 148

Tig. 46. Sassafras sassafras.

NYSSACEAE Dumort. Dogwood Family.

Trees or shrubs with opposite or alternate entire, firm,
leathery leaves; flowers in clusters, with or without involuere;
fruit a drupe rarely two seeded.

CODES EEE hc a et ee a a ge, Sgr 1. Nyssa.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers in heads, subtended by an involuere
Ea COANE 12°C) Cf oe 2. Cynoxylon.
Flowers not subtended by an involuere....... 3. Svida.

144 Bulletin of the University of Texas
NYSSA (Granovius) L.

Trees with alternate, mostly entire leaves which ar} con-
spicuous for their bright red autumnal coloration. Flowers
small greenish. Fruit a black drupe.

Pistillate flowers and drupes in clusters........... t..N. sylvatica:
Pistillate flowers and drupes borne singly......... 2. N. aquatica.

1. Nyssa Slyvatica Marshal. Sour Gum. A large forest
tree 80°-100° high with spreading slender branches, greenish

Fig. 47. Nyssa sylvatica.

yellow twigs, and dark brown, deeply furrowed bark. Leaves
oval to obovate, rounded at the base, 5’-7’ long, 2’-4’ wide,
somewhat pointed at the apex, mostly entire margined, smooth
and lustrous :above, paler and slightly hairy beneath. Flowers
dioecious, the staminate in dense clusters, the pistillate in
clusters of three. Fruit in clusters of three, dark blue, with
acrid bitter flesh.

In moist places Maine to Ontario, Michigan, Florida, and
extending to the valley of the Brazos in Texas. The wood is
soft, weak, close grained, used for box boards.

The Trees of Texas 145

2. Nyssa aquatica (l.). Gum. A large, narrow topped
tree with dark brown, fissured bark and reddish brown twigs.
Leaves thick, firm, ovate to elliptic, pointed at the apex, entire
or with angular teeth on the margin, dark green and lustrous
above, paler and hairy beneath. Flowers dioecious, the stam-
inate in clusters, the pistillate solitary. Fruit a purple drupe.
In swampy places Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas.
In Texas it extends to the valley of the Nueces River.

SVIDA Ofiz. Cornel. Dogwood.

Svida stricta (Lam.) Small. Stiff Cornel. Usually a shrub
but sometimes a small tree with stiff ascending branches, thin
gray bark and reddish twigs. Leaves opposite, elliptic, oval
to ovate, long pointed at the apex mostly entire, margined
somewhat hairy on both sides. Flowers perfect in terminal
clusters. Fruit a pale blue subglobose drupe.

In swampy places Virginia to Missouri, Florida and Texas.

CYNOXYLON Rafinesque.

1. Cynoxylon floridum (L.) Raf. Flowering Dogwood. A
small round topped bushy tree, 15°-25° high with dark scaly
bark, reddish gray branches. Leaves elliptic to oval, 3’-6’
long, 114’-2’ wide, with prominent curved primary veins, hairy
on both sides, pointed at the apex. Flowers in dense clusters,
surrounded by a showy involuere consisting of four white
bracts. Fruit ovoid red drupes borne in clusters.

In woods, Massachusetts to Ontario and Missouri south to
Florid2, Texas and Mexico. A very popular ornamental tree
throughout its range.

ERICACEAE De Condolle. The Heath Family.
Arbutus (Tournefort) L. Madrona.

Arbutus texana Buckley. Texan Madrona. A shrub or
small evergreen tree 20° high with short, much branched trunk,
furrowed, brown bark and red twigs. Leaves ovate to ob-
long, 1’-3’ long, 2/3’-114’ wide, thick, and mostly entire or

10—Trees

146 Bulletin of the University of Texas

Fig. 48. a. Svida stricta. b. Cynoxylon floridum.

The Trees of Texas 147

with seattered teeth, dark green and lustrous above, pale
and slightly hairy beneath. Flowers in terminal panicles in
the early spring. Fruit dark red, ripening in summer, 14’ in
diameter with thin flesh and numerous seeds.

Western Texas and northern Mexico.

HEDERACEAE L. Ivy Family.

Aralia L. Hercules Club.

Aralia spinosa L. A prickly shrub or small tree with thin
brown bark and stout twigs. Leaves alternate, large, twice
or thrice pinnate, with numerous leaflets. Flowers small,
white in large clusters. Fruit an ovoid, 5-lobed, black berry.

In woods and low grounds, New York to Missouri, south to
Florida and Texas. Occasionally planted for ornament.

VACCINIACEAE Lindley. Huckleberry Family.

Batodendron Nuttall.

Batodendron arboreum (Marshall) Nuttall. Tree Huckle-
berry. A shrub or much branched small tree with thin, close,
red-brown bark and smooth, red twigs. leaves alternate,
1’-2’ long, thin, leathery, entire or with glandular teeth, dark
green above, paler beneath. Flowers bell-shaped, white or
pinkish, in clusters. Fruit subglobose berries with many
seeds and dry astringent flesh.

In sandy soil and pine woods, North Carolina, Florida and

Texas.
EBENACEAE Ventenat. Ebony Family.

Trees or shrubs with watery juice, simple, alternate, entire
leaves. Flowers dioecious or perfect. Fruit a one to several
seeded berry.

Pe einoeot iY trully. DIACKs 2 2.0. oak < ore'w oe ee e's 1. Brayodendron.
Bark divided into fine blocks, fruit orange colored.. 2. Diospyros.

BRAYODENDRON Small. Mexican Persimmon.

Brayodendron Texana Small. A much branched shrub or
small tree 25°-35° high with smooth gray bark which peels

148 Bulletin of the University of Texas

off in layers. Leaves small, 14’-2’ long, leathery, entire, dark
green above, pale and hairy beneath. Flowers dioecious in
clusters or solitary. Fruit a globose, black berry 34’ in diam-
eter, with sweet flesh, and everal flattened seeds.

In viver valleys Texas and Mexico. The wood is mostly
heart wood, variable in color. It is used for tool handles,
curtain rings, furniture, pen holders, picture frames and canes.

DIOSPYROS L. Persimmon.

Dicspyros Virginiana L. A medium sized forest tree 40°-
50° high with spreading branches and thick, dark bark which
is broken into numerous small blocks. Leaves ovate to oval,
smooth, pointed, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers
yellowish green, dioecious, the staminate and pistillate borne
on separate trees. Fruit fleshy, orange colored, one seeded,
very astringent when green, sweet and edible when ripe.

In woods Connecticut to Iowa, Florida and Texas. The
heart wood is dark, the sap white. Sometimes used for mal-
lets and gavels.

SAPOTACEAE Reichenbach. The Sapodilla Family.

Bumelia Swartz. The Bumelias.

Shrubs or trees with milky sap, entire mostly alternate, or
fasicled leaves and perfect axillary flowers. Fruit a fleshy
black drupe with one seed.

1. Leaves smooth or almost so beneath.

a. Leaves: Persistent stot. fos cccees eee tierche Peers 1. B. angustifolia.
b. Leaves deciduous.
(1) Leaves prominently net veined....... 2s, b.sluerda:
(2) Leaves not prominently net veined.... 3. B. lycioides.
2. Leaves densely hairy beneath.
a. Leaves small wedge shaped at base........ 4. -B.. rigida:.

b. Leaves larger 2’-4’ long, not wedge shaped... 5. B. lanuginosa.

1. Bumelia angustifolia Nuttall. Saffron Plum. A small
evergreen tree 20° high with reddish gray, fissured bark and
spinescent branchlets. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate-spat-
ulate, entire, leathery, persistent for about two years, 1’-11/4’

The Trees of Texas 149

long, 14’-114’ wide. Flowers in the autumn in few or many
flowered fasicles. Fruit oblong, black, ripening in the spring.

Florida and the Keys and also in the Rio Grande Valley,
Texas and Mexico. The wood is heavy, coarse grained, not
strong, light brown, or orange colored.

2. Bumelia lucida Smail. Shining Bumelia. A small tree
20°-30° high with stiff thorny branches and smooth bark.
Leaves elliptic pointed or blunt at the apex, 1’-2’ long, leath-
ery, entire, smooth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and
with prominent netted veins beneath. Fasicles many flow-
ered. Fruit mostly oval.

In woods of Louisiana and eastern Texas.

3. Bumelia lycioides (L.) Gaertner. Southern Buckthorn.
A small tree 25°-30° high with short trunk, stout branches,
and thin, grayish, smooth bark. Leaves oblong elliptic,
11,’-4’ long, 14’-114’ wide, leathery, mostly pointed at the
apex, tapering at base, pale green with prominent netted
veins. Flowers in many flowered fasicles appearing in the
spring... Fruit an oval berry, ripening in the autumn. [lh-
nois south to Florida and Texas. Wood heavy, hard, weak,
close grained, brown or yellow.

4. Bumelia rigida (A. Gray) Small. Arizona Buckthorn.
A smal! tree 25° high with short trunk, flaky, red brown bark
and stout stiff thorny branches. Leaves thick, leathery, 1’
long, 14’ wide, cuneate or oblong, smooth above, wooly be-
neath. Flowers in few flowered fasicles. Fruit oblong-oval
to oval, black.

Alone streams Texas to Arizona and northern Mexico.
Wood hard, close grained, weak, brown or yellow.

Texas, Arizona, and Northern Mexico.

5. Bumelia lanuginosa (Michaux) Persoon. Wooly Buck-
thorn. A medium sized tree 50°-60° high with straight trunk,
fissured bark, and short stiff branches. Leaves oblong-ovate
or wedge-obovate, 17-214’ long, 14’-34’ wide, entire margined,
dull dark green above, rusty wooly beneath. Flowers in fasi-
cles of 16-18. Fruit oval, obovoid-oblong, black with thick
flesh.

Missouri, Kansas, Florida, and Texas. Wood heavy, weak,

150 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

close grained, yellow or brown. A gum exudes from freshly
eut wood.

STYRACEAE A. De Condolle. The Storax Family.
Mohrodendron Britton. Silverbells.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, membranous, deciduous
leaves, flowers in lateral drooping clusters and dry nut-like
fruit, 2-4 winged.

Erwit 2-wineed. v.30 2 Oo Sees acl tee ee eee 1. M. dipterum.
Pri. 4wanled. oo s.Ge es coe cis Ss Se Ee eee cee Rabo: 2. M. Carolinum.

1. Mohrodendron dipterum (Ellis) Britton. Snowdrop
Tree. A shrub or small tree 20°-80° high with scaly, reddish
brown bark and light green twigs which finally become red-
dish brown. Leaves firm, ovate to obovate, pointed at the
apex, 4’-5’ long, 114’-3’ wide, coarsely toothed, hght green
and smooth above except along the veins, hairy beneath. Flow-
ers white, showy, in clusters. Fruit an oblong or elliptic,
2-winged drupe. |

In moist places, Tennessee, South Carolina, Florida and
Texas. Frequently planted for ornament.

2. Mohrodendron Carolinum (l.) Britton. Silverbell Tree.
A shrub or small tree with ascending branches and reddish
brown scaly bark. Leaves thin, oval to obovate, pointed at
the apex, finely toothed, smooth above except along veins, 4’-6’
long, 2’-3’ wide, hairy beneath. Flowers white, showy, bell-
shaped in clusters. Fruit an oblong ovoid drupe, 4 winged.

In woods, Virginia to Illinois, Florida and Texas. Planted
for ornament.

OLEACEAE Lindley. The Olive Family.

Trees or shrubs with mostly opposite, simple or compound
leaves. Flowers in clusters, perfect or dioecious. Fruit a
samara or a drupe.

Fruit a dry samara, leaves compound............. 1. Fraxinus.
Fruit fleshy, leaves simple.
Flowers -white, ShOWy 2. so.cssceesine teekee ee 2. Chionanthus.

Flowers Sreenish, smalls... 322%. ce ee ees wee 3. Adelia.

The Trees of Texas 151
FRAXINUS (Tourn.) L. Ash.
Trees with opposite, odd pinnate leaves, and furrowed

bark; flowers in axillary clusters, and staminate and pistil-
late on different trees: fruit a samara.

fr etioles and leaf rachis winged. ......-ccecess 1. F. Greggii.
2. Petioles and leaf rachis not winged.
(1) Lateral leaflets sessile or short stalked.... 2. F. velutina.

(2) Lateral leaflets distinctly stalked.
a. Shoots and main axis of leaf hairy or
SOON ah BN rs, Sarena ria ed ace i nS Bea eae 3. F. Pennsylvania.
b. Shoots and main axis of leaf smooth.
(a) Wing of the fruit extending down
on the body almost to the base.
x. Body of the fruit flattened.

ape WEG SS ee on ee 4. F. Caroliniana.
“TO S20 ES Fo My ee ee Spee ee 5. F. cuspidate.
y. Body of the fruit round or
nearly so.
ELE GM bit 3 i151 0 ge 27a ole en ee 6. F. Berlandieri.
ie eAM eI 8 afd «oie ee ee 7. F. Toumeyi.
(b) Wing of the fruit terminal or
nearly so.
x. Leaflets mostly 5 sometimes 7.. 8. F. Texensis.
wo eateisn. 5-9. Mastly fies oss ks 9. F. Americana.

1. Fraxinus Greggi Gray. Gregg’s Ash. A small tree
20°-25° high with thin, gray, scaly bark and smooth twigs.
Leaves with petiole and rachis winged, leaflets 3-7, sessile.
Fruit in small clusters in the axils of leaves. On dry lime-
stone cliffs western Texas and northern Mexico.

2. Fraxinus velutina Torrey. Velvety Ash. A round
topped tree 30°-40° high and 6’-8’ in diameter with stout
spreaaing branches, rough, reddish green bark, and velvety
twigs. Leaves unequally pinnate, velvety on lower surface;
leaflets 3-9, lanceolate to ovate, sessile, yellowish green, leath-
ery. Flowers dioecious, the staminate and pistillate on dif-
ferent trees. Seed of the samara round, the wing extending
down only about one-fourth of the length of the seed. West-
ern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and southern Cali-
fornia.

3. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall. Red Ash. A me-
dium sized tree 50°-60° high with dense crown, brown fis-

142 Bulletin of the University of Texas

sured bark and hairy twigs. Leaves unequally pinnate; leaf-
lets 5-9, usually 7, stalked, margin entire or somewhat toothed,
pointed at the apex, yellowish green on both surfaces, paler
beneath than above. Flowers dioecious, appearing with the
leaves. Fruit lnear to spatulate, the wing extending down
on the body to the middle or below. In rich moist soils, New
Brunswick, Ontario, Nebraska south to Florida and west to
Texas. The wood is used for agricultural implements and
vehicles. The tree is frequently planted along streets and in
parks, for which purpose it is well suited.

4, Fraxinus Caroliniana Miller. Water Ash. Swamp Ash.
A round topped tree 40° high with thin gray bark and smooth
branches. Leaves unequally pinnate, hairy at first, becoming
smooth with age; leaflets 5-7 rarely 9, ovate or oblong, stalked,
coarsely serrate, dark green above, paler and sometimes hairy
beneath. Flowers dioecious, on different trees. Samara ellip-
tic to ovate, body linear, flat, frequently 3-winged. In moist
soil and swampy places, Virginia to Florida and west to the
valley of the Sabine River, Texas. The wood is soft and
weak and has no commercial value.

5. Fraxinus cuspidata Torrey. American Flowering Ash.
A smajl stout tree 20° high with gray bark, smooth twigs.
Leaves with 3-5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets ovate to narrowly lanceo-
late, cntire or serrate, pointed, dark green above, paler be-
neath. Flowers perfect in clusters. Samara flat with short
wing. In rocky soil and canyons western Texas, Arizona
and northern Mexico. One of the ornamental trees of Mexico.

6. Fraxinus Berlandieri de Candolle. Berlandier’s Ash.
A small tree not over 30° high, with rough gray bark and
smooth twigs. Leaves unequally pinnate, smooth or with
rusty colored hairs along the veins beneath; leaflets 3-5,
stalked, lanceolate to oblong, dark green above, light green
beneath. Flowers dioecious, in clusters. Fruit flattened, with
the wing twice as long as body, and extending down upon it
below the middle. Southwestern Texas and northern Mexico.
An ornamental tree of Mexico, and possibly not native to
Texas.

7. Fraxinus Toumeyi Britton.. Toummey’s Ash, A small
tree rarely 40° high with rough, gray bark and smooth or

The Trees of Texas 153

velvety twigs. Leaves unequally pinnate, smooth or velvety
below: leaflets 5-7, long pointed, toothed or entire, stalked,
yellowish green above, paler beneath. Flowers dioecious.
Fruit small, the wing extending down on the round body
almoss to the middle. In canyons and river valleys, western
Texas, New Mexico and southern California. Planted for
shade and ornament.

8. Fraxinus Texensis (Gray) Sargent. Texas Ash. Moun-
tain Ash. A medium sized tree reaching a height of 50° with
thick trunk, spreading branches and dark gray, deeply fis-
sured bark. Leaves with 5-7 ovate stalked leaflets which are
entire or toothed, dark green above, pale beneath. Flowers
dioecious, appearing in spring with the leaves. Fruit small,
the wing as long or longer than the seed bearing portion and
terminal upon it. On bluffs and hillsides central and west-
ern Texas.

9. Fraxinus Americana L. White Ash. A large tree
sometimes reaching 120° in height and 5°-6° in diameter with
upright or spreading branches, deeply fissured gray bark, and
smooth twigs. Leaves unequally pinnate with 5-9, usually 7,
leaflets; leaflets ovate to oblong, entire or somewhat toothed
toward the apex, usually long pointed, deep green and smooth
above, paler and usually silvery beneath. Flowers dioecious.
Fruit ripens in early fall; body round, plump, the wing 2-3
times as long as the body, and terminal upon it.

Rich soil Nova Scotia to Minnesota and south to Florida,
Kansas, and Texas. The wood is heavy, hard, strong, tough,
close grained. One of the most valuable of the hard woods;
used for agricultural implements, handles, furniture, vehicle
stock and house finishing. The tree is planted for street and
shade throughout its range.

ADELIA P. Br.

Adelia acuminita Michx. Crooked Bush. <A shrub or small
tree 20° high with many crooked, slender branches and
smooth bark. Leaves simple, opposite, deciduous, elliptic-
oval or ovate elliptic, 114’-314’ long, pointed at base and
apex, slightly serrate. Flowers appearing before the leaves,

154 Bulletin of the University of Texas

dioecious, yellowish or greenish, in clusters. Fruit a deep
purple, oblong drupe, 14’-¥’ long.

On river banks and moist soil, Illinois, Missouri, Georgia
and Texas. Usually a shrub and frequently planted for orna-
ment. It can be trained to form a beautiful hedge.

CHIONANTHUS L.

Chionanthus Virginica L. Fringe Tree. Old Man’s Beard.
A shrub or small tree 30° high with short trunk, ascending
branches, and reddish brown, scaly bark. _ Leaves opposite,
simple, oval, ovate or oblong elliptic, thick, entire margined,
pointed at the apex, bright green and smooth above, paler
and hairy along the veins below, 2’ to 6’ long. Flowers in
axillary clusters, corolla white, the petals long, linear, fringe-
like. Fruit a dark vurple drupe %’ long. In rocky soil,
Pennsylvania, Florida and Texas. The wood is close grained,
light brown in color. Frequently planted for ornament in
parks and lawns.

EHRETIACEAE Schrad. Ehretia Family.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, watery sap, simple
entire leaves and perfect flowers in compound cymes.

LAA ES oD ONS Po ers ee ee la tre teats oe eicae 1. Cordia:
eaves: 1-2” IONE. cn cent Gk se et chia Stee Eee 2. Ehretia.

CORDIA L.

Cordia Boissieri A. De Condolle. A small round topped,
aromatic, evergreen tree 25° high with gray, ridged bark and
stout twigs covered with rusty hair. Leaves ovate or oblong-
ovate, 3’-5’ long, entire or undulate margined, dark green,
rough above, with brownish velvety hairs beneath. Flowers
showy in clusters; corolla white with yellow center, calyx
densely hairy. Fruit an ovoid red-brown drupe 1’ long with
sweet pulp and smooth stone.

Limestone soils Texas, New Mexico and Mexico. One of
the medicinal trees of the Mexicans. The fruit is edible and

The Trees of Texas 155

the tree is frequently planted for ornament throughout its
range.

EHRETIA P. Brown.

Ehretia elliptica De Condolle. Knackaway. A medium
sized round topped tree 40° high, 3° in diameter with stout
branches, furrowed bark and smooth reddish brown twigs.
Leaves oval to oblong, very rough above, leathery, entire mar-
gined or toothed, hairy along the veins beneath. Flowers
small, white, in clusters, April and later. Fruit subglobose,
the size of a pea, with thin juicy edible fiesh. Western Texas
and northern Mexico. The wood is hard, close grained, but
not strong. One of the desirable shade and street trees of its
range.

In river valleys western Texas and Mexico. Extensively
planted for shade and ornament.

RHINANTHACEAE.

Paulownia Siebold and Zuccarini.

Paulownia tomentosa (Thurnberg) Boillon. A medium
sized tree much resembling catalpa and frequently mistaken
for it, but readily distinguishable from it by the fruit. The
bark is brown and rough, branches stiff, ascending. Leaves
large, entire or three lobed, smooth above, slightly hairy be-
neath with two prominent glands at the base. Flowers large,
showy, violet, opening before the leaves. Fruit a large leath-
ery capsule with winged seed.

Native of Japan and China but cultivated in our territory
and sometimes growing spontaneously.

BIGNONIACEAE Persoon. Trumpet Creeper Family.

Trees with opposite or alternate leaves, large showy flow-
ers in clusters, fruit an elongated capsule, seeds winged.

Leaves broad, mostly opposite.................e0- Catalpa.
ee PGT UTE OTIAIE fo oe oon ele a aiden bed wow cea ae Chilopsis.

CATALPA Scopoli. The Catalpas.

Trees with opposite, simple, broad leaves, large showy

1A6 Bulletin of the University of Texas

flowers in terminal elusters. Fruit a long round pod which
splits into halves; seeds many with a tuft of hair at each end.

Leaves short pointed, flowers bright spotted, wings

OF SeGdS MATLO Wied Sree et aoe se, a ese ele ete 1. C. Catalpa.
Leaves long pointed, flowers nearly pure white,
WINS NOL; SECUS MUOME Se Ware cc caress ence atie ete che enema 2. C. speciosa.

1. Catalpa catalpa (L.) Karsten. Catalpa. Indian Bean.
A short trunked, round topped tree sometimes 50°-60° high
and 3°-4° in diameter with grayish-brown sealy bark. Leaves
opposite, broadly ovate, heart-shaped at base, entire or with
one or two lateral lobes, hght green and smooth above, pale
and hairy beneath, foetid when crushed, 5’-6’ long,
4’-5’ wide on rounded stalks 5’-6’ long. Flowers showy in’
dense many flowered clusters, corolla white, much spotted
with vellow and purple. Pod thin, 6’-20’ long, splitting into
two flattened halves. Seeds about 1’ long with pointed wings.
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and extensively nat-
uralized west and north. It is common in many parts of
Texas.

2. Gatalpa speciosa Worder. Hardy Catalpa. A straight
trunked tree which may reach a height of 120° and diameter
of 444°, but is usually smaller. Bark of old trees deeply fis-
sured. Leaves opposite, entire or one to three lobed, broadly
or obtong ovate, 4’-12’ long, long pointed, dark green and
smooth above, lighter and hairy beneath, with clusters of
dark glands in the axils of veins. Flowers showy in termi-
nal, few flowered clusters; corolla white with few yellow spots.
Pod 8’-20’ long, splitting into halves, the seeds with broad
wines.

Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas
and naturalized in Louisiana and eastern Texas. Often
planted for timber and ornament. The wood is durable and
is used for fence posts.

CHILOPSIS D. Donn. Desert Willow.
Chilopsis linearis (Covanilles) de Condolle. Flowering

Willow. Willow-leaved Catalpa. A small tree or shrub with
short crooked trunk, slender branches, and ridged, sealy bark.

~!)

The Trees of Texas 15

Leaves opposite or alternate, deciduous, linear, 6’-12’ long,
1,’-3/,’ wide. Flowers large, showy, in terminal clusters,
opening for several months in succession; corolla white tinged
with yellow and purple. Fruit a dry thin walled elongated
eapsuie 7’-12’ %’ thick, persistent on the branches through
the winter, seeds winged.

In dry soils western Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona,
Utah, Nevada, California and Mexico. Frequently planted
in ouv area for ornament.

RUBIACEAE B. Jussien. The Madder Family.
Cephalanthus L.

Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Bush. A shrub or
small tree reaching a height of 40°-50° and trunk diameter
of one foot, but usually smaller, with gray brown bark, and
stout pithy twigs. Leaves simple, opposite or whorled, ovate
or lanceolate, 4’-7’ long, 1’-314’ wide, pointed at the apex,
smooth above, somewhat hairy beneath. Flowers perfect in
axial or terminal globose heads. Fruit a globose head %’-1’ in
diameter.

In swamps and low borders of ponds and streams, New
Brunswick, Ontario, Nebraska, Kansas, Florida, Texas, New
Mexicv and Arizona. Occasionally planted for ornament.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE Ventenat. Honeysuckle Fainily.

Trees with opposite simple or compound leaves, ceymose
flowers, and drupaceous fruit.

Meaves= pininatelry COMPOUNG. 22... ie cb wee 1. Sambucus.
Rearmed TT ENI eat cee ne As SL ss Are eee cetie: oe ee a aie Gad 2. Viburnum.

SAMBUCUS (Tournefort) L. The Elders.

1. Sambucus Mexicana Presl. Mexican Elder. <A _ small
tree 25°-30° high with leht brown, scaly bark and greenish,
hairy twigs which are finally brownish-red. Leaves opposite,
unequally pinnate, leaflets usually 5, ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, pointed at the apex, toothed, hairy when young and al-

158 Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

most smooth with age. Flowers white in flat topped hairy
cymes. Fruit a small black juicy drupe.

Western Texas, southern California and Mexico.

2. Sambucus canadensis L. American Elder. This spe-
cies occurs from Nova Scotia to Manitoba, Florida west to
Kansas and Texas. It is distinguished from the preceding
by its smooth foliage and inflorescence.

VIBURNUM L.

Viburnum rudifulum Rafinesque. Black Haw. A _ small
tree 30°-35° high with rough reddish bark and gray twigs.
Leaves leathery, variable in form, elliptical-ovate or elliptical-
obovate, pointed, sharply and finely serrate, dark green and
lustrous above with numerous rusty brown hairs beneath.
Flowers perfect in white terminal clusters. Fruit a bright
blue drupe, 1/2’-2/3’ long, covered with a glaucous bloom.

Virginia, Illinois, Florida, Kansas and Texas. Occasionally
cultivated.

GLOSSARY.

Achene. A dry one seeded fruit.

Acrid. Sharp, sour with unpleasant taste.

Acuminate. Tapering into a long point.

Acute. Sharp pointed.

Aerial. Growing in the air.

Ament. <A spike of flowers all of one sex falling in one piece.

Anther. The enlarged portion of the stamen containing pollen.

Apex. Tip or upper end.

‘Appendaged. With projections.

Appressed. Lying against or close to another part.

Aromatic. Fragrant, spicy.

Ascending. Growing obliquely upward.

Astringent. Drawing together, hence puckering.

Awl-shaped. Shaped somewhat like a spine.

Axil. The angle between the upper side of the leaf petiole and the stem.

Agillary. Borne in the axil of a leaf.

Axis. The part of stem or branch which bears foliage leaves, flowers
or flower parts.

Bark. The rind or outer covering of the stem.

Basal. At the base or springing from it.

Bipinnate. Doubly or twice pinnate.

Blade. The flat expanded portion of the leaf.

Bract. A more or less modified leaf found below a flower cluster.

Branch. A secondary division of a trunk.

Branchlet. One of the ultimate divisions of a branch.

Bud. An undeveloped shoot.

Bud-scales. Reduced leaves which cover the bud.

Calyx. The green saucer shaped outer part of the flower.

Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit consisting of two or more carpels.

Carpel. A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.

Catkin. Same as ament.

Compound. Two or more similar parts united.

Compound leaf. Consisting of two or more leaflets borne on one stalk.

Cone. An elongated axis bearing scales which overlap each other.

Conifer. Bearing cones.

Constricted. Narrowed.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Corolla. The inner usually colored leaves of the flowers.

Corymb. A flat topped flower cluster in which the flowers open from
the outside inward.

Crenate. Scalloped.

Cuneate. Wedge-shaped.

Cyme. A flat topped flower cluster blooming from the apex or middle
first.

Deciduous. Falling off, as leaves in autumn.

1650 Bulletin of the University of Texas

Dehiscent. Splitting open as in pods.

Deltoid. Triangular. Delta-like.

Dentate. Toothed.

Dioecious. Bearing stamens and pistils on different plants.

Drupe. A fleshy fruit with one stone as the plum.

Druplet. A small drupe.

Elliptical. Oval or oblong with rounded ends.

Elongated. Long drawn out.

Entire. Without teeth, notches or lobes.

Epidermis. The outer skin or layer of plants.

Equally pinnate. Without an odd leaflet at the end of the leaf.

Exudation. Sap, resin or milk that oozes from a cut surface.

Fasicle. A close cluster of leaves or flowers.

Fasicled. Arranged in fasicles.

Feather-veined. With veins extending from the sides of the midrib.

Fertilization. The union of a male cell, derived from the pollen, with
a female cell in the ovule.

Filament. The stalk which bears the anther.

Flower. An axis which bears stamens or pistils or both, with or with-
out petals and sepals.

Fruit. A ripened ovary with or without accessory parts.

Genus. A group of species which are more like each other than like
any other group.

Glabrous. Smooth.

Glaucous. With a bloom, a bluish or whitish waxy layer.

Globose. Ball-like or nearly so.

Globular. Ball-like.

Head. A dense cluster of sessile flowers.

Heartwood. The mature and dead wood of a stem usually darkly
colored.

Hybrid. A cross between two different species or varieties of plants.

Imbricated. Overlapping like shingles.

incised. Cut.

Indehiscent. Not splitting open.

Inflorescence. A flower cluster.

Involucre. The bracts which surround a flower cluster.

Irregular. Used to denote flowers in which the petals are unlike.

Keeled. Ridged like the keel of a boat.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance.

Leaflet. One of the ultimate divisions of a compound leaf.

Lenticel. Lenticular corky growths on the young bark.

Linear. A leaf several times as long as wide, with sides parallel or
nearly so.

Lobe. A division of a simple organ as a leaf.

Lustrous. Shining.

Medullary rays. Rays extending from pith to bark.

Membranous. Papery, membrane-like.

Mid-rib. The main central rib of the leaf.

The Trees of Texas 161

Monoecious. Stamens and pistils in different flowers on the same
individual.

Nectar. The sweet secretion of the flower.

Net-veined. With veins running in various directions and connecting
with each other.

Nut. A dry, hard indehiscent 1-seeded fruit with a stony shell.

Nutlet. A very small nut.

Obcordate. Reverse heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate, tapering toward the base.

Oblique. Unequal, slanting.

Obovate. Egg shaped with tip downward.

Obovoid. Solid ovate with broader end toward apex.

Odd pinnate. With an odd leaflet at the end.

Opposite. On opposite sides of the stem directly across from each other.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovate. Egg shaped.

Ovoid. Solid ovate.

Ovule. An immature seed.

Palmate. lLobed or divided like the fingers of the hand.

Panicle. A loose compound flower cluster with the lower branches
longer and blooming first.

Peduncle. The flower stalk.

Perfect. A flower which has both stamens and pistils.

Persistent. Leaves which remain on the branches over the first year or
a calyx which remains on or under the fruit as in the hawthorn
or persimmon.

Petal. One of the separate parts of the corolla.

Pinnae. The primary divisions of a bipinnate leaf.

Pinnate. A leaf which bears leaflets on both sides of a common petiole.

Pistil. The female organ of a flower, consisting of style, stigma and
Ovary.

Pistillate. With pistils but without stamens.

Pith. The central cellular part of a stem.

Pod. A dry fruit with one carpel which splits along two sides.

Pollen. The yellowish dust contained in the anther.

Pome. A fieshy fruit with a papery core as the apple.

Puberulent. Slightly pubescent.

Pubescent. Covered with short soft hairs.

Pyriform. Pear shaped.

Raceme. An elongated flower cluster with all the pedicels about equal
in length.

Racemose. In a raceme.

Rachis. The axis of a compound leaf or of a spike.

Regular. With all the members alike in shape and size.

Reniform. Kidney shaped.

Resinous. Bearing Resin.

Reticulate. Net-like.

Samara. A winged fruit.

11--Trees

loz Bulletin of the Unversity of Texas

Scale. A minute leaf.

Sepal. One of the parts of the calyx.

Serrate. With teeth like a saw.

Sessile. Without a stalk.

Sheath. A tubular or enrolled part or organ.

Simple. Of one part.

Sinus. The opening between the lobes of a leaf.

Spatulate. Spoon shaped.

Species. A group of individuals which are more like each other than
they are like any other group.

Spike. An elongated axis which bears sessile flowers.

Spine. A sharp woody outgrowth from the stem.

Stamen. The organ of the flower which bears the pollen.

Staminate. With stamens but without pistils.

Stigma.- The tip of the pistil. i

Stipules. A pair of leaf like organs at the insertion of the petiole. ~ |,

Stomate. A breathing pore in the leaf.

Style. The filamentous portion of the pistil.

Teeth. Projections from the leaf margin.

Thorn. A reduced, sharp pointed branch.

Tomentum. A dense layer of hairs.

Trifoliate. With three leaves.

Truncate. Cut off squarely.

Umbel. <A flower cluster in which all the pedicels arise from the same
point.

Whorl. <A group of three or more leaves or branches radiating from the
point of attachment.

th yf

Page
LS ee SCR PE RC icc, rit a oad aN ee thes. a Ast ae “nbskeeatis aint SIT 116
IE viz) I? SCIEN i OE oC Bec nn Poe vk Beier ote tele oad 134
SO TE toy a eave ar ay wale wet ee tetas, doe ae 134
IS Pe Geet ee Fasc eel seenagt hs Te 7gUet cw Se ar ontg et sea Bie Loadeveay mee 153
ENE NS EE RIO Pe eee Min eee ee er Bien ee OS eae ae 132
TED aa Sy ae vi ig Pa A et ran tena re SR oh ik A eo a oe a 132
Eso Oe yy earn tree cat Su eres ON re este Mabe cg» a) acetate Se mare LAT
reer rm staat heir 0c) Puneet Pete a Corer te ee Chae a ee beabeeenan os 61
RR Be DS SN Eo eel oY ain at Se ar egindaets fe ice one: qua fe. die ent Sd Yo 142
MINER Ce Core See tne te at ne ee Bd on at ee ae St eke ye
ME Ee aes eRe a oe wth ee ee niet 6 atacere ee a Ai aekit Ta ee aie 61
ene ESNTSOURDESENE et Cave og 5. 28 aot anger ol See a Rio 8 a a wm eave oma pate, a3 59
RS tM ck or Sais a Std cha eye dcohe pte Oe hs eee Poe abe Se 101
IERIE ray viet ae rec Le. rs £2 ee eRe ey ie er aceke nat avdne’ 2 102
I eel gan « mf f0 ou Taian a dame wy on ate ie ea oon age 105
NER Pee rer ce Oh. ie dk a chk a eae tee 2 eee ine als 147
III eh et ae en nD So ig ite a ele tom aye 145
UE RN cg fone cota ok, op ak Sain a anehatadaghawt hoe qe te Cnc 46
ISIN Stee go ee Sh eB caccn, oe ie ebe islehwr ale Xape wha Wigs wel auale ere te 42
PP UE riers ae aS ee nel. Pir en A Ea es kine cy Stn ens (54
EEE peal he Sp Ai to OR ty Eo en ce ee ee A eg ee ae ae 130
IEE Sly Re ee ey GN, ORNS iy ail eRe ate Sh caw thl ae ne 102
RN RR EICS, 27. SE ae ie Penn | mM Be a enh tw oases es Braue ees bre 40
EIN Ts 52 or A Wa e P OR. ee eal) aE tos ai setae“ 147
Eee S yc S05" eM ie. te ata cunt a seal Mean she, ahetid Bbw ts faye Va GoNS oath 103
IRIE Witte he, i SE IE RS Ural Ce RSF eran trol Yauge om bi oe eR ap Ca teal a) = 61
MEE MN es os, TOE nos oS chen a taan ERS lap pw ore eclowntec ia, ale Ee aoa ee eo 60
I USE I ears Col coon aw whieiuaonee taka haa in Paeere a 2, Mw cohhe, were Sate 54
SMT PS. Pyne Wien ee he ee aleigh bo ve oe Seah 2 ON inked a SON
CLT Sl Cee Sp eS ae Sieg <n ee RRP” A SRR Se i a NS nN ag 61
SER CeE Ser. St eo, aun dee by cinta aud gk NG 304 @ Wink Ooee eee ee 158
MR MPEIN DS Cogs Ss SENS IPE - Sten th dee oath eee Ghat sha ote ener bas, Ue te 47
DRS DES Ea ee sels Rn, 2A eee ag SORE wate ani a Ceo a ese SE ES on Vas 155
Me Naas Note Pah wt yay 6 “ove: wan Se, SEsvk So Ne OLN oa, Bx che eae SE IT 60
A ae SI Re ce ugh ahaa ate a Ba ee. Spe <a wat wea OE 50
eT HITT Pro Gra UC ete eh ce a a wip ew cw Sale. nim eee TAOS ee ‘51
nT Rr On ts Sep tye tite nN yn ed oh ala ww la ae ee 60
ATER enh OM Ee ee os Ds of o's eat ese eta ea ewe 137
ey mE ECR EN ER iret ete a elena ce goa Sku: date boo hud uel ANS eles 147
oe) ESERIES 9 ig Stee Ce ipaen Sal so ae fae a ee Pe re, CAEN ee ae 92
Rac 2k rain eee RS 2. a) Ba nn 6. ow Shin ORIEL UE. when 132
mane Bit PP TAMMENCL Nt Te We eee en ene Toe” oo 5k tao a moun faerie as Sow eeeew 141

EUROS EM Sc a ace Sr heen Ee oS as ke LY, a Hawn RE Re 139

164 rahe Index

Page
Bumed lay es ea ee ae ee ee nee es oleate Rao Rtn eee. elec te ee mm be:
Bud “Bay sic ce ee, Se ch ee cee d slksy Stott cenigted s Mamas ot meee oo eis 103
Burnin Bash Fetes ap e 2 Se an oink bee a tee oeieie es coerce 132
Bitton Busi? 05.502 s Re et see le te ea ee ee ini oa ee 17
BUtLON WOOd: oF 45 Na aseue a sea sick na enolase eens eee 104
Cabba Pe -EPGe: 08s WG ochar lwo tS udtieem as ns one tothe erates cen eee 47
Capritolia cede .iiarec ccs bbe ee 6 ele fo ue eet Seat rages ee ee eee 157
Carolina -POPIARr Ae fask Salle Bee ee reac tet Aah da ee eee eee ete Bee ee 55
ASSIA COAG s Saige ache Sete ee le a ALS ah Sipe Me Le Ce daa: seh 7 tin eta 118
Castanea sno5 os stiller le ee aie aro cs aed OE Sir Gok Ne ee ee 62
Cae DIU oitens de seats be TO CE lee tit aie Reuel oA eo ean: Sols a acide te ea ee 60
AOS CAL DA ober cage te re etettar ote) Saget Ages ol) nee ane reo Lo eT ene se Ra 155
(Or A et el O's, eae me aa aL aE GAS ALA TEA Ca:\ 4 neice emp As 2 ihe ee
Cedar eau ee ae nee ee BS Ae Sa tnd Dot foe epee Nate Sate See eee 43
CELOSTRACEACT aie ahs onetie ieee oa eee a Ee een Ea see aaa set eke 132
Bod eS Re A EM PLLA DORE HIE ACS Se, Sy AN YE a on OK ey Sat bee coe 98
Cephalant Iie” es tice sc Sites ete ace tee deeb es 1 cgehans Se apie icine aw coat) a ee 157
LOEW i CNG » 110 5140 pale Paks AA REO See anh eRe ee MRA tS AMER aR RE UMICS ge P20
CS PCIS oy oe FE ee A SAE TE ee ec oa EN Ge eR 118
CHAMASCY WATS SbF 5 Ooi ae eae Si ce gp a ee 42
Go) Ie" by Oh aa oe eRe Pele Ae Ee iP Mer eae RON NNO RMD aN EP ee te
Ciao psi sts ws oo arn Gt ok Shia ee Sees ate tte eee aint coded Sreetene ae a 156
Cirromam tas cee oi 5) oe aie ee ee Ok ck BO: ae” eee Lae ae er 154
Cag ak SETS hk as ae eccec aN eRe el M tal Senco re 128
CROK G6 WOREPGY. 5.2 nic ate ec Bhan eee ete no La tat ates Beh eter de Baas’ let ae HZ
CONG Aw Fens wR Soa aes ete elon all dale eee artelns Mae ome ets ee ae 139
Coral BCR pris io Se Se oe eee en Pie a OT ead tee 122
COM Na = 52s Fore he roe ete Ee Pes RANT ole Vinh aoa. Cone etree te Gel a ae ee 154
COPS 65h Sle Ee eae eee ee ee eee eave Re ence be er 145
Ory IACEAG J Eras Lee ote ale Sout bub, ete CAS RIS CRO eee ene Sh
COUN MS es Gee Sie CROs ce tae os Ce eae, eee 128
COCLOD WOO G Asis bi Plas ene elon shai eras ales Meta ale Debate ale oR 2 eam Lh a ba
COUTSSbIiag Tee eh Bene ae ee 5 Se ea ae 124
Cra APS ee ye ee aa oon ie ee ee or ec RO 105
CrATtaeras? lio ts Eee CR dee Rie ee ee een a oe ee ee 105
Crooked Bush. oS x's.c See ny ccdaeh ce RR anal oe) cna Le ny oF ee ee gaps
WV NORVTON 55. heaves ta oma ete, ete ened Se tae seen lo nica ae eee 145
CV DIERS fos Ne toh Saeed Rees a ee aS a ue eee Cree Re Sree 40
COMPUTA OHE (5) FS ay Se Sarre clit 2 NO 8 a rk fae Pua ts ce 730
Cyril Da. soit SSS ee eras 2 PAAR OS COC UnN oaths 5 det. cit ott, ee te 130
Desert: Willow } f.2 ae SS eke cane ye a enters eMac ine eieaen 16 eke oe 156
Devil’ s- Cy e RRa T o A e eeererc ae vis eee cigs er 116
Devil’. MIO W vs sos Ne Spi tas are ceme tne ao boeee ee) Ste ckr in ke ete en Los
DIOSDYV LOSE 2 ore eee chalice MOSER ERIC oS acc) Breen o, rat. 6 RoR Gc eee 148
DOS WOOG © sos un. Shei re ol, ects tater eae eee Me as rare SRNR RE dem re ee 143

HE DONG COAG i ele ee es a oes ee aR Tee obra ene Aciehc il eT Rcee ace ne £47

Index 165

Page
EE Feat af al s bs," a ghctig Wo BE tlw eee bad eh ake a wera. oe Boo 115
RU INES eee CPU T os aS gf UNG ae gs Sth GS eo aw a Gigs bots OS ace 154
TMNT iy Se coc 2 Soda ig RD on aaah af oh oor ina Puc min vata et ced ow 154
eM Vee Sacclve MARE) UR tris Sw? al Sone we aks al kre. ore e's 157
PTR ho oe chs sl at 5 Se Ss ote Meee Lee: ane! oT nw) ig ec AT Eee: oie cede 145
I een. a ier eh eee REINS eet gies Gg Pune pee daa up cand a Bas va! ols) 94
TOE SE ISOS erage Sh ee? Ree Methadone oe a 132
EE IND RO heir ee Dees od ag phe en i ec 121
ET SBA TSE it MA apt SOUR UR arg sO ga 7 Re en or ee 121
NS ee SP ae geal nip i> Bk in Gua renoewetis a eienb al af euk cue cnele wena ¥ 125
RS ik en eo ose ei owed a’ SIRT ENS) Gow” Oink Soh ot whale wren bu 61
EI a Poe eee SO Tay eine eee Coe la. 5) ah ENE Se ees 62
Ly eo RE ee NE ae ne yg ae pee Ae ee a ee 92
I er ee hae ene gia Na ek WL aS gel Sal ace) wad 92
TaN INET SI case 2 yr Whe Uh cia te vnve x 4th ef Bete) hah ss 141
Cm aT NTN GE Ami td ot cis rls ds ons aye ai’oy ave: apes! w ewasetece Wee We 'e ye 156
MA oe ae no) th sc td'ay oes’ daha 0 cise aries Rever whence , 139
ar ey eee Fa) (2) onc” ahs ua aha ON ee oe wom area eo eden 15
PE CE Pte ete oa a )a Se uctaas eae testes ele ATA ch Banke ate Sees 154
ES IE 0G i ee aoe A ee Pee gE 120
ERE Rs IG a Ie a I Re 2 ee ae a Oa aca ee 145
MIMI eas Mie ce 0 et eth wed aun 2 Valan wi Gdevans roe ack aw ates) =i ase « 98
SN Se ede ere St 20 EE a eas, SAS. b achdle, Seem 116
ee ke we Ate Se ee sk RU alee era a kN is crate ls eel a 3% 105
NEN er ne aa rks st ks ied eee cals sduine' we gs! ou s die svar 105
EOE MR es Bt Ch ee ee Ce a ee 147
RE Pores Pk eS NO) Nae Bc oN tee eis Ce dvatece é ccatelle eo 0 126
meeremies Clup 2... 2 eka ee AO CR Sy Ue ha ae er ne ee a 147
MER ESE CaM PNG tia, Sete ao, (ite eye TIne ARS anna! Gow Aialkiga'a! «hey bie)" 49
RI hy RS aN Ne EN i ne a coe, 2M; Cal eating. Skye into (a, Syst 49
Re eds coal AG heart oe te Fd a ay tO, aise Bice 0 2E% pS ee RAS gle EWS. 0 Digs, 5 130
eMC ALE [OP are Sd Ope. Ma Mic TOI olsen Meee es teaenis joes Pel oS, os Syoigae ees © bal eh ans 120
TE YT Rg Yea es SO oR Ea ele Ae Pin aa i RIS Rg ee Se Re CO Co ge
MC OMLER ANIM Hay Pave wt Syl ee arg tases kth 'Shala Stan a Muatees = sehen eae 59
RE eR LA a ns ts NES gM ge eRe Ns JA eV LC Ie cn 1 oe 1 MAWE 126
Eee MI SS aE Jia etal tte De aaa gr CR rere nna, Rn AAR! oe aa ae Soph
oS DSO he ae, She ioc SM CN ies an Ren Pn Wr Sere a Cae) eA 119
ED all Us a Be aE a Sy Ae oon Seg a oe oe ae IE rie OE rah Allee 116
I eh LG acs Dish ce hee wecet S'S jana 0! poitw anele ey aettahe & ek eed 147
LT CE RCA. 2 Ae CN: Sale RUIN oe oe lS eR AAR et OY nS Oe OR ie yg
aR aaa Sie 1 Ge oe De ae nn e Bante ee Wa 130
RST eB Oe, Ah, ofl nick a'a'e: a: Ao) ey RN eae ale 155
TY CTTW renege ke Roe nine ao or lp Nl te sm tly 139
NN MO ce nt, ate ie ety ee on Cee ks mda waa Ia UATS Wana s’ cee 59
ELI ee Ts 8 SOR gh CSS eS een ae See ee ee 147

Deer ec Weern isan: Chom apt Ss tht ee Like ah Boe Be 141

166 Index

Page
MUA 3 EP OE tence af seis Sek thik, Pep ek ee sean See eo ties cere eres ae Ee oe 118
PUSLAWAACEAE hy F skis soe veya cahe tata he oe wae ek ae onc Rove ee 47
SMBNQNG fos ets Teed a eee He re ce 8 ee ne ene an ge 47
IMUMAPSPr ty. 295 a se evs Vera pret heen Bh enichey > ae tor Rora ee t ae eae ee 42
Beko Wh its) Ct: Coe Meeeem ame, anid Ue Me ER EME Nos QUEM OLE val RL ae 42
TATA IPS KOS Ste sodas ae are eaM cw Tales Ts Netto ela Toe a cab ek 139
TRMICIAWAN. CoS 7 ches Saale atts wo one ues Role, OER ane baa ee ee ESD
HCOCUCRIMM Tas Face cies itt es anes Tec ie aueaetathn velba gee RRA 125
Moeherlimiaceies oy b< ses och tai 5 role tan ee cee ee 125
VATIPACCAET 3b Ye gha etlete hookup Suk ap oh A aMes Bite oty Hilce este are AE ecient 141
Sealine) “Mama lly seca ire oe ek ee RAE ce OA ed ee 141
AGA TTTIO COTA SUS 8 35 oo, Sx do nn Beten es ce Pete a as de rote Re teeta ne Keene ic LAS
1 eye We eit Ly nc, s ae ee, ee POO Ob ateen vie ee Mein eam EM Seer eA PAE CN top i ivi rd
NGSTEMOCT ACSA Cie. ea alee a a eer d teas ewe Ne ge ea eet ose cb en han eee 53
TSU EINO TA Gi eee Hae aos SR eal pone ephe AD e a ae e © er do
IZCALWEr WOO! eas 4s kabalgetens ity toate das WG Shr dees ke de eee ee 130
TCMCGACTIO NW po eo eases 0'e eee Gn OSS aes Ok Fa oaas en TE ee Lg
Tamer. +3 Sh oboe ee Pee ee eee eee ee eee 140
EVOUICATTDAT 82S cise ce clele bok cake eievrnades ian tole ee oe Leo ee 101
LDC cits A os oe aE CSG AE VR n OR UMA not LM MMNiMEMem ee SO as:
WEP OMIA. eee SESS na a de eanearsakbtae ce Me ae ese ne ae Lec ee «Sena
MEE SMO ACCA CG. js.o aceie of cee pleasarone eae v4 eee aie Boe tant ee 103
Whampoa wes 0h i sete. Us fae ep ee eG ene ee whe Bate athesd as. B Node bars aS get 1038
Milaceaes Met shucks ete sae tlaeti Gece ace: gf ieee A cS Rapa ays a 105
IV EUPS OS ose ban staat st lc, Ate” BER ave Te enya aad tae meee SESE Bt Cee 105
WRG iH, Fees, rae Lhe Becca: byeak eee AE Ce Ae ec eke ey ee a a oe 134
ai 2) HE Wie ee ee Ree eee ore CRN RE hes ET NG UNE Mee AERA EDRs Ee 128
ii Rel WS Wel a 3 cia eee re ee Rn RU. ee ay BAR eM GaN LINES hs 3 yo 128
GSS RIG FS: dee eC ct ov wn shame te prion allele? hs Hs), citebec apace mane ICA A Saat ge 114
WexicaninP CTsimmoOn. <2). 62s ee et ee Se ee 147
IMIMIGSA CORON he ee aoc Scere we tie eae cir o BRA an fo ele iate nas nes ee 114
TANGA hcg Bee EL A lec Saree ale vel es eA citen etre cee Ee eine nactater artca tates ea eens ot 114
Mehrodemdreon 1.622 Soe ee A AOA eo a Pe vee oe ae Se ee 150
IMIG CIO TINUE, «2555. SoBe toe acts me a ees oS OPEC all COIR Leite tre aye ec 53
BVO nod dhe Che eS TaN Mee Ma Reh ec amr Arges Maer iipnr ek a eat Sel ig oe of 54
WOT COAG Ral ceclcntetatarece eas PT Os eB RRL EC ihir a5 Oa es Bes, 5 88
1 10) Et ean arn: ies ae en iemens Sin) Sin Na amy ean AE RN Ak SSS 88
DULG SOLY OE or oc anal Mode eet ln Aca lars SON yepian Set cme RoR te Renee 88
Mountain Cedar. oe tncsae acento bee eae a bane es Sain te SU ae ee 44
Mann tai TauUred ec Lins oi ee cae alae hate te teas Bi eyes wk tne ae eee 122
Mey PICR COTS 2 aioisc lc. ieee ert re Roe ee Iie ace ee es goa he 54
DAVES ER. shone oa ab weg Ls Ake Be Cue te ea me Geis A Ra pam ae ET oe cp ean aeaet cr 144
INV SSACEAGS. \oiivei2in Geog Se Se Teh Oe Vea eee ones eee ee er sae epee eee 143
GP a cen BRIE eae Tames Oe tei WAT Lan de meme ae yi an ce 63
QHEACEAG. Ee Betas bdepdben s akasd\ ores See emewecgheekn tal einehias oe salen ane ee 150

Qik: nn Pret arora ae ENA SA re AT ee NE ee tS ony 150

Index 167

Page
A EOMSEIES CaS ae 2 No Sein ET atlas (Gn 1o- Sp haV utp Biain a poaeehe ohn 92
Ee, SET REY bn. ONS Leng sucka ieee Roh WO vcoKPe ew Bho eo Sha iere 59
IED SRA aoe oh he es tbe ie) dim Shs on ic aa Cara's, we Bw eee 112
MR IRE EE 60 Mc dice ray RT 8 eee oe 47
Tn Sing J 0s Sid Gta re eee Er sD. ohn a. ip fo) a ale, Peep acm trata 46
MIDE MORRO Ch ie en on eke sucha A aw 's tale. aera feta’ ,o50, 0 a! dew saws 116
ES ai ce pe) a ee oe ea a ee 119
A ebaled adliy MBE = BR pc ail, 5 8° aloe 1 a oo ee 155
Ur i Salat AED = AOI Cate SP en Oe =r ee ae ee Pe A 102
RE IE OSs tee Ser ee Ae Ma ay alah, Gatceabic Fv dana an plete lesb 50
RI eee ie nae rs ta ain ins ain a avails YM alehennln idsers 142
RIE meee eh to sa re BS cae iprin ie eo euaiel Re a a Sek 148
AEE N OMG ERE ee cre, SES a ag at Le mule nctie et nol oi ae a KY ele othe oi er d 52,
PE See ee So AL ae rupee Wish “ahs a aha tathe ia etee& 52
PPD de i Ee Bs et ete Mn epee nook es lene wehae bie 3
I re Po) 2 Sy Saag sachin oe apd SAP ALIS Gd oh ad acy wei eck ove a0
I Pe Re OL De nS Fly. aval hae, a Ilene Konig a See a RTASa elegy 37
Es SS SRE eee ey AC er ag a 3
erm ct ohne) ON Se Le Rolle w hh wees esas 104
CTO ATOR. Coo ob are Sepa ree ce laser gt alist woke s Zonnp ela aka a on 97
EE ee es me iat Shaves Shape ka eterna Bist amen 2 er ty:
DSTO ED et Se eo ie ee ge a age ee ca 104
INET eve ee ee ead yo Neem A ew a DUR Ee aime alike 104
ee ape ANT SRR ESR SI op 2 aly En a a a i
NE UNE Meters Pt re eR es nett EA oh PY kote po (ee oh 2 6 lab ule 55
EES ea RNP Ds SR Sta st a ek a 55
OER O ae O1te iar eS Pre ere tO eee. PE a awk 125
SE SEN a opal oe ge Ser > mi ag dace nS eS $25
LINN Prete eee 3 Se ns te ey ee es eg eS go oe DG ae 114
2 OAD NS gee ete, SI Spe er ae ee Or a ee a A eR 14
PC NRINON CIUNSU RTT RR RS BE TS ry Re thd, ie be LeM mtaach © ocala a a iel dececece 41
1 EEE gt Bie RP aE ai ee aap SOO aie Pian men dae ae Poe 126
OTS ed EE ice i an he es ee See SRM ae Ae eee ee me TE EN +39
RRS ne NL eee aut Ate GEE EBs, Bg. Gere! a Sia or proche ese Sis ok ec 63
NE ie inset 55 eA Lae Col) cea eL Ee ola ee ck data OS 142
ETERS ee ee ye eo ee ae Go ok NE eee te ae ar 118
Uae en as, ws Saoe e eee a AGS Sb egal Bie to eee 42
a mE SR ON Sol iw BE nO wh se ac St Slee Au avn SE Ee wt Pee wa EO 119
OT TELS SS oe EE ee a a a Pee hy. 01'S take -« ane 139
ODE EEN oe ae ee A ee ALA LY Oy an a ee ae 155
OF og te A ON, ee a days och Ce ee ee 123
Sea Age Dre ig an ra phrase ai ale avn Bsa Ge wim m6 6 Rika ets 157
EE CGARSIST Gy Whe ain oka pel ne ee ee ey a ees OS 125
ONL OS Miiug ei Ee pe oS i, ee en Ee ON ae ek, a 137
PDE TYE meg gS) ENT A a era Ao, NC oe 125

CER ee Ne ee er ge ae. Sd ate ee eee ee EN ag 46

168 Index

Page
Soe LITA i eh ew cae ee ala aS ae Cay Sn a se So 43
Sark PTB ces ca 2 ee ee ee She el oe eae Oe ee ee 148
RPTECACOQE’ os. gig gee kd Be ca, Soe) OR SHON Se My ae lt ee a 54
S125 1, Sa ater Smee ene a err PRS A PES RNS Yate thsi ih «Me Mace ae" Nae 56
Dale. Oda Se Fo LoS ee enn oe Ee ee ee 141
SAC iis 5200 eh hk Sea Ble be ek ae cnet A erg ae ee ne E57
SADIMGACCAE ~ £2 dS et RSS Oe ae eens 138
Da TMG 1S oe Se eee Dae eS De ees ene eee 138
ADO CACERE > 25 4.7585 Ec le areas eee Sore hae ie tee ee 148
roves Sy7 bil C2 ie ce Se Ome EM ee Bile TR ES Wea Lip 142
Sel miat Gaia Ose 2. 5 el ep See? Save, Bh neem tye keen ea 129
SOTeW. (Can. PR eS Nr oe thou al au eet nee, oe ae ae 114
Rae TERE ee StS contest a ualynce w Jers mo ae setae ee longer red aged a 118
Shelpark: Hickory 6.32 726 OL Sn he ee eee eee eee _ 2
SIOOTOLATOUIS Sco ake csi ote arene a en iece see ee en te eo 115
SIVVOP DEUS. he Tel ce ie tk OEE a a ee eee eat ee ae eae 150
SiMIArUupaceae ows. Ry Silene Se aes OIE ee ee ee 127
STO Ke MEE) so ares Sesh ee tee Oe te ag Sn eee ee ee 128
SHOW UFOD LTCC es) S at: hs Sindh avs et pheeyetaue whe seleneueds Ree ene eae 150
Spanish snuckeye 2 ore SoG m viethee a, ee Cee eee oa pte ee
SAU CITY MAMIE YS Ss... aca ase ta -evelaus es ctou ses aces Ge lh eae eee 138
SOT Co oe ck Ethers AS chert toes eee ee en ee Ne ek ee eee 122
SORE CPT th etek oa ane & oot earl a eS per at wad ota Shake ac ae ae ee ee 144
PPO TIM IACOMG |S 5. Sno este eaates title eee Bile vie lao Sha eee te hace ye te eee 128
SEEK Sr akc: Ss, cad Aare sean be Mae enodh a epra et hte te eee nae Oo eee Nene ae 150
STO DOC ATI: soe te Be eae oi ee ok ne co al gee gee a ae 114
SEV TAC OIO ic Soin oe eee vet. wee ue aay thee) oon ka stearate emanate eee 150
SSIMCE RAG y ole ccaneb (nce cet Soa areola eae ee eee ene ae er
Sweet AG. tla sats te © hee & See eve eet oe ee ee ed 101
SUMPAC Ao es Ge ec sae Obie seas ee en hee, OR ee ee ee ee 128
Sa eas er ete als Gs aS EN Soa Sale a eae acute, reesei cc net i 145
So Sh 0) a nO tae, Settee Nema ere whee eel | in 104
WANRAPICACERG. (.7asin & fei. nd o*s cet oe oe eee ee 141
abot iiss fini i er ae Oe Maen em ee MR! wT gee rh ey Eo 141
bob CO, al tt ee oe ee hee eee ase ah ee SBE OF he) Be 40
PAVOLIY CE PEC pia. 3s Fe re cease WPS Seer, ME ees ee eee eee 105
MROPV TU, ben sw Se, oe oe Tata aga Ye DB bow erie a pal Ce eP eee tege: wie eee cao te aeaueme nee 42
aay Sec Ga oe ee ee ee ee eat ee ee ee 140
UNA COAG) oss 6s hee, 2s eae S's Sacco eee at cette Rein te oes Lege ane eee 140
TSH, Bark “Hickory 5 2s soso ces ete tee eee eee heals nk) come ate Sree 52
PAGE Ce She. iz bag. lowe cats te Ae Nes Bian Se So etic eR el ps 130
Toothache “Erde... °5/ssstiow se oe eee oe ats, | eee eee 125
POL VION 882 Soot BOS oa ee Boe ee Sea ee ee 92
Tree OL HeAVER ) oo Site alk ali Rete ete ca aa eee ee ee 127
Trumpet ‘Creeper. “Hantily i. s aieeein oh oe es © t wlace ore 2 a oe 155

TIPINACCBG Loe on th She ele i nce Whe er eee rs he eee ee 94

Index 169

Page
a St Pa at Eee A oa! i oa wt a oS eT cand alii miia’e onto ie 94
EET a a le ef eh ee me ae ee Poe a 128
EEG Re baht Sn, a Seta alga ef.tie’Siela a. elie oltsn ar eet 138
ETE acto ok thn, Ses PEM ec eh als, Baler. diam’ pine id ate d'-u avers 147
IIE ra ale See Oe ne re eg eels AS awa ow beh Mid ela tae ea 117
EE a RET Ro a URN ey) ee 141
III DE cess ee ie ea, 2 One te Mie nck goa a ie aM, ageheea! oO de wike 158
GPE eas Se aly adn, ae! St ears hs, © Nvlc'by a "vi sa) Gre anieda ce es aw we 126
Ne A on clot Peete ol tats ons 6 6 va ae die /e awe 36-85 132
IPI PN cree eek | ode a eae ede a) yuo or ws chee, woe wes a «abe 47
EERE Pec oe. eek Es eS ihe wwe 6 O56: etd elute’ @oe 60
TEE be ALE Si RGR ch in Sl eins Se at oe oe 54
een SPONDING RE eh. 8 aca c a cere cons oP alert Ser ole 2 c'e. o 0s lale a" at
ERNE ee de cea? ooo Se os har wih at che ato, aiesa cet oT aka ee Cogkt ad bon no geiteusd 103
ENCE INSERT Pie a oF YS tire sa wie ae e leer em Ae! oper ohh Sov. 'e ah 138
MEINE i tenet a hk em a o's) wl accra ay QUA Miah [mid xe ane decal e & bie Wis 125
NE ee MIRE Ere ogo) aha Aare ce dae ee ah oy < youiat tm woe peeve ie SoMp 113
roar rere er See Se eae ee als ws me aa es 56
NR 21 CAE TOA Se Se a ett rs hk 3, o Me sane bee da Se 156
TAN MSE ee MP re a a irs le rain MOVE hg, hn Sy Gaavion © [2 da Bite wad! eile 130

EE EE 2 SES tapes CO ieee ay ee Oe gg ee ee eo 125

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