State of (Tonncctlcut

State Geological and Natural History Survey
Bulletin No. 24

TRIASSIC LIFE

OF THE

CONNECTICUT VALLEY

By

RICHARD SWANN LULL, Ph.D.
Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology in Yale University

WELLESLEY COLLEGE UEP-^RY

LIBRARY OF THE
PRUDENTIAL INS. CO. OF AMERICA

N EWARK, N.J.
STATISTICIAN'S DEPARTMENT

Section

Subject

Date %ecd

Acknoixjledged

Indexed

20414

DEPART"^T

BULLETINS

OF THE

State Geological and Natural History Survey
of Connecticut.

^i. First Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
Geological and Natural History^ Survey, 1903- 1904.

2. A Preliminary^ Report on the Protozoa of the Fresh
Waters of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn. (Out of
print. To be obtained only in Vol. i, including Bulletins 1-5.)

/ 3. A Preliminary Report on the H^'meniales of Connecticut :
by Edward Albert \Miite.

^4. The Clays and Clay Industries of Connecticut: by Gerald
Francis Loughlin.

^5. The Ustilagineae, or Smuts, of Connecticut: by George
Perkins Clinton.

/ 6. Manual of the Geology of Connecticut: by William North
Rice and Herbert Ernest Gregory.

y 7. Preliminars' Geological Map of Connecticut : by Herbert
Ernest Gregory and Henry Hollister Robinson.

/ 8. Bibliography of Connecticut Geolog}' : by Herbert Ernest
Gregory.

y 9. Second Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the
State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1905- 1906.

-^10. A Preliminary Report on the Algae of the Fresh Waters
of Connecticut: by Herbert William Conn and Lucia Washburn
(Hazen) Webster.

^ II. The Bryophytes of Connecticut: by Alexander William
Evans and George Elwood Nichols.

y 12. Third Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
Geological and Natural History Survey, 1907- 1908.
/ 13. The Lithology of Connecticut: by Joseph Barrell and
Gerald Francis Loughlin.

14- Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Con-
necticut growing without cultivation : by a Committee of the Con-
necticut Botanical Society.
J 15. Second Report on the Hymenialcs of Connecticut: by
Edward Albert White.

16. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut : prepared under the
direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part L General Introduc-
tion: by Wilton Everett Britton. Part II. The Euplexoptera
and Orthoptera of Comnecticut: by Benjamin Hovey Walden.
^ 17. Fourth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the
State Geological and Natural History Survey, 1909-1910.

18. Triassic Fishes of Connecticut: by Charles Rochester
Eastman.

V 19. Echinodcrms of Connecticut : by Wesley Roscoe Coe.

j^/ 20. The Birds of Connecticut : by John Hall Sage and Louis
Bennett Bishop, assisted by Walter Parks Bliss.

''^21. Fifth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
Geological and Natural History Survey, 1911-1912.

22. Guide to the Insects of Connecticut : prepared under the
direction of Wilton Everett Britton. Part III. The Hymen-
optera, or Wasp-like Insects, of Connecticut: by Henry Lorerjz
Viereck, with the collaboration of Alexander Dyer MacGillivray,
Charles Thomas Brues, William Morton Wheeler, and Sievert
Allen Rohwer. (In press.)

I 23. Central Connecticut in the Geologic Past : by Joseph
Barren.

♦/ 24. Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley : by Richard
Swann Lull.

25. Sixth Biennial Report of the Commissioners of the State
eological and Natural History Survey, 1913-1914.
Bulletins i, 9, 12, 17, 21, and 25 are merely administrative
reports containing no scientific matter. The other bulletins may
be classified as follows :

Geology: Bulletins 4, 6, 7, 8, 13, 18, 23, 24.
Botany: Bulletins 3, 5, 10, 11, 14, 15.
Zoology: Bulletins 2, 16, 19, 20, 22.

These bulletins are sold and otherwise distributed by the
State Librarian. Postage, when bulletins are sent by mail, is as
follows: No. I, $0.01 ; No. 3, .08; No. 4, .06; No. 5, .03; No. 6,
.12; No. 7, .06; No. 8, .05; No 9, .02; No. 10, .08; No. 11, .07;

No. 12, .02 ; Xo. 13, .08; No. 14, .16; No. 15, .06; No. 16, .07;
No. 17, .02; No. 18, .07; No. 19, .08; No. 20, .14; No. 21, .02; No.
23, .03 ; No. 24, .10; No. 25. .02. The prices when the bulletins are
sold are as follows (including postage) : No. i, $0.05; No. 3, .40;
No. 4, .30 ; No. 5, .15 ; No. 6, .50; No. 7. .60-^ : No. 8, .20; No. 9,
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20, .50; No. 21, .05; No. 23, .15; No. 24, .65; No. 25, .05.

Bulletins 1-5 are bound as Volume I. The price of this Volume
is $1.50. Bulletins 6-12 are bound as Volume II. The price is
$2.45. Bulletins 13-15 are bound as Volume III. The price is
$2.50. Bulletins 16-21 are bound as \'olume IV. The price is
$2.15.

It is intended to follow a liberal policy in gratuitously dis-
tributing these publications to public libraries, colleges, and
scientific institutions, and to scientific men, teachers, and others
who require particular bulletins for their work, especially to those
who are citizens of Connecticut.

Applications or inquiries should be addressed to

George S. Godard,

State Librarian,

Hartford, Cona.

• H map is mounted as a wall map, and sent by express, $1 .60,

CATALOGUE SLIPS.

Connecticut. State geological and natural history survey.

Bulletin no. 24. Triassic life of the Connecticut
valley. By E. S. Lull. Hartford, 1915.

285 pp., 3 maps, 12 pis., 126 figs., 23^"^.

La//, Richard Swann.

Triassic life of the Connecticut valley. By Richard
Swann Lull. Hartford, 1915.

285 pp., 3 maps, 12 pl.s., 126 figs., 23^'".

( iiulletin JKJ. 24, Connecticut geological and natural history survey. )

CATALOGUE SLIPS.

Geology.

Lull, E. S. Triassic life of the Connecticut valley.
Hartford, 1916.

285 pp., 3 maps, 12 pis., 126 figs., 23«™.

(Bulletin no. 24, Connecticut geological and natural history survey. )

Paleontology. \

Lull, R. S. Triassic life of the Connecticut valley.
Hartford, 1915.

285 i)p., P> maps, 12 pis., 12j5 figfl., 23°".

(Bulletin no. 24, Connecticut geological and natural history survey. )

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PUBLIC DOCUMENT No. 47

State Geological and Natural
History Survey

COMMISSIONERS
Marcus H. Holcomb, Governor of Connecticut {Chairman)
Arthur Twining Hadley, President of Yale University
William Arnold Shanklin. President of Wesleyan University
Flavel Sweeten Luther, President of Trinity College (Secretary)
Charles Lewis Beach, President of Connecticut Agricultural College

SUPERINTENDENT
William North Rice

Bulletin No. 24

H AKTFOKIJ

Piihlislicfl by the State
1915

Publication
Approved by
The Board of Control

THE CASE. LOCKWOOD ft BRAINARD CO.
HARTFORD, CONN.

TRIASSIC LIFE

OF THE

CONNECTICUT VALLEY

RICHARD SWANN LULL, Ph. D.
Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology in Yale University

HARTFORD

Printed for the State Geological and Natural History Survey

1915

f'??:rT--rrD By

lEOLOGY L!0RM«Y

FOREWORD

The following dissertation has been prepared in compliance
with a request from Professor William North Rice, and has
resulted in as exhaustive a study as possible, not only of the ter-
restrial vertebrates themselves, but of the environmental condi-
tions, both physical and organic, which governed their mode of
life. The field of research necessarily included the entire
environmental unit, the Connecticut valley, even though the work
was prepared under the auspices of the Connecticut Geological
and Natural History Survey; and only serves to emphasize the
necessity of similar correlated investigations of the other areas of
Newark deposition.

The selected list of works given in the bibliography were all
used in varying degree; but I wish especially to acknowledge my
indebtedness to the Hitchcocks, father and son, to Professors
Marsh of Yale, von Huene of Tiibingen, Emerson of Amherst,
Rice of Wesleyan, and to my colleagues. Professors Schuchert
and Barrell. Miss Clara LeVene, librarian of the Peabody
Museum, has painstakingly prepared the manuscript for the press,
while Mrs. Lull has aided very materially in the preparing of the
illustrations.

Acknowledgments for permission to reproduce illustrations
and for the loan of electrotypes are due to the American Museum
of Natural History, through Doctor W. D. Matthew, to the
Boston Society of Natural History, through Doctor Glover M.
Allen, and to the Peabody Museum of Yale University, through
Professor Charles Schuchert. From the American Museum of
Natural History were received Plates iii, ix ; from the Boston
Society of Natural History, Figures 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,
43, 4^), 48, 49' 50. 51. 53. 54, 55, 5^, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69,
70, 71, 73; and from the Peabody Museum of Yale University,
Plates i, vii, viii, xi, Figures 9, to, 15, 17, t8, 19, 20, 21, 24,
25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 126.

5

Table of Contents.

PAGE

Introduction 17

Historical Sketch 17

Part I. The Triassic Formation 19

The Connecticut Valley - . . 19

Extent of Triassic Trough 19

Age and Geological History 19

Theories regarding Deposition of Sediments ... 21

Theor>^ of Tidal Estuar>' 21*

Theory of Continental Deposition .... 26

The Physical Environment 29

Climatic Indications 29

Evidence of Sediments 29

Evidence of Physical Phenomena . . . . • 31

Evidence of Organic Life ...... 33

Vegetal Life 35

The Plant-bearing Shales ...... 38

Resume 39

Part II. The Triassic Life 45

The Flora 45

The Fauna . . . ' . 48

The Invertebrates 48

Actual Fossils 48

Invertebrate Trails 55

The Aquatic \'ertebrates 71

The Terrestrial \'ertebrates 75

General Description 75

Skeletal Remains 75

Footprints 80

Geographical Distribution 82

NLissachusetts 82

Connecticut 90

Stratigraphicai Distribution ..... 94
Correlation of Distribution in Connecticut Valley

and New Jersey Areas 94

Technical Descrijnion 97

The Skelet<jns ........ 97

Class Rcinilia 98

Order Parasucliia ....... 98

Subordor Aiitosauria 99

Sub<jrder Phyt(;sauria 109

7

8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

PAGE

Order Dinosauria 117

Suborder Theropoda 117

Superfamily Megalosauria .... 118

Superfamily Compsognatha .... 155

The Footprints 169

Class Reptilia 174

Order Parasuchia ....... 174

Suborder Aetosauria ^174

Order Dinosauria . ... . . . . 180

Suborder Theropoda 180

Suborder Orthopoda 207

Class ?Reptilia 226

Incertse Sedis 226

Forms habitually Bipedal ..... 226

Forms occasionally Quadrupedal . . . 243

Forms habitually Quadrupedal . . . . 246

Class Amphibia . . 252

Vertebrata of doubtful Class .... 261

Bibliography .... . . 265

Illustrations

Plates Facing- page

I. Slab showing passage of two dinosaurs after a shower. The

lesser is Argoides minimus (Cat. Xo. 2030, Yale col-
lection), and the greater, Steropoides diversus (Cat. Xo.
2090). Locality, near Turners Falls, ^lass. 35

II. Restoration of the aetosaur Stegomus longipes. One-half

natural size. Photograph of a model by R. S. Lull. 39

III. Skeleton of Rutiodon manhattanensis. From v. Huene,

after ^Matthew. 41

IV. Restoration of the carnivorous dinosaur Anchisaurns colurus.

Photograph of a model by R. S. Lull, of which the re-
verse side upon which the skeleton is exhibited is shown
in Plate X. 42

V. ResToration of the agile carnivorous dinosaur Podokesaurus

holyokensis. One-sixth natural size. Photograph of a
model by R. S. Lull. 43

VI. Restorations of the plant-feeding dinosaur Anomcepus scam-

bus, based upon the footprints and the primitive Hypsi-
lophodon from the English Wealden. One-fourth
natural size. Photograph of models by R. S. Lull. 44

VII. Impression of the dorsal armor of Stegomus arcuatus.

After Marsh, 99

VIII. Stegomus longipes. After Emerson and Loomis. 103

IX. Rutiodon manhattanensis v. Huene. Skeleton as preserved

in the original matrix. After v. Huene. About one-
tenth natural size. Cat. Xo. 4991, Am. Mus. Xat. Hist. 113

X. Restoration of Anchisaurus colurus. Photograph from a

model by R. S, Lull. One-twelfth natural size. The re-
verse side is shown in Plate IV. 144

XI. Podokesaurus holyokensis. After Talbot. 156
Xn. A and B. Otozoum moodii from Portland, Connecticut. A,

showing "flange "-like wave of mud displaced by the
animal's weight ; B, with a caudal trace as in " O. cauda-
tum." Original. Cat. Nos. 680 and 725, Wesleyan col-
lection. 223

Maps and Section

1. Geologic Section of the Triassic of Connecticut, 20

2. Map of the Connecticut valley, showing the known localities

for Triassic footprints and actual fossil bones. The
obliquely lined area indicates the older environing rocks;
the unshaded area that of the Triassic sandstones and

9

10

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Facing page

shales ; the black areas the outcroppings of the trap sheets.
The numbers within the circles are the fossil localities re-

ferred to in the text. Original.

81

3-

Enlarged map of the Turners Falls area.

81

4-

Enlarged map of the region around South Hadley.

81

Figures

Page

I.

Mormolucoides articulatus E. Hitchcock, on black shale from

Turners Falls, Mass. Twice natural size. Original.

52

2.

Bifurculapes laqueatus E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock.

Natural size.

58

3-

Lithographus hieroglyphicus E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock,

>Jatural size.

59

4.

Copeza triremis E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock. Natural

size.

60

5.

Harpepus capillaris E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock. Natural

size.

61

6.

Stratipes latus E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock. Natural size.

66

7.

Cochlea archimedea E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock. Two-

thirds natural size.

68

8.

Trisulcus laqueatus E. Hitchcock. After Hitchcock. Two-

thirds natural size.

69

9.

Restoration of Aetosaurus ferratus Fraas. After Marsh.

One-eighth natural size.

lOI

10.

Stegomus longipes Emerson and Loomis. After Emerson
and Loomis. A, side view of skull; B, dorsal view of

head and body.

104

II.

Skull of Stegomus longipes. Original. Natural size.

107

12.

Scapula of Rutiodon validus (Marsh). Cat. No. 2138, Yale
collection. One-half natural size. Original. M, impres-
sion of the bone in the matrix. The broken line is the

restored outline.

III

13.

Restoration of Rutiodon carolinensis. Redrawn from

McGregor. One-fifteenth natural size.

113

14.

Vertebrse of Anchisaurus polyzclus (E. Hitchcock, Jr.). After
Cope. Two-thirds natural size, a, anterior caudals ; h,

sacral ; c, posterior caudal ; d, dorso-lumbar.

122

15.

Right fore foot of Anchisaurus polyzelus. After Marsh.
One-half natural size, c, centrale ; R, radius; r, radiale;

•

U, ulna; / and V, digits one and five.

123

16.

Femur of Anchisaurus polyzelus. Modified from Cope, the
proportions being those suggested by v. Huene. Two-

thirds natural size.

124

17.

Ischia of Anchisaurus polyzelus (E. Hitchcock, Jr.) seen from
above. After Marsh. One-half natural size, a, distal
aspect; il, iliac facet; p, distal end; pb, pubic facet; s,

symphysis.

127

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

II

Page

18. Skull of Anchisaurus colurus Marsh. After Marsh. One-

half natural size. A, side view; B, dorsal view; C, poste-
rior view, a, nasal opening; b, antorbital fenestra; bp,
basipterygoid process; c, infratemporal fossa; d, supra-
temporal fossa; /, frontal; /, jugal; n, nasal; oc, occipi-
tal condyle; p, paroccipital process; pf, prefrontal; q,
quadrate. 132

19. Left fore limb of Anchisaurus colurus Marsh. After Marsh.

One-half natural size, c, coracoid; h, humerus; r, rad-
ius; s, scapula; u, ulna. 133

20. Left hind limb of Anchisaurus colurus Marsh. After Marsh.

One-half natural size, a, astragalus; c, calcaneum ; /,
femur; fibula; il, ilium; ischium; p, pubis; tibia;
I, hallux; V, vestige of digit five. 134

21. Restoration of Anchisaurus colurus Marsh. After Marsh.

One-twelfth natural size. 143

22. Anterior caudal vertebrae of Anchisaurus solus Marsh, viewed

from the right side. Natural size. Original. 145

23. Right ilium of Anchisaurus solus Marsh. Natural size.

Original. 147

24. Pelvis of Ammosaurus major Marsh, ventral aspect. After

Marsh. One-fourth natural size, i, 2, 3, sacral vertebras;

ac, acetabulum; is, ischial peduncle; pb, pubic peduncle. 151

25. Right hind foot of Ammosaurus major Marsh. After Marsh.

One-fourth natural size. I, hallux; V, digit five; a,
astragalus ; c, calceneum ; F, fibula ; T, tibia ; t2-4, *
tarsalia. 154

26. Podokesaurus holyokensis Talbot. After Talbot. A, astrag-

alus ( ?) ; AR, ventral ribs ; D, manus ; H, humerus ; II, II
(?), outcropping of right tibia; Is, ischium; LF, left
femur ; L Fib, left fil)ula ; L Met, left metatarsals ; LT,
left tibia; NS, neural spines; P, pubis; R, ribs; R' , proxi-
mal end of rib ; RF, right femur ; R Met, right metatar-
sals ; RT, right tibia ; S, coracoid and scapula ; T, fourth
trochanter; U, ungual; V, vertebrae. 157

27. Pelvic region of Podokesaurus holyokensis Talbot, viewed

from the right side. Natural size. Original. F, femur;
Is, ischium; mts, metatarsals; Pu, pubis; T, impression
of proximal end of tibia; T' , its distal end; V, presacral
vertebra. 159

28. Cross section of vertebra of Podokesaurus holyokensis Tall)ot.

After Talbot. C, centrum; A'', neural canal. 160

29. CaMdal vertebraR and skull bones (?) of Podokesaurus hol-

yokensis Talbot. After Talbot. A, B, C, possible .skull
bones; D, F. V, vertebrae; G, neural spine. 161

30. Restoration of Compsofinathus lon^ipes, of the Jurassic of

Bavaria. After Marsh. One-fourth natural size. 166

12

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Page

31. Restoration of Podokesaurus holyokensis. One-sixth natural

size. By R. S. Lull. The shaded areas are represented
in the fossil, the other portions being restored from
Cornpsognathiis. 167

32. Footprints of Batrachopus deweyi E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. From Cat. No. 2041, Yale collection. From

the ferry, Gill, Mass. Original. 176

33. Footprints of Batrachopus dispar Lull. One-half natural size.

After Lull. 176

34. Footprints of Batrachopus gracilis E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Lull. 177

35. Footprints of Batrachopus gracilior E. Hitchcock. After

Hitchcock. Natural size. 178

36. Footprints of Batrachopus hellus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Cat. No. 2078, Yale collection, from the Lily
Pond, Gill, Mass. Original. 178

37. Footprints of Cheirotheroides pilulatus E. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. Original. Cat. No. 34/31, Amherst
collection. 179

38. Footprint of Anchisauripus sillimani (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Lull. 181

39. Footprint of Anchisauripus hitchcocki Lull. One-half natural

size. After Lull. 182

40. Footprint of Anchisauripus tuberosus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Lull. 183

41. Footprint of Anchisauripus exsertus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Lull, 184

42. Footprint of Anchisauripus minusculus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Lull, 186

43. Footprint of Anchisauripus parallelus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Lull. 187

44. Footprint of Otouphepus magnificus Cushman. Natural size.

After Cushman. 189

45. Footprint of Otouphepus minor Lull. Natural size. Original.

Cat. No. 2059, Yale collection, from Gill, Mass. 190

46. Footprint of Gigandipus caudatus E. Hitchcock, One-fourth

natural size. After Lull. 192

47. Footprint of Hyphepus iieldi E, Hitchcock, Composite of two

impressions. One-half natural size. Original. Cat. No.
40/60, Amherst collection. Broken and dotted line show-
ing another position of the hallux claw, and the
straighter tail trace, are from No. 40/61. 194

48. Footprint of Eubrontes giganteus E. Hitchcock. One- fourth

natural size. After Lull. 195

49. Vooi-pr'mt oi Eiihrontes approximatus {C.M.Yi\\.chQOQ\^). One-

fourth natural size. After Lull. 197

50. Footprint of Eubrontes divaricatus (E. Hitchcock). One-

fourth natural size. After Lull. 198

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I3

Pasre

51. Footprint of Enbrontes platypus Lull. One-fourth natural

size. After Lull. 199

52. Footprint of Euhrontes tuheratiis (E. Hitchcock). One-

fourth natural size. After Lull. 199

53. Footprint of Grallator cursorius E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Lull. 200

54. Footprint of Grallator tenuis E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Lull. 201

55. Footprint of Grallator gracilis C. H. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Lull. 202

56. Footprint of Grallator cuneatus E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Lull. 203

57. Footprint of ? Grallator formosus E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Lull. 204

58. Footprint of Stenonyx lateralis (E. Hitchcock). Cat. No.

47/40, Amherst collection. Natural size. Original. 205

59. Footprints and tail trace of Selenichnus falcatus E. Hitchcock.

Cat. No, 42/6, Amherst collection. One-half natural size.
Original. 206

60. Footprints and tail trace of Selenichnus breviusculus E, Hitch-

cock. Cat. No, 2043, Yale collection, from the ferr>',
Gill, Mass. One-half natural size. Original. The tail
was raised and impressed a second time during the stride. 207

61. Footprints of Anomcepus scambus E. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. After Lull. impression of breast. 209

62. Footprint of Anomcepus intermedins E. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. After Lull. Animal walking, 210

63. Footprints of Anomocpus intermedins E. Hitchcock. Animal

seated. One-half natural size. After Lull. 211

64. Footprint of Anomcepus curvdtus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Lull. 212

65. Footprint of Anomcepus crassus (C. H, Hitchc9ck). One-half

natural size. After Lull. 213

66. Footprints of Anomcepus minimus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Lull. 214

67. Footprint of Anomcepus gracillimus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. Original. Cat, No. 2045, Yale collec-
tion, from the ferry, Gill, Mass. 214

68. Footprint of Anomcepus isodactylus C, H. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. After Lull. 216

69. Footprint of Sauropus barrattii E, Hitchcock. Animal walk-

ing. One-fourth natural size. After Lull. 217

70. Footprints of Sauropus barrattii E. Hitchcock. Animal seated.

One-fourth natural size. After Lull. 218

71. Restoration of Sauropus in seated posture, Onc-sixtccnth

natural size. After Lull. //, ilium ; Is, ischium ; Is. C,
ischial callosity; Pu, pubis, 219

14

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Pagre

72. Footprint of Apatichnus circumagens E. Hitchcock. Natural

size. After Lull. 220

73. Footprint of Apatichnus minor (E. Hitchcock). One-half

natural size. After Lull. 221

74. Handprint of Otozoum moodii E. Hitchcock. One-fourth

natural size. After Lull. The bone interpretation is
questionable. 223

75. Footprint of Otozoum moodii E, Hitchcock. One-fourth

natural size. Modified from Lull. 224

76. Footprint of Otozoum minus Lull. One-fourth natural size.

Original. • Cat. No. 2046, Yale collection, from Horse
Race at Montague, Mass. 225

77. Footprints of ? Chirotherium parvum (C. H. Hitchcock).

From an unpublished sketch by Hitchcock. One-fourth
jiatural size. 226

78. Footprint of Platypterna deanii E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. No. 32/23, Amherst collec-
tion. 227

79. Footprint of Platypterna concamerata (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Hitchcock. 228

80. Footprint of Platypterna digitigrada E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 228

81. Footprint of Platypterna tenuis E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 229

82. Footprint of Platypterna delicatula (E, Hitchcock). One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 229

83. Footprint of Platypterna recta (E. Hitchcock). One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 230

84. Footprint of Argoides minimus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 231

85. Footprint of Argoides macrodactylus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. Original. Cat. No. 2)7 Amherst
collection. , 231

86. Footprint of Plectropterna niinitans (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. Original. Cat. No. 34/35, Amherst
collection. 233

87. Footprint of Plectropterna angusta E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 234

88. Footprint of Plectropterna elegans C. H. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. No. 91, Mt. Holyoke col-
lection. 234

89. Footprint of Plectropterna lineans E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. No. 42/2, Amherst collec-
tion. 234

90. Footprint of Polemarchus polemarchius (E. Hitchcock). One-

fourth natural size. After Hitchcock, 235

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I5

Pagre

91. Footprints of Plesiornis pilulatus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 236

92. Footprint of SiUi))ianius tetradactyius E. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. Original. Cat. No. 32/44, Amherst
collection. 237

93. Footprint of Sillimanius gracilior E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 237

94. Footprint of Steropoides diversus (E. Hitchcock), One-half

.natural size. After Hitchcock. 238

95. Footprint of Steropoides ingens E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. Xo. 1410, Shepard collec-
tion, Amherst College. 239

96. Footprint of Steropoides infelix Hay. One-half natural size.

After Hitchcock. 240

97. Footprint of Steropoides' diz-aricatus (E. Hitchcock). One-

half natural size. After Hitchcock. 241

98. Footprint of Steropoides uncus (E. Hitchcock). One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 242

99. Footprint of Lagunculapes latus E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

Original. Cat. Xo. 33/29, Amherst collection. 242

100. Footprint of Xiphopeza triplex E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

Original. Cat. No. 23/13, Amherst collection. 243

101. Footprints of Tarsodactylus caudatus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. No. 33/35, Amherst collec-
tion. 244

102. Footprints of Harpedactylus tenuissimus E. Hitchcock. One-

half natural size. After Hitchcock. 245

103. Footprints of Harpedactylus gracilior E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 246

104. Footprints of Corvipes lacertoideus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 247

105. Footprints of Ancyropus heteroclitus E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 247

106. Footprints of Chelonoidcs incedens E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. manus ; p, pes. 248

107. Footprint of Amblypus dextratus E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Hitchcock. 249

108. Footprint of Eupalamopus dananus (E. Hitchcock). One-half

natural size. Original. Cat. No. 12/1, Amherst collec-
tion. 251

109. Footprints of Palamopus palmatus (E. Hitchcock). Natural

size. Original. Cat. Xo. 23/7, Amherst collection. 252
no. Footprints of Palamopus gractlipcs (E. Hitchcock). Natural

size. After Hitchcock. 253
III. Footprints of Palamopus rogcrsi (E. Hitchcock). Natural

size. After Hitchcock. 254

i6

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Page

112. Footprints of Exocampe arcta E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

Original. Cat. No. 35/24, Amherst collection. 254

113. Footprints of Exocampe ornata E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

After Hitchcock. 255

114. Footprints of Orthodactylus Horiferus E. Hitchcock. Natural

size. Original. Drawn from a specimen in the Amherst
collection. 256

115. Footprints of Orthodactylus introvergens E. Hitchcock. Nat-

ural size. After Hitchcock. 256

116. Footprints of Orthodactylus linearis E. Hitchcock. Natural

size. After Hitchcock. 257

117. Footprints of Antipus Hexiloquus E. Hitchcock. .Natural size.

After Hitchcock. 258

118. Footprints of Sustenodactylus curvatus (E. Hitchcock). Nat-

ural size. Original. Cat. No. 34/43, Amherst collection. 258

119. Footprints of Isocampe strata E. Hitchcock. One-half natural

size. After Hitchcock. 259

120. Footprints of Shepardia palmipes E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

Original. Cat. No. 1413, Shepard collection, Amherst
College. 260

121. Footprints of Comptichnus obesus E. Hitchcock. Natural size.

Original. Cat. Nos. 55/5 and 55/41, Amherst collection. 260

122. Footprints of Arachnichnus dehiscens E. Hitchcock. Natural

size. Original. Cat. Nos. 40/60 and 40/12, Amherst col-
lection. 261

123. Footprints of Tricenopus baileyi E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 262

124. Footprints of Toxichnus incuqualis E. Hitchcock. One-half

natural size. After Hitchcock. 263

125. Footprints of Ammopus marshi Lull. Natural size. Original.

Cat. No. 2040, Yale collection. 264

126. Footprints of Ammopus marshi Lull. One-twelfth natural

size. After Marsh. 264

INTRODUCTION

One of the most interesting chapters of the earth's past
history is that of the time when there were laid down the Triassic
strata of the famed Connecticut valley, interesting in the profu-
sion of its indicated life, and fascinating in the baffling obscurity
which shrouds most of its former denizens, the only records of
whose existence are footprints on the sands of time."

It is not surprising, therefore, that geologists should have
turned to the collecting and deciphering of such records with
zeal; nor is it to be marveled at that, after the exhaustive re-
searches of the late President Edward Hitchcock, workers should
have been attracted to other more productive fields, leaving the
footprints aside as relics of little moment compared with the
wonderful discoveries in the great unknown west.

HISTORICAL SKETCH

Except for small summary papers by Professor Charles H.
Hitchcock containing descriptions of some new species, and
occasional papers by other authors, nothing was done from the
time of the publication of Edward Hitchcock's notable " Ichnol-
ogy of New England " in 1858, and the Supplement to it in 1865,
until 1904, when a new study of the tracks in the light of recent
paleontology was published by the present author.^

Skeletal remains which were brought to light from time to
time were described mainly by Professor Marsh in the American
Journal of Science, and by E. Hitchcock, Jr. (1865), and Cope
(1869) ; and later summarized by Marsh in " Dinosaurs of North
America" (1896 B).

A final, more exhaustive study of the skeletal remains was
made by Professor Fricdrich von Iluene in his " Dinosaurier der
aussereuropaeischen Trias." No serious attempt, however, has
ever been made to reconstruct the physical conditions of the Trias
and to repeople the Connecticut lands of that time with their
living, breathing, strenuous inhabitants.

•Lull 1904 A.

2 17

i8

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

The purpose of this essay, therefore, is to restore the •environ-
ment, both physiographic and dimatic, to clothe it with its proper
vegetation and to discuss as fully as may be the animal life of
that distant day.

One of the most remarkable features of the fossil remains
of the Connecticut valley is the dearth of actual bones and the
marvelous abundance of footprints — conditions exactly the
reverse of those found in other fossil fields, for, outside the
Triassic of New England and New Jersey, footprints are rarely
met with, whereas bones in some localities are nearly as numerous
as in the Valley of Dry Bones, the vision of which was vouch-
safed to Ezekiel. Somewhat similar conditions to those in the
Connecticut valley seem to prevail in the Southwest and else-
where, but in no other known locality is the profusion of foot-
prints so great. In spite of this, the discovery of bones in 1818
preceded a scientific appreciation of the tracks by nearly a score
of years, though doubtless the latter were often seen by observers
like Pliny Moody in 1802, who failed to realize their great signifi-
cance. The reference of one to the footprint of Noah's raven "
is probably only one of many similar interpretations in the folk-
lore of the Connecticut valley.

The profusion of species of animals represented by the tracks,
which of course include the creatures the skeletons of which are
known, is, so far as my present knowledge goes, as great if not
greater than that of any other known vertebrate fauna of pre-
historic times, and emphasizes once more the usual incompleteness
of our geological record and the countless multitude of creatures
which peopled our globe in the more remote ages.

PART I. THE TRIASSIC FORMATION

The Connecticut Valley

The rocks of the Newark system, which include the fossils
under consideration, occupy a number of areas along the eastern
coast of North America, of which the best-known are that of the
far-famed Connecticut valley, and the adjacent one stretching
from New York, through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Mary-
land into Virginia.

EXTENT OF TRIASSIC TROUGH
The Connecticut valley area, extending as it does across the
states of Massachusetts and Connecticut, follows in general the
depression now occupied by the Connecticut river, except in its
lower course where the river forsakes the ancient valley at
Middletown, and cuts its way through the Eastern Highland,
reaching Long Island sound far to the eastward. The length of
the Triassic trough is about iio miles, from the village of North-
field, Massachusetts, on the north, to New Haven bay on the
south. Its width varies, but averages some i8 miles, the total
area being not far from 2000 square miles.

This Triassic depression is bounded on either hand by eleva-
tions of more ancient crystalline rock none of which is younger
than the Paleozoic, and the weathering of which constituted the
source of the Triassic sediments.

AGE AND GEOLOGICAL HISTORY
Eastman (1913, p. 23) tells us that the best authorities have
placed the Triassic rocks of eastern North America in the upper-
most division of the Triassic system, that which in European
geology is called the Kcuper. This opinion has rested hitherto
almost exclusively upon the evidence of paleobotany. He says:
"Lester F. Ward, writing in 1891, expressed the view that
the flora of the New York-Virginia area fixes the horizon of the
so-called * Newark formation ' with almost absolute certainty

19

20 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

at the summit of the Triassic system, and narrows the discussion
down chiefly to the verbal question whether it shall be called
Rhaetic or Keuper. .... The beds that seem to be most
nearly identical, so far as the plants are concerned, are those of
Lunz, in Austria, and of Neue Welt, in Switzerland. These
have been placed by the best European geologists in the Upper
Keuper. Our American Trias can scarcely be lower than this,
and it probably cannot be higher than the Rhaetic beds of
Bavaria."

After a very careful comparison of the Newark fishes with
those of several European faunas, Eastman holds that the fishes
seem to indicate a somewhat earlier date. He says (p. 32) :
" This tends, therefore, to confirm the conclusion already put
forward that the Triassic fish fauna of eastern North America is
of a more or less manifold nature, and corresponds in a general
way to the interval between the Upper Muschelkalk and the basal
division of the Keuper in the Mediterranean region."

So far as the terrestrial vertebrates are concerned the evidence
is at present less conclusive. Rutiodon spp. and Stegomus
arcuatus from the lower series of coarse granitic sandstones
below the anterior trap sheet are most nearly allied to Mystri-
osuchus and Aetosaurus respectively, from the Stubensandstein
(Middle Keuper) of Wiirttemberg; while the first recorded dino-
saur footprint is from the anterior shales in the Connecticut
valley in America, and, if I am not mistaken, from the Triassic
conglomerate of South Wales, Upper Keuper in age, in Europe
(Sollas 1879). The very extensive footprint fauna from Store-
ton near Liverpool (Beasley 1906), which is of Lower Keuper
time, contains quadrupeds exclusively, all of which are very
unlike the recognized tracks of dinosaurs.

In the Connecticut valley the upper series of sandstones and
shales contain the footprints in great profusion, and in fewer in-
stances the bones of dinosaurs and other forms of the newer
Newark fauna, all of which are apparently not earlier than the
Upper Keuper. The coming of the dinosaurs from the Old
World, the time of which may possibly be definitely fixed, is an
event of such moment that it may well usher in the beginning of
a new period of geologic time, and thus the Newark system as a
whole may bridge the time between the Triassic and the Jurassic,

GEOLOGIC SECTION
OF THE TRIASSIC OF CONNECTICUT

Character of sediment

Thickness

Characteristic fossils

Upper series of
sandstones and
shales with local
conglomerates

3,500 ft.+

The great majority of known footprints
of all varieties, vertebrate and in-
vertebrate; also . Mormolucoides
articulatus.

Anchisaurus spp. , Amniosaurus, and
Podokesaurus, among dinosaurian
skeletons.

Stegomus longipes, skeleton.

Posterior trap sheet

lOOtO 150ft.

Posterior shales

1,200 ft.

Dinosaur tracks. First presumably
plant-feeding dinosaur footprints
known. Mt. Tom East, Middiefield,
etc. Plants and fishes in black
shales.

Main trap sheet

400to500ft.

Anterior shales

300 to
1,000 ft.

First known dinosaurian footprints.
Carnivores. Mt. Tom West and
Mt. Holyoke; Higby. Plants and
fishes in black shales.

Anterior trap sheet

250 ft.i

Lower series of coarse
granitic sandstones,
shales, and con-
glomerates, with
intrusive sheets and
dikes of trap

5,000 ft.
to

6,500 ft.

Ruiiodon {Belodon) validus. Sims-
bury.

Riitiodoti manhattaneftsis. Ft. Lee,
N. J.

Stegofnus arcuatus. New Haven.

Gneisses, schists, and

granites
Pre-Mesozoic

1 Near the northern boundary of Connecticut, the anterior trap sheet thins out and
disappears.

No. 24.

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

21

in the sense that the American Morrison in the west and the
Potomac in the east seem to be transitional between the Jurassic
and the Lower Cretaceous^.

THEORIES REGARDING DEPOSITION OF SEDIMENTS
In a region of the classic interest which envelops the Connecti-
cut valley, embracing as it does some of our most venerable seats
of learning, and cradling some of America's greatest geologists,
it is not surprising that discussion as to the origin of the Newark
deposits should have been animated. The theories of the method
of deposition var}^ all the way from submarine through estuarine
to continental, and involve a considerable range of climatic
conditions as well.

Theory of Tidal Estuary

Sir Charles Lyell, who traveled extensively in North
America in the years 184 1-2, was intensely interested in the fossil
footprints and attendant phenomena which he observed in com-
pany with Professor Edward Hitchcock in the latter's cabinet at
Amherst, but especially in the classic locality at Smiths Feri*y
near Northampton, where there may still be seen rock in situ
bearing the huge imprints of Euhrontes giganteus, but where in
Lyell's day many other tracks were extant. Lyell says : —

" The rock consists of thin-bedded sandstone alternating with
red-coloured shale, some of the flags being distinctly ripple-
marked. The dip of the layers, on which the Ornithichnites are
imprinted in great abundance, varies from eleven to fifteen
degrees. It is evident that in this place many superimposed beds
must have been successively trodden upon, as different sets of
footsteps are traceable through a thickness of sandstone exceed-
ing ten feet. My companion also pointed out to me that some
of the beds, exposed several yards down the river, and containing
Ornithichnites, would, if prolonged, pass under those of the

^ Dr. R. Broom. th(! well known paleontolotrist of South Africa, in an address delivered'
b<(ore the Geological Club at Yale University in fnnuary, 1914, stated quite positively his
conviction that the South .African dinosaur Xtassospondylus was a very near equivalent of
Anchisaurus. exprfssinff the opinion that were they found in the same continent the several
species would bear the same ireneric name. This conclusif)n was reached after a careful
examination of the Anchisaurus types preserved in the Yale Mus< um. XIassospondylus
Broom refers to Lower Jurassic ajrc. and he therefore stated his bi li( f that Anchisaurus
was also Jurassic. If this be true, it is i strikintr confirmation of the above conjecture,
which was written several years before.

22 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

principal locality, and make the entire thickness throughout which
the impressions prevail at intervals, perhaps, twenty or thirty feet.
We cannot, therefore, explain these phenomena simply by sup-
posing a large sheet of mud to have been spread out by the tidal
waters, as may be observed on the broad flats bordering the Bay
of Fundy. These last, it is true, .... exhibit the recent
footprints of birds, in many successive layers, for a depth of two
or three inches ; but I cannot conceive of such markings to extend
through a thickness of twenty-five feet without supposing a sub-
sidence of the ground to have taken place from time to time
during the deposition of the layers on which the birds walked "
(1845, vol. I, p. 200).

Later, in volume II, p. 139, in describing the shores of the
Bay of Fundy, Lyell says : —

" The waters of the Bay of Fundy become charged with this
red sediment by undermining cliffs of red sandstone and soft red
marl ; and in places where they overflow the alluvial plains, they
throw down red mud wherever the velocity of the current is
suspended at the return of the tide. Many extensive and level
flats of rich land have thus been formed naturally, and many
thousand acres of the same have been excluded artificially from
the sea by embankments. When I arrived in this region, it was
the period of the lowest or neap [spring] tides, so that large areas,
where the mud had been deposited, were laid dry, and in some
spots had been baking in the hot sun for ten days. The upper
part of the mud had thus become hard for a depth of several
inches, and in its consolidated form exactly resembled, both in
colour and appearance, some of the red marls of the New Red
sandstone formation of Europe. The upper surface was usually
smooth, but in some places was pitted over with small cavities,
which I was told were due to a shower of rain which fell eight or
ten days before, when the deposit was still soft. It perfectly re-
called to my mind those ' fossil showers ' of which the markings
are preserved in some ancient rocks, and the origin of which was
first correctly explained to an incredulous public by Dr. Buckland
in 1838. I have already alluded to such impressions of rain-
drops in speaking of the ripplemarked flags of the New Red sand-
stone at Newark in New Jersey."

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

23

" On the surface of the dried beds of red mud at Wolfville
on the Bay of Fundy before mentioned, I observed many worm-
Hke tracks, made by AnneHdes which burrow in the mud; and,
what was still more interesting to me, the distinct footmarks of
birds in regular sequence, faithfully representing in their general
appearance the smaller class of Ornithichnites of high antiquity
in the valley of the Connecticut before described."

Lyell goes on to say that he secured some of the pieces of the
dried and sun-cracked red mud which he presented to the British
Museum in London. Other specimens showing both the shower
prints and, on another slab, the foot-marks of the sandpiper
(Tringa miniita), he presented to Mr. W. C. Redfield, by whom
they were bequeathed to the Yale University Museum where they
are now exhibited with the fossils from the Connecticut valley.

These observations of Lyell were in the main responsible, if
I mistake not, for the estuarine theory of the origin of the
Newark deposits, a theory which held sway for half a century.

A summar)^ of the estuarine theory was given by Kummel
(1898, pp. 147-148) as follows: —

The Newark beds were deposited in shallow estuaries whose
shores were laid bare for considerable distances by the retreating-
tide, and in which var>nng currents deposited coarse and fine
materials. Shallow-water conditions prevailed during the entire
period of deposition. Since the beds are many thousand feet
thick, subsidence of the estuary bottom took place simultaneously
with the sedimentation. The material was derived from the
adjoining land areas on the northwest and southeast [in New
Jersey]. The comparative absence of crystalline pebbles and the
great abundance of crystalline residuary material indicate that at
the beginning of Newark time the rocks were very deeply disin-
tegrated. The thickness of this mantle is best explained by sup-
posing that the adjoining land was at or near base-level. The
presence of pebbles several inches in diameter in the Newark
beds indicates that during the period of deposition the streams
had a velocity not consistent with streams on a peneplain. It is
believed, therefore, that an elevation of the neighboring land
areas marked the beginning of the Newark time. The subsidence
of the estuary bottom was probably complementary to the eleva-
tion of the adjoining areas.

24 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

" Along the northwestern shore of the estuary the waves beat
upon diffs of limestone and quartzite more than of gneiss or
granite, and so formed chiefly quartzite and limestone conglom-
erates. But the rivers drained large areas of crystalline rocks.
No evidence of glacial action was found in connection with the
massive conglomerate beds, which are undoubtedly the work of
the waves and ocean currents. They do not belong to any single
horizon, but are shoreward correlatives of the various shales
of the middle of the estuary.

" The deposition of the sedimentary beds was interrupted by
at least three great lava flows, separated by long intervals of
quiet, during which sedimentation continued as before. The lava
flows occurred much nearer the close than the beginning of
Newark time as represented by the New Jersey beds. At some
period, probably after the surface lava flows, great sheets of
molten rock were intruded into the shales, but did not reach the
surface within the area under discussion.

" The period of sedimentation was brought to a close by the
elevation of the beds above sea-level. This was accompanied by
tilting and gentle folding. The faulting is believed to have
occurred at the same time. The nature of this force is not well
understood. The view which connects the tilting and faulting
with widespread movements in the underlying rocks, by virtue
of which the old surface was deformed so that the Newark sedi-
ments settled down upon it as best they could, seems best to
accord with all the facts.

Since their elevation they have been greatly eroded. The
constructional surface consequent upon folding and faulting has
entirely disappeared. The region has been base-leveled once,
elevated, nearly base-leveled again on the belts of softer rock, and
again elevated. Leaving out of account the comparatively slight
modifications due chiefly to the Glacial period, the present topog-
raphy is the result of erosion. Thousands of feet have been
denuded from the present surface. The hills and ridges owe
their height solely to the fact that their rocks have better resisted
the agents of denudation than have the rocks in the valleys."

Emerson in the Holyoke Folio (1898 B, p. 3), in applying the
estuarine theory more specifically to the Connecticut valley,
speaks as follows : —

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CO^'NECTICUT VALLEY.

25

" The events of the Paleozoic age, constituting a prolonged
history of geographic changes, had come to a close, and a land
not greatly unlike the present in general configuration had been
established, when a new sedimentary' record was begun in a bay
occupying the position of the Connecticut Valley in Connecticut
and Massachusetts. The shores of the bay w^ere the west scarp
of the Worcester County plateau on the east and the east scarp
of the Green Mountain plateau on the west, and extended from
near Brattleboro, Vermont, to New Haven, Connecticut. The
sea waters rose to a considerable height above the present level
of the bordering plateaus, and spread sediments brought in from
these elevated regions on either side of the bay. The shoreward
sediments on the east are represented by the Mount Toby con-
glomerates, and the Sugarloaf arkose is the synchronous deposit
formed along the western shore. The Longmeadow sandstone
was deposited in the shallower and quieter off-shore area, and in
the central zone of the latter area, where the basin was widest,
the still finer Chicopee shale was laid down. All these deposits
are partly contemporaneous sediments, differing as the strength
of the current and the character of the shore rocks affected them.
Strong tides, like those of the Bay of Fundy, seem to have swept
up the west side of the bay, carrying the material of the granitic
shore rocks far north, to rest against a shore made of the dark
schists, and the return currents ran along the east shore, carrying
the eastern shorewash south, while quieter waters and shifting
currents spread the sediments in the central area.

" The accumulation of sediments was interrupted by an
eruption of lava through a fissure in the earth's crust, which
opened along the bottom of the basin. The lava flowed east and
west on the bottom of the bay, as tar oozes and spreads from a
crack, and solidified in a sheet which may have been 2 or 3 miles
wide and about 400 feet thick in its central part. This is the
main sheet, or Holyoke diabase. The sheet was soon covered
with sand layers, but its thickness was such that it had shallowed
the waters to near tide level, and thus occasioned extensive mud
flats. This was an area suitable for the formation and preserva-
tion of unique records of the life of the time. The curiously
shaped and often huge reptiles of that age wandered over tlic mud
exposed at low tide, and their footprints, being covered by the

26 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

deposit of the next flood tide, constitute the so-called ' bird-
tracks ' which have been found in such great numbers and
perfection.

" The sands had reached a considerable thickness over the
first trap bed when a second outflow of the trap followed, repre-
sented by the posterior bed, or Hampden diabase. Immediately
after the outflow of this sheet an explosive eruption took place,
and blocks of diabase and pulverized lava were spread by the
waters over a broad area, forming the Granby tuff bed. A third
period of volcanic activity followed, during which a line of small
volcanoes broke out along the old fissure beneath the bay. The
area was next the scene of dislocations or faults, by which the
mass of sedimentary and volcanic rocks was divided into great
blocks, often extending north and south. The blocks slipped
one past another along nearly vertical planes. In these disloca-
tions the strata were generally tilted eastward In

these movements, associated perhaps with general uplift of the
area, the bay became land and the rocks were exposed to erosion."

Theory of Continental Deposition

A view of the deposition of the Newark rocks more in keeping
with the organic phenomena is that set forth by Davis in 1898
(pp. 32-34) as follows: —

The pre-Triassic peneplain might have been warped so as to
alter the action of the quiescent old rivers that had before flowed
across it, yet not to drown or to pond them. Such a change
would set the streams to eroding in their steepened courses, and
to depositing where their load increased above their ability of
transportation. As with marine or lacustrine deposits, the thick-
ness of the strata thus produced would depend on the duration of
the opportunity for their deposition. A progressive warping,
always raising the eroded districts and depressing the area of de-
position, would in any of these cases afford the condition for
accumulating strata of great total thickness. The heavy accumu-
lations of river-borne waste on the broad plains of California, of
the Po, or of the Indo-Gangetic depression, all agree in testifying
that rivers may form extensive stratified deposits, and that the
deposits may be fine as well as coarse. They are characteristically
cross bedded and variable, and they may frequently contain rain-
pitted or sun-cracked layers

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

27

" In contrast to marine deposits, Penck has suggested the
name ' continental ' for deposits formed on land areas, whether
in lakes, by rivers, by winds, under the creeping action of waste
slopes, or under all these conditions combined. This term seems
more applicable than any other to the Triassic deposits of Con-
necticut. It withdraws them from necessary association with a
marine origin, for which there is no sufficient evidence, and at
the same time it avoids what is to-day an impossible task — that
of assigning a particular origin to one or another member of the
formation. A continental origin of the formation would accord
with Dana's conclusion that the Triassic beds ' are either fresh-
water or brackish-water deposits.' There may possibly be in-
cluded an occasional marine deposit along the axis of the de-
pressed trough, for at one time or another a faster movement of
depression than usual may have outstripped deposition and thus
caused submergence ; but, in the absence of marine fossils, the
burden of proof must lie on those who directly maintain the
occurrence of marine deposits.

It requires a conscious effort to picture the geographical
conditions that must have long prevailed within and around the
depressed area in which the strata were accumulated. The bed-
ding planes of the strata, revealed only in scanty exposures in
which the Triassic strata are generally worn across their edges,
must in imagination be transformed into broad floors of washed
sands and pebbles, derived from a land area on the west or east,
and gradually drifted from the margin toward the middle of the
trough, where they accumulated. For every grain remaining in
a sandstone bed, thousands of grains must have gone past it,
slowly moved by transporting agencies, slowly worn finer and
finer. Every layer seen to-day is more a witness of transporta-
tion than of deposition. The sands were not washed directly
to their place of settlement and there at once deposited ; they
were gradually moved along the water floor. The finest silts
may have been actually carried in muddy lacustrine or estuarine
waters, but they must have been many times laid down and taken
up before finding a final resting place. The coarse beds are
to-day generally found near the margin of the formation, on the
east or west ; but sometimes pebbles or cobbles up to 6 or 8 inches
in diameter are found near the medial axis of the lowland, as

28 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

north of Meriden. Such strata may be taken to indicate a more
than ordinary activity of transporting forces in the middle of the
depressed area, probably during a time of less rapid depression
of the region than usual, and an encroachment of the coarser
marginal deposits on the flatter surface of the finer sediments
along the middle of the trough. Ofi the other hand, fine-textured
and evenly laminated shales sometimes occur close to the border
of the lowland, as in the curves of Pond and Totoket mountains,
north of Branford; and these must be taken to indicate periods
when the tranquil middle waters reached over a broader area,
probably because of an increase in the depth and breadth of sub-
mergence, and possibly because of a less active supply of sedi-
ments from the adjoining lands.

" Every pebble, every grain of sand, every particle of silt, is
best understood as having been made in the manner of to-day —
detached by weathering from the adjoining land surface and
moved downhill in the creeping soil cap, carried down valleys by
the wash of streams, or drifted from deltas into shallow lakes.
There may have been storms and floods then as now, but there is
no suflicient reason for supposing that Triassic time was signifi-
cantly more unquiet than is the present. As the hills of New
England are weathering and wasting before our eyes, as the
streams are flowing down their valleys, so can we best picture
them on the ancient New England of Triassic time. Only in this
deliberate manner must the accumulation of one stratum on
another be imagined. Even the coarse bowlders of the marginal
conglomerates, such as occur inside of the Pond and Totoket
crescents, must have long rolled along the water courses from
their source, and must have witnessed the passage of a great vol-
ume of finer materials over their heads before they were finally
buried.

" Cross bedding and ripple marks are among the commonest
of the detailed structures in the Triassic strata. Hence we are
assured the sediments did not advance by a steady and rapid
movement from margin to center, but by an intermittent migra-
tion, settling down for a time and perhaps buried to the depth of
a foot or more, only to be uncovered and drifted along again in
the general line of progress. Deposition, on the whole, prevailed ;
but at any one point the deposited material can have been only a

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

29

small residue of the transported material. Ages and ages must
have passed, every day of which had its deliberate dawn and
close, every year of w^hich must have shown only such minute
changes as are now to be witnessed in the wearing down of up-
lands and in the filling of lowlands ; yet in the end the Triassic
strata grew to be two miles thick."

In general, geologists now regard the theory of continental
origin as definitely proven.

The Physical Environment

The weight of evidence seems to show that the physical
environment within which the animals of the Triassic lived, was
connected with the several broad depressions along what is now
the northern Atlantic coast. It is, nevertheless, inconceivable
that creatures of such ample locomotive powers as the majority
of the Connecticut valley remains w^ould imply were limited to
the actual troughs, but they must have roamed far and wide
across the uplands as well, though naturally records of their
wanderings would only be made where sedimentation was in
progress.

CLIMATIC INDICATIONS
The climatic conditions of Triassic time may be judged by
three criteria: the character of the sediment itself, the physical
phenomena impressed upon the strata, and the evidence of the
organic life.

Evidence of Sediments

No one has studied the relations between climate and terres-
trial deposits to a gi^ater extent than Barrell, from whom I may
quote as follows (1908. pp. 182, 259) : —

** It is concluded, therefore, that an examination of the
character of the matrix or associated fine beds is of importance
in determining the climatic conditions attending the origin of a
terrestrial conglomerate or sandstone. This conclusion may be
illustrated by contrasting the red sandstones and shales, occasion-
ally conglomeratic, of the Connecticut Valley, with the predomi-
nantly gray conglomerates and black shales of the Carboniferous
basin of Rhode Island ; the two regions being separated by less
than fifty miles, and both containing sediments of rather local

30 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

origin. There are strong evidences in each case indicating sub-
aerial origin, much of v^hich however is not published. The
dominant red color of the whole of the Triassic formation, con-
sidered in connection with its feldspathic sandstones indicative
of the kind of erosion, mud-cracked shales, disseminated gypsum
and calcite, indicative of conditions of sedimentation, point on the
one hand to a subarid climate, while the carbonaceous and leached
shales of the Rhode Island coal measures indicate a climate
markedly pluvial and cool. ....

" Turning to the past, .... we may point out that the
coarse, coal-measure conglomerates of the Narragansett Basin,
and the less coarse, but still conspicuous, Triassic conglomerates
of the Connecticut Valley, both give evidence of rather local

derivation and of continental deposition The local

origin and coarse texture indicate deposition upon slopes of at
least from five to ten feet per mile and possibly much greater,
sufficient, under the usual climatic conditions, for good drainage.
The Triassic conglomerates of the Connecticut Valley show a
large amount of fragmentary fresh feldspar, iron completely
oxidized, and no trace of carbon, either in the matrix or associ-
ated red shales, the fish fossils being found in the rare black shale
bands. The conglomerates of the Narragansett Basin, on the
other hand, with the exception of the Wamsutta beds, show a
bleached matrix containing more or less carbon, and are associ-
ated with a great volume of highly carbonaceous shales.

" From these facts alone, therefore, it would be judged that
the Carboniferous conglomerates, granting their subaerial origin,
were accumulated during a period of cool and more or less
continuously rainy climate.

" The Triassic conglomerates, on the other hand, are associ-
ated with many features of climatic significance . . . which
independently indicate a semiarid climate with hot summers and
possibly cold winters. The characteristics, therefore, of these
conglomerates, originating from the same geologic province, but
in climatically dissimilar geologic times, are such as to emphasize
the importance of the present conclusions regarding climatic
influences upon the deposits of piedmont slopes."

Fenner (1908, p. 305) in describing the shales of the New
Jersey Newark area summarized the physical phenomena thus :

Xo. 24.] TBIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

31

" These are well described by the term 'ferruginous silici-
lutytes ' of Professor Grabau's classification ; that is, they are
finely-comminuted siliceous material, strongly impregnated with
oxide of iron. Their laminations may be paper-like in thinness
but are generally coarser. On exposure to the weather they break
up into a multitude of crumbly fragments. Mica scales are
very plentiful. The surfaces of the lamina frequently show a
multitude of irregular markings — grooves, pits, curved lines,
lumps, smooth patches of irregular shape, etc., not all of which
can be deciphered with any certainty. ^lany, however, can be
identified. ]Mud-cracks, rain-pits, and worm-grooves are fre-
quent. Rill-marks are sometimes found. At times films of im-
palpable sediment are found in the depressions in the lumpy
surfaces of certain sandstone layers, which, in their delicate
markings, suggest irresistibly the frothy scum left in hollows
after a rain."

EviDEXCE OF Physical Phexomexa

One ver}' characteristic physical phenomenon impressed upon
the sandstones and shales of the Connecticut valley is that of
mud-cracking as the fresh deposits dried under the ardent heat of
the Triassic sun. These cracks are often found associated with
the fossil footprints, and in many instances, notably from the
Portland, Connecticut, sandstone quarries, they lie in the axes of
the digital impressions, often radiating from the tips of the toes,
thus showing conclusively that the drying was subsequent to the
passage of the animal, the cracks following the already weakened
lines of the least resistance. In speaking of these cracks as
further evidence of cHmate Barrell says (p. 273) : —

*' The alluvial soils of semiarid flood plains are particularly
liable to become deeply mud-cracked during the seasons of
drought, but this cracking may or may not be preserved in the
sedimentary record. Over the regions of alternating sands and
clays where the clay is not calcareous the conditions are most
favorable for the formation and preserval of mud-cracks. The
importance of mud-cracking in further drying out the soil and
tearing the roots of plants has recently been pointed out by
Hilgard. The climatic point where mud-cracking becomes
broadly efl^ective upon the clays of a flood plain is therefore

32 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

rather a critical one tending to separate the floral characteristics
of well-watered from subarid climates."

Yet another very characteristic Connecticut valley phenomenon
is that to which the elder Hitchcock gave the poetic name of
" Nature's Hieroglyphics " (1858, pp. 169-170; pi. LVI, figs. 1-3).
As he says, the most remarkable locality is at the Portland quar-
ries, " where sometimes the surface looks like mosaic, or rather
like a pavement of polygonal masses, with mortar between the
pieces." Barrell describes this as " mud-cracks filled with aeolian
sands." He says (p. 279) : —

" Silt and sand will be blown over and fill up the cracks devel-
oped by the drying of argillaceous water-laid deposits. Conse-
quently, the sand is filled in under the raised rims of the polygonal
discs and becomes continuous with the mantle of sand above. In
this way, the concavity upward of the individual plates is pre-
served, and the mud-cracks are not obliterated, even in a silty
clay which would slack and crumble immediately upon being
re-wet by the advancing waters of the following inundation.
Experiments by the. writer [Barrell] go to show that the upturned
edges of the clay plates would not usually hold their form while
the broad sweep of sand-laden waters should deposit clean sand
both under the edges and over the plates. The concavity of the
plates thus testifies to seolian burial, and such may be distin-
guished from mud-cracked flats buried by fluvial action."

This same phenomenon has been witnessed by Rogers in
Griqualand West, South Africa, by Bowman in Iquique, Chile,
and by Huntington in the great basin of Lop, in western China ;
so it is seen that this method of the preservation of mud-
cracks is not only widely prevalent upon the flood plains of arid
regions at the present time but has been also observed as widely
developed in certain ancient formations.

Other phenomena indicative of climatic conditions are the
presence of impressions of frequent hard showers such as are
often observed in semi-arid regions. Except for their apparently
recent origin, pieces of sun-cracked mud deeply pitted with rain-
drop impressions secured by Professor Marsh on the Laramie
plains in 1868 might well be of Triassic origin. The surface of
the Laramie mud bears the bright, almost porcelain-like lustre

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

33

seen in pebbles and other fragments which have been subjected
to the scouring effect of desert winds.

Other phenomena, namely, the impressions found in Portland
and attributed to a fucoid to which was given the name of Den-
drophycus triassicus by Newberry (1888, p. 82), have been seen
in actual formation upon the clay banks of the streams, and are
nothing more or less than wonderfully wrought-out series of
branching rill marks made by tiny streams of trickling water.

Evidence of Organic Life
The animals of the Connecticut Trias, which will be discussed
more fully in a later chapter, in so far as they throw light upon
past climatic conditions, include the remains of at least two
species of shells, both belonging to the fresh-water Unionidae,
which precludes the possibility of saline waters, at least in the
neighborhood of Wilbraham, Massachusetts, a locality which,
unfortunately for the estuarine theory of origin, is far to the
south of places in which the sedimentation would seem to demand
the strongest tides. On the other hand, the presence of the shells
implies more or less permanent waters, either in slow moving or
impounded condition. The one insect reported from the valley is
found in great abundance at Turners Falls, Massachusetts, and
has been described as the aquatic larva of a neuropterous insect,
hence again implying the presence of waters of some duration.
If the period of larval life was equivalent to that of the ephem-
erids of to-day, the water must have continued not one season
alone but three. This may, however, have been an annual insect
the larval life of which would require but a transitory stream.

The invertebrate trails show no characters which would debar
them from such a climatic environment as Barrell has assumed
for the Connecticut Trias. Fishes are without exception ganoids ;
and, while confined stratigraphically to two or three black shale
bands, their geographical range is from Turners Falls to New
Haven. They may be, however, all of fresh-water affinities,^
and may well represent the recurrence of periodical climatic
cycles of greater than the average humidity and consequent expan-

' Eastman 191 1 . p. 21 . says: '" While there is nothiriK in the rharactcr of the fossil
Bshcs which would provir conclusively w!i< ther the deposits were formed in salt or hrackiih
or fresh water, the physical character of the deposits and the fossils otlu r thrm f:8lK'8 found
io them make it substantially certain that the deposits arc not marine.
3

34 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

sion of the aquatic habitat, or a disturbance of the drainage,
cHmatic conditions remaining constant. The origin of these
black shale bands will be discussed in detail below (see p. 38).

Over the terrestrial vertebrates, aside from a few of the forms
unquestionably dinosaurian, so deep a shadow of obscurity rests
that safe conclusions may hardly be drawn. There is no reason
to suppose that all are reptilian ; and, if the Amphibia of that day
were of similar constitution to their present-day descendants, to
whom a one per cent, solution of salt is fatal, the proof of their
presence would preclude the possibility of marine waters, and add
their evidence in favor of continental deposition to that of the
lower forms. There are, however, stegocephalians known from
brackish-water deposits.

On the Laramie plains in 1899, when conditions were dry
even for a semi-arid climate, I found in the dust of the ground
within the tent a large and lively salamander of brilliant coloring
whose advent and departure were alike mysterious. Van Dyke
in his description of the desert remarks that all desert trails run
in straight lines, showing the animal to be not prowling but intent
upon getting across to the mountain. The same is true of the
fossil trails of the Connecticut valley; and, from the compact
type of foot, long stride, sometimes suddenly lengthening mar-
velously, and the narrow trackway of many species, it can be
easily seen that the character of speed and great traveling powers
imposed by the desert was here at a high premium. As I have
shown elsewhere (1910, p. 5), a climate of semi-aridity, compel-
ling cursorial adaptation as a means of getting food but more
especially water, may well have been an impelling cause in dino-
saurian evolution. Bipedality among lizards of to-day is, so far
as I am aware, confined to denizens of semi-desert environment,
certain instances being the large frilled lizard, Chlamydosaurus,
of Australia, and several lacertilian species of our own South-
west.

That water was rare and at a premium when the rains did
come is evidenced by the frequency of the association of rain-
prints with the dinosaurian tracks and the above mentioned mud-
cracks which followed the passage of the animal. Again the
depth of the impression of the tracks of two species of animals
upon the same strata is sometimes entirely out of proportion to

u

CU 1-1

^ <v c
^.^^

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

35

the apparent difference in the makers' size, for the presumption
is that then as now the supporting area of an animal's feet must
have borne a certain ratio to the weight in accordance with the
type of environment to which it is adapted. The inference is
therefore that the passage of the two animals was on their way
to or from a water hole during a period of desiccation, and that
the deeper impression was made some time before the shallow one
and nearer the time of the preceding rains. (See Plate I.)

The evidence of the footprints has been cited by Davis (1898,
p. 30) as a final proof of the deformation of the valley subsequent
to the deposition of the beds, which now stand with a dip of 10 to
15 degrees, which some have contended was actually the angle of
the slope of deposition. Davis says : —

" Furthermore, as Hitchcock long ago pointed out, the numer-
ous reptilian footprints, large and small, of which so large a
collection is preserved in the museum at Amherst College, testify
unanimously that the soft sands and muds over which the Triassic
reptiles walked lay essentially horizontal when the prints were
made, for the prints are square with the bedding, and not oblique^
as they must have been had the reptiles walked along a sloping
surface. It might be added that the tracks, when seen, in the
sandstone quarries, lead in all directions, and not prevailingly
along the strike of the strata, as might be expected if the present
dip of the beds indicated their original attitude."

VEGETAL LIFE

With regard to the probable vegetal life of the Connecticut
valley during the time under discussion, I may again quote from
Barrell, and later from Chamberlin and Salisbury.

Barrell (1908, p. 274) under the title Floral Characteristics
of Semiarid Flood Plains " speaks as follows : —

" One of the most secure means at present commonly used to
determine the climate of a past age consists in the study of a
fossil fauna and flora, the identification of genera and species,
and the inference that the optimum climatic environment for such
organisms has remained the same from the past to the present
time. As examples may be cited the conclusions in regard to the
warm polar climate of the Miocene based on the presence of mag-
nolias in Greenland, and the same in Mississippian times as deter-
mined by fossil corals in the rocks of Spitzbcrgcn

36 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

" The vegetation of the flood plains of semiarid climates is
more largely arboreal than that of the inter-stream slopes. Many
large tracts of the flood plain away from the river banks are,
however, either sparsely covered with trees or given over to grass
land. Even the latter may find difficulty in existing where an
unfavorable nature of alluvial deposit is added to the unfavorable
conditions of a hot or dry growing season. The occupancy of
the soil by grass or forest depends upon the underground water.
For forests there must be an adequate amount of moisture in the
subsoil during the growing season, though this water may have
come from winter floods or rains. For grassy plains the water in
the subsoil is immaterial, the essential condition being a moist
soil during the season of growth. Although the level of the
ground water in flood plains of even subarid climates may lie not
many feet below the surface, the alternate stratification of fine
sand and clay which is frequently present is very unfavorable for
a forest vegetation. The clay is capable of carrying the water
upward to a greater height, even as high as ten feet, but transmits
it very slowly. The sand, on the other hand, cannot lift the
capillary water more than one or two feet, but does this very
quickly. If the upper portion of a sand stratum is dry, the plants
cannot feel the moisture below and will fail to send roots after it.
In the presence of such strata a vegetative covering of bunch
grass is to be expected, leaving no appreciable organic record. A
deep loamy soil favorable for storing water and for its capillary
rise is the most favorable condition for the growth of trees and
shrubs over semiarid flood plains. The roots in such cases strike
downward rather than horizontally, and may penetrate to great
depths, twenty feet being not uncommon. The angle of penetra-
tion of fossil roots is therefore a matter of importance from a cli-
matic point of view. The strong oxidation acting at the surface
normally destroys all vegetable tissues before they become buried
in the course of time below the deep zone of oxidation, but there
is a chance of finding casts of downward-branching rootlets in
massive arenaceous shales and more rarely of vegetable remains
buried by superficial accumulations. It is seen, therefore, that in
the river deposits of semiarid climates casts of logs are most
likely to be preserved in the sands deposited in the neighborhood
of stream channels. At a distance from the channels, wetting and

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

37

oxidation would tend to destroy the logs and larger fragments if
such existed, before sufficient time had elapsed for burial. Root
impressions of trees in such regions would be of more common
occurrence than trunks, and confined possibly to what were
originally deep loamy sands."

Apropos of this it should be remarked that the entire plant
record at Portland, Connecticut, consisting as it does of the casts
of trunks of trees, some of which reached a diameter of at least
35 cm., and of the anomalous Dendrophycus, which as I have
said is now considered to be casts of rill marks in the clay of a
river bank, points to the conclusion that then as now the site of
Portland was in the neighborhood of a large stream channel.

Barrell further says (p. 275) : —

" The herbaceous types of vegetation, however, are the more
common over the well-drained portions of truly semiarid flood
plains, and the plant impressions recorded in the strata would
consequently be of small size compared to those of the large and
luxuriant vegetable forms of more rainy climates.

" The above discussion is based on the present floral societies,
composed almost wholly of flowering plants. The conclusions,
however, in regard to the climatic relations of herbaceous and
arboreal vegetation may with probability be extended backward
in time to ages as early as the Devonian, when all plants were
either cryptogamic or gymnospermous, since in the later Paleozoic,
long before the advent of the Mesozoic phanerogams, plant
societies existed then as now which included forms from arboreal
to herbaceous and ranged in adaptation from hygrophilous to
xerophilous. The present usual restriction of cryptogamic vege-
tation to small forms occupying habitats moist, shady, or cold,
habitats not strongly sought by the higher vegetation, did not then
necessarily hold ; conditions to some extent perpetuated in
Australia, where tree ferns still abound in the coastal districts of
New South Wales and Victoria, and vascular cryptogams with
xerophytic adaptations are known to occur in other portions of
the island continent."

Chamberlin and Salisbury (vol. Ill, pp. 38-40) speak thus of
the plant life of the Triassic : —

" The record of the vegetation is very imperfect. The vege-
tation was probably scant in reality, for ... . arid tracts

38

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

imply conditions inhospitable to plant life. An environment that
could give rise so generally to coarse red sandstones and conglom-
erates — even limestone conglomerates — could not well be con-
genial to luxuriant vegetation.

" The Triassic was distinctly an age of gymnosperms the
world over; the supremacy of the pteridophytes had ceased,
though ferns, true to their persistent nature, still held an impor-
tant place, and the equisetales were a more vital factor than now.

Conifers of the types that had come in during the
Permian, and kindred new ones, were prominent, while the
cycadean group was still in a stage of deployment and occupied

the central place of interest The Triassic conifers

bore the scrawny aspect of the walchias and voltzias of the

Permian It does not appear from the record that

any of these gymnosperms were especially large, but on the con-
trary rather dwarfish, the conifers bearing the aspects now found
on sandy barrens and arid tracts. The calamites had given place
to true equiseta, which were represented by forms that were
gigantic in comparison with modern types

" In the closing stages of the period, the Rhsetic epoch and its
equivalents, there seems to have been much amelioration of the
previous hostile conditions and a much ampler development of
the flora. The larger part of the known American fossils belong
to this stage. In favored portions of the Newark series from
Connecticut to North Carolina, plant remains occur, and in the
coal-beds of the latter state and of Virginia, the flora is more
amply represented."

The Plant-bearing Shales
It will be noticed that almost all of the known plants in the
Connecticut valley area come from the fish-bearing black shales,
which apparently represent lakes or swamps due to the damming
up of the drainage in certain areas. In such areas of arrested
drainage, the vegetation would naturally be more abundant than
over the rest of the valley; though it may be that the relative
abundance of vegetable fossils in these localities is due chiefly to
the greater chance of preservation of organic material where
oxidation is prevented by immersion in water.

Exactly what changes dammed up the drainage here and
there, producing lakes and swamps, our knowledge is insufficient

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

39

to determine. Two suggestions are, however, worthy of
consideration.

A number of the locaHties where the black shales have been
observed are near the eastern border of the Triassic area. It is
altogether possible in these cases that the damming back of the
waters may be due to the growth of alluvial fans formed by
detritus coming down from the Eastern Highlands. Where
such fans are so frequent as to come in contact with one another,
pockets are often formed in which the imperfect drainage gives
rise to local lakes and swampy areas, as in the Rhone Valley or
Lake Tulare in southern California.

It is also noteworthy that all but one of the well-known
localities of the black shales belong to two horizons which
fall within the limits of that great epoch of vulcanism to which
belong the three great contemporaneous sheets of trap and prob-
ably also the intrusions of trap. The black shale at Middlefield,
Conn., belongs to a horizon later, but not much later, than the
time of the outflow of the posterior trap sheet. It is altogether
supposable that the events connected with such an epoch of
vulcanism may have produced changes of the surface which would
result in extensive disturbances of drainage.

Resume

The story of the Connecticut valley, as the evidence at hand
now reveals it, may be summarized as follows :

Far back in the remote Triassic period, when the Age of
Reptiles was yet young, there were laid down in a gradually
deepening trough in the older rocks the great accumulations of
gravels, sands, and clays, interbedded with vast lava sheets, which
constitute the sediments of the Newark system. The older
notions of the submarine or estuarine origin of these rocks have
been abandoned on the ground of their containing no relics what-
ever of marine or even brackish-water origin, and of the difficulty
of accounting for the deposition of the sediments except by tidal
currents of far greater transporting power and governed by laws
of movement at variance with any on earth to-day. On the other
hand, evidence seems to point to continental dci)Osits, the result
of the ordinary subaerial agencies of winds and rains and rivers,
such as require no ingenious straining of nature's laws to account

40 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

for the accumulation of vast deposits in the course of time. The
origin of the sediments was the v^asting of the older rocks v/hich
formed the limiting highlands on either side of the depression:
and the organic remains, all of fresh-water or terrestrial origin,
testify to the presence from time to time at least of standing
bodies of water of considerable extent ; of seasonally, if not con-
tinually, flowing rivers ; and of extensive land areas with slowly
drying pools left after the infrequent but torrential showers
characteristic of arid to semi-arid regions of the present day.
That there were climatic cycles, such as Huntington has observed
in the Near East, I have no doubt, and I have reason to believe
from the evidence of the fossil vertebrates that the climate during
the earlier part of the Newark period may have been less arid than
toward its close.

The vegetation bore the mark of antiquity in its monotonous
sombre greens, for brilliantly colored flowering plants had not yet
appeared, and apparently there was that sparseness and lack of
profusion, except locally, which characterizes our great South-
west. The plants were of three main sorts : ferns, cycads, and
conifers, looked upon by existing animal life as undesirable food,
but which for utter want of a better must have tempted some of
the denizens of Triassic time, for we have evidence of mild-
mannered herbivores among the rapacious devourers of flesh.

Of the organic remains, those of vegetable origin consist of
the impressions and casts of the trunks of trees, some of the latter
found at Portland being of such size as to indicate a stream of no
mean transporting power; and of the impressions of leaves, twigs,
and fruits, occasionally containing a delicate film of carbon which
preserves the most intricate detail with wonderful fidelity. Here
and there the vegetal remains were of sufficient abundance to
lead to the production of black biti^minous shale bands, formed
during periods of the accumulation of waters which supported a
teeming population of fishes ; but never within this area were
conditions ripe for the formation of beds of coal such as are
found in the Newark beds from Virginia southward.

Animal life left its record rarely in the form of shells or
bones, but in marvelous abundance in trails and footprints, some
of such clarity of meaning that he who runs may read, others of

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF COXXECTICUT VALLEY.

41

more difficult and questionable interpretation, yet others exasper-
ating in their baffling obscurity.

Both vertebrates and invertebrates are thus represented. Of
the latter the actual fossils are impressions of at least two species
of shells, allied to the modem wide-spread fresh-water Unios,
and a single aquatic insect species, occurring in profusion of
numbers, which bears the unique distinction of being the oldest
true insect larva known. Some of the trails are worm-like as
though made by annelids, others show serially repeated foot-
marks in pairs, or fours or sixes or more, indicating the presence
of other arthropods than Monnolucoides, many of which were
doubtless insects, others myriapods, perhaps spiders and scor-
pions, and fresh-water crustaceans as well. Some of these are
small and of wondrous delicacy; others, larger than the trails of
any insects or fresh- water crustaceans knowm, must represent
giants among their race.

The fishes, all of the old-fashioned armored ganoid " sort,
have been alluded to as occurring in abundance from time to time
in the black shale bands, representing lake deposits with a
luxuriant growth of plants.

The terrestrial vertebrate skeletons are all reptilian remains ;
three, those of phytosaurs, remotely related to living crocodiles,
and, in one instance at least, oecologically equivalent to the fish-
eating gavials of the Far East. The others are all dinosaurs of
average size and representative kinds, neither the largest nor the
most specialized which lived during the time of which we speak
being known to us. Unfortunately, too, the dinosaurian skele-
tons were those of essential contemporaries, and therefore in
themselves throw no direct light upon evolutionary histor}^ Of
the five species, four are so nearly related as to be of one family
and three of one genus, while the other represents a diflferent race
which in its ultimate culmination was far apart from the group
for which the others stand, though all were sanguinar}^ devourers
of flesh.

The footprints doubtless represent two, possibly three, great
classes of terrestrial beings : Amphibia of salamandrine form
were perhaps present, and doubtless representatives of the more
archaic armored stegocephalians as well, though one cannot indi-
cate the tracks of either with assurance. Of the reptiles, the

42 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

possibili^es of time and place would indicate lizards, turtles, and
dinosaurs among the more familiar forms, and these unquestion-
ably were represented in the fauna ; and among those less known
the Rhynchocephalia, phytosaurs, aetosaurs, and theromorphs are
within the possibilities. Whether or not birds were present is a
mooted question. The elder Hitchcock considered all of the bird-
like tracks unquestionably to have been of avian origin, but the
discovery of dinosaurian remains soon swung popular if not
scientific opinion to the opposite extreme, and all the tracks were
believed to have been made by dinosaurs. I believe, in most in-
stances, this group of footprints is demonstrably dinosaurian.
There are some, however, of which I am not so sure ; but the only
final proof of the existence of Triassic birds will be the actual
discovery of their remains, for the earliest yet known, Archceop-
teryx, of the Upper Jurassic, lived many thousands of years
subsequent to the close of Newark time. If Professor Osborn is
right in supposing the pro-avian to have been arboreal, I should
not look for its trail over the sands of the Connecticut valley, and
I seriously question whether at so remote a time degenerate ter-
restrial birds had been evolved. On the other hand the cursorial
origin of birds is conceivable, and if true would be possible within
the environment we are discussing.

Of the mammals, though known apparently in Dromatherium
and Microconodon from contemporaneous rocks of not very
remote geographical locality, we have no record. Their known
habitat during the Triassic had a very different climate and vege-
tal environment from that of the Connecticut valley ; and this, as
in the case of the birds, would seem to debar them from the Hmits
of this area.

Geologically, the history of Newark times is a tremendous
drama, of which the prologue speaks of the degradation of the
ancient hills, and the setting of the stage in the form of an exten-
sive though relatively slight depression with the establishment of
the sediment-bearing drainage from the environing upland. Four
great acts, of which the first and last are much the longest, succeed
each other in time, separated by entr'actes of appalling grandeur,
when vast sheets of molten rock well from the depths, spreading
far and wide, blotting out the old and preparing the stage for
new and different players. Of the sequence of the scenes

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

43

within the acts the order is not so surely recorded, since they differ
in their position in the valley, in the nature of the sediment in
which their record is written, and in the forms that people the
stage. The whole drama is incredibly long as we measure time,
for each succeeding day, with its dawning, its morning hours, high
noon, declining sun, and long night, adds but the smallest incre-
ment to the gradually accumulating sediments, though, as one has
said, " neither time nor space flows evenly," and there are tem-
pestuous days whose contribution to the mass makes up for the
calm passage of those to follow. Yet, when one thinks of the
two and one half miles of accumulations which these days repre-
sent, he can feebly grasp at a realization of the extent of Newark
time.

During the long first act in the course of which are laid 'down
the five or six thousand feet of the lower series of coarse gra-
nitic sandstones, we have but little record of the action. But two
entrances are recorded, one of which is at New Haven where
appears the heavily armored Stegomus arcuatus, whose habits we
can scarcely conjecture, as the burial of its body in river sediment
means little. The second scene at Simsbury is more intelligible
because, while part of a shoulder blade only is preserved, it is
from a representative of a genus, Rutiodon, which is almost
completely known; hence we are justified in applying the old
Cuvierian principle and reconstructing not only a long-snouted
fish-eating animal from a single bone, but the stage setting of its
fish-supporting aquatic environment as well.

This act closes with the first lava outpouring, the so called
anterior trap, which is followed by the second act, that of the
anterior shales, interesting in that it includes the first fish-
and plant-bearing black shale deposits, followed in the region
round about Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom by the first recorded
appearance of dinosaurs in the valley. Of these, Eubr antes
giganteus, one of the very largest, is among the first, possibly
representing a form like the larger genera well known from
their bones in the Old World. Others are the larger species
of Anchisauripus, indicating the presence of Ammosatiriis-Wko.
forms as well. This second act with but a thousand feet or less
to its credit is the briefest of all, and the entr'acte following, as
befits the middle of the drama, is the most stupendous, with its
accumulation of 500 feet of lava, constituting the main trap sheet.

44 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Act III, during which the posterior shales were laid down, is
still more prolific of animate records, for the known footprints
not only increase in number, but here for the first time we find
those of Anomoepus giving the earliest reasonably sure record of
the advent of plant- feeding dinosaurs, while that of Grallator
cursorius shows that accompanying their larger, fiercer brethren
are the lighter, more agile dinosaurs of compsognathoid type.
This act includes another scene during which plant- and
fish-bearing black shales are accumulated. The relative duration
of these posterior shales is somewhat greater than that of the
anterior, but is followed by the smallest of all the lava outpour-
ings, that of the posterior trap.

It is only in the final act that the profusion of the cast becomes
evident, for at various levels within the 3,500 feet of its accumula-
tions, and more notably toward its close, at Portland, around
South Hadley, and within and about Turners Falls, are recorded
by far the great majority of the known genera and species of the
footprints of the Trias, while equivalent beds, mainly from South
Hadley southward to Manchester, have yielded all of the osseous
dinosaurian remains. The observer is impressed with the pro-
fusion of trails which imply swift motion, as though conditions
were hard and life the antithesis of one of languorous ease —
the principal feature which gives rise to the belief of locally
increasing aridity of climate.

Here more than in any other act of paleontological history one
is conscious of an obscuring drop scene in the middle distance,
behind which may be seen with tantalizing clarity the passing and
repassing feet of a great host of players, some rapidly as though
impelled by urgent impulse, others slow-moving, ponderous, the
like of which the paleontologist has never seen. Occasionally one
passes before the curtain, and there while fully exposed to our
scientific vision is enacted a tragedy, for bones are ever symboli-
cal of death ; but the footprints are those of creatures in the full
tide of life.

PART II. THE TRIASSIC LIFE

The Flora

An excellent summary of the Triassic plant life is given by
Ward (1900, p. 222), from which I extract the following: The
earliest mention of fossil plants in the Connecticut valley is " that
by Dr. Edward Hitchcock, in the American Journal of Science
for 1823, in an extended article read before the American Geo-
logical Society on September 11, 1822. Neither of the two
objects found is specifically determinable, the first being some
sort of cane or grass, the other a coniferous branch, possibly
Palissya or Voltsia. The first was found one-half mile south of
Newgate Prison, the second at Sunderland, in Massachusetts.

" The first mention made of the petrified tree found in the
Southbury area of the Connecticut Trias .... was a
paragraph devoted to it by Dr. Hitchcock in his Miscellaneous
Notices of Mineral Localities, with Geological Remarks, in 1828,
describing a fragment from it obtained by Dr. Smith of South-
bury, broken off by a man who had mistaken it for a recent stump
and ruined his axe upon it." Later investigations of Professor
Bailey of West Point prove this tree to have been coniferous.

The plant localities enumerated down to the time of the pub-
lication of Newberry's Monograph on the " Fossil Fishes and
Fossil Plants of the Triassic" (1888), in the chronological order
of their publication, are as follows : Newgate Prison, Conn., and
Sunderland, Mass. ; Southbury, Conn. ; " Pladley, Conn.," sup-
posed to be South Hadley, Mass. ; Deerfield and Greenfield, Mass. ;
Middletown, Conn. ; Enfield Falls, Mass. ; Suffield, Southington,
and Durham, Conn. ; Mount Holyoke, Mass. ; Bristol, Conn, ;
Middlefield, Conn. ; Mt. Tom, Mass. ; and the quarry of Roswell
Field at Gill, and Turners Falls, the last two probably identical.

Ward says further (p. 226) : —

" The above enumeration brings the record of paleobotanical
discovery in the Trias of the Connecticut Valley and New Eng-
land areas down to the date [1888] of Dr. Newberry's Mono-

4.S

46 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

graph of the Fossil Fishes and Fossil Plants, to which reference
has already been made. In this he gives a sketch of the Triassic,
and includes 17 species of fossil plants. They were collected at
Sunderland, Massachusetts, at Durham and Middletown, Con-
necticut, and at Newark and Milford, New Jersey

" Of recent collectors in this section by far the most successful
has been Mr. S. Ward Loper, of Middletown. Mr. Loper was
in the field at the time of our visit, and we met him at Tariffville,
Connecticut, at which place he had discovered a plant-bearing
locality. There being no true coal mines in the Connecticut
Valley Trias, the mode of occurrence of the fossil plants is, of
course, somewhat different from that in Virginia. It is equally
true here, as in Virginia, that fossil plants are not found in the
red sandstone, but are confined to the dark shales, and those in
the Connecticut Valley occur for the most part in close connection
with the trap ridges of that region. They are usually found at
the margin of the shales near their contact with the trap. The
locality at Tariffville was in close contact with one of the second-
ary trap ridges located on the eastern side of the main ridge,
which, in the general trend of these ridges, places it higher in the
Trias, geologically speaking, or, as Professor Davis expresses it,
* posterior.' From what Mr. Loper told us, and from numerous
observations upon localities from which fossil plants have been
previously reported, it would seem that they usually occur in
this position

" Besides examining the Portland quarries and those of
Turners Falls and Gill, Massachusetts, where no vegetable
remains other than those presently to be named occur, we visited
several places in Connecticut where Mr. Loper had obtained fossil
plants, especially at Westfield and Highlands [sici. In the Port-
land quarries there occur large logs clearly representing Triassic
trees embedded in the red sandstone and now thoroughly silici-
fied^ ; but besides these and the fine specimens of Dendrophycus
[vide supra, p. 37] which occur there, nothing of a vegetable
nature seems to have been found. At Turners Falls careful in-
vestigation was made in the red shales bearing the tracks so cele-
brated in that locality, and under the guidance of Mr. T. M.

1 These logs are certainly not in any proper sense " silicified." If they are of vegre
table origin, as is probable, they are not petrifications but casts.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

47

Stoughton we visited all the important places from which speci-
mens of interest had been taken. We saw in these beds nothing
that could be called vegetable, and it seems very doubtful whether
any plants either grew or were ever transported by any agency
into the riparian clays in which the Brontotheria [Brontozoa] and
other saurians left their footprints in such profusion."

In this connection mention should be made of a small slab of
gray shale, preserved in the Peabody Museum at Yale, from the
footprint locality at the Horse Race, Montague, Massachusetts,
one surface of which is covered by a mass of fragments of vege-
tation consisting in the main of twigs and stems of conifers.
They are very distinctly seen because of the film of carbonaceous
material which still adheres to most of the impressions ; but I
believe that, if the carbon had not been preserved, or if a mono-
tone cast were taken of the surface, the plant remains would
hardly be recognized as such at all. This would account for
much of the apparent dearth of plant remains except in the black
bituminous shale bands in which oxidation has been carried to a
relatively slight extent as compared with the red shale and sand-
stone strata.

In a joint paper by Professor Davis and Mr. Loper read at
the Washington meeting of the Geological Society of America in
December, 1890 (Davis and Loper, 1891) are enumerated the
fossil plants and fossil fishes, found by the junior author, with
their stratigraphical position, " showing those that are confined
to the anterior and to the posterior shales, and those that are
common to both. This enumeration includes 13 plant forms, 11
of which are specifically named. Six of these forms are confined
to the anterior and 2 to the posterior shales, while the remaining
5 are common to both situations " (Ward).

The plant lists made up by Davis and Loper from the black
shale areas give the following from the anterior shales: — of the
Coni ferae, a gingko, Baiera miinsteriana, Pachyphylliim simile,
and P. hrevifolium; of the cycads, Cycadinocarpus chapini, Oto-
zamites brevifolius, and O. latior; of Equisetaceie, a small unde-
termined Equisetum (?), and " calamite-like stems, with head";
and a plant, Loperia carolinensis, of uncertain botanical relation-
ships, "probably monocotyledonous, perhaps aquatic" (New-
berry). There is also found a fern, Clathropteris platyphylla.

48 CONNECTICUT GEOL, AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

The posterior shales have produced Otozamites latior, 0.
hrevifolius (the latter doubtful), Cycadino carpus chapini, Loperia
carolinensis, and a small undetermined Equisetum (?), in com-
mon with the anterior; and in addition contain the cycadacean,
Ctenophyllum braunianum, and the rush, Equisetum rogersi.

In addition to these plants of the black shale, certain footprint
localities have produced ferns, as Tceniopteris in the gray sand-
stones of Mount Holyoke, and a very doubtful one described as
Clathropteris at Mount Tom and at Gill, though Fontaine con-
cludes that neither of these is Clathropteris, but probably Dictyo-
phyllum or Camptopteris.

Field's Orchard quarry at Gill has also produced a cone which
may be the conifer Palissya, and twigs of Cheirolepis muensteri.
There is also a Palissya-like conifer impressed upon the gray
shale from the Horse Race quarry at Montague. With the
possible exception of the Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke speci-
mens, these are all from localities in the upper series of sand-
stones and shales, and are therefore much younger than either the
anterior or posterior shales.

The Fauna

The Invertebrates
ACTUAL FOSSILS

In both vertebrate and invertebrate relics the proportion of
known fossils to trails and footprints is much the same, the
former being of such extreme rarity as to warrant special mention
of practically every find.

Of the actual invertebrate fossils the species represented are
but three — two known species of molluscs, and a single insect
species of which fortunately there are numerous examples, all
however from two or three localities in the neighborhood of
Turners Falls, Massachusetts, except a few specimens found in
a railway embankment near Middletown, Connecticut.

Phylum ARTHROPODA
Class HEXAPODA
Order NEUROPTERA
Family SIALID^

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

49

Mormolucoides articulatus Hitchcock

This creature was first described by E. Hitchcock in 1858
(pp. 7-8, fig. I, pi. 7, figs. 3-4), though Hitchcock considered it to
be a crustacean, and its true relationships were discovered by
J. D. Dana to whom Hitchcock sent specimens. Dana in a letter
published in the Ichnology (p. 7) and bearing the date of May 11,
1858, writes as follows : —

" I have taken up your specimen over and over again, trying
to resolve doubts, but still remain undecided ; my mind has gradu-
ally come to the suspicion, if not belief, that it is a larve of an
insect, and not crustacean. I question much whether the depres-
sions on the right side are impressions of true legs ; and those on
the other side are still less like anything of the kind ; they appear
to mark a line or suture in the shell of the segment. I agree with
you that your artist has not done justice to the specimen. I have
made a rude sketch, merely to indicate some of the characteristics
which he has failed to bring out, and which appear to be of
special importance. I should regard A to C as corresponding to
the head and corselet of the larve (A the head, B to C the three
segments of the corselet), and C to D as the abdomen. As I can-
not make it crustacean, and my knowledge of insects is quite
limited, I return the specimen without attempting a description.

" Postscript. — The larve was probably a larve of a neurop-
terous insect, which often has false legs along the abdomen ; but
if so, it is surprising that there are no legs to the corselet, neurop-
terous larves having three pairs."

The " rude sketch " to which Dana refers was published as
fig. I of the Ichnology, and later on a reduced scale as fig. 1164
of Dana's " Manual of Geology." Le Conte confirmed Dana's
reference of the insect to the Neuroptera, placing it within the
family Ephemeridse, which induced Doctor Hitchcock to change
the name of the fossil to Palephemera mediccva.

Scudder first decided (Geol. Mag., v, pp. 218-220) that the
insects were coleopterous larv<e, and suggested later that they
" reminded one of some Cebrionidae," but said that the only larva
of that group whose history is known " lives on the roots of plants
and would not be likely to occur in such a deposit as that in which
these remains were found." Dr. A. S. Packard (1890) in turn
expressed the oi)itiioii ihnt ihcy were " aquatic coleoi)tcrous larvae,
4

50 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

belonging perhaps near the family Heteroceridse." Scudder later
had the opportunity to examine all the remains in the museums
at Amherst College and at Yale, some hundreds altogether, and
came to the conclusion (1886) that, while they present consider-
able variation, the specimens all pertain to one species to which
of course Hitchcock's first name should apply. Scudder's de-
scription gives the following main characteristics : —

Number of segments apparently thirteen, of which one con-
stitutes the head, and three, sometimes very obscurely differenti-
ated, the thorax. There seem at times to be lateral anterior lobes
to the head, always separated from it by a more or less well
marked suture, which are probably inferior appendages showing
only when projected forward. The head is rounded, usually a
little broader at the base than in the middle, slightly ' broader
than long, the front well rounded.

The three thoracic segments are almost invariably larger,
generally considerably broader than the others, and are often dis-
tinctly differentiated as a separate region, both by their breadth,
greater than that of the uniform segments behind, and by the
slight forward inclination of their sides. Usually the middle
thoracic segment is larger than the front thoracic segment, so that
their relative size is II, I, III ; but not infrequently the front one
is the largest, and there are some cases where the broadest part
of the body is behind the thoracic segments, and the order of
breadth in the thoracic segments is III, II, I, which changes the
whole aspect of the insect. In some instances the form reminds
one of the larva of a longicorn beetle while the other extreme re-
calls some of the Silphidae. An average or normal thoracic seg-
ment is about three times as broad as long, subquadrate, with very
slightly concave front margin, and a little more distinctly convex
hind margin, the sides well rounded, and the hinder angles more
broadly rounded off than the front lateral angles, giving a slightly
sublunate form to the entire segment. These segments are further
marked by more or less distinct lateral rrfarks, usually impressed,
either angular or rounded, which are the only indications, if such
they are, of appendages. Whatever they are, Scudder is
emphatic in the statement that there is nothing else on a single
specimen of those examined by him — many hundreds in number
— which could be referred to legs (vide infra p. 52).

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

51

The abdominal segments invariably taper to some extent
toward the tail ; sometimes the tapering is scarcely visible on the
anterior segments, and it is always more pronounced posteriorly,
though here again there is variation. As a very general rule,
the segments are quadrate., with very gently convex sides and
slightly and equally rounded anterior and posterior angles ; but
in a few cases the anterior angles are considerably more rounded
than usual, and the posterior angles, besides being square, are
furnished with a faint posterior extension, bristle, or tapering
cluster of hairs (it is impossible to say which, but the last is the
m.ost probable). This same posterior set of appendages may be
seen more or less distinctly in some of the other specimens, where
the segments have the posterior angle as rounded as the anterior.

" The surface of the abdominal segments is in general flat, but
not quite uniform, at least on many specimens. There appear to
be two kinds of inequalities, one of which from its infrequency
and position seems to be accidental, perhaps due to pressure.
This is seen .... in sharp lines close and parallel to the
margin. The other, however, though often obscure, is too com-,
mon to be so considered, and consists in a longitudinal series of
slight ridges, laterally convex, and extending the whole length of
the abdomen, dividing the segments into equal or subequal trans-
verse thirds, of which the middle third is apt to be the largest.
. . . . Besides these, there is nearly always some median
mark of greater or less intensity, indicating probably the track of
the alimentary canal. ... It would appear tolerably clear
that a slender alimentary canal, nowhere expanding into a well
marked stomach, doubled sharply upon itself at or near the
seventh abdominal segment, and again, by doubling at the hinder
extremity of the fifth abdominal segment, resumed its former
course, the whole of the sixth segment and at least a part of the
seventh having therefore three sections of the canal passing
through the middle

" It now remains to speak of the curious variations of the
terminal or ninth abdominal segment and of its special append-
ages." This segment is generally " quadrate but well rounded,
tapering and about two-thirds as large as the preceding joint. In
some cases, however, .... it is very small, and its separa-
tion from the preceding joint hardly noticeable, while at the other

52

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

extreme . . . . it is scarcely smaller than the preceding
segment and longer, if anything, than broad. But the most in-
teresting feature in this segment is the discovery in a few speci-
mens .... of slender styles, a little shorter than the
penultimate segment, directed backward and a little divergent;
and a much shorter pair, or perhaps only projections of the
pygidium, lying between the longer styles.

" As there is not a single specimen .... showing a
lateral or even a partially lateral view, the insect could not have
been cylindrical but must have been considerably flattened."

After comparing the characters of the larvae of several cole-
opterous families and of the neuropterous families Perlidae and
Ephemeridas, Scudder comes to the family Sialidas, of which the
larvae are also aquatic. Speaking of these he says : —

" Here we find a considerably greater range of characteristics,
so that it is not so easy to recognize a common f acies among them.
But we may note one or two characteristics by which they
approach much more closely our fossil type. All the appendages
— antennae, legs, and (often) the cerci — are shorter and slen-
derer than in the two groups last mentioned. In some, the anten-
nae at least are comparatively insignificant. The mandibles in
some are very stout, and, though long in all that are known, may
well be believed to be capable of modification in this regard. The
abdominal segments are provided with lateral filaments, projecting
backward from the posterior outer angles. The appendages of
the terminal segment vary very much, some having a single median
style of considerable length, others a shorter lateral
pair, in some cases furnished apically with recurved
hooks. The objections to considering this as the
most nearly allied group are the considerable size of
the legs even when least developed, the great size of
the head, which is at least as large as the segments
behind, and the slight differentiation of the protho-
racic segment shown at least in its larger size."
Fig. 1.- I have been fortunate in the extreme in finding

^Zticuiarjt^.^ upon two counterpart pieces of the typical black
^^OriSfnaf.'^' ■ slatc from Turners Falls, collected by T. M. Stough-
ton and now in the Yale Museum, a fairly well preserved individ-
ual of this most interesting larva, in which some of the thoracic

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

53

legs and one antenna are present, and which compare very well
with those of the Sialidse. As preserved, the antenna of the
left side is filiform, showing five segments of equal length. It is
not, however, attached at the lateral angle of the head as in the
larva of Corydalis cornuta, but the insertions of the two antennae
were separated by a distance of about one-third the total width of
the head, which would seem to preclude the presence of large
mandibles, unless they were, as appears true, beneath the head
rather than between the antennae as in Corydalis. The thoracic
legs are relatively longer and more slender than in Corydalis, and
one at least shows four distinct tarsal segments. The specimen
unfortunately is somewhat ruptured, so that the abdominal region
is displaced a little to the left, and the limbs partially detached
from the body so that the hinder pair seem to arise from the
second or third abdominal segment rather than from the meta-
thorax. In my figure (fig. i) I have tried to correct the disloca-
tion of the body, but the legs are drawn as they appear, the poste-
rior one of the right side being curved over the abdomen. In
this individual the number of segments is in doubt, there being
twelve distinctly visible and probably traces of a very narrow
anterior abdominal one in addition. The prothorax difiFers from
the other thoracic segments by slight longitudinal furrows, four or
five on either side, while the meso- and metathoracic segments are
characterized by a slight median ridge and paired lateral depres-
sions. The larva under consideration is of average size (about
15 mm. long), and gives no very marked evidence of representing
a different species, even though the thoracic appendages are pre-
served, while, except for the anal cerci, those of the abdomen are
not, a reversal of the conditions often seen in other individuals.

These further observations give additional weight to Scudder's
conclusion " that Mormolucoides is probably the larva of a
sialidan neuropteron. It has special interest from the fact that
it is the oldest known insect larva."

The recorded localities for this insect are all within the
Turners Falls region : — Montague, the Horse Race at Gill, and
Turners Falls itself.

Judging from the habits of the modern representatives of the
family, their presence would seem to imply standing water of at
least seasonal duration.

54

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Phylum MOLLUSCA

The earliest allusion to a mollusc in the Connecticut valley is
in the Ichnology (Hitchcock 1858, p. 6), in which a very brief
description is given of a shell-like specimen found in the same
sandstone with the fern Clathropteris from Mount Tom in East-
hampton by Doctor E. Hitchcock, Jr. This is described as a
" shell or mollusk — preserved, not petrified — which, although
greatly injured, is allied, apparently, to the rudistse of Lamarck,
especially to the sphaerulites and hippurites. This family of
shells on the eastern continent seems to be chiefly confined to the
Chalk formation ; and though the specimen is too much injured
to have its genuine character determined, this fact gives plausi-
bility to the opinion that the deposit containing it is newer than
the Trias. As it is the only shell that has ever been found in the
sandstone of this valley, I give a sketch of it. The original is
now in Amherst College. See Plate v., fig. 2." The figure is a
lithographic drawing from which it is impossible now to draw
conclusions as to the true place of the fossil. It does bear some
superficial resemblance to the Rudistse, judging from the picture;
but this group of shells is exclusively marine, which alone pre-
cludes the possibility of the reference of the specimen under con-
sideration to that group, for it is in association with a possible
fern and not far removed from a footprint locality containing
Eubrontes giganteus. The locality lies beneath the main trap
sheet. Judging from the figure, however, it seems to be inorganic,
doubtless a weathered-out concretion.

Class LAMELLIBRANCHIATA

Family UNIONIDJE
Genus Unio

Another discovery is that reported by Professor B. K. Emer-
son (1900, p. 58) as follows: —

A few days ago my former assistant, Mr. Chas. S. Merrick,
of Wilbraham, sent me a large slab of sandstone of a buflf color,
much stained by malachite, containing several indistinct casts
of a unio-like bivalve.

" The shell seems to be one of those fresh- or brackish- water
forms common in the Trias allied to the Unionidae. It may be
compared with the Anoplophora lettica Quenstedt (Pal., pi.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

55

Ixiii, fig. 28), and may be called Anoplophora wilbrahamensis.
It is a distinctly unio-shaped shell, 38 mm. long, 18 mm. high,
7 mm. thick. The exterior is smooth with fine lines of growth.
The mantle impression is quite deep as preserved on the central
portion of the length. The beak rises very slightly and the hinge
line is long and straight, and there is in the figure what seems to
be the impression of a long posterior tooth, and above this a
slight groove at the place of attachment of the ligament."

Through the courtesy of Professor Emerson this slab was
sent to me for further study, and I referred the specimen to
Professor Schuchert who has kindly made the following
addenda : —

There are on the slab at least fourteen imperfect impressions
representing at least two species of undoubted Unio, the type of
Emerson's species being similar to U. alatus. It should hereafter
be referred to as Unio wilbrahamensis.

The second species, which I have designated U. emersoni, is
quite distinct from the first but is too imperfect to characterize.
It is also unquestionabl3; Unio. Anoplophora, Schuchert says, is
probably always marine, and the shells in question are doubtless
in fresh- water deposits. The slab, which is a portion of an ice-
transported boulder, the. parent ledge of which is probably un-
known and therefore not necessarily as far south in the valley as
Wilbraham, shows little trace of oxidation, and gives evidence of
having been deposited in permanent waters, the bottom vegetation
holding the oxygen from the iron and thus preventing the typical
red color of iron oxide. The yellowish color may be due to oxi-
dation of carbonate of iron. This conception of the habitat is in
keeping with that of present day Unios. Wilbraham, being
toward the eastern side of the valley, is therefore near the summit
of the Newark series stratigraphically.

INVERTEBRATE TRAILS
The founder of the science of Ichnology, Professor Edward
Hitchcock, seems to have been troubled by few rules of nomen-
clature, and as a consequence changed the names of his various
species at will, whenever he thought a name inappropriate or
misleading. As a result the synonymy of fossil footprints has
been complicated to a marvelous degree.

56

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

[Bull.

It happens that the first invertebrate trails were named in a
paper published by Hitchcock in 1848 (Fossil Footmarks of the
United States), so that in these instances the nomenclature
dates from that volume. The Ichnology (1858) and the Supple-
ment (1865) Hitchcock added to the series and changed cer-
tain of the names, but the final summary was given by Professor
Charles H. Hitchcock in 1889, who added one more named
species and two unnamed new species to the list.

The last-named author summarized the known species as
follows : —

Hexapod Arthropoda, 8 genera, 24 species.

Inferior Arthropoda, including larval forms, and worms, 10
genera, 16 species.

MoUusca, 4 genera, 6 species.

IncertcB Sedis, 5 genera, 6 species.

This places the total number of invertebrates and questionable
trails at fifty-two. In view of the number of undoubted verte-
brate species known from the Newark system and the teeming
numbers of living invertebrates, especially arthropods, compared
with vertebrates, even under adverse climatic conditions, this
number does not seem excessive. In fact, I imagine it may fall
far short of the number of continental invertebrates of Newark
time.

List of Species
The grouping is modified from that of C. H. Hitchcock, 1889.
Phylum ARTHROPODA
Class INSECTA
Genus Acanthichnus E. Hitchcock
Generic Characters. — " Tracks linear; in two parallel rows."

Acanthichnus cursorius E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 150, pis. xxviii, fig. i ; xxxi, fig. i.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Acanthichnus alternans E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, P- I4> pl- vi, fig.5.
Locality. — Lily Pond.

The type of this species was formerly referred to A. cursorius.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. • 5^7

Acanthichnus alatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 14, pi. vi, fig. 6.
Locality. — Not recorded.

In fig. I of PI. vi there is shown a series of tracks which
Hitchcock calls A. ciirsorius but in which a typical cursorius trail
can be seen merging into that of A. alatus. It would seem,
therefore, that the distinction between the two species cannot
always be made.

Acanthichnus saltatorius E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 151, pi. xxviii, figs. 4, 5.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Acanthichnus anguineus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 14, pi. vii, fig. 4.
Locality. — Lily Pond.

Acanthichnus trilinearis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, PP- I4-I5> pl- vi, fig. 11.
Locality. — Lily Pond.

Acanthichnus punctatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 15, pi. vi, fig. 13.
Locality. — Unrecorded.

Acanthichnus rectilinearis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 15, pi. vi, fig. 2.
Locality. — Unrecorded.

Acanthichnus divaricatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 15, pi. vii, fig. 10.
Locality. — Unrecorded.

Genus Bifurculapes E. Hitchcock
E. Plitchcock 1858, p. 152.

Generic characters. — Four regular rows of tracks made in
walking, which, when united, as they often are at the base, re-
semble small forks. Two additional rows sometimes visible."

58 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Bifurculapes laqueatus E. Hitchcock
) f j E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 153, pi. xxx, figs. 1-3.

. Locality. — On Mr. Field's farm at Turners

\\ Falls.

Bifurculapes tuberculatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 153, pi. xxx, fig. 4.
This species is eliminated by Hitchcock in the
j'j Supplement (1865, p. 15) ''from the probability
that the tubercles which are all of the track that re-
(^j I y mains, are in fact only the more persistent part of
I J the original track ; the little elevation of the mud,
produced by the animal's tread, while the linear
/ P^^^ hQcn worn away ; for sometimes it remains."
yi ^ At least two of the specimens mentioned in the

original description are, in the catalogue prepared by
V I ^ J ^' Hitchcock and published in the Supplement,
f y referred to Acanthichnus cursorius.

\ J Bifurculapes curvatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 15, pi. vii, figs. 2, 9.
Locality. — Lily Pond.

Bi/ur%ikpes Bifurculapes scolopendroideus E. Hitchcock

laqueatus. *

Aft^t Hitdfcock. E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. i53-i54, pl- xxvii, fig. i.

Locality. — Turners Falls, below the cataract.

Bifurculapes elachistotatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. i54-i55» pl- xxix, fig. 4, pi. xxx, fig. 3.
Locality, — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Genus Lithographus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 156.

Generic characters. — " Hexapod ; longest tracks in parallel
rows, and between the shorter ones. Outer track crooked, so
as to become even forked. Inner one shortest."

In 1865, p. 15, Hitchcock says:

" I have become convinced that the Copeza [vide infra'] and
Lithographus of the Ichnology are so nearly alike that they may
be united. I propose to drop Lithographus and retain Copeza."

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

59

Even if this synoymy were proven, which I doubt, Hitch-
cock should have retained the name Lithographus, as it is, of the
two, the one first described in the text. The name is therefore
revived.

Lithographus hieroglyphicus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 156-157, pi. xxix,
fig. 3, pi. xxvii, fig. 2.

Copeza propinquafa E. Hitchcock 1865,
p. 15. Here Hitchcock says:

" The C.[opesa] triremis is remarkable for
the great width of the trackway. The Litho-
graphus hieroglyphicus, Plate vii, figs, i and
10, has one not half as wide ! and I would call
the species Copesa propinquafa/' This new
specific name of course cannot be retained.

Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

Lithographus cruscularis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 157, pi. xxix, fig. 4,
pi. XXX, fig. 3.

Copeza cruscularis E. Hitchcock 1865, P-

15.

Locality. — Turners Falls.

Lithographus punctatus (E. Hitchcock)
Copeza punctata E. Hitchcock 1865, P- I5» pl- vi, fig. 14.
I should call this species Lithographus, as the additional mark-
ings are without the longitudinal lines as in Lithographus, not
within as in Copeza.

Locality. — Lily Pond.

Genus Copeza E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 159.

Generic characters. — " Feet six ; the tracks arranged in triple
rows on each side of the median line; the principal track being
placed at right angles to that line, as oars on the sides of a boat
when in use."

Fig. ?>.— Lithographus
hieroglyphicus.

Nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

6o

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

The main distinction between this genus and Lithographus
seems to be that in the latter the obHque markings are outside of
the longitudinal ones whereas in Copeza they are within.

I ^ ^ • ^ Copeza triremis E. Hitchcock

I E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 159-

^ 160, pi. xxxi, fig. 4.

V '^^^ Locality. — Field's farm, Tur-

I ners Falls.

/ This, the type species of the

TI. j genus, is the only one showing the

generic characters as emphasized

^#-^ . above. As Hitchcock says, it

y seems more like an insect than

\ any other tracks he has described.

I ^ ^ Genus Hexapodichnus

' C — E. Hitchcock

^ . I E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 158.

/ Generic characters. — " Tracks

J arranged by threes, in rows on

^ each side of the median line; the

. . inner tracks running nearly paral-

FiG. 4.— CoPeza trtremis. Nat. size. ° ^

After Hitchcock. lei to that Imc. Outcr tracks

parallel, or diverging outwards. Alternate on opposite sides of
the median line."

Hexapodichnus magnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 158, pi. xxix, fig. 7.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Hexapodichnus horrens E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. i58-i59> pl- ^xx, fig. i.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

Genus Conopsoides E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 152.

Generic characters. — " Tracks in three, and probably four
rows ; divergent from the median line. Foot blunt at its anterior
part, and so striking the mud in walking as to elevate a tubercle."

No. 24.] TRIA5SIC LIFZ OF COXXECTICUT V.^LLEY.

61

Conopsoides larvalis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 152, pi. xxix, fig. 6, pi. xxx, fig. 4.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls ; Wethersfield, Conn.

Conopsoides curtus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 15, pi. vi, fig. 4.

Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Genus Harpepus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 16.

Generic characters. — One, sometimes two, rows of tracks
show a deHcately cun^ed foot, one end of which forms a raised
and blunt extremit}' on the track, which may represent the handle
of a minute sickle proceeding from it.

Harpepus capillaris E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 16, pi. vii, fig. 6.
Locality. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls.

Genus Sagittarius E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 16.

Generic characters. — Two parallel rows
of delicately cur^-ed tracks, with their concave
sides towards each other, looking like so many
small bows."

Sagittarius alternans E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 16, pi. vi, fig. 3, pi.
xviii, fig. 5.

Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

r

Fig. S.— Harpepus
capillaris. Nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

ARTHROPODA
Incertce Sedis
Genus Lunula E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 17.

Generic characters. — Track consists of a narrow axis, on
both sides of which are lunate impressions, extending laterally.
The front part of the track makes a much deeper impression than
the posterior part, which shades off into the subsequent track.

62

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

This track Hitchcock believed to have been formed by a
myriapod, but it may have been formed by a phyllopod crustacean
such as Apus which I have seen in great abundance within the
margins of pools of standing water in arid eastern Wyoming.
The Apodid^ in their known range from the Lower Cambrian to
the present are geologically possible.

Lunula obscura E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, pp. 17-18, pi. ii, fig. 6.
Locality. — Turners Falls, on fine red micaceous shale.

Genus Pterichnus E. Hitchcock

Acanthichnus (in part)
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 17.

Generic characters. — Two rows of tracks usually quite
numerous, turned outward at an angle of 15° to 20° from the
median line.

Probably a myriapod.

Pterichnus tardigradus E. Hitchcock

Acanthichnus tardigradus E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 151, pi. xxviii,
fig. I.

Pterichnus centipes E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 17.

This is another instance of a total change of name by Hitch-
cock when his opinion of the animal's relationship was altered.
The new generic name Pterichnus can stand, but the older specific
name tardigradus of course has priority and must be used.

Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Genus Hamipes E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 150.

Generic characters. — Two paired rows of impressions
" curved inward, so as to be somewhat hook-shaped."
Large for an insect trails but doubtless arthropodan.

Hamipes didactylus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 150, pi. xxv, fig. 8.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

63

Genus Sphaerapus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 164.

Generic characters. — " Trackway consisting of a furrow, in
the bottom of which are two rows of [hemi-] spherical impres-
sions, as if made by tubercules, rather than the feet of the animal."

In discussing the nature of the animal Hitchcock goes on to
say:

" In the autumn of 1857, I found numerous larvae of an insect
beneath the rock maple {Acer saccharinum) and feeding on its
leaves, whose tracks, figured on Plate vii, fig. 33, so much re-
semble the trackway of the species of Sphcerapus, that I con-
cluded both must have been produced by the same class of
animals. Hence I placed Sphcerapus among the Insects. But if
we recur to a principle of paleontology .... that what are
now larva forms typify extinct adult forms, we ought to look
among existing adult forms to find the place of those ancient
forms that correspond to existing larva forms. If so, we are
led more probably to the Annelids than the insects for the place
of the Sphaerapans. For some existing Annelids have ' tubercles
arranged in pairs along the under side of the body, which serve
the purposes of feet.' "

I do not know what the larva may have been but the presump-
tion is that it was a lepidopterous caterpillar of some sort and the
Lepidoptera are not known before the Tertiary. A. S. Packard,
however, in discussing (1890, p. 500) the primitive caterpillar
says :

" The generalized or primitive form of the first caterpillar
was, then, like that of Tineid larvae in general, and was an
external feeder, rather than a miner. The body of this fore-
runner or ancestor of our present caterpillars (which may have
lived late in Carboniferous times, just before the appearance of
flowering plants and deciduous trees), was most probably cylin-
drical, long and slender. Like the Panorpid larvae, the thoracic
and abdominal legs had already become differentiated."

Both the Panorpidae and the Phryganeidae (caddice flies) are
known from the Trias and Jura, and the supposition has been
advanced that the Lepidoptera and the Phryganeidae arc related,
at least through a common ancestry. It would therefore be per-
fectly within the possibilities to account for the trail of Sphcrrapus

64

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

as that of the larva of one of these forms, though not necessarily
lepidopterous.

Sphaerapus larvalis E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 164, pi. xxviii, fig. 2.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

Sphaerapus magnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 164-165, pi. xxviii, fig. 3.
Locality. — Turners Falls, on hard red shale.

Genus Grammepus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 155.

Generic characters. — " Tracks arranged in two parallel rows,
the principal ones forming almost continuous lines, parallel to the
line of direction. The two other tracks short, lying outside, and
forming various angles with the median line."

These are evidently trails of some sort, but judging from
Hitchcock's figures there seems to be but little regularity or serial
repetition of the markings. They may be arthropod but one
cannot be positive.

Grammepus erismatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 155-156, pi. xxix, fig. i.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.
Classified by C. H. Hitchcock (1889) Hexapod.

Grammepus unordinatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 156, pi. xxix, fig. 2.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

In his original description of this species Professor Hitchcock
says :

" It may be doubted whether this species is worth giving, as
we have but a single specimen, which, though distinct, is not all
we could wish. I doubt whether this animal belongs to the genus
Grammepus, because it shows only one row of tracks. But the
impressions have a good deal of resemblance to those of the
Grammepus erismatus, and I leave the two together until further
light is obtained."

In 1865 (PP- 19-20) Hitchcock evidently thought sufficient

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF COXXECTICUT VALLEY. 65

further light was obtained to warrant a removal of this species
from the genus Grammepiis to a new one, Aynpelichniis, but it is
referred to a group of specimens of doubtful origin and char-
acter." Hitchcock's further remarks are as follows :

'' This genus is more obscure than the last [^Grammichnits].
It consists on the track of grooves rarely more than a quarter
of an inch, sometimes half an inch long, about the twentieth of
an inch broad, arranged somewhat in a rachis form. Most
usually these grooves are by pairs, as if made by a bipedate
animal ; but sometimes the number is greater, and the impression
has the aspect of the stem and clusters of the grape; and hence
the name (a/u-fXog, a vine)." Xot only was the species removed
to this new genus but a new specific name '' sidcatus " given as
well.

Genus Stratipes E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 149.

Generic characters. — " Animal's feet perhaps didactylous ;
spread out in walking nearly at right angles to the line of direc-
tion." This is a very large trail 19 to 20 inches between the rows
of impressions and 27 inches for the entire width of the track-
way. The paired impressions are evenly spaced; but one may
readily question whether the foot was didactylous, or whether as
Hitchcock says the two digit-like impressions may not have been
made by the fore and hind feet. A large enough crustacean to
make such a trail seems to be out of the question in terrestrial
waters. Hitchcock says : " But if this were not a giant crusta-
cean, I know not what he was, and will not multiply words about
him," and this seems to express the present state of our knowledge
after the lapse of more than half a century.

Stratipes latus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 149-150, pi. xlix, fig. 4.
Locality. — Field's orchard, Turners Falls.
The unique type slab which is No. 13/4 of the Amherst collec-
tion shows evidently a surface below that upon which the animal
walked ; and, as it is somewhat obscure in outline, may well give a
somewhat erroneous idea of the actual track.

5

66 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

i/ )$ £^ o m

<i> 1> 6 i>

Fig. d.—Straiipes latus. Nat. size. After Hitchcock.

Genus Saltator E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 137.

Generic characters. — " Animals small ; moving generally by
leaps." The two species united under this head have little in
common except for the apparent method of progression, and may
have been made by very different animals, but the evidence is
insufficient to separate them.

Saltator bipedatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 137, pi. xxiv, fig. 8, pi. li, fig. 7.
Locality. — Turners Falls, probably on Field's farm.
Saltator caudatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 138, pi. xxiv, figs. 9, 10.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Phylum VERMES
The old term Vermes is used as being more non-committal
than Annelida. One cannot be sure that in every case the follow-
ing track-makers were oligochete annelids though doubtless some
were.

Genus Herpystezoum E. Hitchcock
Unisulcus
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 245.

Generic characters. — " Track a curved or looped furrow, of
various sizes."

The name of this genus was afterwards changed in the
Ichnology (1858, p. 160) to Unisulcus, with the following defini-

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

67

tion : " Trackway a continuous single groove." There is no sign
of the impressions of appendages and the trail seems to have been
that of a worm-like form, probably an annelid.

Herpystezoum marshii E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 246, pi. xvii, fig. i.
Unisulcus marshi E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 160, pi. xxvi, fig. i, pi.
xlix, fig. I.

Locality. — Turners Falls ; Portland, Conn.

Herpystezoum minutum E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 246, pi. xvii, fig. 2.

Unisulcus minutus E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 161, pi. xxvi, fig. 3.

Locality. — Turners Falls.

Herpystezoum intermedium (E. Hitchcock)
Unisulcus intermedius E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 161, pi. xxvi,
fig. 2.

Locality. — Turners Falls.

Herpystezoum magnum (C. H. Hitchcock)
Unisulcus magnus C. H. Hitchcock 1889, P- 122.
Locality. — Milf ord, N. J.

Genus Halysichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 162.

Generic characters. — " Trackway with ridges on each side ;
as if the animal had ploughed its way through the mud instead of
gliding over the surface; crossed at intervals by depressions,
giving to the pathway the appearance of a chain."

Halysichnus laqueatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 162, pi. xxvi, fig. 7.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Halysichnus tardigradus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 163, pi. xxvi, fig. 8.
Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

Genus Cunicularius E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 163.

Generic characters. — " Animal constructing a covered path-
way along the surface." " Trackway crooked and branched.

68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Branches terminating abruptly, and sometimes showing an
accumulation of mud at the end." This creature, evidently a
worm, made its burrows just beneath the surface in such a way
that their impressions are found not only upon the stratum upon
which the animal progressed but, unlike all other trails, upon
the one above as well.

Cunicularius retrahens E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 163, pi. xxvi, fig. 4.
Locality. — Turners Falls, below the cataract and near the
trap; Middletown, Conn.

Genus Cochlea E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 162.

Generic characters. — " Trackway somewhat resembling a
double screw or spiral."

This genus C. H. Hitchcock classes as a mollusc, but it is diffi-
cult to conceive of the tracks as having been made by any moUus-
can animal within the narrow limits of ftiose in terrestrial waters.
The burrow branches in its coiling, which adds not only to its
complexity but to the difficulty of an interpretation. It seems,
however, more worm- than mollusc-like.

Cochlea archimedea E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 162, pi. xxvi, fig. 9, pi.
xlix, fig. 7.

Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Genus Cochlichnus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 161.
Generic characters. — " Trackway a continu-
ous serpentine furrow, resembling a compressed
corkscrew."

Cochlichnus anguineus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 161, pi. xxvi, fig. 6,
pi. xxxvii, fig. 4.

Locality. — Field's farm, Turners Falls.

Phylum MOLLUSCA?
Under this head are placed some peculiar
multiple trails the duplication of which seems to

Fig. 7.— Cochlea

archimedea.
Two-thirds nat.

size.
After Hitchcock.

exclude them from the worms.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 69

Genus Bisulcus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 18.

Generic characters. — Continuous paired grooves separated
by a single ridge.

Bisulcus undulatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 18, pi. iii, fig. 5.

Locality. — Field's orchard, Gill ; Lily Pond, Turners Falls.

Genus Trisulcus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, P- 18.

Generic characters. — Continuous grooves three in number
separated by ridges which sometimes show slight protuberances
like those of Spharapus.

Fig. 8 — Trisulcus lagueatus.
Two-thirds nat. size. After Hitchcock,

Trisulcus laqueatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, pp. 18-19, pi. iii, fig. 4.
Locality. — Turners Falls, Lily Pond.

Impressions of Doubtful Origin and Character
Genus Harpagopus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 247.

Generic characters. — A succession of obliquely placed im-
pressions, more or less elliptical in form, of very doubtful charac-
ter. C. H. Hitchcock classes it with " Inferior Arthropods, etc."

Harpagopus dubius K. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 249, pi. xviii, fig. 3.
Locality. — Turners Falls; South Hadlcy canal.

70 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Genus Grammichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, P- ^9-

Generic characters, — Single series of elongate impressions,
five in number, repeated serially and placed at various angles.
Hitchcock says :

"If the Roman capital A, or the Greek Alpha, was laid down
in succession along a straight line and at right angles to the line,
and the letters were connected by a sort of triple hyphen, it would
give a tolerably good representation of the genus and species
Grammichnus Alpha.'' In some ways this suggests the pre-
ceding genus though more complex. It is possible that some
rolling or rhythmically impressed object moved along by water
might have made such a series of prints, analogous to the impres-
sion gotten from a cylindrical seal such as the ancients used.

Grammichnus alpha E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 19, pi. iii, fig. 3.
Locality. — Unrecorded.

Genus Climacodichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 20.

Generic characters. — " Small, ladder-like rows of impres-
sions, a good deal resembling the steps of the Acanthichnus, but
more than sufficient to form the sides of the ladder, and extend-
ing past one another." The entire surface of the rock is always
irregularly corrugated. The trails may be those of arthropods,
but the nature of the corrugations is not understood.

Climacodichnus corrugatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 20, pi. vii, fig. 5, pi. xiii.
Locality. — Turners Falls.

Genus jEnigmichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, pp. 20-21.

Judging from the photographs figured by Hitchcock (1865,
pi. xiv) and specimens in the Yale Museum, this genus seems to
be not of animal origin, but rather the rolling over and over or
rhythmical impression of a tree top or other vegetation by cur-
rents, which has impressed a great number of approximately
parallel rows of lines, grooves, and depressions which Hitchcock
has laboriously classified.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

71

.ffinigmichnus multiformis E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, pp. 20-21, pi. i, figs. 4, 5, pi. xi, figs. 1-6,

pi. xii, figs. 1-4, pi. xiv.

Locality. — Ferry above Turners Falls; ferry at Turners

Falls.

The Aquatic Vertebrates

Among the vertebrate fossils found in the Newark rocks of
the Connecticut valley, two classes, fishes and reptiles, are repre-
sented by actual osseous remains ; the latter surely, and probably
the amphibia, are represented by their footprints. Whether or
not the two higher classes, the birds and mammals, are represented
is not yet proven ; though mammalian remains are known from the
Newark system in North Carolina, and the first authentic avian
relics, those of Archcsopteryx, already a long way along the
road to avian perfection, coming as they do from the Upper
Jurassic, would surely imply birds in some stage in their evolution
during Newark time. The fishes have been studied exhaustively
by Doctor C. R. Eastman for the Connecticut Geological and
Natural History Survey^, but in order to make my review of the
Connecticut valley Triassic life complete I will insert the list of
genera and species contained in Doctor Eastman's work.

The fish remains are almost entirely from the two general
levels of black bituminous shale which also contain the plant
relics, already enumerated, in varying profusion. Rarely are
footprints found in juxtaposition to the fishes, and never, so far
as I am aware, upon the fish-bearing shales themselves.

Geologically the shale bands are associated with the trap out-
flows, an anterior bed following 50 to 100 feet above the anterior
trap sheet, and a posterior bed occurring about 100 feet below
the posterior trap, the relationship of the shale and trap being in
the one case the reverse of the other.

Geographically the fish localities are distributed from Turners
Falls, Massachusetts, to Lake Saltonstall at New Haven, Con-
necticut, the principal localities for the anterior zone being :

Durham (west slope of Totoket), Connecticut.
Bluff Head, Connecticut.
Higby, Connecticut.

> Eistman. C. R.. 1911.

72

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Berlin, Connecticut.
Southington, Connecticut.
? Southbury, Connecticut.

For the posterior zone :

Turners Falls, Massachusetts.
Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Chicopee Falls, Massachusetts.
Lake Saltonstall, Connecticut.

Durham (east of Pistapaug mountain), Connecticut.
Westfield, Connecticut.
South Bloomfield, Connecticut.

North Bloomfield, i mile east of Tariff ville, Connecticut.
Rocky Hill, Hartford, Connecticut.

Besides these localities there is one in Middlefield, near the
Laurel Brook Reservoir, which belongs to a horizon above the
posterior trap sheet. One or two other localities of fossiHferous
black shale have been reported, but are doubtful.

Of these localities by far the most important are Sunderland,
Durham, and, of those without the limits of the valley, Boonton,
New Jersey.

List of Species
Slightly modified from Eastman (1911)
Class PISCES
Subclass TELEOSTOMI
Order CROSSOPTERYGII
Family CGELACANTHID^
Genus Diplurus Newberry
Diplurus longicaudatus Newberry
Localities. — Durham, Conn. ; Boonton, N. J.

Order ACTINOPTERYGII
Suborder CHONDROSTEI
Family CATOPTERID^
Genus Catopterus J. H. Redfield
Catopterus gracilis J. H. Redfield
Localities. — Middletown, Middlefield, Durham, Southbury,
Conn. ; Sunderland, Mass. ; Boonton, N. J.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

73

Catopterus redfieldi Egerton

Localities. — Durham, Conn. ; " apparently at other locaUties
in the Connecticut valley and in New Jersey " (Newberry).

Genus Dictyopyge Egerton
Dictyopyge macrura W. C. Redfield
Locality. — Middletown, Conn.

Suborder PROTOSPONDYLI

Family SEMIONOTID^
Genus Acentrophorus Traquair
(Generic position uncertain)
Acentrophorus chicopensis Newberry
Localities. — Chicopee Falls, Mass. ; and, according to Hay,
from New Jersey and Connecticut.

Genus Semionotus Agassiz
Palcsoniscus (in part) and Ischypterus Egerton

Semionotus agassizii (W. C. Redfield)

Localities. — Sunderland, Mass. ; Westfield and Middlefield,
Conn. ; Pompton and Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus alatus (Newberry)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus braunii (Newberry)
Locality. — Weehawken, N. J., beneath the trap of the
Palisades.

Semionotus elegans (Newberry)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus fultus (Agassiz)
S. macropterus (W. C. Redfield), according to Hay.
Localities. — Boonton, N. J. ; Sunderland, Mass. ; and
Durham, Connecticut.

Semionotus gigas (Newberry)
(Provisional species)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

74 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Semionotus lenticularis (Newberry)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus lineatus (Newberry)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus micropterus (Newberry)
Locality. — Durham, Conn.

Semionotus minutus (Newberry)
(Doubtful species)
Locality. — Durham, Conn.

Semionotus modestus (Newberry)
Locality. — Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus ovatus (W. C. Redfield)

Localities. — Turners Falls and Sunderland, Mass. ; Westfield
and Middlefield, Conn. ; and Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus parvus (W. C. Redfield)
(Doubtful species)

Localities. — Sunderland, Mass. ; perhaps Durham and West-
field, Conn. ; Boonton, N. J.

Semionotus tenuiceps (Agassiz)

5". latus (J. H. Redfield) according to Hay.

Localities. — For specimens described as S. latus — Sunder-
land, Mass. ; Westfield, Middlefield and Durham, Conn. ; and
Pompton, Boonton and Plainfield, N. J.

Family EUGNATHID^
Genus Ptycholepis Agassiz
Ptycholepis marshi Newberry
Locality — Durham, Conn.

We have therefore six genera and twenty species, of which six
genera and thirteen species are found within the limits of the
Connecticut valley, and six genera and probably thirteen species
in the state of Connecticut, while New Jersey has produced four
genera and sixteen species.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

75

The Terrestrial Vertebrates

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Skeletal Remains

While the footprints constitute by far the great bulk of our
evidence concerning terrestrial life of Newark time, the actual
bone remains are more numerous than is generally supposed,
though the majority of the finds have been of the most meagre
description. W. M. Davis as late as 1898 (p. 35) speaks thus of
the bone discoveries :

" The skeletons of these ruling inhabitants are exceedingly
rare, only one having yet been discovered in Connecticut, but this,
accidentally found in the abutment of a bridge at Manchester, is
so well preserv^ed that it excites the hope of finding more."

Davis refers to the story of the discovery of the type of
Ammosaurus major Marsh, now preserved in the Yale Museum,
which will be detailed below (vide infra p. 78).

Emerson and Loomis in 1904 (p. 377) in speaking of the dis-
covery of Stegomus longipes say :

" The number of osseous remains [of the Connecticut valley]
is limited to three dinosaur specimens and a portion of an Aeto-
saurus-like carapace, called by Marsh, Stegomus."

As a matter of fact no fewer than three genera and five
species of dinosaurs, one species of phytosaur and two species of
aetosaurs are known, making four genera and seven species, in-
cluding that which Emerson and Loomis were describing at the
time of their writing, while the actual number of bone remains
from the Connecticut valley exceeds this record of different
forms.

The northernmost locality where bones have been found is
Greenfield, Mass., where a bone fragment presumably dinosau-
rian was discovered in 1875 ( Solon Wiley in a red sand-

stone quarry about one-half mile north of the village. This
specimen is now preserved in the Yale Museum.

The next locality to the south is at South Hadley, Mass., " in
a bowlder of Triassic sandstone which the glacier carried two or
three miles, possibly, and deposited not far from the site of
Mount Holyoke College" (Talbot 1911, p. 469). This discovery
was made by Miss Mignon Talbot in 19 10. Moreover in the

76 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iii,
p. 340, 1850, mention is made of large vertebrates from East
Windsor and South Hadley. Those from the former locality
are discussed below ; of the latter I can find no further trace
either in the literature or in known collections unless a few
very imperfect fragments of the bones of a similar species [to
Thecodontosaurus (Megadactylus) polyselus] which were found
earlier and are preserved in the museum " at Amherst, referred to
by Emerson (loc. cit.), constitute the material alluded to.
Material if I mistake not is also preserved in the Boston Society's
Museum.

At Belchertown, Mass., Emerson (1898 A, p. 406) has " found
many imperfect fragments of bone in the indurated sandstone of
the contact zone of the easternmost volcanic core. ....
This induration has prevented the percolation of water, which
has doubtless carried away many bones formerly embedded in
these coarse sandstones."

The next locality is at Springfield, Mass., where before the
Civil War (1856?) the bones were thrown out by a blast in ex-
cavating a well for the casting of a big gun at the water shops ot
the United States Armory, in the south part of Springfield, and
only a part of the skeleton was preserved and presented to Presi-
dent Hitchcock " (Emerson 1898 A, p. 405).

The most southerly Massachusetts locality known to me is at
Longmeadow. Emerson and Loomis (1904, p. 377) thus
describe the discovery of this fossil :

" Some seven years ago, while removing the superficial layers
of sandstone in the Hines Quarry, which is about a mile east of
the village of East Longmeadow, Mass., Mr. G. B. Robinson
found the small lizard-like specimen which is the subject of this
paper. It occurred in a dense layer of red sandstone some ten
feet below the surface and immediately above the thicker and
softer layers which are used commercially for building stone.
The discoverer removed the blocks containing the animal to his
door yard, where they remained for about seven years exposed to
the weather. They were seen by Mr. and Mrs. E. D. White,
who obtained possession of them and brought the fossil to Spring-
field. Mr. and Mrs. White kindly placed this finely preserved

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

77

fossil at our disposal for study and description." This specimen
is still deposited in the museum at Amherst College.

In Connecticut the northernmost locality is that of East Wind-
sor, the specimen now preserved at Yale having the distinction of
being the first Triassic fossil found in the Connecticut valley the
discovery of which is recorded. This find was made nearly a
century ago, in 1818, and the first notice is contained in the
American Journal of Science, vol. ii, 1820. Nathan Smith (1820,
p. 146) thus described the discovery :

"Mr. Solomon Ellsworth, Jun., of East Windsor (Conn.),
has politely favoured me with some specimens of fossil bones,
included in red sand stone. Mr. Ellsworth informs me that they
were discovered by blasting in a rock for a well; they were 23
feet below the surface of the earth, and 18 feet below the top of
the rock. Unfortunately, before Mr. Ellsworth came to the
knowledge of what was going on, the skeleton had been blown to
pieces, with the rock which contained it, and several pieces of
bones had been picked up, and then lost. . . . Mr. Ellsworth
states that the bones were found in a horizontal position across the
bottom of the well, as he thinks nearly to the extent of six feet."

This specimen, Cat. No. 2125 of the Fossil Vertebrate collec-
tion at the Yale Museum, I have identified as Anchisaurus colurus
Marsh (vide infra p. 141).

Still another locality is that of Ellington, Conn., from which
material was described and figured by E. Hitchcock in his
" Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts," 1841, pp. 503-
504. The description of the discovery is as follows :

" Still more remarkable specimens, for which I am also in-
debted to Prof. Silliman, are shown on Plate 46, Figs. 69-73, of
the natural size. These are made up entirely of fine reddish
sand ; and yet, their resemblance to bones is too obvious to be
mistaken

" These specimens were presented to Professor Silliman by a
son of Hon. John Hall, of Ellington ; a town that adjoins East
Windsor. In answer to my enquiries, Judge Hall informs me, by
letter, that the specimens were found at two places in Ellington ;
neither of which is more than 2j^ miles from the locality already
described in East Windsor."

78 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

These relics were at best only the casts of bones formed by
the infiltration of sand into the place where bones had lain. I
have been unable to trace them if indeed they exist to-day, but
they seem to have been of dinosaurian origin.

By far the most notable bone locality in the valley is at
Manchester, the place of origin of the important type specimens
of Anchisaurus colurus, A. solus and Ammosaurus major, all of
which, described by Professor Marsh, are preserved in the
Peabody Museum at Yale. From Professor Marsh's notes I
extract the following :

These specimens were found in the quarry of Mr. Charles O.
Wolcott about one mile north of Buckland station in a layer
about two and one-half feet in thickness, and, as the quarry was
then worked, somewhat above the level of the roadway.

The first specimen, the Ammosaurus major, was found in
1884, and before its value was recognized the rock containing the
skull and fore quarters was built into the abutments of a bridge
over Bigelow brook, South Manchester. When the block con-
taining the hind quarters was taken out, it was saved by Mr.
Wolcott, and news of its discovery sent to Professor Marsh by
Charles H. Owen, of Buckland, by whose aid and that of T. A.
Bostwick the specimen was purchased. Subsequent earnest
effort failed to secure the anterior portion.

The second saurian, Anchisaurus colurus, was found in the
same layer, twenty feet south, in a large block of sandstone. The
portion exposed showed the scapula and humerus and this had
been the outer surface of the quarry for a long time. There was
no record of when the adjoining block had been removed. Part
of the large block was split off at New Haven, and this smaller
piece contained the head and part of the neck. The rest of the
skeleton (except one fore leg, one hind leg, the ends of the ischia,
and the tail) was subsequently found in the main block.

The third saurian, Anchisaurus solus, was found at the same
time as No. 2, in two small blocks which were subsequently fitted
together. It was about two feet higher than, and about fifteen
feet southeast of the previous specimen. This third specimen is
nearly entire.

Saurian No. 4. During a visit to this quarry, September 24,
1894, three and a half years after the other specimens were re-

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

79

ceived at New Haven, Professor Marsh found in essentially the
same layer a large rib, quite perfect, and probably pertaining to
an animal somewhat larger than any of the above. There is
unfortunately no record of the receipt of this rib at New Haven.

On the west side of the valley and therefore, owing to the
eastern dip of the Triassic strata, at a much lower geological
level, another locality was discovered in the town of Simsbury.
This specimen, consisting of a single bone, was found in the
quarry of Orestes Wilcox, half a mile southwest from the station
at Simsbury. It was designated as the type specimen of Rutio-
don (Belodon) validus by Marsh {vide infra p. 109), and was
received in the Yale Museum November 19, 1888.

The last locality in the valley is at Fair Haven, actually within
the limits of the municipality of New Haven. The specimen was
found in the quarry of Freeman Clark, not far from the Ferry
Street bridge over the Quinnipiac river, and consists of the
impression of the dorsal armor plates with no trace of actual
bone. The specimen constitutes the type of Stegomus arcuatus
Marsh and is preserved in the Yale Museum.

Thus it will be seen that at least eleven authentic localities in
the Connecticut valley have produced vertebrate remains other
than footprints, eight of the remains apparently of dinosaurs and
three unquestionably of other reptiles (phytosaurs) ; of these
nine are from near the summit of the Newark series geologically,
while two, that of Simsbury and that of Fair Haven, are below
the extrusive trap and therefore at a very much lower level. The
dinosaurs and Stegomus longipes are from the newer, the Rutio-
don and Stegomus arcuatus from the older rocks.

New Jersey has thus far been less prolific of actual bone from
the Newark system though much material of later age has been
brought to light. The Yale Museum contains a specimen of
Rutiodon of undetermined species from the Belleville quarry
just north of the city of Belleville (Edwards, Amer. Jour. Sci.,
(3) 1, 1895, p. 346). This specimen, consisting as it does of a
portion of a jaw without the teeth, was said by Edwards to " look
like Dromatherium sylvestre of Emmons." It is quite evident
that Edwards never saw the minute jaw of the mammal Droma-
therium or he would never have made such a comparison.
Another fragment of bone from the sandstone (junrries at Belle-

80 ^ CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

ville, " too imperfect for identification," is preserved in the
museum at Columbia University.

The public press of 1910, notably the New York Tribune of
December 22d, announced the discovery of a " dinosaur " on the
west shore of the Hudson below the Palisades and opposite 155th
Street, New York City. The mass of rock containing the skele-
ton was removed to the American Museum where it is now pre-
served. The specimen was discovered by two Columbia students
about eight months before its removal. Geologically, it lies near
the base of the entire Newark series, and is both geologically and
anatomically not a dinosaur but rather a phytosaur, the species
of which is new to science. {Vide infra p. 113.) The Saint
Nicholas magazine for May, 191 1, contains a description of this
" dinosaur " with restorations of Anchisaurus, which further
emphasizes the unwisdom of premature publication when identi-
fication is incomplete, since in this instance the error will be
difficult to rectify in the public mind.

An abundance of material has been obtained from Upper
Milford and PhcEnixville, Pennsylvania, from which several
species have been described as dinosaurs. Their reference to
that order is not admitted by Huene (1906, p. loi), but the whole
material, the bulk of which is now in the Cope collection at the
American Museum, should be restudied before final judgment is
passed. It is my impression, however, that the Pennsylvania
localities represent an older faunal phase than the dinosaurs of
the Connecticut valley. The characters of the matrix (Wheatley
1861) and the associated fossils point to very different
environmental conditions from those of the New England and
New Jersey areas, hence a discussion of the fruits of the Pennsyl-
vania locality may very properly be postponed.

Footprints

While fossil footprints vastly exceed in numbers and kinds
the actual bones, they like the latter are confined to certain
definite geological levels, so that, while evidence of an abundant
fauna is given, it is for the most part a contemporaneous fauna
confined to the closing act of the Newark drama.

6S50O

GEOLOGICAL iMAP OF VICINITY OF SOUTH HADLEY.

The numbers witliin the circles indicate the localities
referred to in the text.

J Triassic Sedimentary Rocks.

I Contemporaneous Sheets of Trap.

Tufa and Agglomerate.
l^'S^^Tv'Otl Volcanic Cores, and Dikes of Trap.

Seal® 6a^o6

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF VICINITY OF TURNERS FALLS.

Tlie numbers within the circles indicate the localities
referred to in the text.

\//yy/^ Pre-Triassic Crystalline Rocks.
I [ Triassic Sedimentary Rocks.

^^■^HH Contemporaneous Sheet of Trap.

4

i

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

81

Bone and Footprint Localities
(indicated by numbers on the maps)
Massachusetts

1. North bank of Connecticut River, nearly opposite mouth of

Millers River

2, 3. Horse Race

4. Lily Pond

5. Ferry above Turners Falls

6. North bank below Turners Falls
6a. Orchard, Gill

7. Montague Canal

8. Montague City

9. Marsh's Quarry, Montague

10. Greenfield

? Greenfield ? bone locality

11. Belchertown bone locality

12. Mt. Holyoke

13. Stream near Pliny Moody's
13a. Moody's Corner

14. Dickinson's Quarry, South Hadley

15. South Hadley

16. Smith Ferry

17. South Hadley, opposite Smith Ferry

18. Mt. Tom, west

19. Mt. Tom, east

20. Below Smith Ferry

21. South Hadley

22. South Hadley, Podokesaurus locality

23. Holyoke Dam

24. Holyoke

25. Chicopee Falls

26. Chicopee, near " Cabotville "

27. Springfield water shops, Anchisaurus polyzelus locality

28. Longmeadow, Stegomus longipes locality

Connecticut

29. Sufficld

30. Ketch's Mills, East Windsor, bone locality

31. Manchester, Anchisaurus and Ammosaurus locality

6

82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

32. " Rocky Hill," Hartford

33. Wethersfield Cove
34, 35. Wethersfield

36. Middletown

37. Portland

38. Higby

39. Middlefield
40? Durham

41. New Haven, Stegomus arcuatus locality

42. Simsbury, Rutiodon validus locality

Geographical Distribution
Geographically the tracks are distributed from Turners Falls to
New Haven — nearly the entire length of the valley ; but the
greatest abundance of localities and the greatest profusion both
of species and specimens are in the northern portion of the area,
specifically around Turners Falls, and near South Hadley,
Massachusetts.

Hitchcock in the Ichnology (1858, pp. 49-50) enumerates no
fewer than thirty-eight quarries for fossil footprints and very few
localities have been discovered since that time.

The more important localities, with the species each has pro-
duced, are as follows :

Massachusetts

Turners Falls area. — The northernmost locality is on the
north bank of the Connecticut river, nearly opposite the mouth
of Millers river. Species unrecorded.

Horse Race, Gill. — A very productive locality, from which
are recorded the following species, alphabelically arranged:

Anchisauripus exsertus, minus cuius, parallelus, sillimani,

tuberosus
Argoides minimus

Batrachopus dispar, gracilior, gracilis
Corvipes lacertoideus

Eubrontes approximatus, divaricatus, giganteus
Grallator cuneatus
Otozoum moodii
Palamopus palmatus, rogersi

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

83

Sillimanitis tetradactyhis

Steropoides divaricatus, diversus, ingens
10 genera and 21 species.
Rock, gray micaceous sandstone and shale.

Lily Pond. — One of the most notable localities of all is that
at the Lily Pond on the north bank of the Connecticut river
(" Barton Cove " of the U. S. Geological Surv^ey map), a locality
that has produced not only a large proportion of vertebrate
tracks but plant remains and nearly all of the known species of
invertebrate trails as well. The rock is as a rule fine red and
brown shale. The vertebrate species recorded are :

Anchisauripus exsertns, hitchcocki, minuscuhis, parallelus,

sillim a ni, tube rosus
Anomoepus curvatus
Anticheiropus hamaUis
Apatichmcs circumagens, minor
Arachnichnus dehiscens
Argoides minimus

Batrachopus hellus, deweyi, gracilior, gracilis
Chelonoides incedens
Comptichmis ohesus
Corvipes lacertoideus

Eubronfes approximatuSj divaricaUis, giganteus, Hiheratus
Exocampe oniata
Gig an dip us caudatus
Grallafor cuneatus, cursorins, formosus
Harpedactylus gracilior
Hyphepus fieldi
Palamopns gracilipes, rogersi
Platypterna concamerata, digitigrada, gracillima
Plectropterna angiista, gracilis, lineans
Plesiornis pilulatus
Sauropus harrattii
Selenichnus hrevius cuius
Shepardia palmipes
Steropoides diversus, infelix, uncus
Tarsodactylus caudatus
In all 25 genera and 46 species.

84 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Ferry above Turners Falls. — Another important locality is
the " Ferry above Turners Falls/' near w^here the bridge now
crosses from Turners Falls village to Riverside.
The character of the sediment is red shale.
The species from this locality which I find recorded are :
Ammo pus marshi (n. sp., vide p. 265)
Anchisauripus exsertus, sillimani

Anomoepus curvatus, gracillimus, intermedins, scamhus
Apatichnus minor
Batrachopus deweyi, gracilis
Exocampe ornata

Grallator cuneatus, cursorius, gracilis
Orthodactylus sp.
Platypterna digitigrada, tenuis
Plectropterna gracilis
Plesiornis pilulatus
Selenichnus breviusculus
Stenonyx lateralis
Steropoides diversus, infelix
In all 14 genera and 23 species.

Ferry at Turners Falls. — Character of sediment, gray mica-
ceous sandstone.

Known species referred specifically to this spot are :

Anchisauripus exsertus, minusculus, parallelus, sillimani

Anomoepus curvatus, gracillimus, intermedius, minimus,
scamhus

Apatichnus circumagens

Batrachopus gracilis

Grallator gracilis

Hoplichnus poledrus

Otozoxim minus (n. sp., vide p. 225)

Selenichnus breviusculus
Number of genera 8; of species 15.

North bank below Turners Falls. — Character of sediment,
gray shale.

Species recorded:

Ancyropus heteroclitus

Eubrontes giganteus

XO. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

8s

Exocampe arcta, ornata
Harpedactylus gracilior, tenuissimus
Helcura anguinea
Palamopus rogersi
Plectropterna gracilis, minitans
Sillimanius gracilior
Toxichnus incequalis
Xiphopeza triplex
Number of genera represented 10; of species 13.

Turners Falls. — A great many specimens bear the general
label of Turners Falls, which may belong either to the ferry at
Turners Falls or to one of the other localities already specified.
However, the building of the Turners Falls power dam at the
cataract laid bare the river bed, and this, together with the attend-
ant quarrying operations, proved a golden opportunity for the
gathering of these interesting relics. The character of the sedi-
ment ranges from micaceous sandstone through gray to red and
finally indurated shale.

The genera and species from this locality are:

Amblypus dextratus, sp. indet.

Anchisauripus exsertus, hitchcocki, minusculus, parallelus,

sillimani, tuberatus, tuberosus
Ancyropus heteroclitus

Anoma^pus curvatus, gracillimiis, intermedins, isodactyhis,

scambus
Antipus bifidus, flexiloquus
Apatichnus circumagens, minor
Arachnichnus dehiscens
Argoides macrodactyhis, minimus
Batrachopus bellus, deweyi, gracilior, gracilis
Cheirotheroides pilulatus
Corvipcs lacertoideus

Eubrontes approximatus, divaricatus, giganteus
Exocampe arcta, minima, ornata
Gigandipus caudatus

Grallator cuneatus, cursorius, formosus, gracilis, tenuis
Harpedactylus crassiis, tenuissimus
Helcura surgens

86

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Hyphepus fieldi

Isocampe strata

Lagunculapes latus

Orthodactylus introvergens, linearis

Otozoum minus

P alamo pus gracilipes, palmatus, rogersi

Platypterna concamerata, deanii, f delicatula, recta

Plectropterna angusta, gracilis, lineans, minitans

Plesiornis pilulatus

Saltator hipedatus (vertebrate ?)

Sauropus barrattii

Selenichnus breviusculus, falcatus

Shepardia palmipes

Sillimanius gracilior, tetradactylus

Stenonyx lateralis

Steropoides divaricatus, diversus, infelix, uncus
Sustenodactylus curvatus
Tarsodactylus caudatus
Toxichnus incrqualis
Trioenopus haileyi
Trihamus elcgans
Xiphopeza triplex
This profuse fauna contains no fewer than 39 genera and 78
species.

Field's Orchard, Gill, Mass. — An important quarry at this
locality has produced red shale and sandstone bearing imprints of
the feet of

Amblypus dextratus

Anchisauripus exsertus, parallelus, sillimani, tuberosus
Anomcepus curvatus, gracillimus, intermedius, minimus,

scambus
Apatichnus circumagens
Arachnichnus dehiscens
Argoides minimus
Batrachopus gracilis
Corvipes lacertoideus
Eubrontes platypus, tuberatus
Exocampe minima

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

87

Grallator cuneatus, cursorius, formosus, f gracilis
Hyphepus fieldi
Orthodactyhis ? infrovergens
? P alamo pus rogersi
Platypterna concamerata, digitigrada
Plectropterna minitans
Sauropus barrattii
Xiphopeza triplex
In all 18 genera and 30 species.

Montague. — Dexter Marsh's quarry, in southwestern part of
Montague. Rock, reddish micaceous sandstone. '

Anticheiropus pilulatus
Argoides minimus
? Sauropus barrattii
Steropoides divaricatus, diversus
Trihamus elegans
Five genera and 6 species.

Near Greenfield, Mass. —
Tarsodactylus expansus

Holyoke — Mt. Tom Range. — Outside of a few minor local-
ities none is met with for a distance of about twenty miles, when
one comes to the Holyoke-Mt. Tom range around which cluster a
new group of footprint quarries. Here on the west side of Mt.
Holyoke a few rods north of " Titan's piazza " in Hadley, an
interesting locality is found, as it lies beneath the main trap sheet,
not above as all to the north have done. This little quarry, like
Bassett's quarry to the southwest of Mt. Tom in Easthampton, is
of importance not from the profusion of species which it has pro-
duced, but from this fact of its lying beneath the main trap sheet
and therefore, so far as I am aware, presenting one of the earliest
records of dinosaurian existence on our continent.

The forms preserved are all carnivorous dinosaurs; from Mt.
Holyoke, Anchisauripus tuberostis and probably cxscrtus, and
from Mt. Tom, upon coarse sandstone, Eubrontcs gigantrus. one
of the most majestic of Newark forms.

On the eastern slope of the Mt. Tom uplift, therefore on the
west bank of the Connecticut, are at least three localities, one of

88

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

which Hes " between the ridges of trap near Ashael Lyman's, in
Northampton" (Hitchcock 1858), at a level above those just
mentioned but still below the level of the uppermost trap. This
quarry has produced two genera and four species impressed upon
gray sandstone : Anchisauripus exsertus, tuberosus, the first being '
one of the largest representatives of the genus, Eubrontes tuber-
atus, and Eupalamopus dananus, a quadrupedal form of doubtful
affinities.

At Smiths Ferry at the higher geological level have been
found the following impressed upon flagstone, often ripple-
marked :

Anchisauripus exsertus, minus cuius, sillimani, tuberosus
Eubrontes approximatus, divaricatus, giganteus
Grallator cuneatus, formosus
Platypterna concamerata
Steropoides divaricatus
Five genera and 1 1 species.

A small locality on the opposite side of the river has produced
Anchisauripus tuberosus, one of the most common species, upon
coarse sandstone bearing impressions of rain drops; while from
South Hadley we have recorded :

Anchisauripus minusculus, parallelus, sillimani, tuberosus

Anomoepus curvatus, isodactylus, minimus

Apatichnus circumagens, minus

Batrachopus bellus

Eubrontes approximatus, divaricatus

Grallator cuneatus, tenuis

Steropoides divaricatus •
In all 7 genera and 15 species.

Among the more specific localities within the town of South
Hadley is Moody's corner, named for Pliny Moody, who first
noticed the fossil footprints in so remote a year as 1802. This
quarry is notable for having produced the type specimen of that
most mysterious form, Otozoum moodii, in association with which
were found :

Anchisauripus exsertus, minusculus, parallelus, sillimani,

tuberosus
? Ancyropus heteroclitus

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

89

Anomcepus scamhus
Apatichnus ? minor
Batrachopus deweyi
Grallator cursorius, formosus
Seven genera and 12 species.

The rock upon which the animals walked, a layer of red mud
J4 inch thick, could not be preserved, but the relief counterpart
is composed of coarse reddish sandstone.

In the stream near Pliny Moody's upon coarse gray sandstone
were found 3 genera and 4 species including the ubiquitous
Anchisauripus sillimani, Batrachopus ? deweyi, and Grallator
formosus and tenuis.

Dickinson's quarry, South Hadley, has specifically recorded :
Anchisauripus minus cuius, sillimani, tuberosus
Anomoepus cuneatus, gracillimus, inter me dius
Batrachopus deweyi
Eubrontes divaricatus
Grallator cuneatus, cursorius, tenuis

At least 5 genera and 11 species. It is highly possible that
some of the other species referred to South Hadley may have
come from this quarry.

Ashley Pond. — A quarry worked for commercial building
stone situated to the west of the river in the town of Holyoke
near Ashley Pond is said to have produced many footprints,
quantities of which have been built into the foundations of the
various mills in the city of Holyoke. ^One slab was shown me
bearing two impressions which I identified as Eubrontes gigan-
teus or approximatus. Of the other species no record is extant
to my knowledge, as the locality has never been exploited scien-
tifically, and as a rule when the commercially less valuable foot-
print layer is reached it is removed as speedily as possible.

Chicopee Falls. — At this locality, impressed upon hard black
shale, were found :

Anchisauripus exsertus, sillimani
Anomoepus ? gracillimus
Argoides redficldii
Grallator cuneatus, formosus

go

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Plectropterna minitans
Plesiornis f pilulatus
Polemarchus polemarchius
Seven genera and 9 species.

Chicopee. — Near the principal village of the town (formerly
called Cabotville), some at least upon " slightly calcareous shale/*
were found :

Argoides macrodactylus
Plectropterna minitans
Polemarchus polemarchius
Sillimanius tetradactylus
In all 4 genera and species.

Connecticut

Crossing the border into Connecticut we come to still a third
group of localities, all belonging to the higher geological level and
all in proximity to the Connecticut river. The association of so
many of the known localities with the present course of the river
is probably due not so much to the absence of footprints else-
where in the broad reaches of the valley as to the fact that in very
few places away from the river is the Triassic sandstone exposed,
it being for the most part covered with deposits of later geologi-
cal age mainly of glacial origin.

Footprints have been found near Enfield bridge on the west
bank of the river in Suffield, and at " Rocky Hill " in Hartford,
but of the species I have found no record.

Wethers field. — The northernmost important locality is at
the cove at Wethersfield which also lies on the west bank of the
river. Here the character of the rock ranges from red to brown
shale, and the mud was as a rule so extremely soft when trodden
upon by the Triassic denizens that the walls of many of the foot-
prints have partially caved in, making a group of " leptodacty-
lous " tracks which in my opinion are due rather to the state of
plasticity of the substratum than to morphological characters of
the feet which thus impressed themselves. For as a rule there is
always a ratio between the plantar area of a creature's feet and
his weight, varying in different species with the character of the
ground upon which he habitually walks. These " leptodactylous "

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONXECTICUT VALLEY.

91

tracks being found practically nowhere else, it is inconceivable
that they can be a special adaptation to a muddy surface which
places the animal at so marked a disadvantage as that of sinking
in at every step.

The Wethersfield Cove fauna includes the following, in addi-
tion to which there may be some wrongly included under
",Wethersfield " without specific reference to the cove :

Ancyropus heteroclitus

Argoides macrodactylus, minimus

Euh routes giganteus

Ex 0 camp e ornata

Grallator cuneatus

Platyptenia deanii, delicatula, tenuis

Plectropterna minitatis

SilUmanius gracilior, tetradactylus

TricEfiopus baileyi

Typo pus gracilis
In all 10 genera and 14 species.

At Wethersfield, about two miles south of the cove, is another
locality, and a third lies about as far beyond the second. At
one or both of these places there have been impressed upon soft
mud, which has since solidified into a red shale, the following
species :

Anchisauripus exsertus, minusculus, sillimani, tuber osus

Ancyropus heteroclitus

Anomoepus cuneatus, gracillimus

Argoides macrodactylus, minimus

Comptichnus sp.

Cori'ipes lacertoideus

Eubrontes divaricatus, giganteus

Grallator cuneatus, cursorius, formosus, tenuis

Harpedactylus tenuissimus

Palamopus rogersi

Platypterna eoncamerata, deanii, delicatula, tenuis
Plectropterna elegans, gracilis, lineans, minitans
Plesiornis ccqualipes (=? Argoides minimus), quad-

rupes (=? Anomoepus intermedius)
SilUmanius gracilior, tetradactylus

92 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Steropoides diver sus, infelix
Tricenopus baileyi
Trihamus elegans, magnus
Typopus ? abnormis
In all 1 8 genera and 37 species are represented.

Portland. — One of the most notable localities for the interest
attached to the species is at Portland and on the east bank of the
river. Here are extensive quarries producing an excellent grade
of building stone. Occasionally a level bearing footprints is
found, though nearly all of the museum specimens preserved so
abundantly at Wesleyan University as well as at the Hartford
High School and at Yale are the counterparts, natural casts of the
footprints themselves, preserved in high relief in coarse red
sandstone.

Perhaps the most striking member of the Portland fauna is
the immense Otozoum moodii, accompanied in great profusion by
the tracks of Anchisanripiis sillimani, as is also the case at
Moody's corner, South Hadley. The complete faunal list is as
follows :

Anchisauripus exsertus, sillimani, tuber osus

Batrachopus deweyi, gracilis

Cunichnoides marsupialoideus

Eubrontes giganteus

Grallator cuneatus, gracilis, tenuis

Hoplichnus equus (questionably of organic origin)

Isocampe strata

Otozoum moodii (= also caudatum)
There are thus recorded 7 genera and 12 species and i doubt-
ful genus and species in addition.

Middletozvn and Middle field. — From the neighborhood of
Middletown,^ comes the type specimen of Anchisauripus sillimani
in high relief upon a slab of reddish micaceous sandstone which
had been worn smooth on its upper surface as a flagstone in the
streets of Middletown by the feet of two generations of men. It
was dug from a quarry about two miles west of the city one
hundred and thirty years ago, but the quarry has since produced

1 As the town of Middlcfield was not separated from Middletown until 1866. some o( the
specimens reported from MiddU-town may have come from Middlefifld.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

93

so far as I can learn no other relics of a similar character. There
are two counterpart slabs in the Redfield collection at Yale (Cat.
No. 2126) labeled as coming from Middletown and bearing foot-
prints which I have identified as those of Grallator cursorius.
The precise locality, however, is in doubt. Sauropus barrattii is
also reported to have been found at Middletown; this may,
however, refer to the Middlefield slab mentioned below.

A locality at Middlefield lying to the west of the easternmost
trap ridge and therefore in the posterior shales, older than the
long series of quarries along the river yet younger than those
beneath the main trap sheet at Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke, has
produced among other footprints the earliest record of the tracks
of a plant-feeding dinosaur known to me. The list includes :

Anchisatiripus exsertus, minusculus, sillimani
Anomoepus gracillimus
Eubrontes giganteus, tuberatus
Grallator cursorius
Four genera and 7 species. There have also been reported
from Middlefield upon a sidewalk flagstone of doubtful origin: .

Batrachopus gracilis
Sauropus barrattii .

At Higby, footprints have been reported in the anterior shales
by Davis (1898, p. 138), by whom Mr. S. Ward Loper was
engaged to search for fossil fish localities " at the proper horizons
for a considerable distance along the anterior and posterior
valleys in the larger blocks, from Totoket Mountain northward to

the gorge of the Farmington river at Tariff ville The

drift cover proved a serious obstacle to success, but did not
entirely defeat the search. After repeated failure to find out-
crops in the long anterior valley from Tremont to the north end
of Higby Mountain, the shales holding a few fish scales were
discovered in a little ravine near the north-bounding fault, and
on making an opening here, some of the characteristic fossils of
the anterior shales were speedily found. Associated with them
was a bed of sandstone containing plentiful large reptilian foot-
prints" (italics mine).

No statement is made by Davis concerning the species of
footprints, and I have been unable thus far to locate the material
if it was collected. The species ought however to accord with

94

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

those from Mt. Tom and Mt. Holyoke, that is, Anchisauripus
tuber osus, possibly A. exsertus and Eubrontes giganteus, and I
offer this as a prediction of their identity when they shall have
been studied.

New Haven. — Footprints were also reported from near the
quarry and presumably from the same geological level as that
which produced the specimen of Stegomus arcuatus at New
Haven. They were, however, neither preserved nor recorded;
which seems little short of calamitous in view of the fact that not
only were they at the farthest possible southern limit of the
valley, but, lying as they did, within the limits of the lower series
of coarse granitic sandstones (see geologic section opposite p. 20),
they were far anterior in time to any of the footprints actually
preserved.

Stratigraphical Distribution
The geologic sequence of the valley footprint localities is :
Lower series, coarse granitic sandstone

New Haven, Stegomus quarry
Anterior shales
Higby, Conn.

Bassett's quarry, southwest of Mt. Tom; Mt. Holyoke,
Mass.
Posterior shales

Middlefield, Conn.
Between the ridges of trap near Ashael Lyman's in
Northampton, Mass.

East face of Mt. Tom, Mass.
Upper series, sandstones and shales

Portland-Wethersfield group, Conn.

South Hadley group, Mass.

Turners Falls group, Mass.

Of these the Portland locality and that at Moody's corner
containing the great Otozoum may be a little the
newest (Emerson).

Correlation of Distribution in Connecticut Valley and
New Jersey Areas
The New Jersey area has produced by no means as many foot-
print localities as the Connecticut valley, nor have collections been

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 95

made from them to anything hke the extent of the latter. Among
the more notable places where footprints have been found,
however, are the following :

Avondale. — In the /Annual Report of the State Geologist of
New Jersey for 1897, p. "155, mention is made of ''mud-cracks,
ripple-marks, imprints of reptile tracks and bits of coal [being]
not infrequently found " in the quarries of the Belleville Sand-
stone Company. This quRvry is in the Brunswick series below
the extrusive trap, but I find no record of species represented.

Upon the New Jersey side of the Delaware river a " few miles
below Easton, Pa.," Professor C. H. Hitchcock found Grallator
gracilis and one or two small species in 1867, and the year before
in nearly the same locality the large quadrupedal type he has
described as Otozoiim parvum {? Chirotheriiim parvum) {vide
infra p. 227).

At Milford, a locality which may be identical with the above,
at Smith Clark's quarry has been found one of the most complete
New Jersey lists, including 6 genera and 8 species of vertebrates
and at least 2 invertebrate genera and species. The vertebrate
list is as follows :

Anchisauripus paralleliis
Argoides macrodactylus
Grallator cimeatus, gracilis

? Chirotheriiim {Otozoum) parvum (type of the species)
Polemarchus polemarchius
Sauropiis harrattii, ingens

This quarry is near the summit of the Brunswick series, lying
as it does near the northwestern limit of the Triassic trough, the
dip in New Jersey being toward the west, the reverse of that of
the Connecticut valley. Of the vertebrate species described, two,
? Chirotheriiim {Otozoiim) parvum and Sauropus ingens, are
confined to this locality, while the others are all represented in the
Connecticut valley area in some of the newest localities of the
series, Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Chicopee Falls,
Chicopee, and Wethersfield.

At Tumble station about eight miles farther south, also near
the Delaware, is an " old quarry from which fine specfmens of
footprints were once obtained" (Ann. Rcpt. State Geol. N. J.,

96 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

1897, p. 156). I do not know whether any of these are now
extant nor what species were included. The locaUty, while still
in the Brunswick series, if one may judge from the sketch map
published in the Annual Report of the State Geologist for 1897,
lies not far from the outcropping of the Stockton beds to the
south.

Another locality of note is at Whitehall, again high in the
Brunswick series near the northwestern limit of the Triassic
trough. This quarry has produced 6 genera and at least 11
species, all of which are also characteristic of the newer horizons
of the Connecticut valley, with the exception of Anomcepus cras-
sus C. H. Hitchcock, which is unique. The known list of species
includes :

Anchisauripus minusculus, parallelus, sillimani
Anomoepus crassus, intermedius, fisodactylus
Batrachopus gracilis
Euhrontes divaricaUts, giganteus
Grallator cursorius, formosus

Steropoides ingens, impressed upon a splendid slab which
with its counterpart is preserved at Rutgers College.

Several other localities may be mentioned, such as Pompton
Furnace and New Vernon, which bear much the same relation-
ship to the sedimentation as that at Whitehall.

The lowermost recorded track locality is that of the S. B.
Twining and Sons' quarries above Stockton, in which " stems of
wood and imprints of reptile tracks occasionally occur." The
character of these tracks unfortunately seems to be unrecorded.
It is my opinion that, were the footmarks in these various locali-
ties carefully studied in comparison with the more amply known
fauna of the Connecticut valley, they might serve as a valuable
criterion for the correlation of the beds in the two areas.

So far as I am able to offer such a comparison now, the facts
appear to be as follows :

The Triassic strata in each area are divided by three great lava
outpourings which may be assumed to have occurred in each
area at approximately the same time. In the New Jersey area,
these trap sheets lie relatively much nearer the summit of the
series of sediments than they do in the Connecticut valley, which

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

97

would suggest that the recorded sedimentation may have begun
in the former area at a more remote time than in the latter.

The known species of New Jersey footprints occur high in the
Brunswick series, and, except for a very few exclusively New
Jersey types, have their exact representatives in the upper portion
of the Connecticut valley sediments ; in each case above the
uppermost trap. Relatively few of the great host of valley
ichnites are represented in New Jersey, but that may be due to
one or more of several causes, and sufficient numbers do occur
in common to be conclusive. It is unfortunate that no species
are known in New Jersey which may be correlated with those
from the Connecticut anterior and posterior shales.

The locality at Belleville near Newark which has produced the
reptilian jaw fragment preserv^ed at Yale (vide supra p. 79) may
be correlated approximately with that of Simsbury, Connecticut,
both localities lying below the trap and each producing remains
of the crocodile-like phytosaur, Rutiodon. Whether or not the
species are identical cannot be proven, for in the one case the
upper jaw is preserved and in the other a portion of a scapula>
between which a comparison cannot be made. No remains of
Rutiodon are known, however, from the higher levels in either
area. Whether the Stockton footprints are analogous to any of
the known Connecticut valley forms I cannot as yet say but I
very much doubt it. The evidence is very unsatisfactory, due to
the dearth of our knowledge concerning the older portion of the
faunas, but it may prove that the equivalents of the Stockton and
Lockatong are entirely wanting in the Connecticut area, espe-
cially as the Simsbury locality is well down in the lower series of
coarse granitic sandstones in the Connecticut column while Belle-
ville is still within the limits of the Brunswick shales.

TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
The Skeletons

The Triassic skeletons of the Connecticut valley and adjacent
region are all reptilian, representing but two orders and imt a
meagre proportion of the entire fauna. A resume of the known
forms is as follows :

7

98 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Class REPTILIA
Order PARASUCHIA Huxley
Suborder AETOSAURIA Nicholson and Lydekker
Pseudosuchia Zittel
Family AETOSAURID^ Fraas
Stegomus arcuatus Marsh
Stegomus longipes Emerson and Loomis

Suborder PHYTOSAURIA Baur
Family PHYTOSAURID^ McGregor
Rutiodon (Belodon) validus (Marsh)
Rutiodon manhattanensis v. Huene

Order DINOSAURIA Owen
Suborder THEROPODA Marsh
Superfamily MEGALOSAURIA Baur
Family ANCHISAURID^ Marsh
Anchisaurus (Megadactylus) polyzelus (E. Hitchcock, Jr.)
Anchisaurus colurus Marsh
Anchisaurus solus Marsh
Ammosaurus major Marsh

Superfamily COMPSOGNATHA Huxley
Family PODOKESAURID^
Podokesaurus holyokensis Talbot

Of these all but four, Stegomus longipes, Anchisaurus polyze-
lus, Podokesaurus holyokensis, and Rutiodon manhattanensis,
were found within the political boundaries of the state of Con-
necticut. Of the four exceptions, the first three came from the
commonwealth of Massachusetts, the farthest north but fifteen
miles from the border, while the fourth was found in the Pali-
sades of the Hudson river near Fort Lee, New Jersey, so that
present Connecticut would be well within the range of each
species.

Order PARASUCHIA

" Lacertiform reptiles ; . . . . body more or less com-
pletely encased in bony armor, the plates of which are in part

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 99

metamerically arranged; dentition thecodont; external nares
separate; internal nares normal (i. e., no secondary palate);
vertebrae amphicoelous, cervicals not exceeding 8-9, sacrals 2.
Shoulder girdle complete, well developed interclavicle ; all pelvic
bones participating in formation of acetabulum " (McGregor
1906, p. 91).

Suborder AETOSAURIA
Family AETOSAURID^
Stegomus arcuatus ^larsh

Marsh, O. C. 1896, Amer. Jour. Sci., (4) ii, pp. 59-62, pi. i.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 1647, Yale Museum.

Locality. — Quarry of Freeman Clark near the State street
bridge over the Quinnipiac river in Fair Haven, within the muni-
cipality of New Haven, Connecticut.

Horizon. — West of the anterior trap sheet within the limits
of the lower series of coarse, granitic sandstone.

Original description. — • " The fossil shows the impression of
the dermal armor of a large reptile, which apparently represents
a new genus of the Belodontia. The dermal covering thus pre-
served is mainly from the dorsal region, although the anterior
part protected the back of the neck. No other portions of the
dermal armor nor any of the skeleton were found, although a
careful search was made at the time of the discover}^ and subse-
quently, both at the locality itself and in the vicinity. It is there-
fore probable that the dermal covering here described was torn
from the animal after death and before entombment in the coarse
sand and gravel then deposited by a strong current, as indicated
by the present structure of the sandstone.

In the fossil represented in the accompanying plate [Plate
vii], the dorsal region of the reptile is shown, with the anterior
portion to the left. The median dorsal line is indicated by the
narrow longitudinal ridge, placed nearly horizontal in the figure.
In the cervical region, this nearly straight line is broken, as the
armor was here turned slightly to the right and somewhat twisted.
This median ridge was formed by the matrix filling the narrow
space between the ends of the dorsal plates, where they met in
pairs on the median line. The transverse ridges are likewise due
to the filling in of the matrix between the adjoining plates, which
evidently were somewhat separated by connecting tissue admitting

100 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

of more or less motion, but which held the whole dorsal armor
together as a carapace.

" The large median plates indicated in this fossil are twenty
in number in each of the two rows meeting on the middle line.
These plates are elongated transversely, strongly convex, and their
form is accurately shown in the figure. Their inner extremities
are nearly at right angles to the sides, but the outer ends ai^
oblique where they join the plates of the lateral series, or second
row. These lateral plates were quite short, and their form and
position are clearly preserved in the specimen figured. All the
dermal armor indicated resembles, in its general features, the
corresponding portions in the genus Aetosaurus Fraas, from the
upper Trias of Germany. In the latter, however, the plates are
imbricate [vide infra] .

" The above description is based upon the impressions left by
the inferior side of the plates upon the plastic matrix in which
they were imbedded. The plates themselves have since disap-
peared, having been dissolved by infiltrating waters. The cast of
the superior surface of the plates was of somewhat softer
material than the matrix below, and most of it was lost in remov-
ing the specimen. The portions recovered show that the upper
surface of the plates was rugose, but not deeply sculptured, being
less marked in this respect than in the other known species of
Belodonts. The rough surface preserved shows no regular
pattern of ornamentation, and there are no indications of a crest
on the plates. The form and position of the plates are character-
istic features, and as both the genus and species appear to be dis-
tinct, the reptile may be known as Stegomus arcuatus. The
animal when alive was of moderate size, probably eight or ten
feet long. This would be about two-thirds the size of Belodon
validus [vide infra p. 112], the scapula of which is eight and
one-half inches in length. The fossil here described indicates an
animal with a body capable of some lateral flexure and consider-
able vertical movement. The type specimen was found by F. P.
Clark, and presented by D. A. Van Hise to the Yale University
museum."

Additional Description. — The rock is a coarse-grained arkose
sandstone, reddish brown in color, and showing no bedding
planes. This rock, though coarse, is nevertheless a high-grade

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

101

building stone. It seems, therefore, to have come within the
hardening influence of the trap, though showing no trace of
thermal metamorphism.

There is no bone remaining, though bone seems to have been
present until after the hardening of the sediments, as the spaces
occupied by the dermal bones of the carapace would still be pres-
ent were the portion of matrix which overlay the specimen yet
in place. Enough of the upper rock still remains to indicate this
when the detached fragments are returned to their proper place.

I cannot agree with Marsh that the plates show no indication
of imbrication, as this is clearly shown by the overlying matrix
giving as it does the character of the external surface of the cara-
pace. The anterior margin of some of the plates was depressed
as much as 5 mm. below the posterior margin of the one in front.
The average depression is about 4 mm. Emerson and Loomis
(1904, p. 378) state that in S. longipes " the rear margin of each
scute overlapped the front of the succeeding one, as is clear in the
cast of the upper surface. Marsh considered that in his specimen
this was not the case, but the fossil shows only the under surface
of the scutes and they appear exactly as do those in the specimen
under description. Marsh used this character to distinguish
Stegomus from Aetosaurus, but the contrasts must be found in
other characters, as is shown later." These authors overlooked
the fact that fragments bearing the impression of the dorsal sur-
face of the carapace of Stegomus arcuattis were preserved, though
Marsh specifically mentions them. The latter, however, over-
looked the perfectly obvious imbrication which the overlying
matrix indicates and which is relatively the same as that of the
lesser specimen described by Emerson and Loomis.

As in the case of the latter specimen, the upper matrix is
coarser in texture than the lower, so that while the character of
the lower surface of the scutes is faithfully preserved that of the
upper surface is apparently obscured by the coarse granulation of

Fir;. 9. — Restoration of Ar/osaurns ferrakis Fiaas. Onc-ci^hth
nat. size. After Marsh.

102 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

the material taking the impression. This difficulty, however, is
more apparent than real, for a plaster cast in which varying color
and size of the sand grains is eliminated gives a true idea of the
surface of the bone itself, which is covered by tiny punctuations
in series approximately parallel to the anterior and posterior
margins of the plate, that is, perpendicular to the long axis of the
animal's body. A square centimeter covers about seventy such
punctuations arranged in eight rows, which gives an idea of their
minuteness upon so large an animal. In Aetosaurus the scutes
bear radially arranged ridges upon their upper surface, the center
of radiation being eccentrically placed. This would in itself con-
stitute the greatest point of distinction between Stegomus and
Aetosaurus were the New Haven specimen of the former genus
alone known.

Available dimensions of Stegomus arcuatus are as follows :

Length of entire carapace as preserved

Measured over curve

440

mm.

Measured between perpendiculars

410

mm.

Average greatest fore and aft dimension of plates

(median row)

25

mm.

Average least diameter

20

mm.

Transverse diameter of largest (loth) plate

94

mm.

Transverse diameter of least (4th and i8th) plates

75

mm.

Average transverse diameter of lateral plates

40

mm.

Stegomus longipes Emerson and Loomis
Emerson, B. K., and Loomis, F. B. 1904, Amer. Jour. Sci.,
(4) xvii, pp. 377-380, pi. xxii.

Lull, R. S. 1904, Pop. Sci. Monthly, p. 148, text fig. p. 147.

Type specimen deposited in the museum of Amherst College.

Locality. — Hine's quarry, about a mile east of the village of
Longmeadow, Massachusetts.

Horizon. — Longmeadow sandstone, in the " upper series of
sandstones and shales with local conglomerates " of the Connecti-
cut valley.

Original Description. — " The specimen consists of three
pieces containing the major part of the whole animal. All but a
thin interrupted film of bone has been leached out, leaving spaces
which are filled with calcite. It is, then, largely a cast, both the

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. IO3

Upper and lower surfaces of the bone being impressed on one
block or the other. The first block contains most of the fossil,
the splitting having exposed the under surface of the bones roof-
ing the head, of the carapace from the head to the pelvis (28
pairs of plates), the bones of the right arm and left foot. The
second block contains the impression of the upper surface of the
same parts. The third is a chip, flaked off just in front of the
pelvis and exposing the vertebrae of that region.

" Skull. — This is broadly triangular in outline, tapering to a
pointed snout. The upper surface of the cranium seems to have
been completely roofed with bone, except possibly directly over
the orbit. Two supraorbital bones are distinctly indicated, but
between them and the frontals is a space which seems to have
been open (see ? in fig. 2, PI. xxii) [fig. 10 B]. Sutures are
present showing that the dermal bones were paired along the
middle line. The premaxillae are short, the nasals are rather long,
but the boundaries of the other bones cannot be made out. A
vertical break shows the side of the skull imperfectly, as restored
in fig. 3, PL xxii [fig. 10 A]. The parts actually present are in-
dicated by the complete line, while restoration is indicated by a
broken line. It is a low skull, being about one-third as deep
as long. The quadratum is well back, making a long jugal arch.
An antorbital vacuity is present though its boundaries are very
imperfectly indicated. The orbit is moderately large, being
distinctly bounded off from the temporal vacuities as indicated.
It has above it at least two supraorbital bones. That there
is a large lateral temporal vacuity is certain. A forward pro-
jection of bone in the squamosal region seems to indicate a
dividing arcade between this and a supra-temporal vacuity, but
the arcade is not complete and is not therefore certain. On the
maxilla of the left side one tooth and a part of a second is pre-
served, showing them to be tiny conical affairs. The depth of
the lower jaw is about 3 mm., being a light slender mandible.

" Carapace. — The dorsal side of the body was protected by a
double row of plates, on either side. Those along the middle line
are wide, their outer edges being flanked with small quadrate
scutes. From the head to the pelvis there are 28 sets of plates,
which are narrow and inflexed in the neck region, widen till the
middle of the body is reached, and then gradually taper toward

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. IO5

the tail. The arrangement and relations of these scutes are seen
in fig. 2 [fig. 10 B]. Each plate of the median row is usually
about 4-4}^ mm., from front to back. The third and fourth,
however, are about half as wide as the rest, while the fifth is
much the widest, being wider than the two preceding taken
together. Possibly some of this variation is due to the curvature
of the neck, but most of it is clearly the bone itself. The rear
margin of each scute overlapped the front of the succeeding one,

as is clear in the cast of the upper surface Along the

outer margins of plates 5-9 small quadrate scutes were brought
into sight by preparation. The nature of the fossil does not per-
mit further preparation, but doubtless similar scutes occur all
along the side of the body. On the cast of the upper surface of
the scutes, there are indications that the surface was pitted, but
the coarseness of the sandstone prevents certainty.

" VertebrcB. — Three presacrals are exposed, each deeply bi-
concave and with long transverse processes. Two vertebrae only
are involved in the sacrum, their moderately long transverse pro-
cesses supporting the ilium. How completely they are united is
not clear on account of the broken condition of the vertebrae, but
they appear slightly separated. Three and a half deeply bicon-
cave caudals are all that are preserved. The transverse processes
of these are even longer than on the presacrals and quadrate in
section. From the sacrum back they are progressively longer,
suggesting a broad flat tail such as is known for Aetosaurus.

" Fore Limb. — Of the pectoral girdle only the scapula is
present, and this is a broad triangular bone 9 mm. long by 5 mm.
deep. Its upper margin lies parallel to small lateral plates 7-9 in
the series. The leg is unusually long, the slender humerus being
mm. in diameter and 24 mm. in length, a bone nearly straight
and swelling slightly at either end. The radius and ulna are but
^ mm. in diameter and 19 mm. long. As the specimen lies, the
radius crosses the ulna, but whether this indicates great flexibility
or is mere chance is not to be determined. The fore foot is
lacking.

"Hind Limb. — An ilium 12 mm. long, the front and rear
ends of which curve strongly outward, is present, but only its
rough outline is to be made out. Of the limb bones only short
fragments are discernible, where they are broken across; but

I06 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

enough is visible to show the direction and diameter of the bones,
and by extending these the length can be approximately found.
This indicates a leg slightly longer than the fore leg. The femur
was mm. in diameter and 26 mm. in length (by reconstruc-
tion). The tibia and fibula are each about the same size, ^ mm.
in diameter and 21 mm. long (by reconstruction). The left foot
is well preserved. The individual tarsals are not to be made out.
Four toes are well preserved, but a fifth is nowhere even indicated.
The length of the toes on the figure is probably a little short, as
each seems incomplete at the end. The metapodials are long, but
the details of the toes do not come out with certainty, though a
slight widening at intervals was taken to indicate the joints, and
they are drawn on that supposition.

" Comparison. — This animal resembles most closely Marsh's
Stegomus arcuatus, of which twenty dorsal sets of plates are
described. It is a much smaller species and presents most of the
important features, thus allowing a conception of the animal and
its relationships. Stegomus longipes is about one-third [vide
infra] the size of the preceding species, which is the only com-
parison readily made, as Marsh's fossil is so incomplete. It be-
longs to the Aetosauridse^ and resembles that genus in many
important features, but there are enough characters of weight to
demand a separate genus, as established by Marsh. Ornitho-
suchus and Erpetosaurus of Newton^ also have some features
resembling 6". longipes but are far wider differentiated than the
German genus. Aetosaurus has about twenty-five sets of plates
from the head to the pelvis, each consisting of a median pair of
large scutes and small quadrate scutes outside these. Stegomus
has about twenty-eight exactly similar [vide infra'] sets of plates.

" In the skull, however, there are marked contrasts. The
orbit of both genera is bounded above by extra supraorbital bones,
but the orbit of the Aetosaurus is further back than that of
Stegomus ; the result of which is that the former has only a single
small supra-temporal vacuity, while the latter has at least a very
large vacuity, and possibly that divided into a supra-temporal and
a lateral temporal vacuity. The Stegomus has a wider skull and
above the orbit a vacuity or at least a deep depression. The ver-

1 Frass, 0., 1877, Wurttemb. naturw. Jahreshefte, xxxiii. Festschrift.

2 Newton. E. T.. 1894, Phil. Trans., vol. clxxxv Reptiles of El^in Sandstones.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

tebrse of Aetosaurus are procoelous, while those of Stegomus are
amphicoelous. Ornithosuchus has platycoelous vertebral centra.
The sacrum in the other known Aetosauridas includes three ver-
tebrae, but in Stegomus only two are united to the ilium. Both
the fore and hind limbs of Stegomus are much longer and more
slender than the Aetosaurus, this being the character which has
suggested the specific name longipes.

The features above described show this fossil to be the re-
mains of a small armoured lizard-like creature, with long legs. It
seems to be a land form and of extreme agility.

" The following are the measurements of the principal parts :

Length from^nout to root of tail 149 mm.

Length of skull . 35 mm.

Breadth of skull in occipital region 27 mm.

(29 allowing for fracture)

Depth of skull in quadrate region 11 mm.

Median Plate 2 . .8 mm. transversely by 4^ longitudinally

Plate 3 .
Plate 4 .

5/2
5

Plate 5 . .41^ " "5 "

" The succeeding plates gradually increase transversely up to

10 mm. at about the middle of the body and then slowly diminish

again. All are drawn to scale in figure 2, PI. xxii [fig. 10 B],
" The vertebral centra in front of the pelvis are 3^ mm. long

by 3 mm. wide. Caudal vertebrae 3 mm. long by 2 mm. wide.

The transverse process of the last vertebrae are 6 mm. long."

Additional Description. — The original
specimen has not been available for my
study, but from a squeeze taken some years
ago the figure of the skull here shown
(fig. 11) has been made. It difTers in
some details from that published by Emer-
son and Loomis, probably for the reason
that their figure was drawn from the
first block, showing the impression of the
under side of the cranial bones, while
mine was from the second block, which
contains the impression of the upper sur- iMo.n.-skuii of sux-omus

. Ill , longipcs. Nat. size

face, and hence the squeeze gave an actual Original.

I08 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

reproduction of the dorsal aspect of the skull itself. The supra-
temporal vacuities are plainly indicated, and I have carried out the
apparent lines of the muzzle in such a way as to make it longer
and more attenuated, more as in Aetosaurus. The proportions of
the skull with the position of the orbit are still however quite
different from those of Aetosaurus as the authors indicate.

The punctate character of the surface of the dermal bones of
Stegomus differs markedly from that of Aetosaurus, in which the
scutes are ornamented by radially arranged striae. Therefore the
scutes are not exactly similar " as Emerson and Loomis have
said. Specific distinctions between Stegomus arcuatus and S.
longipes are, first, that of size, the 5. arcuatus being about six
times larger than longipes, not thrice as the authors state.
Another distinctive feature is in the character of the outer margin
of the median row of dermal plates in S. arcuatus, which is
oblique, forming a decided angle with the front and rear margins.
On the other hand in longipes these outer margins are very nearly
parallel to the median line of the animal with only a slight tend-
ency to diverge at the rear edge of each plate. As I have shown,
the supposition that in arcuatus the dorsal scutes are non-imbricate
is erroneous ; the two species being similar in this respect as well
as in the finely punctate character of the outer surface of the bone.

Stegomus arcuatus comes from the lower series of sandstones
of the Connecticut valley, following which are the anterior trap,
anterior shales, main trap sheet, posterior shales, posterior trap
and a very considerable deposition cf the upper series of sand-
stones and shales, before the horizon of the Longmeadow sand-
stone containing 5. longipes is reached, implying a great lapse of
time, as more than 2,000, perhaps more than 3,000, feet separate
the nearest limits of the sandstones which bear them.

Aetosaurus seems to have been a terrestrial reptile. The mar-
velous group of twenty-four skeletons which is preserved in the
museum at Stuttgart apparently implies that the animals were
killed by the caving in of the sandy roof of the shelter in which
they had taken refuge. One at least is pathetic in its appealing
efforts to escape as indicated by its posture. Stegomus again
seems to have been terrestrial, at least S. longipes does; of
arcuatus one cannot be quite so sure, as the remains are too
meagre to speak of their owner's adaptations and the body was

No. 2^.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. IO9

embedded in stream-bome sediment. Longipes on the other hand
seems to show a distinct cursorial adaptation; and I have corre-
lated the animal with the footprint species Batrachopus gracilis
(Lull 1904 C, p. 381) (vide infra p. 177), in which the quadru-
pedal gait, long stride, and narrow trackway imply a mammal-
like mode of progression while the tracks of hand and foot are
distinctly reptilian.

The size, proportions, long slender limbs with straight-
shafted bones unlike those of a modern sprawling reptile, — all
are arguments in favor of the cursorial gait shown in the restora-
tion, Plate ii, page 39 (see Lull 1904 B, p. 147, fig.)- Emerson
and Loomis refer to the crossing of the ulna by the radius but
cannot determine whether this indicates great flexibility or is
mere chance. It seems rather to be in line with the present argu-
ment, for the ulna, being articulated with the inner condyle of
the humerus and the external side of the wrist, will naturally be
crossed by the radius when the elbows are drawn in against the
animal's side and the digits directed forward palm down — in
other words, in the mammalian attitude of the limb which was
also that assumed by the quadrupedal dinosaurs (see Stegosaurus
— Lull 1910, Amer. Jour. Sci., (4) xxx, fig. 3, p. 364).

The nearest old-world relative of Stegomus is Aetosaurus and
they may well represent derivatives from a common stock. The
modification which Stegomus has undergone may well be, as in
the case of the dinosaurs, an adaptation to arid climatic condi-
tions, when good cursorial powers were, from the relative scarcity
of food and water, of great selection value. Stegomus may have
followed the same route of immigration from the Old World as
the dinosaurs did, though in the absence of knowledge concerning
footprints from the level of ^. arcuatus one cannot say positively
whether the djnosaurian horde followed the aetosaur or accom-
panied it. The former, however, is my beHef.

Suborder PHYTOSAURIA
Rutiodon validus (Marsh)
Marsh, O. C. 1893, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xlv, p. 170.
{Belodon).

.Marsh, O. C. 1896, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) ii, p. 59.

no CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. .[Btlll.

*

McGregor, J. H. 1906, Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., ix, pt. ii,
p. 95 (Rhytidodon carolinensis).

Type specimen, Cat. No. 2138, Yale Museum.

Locality. — Simsbury, Conn., in the quarry of Orestes Wilcox,
half a mile southwest from the station; found in 1888.

Horizon. — Below the anterior trap sheet ; approximately the
same level as that of Stegomus arcuatus (vide supra p. 99).

Original description. — " The only other reptile known from
the Connecticut sandstone by any part of the skeleton is a large
Belodon from a lower horizon. This crocodilian may be called
Belodon validus, and will be described by the writer later."

The only further reference to this species by Marsh is in the
description of Stegomus arcuatus (Marsh 1896 A, p. 59) in which
he says :

" The BelodontiUj one of the most characteristic groups of
Triassic reptiles, are almost unknown in the Connecticut river
sandstone, a single specimen only having been discovered, and
recently named by the writer Belodon validus." Belo-w {op. cit.
p. 60) Marsh again says in speaking of the size of ^. arcuatus,
" The animal when alive was of moderate size, probably eight or
ten feet long. This would be about two-thirds the size of Belo-
don validus, the scapula of which is eight and one-half inches in
length." Marsh's promise of further description was thwarted
by destiny.

McGregor (1906, p. 95) includes under the species Rhytido-
don (Rutiodon) carolinensis no fewer than fifteen names which
he believes all synonyms, with the possible exception of Belodon
validus, from the Trias of Connecticut, which was named, but not
described, by Marsh."

Character of the specimen. — The specimen consists of the
proximal portion of the right scapula only, with the outer aspect
still embedded in the rock so that some of the details are
obscured. Compared with the figure of the left scapula of
Rutiodon carolinensis, published by McGregor (op. cit., pi. ix,
fig. 20), the bone under discussion seems to be about half again as
large in most* of its dimensions except the vertical length of the
glenoid fossa. The description of the bone in R. carolinensis,
p. 70, tallies with that of validus in so far as the details of the
latter specimen are preserved, except that validus seems to be

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Ill

relatively more robust. The union with the coracoid is, as
McGregor says, a synarthrosis, permitting little or no motion, and
in the synarthrosis the scapular surface is concave. This concavity
does not seem to tally exactly with that of carolinensis if one may
judge from the figure of the complementary surface of the cora-
coid, for a ridge on the latter, indicating a corresponding groove
on the proximal end of the scapula, runs obliquely forward and
inward in carolinensis while in validus it is almost transverse

Fig. 12.— Scapula of Kutiodon validus. One half nat.
size. Cat. No. 213«, Yale Museum.

112 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

though inclining slightly backward instead of forward. Above
the glenoid face in carolinensis very distinct roughenings are in-
dicated on the posterior aspect of the scapula, in validus the same
area is smooth in so far as it is possible to observe it. There is
also in the figure of carolinensis a very distinct fissure defining the
forward limitation of the glenoid fossa, which is lacking in validus.

The principal features therefore in Rutiodon validus^ in
contrast to carolinensis, are its greater robustness, absence of the
roughening above the glenoid fossa, absence of the posterior de-
fining fissure, and the position of the transverse groove on the
coracoid facet. On these distinctions the validity of validus
must rest.

The principal measurements are:
Estimated length (Marsh's) 215 mm.

Antero-posterior diameter of coracoid facet 64 mm.

Transverse diameter of coracoid facet 35 mm.

Greatest diameter of proximal end 56 mm.

McGregor (p. 92) thus characterizes the Phytosauria, to
which group Rutiodon validus belongs :

" Large diapsid reptiles, strongly resembling the Crocodilia in
external form and in habit, but differing in the fact that the elon-
gate snout is prenarial (formed almost entirely by the premaxil-
lary bones), the nares separate, and located near the eyes, internal
nares directly below external ; no secondary palate. Teeth of

carnivorous type, conical or with trenchant edges

Dermal armature on neck, trunk, and tail, consists of sculptured
bony plates, arranged metamerically on the dorsal surface, usually
in four series. Ventral surface naked ( ?) or partly protected by
a throat-shield of small scutes.

" The Phytosauria were more or less aquatic, inhabiting the
fresh-water lakes and rivers of the Triassic period. Their re-
mains are known in the Trias of Germany, England, and Scotland,
eastern and western North America, India, and probably South
Africa."

Rutiodon was further characterized by a long, attenuated,
gavial-like snout and slender conical teeth. Modern gavials of
doubtless similar feeding habits are found in the large Indian
rivers, and in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo, and feed
almost exclusively on fish.

Plate IX. — Rufiodon nianhn/ldHcnsis v. Ilueiie. Skeleton as i)reserved
in the orij^^inal matrix. About one-tentli nat. size.
After V. Hiiene.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

The presence of Rutio- """
don valid us at Simsbury im-
plies the existence during
early Newark time of a large
river or fresh-water lake
containing sufficient fish for
the maintenance of animals
some of which were about
twelve feet in length.

Rutiodon manhattanensis

V. Huene

Huene, F. v. 1913. Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
xxxii, Art. xv, pp. 275-282,
pi. xlix, text fig. 14.

Type specimen. Cat. No.
4991, American Museum of
Natural History.

Locality. — Fort Lee.
New Jersey, on the right
bank of the Hudson river,
opposite New York City.

Horizon. — Twenty feet
below the thick sheet of
basalt of the Palisades in a
red sandy marl hardened by
the overlying trap ; hence
near the base of the Newark
series. j

Original description. —
" The large plate of matrix
(155X125 cm.) contains the
pelvis, both hind legs without
feet, small parts of the body
and tail and a few dermal
scutes (PI. 1) [Pl.ix].

Dorsal vertchrcc: There
are 4 vcrtebrse belonging to
the thoracic region as they
possess relatively long dia-
pophyses. The dorsal spines
are but little lower than in
Rutiodon Carolinensis {cf.
MacGregor: Mem. Am. Mus.
Xat. Hist., ix, 2, 1906).
8

o

6

114 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

" Sacral vertebra : A sacral vertebra without upper arch is
lying near the abdominal ribs. It seems to be the first sacraL
vertebra, because the sacral ribs are much weaker than those of
the second sacral vertebra of R. carolinensis shown by MacGregor.

" Caudal vertehrce : 4 anterior caudal vertebrae and fragments
are lying near to each other behind the pelvis. They possess very
high and straight dorsal spines similar to those oi R. carolinensis..

" HcEfiiapophyses: Remains of two hsemapophyses are visible;
both of them lack the lower end. One of them is still attached
to the penultimate tail vertebra by its articular facets, but most
of the other parts are missing. The second specimen shows the
articular facets divided as in all Parasuchians, which in contradis-
tinction to those of dinosaurs are not connected by a bridge.

" Ribs: Beside the left tibia and fibula there are few
thoracic ribs, but no articular ends are preserved. Also the rib
lying over the left pubis is a thoracic rib.

Abdominal ribs: A large number of abdominal ribs are lying
anterior to the pelvis. They are straight and slightly curved;,
several of them (6) are apparently of the median line and show
a sudden curvature in lesser (for instance two on the side of the
right femur) or greater (4 or 5 in the big mass) degree. They
belong to the median and posterior part of the plastron. Two
specimens below the sacral vertebra form a sharp angle and con-
sist of two straight branches; they come from the most
anterior part of the plastron.

Ilium : Both ilia show their lateral aspect. The left ilium
is partly covered by the proximal end of the left femur. The
contour of the ilium is — except for the closed acetabulum —
more similar to that of the Triassic Theropoda than to that of the
European Phytosaurs, because it is lower and longer and at the
same time possesses a sharp spine directed anteriorly. The ilium
if compared with R. carolinensis shows the following distinctions :
in R. carolinensis the contact line of the pubis at the lower border
is relatively much shorter than in the recently discovered speci-
men. The length of this contact line in R. carolinensis is one
third of the distance from the spina anterior to the spina posterior,
but in this specimen only a little more than one half. The whole
breadth of the acetabulum is nearly the same : the distance f rom^
the spina anterior to the spina posterior is one third longer than

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. II5

the width of the acetabulum in this specimen and one half in R.
carolinensis. There is not much difference in the vertical breadth
in the two species. The upper border in R. carolinensis is a little
more curved and the posterior process a little narrower than in
this species.

'' Pubis : The left pubis is lying near the caput of the left
femur, and the posterior process of the right ilium is above it.
The bone shows the ventral face. The right pubis is near the
lower border of the plate. The pubis of R. carolinensis is a good
deal shorter as compared with the ilium, and compared with its
own length it is broader than in the new species.

" Ischium : The left ischium is but little displaced near the left
ilium and covers a small part of the right ischium; the latter
shows the medial and this the lateral face. The whole bone is
heavier and the posterior end broader than in R. carolinensis.

" Femur : The left hind leg lies near the abdominal ribs and
the dorsal vertebrae, the right leg near the isolated pubis. The
femur in its form (as the ilium) is similar to that of the Triassic
Theropoda, only it is more curved. Its length is 43-44 cm. and it-
is the largest Parasuchian femur I have ever seen (Mystriosuchus
riitimeyeri has a length of 40 cm.).

" Tibia and Fibula : The tibia is extraordinarily heavy as com-
pared with all other Parasuchians. It is the same with the fibula
which shows an S-like curvature. In the right leg the distal end
of the fibula is lying near the proximal end of the tibia. The
femur is but little more than 1^2 times the length of the tibia
(1.57 : 1. 00). In R. carolinensis this relation is quite different
(1.97 : i.oo).

" Dermal scutes : The dermal scutes are not very well pre-
served, but one can recognize the same type as in R. carolinensis
and the European Mystriosuchus which is quite different from
Phytosaurus. In particular one scute of the tail is in fairly good
preservation and shows the characteristic form.

" From this last similarity it is justifiable to conclude that
the skull had a long and low snout. . . .

" The comparison of the two specimens [that of Fort Lee and
R. carolinensis] shows at least a specific difference. Therefore I
propose to call the New Y^rk animal Rutiodon manhattanensis
n. sp. The species described by Marsh as Belodon validus is

Il6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

based only on a fragment of a right scapula (Yale University
collection No. 2056 [2138]). It is not adequate for the type of
a species. . . .

"The skull of Rutiodon has already been compared with.
European Phytosaurs, but not so the skeleton to any extent.
Rutiodon and the European Mystriosuchus are hardly different,
generically, and should probably be united in one genus, as I have
already proposed some time ago, only the name Rutiodon dates
from 1856 and is very much older than Mystriosuchus. Prof. E.
Fraas very kindly gave me the opportunity of seeing all the
remains of Mystriosuchus and Phytosaurus in the Stuttgart
Museum. The skeletal difference between these two genera is
very clear. The centra of cervical and dorsal vertebrae are
shorter in Phytosaurus and the dorsal spines everywhere lower,
especially in the anterior dorsal and anterior or entire caudal
region. The whole construction of the vertebrae is higher in Mys-
triosuchus (the same in Rutiodon). The thickening of the upper
end of the dorsal spines of the cervical, anterior dorsal, and
anterior caudal vertebrae is greater in Phytosaurus than in Mys-
triosuchus, and the latter does not have any thickening at all of
that part in the caudal vertebrae. In the anterior girdle the inter-
clavicle has a different form in the two genera. In the posterior
girdle most of the differences are in the ilium. The main
dift'erence in the femur is a strong curvature at the beginning of
the distal third of its length in Phytosaurus; it is more curved
than in any Mystriosuchus or Rutiodon. The difference in the
dermal armature is sufficiently known.

" I should think Rutiodon and Mystriosuchus were better
swimmers than Phytosaurus on account of their higher vertebrae
(giving space for stronger musculature) and more compressed
body. The slender-snouted Phytosaurs are the largest ones ;
Mystriosuchus riitimeyeri is the latest and at the same time the
largest European form ; but Rutiodon manhattanensis is the
largest one I have ever seen."

It is quite evident from the foregoing description that the
present species cannot be compared with Rutiodon validus
(Marsh) as the two specimens do not include the same elements.
Future discovery may prove their identity, in which event Pro-
fessor Marsh's name must take precedence, for, although the type

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

117

material is meager, the species seems to be sufficiently character-
ized to be valid.

Order DINOSAURIA

This order of reptiles includes two main divisions, Saurischia
and Omithischia; embracing in the first the suborder of carni-
vores, the Theropoda, and their derivatives, the huge, probably
herbivorous Sauropoda; and in the second the predentate herbi-
vores, which include the unarmored Orthopoda, the armored
Stegosauria, and the horned Ceratopsia. Von Huene has lately
advanced the idea that the dinosaurs may be diphyletic and that
no relationship should be implied between the Saurischia on the
one hand and the Ornithischia on the other (Von Huene 1908,
Anat. Anzeiger, Bd. xxxiii, pp. 401-405). However this may be,
but two groups are represented in the Newark fauna, both among
the most primitive representatives of the order; on the one hand
the carnivorous Theropoda represented by skeletons and a great
abundance and variety of footprints, and on the other the herbiv-
orous unarmored Orthopoda whose presence is thus far betrayed
by the footprints only and these of no very great variety (vide
infra p. 207).

The first evidence of the coming of the dinosaurs to North
America is apparently in the footprints found in the anterior
shales of the Connecticut valley, and these are entirely of Therop-
oda, as the Orthopoda are apparently not in evidence until after
the last volcanic outflow of the posterior trap sheet.
The suborder Theropoda may be thus defined :
" Carnivorous Dinosaurs with small cranium, the long axis of
which is approximately at right angles to that of the neck. Mar-
gin of the jaws provided with laterally compressed thecodont
cutting teeth. Brain-case incompletely ossified ; antorbital vacuity
large. Mandibular ramus without coronoid process, and usually
pierced by a lateral foramen in its hinder half. Vertebral centra
hollowed, the cervicals flattened in front and concave beliind,
post-cervicals amphiplatyan or slightly amphicoelous. Sternum
unossified, acetabulum perforate. Pubes slender, projecting
simply downwards, and united distally, like the ischia, in a sym-
physis which is often much extended. Post-pul)ic process not
developed. Limb bones hollow, fore limbs considerably shorter
than the hinder pair; di,[(its three to five in number, provided with

Il8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

prehensile claws; hind feet digitigrade. Femur with inner tro-
chanter; astragalus with ascending anterior process" (Zittel-
Eastman). Some of these features, however, were not perfected
during Triassic time.

Two superfamilies are represented by their osseous remains
in the Newark rocks : the Megalosauria, the greater sort, includ-
ing Anchisaurus and Ammosaurus ; and the Compsognatha, with
but one representative, Podokesaurus.

Superfamily MEGALOSAURIA
Family ANCHISAURID^
Genus Anchisaurus Marsh

Marsh, O. C. 1885, Amer. Jc)ur. Sci., (3) xxix, p. 169.

Generic History. — The name Megadactylus was given to the
type species polyzelus by E. Hitchcock, Jr., in 1865 (Appendix
[A] ) at the suggestion of Sir Richard Owen and in allusion to
the large first digit of the hand.

Marsh in 1882 (Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xxiii, p. 84) substituted
the term Amphisaurus for that of Megadactylus (preoccupied)
in a classification of the Dinosauria which he offered. He may
be quoted as follows :

" Amphisauridce. Vertebrae biconcave. Pubes rod-like ; five
digits in manus and three in pes.

''Genera Amphisaurus {Megadactylus) , ? Bathygnathus,
Clepsysaurus; and in Europe, Palceosaurus, Thecodontosaurus"

This term Amphisaurus is also used by Baur in 1882, p. 443,
and in 1884, p. 447.

In 1885 (p. 169) Marsh proposed the name Anchisaurus for
Amphisaurus which in turn proved to be preoccupied. He also
stated that the family name should be Anchisauridae, but no
amended definition of the family was offered at this time. As
this change was made before the description, though after the
discovery, of the second species included under this 'genus,
Anchisaurus (later Ammosaurus) major Marsh, 1889, the generic
name Anchisaurus could only refer to Hitchcock's Megadactylus
polyzelus although no such specific reference was made by Marsh.
Anchisaurus {Megadactylus) polyzelus (E. Hitchcock, Jr.) thus
stands as the type species of this genus.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

119

The last definition of the family Anchisauridas given by Marsh
is that in " Dinosaurs of Xorth America" (1896 B, p. 239) :

" Skull light in structure, 'with recurved, cutting teeth. Verte-
brae plane or biconcave. Bones hollow. Ilium expanded behind
acetabulum ; pubes rod-like and not co-ossified distally ; no inter-
pubic bone. Fore limbs well developed ; femur longer than tibia ;
astragalus without ascending process ; five digits in manus and in
pes.

"Genera Anchisaurus (Megadactyliis) , Ammosaurus, Arcto-
saunis {?), Bathygnathus, and Clepsysaunis, in North America;
and in Europe, Palceosaums, Thecodontosaurus. All known
forms, Triassic."

Later developments would eliminate from this list the non-
dinosaurian ArctosaiiruSj also Bathygnathus which is a pelyco-
saur, and C^epsysaurus, a phytosaur.

The species may be discussed in their chronological order,
with the exception of Ammosaurus major, as follows :

Anchisaurus polyzelus (E. Hitchcock Jr.)

E. Hitchcock 1858, Ichnology of New England, pp. 186-187
(without a name) .

E. Hitchcock, Jr. 1865, The Ichnology Supplement, p. 39,
Appendix [A] (Megadactylus) .

Cope, E. D. 1870, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, xiv, p. 122 A, pi.
xiii (Megadactylus).

Marsh, O. C. 1892, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xliii, pi. xvi, fig. 3,
pi. xvii, fig. 6 (Anchisatirus).

Marsh, O. C. 1896, Din. of N. A., p. 147, pi. iii, figs. 4, 5
(Anchisaurus ) .

Huene, F. v. 1906, Din. Aussereurop. Trias, pp. 19-22,
figs. 10, loa { Thecodontosaurus) .

Type specimen preserved in the museum at Amherst, Ich. Cat.
No. 41/109-118.

Locality. — Water shops, U. S. armory, Springfield, Mass.

Horizon. — Longmeadow sandstone, from the upper series of
sandstones, etc., of the Newark beds.

Original Description. — This animal was originally described,
without a name, by E. Hitchcock as follows:

" The Springfield bones were discovered by William Smith,
Esq., while engaged in superintending some improvements at the

120 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

water shops of the United States Armory, which required blast-
ing. He did not discover them till a large part had been taken
away by the workmen. General "Whitney, superintendent of the
armory, very kindly ordered a re-examination of the fragments,
and Mr. Smith obligingly presented me with whatever pieces
could be found. These I put into the hands of Professor Jeffries
Wyman, and just before he started for Surinam in February,
1857, he sent me the following statements in relation to these
fossils : —

" ' With regard to the bones, I think that there can be no ques-
tion that they are those of a reptile. This is shown by the con-
figuration of the head, small trochanter, and a part of the shaft
of a thigh bone, as well as by the imperfect caudal vertebrae ; these
last, however, are deficient in the concavo-convex bodies which
are found in all scaly reptiles except the Enaliosaurians. Those
from the sandstone are flat, or nearly so, on the ends, as in the
Mammalia. The most remarkable feature, however, of the whole
collection, is that of hollowncss. This is carried so far, that but
for the indications referred to, they might be referred to birds.
Every bone except the vertebrae, and perhaps the small phalanges,
is hollow. Nothing of the kind is known in Mammalia. . . .
While the bones from Springfield are as hollow as those of the
Pterodactyle, I do not find that they are those of this animal ;
there is no positive proof of the long fingers, or of the broad
sternum which these flying reptiles possessed. The remnants of
the foot indicate that the toes were of disproportionate sizes, there
being one large toe associated with three quite small ones ; perhaps
another existed, but there are no signs of it. The claw of the
large toe was very strongly recurved. The terminal phalanx of
the other toes is deficient, so that we are uncertain even as to the
number of the joints. The existence of the large toe in company
with the small ones is in favor of a jumping animal.' " [Unfor-
tunately, Professor Wyman apparently did not know that he was
describing the hand and not the foot. R. S. L.]

In Appendix [A] of the Ichnological Supplement Doctor
Edward Hitchcock, Jr., thus writes concerning this animal :

" Since the description of the bones on the 187th page of the
Report on Ichnology was made, they have been shown to Pro-
fessor Owen, of the British Museum, London, and a few new

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

121

points have been made out, by more thoroughly exposing them
with a graver.

" Professor Owen very kindly gave his attention to the fossils
during the limited time I was in London, and made his determina-
tions concerning them, though ' subject to correction.' They are
regarded by him as belonging to a * Saurian Reptile with an
unusually thin and compact wall of bone in the limb bones, which,
however, might have been occupied by unossified cartilage, as in
the young crocodile and turtle ; but if they were filled with oil or
light marrow, it would point t(^ a course of development towards
Pterodactyles or Birds. This phrase is purely hypothetical, and I
mean to express no more than a degree of resemblance, supposing
marrow and not gristle to have filled the large cavities.'

" The most important characteristics of these fossils so far as
determining the genus is concerned, are in the bones of the right
foot, which are tolerably well preserved, and a drawing of which
— of the natural size, in Plate ix, fig. 6 — has been made by my
sister. Miss Emily Hitchcock. From this drawing it will be seen
that the prominent character of the foot is the robustness of the
pollex. Hence Professor Owen suggests the generic name
Megadactylus. The only other terminal phalanx of this extrem-
ity, is found on the fourth toe. And it might possibly seem that
there were no claws on any toe but the first one, were it not that
among the fragments of the skeleton, another claw is preserved
which is only about one-fourth the size of the one figured on the
Plate.

" When the specimens were shown to Professors Owen and
Wyman, it was thought that the foot was only four-toed, as a
portion of the phalanges was covered by fragments of the rock.
But close and careful work with the graver has uncovered the
first and third phalanges of the fourth toe, seeming to show
that the single phalanx on the right must have belonged to a
fifth toe. Its greater size, also, shows that it could not have
belonged to the fourth finger.

" In addition to the three phalanges of the fourth toe, a small
bony knob was found, seeming to represent a fourth phalanx, or
rudimentary claw. This, however, is so small, and the fragments
of bone are so numerous throughout the rock, that it is possible

122 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

it is only a bony fragment accidentally located in the position of
a phalanx.

" For a specific name to this individual, I propose the name
PoLYZELUs, ' much sought for,' in allusion to the fact that for so
many years other remains than simply tracks of the former inhab-
itants of the Connecticut valley, have been eagerly and anxiously
sought for, and that now we have the much coveted bones."

Professor Cope's description, published in 1870, pp. 122A-G,
follows :

" The remains consist of four
caudal, and one dorsal vertebrae,
the greater part of the left fore foot
with distal portions of ulna and
radius ; the greater part of the left
femur, proximal end of left tibia,
greater part of left fibula, tarsus
and hind foot, including a tarsal
bone, perfect metatarsus, proximal
end of a second metatarsus, parts
of the distal end of a third, anJ
parts and impressions of four pha-
langes. Also, the greater part of

both ischia

Vertebra:. A dorso-lumbar is
much compressed, but not keeled
below ; the articular extremities are
expanded, and their faces slightly
concave. An anterior c^udsl [vide
infra] has a similar form, but the
extremities are plane. The poste-
rior basis of the neural arch is on the
posterior third of the upper surface,
and the anterior end has evidently
supported its anterior part. They
leave the median third of the canal
open laterally, its median surface
passing into the external over a
lateral shoulder. The arch prob-
ably bridged over this interval.

t.'h

■[ nch'sanriis

Fig. 14 - V

polyzelits. Two-thirds nat. size.
After Cope.
a, anterior caudals; b, sacral;
c, posterior caudal ; rf, dorso-lumbar.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

123

The chevron bone is long and wide, and with thin walls. A
second caudal exhibits similar characters. Two adjacent caudals
in the same piece of matrix exhibit shorter, deeper centra, with
strongly concave inferior surfaces, which are separated from the
laterals by an obtuse longitudinal angle. Articular faces concave,
forming vertical ovals truncate below. The chevron bones are
narrower, directed backwards, and of very light construction.
The neurapophyses present the singular character indicated
above. Their contact with the centrum is anterior and posterior
only, their basis being excavated upwards into a regular arch,
whose margins flare out a little. This remarkable structure is
only paralleled in the sacrum of other Dinosauria, where the
nerves destined for the sacral plexus, issue through huge foramina
in the bases of the neurapophyses. Here the structure is con-
tinued on the caudals, and evidently for a very different purpose.
The neural arch has a high longitudinal carina, which is continued
in the neural spine. It is concave on each side between the
zygapophyses. The posterior zygapophyses stand above an inter-
vertebral space, and the narrow neural spine rises above them, as
is usual in Dinosauria. The zygapophysial faces make about an
angle of 45°. A distal caudal is slender, sub-cylindric, and with
low neural arch.

" The right anterior foot displays five
digits, though one of them opposite the ex-
tremity of the ulna, was very short. The
phalanges are, from without, ?-3-4-3-2; they
are short and stout, the ungues short, deep,
much curved and compressed. That of the
interior digit is the largest ; the inner edge is
rounded, the superior broad and slightly
flattened. At the middle of its length, a
shallow groove near the dorsal outline begins
to contract to a sharply defined, narrow
groove, which continues to the end of the
claw. The trochlear faces are. well dis-
tinguished. The phalanges are stout and
with a marked ligamentous pit on each side
distally. The metacarpals of the two middle
digits are slender and twice as long as the

l.S. Rit^hl lore foot
of /I n<:/iisaurits polvze-
his. One hnlf nnt. size.

After Mnrsli.
. cfntralc: A', radius: r.
radialc: U. ulna; I and
\\ diwils one and five.

124 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

adjacent phalanges; that of the outer digit is one-third shorter,
and that of the inner, one-half shorter than the median. The
fourth metatarsus is longer than the external, but much more

slender than any other. This finger
was shorter than the third, and probably
possessed three phalanges; portions of
two are preserved, and the most distal
is not ungual.

" The extremity of the ulna larger
than that of the radius and rather more
expanded. Both bones of the forearm
are very pneumatic, and oval in section.

" The femur is represented by both
extremities with shaft adjacent, and that
part of the shaft supporting the third
[fourth, Dollo] trochanter. It is peculiar
in presenting a combination of charac-
ters. The proximal extremity resembles
that of the Crocodilia, while the distal is
truly Dinosaurian, approaching Megalo-
saurus. There is no distinct head, the
whole extremity is compressed, and the
extremital surface concave in its long
axis. It overhangs the shaft on the inner
side and forms a knob which is decurved,
and contracts below abruptly to the shaft.
The external margin is a subacute ridge ;
the small trochanter is represented by a
short ridge which is but little defined on
the inner side, and which sinks to the
general level some distance below the
head. The compression of the shaft
changes to a sub-cylindric form, and just
above this point the large third [fourth]
trochanter projects. It is short; inside
of it a large rugose surface indicates the
¥\G. \(y—¥emnr o{ Anchisaurus insertion of a powerful musclc. Near

Two thlrdt^nat. size. the distal extremity the shaft is corn-

Modified from Cope, J J , rr^. 1 r

pressed transversely. The articular face

No. 24. J TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I25

of the condyles is rather flat. The outer has a continuous ex-
terior face. The inner is divided exteriorly, near the posterior
extremity, by a deep groove, which is continued obliquely forward
and inward on the articular face. The anterior part of this
condyle is strongly convex. The posterior is narrow and turned
inwards and backwards to a sharp edge. This portion is out-
lined by the above mentioned groove, and forms a narrow ovate
[sic] in section. The popliteal groove is quite deep, and the
trochlear scarcely marked.

" The tibia and fibula are broken. Of the first, a piece of the
proximal portion alone remains ; of the latter, a piece is broken
from the middle of the shaft. The head of the tibia is flattened
by pressure. The spine or crest is very prominent, but not so
much so as in Lselaps, and is much curv^ed outwards. The
posterior angle of the proximal extremity is prominent, and the
prominence to which the fibula is applied marks the anterior
third of the long diameter of the head in its present condition.
The anterior crest gradually sinks to the shaft. The greater part
of the latter is flat, as an impression in the matrix indicates. The
fibula is slender and oval in section, with very thin walls. At the
distal extremity it expands slightly; the articular face is plane
transversely, and moderately convex antero-posteriorly. Proxi-
mally the shaft expands in the direction opposite to its compres-
sion, giving the head a nearly equal extent in both directions.
The articular surface is directed obliquely downwards to the tibia,
and is more or less grooved; a strong rabbet extends round its
posterior angle.

" The foot is in relation to the extremity of the leg, in a
strongly flexed position. The tarsal and metatarsal elements
were somewhat separated by the strain, though in nearly normal
position.

The cuboid bone alone remains of these. It is closely
approximated to the fibula with a small interval occupied by
matrix between. The form is somewhat like that in the genus
Alligator, and it bears a similar relative size to the adjacent
elements. It is a subtriangular piece with concave sides ; the
posterior angle, as it were, pinched. One lateral face, probably
anterior, presents a longitudinal groove; one l)road face, perhaps

126 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

the external, a convex articular surface. The metatarsal face is
slightly concave.

" The metatarsus which relates to the above, therefore
the exterior, is much like that of the Alligator. The planes of the
two extremities are nearly at right angles to each other. The
proximal extremity is subtriangular with an external angle pro-
longed, and the posterior outline longest and slightly sigmoid.
The shank has a large medullary cavity ; the distal articular sur-
face is sub-truncate, and the ligamentous pit very shallow, indi-
cating absence of much flexure at that point. The convex ex-
ternal face of the cuboid, indicates the existence of a rudimental
external digit in the usual place of the fifth; it may have been
but a part of a metatarsus, as in the crocodiles. No trace remains.
Two other digits have left their remains. Of these the median
is so much larger than those on each side of it, as to render it
probable that this animal possessed but three developed toes; in
those types with a larger number, the two median at least, are of
proportions more nearly similar to each other.

[Note. The foot probably contained three fully functional
toes and one sub-functional hallux which would give the meta-
tarsals the proportions noted by Cope. R. S. L.]

" One phalange of the middle toe is of a stout and somewhat
compressed form. Two of the inner toe are more slander; the
articular ligamentous pit is distinct in those of both, and the con-
dyle convex, indicating extensive flexure. All are hollow.

" The disproportion between the lengths of the limbs is not
readily ascertained; it is evidently ^not nearly so great as in the
Laelaps, perhaps not greater than in many modern Lacertilia.

" Ribs are represented by several fragments, one perhaps a
half. They display both capitular and tubercular articulations,
the former apparently much the more extensive. The head and
shaft of the ribs are compressed, and the capitular prolongation is
as deep as the base of the shaft. The latter has a groove along its
dorsal line for the proximal two-fifths the length. It is hollow,
the medullary cavity being equal in diameter to the wall surround-
ing it.

A Y-shaped bone with rather long stem has left an impres-
sion. The limbs of the figure are slightly unequal in length.
Can it be a hatchet bone [rib] of the cervical vertebrae?

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

127

" The pelvis is only repre-
sented by a considerable portion
of both ossa ischii. These indi-
cate a remarkable peculiarity of
the type, and explain the struc-
ture in Lselaps and some other
Dinosauria. The portions pre-
served are the distal and median,
with the impressions of the more
proximal in the matrix. The
former consists of two stout rod-
like elements, having a triangular
section, the superior and inner
faces being plane, the exterior
convex. The two interior are
in contact throughout the straight
portion of the bones. The ex-
tremity is convex and enlarged,
especiall}- downwards, and the
two are separated by a deep
groove, giving a section of the
extremity the form of anx.
At the point of divergence the
stylus is flattened, while the divergent portions are more flattened,
at first horizontally, then with a gradual approach to vertically.
Like the other bones, they are pneumatic and thin walled prox-
imally ; at their medial portion they contain very light spongy
cancelli.

" As compared with Compsognathus the caudal vertebrae are
very much shorter and deeper: the extremities arc stouter and
more robust; the metatarsi and phalanges with ungues being
shorter and thicker

" No portion of the cranium or dentition of this geniis has
been preserved. The large stout hooked claws of the fore foot
would indicate a more or less carnivorous diet."

Dimensions from Cope
Median caudal vertebra

Antcro-posterior length 21.5 mm.

Depth, articular face 23. mm.

Fig. 17.— Ischia cf Anchisaurus polyzeluSy
One-half nat. size. After Marsh.

a. distal aspect; /"/, iliac facet: p, distal
end: pb, public facet; s. symphysis.

128

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Width, articular face

. . 15.

mm.

Elevation of neural arch and spine .

• . 34-

mm.

Femur

Length of proximal extremity

. . 42.5

mm.

Width of proximal extremity ....

. . 19.

mm.

Diameter of shaft

. 21.

mm.

Transverse width of condyles ....

. . 40.

mm.

External metatarsus

Length

. . 70.

mm.

External metacarpus

Length

II.

mm.

Length of third metacarpus

. . 25.

mm.

" second "

. . 27.

mm.

" first "

. . 23.

mm.

Ungual phalanx ; digit I

Length

• • 34-

mm.

Proximal depth

. . 17.

mm.

Huene (1906, pp. 19-22) adds but little to the description
offered by Cope as he only had Cope's figures for further study.
He therefore contents himself with certain comparisons, notably
with Thecodontosaurus, and a new interpretation of a few of the
bones. The bone shown by Cope in fig. 6 [fig. 14,^?] and de-
scribed as an anterior caudal, Huene considers a sacral vertebra
chiefly upon the ground of the length of its centrum and its differ-
ence of form from that of a typical anterior caudal. The two
adjacent caudals in the same piece of matrix Huene thinks
belonged near the beginning of the tail, but were not the foremost
as the chevrons are too well developed.

To Cope's description of the hand Huene adds the presence
of two carpalia, the smaller of which, lying above metacarpal II,
he considers the trapezoid, and the larger a trapezium or radiale
or intercentrum [centrale?]. The last interpretation he considers
the most probable. Between the fifth metacarpal and the third
digit lie three bones ; the proximal one Huene considers only the
distal fragment of metacarpal IV while the others he refers to as
phalanges of digit V, which seems to me erroneous as they lie in
position for those of digit IV, digit V being represented by the
metacarpal only.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

129

The ischia he considers similar to those of Massospondylus;
they also resemble those of Anchisaurus solus in so far as com-
mon portions of each are preserved.

The femur as restored by Cope, Huene considers too long, and
a sketch is inserted to show the proper length. (See fig. 16.)
The fourth trochanter in position and character resembles that of
Thecodontosaurvis, but it also resembles that of Anchisaurus
colurus though the position on the shaft seems to be somewhat
higher. There is hov/ever a break between the portion bearing
the fourth trochanter and either end in the polyselus femur, while
the entire length of the proximal end in A. colurus is not known;
manifestly therefore the precise relative position of this trochan-
ter in the two femora is a matter of conjecture.

Huene summarized the evidence as follows :

" These bones are similar in size to Anchisaurus colurus and
Marsh makes Megadactylus also another species of Anchisaurus.
The distinction from Anchisaurus seems to me, however, greater
than from Thecodontosaurus ; although the dorsals are lengthened
in the same manner as in Anchisaurus. The femur with its prob-
ably high situated trochanter IV, the form of the tibia and of the
fibula, and the radius and the slender metacarpalia as well speak
more for the relationship to Thecodontosaurus. It is shown also
that the anterior caudals have small dorsal spines like Thecodon-
tosaurus, while Anchisaurus according to Marsh has broad dorsal
spines." »

Here I think Marsh's restoration is in error. In Anchisaurus
colurus the caudals are unknown, that portion of the restoration
being taken from A. solus. In the latter what I should call the
sixth or seventh caudal shows a neural spine even smaller than
those in the polyzelus caudals. Anterior to this the caudal spines
in solus are obscure, but, if the caudals of polyzelus were the third
and fourth (and as they bear chevrons it seems likely), the dorsal
spines could readily grade into ones similar to those of solus when
the sixth or seventh caudal was reached.

Personally, I do not agree with Huene in removing polyzelus
from Anchisaurus to the European genus Thecodontosaurus, thus
far unreported from the American Triassic, though possibly
ancestral to the American genus. J lucnc evidently overlooks the
fact that polyzelus is the type species of the genus Anchisaurus,
9

130 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

and, if his contention be correct, the name Anchisaurus becomes
merely a synonym for Thecodontosaurus and the species colurus
and solus are left without a generic name.

Anchisaurus colurus Marsh

Marsh, O. C. 1891, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xlii, p. 267.

Marsh, O. C. 1892, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xhii, pp. 543-545,
pi. XV, pi. xvi, figs. I, 2.

Marsh, O. C. 1896, Din. of N. A., p. 148, pi. ii, figs. 1-3, pi.
iii, figs. I, 2, pi. iv.

Huene, F. v. 1906, Din. Aussereurop. Trias, pp. 6-13, pis. i-iii.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 1883, Yale Museum.

Locality. — Manchester, Conn., in the quarry of Charles O.
Wolcott, about one mile north of Buckland station.

Horizon. — High in the upper series of sandstones, shales and
local conglomerates, therefore geologically toward the close of
Newark time.

Original Description. — " The new species is represented by
perhaps the most perfect Triassic Dinosaur yet discovered, as the
skull and greater portion of the skeleton were found in place, and
in fine preservation. It is smaller than the specimen above de-
scribed [Ammosaurus major], but similar in its general propor-
tions, yet the two may be readily distinguished by the pelvic arch
and posterior limbs. The pubes are distinct from each other,
imperforate above, and the distal portions are only moderately
expanded. The process that projects backward to meet the
ischium is slender, and the face for union with that bone is quite
small. The sacrum and ischia resemble those of Ammosaurus
above described.

" The skull is of moderate size, and of delicate structure. In
its general shape, it somewhat resembles the skull of Hatteria.
The supra-temporal fossae are very large, and the orbits especially
so. The quadrate is inclined forward, and the upper and lower
temporal arches are slender. Compressed, cutting teeth are
present both in the premaxillary and maxillary bones. The lower
jaws have similar teeth, and the rami are not united to each other
at the symphysis in front.

" The vertebrae and limb bones are hollow, and the whole
skeleton is lightly built. The neck is long, and the tail of moderate

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I3I

length [estimated, as it is not preserved. R. S. L.]. The scapula
is elongate, and the coracoid very small and imperforate. The
humerus has a strong radial crest, and the radius and ulna are
nearly equal in size. There were five digits in the manus, the
first, second, and third being anned with strong claws.

" The femur is longer than the tibia, and has a flattened head,
somewhat like that of a crocodile. The tibia is short and stout,
and the fibula well developed. The astragalus is not coossified
with the tibia, and the calcaneum is distinct. There were five
digits in the pes, but only four functional, the fifth being repre-
sented by the metatarsal alone.

" The skull of this reptile is about five and one-half inches .
long, and the lower jaw four and one-half inches. The scapula
and humerus are of equal length, each about six inches long.
The femur is about eight inches in length, and the tibia about six.
The animal when alive was about five and one-half feet long."

In 1892 (pp. 543-545) Professor Marsh amplified the original
description of this animal by the following details :

" The type specimen of this species, one of the most perfect
Dinosaurs ever discovered, has now been worked out of the hard
matrix in which it was imbedded, and the skull and limbs are
represented in the accompanying plates.

" The skull was somewhat crushed and distorted, but its main
features are preserved, and its more important characters can be
determined with certainty. In Plate xv, figure i [fig. i8A], a side
view is given, one-half natural size. One prominent feature
shown in this view is the bird-like character of the skull. The
nasal aperture (a) is small, and well forward. There is a large
antorbital opening (b), and a very large orbit (o). This is
elongated oval in outline. It is bounded in front by the prefron-
tal, above by the same bone, and a small extent of the frontal, and
further back by the postfrontal. The postorbital completes the
orbit behind, and the jugal, below. The supratemporal fossa (d)
is large, and somewhat triangular in outline. The infratemporal
fossa is quite large, and is bounded below by a slender quadrato-
jugal. The quadrate (q) is much inclined forward. The teeth
are remarkable for the great number in use at one time. Those
of the upper jaw are inclined forward, while those below are
nearly vertical. The lower jaw has the same general features of
this part in the Theropoda.

132 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

" In Plate xvi, figures i and 2 [fig. 18 B, C] the same skull is
shown, also one-half natural size. The top of the skull, repre-
sented in figure i [fig. 18 5], is considerably broken, and this
has made it difficult to trace the sutures, but the general form and

c

Fig. 18. — Skull of Anchisaurtis cohi7-iis. One-
half nat. size. After Marsh.
A, side view; B, dorsal view; C, posterior view.
a, nasal opening; b, antorbital fenestra; bp, basip-
terygoid process; c, infratemporal fossa; d,
. supratemporal fossa; /, frontal; j, jugal; ?t, nasal;
oc, occipital condyle; p, paroccipital process; pf,
prefrontal; q, quadrate.

proportions of the upper surface are fairly represented. In figure
2 [fig. 18 C] only the back portion of the cranium is shown. The
foramen magnum is remarkably large, and the occipital condyle is
small and oblique. The basipterygoid processes are unusually
short.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

" The neck vertebrae are long and
slender, and very hollow. Their articu-
lar ends appear to be all plane or slight-
ly .concave. The trunk vertebrae are
more robust, but their centra are quite
long. The sacrals appear to be three in
number.

" The scapular arch is well pre-
served. The scapula, shown in Plate v,
figure 2, s [fig. 19], is very long, with its
upper end obliquely truncated. The
coracoid (c) is unusually small, and
imperforate. The sternum was of car-
tilage, some of which is preserved.
The humerus (h) is of the same length
as the scapula, and its shaft is very
hollow. The radius and ulna are also
both hollow, and nearly equal in size.

" There is but one carpal bone ossi-
fied in this specimen, and this is below
the ulna. There were five digits in the
manus, but only three of functional im-
portance, the first, second, and third, all
armed with sharp claws. The fifth
(V) was quite rudimentary. The fore
foot of the type species of Anchisaurns
[polyzehis] is shown one-half natural
size, on Plate xvi, figure 3 [fig. 15].

" The pelvic bones are shown in
figure 3 of Plate xv [fig. 20]. The
ilium (il) is small, with a slender preacetabular process. The
ischia (is) are elongated, and their distal ends slender, and not
expanded at the extremity. The pubes (/>) are also long, imper-
forate, and not coossified with each other. The anterior part is
a plate of moderate width. The ischia of the type species of this
genus are shown on Plate xvii, figure 6.

" The femur (/) is much curved, and longer than the tibia (t).
The latter is nearly straight, with a narrow shaft. The fibula
(/') when in position was not close to the tibia, but curved out-

FiG. 19.— Left fore limb of Anchi-
saurus colurus. One-half nat.
size. After Marsh.

<r, coracoid; h, humerus: r, radius;
J, scapula: u, ulna.

134

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

ward from it. All these bones have very thin walls. The astrag-
alus (a) is small, closely applied to the tibia, and has no ascend-

FiG. 20. — Left liindlimb oi Anchisaurus colurus .
One-half nat. size. After Marsh.
a, astragalus; c, calcaneum; /, femur; /', fibula;
z7, ilium; is, iscliium; p, pubis; /, tibia; /, hallux;
V, vestige of di^it five.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

ing process. The calcaneum (c) is of moderate size, and free.
There are only two tarsal bones in the second row.

" The hind foot has four functional digits, all provided with
claws. The fifth was represented only by a rudiment of the
metatarsal (V). The first digit was so much shorter than the
second, third, and fourth, that this foot would have made a three-
toed track very much like the supposed Bird-tracks of the
Connecticut River sandstone."

In a paper entitled " Restoration of Anchisaurus " published
in the American Journal of Science, (3) xlv, 1893, pp. 169-170
and plate vi, Professor Marsh throws additional light upon this
interesting animal and its relatives by one of the admirable
restorations which redound so much to his credit. This restora-
tion is supposed to be that of the species under discussion, though,
as the tail and part of the neck vertebrae were lost before the im-
portance of the specimen was realized, such parts are supplied
mainly from the smaller A. solus and from Ammosaurus major
as well. Marsh says :

The restoration as shown on Plate vi [fig. 21] indicates that
Anchisaurus colurus was one of the most slender and delicate
dinosaurs yet discovered, being only surpassed in this respect by
some of the smaller bird-like forms of the Jurassic. The posi-
tion chosen is one that must have been habitually assumed by the
animal during life, but the comparatively large fore limbs suggest
the possibility of motion on all four feet. The compressed ter-
minal digits of the fore feet, however, must have been covered by
very sharp claws, which were used mainly for prehension, and
not for locomotion.

" The small head and bird-like neck are especially noticeable.
The ribs of the neck and trunk are very slender. The tail appar-
ently differed from that of any other dinosaur hitherto described,
as it was evidently quite slender and flexible. The short neural
spines and the diminutive chevrons directed backward indicate a
tail not compressed, but nearly round, and one usually carried
free from the ground."

Marsh's description was amplified greatly l)y Iluene (1906,
pp. 6-13, pis. i-iii), who published an excellent series of photo-
graphs of all of the Connecticut dinosaurian types.

136 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Further Description. — The skull. The skull is nearly com-
plete though quite badly crushed, nevertheless the limitations of
most of the bones can be clearly distinguished though their posi-
tion in relation to each other is only approximate. Huene pub-
lished two photographs of the skull which purport to be natural
size; in reality the length of the printed figure is 5.5 mm. too
short. The figures are overlain by a transparent key for the
identification of the bones which, while admirable, seems errone-
ous in indicating what is apparently the left frontal as the right.
The anterior part of what Huene calls " Prsefrontale sinistrale
von innen " is the inner surface of the same bone he calls the
lachrymal in the view from the left side. What he calls the left
frontal is a slender process of bone which is seemingly continuous
with the posterior portion of the prefrontal.

The premaxillse are both fairly well preserved and not far
removed from their normal position. Posteriorly each embraces
a portion of the narial opening, which is oval with its long axis
nearly parallel to the margin of the jaw. The hinder process for
articulation with the maxilla is acuminate. But one premaxillary
tooth is preserved, and in the present condition of the skull the
number of dental alveoli is not discernible, though Marsh has
restored seven teeth in the premaxilla. The length of this bone
on the right side is apparently 19 mm.

The maxilla extends from about the mid length of the narial
opening to beyond the posterior border of the antorbital fenestra.
Anteriorly it sends a process forward above the premaxilla which
bounds the lower posterior half of the nares. Dorsally it is
broadly notched for articulation with the nasal bone which, how-
ever, is not preserved. The maxillary is extended posteriorly
forming the lower limitation of the antorbital fenestra, sending
inward the shelf -like floor to the fenestra as in Allosaurus. There
is also evidence of a foramen piercing this inturned portion at the
anterior angle of the fenestra as in Allosaurus. The number of
maxillary teeth was eight to nine (Huene), though in Marsh's res-
toration twelve are shown. These have a broad lanceolate form
with somewhat constricted cervix and rounded cutting edges
which show no sign of crenations. The premaxillary tooth pre-
served is very suggestive of those of certain Sauropoda, and none
of the teeth give evidence of the terribly aggressive carnivorous

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

habits of the greater megalosaurs. The length of the right max-
illary is 46 mm. and its depth as preserved 22 mm. The orbit is
bounded below by the jugal, a slender triradiate bone, the ascend-
ing process of which articulates with the postorbital, while its
posterior process, the preserved portion of which is extremely
short, should reach a forward branch of the quadrato jugal.
Anteriorly the jugal articulates with the maxillary and according
to Huene with the lachrymal as well, the latter forming the limi-
tation between orbit and antorbital fenestra. The greatest length
of the jugal as preserved is 34 mm.

The postorbital is another triradiate bone, this time with the
three processes of nearly equal length. The antero-dorsal articu-
lates with the well developed postf rontal by a long contact suture
on its anterior margin and then continues on to articulate with
the parietal, forming thus apparently all of the anterior limit of
the supratemporal fenestra. The posterior process of the post-
orbital defines in like manner the inferior boundary of the supra-
temporal and the superior limitation of the infratemporal fenes-
tra. Posteriorly this process fits into a notch between two
forwardly directed processes of the squamosal, the combined
structure forming the supratemporal arcade. Of the postorbital
the greatest antero-posterior diameter is 40 mm. while the greatest
dorso-ventral dimension is 34.5 mm.

The roof of the skull should show five pairs of bones. Of
these I recognize but vague traces of the nasals. The prefrontals
are ill defined, but on the left side there is preserved a portion of
bone which forms the anterior half of the superior limitation of
the large orbit, articulating in front with the lachrymal and
dorsally with the frontal. The greatest dimension of this bone,
its length, seems to be 28.5 mm.

The frontals show a considerable expanse, differing in this
respect from the slender character of most of the other bones of
the cranium. That of the right side is nearly gone while the left
appears fairly well preserved except at its posterior end. It
bounds the orbit little if at all, for the prefrontal extends nearly
if not quite to the forward limit of the postfrontal. Its anterior
margin is notched for the reception of the nasal bone, the apex of
the notch being very near the mid-line of the skull. Posteriorly
the frontal is destroyed. Whether it came in contact with the

138 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

parietal of its side as Marsh shows or whether the postfrontal
intervened I am not sure, but the better preserved postfrontal, that
of the right side, seems to have met its fellow in the mid-line of
the skull. The dimensions of the left frontal are: length as pre-
served, 26 mm., breadth, 7 mm. ; of the postfrontal, greatest
length, 27 mm.

The parietals are curiously curved bones nearly horizontal at
their anterior end and twisted on their long axis through an angle
of more than 90° so that the posterior face is visible from above.
Anteriorly they articulate with the postorbitals and posteriorly
with the supraoccipital while their externo-posterior portion artic-
ulates with the squamosal. Of course they form the inner limita-
tions of the supratemporal fossse. Their greatest length is about
33 mm., while from the middle line to the externo-posterior angle
is about 19 mm.

Posteriorly the skull shows the occipital complex in articula-
tion, except the left exoccipital which is displaced. The basi-
sphenoid is approximately in position, though it seems to be bent
upward on its longitudinal axis so as to pull the articulation with
the basioccipital tubera somewhat apart. The occipital condyle
is composed of a median basioccipital element and a lesser lateral
portion from each of the exoccipitals. The latter show a number
of foramina which Huene (1906, pp. 6-7) has identified as
follows :

" The exoccipital process broadens at its base into three folds,
one of which goes to the condyle. The second, really a branch of
the first, is small and sharp and goes downward toward the tubera.
Between these two first folds are found two foramina, one, some-
what larger, above in the angle of the fold, and one, somewhat
smaller, beneath on the small fold; these two I consider the

foramina hypoglossi (XII) The third fold is the

chief ridge of the exoccipital process and is broad and strong.
Between this and the second fold is found the large opening of
the foramen lacerum and the foramen jugulare, and before this
broad fold the opening of the canalis Fallopii (N. facialis, VII)
must have been found as is the case in Plateosaurus/'

The quadrate and squamosal are well developed, and the for-
mer is directed obliquely downward and forward as in Marsh's
restoration, not vertically as in that of Huene (p. 10). The lower

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

jaw is typical of the Theropoda and bore apparently eighteen
teeth. There is no trace of the usual aperture through the
surangular.

The Vertebral Column. — There are preserved eighteen pre-
sacral vertebrae, including two anterior cervicals which lay in the
rock very near the skull. These are elongated, with low neural
spines and strongly extended zygapophyses the articular facets of
which lie nearly parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone.
The length of neither vertebra is preserved entire, but the anterior
of the two now measures 37 mm., the posterior 56 mm. The cen-
trum in each case is extremely hollow, the walls of the posterior
one measuring 1.5 mm. thick. Long, slender cervical ribs, almost
like those of Compsognathus, lie beside the centra and parallel to
their long axis. The anterior one and a half vertebrae in the larger
block Huene considers cervicals, and the following eleven dorsals,
after which come three vertebrae concealed by the pubes before
one comes to the first sacral, making fourteen dorsals altogether.
Of these the anterior dorsals are shorter than the cervicals, but
they again increase in length until the eighth, of which the centrum
is 45 mm. long, after which they diminish again, the eleventh,
which is the last visible one, being but 37 mm. long. These verte-
brae are hour-glass shaped, for while the ends of a centrum
measure 22 mm., across its middle section it is but 10 mm. broad.

The neural spines of the dorsal vertebrae are low and rectangu-
lar and that of the seventh measures 29 mm. long and about 15
mm. high. The centra show a longitudinal depression on either
side which lightens them somewhat.

Marsh's estimate shows twenty-two presacral vertebrae as in-
dicated by the numbering on the type specimen.

The ribs are long and slender, tapering to a very delicate ex-
tremity. The proximal end on the contrary is well developed, and
so far as the ribs are exposed the capitulum seems always to artic-
ulate with the centrum of the vertebra, not rising onto the trans-
verse processes as in some dinosaurs, notably Stegosaurus. The
longest rib, that of the sixth vertebra, measures 206 mm. in length.

The Appendicular Skeleton. — The scapula of the left side is
complete but seems to have a somewhat greater curve than in life.
The proximal end is broadened, yet not markedly so when com-
pared with later types, and the distal end shows a slight expansion,

140 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

the posterior angle being distinctly acuminate. The length of
the scapula measured on the curve is 147.5 mni-j on the chord
123.7 mi^-j the proximal breadth 45.7 mm., that of the distal end
31.8 mm.

The coracoid is quadrilateral, somewhat thickened at its
rounded postero-ventral angle. It shows no trace of coracoid
foramen. Its length is 46 mm., its depth about 27 mm.

The humerus is broadened proximally and distally but the
distal end especially is very thin. Neither the right nor the left is
entire, the one showing the distal, the other the proximal end.
Huene estimates the length from 180 to 190 mm. The width of the
proximal end is 56 mm. while that of the distal end measures 48
mm. The radius is slender and the ulna broadened and the bones
lie across one another in the rock. The distal end of the radius,
however, seems displaced. The length of the radius is 92 mm.,
of the ulna 105 mm. At the distal end of the ulna lies a small
ovoid carpal bone, probably the ulnare.

The hand is a splendid prehensile organ, especially in the
power indicated in the first digit, the claw of which was large and
sharply curved, and the entire finger shows evidence of great
range of movement. The second and third digits are progres-
sively more slender. Length of hand about 90 mm. ; length of the
first ungual phalanx 4.5 mm., its greatest breadth 2.2 mm.

The pelvic girdle is represented by the right ilium and both
pubes ; of the former only the acetabular portion with its two
peduncles is exposed. In the restoration of Anchisaurus by
Marsh is substituted the ilium of Ammosaurus, which Huene
criticizes on the ground that it should resemble more nearly that
of Thecodontosaurus. The antero-posterior breadth of the
acetabulum measures 53 mm.

The pubis, Huene says, resembles partly that of Plateosaurus
and partly that of Megalosaurus. The proximal end shows a
distinct hook-like process, a rather narrow neck, beyond which
the bone expands to a breadth of 50 mm. The distal end is some-
what thickened, but in common with other Triassic forms does not
show the foot-like fore and aft expansion of the later Theropoda.
The length of the right pubis is 183.5 "^"^-j its proximal breadth
41.5 mm., the width of the neck-like portion 15 mm., and of the
distal portion 30 mm.

No. 24.] TRIASSrC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I4I

The right hind Hmb is entire with the exception of the head
of the femur, and is exposed on its posterior aspect, including the
entire plantar surface of the foot.

The fourth trochanter of the femur is prominent and is situ-
ated 123.5 from the distal end. The femur shows a distinct
sigmoid curv^e and the distal condyles are well developed. The
femoral length as preserved is about 210 mm., breadth of shaft
22.5 mm., of distal end 41.5 mm.

The tibia and fibula lie perpendicular to the bedding plane (the
animal being supine) and seem to show a marked shortening due
to pressure. It may well be that the bowing out of the fibula
mentioned by Marsh is partially due to the same cause though
A. solus shows it to some extent as well.

Tibial length including astragalus 14.7 mm. ; breadth of proxi-
mal end 38.5, of distal end 43.5 mm. Length of fibula 127.7
The flat astragalus, which has no ascending process, is closely
applied to the distal end of the tibia, while the calcaneum is a
much smaller, somewhat rounded bone.

Of the distal row of tarsalia two are preserved, which Huene
identifies as the cuboid lying near metatarsal V, and the cuneiform
III near metatarsal III. The foot is well developed and compact,
and, while the hallux lies in the same plane as the other digits in
the rock, if one may judge from the probable footprints, it was in
life rotated to the rear so as to oppose the remaining digits as a
powerful grasping claw. Metatarsal V is reduced to about one-
half its functional length. Length of metatarsal III, 98 mm. ; of
digit III, 105 mm.

I have correlated (Lull 1904 A, p. 487) the footprint known as
Anchisauripus sillimani (dananus) with the species of dinosaur
under consideration, for both track and length of stride are just
what the proportions of Anchisaunis colnrus would lead one to
expect. The footprint is one of the most common known in the
Connecticut valley, and the species of dinosaur is the only one
known from more than one specimen, as I have identified that
found in 18 18 at East Windsor {vide supra p. 77) as the same
species. The latter specimen does not, however, add materially
to our knowledge of the animal as it is far less complete tlian the
type specimen.

142 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Anchisaurus colurus was an alert, active dinosaur, preying
upon the smaller vertebrates of his generation, as the powerful
grasping claws and well developed teeth imply. While the actual
remains are confined to the close of the Newark deposition in the
Connecticut valley, the correlated footprints, being found first in
the posterior shales, imply a longer career, though possibly not in
the ultimate stage of evolution in which we know it. I believe
the animal to have been entirely bipedal, never bringing the fore
limbs to the ground even though their relatively large size would
seem to imply it, for the imprint of the hand would be unmistak-
able and I have never seen in conjunction with the footprints of
Anchisaurus or elsewhere such an impression. On the other
hand, the imprints of the manus in the plant-eating orthopod
dinosaur tracks are fairly common, but imply a hand of a totally
different character from that of Anchisaurus (vide infra p. 207),
resembling much more closely that of Camptosaurus of the
Morrison, a well known predentate.

Restoration of Anchisaurus colurus. — The very well known
restoration by Marsh (fig. 21), which has had wide acceptance in
text-books and other publications, presents but few points to
which in our more exact knowledge of the dinosaurs as living
beings one can take exception. As the most salient point for
criticism I would mention an apparent disproportion of limbs in
that the fore limbs seem to be drawn slightly too great in size.
There are also twenty-three presacral vertebrae, giving to the dor-
sal series one more than the two type specimens of Anchisaurus
(colurus and solus) seem to show. The correction of these
errors would tend to reduce in a measure the apparent top-heavi-
ness for a bipedal gait. The tail seems somewhat short, though of
this there is no true evidence other than analogy, for a long
slender tail and a short heavy one may be equally efficient as a
counterpoise, and the former is the type found in cursorial lizards,
notably the bipedal ones (see also Podokesaurus, infra p. 167).

The tail also passes much too near the ischia at their distal
end, a condition which would allow no room for a pelvic outlet
for egg-laying or the evacuation of the alimentary canal.

The neural spines of the caudal vertebrae are restored like
those of the presacral vertebrae. The evidence of the tail of
Anchisaurus solus implies that they were quite small and low, a

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

short distance from the proximal end of the tail. The final point
of criticism is in the position of the halliix to which allusion has
alteady been made.

I offer as a substitute a new restoration made in the form of a
model in the round, one side of which displays the skeleton, the
other the animal in the flesh, an old idea but newly applied in pre-

144 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

historic restorations in the hope that thereby the number of errors
of interpretation would be reduced. Photographs of this model
(Plates iv and x), which is one-third linear dimensions, are here
presented for comparison with the classic restoration by my
predecessor.

Anchisaurus solus Marsh

Marsh, O. C. 1892, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xliii, p. 545.
Marsh, O. C. 1896, Din. of N. A., p. 149.
Huene, F. v. 1906, Din. Aussereurop. Trias, pp. 14-15, pi. iv.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 209, Yale Museum.
Locality. — Manchester, Conn., from the quarry of Charles O.
Wolcott.

Horizon. — Upper series of sandstones, shales and local con-
glomerates, about two feet higher and fifteen feet south of coliirus.

Marsh's original description is as follows :

" A fortunate discovery has recently brought to light almost
the entire skeleton of a diminutive Dinosaur, which may be
referred to Anchisaurus, but clearly belongs to a distinct species.
It was found in nearly the same horizon as the remains above de-
scribed [A. colurus], and in the immediate vicinity, so there can
be little doubt that it was a contemporary. The skeleton is im-
bedded in a very coarse matrix, so difficult to remove that the
investigation is only in part completed. The portions uncovered
show the animal to have been about three feet in length, and of
very delicate proportions. The bones of the skeleton are almost
all extremely light and hollow, but most of them are in fair
preservation.

" The skull, so far as it can now be observed, resembles the
one just described. The teeth are numerous, and inclined for-
ward. The orbit is very large. The quadrate is inclined
forward, and the lower jaw is robust. The entire skull is about
65 mm. in length, and the lower jaws the same.

" The neck was very long and slender, the first five cervicals
measuring some 80 mm. in extent. The dorsals are also elon-
gated, the last six covering a space of 135 mm. The number of
vertebrae in the sacrum cannot yet be determined. The caudal
vertebrae are short, the first ten occupying a space of 140 mm.

" The humerus has a very large radial crest, and is 66 mm. in
length. The rest of the fore limb, so far as made out, is similar

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

^45

to those in the species described. The tibia is about 88 mm. in
length. There were five digits in the hind foot, but the fifth is
represented only by the rudimentary metatarsal. The animal
when alive was about as large as a small fox."

Further Description. — The skull fragments, still embedded in
the matrix, are of so Yery f ragmentar}^ a character that I can add
practically nothing to what Professor Marsh has said ; indeed it
is difficult even to verify all of his statements. The dimensions
he gives are correct.

The vertebral column shows apparently twenty-two elongated
vertebrae, which together with the atlas make twenty-three as the
total number of presacrals ; of these Huene reckons nine as cervi-
calfi and fourteen as dorsals. The cervicals are extremely long
and slender though apparently similar in proportions to the two
anterior cervicals of A. colurns which are preserved. For the
most part only the ventral aspect of the vertebral centra is visible
with the exception of the anterior four or five cervicals, and they
are so vaguely outlined as to be hardly describable. They seem,
however, to resemble those of A. cohinis above referred to in the
elongated zygapophyses and vestigial neural spine. The posterior
cervicals at least and the anterior one or two dorsals show lateral
longitudinal keels demarking the limits of lateral ventral walls ; in
the other dorsals the keels become obsolete and the centra are
more rounded. As in A. colurns the anterior dorsal (lOth pre-
sacral) is shorter than the cervicals, beyond which the dorsals
increase somewhat in length, the longest being the 9th (i8th pre-
sacral) with a length of 21 mm. The 12th dorsal measures 20.5
mm. long by 9 mm. wide at the
articular ends of the centrum
and 5.5 mm. broad in its cen-
tral portion, showing the typi-
cal contracted form seen in A.
colurns. The ribs are exceed-
ingly slender yet their length
would indicate a full-bodied

1 T-i . . I F"iG. 22.— Caudal vertebra; of .4/»<:/;/Jt2ttr«j

anmial. The greatest preserved solus, vi. w^d from the rirht side,
length, that of the 5th dorsal, ^'^^^
is 85.5 mm. The sacrum unfortundtely cannot be seen in the
greatest degree of preparation which the specimen will safely
10

146 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

bear, but the anterior ten (Marsh) caudals are visible on the
lower side of the block. As I have said above (p. 129) in dis-
cussing the relationship of A. polyzeliis, the shape of the neural
spines resembles those of that species and is not of the character
figured in Marsh's restoration of Anchisaurus. The centra are
shorter than those of the dorsal vertebrae, that of the sixth
measuring 17 mm. in length, while the seventh is 16 mm. long
by about 15 mm. high including the neural spine. The caudal
centra seem somewhat compressed laterally. This may in a
measure be due to crushing.

Appendicular Skeleton. — Of the shoulder girdle but a trace
is present, an indefinable fragment of what may have been the
left scapula hidden beneath the bulk of the humerus. The latter
is well preserved on either side, especially the left, and is particu-
larly notable for the relatively high, almost bird-like proximal end
with its expanded processus lateralis which narrows to a rather
robust shaft, to dilate again at the distal extremity. The length
of the left humerus is 67 mm., its proximal breadth 25 mm., width
of shaft 6 mm., of distal end about 15 mm. As Huene says, it is
short, but in comparison with the slender vertebrae is very robust
and gives indication of a well developed musculature. The
radius and ulna are also well developed. They lie in position,
parallel to each other, the ulna being somewhat curved. Their
length seems to be about 37 mm. In Marsh's statement that the
hand had five digits of which the fifth is represented by the
rudimentary metatarsal he must have reasoned from analogy,
basing his description upon colurus and polyzelus, for the present
specimen shows but one slender metacarpal, doubtless the fourth,
beyond which lie portions of two phalanges, and toward the radial
side of the hand the vestige of another phalanx, possibly ungual.
There are rather vague impressions in the coarse rock which may
have lodged other bones, but not sufficient in number or position
to complete the manus as described by Marsh.

Of the pelvic girdle the right ilium is preserved together with
both ischia, which, however, lack, their extremities, and plate-like
expansions which represent the pubes — all in their natural
relative position.

The ilium is almost complete in outline. The entire acetabular
outline for a chordal distance of 245 mm. is exposed. In front

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

the ilium sho\vs the long slender anterior process which Marsh
considers characteristic of the family, but posteriorly the end is
broken away so that the
bone appears rounded.
The dorsal outline of the
bone is not preserved.
So far as it goes this
ilium agrees perfectly
with that in Marsh's res-
toration of Anchisaurus,
in spite of Huene's con-
tention that that of Y\G.22>.— 'R\K^d\\\Vimo[ Anchisaurus solus.

Nat. size. Original.

Ammosaurus was used

as a model. It may have been in part, but no one can disprove
the correctness of the restoration from the evidence at hand. The
ilium as preserved measures 46.5 mm. long by 264 mm. high.

The pubes show the characteristic plate-like expansion in
their mid-length seen in A. colurus but their outline as preserved
is too vague for further description.

The ischia are well preserved except that their proximal end
is buried in the matrix and their distal end destroyed. They
curve downward and inward as in polyzelus.

The femur is well developed, very similar to that of colurus
in outline and in the relative extent of the fourth trochanter.
The bone is extremely thin-walled, that of the right being but 1.5
mm. in thickness in mid-shaft. The measurable length of the
femur is 102 mm. which is probably somewhat less than its origi-
nal dimension; Huene makes it 120-150 mm. The tibia accord-
ing to Marsh measures 88 mm. The fibula of the right limb is
exposed on the other side of the block, and lies some little dis-
tance away from, though parallel with the right tibia. This em-
phasizes Marsh's statement that in Anchisaurus the fibula is
bowed outward from the tibia. This together with the breadth
of the ankle would give a somewhat clumsy lower leg as a charac-
teristic of the genus. The foot in so far as it is known resembles
essentially that of A. colurus, but the third metatarsal is only
half as long as that of A. colurus, which may be taken as indicat-
ing the comparative size of the feet jn the two best known
species of this genus.

148 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Aly personal estimate of the length of cohtrus is about seven
feet while solus v^as approximately half that size. The only
footprint which I can correlate with this dinosaur is Grallator
tenuis, a discussion of which will follow in the succeeding section
(p. 201).

Genus Ammosaurus Marsh

Anchisaurus (in part)
Marsh, O. C. 1891, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3) xlii, p. 267.
This genus, which includes but one known species, A. major,
was erected by Marsh subsequent to the specific description, when
more material referable to Anchisaurus gave characters at vari-
ance with those of major. Marsh's discussion of the new genus
IS as follows :

** The Yale Museum has recently secured two interesting spec-
imens of Dinosaurs from the Triassic sandstone of the Connect-
icut valley. In comparing these with the known species of
Anchisaurus from this formation, the fact became evident that
among them are two well-marked genera. One of the two
specimens, which is described below [Anchisaurus colurus], can-
not now be distinguished generically from the type of An-
chisaurusy while the one described by the writer as Anchisaurus
major is quite distinct, and hence a new genus is here established
for its reception. The distinctive characters are well marked in
the pelvic arch.

" There are three vertebrje in the sacrum, but they are not
coossified with each other, being free, as in the Crocodilia. The
ilium is comparatively small, and has a slender pre-acetabular
process. The pubes are broad, elongate plates, perforate above,
and not coossified with each other. In form, they resemble the
corresponding bones in Zanclodon, where, however, the two are
coossified, and imperforate. The ischia meet the pubes by an
extensive union. Their distal ends are slender, directed back-
ward, and closely adapted to each other. This species may now
be known as Ammosaurus major."

Ammosaurus major Marsh
Marsh, O. C. 1889, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3; xxxvii, p. 331, fig.
I {Anchisaurus).

Marsh, O. C. 1891, Ihid, xlii, p. 267.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

149

Huene, F. v. 1906, Din, Aussereurop, Trias, pp. 15-19, pis.
v-ix, fig. I.

Huene, F. v. 1908, Din. Europaischen Trias, Lief. 5, p. 303.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 208, Yale Museum.

Locality. — ^Manchester, Conn., quarry of Charles O. Wolcott;
with Anchisaurus colurus and A. solus.

Horizon. — Same as that of Anchisaurus colurus.

Original Description. — " The remains of this reptile are
from the sandstone of the Connecticut River valley, which has
long been known for the great variety of footprints it contains,
especially those supposed to have been made by birds. The ex-
treme rarity of any bones in these beds is equally well known, not
more than half a dozen finds having yet been made, and only
a few of these of much scientific interest. A portion of a skele-
ton found near Springfield, Mass., and described by Hitchcock,
in 1865, as Megadactylus, has hitherto be^n by far the most
important of these discoveries. It is a typical member of the
order Theropoda, and has apparently for its nearest allies in the
old world, Thecodontosaurus, from the Trias of England, and
Massospondylus, from the same formation in South Africa.

" The remains here described represent a later discovery, in
1884, near Manchester, Conn., in essentially the same horizon as
the Springfield specimen. They indicate an i^nimal of brger size,
but in many respects nearly allied to the one described by
Hitchcock. Both apparently belong to the same genus, which
the writer has called Anchisaurus, as the name first given was
preoccupied.

" The present specimen is part of a skeleton which was prob-
ably complete, and iii position, when discovered, but for want of
proper appreciation at the time, only the posterior portion was
secured. This consists of the nearly entire pelvic arch, with both
hind limbs essentially complete, and in position. As this was or.e
of the animals that are supposed to have made the footprints,
one of the hind feet is figured below [fig. 25].

" In the present specimen there arc only three sacral verte-
brae. All the dorsal vertebrre preserved have their articular ends
biconcave, or nearly plane.

I

150 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

" The ilium has a slender preacetabular process, thus differing
from most of the other Theropoda. The ischia are very slender,
and are directed backward. For the posterior half of their
length, they are closely adapted to each other.

"The, known remains of this species indicate an animal about
six or eight feet in length."

The unfortunate loss of the anterior portion of this skeleton,
which was built into the abutments of a bridge before the full
value was realized, has already been described {vide supra p. 78).
Professor Marsh tried in vain to locate the block containing the
specimen, but, when it became evident that little short of the
total destruction of the abutments might be necessary, the search
was given up and the bridge still has the unique distinction of
being the mausoleum of a dinosaur.

The portion collected includes the entire pelvic and sacral
region together with the nearly complete hind limbs, practically
articulated, and indicating that the animal died or at least was
entombed in a peculiar squatting posture as though forcibly
pressed downward from above. The bones are in good condition,
parts of them wonderfully preserved, though there is some evi-
dence of crushing, notably in the left femur and tibia. The
resistant character of the coarse red sandstone renders inadvisable
the entire freeing of the bones as is usual with material from this
horizon.

Of the vertebral column six bones are present of which three
constitute the sacrum while the remaining three are presacral.
The presacral vertebrae are embedded in the matrix on their
ventral side, so that little of the character of the centra can be
seen. The neural spines are rectangular in shape, low and long,
that of the penultimate vertebra being 37 mm. in length by 18
mm. high. The zygapophyses are well developed, their facets
lying parallel with the longitudinal axis of .the vertebra in its
lateral aspect, but looking sharply inward on the part of the
anterior zygapophyses and outward in the posterior ones.

The dorsal ribs preserved are relatively stronger than in
Anchisaurus, that of the penultimate vertebra being distinctly flat-
tened, partly, I imagine, due to crushing. The tuberculum artic-
ulates with the extremity of the transverse process so that the
upper surface of the two bones appears essentially continuous.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

The combined length of the posterior three of the presacrals
measured over the zygapophyses is about 165 mqi.

The sacrals, the ventral aspect
of which is displayed as well as
that of the dorsal side, are, as
Marsh has said, uncoossified so
that, while closely applied to each
other, a slight lateral and down-
ward displacement has occurred
between each two of the series.
The centra are of solid construc-
tion, the anterior two being con-
stricted medially like the dorsals -r, „ , . ^ ,

riG. i4. — relvis oi Atnmosaurv.s major.
of AnchisaiirUS. while the pOSte- ventral aspect One-fourth nat.

^ ^ size. After Marsh.

rior one which is much shorter 1, 2, 3. sacral vertebrae; ac, acetabulum;
- 1 • I 1 J ZJ. ischial peduncle; pubic peduncle.

than Its predecessors is broadened

out into a peculiar form. In a like manner the sacral ribs, visible
only from below, present peculiarities. The anterior rib arises
from the extreme forward portion of its centrum and covers
about one-third of the latter's length. Distally it broadens out
and abuts against the ilium not far from the pubic peduncle,
though its present point of contact is below that which it must
have had during life. The second sacral rib has a broader origin,
covering in this instance more than half of the length of the
centrum though still attached to the anterior moiety of the latter.
\'entrally it shows a pit-like depression at its proximal end so as
to appear practically two-headed, while distally it tapers in a
reverse manner to that of the first rib, and its point of contact
with the ilium lies nearly opposite the ischial peduncle, so that
the two anterior sacral ribs tend thus to reinforce the acetabulum
and receive the thrust of the thigh. The sacral rib of the third
vertebra is very peculiar; arising as it does from the posterior
two-thirds of the laterally extended centrum it bifurcates widely,
one limb passing outward and forward at an angle of 45*^ with
the long axis of the vertebrae and abutting against the ischial
peduncle not far from the insertion of the second rib. The pos-
terior limb on the contrary runs upward and outward perpendicu-
lar to the axis of the centrum and meets the posterior portion of
the blade of the ilium itself (see fig. 24). The dorsal spines of

152 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

the sacrum are relatively higher than those of the presacral verte-
brae and slant obliquely backward.

The length of the first centrum is 52 mm., of the second 48.5
mm., and of the third 37 mm. The length of the anterior sacral
rib is 30 mm., its distal antero-posterior diameter 31 mm.; the
same measurements of the second are 34 mm. and about 12 mm.
respectively, while the anterior limb of the third measures 30 mm.
and its posterior limb 37 mm. The only form known to me (or
Huene) in which the last sacral rib is of this character is the
sauropod Brontosaurus excelsiis of the American Morrison.
Marsh in his restoration of Anchisaurus shows the posterior
sacral rib to be of this type. As this element is unknown in either
of the Anchisaurus specimens, it must have been restored from
Ammosaurus and is a possible source of error so far as the
restoration of Anchisaurus is concerned. Its correctness or incor-
rectness, however, cannot now be proved.

The Appendicular Skeleton. — The Pelvic Arch. The right
ilium is practically intact, while the posterior half of the left is
destroyed. This bone is peculiar, as Marsh has said, in the very
slender anterior process which arises at a sharp angle from the
long, slightly curved pubic peduncle, similar to that of Anchisau-
rus solus, except that the angle is more acute, doubtless due in
part to crushing in the present instance. Indeed the shape of the
ilium under discussion resembles that of the type of the sauropod
Morosaurus lentns, Cat. No. 1910, Yale Museum, more than it
does that of the carnivorous Creosaurus atrox, Cat. No. 1890,
Yale Museum, except that in Morosaurus the anterior process is
broader and sharply twisted on its long axis, so that, presenting as
it does an edge view when observed from the side, it heightens the
apparent similarity between this ilium and that of Ammosaurus.
What the significance of this is, taken in conjunction v/ith the
peculiar third sacral rib which so resembles that of Brontosaurus
excelsus, I cannot say, but they seem to be what Osborn has
called homogenetic characters, potentially derived from a common
ancestor.

Posteriorly the blade of the ilium broadens so that its great-
est depth is just anterior to the ischial peduncle. Posteriorly the
blade seems to have terminated in an acute angle but there is
no angle of demarcation between the posterior process and ischial

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

peduncle. The length of the ilium was about 200 mm., its great-
est height 81.5 mm., length of the anterior process 52 mm., and
the antero-posterior diameter of the acetabulum 73 mm.

The pubes are broadened at their proximal end so as to meet
at once in symphysis in the mid-line of the body. There seems to
have been a large oval obturator foramen clearly outlined in the
left pubis, more obscurely in the right one, behind which lies the
roughened, margin for articulation with the ischium. In Anchi-
saurus, it will be remembered, there is a hook-like process at the
proximal end of the pubis, but the obturator foramen which is
doubtless homologous with the area within the curve of the hook
is not otherwise present.

Anteriorly the pubes of Ammosaurus continue, so far as they
are preserved, in a flattened, blade-like shaft curved slightly in
the vertical plane so as to be convex when viewed from below.
The shaft of the right and that of the left pubis seem to have been
in contact along their entire inner margin. The preserved length
of the left pubis is 175 mm., its proximal width 85 mm., the great-
est (transverse) diameter of the obturator foramen 48 mm.

The ischia differ from those. of Anchisaurus in that they, like
the pubes, are flattened, plate-like bones in their proximal portion
though evidently thickening in the shaft which is preserved appar-
ently for about half its length. The ischia seem to approach each
other more anteriorly than in Anchisaurus. Much of their true
character, however, is obscured by the matrix. The preserved
length of the left ischium is 144 mm. and its proximal breadth
79 mm.

The femora are both somewhat damaged, so that in neither
case is the entire length preserved, the distal end being lacking in
each instance. In general form, so far as a 'comparison may be
made, the femur of Ammosaurus resembles that of Anchisaurus
except that the fourth trochanter does not seem to be quite so
prominent. The head has a broad surface for the articular carti-
lage attachment, the bone at this point being again suggestive of
the Sauropoda. There is, however, a reversed curvature as in
Anchisaurus, thou;;h much less pronounced. Some of the loss of
curvature may be due to crushing, as the femur lies in the plane
of sedimentation. The preserved length of the right femur,
actual bone and matrix impression, is 266 mm., breadth of proxi-

154 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

mal end 53 mm., and distance of fourth trochanter from proximal
end 130 mm. The trochanter is, therefore, relatively low on the
shaft compared with Anchisaurus.

The tibiae are also in poor condition, and only the proximal end
of one fibula, the right, remains. Proximally the tibia resembles
that of Anchisaurus colunis, with a well developed cnemial crest.
Externally it is flattened so that a distinct angle is formed be-
tween the outer and posterior aspects of the bone. Whether the
fibula was bowed outward as in Anchisaurus is difficult to decide;
certainly the axes of the proximal end of the two bones as pre-
served do not lie parallel to each other. Of the right tibia nearly
the entire length is preserved, the distal end being somewhat
broken, while of the left the reverse is true though the preserved
bone is in this instance much the shorter of the two.

Length of right tibia as preserved
246 mm., antero-posterior diameter of
proximal end 54 mm., width of shaft
ICQ mm., ^distance from proximal end
18 mm. Present antero-posterior di-
ameter of crushed proximal end of
right fibula, 30 mm.

The right foot has been figured by
Marsh (fig. 25) with accuracy, except
that during life the hallux was doubt-
less rotated to the rear as the correlated
footprints (Anchisauripus exsertus)
imply. The ungual of that digit is also
sharply curved in the left foot, though
straightened somewhat by pressure in
the right, far too much curved for an
ambulatory ungual. That the entire
foot was a powerful grasping organ is
forcibly shown by the present clenched
attitude of the right foot due to post-
mortem contraction of the flexor
muscles of the leg.

The low astragalus without ascend-
ing process typical of the Anchisauridse,
is preserved together with the calcaneum, and what Marsh has

Fig. 25.— Rijflit hind toot of Am
mosaurus major. One-fourth
nat. size. After Marsh.
/. hallux; V, dijjit five: a, astrajf
alus: c, calcaneum; F, fibula;
7'. tibia; t2 4, tarsalia.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

identified as tarsalia 2, 3, and 4 of the second row, which
"Huene (1906, p. 18) calls after analog}^ with other forms the
cuneiform II and III and the cuboid. The metatarsalia Huene
says are not dissimilar to those of the Plateosauridae.

Length of metatarsal I, 73.5 mm.; of II, 114.5 mm.; of III,
135 mm.; of IV, 130 mm.; of V, 61 mm. Length of first pha-
lanx of digit I, 46 mm. ; of the ungual, 48 mm. ; of digit II, first
phalanx, 44 mm., second, 31.5 mm., ungual, 51 mm.; of digit III,
first, 45 mm., second, 37.4 mm., third, 30 mm., ungual, 35.7 mm. ; ^
of digit IV, first, 39.5 mm., second, 29 mm., third, 23 mm., fourth,
19.5 mm., ungual, 44 mm.

If the relative proportion of parts of Ammosaurus major
were approximately that found in Anchisanrus coliirns, the length
of the former would be 8 feet 9 inches or 2.6 m. if that of the
latter was 7 feet. Ammosaurus major, however, seems to have
been somewhat the more robust of the two.

Superfamily COMPSOGNATHA
Family PODOKESAURID^

Vertebrae and limb bones hollow. Pubes long and slender,
ischia shorter. Femur shorter than tibia. Metatarsals long;
r^janus and pes with three functional digits.

To this group of slender limbed, agile dinosaurs belong Comp-
sognathus of the Solenhofen lithographic limestone (Middle
Jurassic) and also apparently Ornitholestes from the Morrison
(Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Wyoming) and Ornith-
omimus of the Upper Cretaceous of Wyoming, Montana and
Alberta. To these must now apparently be added a form which
antedates all of the others in geologic time and which may prove
to be ancestral to some at least of the later American genera.
This animal is the latest accession to the growing list of osseous
fossils of the Connecticut valley, and was found by Doctor
Mignon Talbot, Professor of Geology in Mount Holyoke College,
within a twelvemonth of this writing (1911). Years before the
discovery of Podokcsaurus the presence of dinosaurs of this char-
acter in the Newark rocks was suspected by the writer (Lull 1904
A, p. 544) who says in speaking of the ichnite genus Grallalor:

" Another abundant genus is Grallator, characterized by very
long limbs and small, compact feet without an impressing hallux

156 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

and with no tail trace. The proportions of length of limbs to
those of feet are the same as in the bustards, and the forms which
made the tracks were probably aberrant carnivores of habits
somewhat similar to those of wading birds, possibly feeding upon
feebler reptiles and amphibians, or on fish. In considering the
probable relationship of this genus to genera known from their
skeletal remains one is reminded strongly of Ornithomimus, a
Cretaceous compsognathoid dinosaur."

Genus Podokesaurus Talbot

Talbot, M. 1911, Amer. Jour. Sci., (4) xxxi, pp. 469-479, pi.
iv, text figs. 1-6.

Type specimen preserved in the museum of Mount Holyoke
College, South Hadley, Mass.

Locality. — In a glacially carried bowlder, not far from the
site of Mount Holyoke College. The parent ledge must lie on
the south side of the Holyoke range not more than two or three
miles north of the place where the specimen was found.

Horizon. — Longmeadow sandstone in the " upper series of
sandstones, shales and local conglomerates " ; a contemporary of
Stegomus longipes and probably of Anchisaurus and Ammo-
saurus.

Miss Talbot's original description follows:

" In a bowlder of Triassic sandstone which the glacier carried
two or three miles, possibly, and deposited not far from the site
of Mount Holyoke College, the writer recently found an excel-
lently preserved skeleton of a small dinosaur the length of whose
body is about 18 cm. The bowlder was split along the plane in
which the fossil lies and part of the bones are in one half and part
in the other. These bones are hollow and the whole framework
is very light and delicate.

" As the fossil lies in the rock, most of the bones are in posi-
tion, or nearly so, with the exception of the skull and tail. A de-
tached tail that probably belongs to this specimen lies a few
centimeters from the rest of the skeleton, and near it are three
very thin bones that may belong to the skull (fig. 3, A, B, and C;
PI. iv, fig. 3) [fig. 26 and PI. xi]. Two of these bones are bi-
laterally symmetrical and one of them is broadly convex with a
well-defined median sulcus. They are all more or less embedded

I'f-ATK XI. - - rndoki'Silunis /lo/ynkf/is/s . After Tiilhot.

V\{,. I. — Skeleton. 'I \v(» thirds nat. size.

V\{,. 2. — I'elvic }H)nes. One and onc-tliird times nat. si/.e.

}.-,(;_ — Skull Inmes (?). One and ( )ne- f« iMrtli times nat. si/e.

158 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

" In the description which follows these features are to be
noted: Light construction — hollow bones; slender, straight
femur; position of fourth trochanter; position of fibula, lying
close to the tibia ; great length of tibia and metatarsals ; small
humerus; narrow shaft of ischium; great length of pubis; length
of vertebra2.

"Fore Limb. — The humerus (fig. i, H) [fig. 26] is a very
delicately shaped bone, 42 mm. long (not quite half the length of
the femur), slender and well rounded, with high radial crest.
The proximal end shows a slight constriction above the crest, and
below the bone tapers gradually to a diameter of 3 mm. at the
distal end. Measured through the crest it is 8 mm. There is a
trace of the impression of the radius or ulna just beyond the
distal end.

" In the scapular region is a broad, flat bone, lying vertically in
the rock, but twisted on its lonf axis at a right angle, midway of
its length (fig. i, S) [fig. 26]. This bone has a length, as shown,
of 20 mm. and a width of at least 3 mm. Lying near its proximal
end is another flat bone, 8 mm. long by 5 mm. wide. These may
be three separate bones, more or less firmly united in the living
animal. Further development is necessary, however, to bring out
their outlines and their relation to each other.

Hind Limb. — The femur (fig. i, R. F. and L. F.) [fig. 26]
is slender and nearly straight with thin walls. The bone is ex-
panded on the back side at the distal end. The length is 86 mm.,
and the diameter, just distalwards from the fourth trochanter, is
6.5 mm. The fourth trochanter (fig. i, T.) [fig. 26] is 18 mm.
long and about 2 mm. high and is situated just beyond the middle
of the shaft, toward the distal end.

" Only the proximal end of the right tibia (fig. i, R. T.) [fig.
26] is exposed and there the bone is well rounded. This, how-
ever, may be only a small part of the proximal end, as the bone is
embedded in the rock. The left tibia (fig. i, L. T.) [fig. 26] is
split lengthwise, part of the bone lying in each half of the bowlder.
It is an almost straight, narrow shaft with the surface lying
uppermost bent slightly at the proximal end, due, probably, to the
expansion of the bone. In the position in which it lies, the bone
is of nearly the same diameter throughout, about 7 mm. Its
length is 104 mm. Lying close against the tibia and of almost

XO. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE Of'cONNECTICUT VALLEY.

equal length is the extremely thin fibula (fig. i, L. Fib.) [fig.
26].

" There is a small, convex bone, 4 mm. by 6 mm., lying where
the right tibia and metatarsals should meet, that may be the astrag-
alus (fig. I, A.) [fig. 26]. It shows no sign of an ascending
process.

" Two of the right metatarsals (fig. i, R. Met.) [fig. 26] lie
in position. Their diameter is 2.5 mm. and 3.5 mm., respectively,
along the shaft, but at the distal end there is an expansion to a
diameter of 5 mm. In position, at the distal end of the left tibia
there is one metatarsal (fig. i, L. Met.) [fig. 26] slightly curved
and 65 mm. long. Alongside are traces of a second. One of the
digits (fig. I, D.) [fig. 26], whose divisions are indistinctly shown,
lies between two ribs not far from the right metatarsals. It is 20
mm. long and 1.5 mm. in diameter and is terminated by an ungual
7 mm. long. Cross sections of two bones near this one look like
unguals.

Fig. 27.— P< Ivic rrKion of Podokesaurus holyokensis. Nat. size. Oritjinal.
F, ri^ht fr-mur: h, ischium: mts, metatarsals: pubis:
/". 7 '. tibia: V. ijrrsacral vcrtrbra.

" Pelvis. — 1'he pelvic bones are partly covered by the right
femur and their outline i.s not distinct. What is probably the

l60 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

pubis (fig. I, P., and fig. 2, Pu.) [figs. 26 and 27], is a remarkably-
long, thin bone, 95 mm. long, expanded at the distal end. The
bone seems to be in position and makes an angle of about
40° with the line of the vertebral column. Its length is com-
parable with that of a new, undescribed form from northern
Wiirttemberg.

" The ischium (PL iv, fig. 2 [PI. xi] ; fig. i and fig. 2, Is.
[figs. 26 and 27] ) is well rounded, anteriorly, and has a shaft 4
mm. wide of which a length of 30 mm. is exposed.^ The distal
end is embedded in the rock. The contact with the ilium and
the acetabular edge is obscurely visible.

" There is a bone running posteriorly from the head of the
right femur which may be the posterior process of the ilium (fig.
I and fig. 2, II.) [vide infra p. 165], the anterior process being
covered by the femur. This posterior extension can be traced
indistinctly for 27 mm. and either points upward or continues the
line of the posterior part of the vertebral column.

" Vertehrcc. — Of the vertebrae there are visible seventeen
presacral (fig. i, V.) [fig. 26] and thirteen caudal (fig. 3, V.)
[fig. 29], all very light and hollow, and some, at least, slightly
concave at each end. The presacral vertebrae are slender, the
measurements for the sixth presacral 'being 4 mm. through the
middle of the centrum, 6 mm. at the ends and 15 mm. from end
to end. A strong, gracefully curved neural spine (fig. i, N. S.)

[fig. 26] arises from the vertebrae in the dorsal
region, about lo mm. high and 12 mm. long at the
base. The first two or three presacrals are a little
larger than the others, and those at the anterior end
of the column, much stronger. One of the latter
measures 10 mm. at the end and the diameter
through the middle of the centrum is only a little less.
Fig. 28. They are not so long, however, measuring only 12
Cross section nim. to 1 3 mm. One of these vertebrae is shown

of vertebra of . , . « r i i j i

Podokesaurus m cross scctiou at a thm edge of the rock and has a
Twice^nat!' trausvcrsc diameter through the cavity of the centrum
After Talbot, of A mm. whilc the height of the cavity is 5.5 mm.

C.centrum; A'^, ^ on

neural canal. (fig. 4) [fig. 28].

» The illustrations seem to indicate the presence of two bones, but this may be due to
he presence of a ridge on the ischium, as is seen in Compsojjnathus.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

161

" The caudal vertebrae are only a little expanded at the ends
and are very slender throughout their length. A typical one is
17 mm. long with a diameter of 4 mm. at the ends. The neural
spines, if such they are (fig. 3, D.-G.) [fig. 29], are of different
shapes. These caudal vertebrae are so nearly of a size, one with
another, that there is no apparent tapering of the series and it is
not clear which is the proximal end of the tail, nor is it possible,
as yet, to estimate its length [vide infra].

not distinct. Near this proximal end, however, the bone is some-
what concave and expanded as if it might be bifurcate (fig. i,
R.) [fig. 26]. The largest rib uncovered is 52 mm. long and 2
mm. wide toward j:he proximal end, while in no place does the
thickness seem to be more than i mm. The most anterior of the
cervical vertebrae preserved have long ribs. These are on another
piece of the l)OwUlcr and arc not figured.

"Just anterior to the distal end of the jnibis there is a small
cluster of gently curved abdominal ribs (fig. i, A. R.) [fig. 26],

^8

r

n

l62 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

exceedingly slender and dove-tailed as they lie in the rock, the
position due, probably, to slipping. This mass of interlacing
ribs covers a space of 40 mm. by 23 mm' There are at least
eleven of these ribs on each side of the median line, the largest of
which is 18 mm. long and so small in diameter that the bone
looks like a mere thread in the rock. Slender as are these ribs,
they seem to be hollow.

Sternal Element (f}. — In the center of this mass of abdom-
inal ribs is a small body that responds to dilute hydrochloric acid,
as do all of the bones. The part exposed measures 5 mm. by 3
mm. This may be one of the sternal elements displaced.

" Gastrolith. — Lying 10 mm. away and still among thesfe
ribs, is a small piece of quartz, a flat, well-rounded pebble, i mm.
thick and 10 mm. long. The width exposed is 4 mm., but more
of the pebble is embedded in the rock. There are no other pieces
of quartz larger than a grain of sand visible in the bowlder, and
considering this fact, considering, also, its smooth, polished sur-
face and its position, the writer concludes that this must be a
gastrolith. This would seemingly be the first record of gastro-
liths found with carnivorous dinosaurian remains."

Doctor Talbot goes on to a comparative discussion of the
points of Podokesaiiriis as contrasted with various orthopod and
theropod dinosaurs. So far as classification is concerned, she
interprets the fossil under discussion as a carnivorous dinosaur
because of the length, shape, and position of the pubis and the
absence of a postpubis," and upon these positive and negative
characters she rests her case.

Further Description. — Through the courtesy of the authori-
ties of Mount Holyoke College the type specimen of Podokcsau-
rus was loaned to the Yale Museum for further study and was
placed in the skilful hands of the head preparator, Hugh Gi])b, for
development. The result of his labors, however, brought to light
little that was new. It did serve to correct some earlier notions
of interpretations, most of which Miss Talbot was able to avail
herself of before the publication of her description.

The elements lying a little distance behind the body, which
were supposed to be bones of the skull, proved to be mere flakes
of bone which subsequent development did not serve to amplify.

Xo. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF COXXECTICUT VALLEY. 163

One of the bones which the author speaks of as bilaterally sym-
metrical . . . broadly convex with a median sulcus " may
indeed be cranial as it is not identifiable as anything else. If so it
is. doubtless from the dorsal wall of the skull, the median sulcus
representing the mid-line, which would place the element not far
from the paired frontal bones of the cranium. The vague out-
lines were rendered no more distinct by further preparation (see
fig. 29, A). Of the remaining bones, those at B and C may also
be cranial as Miss Talbot has said; if so two of them (fig. 29, B)
are apparently paired elements from the mid-line of the skull and
as such can only be identified as nasals. An apparently symmetri-
cally placed aperture through the broader posterior? portion of
each bone is unknown in this element. The bone, however, is so
thin a vestige of osseous material that accidental apertures are
likely to occur where the bone is naturally thinner. For the odd
bone C, I cannot suggest a location.

Vertebral Column. — The number of presacrals preserved is
fifteen and a half (two and a half being in another block) of
which I should call twelve dorsals and the remainder cervicals.
There is, however, at least one more dorsal, possibly two, before
the sacral series is reached, to be accounted for, making possibly
fourteen dorsals and perhaps eleven cervicals including the atlas,
giving in all at least twenty-four in the presacral series, compared
with twenty-six in Compsognathiis (Marsh's restoration) and
twenty-eight in Osborn's estimate for OrnitJiolestes.

It is my impression that the " detached tail " of Podokesaurus
really lies in its proper position with reference to the remainder
of the skeleton and has not been pulled away, but merely that the
missing vertebrae have been swept away, for in the neighborhood
of the cranial elements already discussed there lie at least three
detached caudals though probably not very far removed from
their relative position. Scattered through the matrix and still
more or less in the line of the tail lay other splintcr-like bone
fragments which may represent other debris of the tail. Miss
Talbot remarks upon the uniformity of size of the articulated
series of caiulal vertebnx which makes it difficult to distinguish
the proximal from the distal end. This is no longer true, how-
ever, for further development laid bare twelve more bones in the

164 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

series, completing the tail distally. This would seem to imply a
tail of great length which, because of its extreme lightness,
would be necessary to serve as an adequate counterpoise to the
forward part of the body, on the principle that an ounce weight at
the end of a 17-inch lever would be as efficient as a pound at a
distance of one inch from the fulcrijm. I have therefore restored
no fewer than forty-six caudal vertebra, as compared with forty-
four in Ornifliolestes (Osborn) and ?thirty-seven in Compsog-
nathus (Marsh). If this estimate be true, the preserved series of
caudals are numbers 18-46, the scattered ones being all proximal
to the continuous series.

The cervical vertebrae preserved are relatively large both in
length and diameter as compared with the dorsals. Their neural
spines are either not preserved or were extremely low, and the ver-
tebrae were provided with the styliform cervical ribs characteristic
of Compsognathus, none of those of Ornitholestes being pre-
served (I judge from the shading in Osborn's picture, Osborn
1903, fig. i). The length of the centrum of the second preserved
cervical (estimated ninth of the series) is about 21 mm.

The anterior dorsals are much shorter, after which the verte-
brae again increase in length toward the pelvis.

The neural spines are high but not so extended antero-posteri-
orly as in Compsognathus, those of Ornitholestes being apparently
imperfect. The transverse processes form the arc of a circle
downward on cither side extending about as far from the cen-
trum as the spinous process is high. The zygapophyses are well
developed but ill preserved as the bony matter is largely dis-
solved away. Relatively the centra of Podokesaiinis are much
longer than in Ornithomimiis ; on the other hand those of Comp-
sognathus while still shorter than in Podokesanrus resemble them
more nearly.

No sacral vertebrae are visible upon the specimen.

The caudals preserved are extremely long and slender, and,
together with the preserved chevrons, resemble those of Ornitho-
lestes quite closely. They are interesting in showing no diminu-
tion in length until the last few of the entire series are reached.

The proportions of the vertebral column as restored, measured
on the curve, are; neck 130 mm., back 170 mm., sacrum 45 mm.,

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

and tail 730 mm., giving an estimated length of 11 50 mm. (3 ft.
9 in.) for the entire animal including the head, as compared with
2220 mm. (7 ft. 3 in.) for Ornitholestes and 608 mm. (2 ft.)
(Marsh's figure) for Compsognathus.

The ribs and abdominal ribs have been sufficiently described
by Miss Talbot.

The Appendicular Skeleton. — The bone interpreted by Miss
Talbot as a scapula seems to be in part at least the coracoid.
This element, lying perpendicular to the plane of fracture of the
rock, shows its cancellous inner texture within the thickened por-
tion near the synarthrosis and glenoid fossa. The preserved part
of the coracoid is 13 mm. high by 9 mm. in antero-posterior sec-
tion. The remainder of the bone lying in the plane of fracture of
the rock may represent the scapula but is indefinably obscure in
outline.

The humerus is quite similar to that of Ornitholestes except
that as preserved the radial crest is not so high. It gives by no
means the sense of muscular power shown in that of Anchisaurus
solus J which was doubtless a much more aggressive animal
though showing far less cursorial adaptation than Podokesaurus.
The manus of Podokesaurus is more Compsognathus- than Orni-
tholestes-likQ, but the latter is a rare specialization.

The pelvis is highly characteristic, particularly in the pubic
bones, which resemble, as Doctor Talbot has said, those of a dino-
saur from Wiirttemberg, shortly to be described by Fraas.^

There is no trace of the ilium. That which the describer
considered a trace of the posterior portion proves to be part of
the right tibia, broken in such a way that the extremely thin wall
outcropped in a slender line.

The pubis lies approximately in position^, an extremely long
bone expanding both at distal and proximal end. Seen edgewise
as it outcropped from the matrix the shaft of the bone seemed

1 F'rocomfysoKnathus triassicus Fraas. V)\?>.

2 Hcrr Gf-rhard Heilmann of (Jopcnhajf'-n. to whom that portion of the pp sent work
describing /''<?r/i9^^rrz//rM.r was submitted for criticism, says of my r< sloration of the animal
(Fi(f.31): " Proffssor Lull's idaciny of the piil)is is ncit convinrinis', f)ti tho contrary, liis
description sfvins to make it still more probable, that this bonr is entirely brouk'lit out of
position, the ilium and the proximal end of the tail beinir totally wantinj;, and thus these
must have been removed before the bones wrre covered tjy sand. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt sup-
poses f in a letter ) that the reptile may have been a subadult individual, and the prepubis
not thoro>it:hly co^ssified with the ilium and iscliium in the cotyloid cavity. This seems
very probable.

'■ A pubis protrudinfir into the chest of the animal looks indeed too heterofireneous to
be trustwortliy." [Orik'inal author's translation, from Heilmann. 191."^ B, p. 64.]

l68 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

excessively thin, but further preparation of the specimen showed
a width of at least 6 mm. in mid-length, and it may well be more,
so that it shows something of the plate-like expansion of Ammo-
saurus, though with a process delimiting the proximal extent of
the obturator notch as in Anchisaurus colurus rather than a
distinct obturator foramen.

The entire length of the pubis is 95 mm. while the distal
expansion measures 10 mm. in diameter. In Ornitholestes the
distal end of the pubis unfortunately is not preserved so that its
length appears conjectural. It has apparently, however, neither
the angulation with the vertebral column nor the straight
flattened shaft seen in Podokesaurus.

The ischium is essentially as described by Miss Talbot but
has now been developed for its entire length. It measures 55 mm.
long and 15.5 mm. wide at the proximal end while the shaft
measures 4 mm. in diameter. This bone is more like that of
Compsognathiis than of Ornitholestes but does not show any very
marked distinctions from either.

The femur, tibia and fibula are as described ; further develop-
ment however has exposed the metatarsals of the right leg, and
they are so closely appressed together as to form a wonderfully
compact structure, perhaps even more so than Marsh has
described for Ornithomimus (1896 B, p. 204, pi. Iviii, fig. 2 A).
There is apparently even here no actual fusion into a cannon
bone, which still remains a distinctive feature between dinosaurs
and birds.

The metatarsals exposed are three in number with no trace
of the first. It may have been present, however, though the digit
was never even sub functional if one may judge again from the
correlated footprints. The length of the metatarsals is 75 mm.
while the combined width of the three in mid-shaft is 9 mm. and
that of metatarsal III alone 4 mm. One phalanx, the proximal
one of digit III, measures 18 mm. long, the proximal end 6 mm.
thick while the distal extremity is 4.5 mm.

I have compared the footprints of Grallator cursorius (see
fig. 53) with the foot and stride of Podokesaurus with apparent
conformity. Grallator cursorius is an abundant species associated
in profusion with the huge Otozoum moodii from the quarry in

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

169

South Hadley, so that geologically and geographically as well as
anatomically the comparison seems justified.

In my restoration of Podokesatmts (fig. 31) I have added
the skull, ilium, and a few other missing details from Compsogna-
thus which, while not contemporaneous, is a conservative type
and of this group the nearest in time to the dinosaur under
discussion.

Podokesaurus was essentially a slender, cursorial animal, car-
nivorous in habits, but from the very slenderness which gave it
such celerity of movement necessarily confined to feeble prey of
which the various Newark footprints manifest so great an abund-
ance. That it was related to the group represented later by
Ornitholestes and Ornithomimiis seems approximately certain.

The Footprints

The various species of the vertebrate footprints owe their
authorship very largely to President Edward Hitchcock, who
described and named nearly all of the known forms from the
Newark rocks, a labor which extended over a period of almost
thirty years. To his son, Professor C. H. Hitchcock, much credit
is also due, not only for the description of a number of new
species, especially from the New Jersey area, but for his careful
cataloguing of the great Amherst College collection and the gath-
ering and arrangement of that at Mount Holyoke College as well.

A brief historical statement of the footprint nomenclature
seems necessary in order to clarify the complex synonymy which
has risen.

The first paper describing these phenomena in the Connecti-
cut valley is that by Edward Hitchcock in 1836 — " Ornithichnol-
ogy. — Description of the foot marks of birds, (Ornithichnites)
on new red sandstone in Massachusetts Amer. Jour. Sci., xxix,
pp. 307-340. In this publication Hitchcock says (p. 315) :

" I include all the varieties of tracks under the term Ornith-
ichnites; (ofji'tQ and nx»'oc \sic]) signifying stony bird tracks: and
if it be convenient to speak of the subject as a distinct branch of
knowledge, I should call it Ornithichnology.

" All the varieties of tracks which 1 have discovered, I include
under two divisions: i, the Pachydaciyli, or thick toed: 2, the
Leptodactyli, or slender toed Under these divisions,

I/O CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

I repose much confidence in the distinct existence of the follow-
ing species and varieties

" When I speak of species here, I mean species in oryctology,
not in ornithology. And I doubt not, that in perhaps every
instance, what I call a species in the former science, would be a
genus in the latter; that is to say, these different tracks were
made by birds that were generically different."

Then follows the first specific list ; to be followed in its turn
by descriptions of all of the species enumerated. This list reads :

" ORNITHICHNITES.

1. Pachydactyli.

O giganteus

O tuberosus

tt dubius

2. Leptodactyli.

O ingens

a minor

O diversus

a clarus

(3 platydactylus

O tetradactylus

O palmatus

O minimus"

It should be here noted that Hitchcock clearly describes the
species, but that the higher names are based on ideas, not on any
specific specimen, i. e., on " bird tracks," either " thick toed " or
" slender toed." That this was his wish is also to be seen from
his subsequent publications, cited beyond.

In 1837 the second paper upon the footprints appeared in the
American Journal of Science (" Fossil footsteps in sandstone and
graywacke"), xxxii, pp. 174-176. In it Hitchcock says:

" I am now prepared to describe fourteen new species —

double the number described in my first paper In

general they are more distinctly marked upon the rock than those
formerly described; and some of them bear in some respects so
near a resemblance to the feet of living Saurians, that I have

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

171

denominated them Sauroidichnites. But I have no certain evi-
dence as yet, that any of them were made by four-footed animals,
although in respect to two or three species I have strong suspicions
that such was the fact. I have sometimes thought they might

have been made by Pterodactyles I take the liberty

to subjoin a catalogue of all the species hitherto discovered,
according to a more comprehensive arrangement, which further
discoveries have rendered necessary

" I arrange all the footmarks under the general term
ICHNITES (tx' oc and XiOoq ).

" The subdivisions are three.

1. Tetrapodichnites.
T. didactylus.

2. Sauroidichnites.

S. Barrattii [and other species].
.3. Ornithichnites."

In this paper no descriptions are given, but these are reserved
for the article of 1841, the " Final Report on the Geology of
Massachusetts."

On page 476 of the latter publication, under the title.
Classification," Hitchcock says :

" So numerous have been the discoveries of fossil footmarks
in Europe within a few years past, and so many species occur in
this country, that it will be at least convenient to have them
designated by some appropriate scientific terms, and to arrange
them in systematic order. I propose the term Ichnolite ( tx' oe a
track, and Xt&oc, a stone) to include them all ; and to be the name
of the Class. I would divide this Class into Orders, depending
upon the number of feet possessed by the animal that made the
tracks: Polypodichnites ( roAuc, ttovc, and tx''oc) to embrace those
with more than four feet: Tetrapodichnites, those with four feet;
and Dipodichnites, the bipeds

" I have arranged these species [Dipodichnites] under two
sub-orders: the Sauroidichnites ( ^avpoc, ei^oQ and tx'^f) those
resembling the track of a Saurian, or lizard; and Ornithoidich-
nites {Opvii, ticog andtx'^^t) those resembling the track of a
bird. These names, implying only a resemblance, leave the real
nature of the tracks open to discussion in the sequel."

172 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

The paper of 1845 ^^^.d before the Association of Geologists
and Naturalists at a meeting held in New Haven in April of that
year establishes genera of fossil footprints for the first time; for,
as Hitchcock says (p. 23), " hitherto names have been given to the
footmarks and not to the animals. But since all geologists now
admit that these impressions are real tracks, this paper attempts
to name the animals that made them, and to classify and describe
them, so far as it can be done from the data hitherto obtained.
The following synopsis shows the names and the classification;
the latter being merely provisional."

This paper was actually accompanied by descriptions of each
of the sixteen genera and thirty-five species included in the list,
but the descriptions were not published until 1848, when they
appeared in the " Fossil Footmarks of North America." Never-
theless each species enumerated was accompanied by a clear
indication of the one referred to under the older nomenclature,
so that this series of names — with two exceptions wherein new
specific names were substituted for the old, (Enbrontes) dananus
for (Ornithoidichnites) sillimani, and (Polemarchus) gigas for
(Sauroidichnites) poJemarchius, which of course is unwarranted
■ — must stand as a valid series of specific and generic names.

In 1848, in the publication just cited, Hitchcock again describes
and figures the known sorts of footprints, but takes the liberty of
changing the names (at that time the Candolle rules of nomen-
clature of 1844 had not been widely accepted) of certain of the
genera and species proposed in the list of 1845, choosing to ignore
that publication utterly, despite the facts that each name proposed
was accompanied by a clear reference to previously described and
figured species and that the vehicle of publication was an estab-
lished journal of the highest rank. Such a procedure cannot
now be followed, since the present rules of nomenclature are
retroactive back to the publication of Linne's " Systema naturae,"
tenth edition, 1758. The names in this 1845 ^^^t, therefore, can-
not be considered nomina mida, and according to the laws of
priority^ must stand, with the specific exceptions already alluded

1 "The valid name of a jfenus or species can be only that name under which it was first
desiRnatcd in the condition :

" a. That this nam(,' was published and accompanied by an indication, or a definition,
or a description " (Internat. Rules Zool. Nomenclature, Art. 25).

*' The word ' indication ' in Art. 2.5a is to be construed as follows :

"(B) With re>fard to ;jr<?«<?r<V names . a definite citation of an earliername for

which a new name is proposed " {Ibid,, Opinion 1 B).

No. 24-] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I73

to. In all subsequent publications by Edward Hitchcock and his
son, Charles H. Hitchcock, and others down to that of Hay in
1902, the later names of 1848 unfortunately were used and have
become as a consequence the familiar ones.

Hay in this work of 1902 made the first attempt at a revision
of footprint nomenclature according to the present International
Rules. So carefully was his work done that the writer has
followed it closely, except where study of the actual tracks has
brought to light new facts bearing on the synonymy; and it is
hoped that the necessity for further literary revision of the
nomenclature will be avoided. The carefully rendered advice of
Professor Charles Schuchert and Doctor W. H. Dall, both of
whom are high authorities in matters of nomenclature as defined
in the International Rules, has been followed to the letter, and the
weight of their sanction, coupled with that of Doctor Hay, seems
sufficient to justify the generic and specific names used in this
memoir.

The admirable revision of the genera and species by Doctor
Hay in 1902, together with that of the author in 1904, the latter
the result of several years' labor upon the collections at Amherst
and Mount Holyoke, s6ems to obviate the necessity for more than
a diagnostic review of the genera and species at this writing. I
have endeavored, however, to figure each available species of ver-
tebrate footprint found in the Connecticut valley and in New
Jersey, while of the invertebrate trails only the most characteris-
tic genera are thus treated. It is to be regretted that the vast
Marsh collection at Yale is not at present accessible for study
though many of the more easily handled slabs have been identi-
fied and catalogued. It is doubtful whether this collection would
add materially to the list of species, though it would probably
prove of the highest importance in the further elucidation of
forms already named but obscurely known.

It has been deemed wise, even where with fair assurance one
can correlate the tracks with the osseous remains of the animal
that made them, to keep the ichnite genera and species apart in
their nomenclature from that applied to the actual bones, for it is
at once apparent to the student of ichnology that footprint genera
and species do not necessarily correspond in limitations or nnni-
bers with those of the actual animals which made the impressions.
The genera Anchisaurus and Ammosaiirus, for example, though

174 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

generically separable in the bones, made tracks which according
to ichnological criteria can only be distinguished specifically ; and
I am quite sure , when I study the range of variation within the
footprint species Anchisauripus sillimani {Brontozoum silliman-
ium), that more than one osseous form is required to account for
it. One must always consider, too, the element of just scepticism
with which any correlation of tracks and bones may be met,
unless, as in the case of the Old World Iguanodon, the two are in
exclusive association with each other.

Thus, even though in certain instances two names do apply
to one animal, the avoidance of confusion and the greater approx-
imation to facts justify what would otherwise be an unwarrant-
able practice.

In the classification I shall depart but little from that given
in my earlier work of 1904 though a few corrections must of
necessity be made. The tracks, the position of which may be
given with approximate correctness, are taken first, the obscurer
groups last. The definitions of course refer entirely to the foot-
prints themselves.^

Class REPTILIA
Order PARASUCHIA
Su])order AETOSAURJA=

Track Characters. — Small, quadrupedal, manus with 5 digits
though all may not impress. Pes with 4 digits, semi-plantigrade.
Stride generally long and trackway narrow. Claw of pes
acuminate.

Family BATRACHOPODID^
Genus Batrachopus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 25.
Anisopus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 226.

Anisichmis C. H. Hitchcock 1871, p. xxi (to replace Anisopus
preoccupied).

Generic Characters. — Manus probably with 5, track always
with at least 4, broad clawless digits, generally directed forward.
Pes 4-toed; hallux non-rotated, digits with slender acuminate
claws, of which the fourth may be absent in the impression, pos-
sibly also in the foot. Third toe the longest. Manus and pes

1 Unkss spfcific stati.ment to tlio contrary is made, the horizon of each footprint
ipecies is understood to be in the upper series of sandstones, shales and local conKlomerates,

2 Vide supra p. 99.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

close together, nearly in a right line. Ratio of track to step
about 1:7.

This genus is thus discussed by Hitchcock (1858, pp. 62-63) :
The tracks of the Anisopus have certainly very much of a
Loricoid or Crocodilian aspect. I mean so far as the form of
the foot is concerned. ... It would seem, then, from these
characters that we -have in the Anisopus minute species of the
crocodile tribe.

" But there is another character that makes it quite sure that
they could not have had the structure of crocodiles, alligators,
or gavials, or any of the scaly lizards ; and that is the position of
their tracks when walking. These succeed one another usually
almost in a right line. . . . Now such an arrangement of
quadrupedal tracks can be made only by an animal walking
upright and with long legs. No existing lizard, batrachian, or
chelonian, could walk in this manner. But the cat, dog, fox, etc.,
do leave tracks thus arranged. All the reptiles above named
must leave two rows of tracks wide apart. And therefore, we
have a strong presumption in such rows of tracks, that the animal
which made them must be of the mammiferous class. The in-
equaHty of the front and hind feet points us to the marsupials
among the mammifers ; and since these appear to have been the
earliest of this class that appeared on the globe, they are the ones
most likely to have made the tracks. But although the marsupial
type must have predominated, the loricated or crocodilian char-
acters, already indicated, ought not to be overlooked, and, there-
fore, I call the animal a Loricoid Marsupialoid."

In placing this group of tracks under the Proterosauria of
Seeley, in 1904 A (p. 482), I had in mind the long-limbed Kadalio-
saurus from the Permian of Germany as possibly suggestive of
affinities; but the discovery of Stcgomus longipcs Emerson and
Loomis, described above (p. 102) from the same general horizon
and locality which profluced the footprint, supplied a form which
would serve for the interpretation of the genus with little chance
of error (Lull 1904 C, pp. 381-382).

Batrachopus deweyi K. Hitchcock
Sauroidichnites deiveyi E. Hitchcock 1843. P- 261, pi. it,
fig. 9.

Batrachopus deweyamis E. Hitchcock 1845, P- ^S-

176 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Fig. Z2.— Batra-
chopus deweyi.
One-half nat. eize.
Original.
Small specimen.

Anisopus d&weyanus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 226, pi. 16, figs.
5, 6; 1858, p. 60, pi. 9, fig. 3; pi. 41, fig. 2; pi. 43, figs. 1-2; pi.
53, fig. 8; pi. 58, fig. II.

Lull 1904 A, p. 483.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 26/5 and 26/6, Amherst collection.
Type locality unrecorded.

Specific Characters.'^ — Manus : Length of
digit I, 8 mm. ; II, 20 mm. ; III, 25 mm. ; IV, 25
mm.; V, 15 mm.; distance between lateral claws,
19 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 53° ; II
and III, 13°; III and IV, 18°; IV and V, 24°;
I and V, 107°.

Pes : Length of digit I, 25 mm. ; II, 38 mm. ;
III, 43 mm. ; IV, 38 mm. ; entire foot, 43 mm.
Divarication of digits I and II, 12° ; II and III,
23° ; III and IV, 6° ; I and IV, 40°.
Length of step, 100 to 113 mm. Width of trackway, 50 to
75 mrn-

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Field's orchard. Turners
Falls, Moody's corner and South Hadley in Massachusetts, and
Middletown, Connecticut.

Batrachopus dispar Lull
Lull 1904 A, p. 483, fig. 2. B. deweyanus (part).
Type specimen, Cat. No. 21/1, Amherst

collection, on red shale from Lily Pond,

Turners Falls, Mass. Other localities not

ascertained.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Four

digits impressing. Divarication of digits

I and II, 26° ; II and III, 68° ; III and

IV, 20° ; I and IV, 122°. Length of foot,

30 mm. ; distance between lateral tips, 28

mm.

Pes: Length of digit I, 46 mm.; II,
67 mm. ; III, 72 mm. ; IV, 62 mm. ; entire
foot 73 mm. ; distance between lateral tips,
53 mm. Divarication of digits I and II,
18° ; II and III, 20'^ ; III and IV, 22° ;
I and IV, 60°. Length of step, 230 mm.

Fig. ZZ— Batrachopus dispar
One-half nat. size.
After Lull.

1 Measurements, unless otherwise stated, are taken from the type specimens.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

177

Batrachopus gracilis (E. Hitchcock)

Anisopus gracilis E. Hitchcock 1848, p.
228, pi. 16, figs. 3-4; 1858, p. 61, pi. 9, fig. 4;

pi. 35. fig- 5 ; pi. 36, fig. I ; pl. 43, figs. 3-5 ;

pi. 58, fig. 9.

Anisichnns gracilis C. H. Hitchcock 1889,
p. 119.

Lull 1904 A, p. 484, fig. 3; 1904 C, p. 381,

fig-

Type specimen, Cat. No. 42/3, Amherst
collection. Type locality unrecorded.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length of
digit n, 12 mm.; HI, 13 mm.; IV, 11 mm.;
V, 4 mm. Divarication of digits I and H, 23° ;
n and HI, 25° ; HI and IV, 44° ; IV and V,
62°.

Pes: Length of digit I, n mm.; II, 21
mm. ; III, 23 mm. ; IV, 31 mm. ; entire foot, 36
mm. Distance between lateral claws, 28 mm.
Divarication of digits I and- II, 23° ; II and
III, 20^ ; III and IV, 30° ; I and IV, 73°.

Length of step, 209 mm.

Variations in digit divarication and as
regards imprint of I and V of the manus.

Localities. — Horse Race, Field's orchard.
Gill, Lily Pond, Turners Falls below dam,
ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at Turners '
Falls, ]\Iass. ; Portland and Aliddlefield, Conn. /, n

This species is also reported from New .
Jersey and Pennsylvania and is the one I

, , , . . „ , . Fig. 34.— Batrachopus

would correlate with Ste^omus lonzipes. gracilis, om-haifnat.

^ ^ size. .After Lull.

Batrachopus gracilior (E. Hitchcock)
Anisopus gracilior E. Hitchcock 1863, p. 54; 1865, p. 6, pl. i,
fig- 3-

Anisichnns r/raciUor C. H. Hitchcock 1889, p. 1 19.
Lull 1904 A, p. 484.
12

178

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Type, Cat. No. 46/3, Amherst collection, on reddish shale.
Type locality unrecorded.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of
digit I, 5 mm.; II, 8 mm.; Ill, 8 mm.; IV, 7
mm. ; V, 5 mm. ; entire foot, 8 mm. Divarica-
tion of digits I and II, 35° ; II and III, 37° ;
III and IV, 11° ; IV and V, 77°.
^'^^a^ii^r^Zt'si^^^^ Pes: Length of digit I, 9 mm.; II, 12.5

After Hitchcock. . j^j^ . jy^ ^^ .^ QntATQ foOt,

15 mm. Distance between lateral claws, 12 mm. Divarication
of digits I and II, 14° ; of II and III, 11° ; of III and IV, 15.5°.

Length of step, 46 mm. Width of trackway, 50 mm. Ratio
of foot to stride, i : 3. Distinguished from B. gracilis by the
smaller size, shorter stride, and wider trackway. It is not a
typical Batrachopus, and may find its real relationship with
Arachnichnus.

Localities. — Horse Race, Montague, Turners Falls and Lily
Pond, Mass.

Batrachopus bellus (E. Hitchcock)
Apatichnus helliis E. Hitchcock 1858, p. loi, pi. 17, fig. 6;
pi. 35, fig. 8; pi. 45, fig-. 6.
Lull 1904 A, p. 485.

Type, Cat. No. 26/21, Amherst collection, on red shale from
Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length of foot,
13 mm.; divarication of outer digits, 40°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 5 mm.; II, 10 to 18
mm. ; III, 20 to 25 mm. ; IV, 15 to 20 mm. ; entire
foot, 26 mm. ^ -1, D ,

' Fig. 3U.—Baira-

Len2:th of step, 100 to 170 mm,. Width of chopus beiius.

^ 1 ' ' One-half nat, size.

trackway, 63 mm. Ratio of foot to step averages Ori«:iiiai.
1 : 6.

" This form is long of limb and strictly quadrupedal in gait,
though the light impression of the manus is not always discern-
ible. The latter character removes it from Apatichnus, and both
characters would tend to ally it with Batrachopus. In size it lies
between B. gracilis and B. gracilior, but the length of limb would
place it nearer the former" (Lull).

Localities. — Turners Falls and Lily Pond ? , Mass.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

179

Suborder AETOSAURIA?
Genus Cheirotheroides E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 130.
Lull 1904 A, p. 485.

Generic Characters. — Quadrupedal ; feet unequal in size ; pes
functionally tetradactyl, manus pentadactyl. The three inner
digits of the pes generally terminate in rounded claws, the fourth
does not. Limbs rather short, ratio of foot to step being 3 : 4.

Cheirotheroides pilulatus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 130, pi. 23, fig. 4; pi.
36, fig. 6 ; pi. 54, fig. 3. r
Lull 1904 A, p. 485.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 34/44, Amherst /^y^J
collection, from Turners Falls, the only
recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length of T\ i
digit I, 4 mm.; H, 8 mm.; IH, 9 mm.; IV, 6
mm. ; V, 4 mm. Divarication of digits I and
H, 57° ; H and HI, 60° ; HI and IV, 28° ; IV

and V, 20°. Fig. Zl - Cheiroihe-

-r, T ^i.rj-'..T TT roides pilulatus. One-

res: Length of digit I, 10 mm.; II, 14 half nat. size.

Vtt o T-t 7 r> . /. Original.

mm. ; 111, 18 mm. ; IV, 18 mm. ; entire foot,

22.5 mm. Distance between lateral tips, 14 mm. Divarication of

digits I and II, 10° ; II and III, 15° ; III and IV, 15°.

Length of step, 320 mm. Width of trackway, 570 mm.

This species is doubtfully placed under the Aetosauria, though
it resembles Batrachopus gracilior most closely, especially in short
limbs and broad body, differing therefrom in the rounded, pellet-
like character of the claws. It is an, extremely rare species.

Specimen No. 2127, Yale collection, I have referred to this
genus under which it may represent a new species. It is from
the Towner quarries, Ui)pcr Middlctown (Cromwell?), Conn.

l80 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Order DINOSAURIA
Suborder THEROPODA

Strictly bipedal, digitigrade forms, with a generally tetradac-
tyl mesaxonic foot; hallux occasionally impressing, but generally
rotated to the rear. Claws acuminate. Limbs moderately to very
long, trackway narrow. Occasional tail trace.

In the genera which I have placed under this suborder the
manus never impresses itself, and here are included tracks actu-
ally made by birds if any such there were.

I have added to the list one genus, Otouphepus, described
since my former work, and the genus Eubrontes which was
included under the Orthopoda in my previous list.

Family ANCHISAURIPODID^.

Footprints of dinosaurs of the family Anchisauridse Marsh.

Family Characters. — Bipedal, tetradactylous, hallux when
impressing rotated to rear. Well marked phalangeal pads; ante-
rior claws acuminate but not strongly raptorial. No caudal
impression (Lull 1904 A, p. 486).

Genus Anchisauripus Lull
Eubrontes (in part) E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23.
Brontozoum (in part) E. Hitchcock 1847, P- S^-
Lull 1904 A, p. 486;

Generic Characters. — Those of the family. The hallux evi-
dently bore a well developed sub-functional grasping claw which
only impressed when the rear of the foot was strongly pressed
down as in stopping, or when walking on soft sediment.

Limbs of moderate length though naturally the stride varies
with the gait.

These are the footprints of the dinosaurs Anchisaurus and
Ammosaurus, the skeletons of which have been described above,
and include a portion only of the species first described by Hitch-
cock under the generic name Eubrontes and later under that of
Brontozoum. The remaining species of the genus Eubrontes are

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

181

III.

Still included under that title {vide infra p. 195). The type
species is Anchisauripus sillimani (Eubrontes dananus, Bronto-
zoum sillimaniiim) the footprint of Anchisaiirns colurus, Marsh.

Anchisauripus sillimani (E. Hitchcock)
Ornithoidichnites sillimani E. Hitchcock 1843, P- 256, pi. 11,
fig. 2.

Euhrontes dananus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23 (in part).

Brontozoum sillimaniiim E.
Hitchcock 1847, p. 49; 1858, p.
68, pi. 12, fig. 3; pi. 33, figs. 4-5;
pi. 43, fig. 6 (in part).

Anchisauripus dananus Lull
1904 A, pp. 487-488, fig. 4-

Specific Characters. — Pes :
Length of digit I, 50 mm. ; 11, yy
mm.; HI, 115 mm.; IV, 88 mm.;
entire foot not including hallux,
153 mm, with hallux, 187 mm.
Distance between lateral tips, 67
mm. Divarication of digits I and
n, 139°; n and HI, 11°; HI and
IV, 18°.

Length of step, 300 to 560
mm. Width of trackway, 115
mm.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 9/14,
Amherst collection, from Middle-
town, Conn.

Localities. — This species is
found in nearly all the upper
horizon localities, such as Horse Race, Lily Pond, ferry above
Turners Falls, ferry at Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill,
Smith's Ferry, South Hadley, Moody's corner, stream near Pliny
Moody's, and Chicopee Falls, Mass.; Wethersfield, Portland,
Middletown, Middlefield (posterior shales), Conn.; Whitehall,
N. J.; near Goldsboro, York county, and i>4 miles northeast of
Trap, about 10 miles northwest .of Valley Forge, Penn.

Fig. Anchisauripus sillimani. One-
half nat. size. Aft(rr Lull.

l82 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Anchisauripus hitchcocki Lull
Lull 1904 A, p. 488, fig. 5.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 56/1,
Amherst collection, from the Lily-
Pond, Turners Falls, Mass., associ-
ated with Anchisauripus minusculusy
and figured in E. Hitchcock 1865, pi.
16, fig. I. Further localities not ascer-
tained.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length
of digit II, 60 mm. ; III, 88 mm. ;
IV, 75 mm. ; foot exclusive of hallux,
119 mm., including the hallux, 140
mm. Distance between lateral tips, 67
mm. Divarication of digits .1 and II,
138°; II and III, 19°; III and IV,
33°.

Length of step unknown.
This footprint agrees with what
YiG.z^.-Anchisauripus hitcfuocki. one would be led to expect the pes of

Onc-half nat. size. After Lull. ^ ^ ^

Anchisaurus polyzehis to be, judging
from the relative sizes of the known part of the skeleton and that
of A. colurus.

Anchisauripus tuberosus (E. Hitchcock)
Ornithichnites tuberosus E. Hitchcock 1836, p. 318, figs. 2, 5
(in part).

OrnitJioidichnites tuberosus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 486, pi. 37,
fig. 20 (iti part).

Eubrontes tuberosus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23.

Brontozoum loxonyx E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 172, pi. 2, figs. 1-2.

Brontozoum validum E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 67, pi. 12, fig. 2;
pis. 38-43 ; pi. 57, fig. 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 488, fig. 6.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 31/73, Amherst collection, on red
shale from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit II, 86 mm. ; III,
128 mm.; IV, 120 mm.; foot exclusive of hallux, 168 mm., with

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

183

hallux, ?I95 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, ?I35° ; II and
III, I4<^; III and IV, 13°.
Length of step, 440 mm.

Other specimens than the type prove somewhat larger and yet
are clearly referable to the species.

Ill- \ \

Fig. 40.— /I Hc/iisaurtfius tubcrosus. One-half
tiat. size. After Lull.

A very numerous and variable type, in size between Anchi-
sciuripus sillimani and A. exsertus, with no marked peculiarities
other than size to distinguish it from cither" (Lull). The type
specimen unfortunately has been trimmed in such a way as to
destroy the hallux impression if it existed, the presence of the
hallux being unsuspected until demonstrated by Lull in 1904.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Field's
orchard in Gill, north side Mount Holyoke (anterior shales), east
side Mount Tom, Smith's Ferry, South Madley, Moody's corner,
Mass. ; and Wethersfield and Portland, Conn.

i84

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Anchisauripus exsertus (E. Hitchcock)

[Bull.

Fig 41. — Aiichisauripus exsertus. One-
lialf nat. size. After Lull.

Brontozoum exsertum E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 67, pi. 12, fig. i ;
pi. 40, fig. 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 489, fig. 7.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 16/6, Amherst collection, on gray
micaceous sandstone from Smith's Ferry, Mass.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 185

Specific Characters. — Pes: Based upon Cat. No. 54/1,
Amherst collection (plesiotype) . Length of digit I, 75 mm. ; II,
117 mm.; Ill, 161 mm.; IV, 153 mm.; foot exclusive of hallux,
226 mm., including hallux, 265 mm. Divarication of digits I and
II, 75° ; II and III, 20° ; III and IV, 20°.

Length of step in type No. 16/6, a somewhat larger speci-
men, 922 mm.

"The real distinction between this species and A. tiiherosus
seems to be one of size only, for the character which ^ives the
name ' exsertus' that of the unusual projection of the middle
toe beyond the lateral ones, is not always manifest " (Lull).

This species I have correlated with Ammosaurus major. The
distribution, as will appear below, is geographically coextensive
with the valley. In time it seems to date from the anterior shales,
though the identification of this specimen is somewhat doubtful.

Localities. — Horse Race, Gill, Lily Pond, ferry above
Turners Falls, ferry at Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill,
?north side Mount Holyoke (anterior shales). Mount Tom east.
Smith's Ferry, Moody's corner, Chicopee Falls, Mass. ; and
Wethersfield, Portland, Middlefield (posterior shales), Conn.

Anchisauripus minusculus (E. Hitchcock)

Brontozoum mimisculum E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 65^ pi. 11, fig.
I ; pi. 40, fig. 2 ; pi. 41, fig. I ; pi. 42, fig. 3 ; pi. 57, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 490, fig. 8.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 16/ 1, Amherst collection, on fine red
shale from the Lily Pond at Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit I, 100 mm. ; II,
158 mm.; Ill, 192 mm.; IV, 223 mm.; foot exclusive of hallux,
307 mm., including hallux, 374 mm. Divarication of digits I and
II, 140° ; II and III, 24° ; III and IV, 24.5°.

Length of step 1,000 mm.

"This magnificent form is the largest of the genus, and in-
dicates an animal about t^yice the size of Anchisauriis colurus,
which would give it a length of about fourteen feet " (Lull).

Localities. — Horse Race, Gill, Lily Pond, ferry at Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, Smiths Ferry, South Hadley and Moody's
corner in Mass.; Wethersfield, Conn.; and Whitehall, N. J.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

187

Anchisauripus parallelus (E. Hitchcock)

Grallator parallelus E. Hitch-
cock 1865, p. 7, pi. 5. fig- I-

Lull 1904 A, pp. 490491. % 9-

Type specimen, Cat. No. 54/8»
Amherst collection, on red sand-
stone from Gill, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Fes:
Length of digit I, 67 mm. ; H, 79
mm.; HI, 120 mm.; IV, exclusive
of " heel " pad, 90 mm. ; foot exclu-
sive of hallux, 165 mm., including
hallux, 210 mm. Divarication of
digits I and H, 141°; 11 and HI.
12°, HI and IV, 6.5°.

Length of step, 260 mm.

This form is removed from
Grallator because of the shortness
of step and relatively wide track-
way and also by the presence of the
hallux impression. Its nearest ally
in point of size is A. sillimaiii; but
the nearly parallel axes of the toes,
especially the third and fourth, the
relative narrowness of digit IV,
and the presence of three heel pads fig. M.—Afichisaunpus paraiuius.

in addition to the four normally One-haU nat. size. After Lull.

found in that toe, separate the two species.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Gill, Turners Falls,
Field's orchard, South Hadley, Moody's corner, Mass. ; White-
hall, N. J.

Anchisauripus tuberatus ( IC. Hitchcock)
See liuhroiitcs tuhcratus (p. 199).

Family OTOUPHEPODID^

Genus Otouphepus Cushman
Cushman 1904, p. 154.

Cushman's generic definition is as follows :
" Footprint tridactylous, digits decidedly pachydactylous, con-
nected by a web, incised between the digits. Impressions of the

1 88 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

joints of the digits very indistinctly shown. Digits terminated by
fairly sharp claws, the expansions however extending beyond as
the foot is placed flat upon its under surface. . . .

" As the foot is placed flat, the web on the inner margin is
spread out and the scallops distinctly seen. They are very similar
to certain of the reptiles of the present time in this respect.

Although such a footprint cannot be placed in any of the
present genera as they are defined by Hitchcock, it is very prob-
able that it represents an animal of the type of Eubrontes dananus
E. Hitch. {Brontozoum sillimanium E. Hitch.) [Anchi^auripus
sillimani]. However, in perfect specimens of that species in the
same sort of matrix Avhere a distinct outline is shown, there are
no such traces of a web. There are slight expansions, but they
are of a different nature. The measurements and number ,of
joints are very similar; but so they are in Plesiornis mirabilis of
Hitchcock [probably identical with Anchisauripus tuherosiis']
which is nearer E. dananus than the present form under discus-
sion. The joints of the phalanges, the turning aside of the claws,
and the general skeletal shape would put the animal which made
the present track in group H. of Hitchcock, p. 63 — although
they were doubtless Dinosaurs and not ' thick-toed birds,' as he
terms them."

This genus, though founded upon a single specimen, seems
valid, especially in view of the fact that a second, though much
smaller, track appears in the Yale collection (Cat. No. 2059) from
the same locality, which is doubtless referable to it. I believe,
however, that the name is founded on a misconception, as the
track is certainly not that of a giant COroc) among dinosaurs, and
the web ( v</"/ ) also seems to me very doubtful. Otozoum moodii
has been described as having a web-like flange extending around
and beyond the foot. This, which will be discussed at greater
length under that species, proves to be only a wave of displaced
mud, which may be seen also in specimens of Anchisauripus silli-
mani from Portland in association with Otozoum which are pre-
served in the Wesleyan museum and at Yale. This, in the case
of Anchisauripus, heightens still more its resemblance to Otou-
phepus. The foot is rather a compact cursorial type, which, like
that of the ostrich, Struthio, may prove a semi-desert adaptation
rather than the semi-aquatic life a web would imply.

190 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Otouphepus magnificus Cushman
Cushman 1904, p. 154, pi. vi.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 12,857, Boston Society of NaturaJ
History, from Gill, Mass., the only recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit II, 83 mm. ; III,
114 mm.; IV, 114 mm.; entire foot, 165 mm. Distance between
lateral tips, 89 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 22° ; III
and IV, 17° approximately.

Length of step not known.

Otouphepus minor, sp. nov.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 2059,
Yale collection, from Gill, Mass.
A unique specimen.

Specific Characters. — Pes:
Length of digit II, 47 mm.; Ill,
56 mm. ; IV, 52 mm. ; entire foot,
85 mm. Distance between lateral
claws, 39 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 20° ; III and IV,
21°; II and IV, 40°.

Length of stride unknown.
In this specimen the phalangeal
impressions are for the most part
extremely obscure, but the dis-
placement of the mud shows it-
self especially on either side of
the most deeply impressed middle
digit, the surface of the shale be-
ing thrown into innumerable
minute parallel wrinkles. The
web-like wave embraces the claw
impressions as in 0. magnificus. The principal diagnostic dis-
tinction between the species is that of size, another being the
rather less projection of the fourth digit in minor as compared
with that in magnificus.

In size the present species compares with Grallator cursorius,
being a little larger. It is about half that of Anchisauripus tuber-
osus, and not far from the dimensions of the foot of Anchisaurus
solus among the osseous species.

Fig. 45. — Otouphepus minor.
Nat. size. Original.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I9I
t

Family GIGANDIPODID^
Lull 1904 A, p. 492.

Family Characters. — " Large bipedal forms. Tetradactyl,
hallux half rotated, incumbent. Foot flatly digitigrade. Claws
acuminate. No manus impression. Caudal trace.'' Genera
Gigandipus and Hyphepus.

Genus Gigandipus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1855, p. 417 (no description) ; 1856, p. 97.
Gigantitherium E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 93.
Lull 1904 A, p. 492.

Generic Characters. — Those of the family, the most readily
recognized being the small hallux which lies at right angles to
digit n, instead of being rotated far to the rear as in Anchisauri-
pus. In the type specimen the hallux impresses the mud for its
entire length, though here the whole track is deep, the toe evi-
dently arising much lower on the leg than in Anchisauripiis. The
pads of the heels are also well developed in contrast to Anchisauri-
piis and, in the type, the claw of digit II is especially strong and
acuminate. The tail trace when present is sinuous and continu-
ous. In Cat. No. 2091, Yale Museum, no tail trace is visible, and
superficially the track resembles that of Euhrontes giganteus
except for the position of the hallux. The two species are doubt-
less sometimes confused.

The form of the foot of Gigandipus agrees very closely with
that of Allosauriis fragilis from the Morrison, but the former,
while vying with Euhrontes giganteus as the most majestic of
Newark dinosaurs, falls far short of the dimensions of the 34-
foot Allosaicrus (see below).

Gigandipus caudatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1855, p. 417 (no description); 1856, p. 97,
text fig.

Gigantitherium caudatum E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 93, pi. i6»
figs. 1-2; pi. 44, fig. 4.

Lull 1904 A, pp. 492-493, fig. II ; 1904 B, fig. on p. 141.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 9/9 and 9/10, Amherst collection,
on reddish shale from the Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass. There
is no other recorded locality, the species being extremely rare,

192 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Fig. 46. — Gi((a7idipus caiidalus. One-fourth nat. size.
After Lull.

unless other specimens have been wrongly identified as Eubrontes
giganteus.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit I, 80 mm. ; II, to
metatarsal pad, 215 mm., including the pad, 280 mm.; Ill, to
metatarsal pad, 275 mm. ; IV, to metatarsal pad, 290 mm., includ-
ing pad, 343 mm. ; entire foot, 445 mm. Distance between lateral
toes, 285 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 98°, II and III,
22° ; III and IV, 30°.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Length of step, 1,020 mm. Width of trackway, 305 mm.

Comparing the relative proportions of the foot impressions of
•this species, 445 mm., and those of Allosanrus, 720 mm., would
give to Gigandipus a length of approximately 27 feet, provided
the ratio of entire bodily length to that of the track remained the
same.

Genus Hyphepus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 97, 180.
Lull 1904 A, p. 493.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, tetradactylous, hallux incum-
bent, curved sharply backward. Phalangeal pads obscurely
defined; anterior digits apparently clawless.

The apparently webbed condition which gave rise to the generic
name ( " 1/977, a web, and ttouc, a foot; the web-footed animal,"
Hitchcock) may be, as in the case of Otozoum {vide infra p.
222), merely the wave of mud pressed out from beneath the
track. I have little faith in a web-footed animal among the ter-
restrial vertebrates of the Connecticut valley.

This form resembles Gigandipus except for its much smaller
size and apparently the clawless condition of the impression of
the anterior digits. The actual claws may, however, have been
partially retracted if that were possible. It is therefore placed in
the family Gigandipodidse, though the relationship may not have
been very close.

Hyphepus fieldi E. Hitchcock
K. Hitchcock 1858, pp. 97, 180, pi. 17, fig. 2 ; pi. 35, fig. 1 1 ; pi.
41, fig. 2; pi. 42, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, pp. 493-494-

Type, Cat. No. 1/3, Amherst collection, on micaceous shale,
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Vts: Length of digit I, 26 mm.; H,
77 mm. ; HI, 78 mm. ; IV, 83 mm. ; entire foot, 128 mm. Distance
between lateral toes, 71 mm. Divarication of digits I and H,
118 ^ n and HI, 23^ ; HI and IV, 28° ; H and IV, 50^

Length of step, 153 mm. Width of trackway, 135 mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond and Turners Falls, M^ss.
13

194 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Family EUBRONTID^.

Lull 1904 A, p. 510.
Family Characters. — Large bipe-
dal forms; claws acuminate to
blunted; digits broad with distinct
phalangeal pads. Foot functionally
tridactyl as hallux claw never im-
presses. Caudal trace absent. Dis-
tinguished from Anchisauripus by
the generally larger size and broad
clumsy feet, and the fact that the
claws are generally blunted, though
this character is variable within the
same species or even upon the same
track (see figs. 50, 52). The appar-
ent total absence (with one possible
exception) of a hallux impression
distinguishes Eubrontes both from
Anchisauripus and Gigandipus.
Y\G. M.-Hyphepus fieidi. In my former work (1904 A) I

One-half nat. size. Original. , , _ , , j -i i j.

Composite of two impressions showiDfir placed hUOrOntCS Under the plant-
variation in position of hallux claw and ... 11- 1

tail trace. fecduig ortliopod dmosaurs because

of the ''lack of a grasping hallux, the heavy, slow-moving
tread, and the blunter claws [which] are surely not carnivo-
rous characters, but seem to point rather to an herbivorous habit
of Hfe" (p. 544). However, I go on to say, " It may be that,
instead of being orthopod or predentate dinosaurs, the Eubrontes
represent another group of aberrant carnivora, which, like the
condor {Sarcorhamphus gryphus), because of carrion-feeding
habits, did not retain the raptorial claws of its predaceous allies."

I am now inclined to think that the only reasonably sure in-
dication that footprints were made by an herbivorous dinosaur
lies in the impression of the manus, unless, as in the Iguanodon
tracks of Belgium and England (Dollo), the footprints are
actually and exclusively associated with remains of dinosaurs of
that group.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. I95

Genus Eubrontes E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 23.

Brontozoum E. Hitchcock 1847, P- 5^^ 1S48, p. 169; 1858,
p. 63.

Lull 1904 A, p. 510.

Generic Characters. — Those of the family.

Eubrontes giganteus E. Hitchcock

Fig. 48. — Eubrontes giganteus. One-
fourth nat. size. After Lull.

Ornithichnites giganteus E. Hitchcock 1836, p. 317, figs. I, 21.
Ornithoidichnites giganteus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 484, pi.
36, fig. 18.

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23.

Brontozoum gigantciim E. Hitchcock 1847, P- 57 » 1848, p.
169, pi. I, f^g. I ; 1858, p. 64, pi. 33, figs. 1-3 ; pi. 41, fig. I ; pi. 53,
fig. 7; pl. 57, fig- I.

196 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Recharacterized by C. H. Hitchcock in E. Hitchcock 1865, p.
23, pi. 10, fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, pp. 510-511, fig. 31.

Type, Cat. No. 45/8, Amherst collection, locality unrecorded.
My figure here reproduced is from Cat. No. 45/1 in the same
collection, which becomes therefore a plesiotype.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit H, 200 mm. ; HI,
260 mm. ; IV, 285 mm. ; entire foot, 370 mm. Distance between
lateral claws, 225 mm. Divarication of digits 11 and HI, 18° ;
HI and IV, 20°.

Length of step, 1,090 to 1,170 mm.

This species is, with the exception of E. approximatus, Gigan-
dipus caudatus, and possibly Otozoum moodii, the largest of all
Newark dinosaurs. The track would indicate an animal at least
twenty feet in length and of massive build.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls, north
bank below Turners Falls, Mount Tom west (anterior shales),
Smiths Ferry and PKolyoke, Mass.; Wethersfield Cove, Wethers-
field, Portland and Middlefield (posterior shales), Conn.;
Whitehall, X. J.

This species is one of the earliest recorded in geologic time in
the Connecticut valley, as the locality west of Mount Tom lies
beneath the main trap sheet and is therefore in the anterior shales.

Eubrontes approximatus (C. H. Hitchcock)
Brofitozoum approximatum C. H. Hitchcock in E. Plitchcock
1865, p. 24, pi. 10, fig. 2.

Lull 1904 A, pp. 511-512, fig. 32.

Type, Cat. No. 54/10, Amherst collection, on gray shale from
Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit II, 192 to 153
mm. ; III, 274 to 230 mm. ; IV, 308 to 295 mm. ; entire foot, 408
to 381 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 15° to 30°; III
and IV, 13° to 24°. In the above measurements the second in
each case is from the type, Amherst collection. Cat. No. 54/10;
and the first from an exceptionally large though otherwise typical
individual, the one figured by Lull (fig. 49), Amherst collection,
Cat. No. 32/51, which is therefore a plesiotype.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

T97

Length of step (from Cat. No. 8/1, Amherst collection), 910
to 1,080 mm.

This form is very near E. giganteus, being distinguished
therefrom mainly by its slenderer proportions, the digits averag-

Fig. 49. — Eubrofiles approxirnatus. One-
fourtli nat. size. After Lull.

ing 45 to 75 mm. in widtli in appro ximaius and 80 to 100 mm. in
giganteus. The other distinguishing feature mentioned by C. H
Hitchcock, that of the greater divarication of the toes, is not
always apparent.

198 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Eubrontes divaricatus (E. Hitchcock)

Fig. 50. — Eubrontes divaricatus. One- fourth
nat. size. After Lull.

Brontosoum divaricatum E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 7, pi. 4, fig. i.
Lull 1904 A, p. 512, fig. 33.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 58/1, Amherst collection, on hard
shale. Locality unrecorded.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit H, 193 mm.; HI,
243 mm. ; IV, 262 mm. ; entire foot, 340 to 360 mm. Divarication
of digits n and HI, 20" ; HI and IV, 35° to 50°.

Length of step, 1,040 to 1,190 mm. This species is readily
distinguished, apart from size, by the decided divarication of the
outer toe.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls, South
Hadley, Mass.; Wethersfield, Conn.; Whitehall, N. J.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

199

Eubrontes platypus Lull

Amblonyx giganfeus E.
Hitchcock 1858, p. 71, pi.
13, fig. i; pi. 38, figs. 1-2;

Pl- 57, fig- 5-

Lull 1904 A, pp. 512-
513, fig. 34.

Type, Cat. No. 13/4,
Amherst collection, on red
shale from Turners Falls,
which is the only known
locality for this rare
species.

Specific Characters. —
Pes: Length of digit II,
157 mm.; Ill, 190 mm.;
IV, 215 mm.; entire foot,
267 mm. Distance between
lateral claws, 190 mm.
Divarication of digits II and III, 12° ; III and IV, 22°.

Length of step, 1,135 nim; very long limbed.

The name platypus was substituted for giganteus as the latter
was preoccupied within the genus.

Fig. S\.—Eubro7ites platypus. One-fourth
nat. size. After Lull.

Fig. 52.-
Onc

Eubrontes tuberatus (E. Hitchcock)

Brontozoum tuberatum E. Hitch-
cock 1858, p. 66, pi. II, fig. 2; pi. 52,
fig- 7-

Anchisauripiis tuberatus Lull 1904
A, p. 491, fig. ID.

Type, Cat. No. 27/17, Amherst
collection, on red shale from Turners
Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length
of digit II, 140 mm.; Ill, 172 mm.;
IV, 107 mm.; entire foot, 249 mm.
Distance between lateral claws, 152
mm. Divarication of digits II and
III, 17^111 and IV, 8°.
Length of step unknown.

Eubrontes tuberatus.
fourth nat. size.
After Lull.

200 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

This species resembles the foregoing most nearly as regards
size, but the phalangeal pads of the middle and outer digits are
narrower and the claws more acuminate.

Localities. — Field's orchard in Gill, ?Lily Pond, Turners
Falls, Mass.

Family GRALLATORID^
Lull 1904 A, p. 494.

Family Characters. — ■ Typically small, bipedal forms ; foot-
prints tridactyl, limbs very long; no manus nor caudal impres-
sions. Genera : Grallator, Stenonyx.

Genus Grallator E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 72.

Generic Characters. — Those of the family ; with small com-
pact feet having distinct phalangeal pads and moderately devel-
oped acuminate claws.
,*» ///. Distinguished from Anchisauri-

piis, which it most closely resem-
bles, by length of limb, general
smallness of track, and absence of
hallux.

Grallator cursorius E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 72, pi. 13,

fig- 3 ; pi- 58, fig. 4-

Lull 1904 A, p. 494, figs. 12-13.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 4/1,
Amherst collection, in high relief
on coarse sandstone, associated
with Anchisauripus sillimani and
the giant Otozoum moodii from
Moody's corner, South Hadley,
Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes:
Length of digit H, 35 mm. ; HI, 55
^ „ ^ mm.: IV, mm.; entire foot, 79

Fig. Si— Grallator cursorius. ' ' , ,

Nat. size. After Lull. mm. Distance between lateral

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

201

claws, 31 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 14° ; III and
IV, 12° ; II and IV, 26°.

Length of step, 610 mm. Width of trackway, 50 mm. Ratio
of foot to step about i : 8.

Localities. — Lily Pond, ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at
Turners Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard at, Gill, Moody's
corner, and South Hadley, Mass.; Wethersfield, Portland,
PMiddletown and Middlefield (posterior shales), Conn.; Milford
and Whitehall, N. J.

This is the species which corresponds with the compsognathoid
dinosaur Podokesaurus holyokensis Talbot {vide supra p. 168) in
form and proportions, horizon and locality.

Grallator tenuis E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 73, pi.

13, fig.4;pl. 53, %• 5-

Lull 1904 A, p. 495, fig. 14.

Type specimens. Cat. Nos.
12/3 and 12/4, counterparts,
Amherst collection, on red shale
from Turners Falls, Mass., in
close proximity to the trap.

Specific Characters. — Pes:
Length of digit II, 30 mm.; Ill,
49 mm. ; IV, 45 mm. ; entire foot,
73 mm. Distance between lateral
claws, 37 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 15° to 25° ; III
and IV, 25° to 28° ; II and IV,
40° to 45°-

Length of step, 195 mm.
Width of trackway, 63 mm.

** The chief distinctions be-
tween this form and G. cursoriiis
arc the shorter stride and greater divarication of the toes of the
present species. P.oth of these are varial)le quantities, and future
research may prove the species to be synonymous, in which case
G. cursorius would have priority " (Lull).

Fig. 5^.— Gral/aior trnuis. Nat. size.
.After Lull.

202 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

I find Upon studying the Yale material that I am rarely sure of
the identification of tracks referable to one or the other of these
species, especially when an isolated footprint is before me ; on the
other hand G. tenuis is the only track I know of which corre-
sponds at all with the foot and length of limb of the dinosaur
Anchisaurus solus Marsh (vide supra p. 148), which is not a
compsognathoid form. It shows the futility of naming or classi-
fying footprints upon assumed characters other than those actually
manifest in the impressions themselves.

Localities. — Turners Falls, South Hadley, stream near Pliny
Moody's in South Hadley, Mass. ; Wethersfield and Portland,
Conn.

Grallator gracilis C. H. Hitchcock
^ ///. C. H. Hitchcock in E. Hitchcock 1865,

p. 8, pi. 9, fig. 7.

Lull 1904 A, p. 496, fig. 17.
Type, Cat. No. 17/2, Amherst collec-
tion, on red shale from Turners Falls,
Mass. Plesiotype, figured by Lull, Cat.
No. 23/8, also from Turners Falls.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of
digit n, 26 mm. ; HI, 35 mm. ; IV, 30 mm. ;
entire foot, 45 mm. Distance between
lateral claws, 27 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 22° to 23° ; III and IV,

Fig. 55 -Grallator gracilis. 14° tO l6° ; II and IV, 35° tO 40°.
Nat. size. After Lull. t A^ e ,

Length or step, 315 mm.

One of the most diminutive of dinosaurs, one specimen of
which seems to show a tail trace, the only recorded instance
within the genus.

Localities. — Ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, PField's orchard in Gill, Mass.; Portland,
Conn. ; Milford, N. J.

Grallator cuneatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 74, pi. 13, fig. 6; pi. 39, figs, i, 3; pi. 41,
figs. 1-2.

Lull 1904 A, p. 495, fig. 15.

Type, Cat. No. 25/1, Amherst collection, on red shale from

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 203

the Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass. Plesiotype, figured by Lull,
Amherst collection, Cat. No. 17/1, from Turners Falls.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit II, 63 mm. ; III,
81 mm. ; IV, 74 mm. ; entire foot, 125 mm. Distance between

Fig. .S6. — Grallaior cuncalus. Nat. size.
After Lull.

lateral claws, 80 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 23° ; III
and IV, 23^11 and IV, 46^

Length of step, 460 to 550 mm. Width of trackway, 90 mm.

204

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

205

This form, though large, is a true Grallator, quite similar in
size to Anchisauripus sillimani, but distinguished from the latter
by the greater projection of the middle toe, the lack of hallux,
and the generally cuneiform shape of the foot, which is heightened
by the bending outward of the lateral claws.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, ferry above Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard at Gill, Smiths Ferry, South
Hadley, Chicopee Falls, Mass. ; Wethersfield Cove, Wethersfield,
Portland, Conn. ; Milford, N. J. A very wide-spread species.

? Grallator formosus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 75, text fig. i on p. 77.
Lull 1904 A, p. 496, fig. 16.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 3/1, Amherst collection, from
Moody '% corner. South Hadley, associated with Otozoum moodii.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit H, 75 mm. ; HI,
118 mm.; IV, 114 mm.; entire foot, 172 mm. Distance between
lateral claws, no mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 11.5° ;
III and IV, 21.5° ; II and IV, 33°

Length of step, 655 mm.

A very large Grallator, but the stride is proportionately long
and the hallux unknown.

Localities. — Ljly Pond, Turners Falls, Field's orchard.
Smith's Ferry, Moody's corner and stream near Pliny Moody's in
South Hadley, Chicopee Falls, Mass. ; Wethersfield, Conn. ;
Whitehall, N. J.

Genus Stenonyx Lull

Leptonyx E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 8 (name preoccupied).
Lull 1904 A, p. 498.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, tridactyl, digitigrade track,
very minute. Thick toes, long slender claws, and distinct pha-
langeal pads. Stride fairly short. No tail trace.

Stenonyx lateralis (F. Ilitclicock)

Leptonyx lateralis E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 8,

pl- 5, fig- 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 498.

Type, Cat. No. 47/40, Amherst collection,
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit V\g. simonyx
II, 15 mm. ; III, 21 mm. ; IV, 21 mm. ; entire foot, '"i.in'lL-

206 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

30 mm. Distance between lateral claws, 21 mm. Divarication
of digits II and III, 32° ; III and IV, 28° ; II and IV, 60°.

Length of step (from Cat. No. 2049, Yale collection), 70 mm.

This species seems to approach most nearly to Grallator
gracilis, but is much smaller, and has more slender claws arising
from the median side of digits 11 and III and from the outside of
digit IV, hence the specific name. If these footprints were made
by a dinosaur of the relative proportions of Compsognathus
longipes, its length would be about fifteen inches ; truly a " terrible
lizard."

Localities. — Ferry above Turners Falls, Turners Falls, Mass.

Family SELENICHNID.^:

Family Characters. — Bipedal, tridactyl-
ous. Inner toe rarely distinct. » Tracks
nearly in line without pads or claws. A gen-
erally continuous caudal trace, but slightly
sinuous. Genus Selenichnus.

Genus Selenichnus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 133.
Lull 1904 A, p. 498.

Generic Characters. — Those of the family.

Selenichnus falcatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 133, pi. 23, fig. 8;
pi. 60, fig. 8.

Lull 1904 A, p. 498.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 42/6 and
42/7, Amherst collection, from Turners Falls,
Mass., the only known locality.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length, from
extreme rear of track, of digit II, 36 mm. ;
HI, 72 mm.; IV, 56 mm.; entire foot, 72
mm. Width of foot, 18 mm. Divarication
of digits cannot be measured.
Length of step, 90 mm. The feet turn outward so that the
heels are in line, the tail trace usually passing through them.
The toes curve inward.

Fig. Si.— Selenichnus
falcatus. One-half nat
size. Original.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 207

" This is a very striking track, and, though obscure as to
details, is readily recognizable. It was apparently formed by a
small dinosaur of unknown affinities" (Lull).

Selenichnus breviusculus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 134, pi. 23, fig. 9; pi. 60,

fig. 7.

Lull 1904 A, p. 499.

Type, Cat. No. 44/10, Amherst collection, a
series of twenty-three tracks passing in a curved
line across the rain-marked slab. From Turners
Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of foot,
46 mm.; of the step, 58 mm. ; width of trackway,
38 mm.

This obscure form is distinguishable from S.
falcatus mainly by its much smaller size, but is
more numerous.

Localities. — Lily Pond, ferry above Turners
Falls, ferry at Turners Falls, and Turners Falls,
Mass., within the easy range of one individual.

Suborder ORTHOPODAi
Lull 1904 A, p. 499.

Sub ordinal Characters. — The footprints give
evidence of the following characters : " Bipedal
dinosaurs, with a mesaxonic, generally digiti-
grade, tetradactyl or [functionally] tridactyl
foot, armed with more or less blunted claws.
The foot ranges from the plantigrade, function-
ally tetradactyl type of Otocoum, through the
digiti^rade (occasionally calci^rade while rest-
ing) and functionally tridactyl pes of Anomapus. nkhnusfrr'^;^1^^^
.... The maniis is pentadactyl with blunt '"/izo""()H;'inaT'''
claws, and, while occasionally touching the Jnd *fmpn4sci''a
ground in the resting position, is [apparently] "'inSlhJ's/rid.''"''

'A letter received from Dr. Ileilman, under date of October i8 1013
contains the following criticism of a part of the memoir, which was sent to him in
advance with the permission of Professor Hicc:

I am not able to agree with your statement, that those dinosaurs were
vegetable eaters. Of course I can not prove the contrary, but a footprint seems to

208 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

never used for locomotion; it is considerably smaller than the
pes, A caudal trace is occasionally present in some genera "

Lull 1904 A, p. 499.

Family Characters. — " Bipedal in gait, the manus impress-
ing only when resting. Pes tetradactyl, digitigrade, with elon-
gate metatarsal segment upon which the animal sits (calcigrade)
while at rest. Hallux half rotated, insistent, and subfunctional,
but rarely impressing. Pes ornithoid. Manus pentadactyl. . .
. . Claws bluntly rounded" (Lull).

Genera: Anoma:pus, Saiiropiis, Apatichnus; possibly Cor-
vipes, and others.

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 220.
Lull 1904 A, p. 500.

" In addition to the family characters above mentioned, this
genus may be readily recognized by its very characteristic foot,
in which the toes are quite widely divergent, especially digit IV.
There is also a doubling of many of the lines over the articula-
tions of the phalanges similar in appearance to those of the
human hand. Limbs only moderately long; when resting, con-
siderable weight is borne on the hand — a point of difference
with the succeeding genus. There is an occasional tail trace and

me a too small verification of this assertion. I think it not sufficient to show, that
the animal had a hand diflferent from, for instance, the Thccodontosaurs with their
powerful claw-bearing pollex. We must also compare with the recent forms, whose
habits we know quite well. And here you can not state from a hand of a reptile,
whether the animal has a carnivorous or herbivorous diet. The greatest part of
them are carnivorous, but their hand has no grasping power.

" The prey also is of many different kinds. You need only imagine mollusks,
snails, slugs and such slowly-moving animals to see that a special-shaped hand is not
required for feeding on these. When we, for instance, look at the Varanus mloticus,
which, according to the investigations of Lonnberg, feeds on large hard-shcllcd land
snails, then we see the teeth and jaws much changed to this purpose, but not the hand.
In fact the hand of this reptile is shaped quite as that of Amblyrhynchus cristatus
from the Galapagos islands, which feeds only on sea-weed.

" Above all you do not know the teeth of the dinosaurs which have made the
footprints, and therefore I do not think you are able to convince us, that they were
vegetarians."

In reply to this criticism it may be said that all of the modern reptiles are
essentially quadrupedal, hence the hands are modified for locomotion only and
therefore show no adaptations in correlation with feeding habits. In the dinosaurs
which were bipedal, however, a certain type of hand invariably goes v/ith carnivorous
and another with herbivorous teeth. No known carnivore could have made manus
impressions comparable with those of Anoma'pu.s ; on the other hand, Camptosaurus , a
typical Morrison orthopod, would have produced an imprint of essentially the same
character. Hence, while a strictly herbivorous diet on the part of Anomapus is not
absolutely demonstrable, the evidence certainly points that way.

Family ANOMCEPODID^

Genus Anomoepus E. Hitchcock

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

209

an ischial callosity impression. There is also a pad on the sole of
the foot in line with and in addition to the four which are usually
found on digit IV" (Lull).

Anomoepus scambus E. Hitchcock

Fig. (A.—Afwma'f)us scambus. Impression of all four feet of an
individual seated. impression of breast. ()ne-)ialf
nat. size. After Lull.

E. Hitchcock 1848, p, 222, pi. 13, figs. 1-6.
14

210

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Anom<jepiis minor E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 57, pi. 9, figs. 1-2;
pi. 34, fig. 2. .

Lull 1904 A, p. 500, fig. 18.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 16/5 and 34/40, Amherst collec-
tion, on red shale, the latter from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length of digit I, 24 mm. ;
II, 29 mm. ; III, 32 mm. ; IV, 24 mm. ; V, 15 mm. Divarica-
tion of digits I and II, 17.5° to 43°; II and III, 22° to 29°;
III and IV, 24° to 50° ; IV and V, 55° to 87° ; I and V, 120^
to 152°.

Pes: Digit I, unknown. Length of digit II, 49 mm. to 57
mm. ; III, 60 mm. to 80 mm. ; IV, 63 mm. to 83 mm. Length of
foot, 95 mm. ; with the heel, 168 mm. to 210 mm. Divarication
of digits II and III, 20° to 35° ; III and IV, 22° to 23°.

Length of step, 230 mm. Width of trackway, 200 mm.

See also plate vi.

Localities. — Ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard at Gill, Moody's corner,
South Hadley, Mass.

Anomoepus intermedins E. Hitchcock

thy opus minor (in
part) E. Hitchcock 1848, p.
179, pi. 4, figs. 2, 3; 1858,
p. 69, pi. 12, fig. 4; pi. 40,
fig. I ; pi. 46, fig. 3 ; pi. 57,
fig- 4-

Plesiornis quadrupes E.
Hitchcock 1858, p. 102, pi.

17, fig- 7; Pl- 35. figs- 1-2;
pi. 45, fig. 5.

E. Hitchcock 1865, pp. 2,
7, pi. I, fig. i;pl. 15, fig. I.
This species is based upon
part of Brontozoum isodac-
tylum E. Hitchcock 1858,
p. 69.

Apatichnus holyokensis C. H. Hitchcock 1889, pp. 118, 123,

//A A

Fig. G2.— Anomoepus intermedius. Animal
walking. One-half nat. size. After Lull.

124.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

211

Lull 1904 A, p. 501, figs. 19-21 ; 1904 B, p. 145, fig.

Type specimen, Cat. No.
48/1, Amherst collection,
on reddish sandstone from
Turners Falls, Mass. Cat.
Nos. 54/13 and 52/4 were
used for a composite figure
by Lull (1904 A, fig. 21),
the latter specimen having
been identified by C. H.
Hitchcock as Apatichnus
holyokensis, the type of
which is preserved in the
Mount Holyoke College
Museum. The latter spe-
cies I consider synony-
mous with Anomccpus in-
termedius.

Specific Characters. —
Manus : Length of digit I,
15 mm. ; II, 28 mm. ; III,
30 mm. ; IV, 23 mm.
Divarication of digits I
and II, 33°; II and III,
22°; III and IV, 68°; IV
and V, 25°.

Pes : Length of digit

XL S2 mm.; Ill, 73 mm.; Fig. 6i-^nomcePus iniepnedius- Animal seated.
' ^ ' ' /o ' One-half nat. size. After Lull.

IV, 57 mm. ; entire foot,

105 mm., including heel, 173 mm. Divarication of digits 1 and II,
56" ; II and III, 20° ; III and IV, 35° ; I and IV, iio^ +.

Length of step varies in the same animal from 140 to 235
mm., average about 220 mm. Width of trackway, 150 to 180
mm.

A. intermedins differs from A. scamhus in the greater divari-
cation of lateral digits, greater relative stoutness of foot, and
relatively shorter heel.

212

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Localities. — Ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill, Dickinson quarry in
South Hadley, Mass.; PWethersfield, Conn.; Whitehall, N. J.

Anomoepus curvatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 5, pi. i, fig. 2; pi. 15, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 502, fig. 22; 1904 B, p. 146, fig.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 52/10, Amherst collection, from the

Lily Pond at Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus
unknown. Pes : Length of digit
n, 50 mm. ; HI, 64 mm. ; IV, exclu-
sive of sole pad, 55 mm. ; entire
foot, 98 mm. Length of heel un-
known.

Length of step, 230 to 250 mm.
This species approximates in-
^ termedius very closely, being distin-
guished chiefly by its smaller size,
by the less divergent outer toe, and
by a distinct inward curvature to
the middle toe, which is also pres-
ent, though to a less degree, in the
fourth toe.

Localities: Lily Pond, ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at
Turners Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill, and South
Hadley, Mass.

Anomoepus crassus (C. H. Hitchcock)
Apatichnus crassus C. H. Hitchcock 1889, pp. 118, 122, 124.
Lull 1904 A, p. 503, fig. 23.

Type specimen on a large slab of red sandstone and its coun-
terpart preserved in the Geological Museum at Rutgers College,
from Whitehall, N. J.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Width of impression, 60 mm. ;
length, 60 mm. Pes : Length of digit H, 85 mm. ; HI, 102 mm. ;
IV, not including tha sole pad, 83 mm. ; including the sole pad,
T20 mm.; entire foot, 190 mm. Distance between lateral claws,

Fig. (A.—Anomaspus curvatus.
half nat. size. After Lull.

One-

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

213

140 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 80^ ; II and III, 32° ;
III and IV, 40 ^. II and IV, 72°.
Length of step, 387 mm.

A "'

I \

Fig. 65. — Ayiovioepiis crassus. One-half
nat. size. After Lull.

This species resembles A. intermedins, but is considerably
larger and the hallux is rotated further to the rear. It may prove
to be identical in part with the old Euhrontes expansus E. Hitch-
cock abandoned after the publication of the Fossil Footmarks of
1848.

Locality. — Only that given above; not reported from the
Connecticut valley.

Ancmoepus minimus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, j). 5, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 503, fig. 24.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 55/112, Amherst collection, from
Field's orchard, Gill, Mass. Cat. No. 55/21, from the same

214 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

locality, was also used by Lull in drawing the figure (fig. 66)
and therefore becomes a plesiotype.

^ Specific Characters. — Manus: Length

of digit I, 12 mm.; II, 14 mm.; Ill, 21
*^^^:^0 ^7 mm. ; IV, 14 mm. ; V, 10 mm. Divarica-

^ tion of digits I and II, 40° ; II and III,

r. 25° ; III and IV, 48° ; IV and V, 28°.

Pes : Length of digit II, 35 mm. ; III,
50 mm. ; IV, 33 mm. ; entire foot, 54
mm. ; heel, unknown. Divarication of
digits II and III, 40° ; III and IV, 35°.
Hallux impression absent in the type.
Distinguishable from all other species
^'''•^bie-raH?ars.?i!"'^"'- of Ajiomccpus by its small size and deli-

cate proportions.
Localities. — Ferry at Turners Falls, Field's orchard at Gill,
South Hadley, Mass.

Possibly some of the specimens referred to A. gracillinms
belong here, which would widen the rather restricted range of
the species.

Anomoepus gi^cillimus (E. Hitc;hcock)

Ornithoidichnites qracillimtis E. Flitch-
cock 1844, p. 305.

Eubrontes gracillimus E. Hitchcock
1845, P- 23.

Brontoj:oum gracillimum E. Hitchcock
1848, p. 175, pi. 2, fig. 3.

Grallator gracillimus E. Hitchcock
1858, p. 73, pi. 13, fig. 5; pi. 39, fig. 2.

C. H. Hitchcock, in E. Hitchcock 1865,

f) 5 Fig. 67.— AnomcePus srracilli-

* * * tnus. One half nat. size.

Lull 1904 A, p. 504. Original.

Type, Cat. No. 50/1, Amherst collection, on red sandstone,
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : unknown. Pes : Length of
digit II, 39 mm. ; III, 50 mm. ; IV, 46 mm. ; entire foot, 64 mm.

Length of step, 180 to 200 mm. Width of trackway, 90 mm.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 215

This Species differs from minimus in being a somewhat
larger, heavier track resembling more nearly in general appear-
ance intermedins, as though it were the young of that species.

Localities. — Ferry above Turners Falls, ferry at Turners
Falls, Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill, Dickinson quarry in
South Hadley, and PChicopee Falls, Mass. ; Wethersfield and
Middlefield (posterior shales). Conn.; near Goldsboro, York
county, Penn. Its presence in the posterior shales makes
Anomcepus gracillimus the earliest recorded species of the genus
in time.

Anomcepus cuneatus C. H. Hitchcock
C. H. Hitchcock 1889, pp. 118, 125.
Lull 1904 A, p. 505.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 105, Mount Holyoke collection, from
Wethersfield, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Manus : but three digits impressing in
the only known track. Length 24 mm., including what may be a
wrist impression, 30 mm. ; distance between lateral claws, 20 mm.

Pes : Length of digit 11, 48 mm. ; of HI, 58 mm. ; of IV,
44 mm. Between lateral toes, 43 mm. Divarication of digits II
and III, 36.5° ; III and IV, 7.5° ; II and IV, 43.5^

Length of step, 330 to 460 mm. Width of trackway, 178 mm.

Localities. — Howland farm in Gill, Lily Pond, Dickinson
quarry in South Hadley, Mass. ; Wethersfield, Conn.

Anomcepus isodactylus C. H. Hitchcock
C. H. Hitchcock 1889, pp. 118, 124.
Lull 1904 A, p. 505, fig. 25.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 128 and its counterpart, No. 142,
Mount Holyoke collection, from South Hadley, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus: four digits impressed (from
Cat. No. 2097, Yale collection) ; length of digit I, 30 mm.; If, 36
mm. ; III, 40 mm. ; IV, 30 mm. ; length of hand, including a wrist
impression, 83 mm. Divarication of digits I and IT, 20 ; TI and
HI, 23\ HI and fV, 50'^ ; I and IV, 93 '\

Pes: (from type) length of digit I, 43 mm.; II, 63 mm.; Ill,
72 mm.; IV, inckiding sole pad, loi mm.; entire foot, 115 mm.,
including the heel, 230 mm. The basal pacls of the hallnx arc

2l6 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

impressed as well as the claw. Divarication of digits I* and II,
50° ; II and III, 29° ; III and IV, 30°.

Fig. 68. — Anorncvpus isodactyhis. One-
half nat. size. After Lull.

Length of step, 205 mm.

A large, heavy, broad-toed track.

Localities. — Turners Falls, Dexter Marsh's quarry in
Montague, and South Hadley, Mass.

Genus Sauropus ^ E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 24.
Fulicopus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23.
Anoinoopus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 220 (in part).
/Ethyopus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 178 (in part).
Amhlonyx E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 71.
Chimccra E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 118.
Chimcerichnus C. H. Hitchcock 1871, p. xxi.

' This jfenus SauroPus is totally unrclati-d to that described by I. Loa in 1849 from the
Coal Measures of Pennsylvania thouj^h tlxTe is a sugrvrestive similarity in the tracks. O. P.
Hay (1902) has substituted the term Palaosauroptis for the Sauropus of Lea.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

217

Fulicopus Lull 1904 A, p. 505.

Generic Characters. — Distin-
guished from Anomcepus by the
greater size, especially of the pes,
less acuminate claws, less divarica-
tion of the digits, and the absence
of the sole pad in addition to the
four phalangeal pads normally be-
longing to digit IV. An ischial
callosity may be present. Foot re-
sembles that of Anchisauripus but
may be distinguished therefrom by
the non-rotated hallux and by the
occasional impression of the manus
and long heel when the animal is
resting.

Fig. 69. — Sauropus barrattii. Ani-
mal walking. One-fourth nat.
size. After Lull.

Sauropus barrattii E. Hitchcock

Sauroidichnites barrattii E. Hitchcock 1837, p. 175; 1841, pp.
477, 478, pL 30, fig. I.

Ornithoidichnites lyellii E. Hitchcock 1843, PP- 257-258; pi. 11,
fig. I.

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Fulicopus lyelliaiius E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 23.

Alt hy opus lyellianus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 178, pi. 4, fig. i.

Anomcopus barrattii E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 225, pi. 14, fig. i.

Amblonyx lyellianus E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 71, pi. 13, fig. 2;
pi. 38, figs. I, 2; pi. 57, fig. 6.

Anomapus major E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 56, pi. 8.

Chimcera barrattii E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 118, pi. 21, figs. I,
3 (in part).

Chimccrichnus barrattii C. H. Hitchcock 1871, p. xxi.

Fulicopus lyellianus Lull 1904 A, pp. 506-508, figs. 26-28.

This species has the most complex synonymy of all because
of the fact that separate names were given to the impression of
the hand, which w?!s sup])oscd to be that of a hind foot, and also
to the foot both in the walking and again in the seated posture.

In 1837 Hitchcock described and figured the manus under the
name of Sauroidichnites barrattii, which became, in the 1845 ^'^t,

2l8 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Sauropus barrattii. The pes was first described and figured under
the name of Ornithoidichnites lyellii in 1843, becoming Fulicopus
lyellianus in the Hst of 1845. Thus both anatomically and by the
laws of priority the name of the manus impression, Sauropus bar-
rattii, takes precedence. This manus impression was called
Anomoeptis barrattii in the publication of 1848, while in 1858 what
was supposed to be the same species was renamed Chimccra bar-
rattii; but, while the fore
foot figured (pi. 21, fig. 3)
is the same as before, the
hind foot (fig. i) is new,
although strongly suggestive
of the AnomTpus scambus
figured in 1848, pi. 13, fig. 3.
In 1871 C. H. Hitchcock,
finding the name Chimccra
preoccupied, substituted that
of Chimcerichnus. Of this
series of names Sauropus
barrattii alone is valid.

To return to the hind
foot impression, Fulicopus
lyellianus of the 1845 ^^^t
was changed to JEthyopus
lyellianus in that of 1848
and to Amblonyx lyellianus
in 1858. In 1858 Hitchcock
further described what he
supposed to be a new form,
basing his description upon
the impression of a seated
individual which he called
Anomapus major. This
animal Lull showed in 1904
(p. 507) to be not only the
same species but the same

individual as that which

VlQ. 70 -Sauropus barrattii. ^^^^^

Animal seated. One-fourth ^ 1 l

nat. size. After Lull. FuUcopus lyelhanus, both

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

219

type impressions appearing on the same slab, Cat. No. i/i of
the Amherst College collection, and both showing a peculiar
unique distinction in the right foot. Thus no fewer than ten
names in all have been given to this remarkable form.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. i/i and 1/7, Amherst collection,
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of digit I, 31 mm.;
II, 38 mm. ; III, 40 mm. ; IV, 33 mm. ; V, 20 mm. Divarication

3

220 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

of digits I and II, 6^"^ ; II and III, 32° ; III and IV, 20° ; IV and
V, 26°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 83 mm.; II, 103 mm.; Ill, 147 mm.;
IV, 156 mm.; entire foot, 220 mm., including heel, 427 mm.;
breadth of heel, 50 mm. Distance between lateral claws, no mm.
Divarication of digits I and II, 40°; II and III, 11.5°; III and
IV, 14°.

Length of step, 765 mm. Width of trackway, 127 mm.

The resting posture of Sauropus differs from that of Anom-
cepus in that in the former the bulk of the weight is borne upon
the hind limbs, the manus making an extremely light, variable
impression without phalangeal pads, and with more acuminate
claws.

Localities. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls and Field's orchard in
Gill, Mass. ; not a wide-spread species though possibly some of
the specimens properly referable to it have been referred to
Anchisanripus exsertus.

Genus Apatichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 99.
Lull 1904 A, p. 508.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, digitigrade, functionally tri-
dactyl, claws on pes acuminate; caudal trace.

Apatichnus differs from Anomcepus in the much shorter hal-
lux, less divarication between digits I and III, greater between
III and IV. '

Apatichnus circumagens E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 100, pi. 17, fig.

5 ; pl- 35, fig- 6.

Lull 1904 A, p. 508, fig. 29.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 21/2,
Amherst collection, on red micaceous
sandstone from the ferry at Turners
Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Turned
inward toward the median line.
YiG.rL^Apaiichnus Pcs : Length of digit I, 25 mm.; II,

Nat/Ke'KrLuii. 35 Him.; Ill, 62 mm.; IV, 53 mm.;

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

221

entire foot, 75 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 53° ; II
and III, 18° ; III and IV, 46° ; I and IV, ii6^ Length of foot
and heel of a smaller specimen, 127 mm. ; of the foot alone, half
that length.

Average length of step, 240 mm.

Caudal trace sinuous, not always present.

Localities. — Turners Falls, Field's orchard in Gill, and South
Hadley, Mass.

Apatichnus minor (E. Hitchcock)

Fig. 73. — Apafichnus juinnr. One-half nat.
size. After Lull.

222 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST, SURVEY. [BuU.

Gigantithermm minus E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 95, pi. 17, fig.
i; pi. 41, fig. 2; pi. 42, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 509, fig. 30.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 1/3, Amherst collection, on mica-
ceous shale from Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Unknown. Pes : Length of
digit II, 108 mm.; Ill, 147 mm.; IV, 146 mm.; entire foot, 225
mm. ; distance between lateral claws, 160 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 20°; III and IV, 43.5°.

Length of step, 630 mm. Width of trackway, 167 mm.
Caudal trace straight, interrupted at each step.

Localities. — Lily Pond, ferry above Turners Falls, Turners
Falls, South Hadley, and ?Moody's corner, Mass.

Family OTOZOID^.
Lull 1904 A, p. 513.

Family Characters. — Bipedal. Manus rarely impressing.
Pes plantigrade, functionally tetrad^actyl, hallux non-rotated.
Digits broad, with well marked phalangeal pads; claws more or
less rounded. Manus apparently pentadactyl, relatively small.
Occasional tail trace.

Genus Otozoum E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1847, P- 54 J 1848, p. 214; 1858, p. 123.
Lull 1904 A, p. 513.

Generic Characters. — Those of the family. The footprints
of this mysterious animal are utterly unique, and no dinosaur
known to me from the skeleton has a pes which could possibly
make such a track. It may be, however, that a more thorough
study of the material collected at Phoenixville, Penn., and now
preserved in the American Museum of Natural History may aid
in its interpretation. It appears abruptly toward the close of
Newark deposition, being represented by but two species, the
huge 0. moodii from South Hadley, Mass., and Portland, Conn.,
and a smaller, possibly earlier, phase, occurring in the Turners
Falls region. The so called "web" (Hitchcock 1858, p. 123;
Lull 1904 A, p. 513) proves to be nothing more than the wave
of plastic mud displaced by the animal's weight, as specimens,

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

223

such as Cat. No. 680, from Portland, preserved at Wesleyan Uni-
versity (see PI. xii A), clearly show. The "web" is convex
where the phalangeal pad impressions are concave, and the der-
mal papillae so strikingly impressed upon the actual track abruptly
cease when the " web" is reached. The same phenomenon may
be observed in Anchisauripus sillimani from Portland and in
Chirotherium spp. of the Old World.

Otozoum moodii E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1847, P- 55^ %• i J 1848, p. 214, pi. 12, fig. i ;
1858, p. 123, pi. 22 ; pi. 23, fig. I ; pi. 33, figs 4-5 ; pi. 46, fig. 5.

Otozoum caudatum C. H. Hitchcock 1871, p. xxi; 1889, pp.
119, 127.

Lull 1904 A, p. 513, pi. 72, figs. E, F, G.

Type specimens. Cat. No. 5/14, Amherst collection, in high
relief on coarse sandstone from Moody's corner. South Hadley,
Mass. ; also Nos. 4/4 and 4/1. The latter's counterpart. No. 3/1,
is also preserved, but the layer of red mud, upon which the animal
actually walked, could not be saved.

Specific Characters. — Manus :
Length of digit I, 56 mm. ; 11, 80
mm. ; HI, 92 mm. ; IV, 98 mm. ; V,
^ mm. ; entire hand, 206 mm. Divar-
ication of digits I and H, 53°, 11 and
HI, 40° ; HI and IV, 36.5° ; IV and
V, 40°.

Pes : Length of digit I, 196 mm. ;
II, 230 mm.; Ill, 192 mm.; IV, 202
mm.; entire foot, 490 mm.; distance
between lateral tips, 380 mm.

Length of step, a1)0ut 800 mm.

The manus is preserved, to my
knowledge, in only one instance. No. „ , . , ,

o > J » • Fig. 74.— Handprint of Otozoum

5/14, where both hands are im- %erTuTi."'''^'
pressed as the animal sat. It seems

hardly possible that in all other specimens the manus imprint is
obliterated by that of the pes, so that evidence for the bipedal gait
is still unchallenged. P>ipedality, however, implies speed adai)ta-
tion and digitigrady, at least while in action. Otozoum, on the

Fig. 75.— Otozoum moodii. One-fourth nat. size. Modified from Lull.

contrary, with its massive plantigrade foot and ponderous tread,
is the antithesis of a cursorial type. Apparently the mystery of
this majestic type is as far from solution as ever.

Cat. No. 183, Wesleyan University collection, show^s a tail
trace, as does No. 725, both from Portland (see PI. xii B).
The former was the type of O. caudatum C. H. Hitchcock.

Localities — Moody's corner, South Hadley, Mass. ; Portland,
Conn. (See also O. minus n. sp.)

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

225

Otozoum minus, n. sp.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 2046, Yale collection, from the Horse
Race at Montague, Mass., one of a series of twenty-four tracks.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Unknown. Pes : Length of
digit I, about 120 mm. ; II, 128 mm. ; III, 140 mm. ; IV, 137 mm. ;
entire foot, as impressed (without the posterior heel pad), 228
mm. Distance between lateral tips, about 170 mm. Divarication
of digits I and II, ; II and III, nearly parallel; III and IV,

22°; I and IV, 38°.

Length of stride unrecorded.
Hitchcock (1858, p. 125)
says in speaking of Otozoum:
" Turners Falls at the ferry
is another locality of these
tracks. From the small size of
I some of the specimens there, I
have suspected that they were
made by a second species; but
my specimens are somewhat
( j broken, and I leave it for others

V ^ to decide this question."

The splendid series of twenty-
four successive tracks at Yale,
of which but one, however, is
accessible at this writing, leads
me to erect for its inclusion the
new species which Hitchcock
has suggested. It is much smaller and is probably somewhat
antecedent in time to O. moodii to which it may have been
ancestral.

Localities. — Horse Race, Turners Falls, and ? the canal at
Montague, Mass.

Fig. 76. — Otozoum minus.
One fourth nat. size. Orijfinal.

15

226 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Genus ? Chirotherium Kaup
? Chirotherium parvum (C. H. Hitchcock)

Otozoum parvum C. H. Hitchcock 1889,
pp. 119, 122, 127.

? Otozoum parvum' Lull 1904 A, p. 515.
Type specimen preserved in the museum
of Lafayette College, Easton, Pa., from
Milford, N, J., the only known locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of
digit I, 30 mm. ; H, 34 mm. ; HI, 35 mm. ; IV,
25 mm.; V, 20 mm.; entire hand, 75 mm.
Divarication of digits I and H, 29° ; H and
HI, 16° ; HI and IV, 40° ; IV and V, 14°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 76 mm.; II, 120
mm.; Ill, 128 mm.; IV, 102 mm.; entire
foot, 190 mm. Divarication of digits I and
II, 24° ; II and III, 16° ; III and IV, 14° ; I
and IV, 54°.

Length of step unrecorded.
In general aspect this track is more
Chirotherium- than Otozoum-likQ; if of the
latter genus it is surely more primitive than
either of the Connecticut valley forms. It compares in size very
favorably with Chirotherium storetonense^ of the Lower Keuper
of Storeton, Liverpool, England.

Fig. v.— f Chirotherium
Parvum. One fourth nat
size. Drawn by C. H.
Hitchcock.

? REPTILIA

Incertce Sedis
Forms Habitually Bipedal
What these forms were it is difficult to conceive ; but as biped-
ality has been evolved a number of times {e. g., dinosaurs, birds,
several modern lizards, marsupials, rodents, man, etc.), it does
not necessarily follow that there may not have been other reptil-
ian orders in which cursorial need impelled the anirnal to assume
the erect or semi-erect pose. What these orders were we cannot,
in the light of our present knowledge, ascertain. From this point

1 Lull. 1904 A. PI. 72. fifirs. C. D.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

227

on, therefore, an attempted classification into families and orders
seems futile.

Genus Platypterna E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 25 ; 1858, p. 83.
Lull 1904 A, p. 515.

Generic Characters. — " Bipedal, tridactyl, plantigrade or digi-
tigrade, generally with a broad, rounded heel. Digits narrow
without pad impressions and but rarely showing distinct claws "
(Lull).

Platypterna deanii E. Hitchcock

Ornithoidichnites deanii E. Hitchcock
1841, p. 493, pi. 42, figs. 31, 32.

Platypterna deanianus E. Hitchcock 1845,
p. 25.

Platypterna deaniana E. Hitchcock 1848,
p. 189, pi. 7, fig. I ; 1858, p. 83, pi. 14, fig. 4.

Platypterna deaniana Lull 1904 A, p. 516.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 32/26, Amherst
collection, on fine red shale from Wethers-
field, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of
digit n, 38 mm.; HI, 76 mm.; IV, 51 mm.;
heel, length, 30 mm., breadth, 23 mm. Dis-
tance between lateral tips, 51 to 63 mm.
Length of foot, 100 to 115 mm. Divarication '^^deaLT^''"''''

of digits n and HI, 40° to 45° ; HI and IV, One half nat. size. Ori^rinal.

25° to 30° ; II and IV, 60° to 70°.

Localities. — Turners Falls, Mass. ; Wethersfield Cove and
Wethersfield, Conn.

Platypterna concamerata (E. Hitchcock)
Harpedactylus concameratus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 207, pi.
14. fig- 3-

Platypterna varica E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 85, pi. 14, fig. 8; pi.
47, fig- 4.

Lull 1904 A, p. 516. /

228 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

P'iG. 79. — Platypterna concamcrata. One-
half nat. size. After Hitchcock.

Type specimen, Cat. No. ii/i, Amherst collection, on gray

micaceous sandstone from
Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes :
Length of digit II, measured
from the middle of the heel, 76
mm. ; III, 91 mm. ; IV, 51 mm. ;
heel, 28 mm. Width of the
heel, 50 mm. Length of foot,
127 mm. Distance between
lateral tips, 94 mm. Divarica-
tion of digits II and III, 23° ;
III and IV, 52°; II and IV,

Length of step, 200 mm. to
300 mm. Width of trackway,
280 mm.

Peculiarities, size and breadth of heel, curvature of toes and
great width of trackway.

Localities. — Ferry at Turners Falls, and Turners Falls, Mass.

Platypterna digitigrada E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 86, pi. 14, fig. 9; pi. 51, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 516.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 36/16, Amherst collection, on shale
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit
II, 20 mm. ; III, 30 mm. ; IV, 23 mm. ; distance
between lateral tips, 40 mm. ; width of heel, 20
mm. ; length of foot, 50 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 43° ; III and IV, 37° ; II and
IV, 80°.

Length of step, 100 to 115 mm. Width of
trackway, 76 mm.

Toes curve inward; thick, with acuminate
claws.

Localities. — Field's orchard in Gill, Lily Pond, and Turners
Falls. Mass.

Fig. m— Platypterna
diRiiif^rada. One
half nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 229

Platypterna tenuis E. Hitchcock
Ornithoidichnites tenuis E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 494, pi. 43,
%s. 33. 34-

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 25 ; 1848, p. 189, pi. 7, figs. 2, 3 ; 1858,
p. 84, pi. 14, fig. 5 ; pi. 58, fig. 10.
Lull 1904 A, p. 517.

Type, Cat. No. 32/38, Amherst collection, on red
shale from Wethersfield, Conn., the only known
locality.

Specific Characters, — Pes : Length of digit II,
25 mm.; Ill, 42 mm.; IV, 35 mm.; breadth of heel,
15 mm. ; distance between lateral tips, 48 mm. ; length
of foot, 69 mm. Divarication of digits II and III,
20° to 30° ; III and IV, 25° to 30° ; II and IV, 45° ""iJiiTSf

tn f\n° One-half nat,

' size. After

Length of step, 178 mm. Width of trackway, Hitchcock.
50 mm.

A delicate, long-limbed, semi-plantigrade type.

Platypterna delicatula (E. Hitchcock)

Ornithoidichnites delicatus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 497, pi. 45,
fig. 40.

Calopiis delicatiilus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- ^S-
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 190, pi. 7, fig. 4; 1858, p. 84, pi. 14,
fig. 6; pi. 58, fig. 8.
Lull 1904 A, p. 517.

Type, Cat. No. 31/11, Amherst collection, on
red shale from Wethersfield, Conn., the only known
locality.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit II,
17 mm.; HI, 28 mm.; IV, 19 mm.; heel, 10 mm.
Width of heel, 8 mm. ; di.stance between lateral tips,
tern'^dcitJcuuia. 1 5 mm. DivaHcation of digits H and HI, 22° ; HI

One half nat. i r\r r»r> tt i ti r n

Biz.-. After and IV, 18° ; II and IV, 40*^.

HitcllCOck. r ,^ r , y nr-ii r i

J>cn;^th of step, 76 mm. Width of trackway,

50 mm.

The smallest species.

230 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Platypterna recta (E. Hitchcock)

Harpedactylus rectus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 209, pi. 5, fig.
5 ; pi. 24, fig. 7.

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 84, pi. 14, fig. 7; pi. 47, fig. 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 518.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 6/2, Amherst
collection, on hard argillaceous sandstone,
from Gill, Mass. Unique.

SpeciHc Churacters. — Pes : Length of
digit n, 55 mm. ; HI, 80 mm. ; IV, 60 mm.
Width of heel, 45 mm. ; distance between
lateral tips, 63 mm. ; length of foot impres-
sion, 95 mm. Divarication of digits H and
HI, 10° ; HI and IV, 27° ; II and IV, 36°.

Length of step, 140 mm. Width of
trackway, 140 mm.
Fig. S3.-Piaiypigrna recta. Scmi-plantigradc, tocs Straight, short
mtdtcoffi* limbs and wide body as in P. concamerata.

Genus Argoides E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Argozoum E. Hitchcock 1848, pp. 184-185; 1858, p. 81.
Lull 1904 A, p. 518.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, leptodactylous, tridactylous.
Toes curved, the lateral ones more or less outward and upward
behind, so as to be keel-shaped. Digitigrade, rarely showing a
heel" (Lull).

Argoides minimus E. Hitchcock
Omit hie hnites minimus E. Hitchcock 1836, p. 325, fig. 9.
Ornithoidichnites isodactylus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 496, pi.
45, figs. 38, 39.

Ornithoidichnites minimus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 496, pi. 45,
fig. 41 (in part).

Argoides isodactyletus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Argoides minimus E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 24 (in part).

Argozoum paridigitatum E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 187, pi. 6,
figs. 3, 4; 1858, p. 82, pi. 14, fig. 3; pi. 35, fig. 4; pl. 39, fig- I-

Argozoum minimum E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 187, pi. 6, fig. 5.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

231

Fig. BA — Arg-oides
minimus. One-
half nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

Plesiornis cEqualipes E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 104, fig. (in part).

Argoides isodactyletus Lull 1904 A, p. 518.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 25/1, Amherst col-
lection, on red shale with shrinkage cracks, from
the Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass.

SpeciHc Characters. — Pes : Length of digit
II, 23 mm. ; III, 33 mm. ; IV, 25 mm. ; distance
between lateral tips, 27 mm. ; entire foot, length,
30 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 40°
to 50°; III and IV, 40° to 50^ ; II and IV, 80°
to 100°.

Length of the step, 152 mm. Width of the trackway, 43 mm.

The size, coupled with extreme length of limb in this form,
strongly suggests the genus Grail at or.

Localities. — Horse Race, Gill, Lily Pond, Turners Falls,
Mass.; and {Plesiornis cequalipes) Wethersfield Cove, Conn.

Argoides macrodactylus (E. Hitchcock)

Ornithoid icJi nites macrodac-
tylus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 494,
pi. 43, fig. 35.

Platypterna macrodactylotus
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 25.

Argozoum disparidigitatum
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 186, pi.
6, fig. 2; 1858, p. 82, pi. 14, fig.
2.

Lull 1904 A, p. 519.
Type, Cat. No. 37/17, Am-
herst collection, from Wethers-
field, Conn.

Localities. — Turners Falls
and Chicopee, Mass. ; Wethers-
field, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Pes :
Length of digit H, 76 mm.; of
between lateral tips, 76 ram. ;
length of foot, 140 mm. Divarication of digits II and HI, 18°
to 30^^ ; HI and IV, 20^ to 25*^ ; H and IV, 40'^ to 55".

Length of the step, 380 mm. Width of trackway, 100 mm.

Fig. '>iS. — Argoides viacrodactylus. On
half nat. si/c Orijfinal.

Ill, 127 mm.; IV, 90 mm.

232 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Argoides redfieldii E. Hitchcock
Ornithoidichnites redUeldii E. Hitchcock 1844, p. 304, pi. 3,
fig. I.

Argoides redfieldianus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Argozoum redHeldianum E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 185, pi. 6, fig.
i; 1858, p. 81, pi. 14, fig. I.

Argoides redHeldianus Lull 1904 A, p. 519.

Type, Cat. Nos. 14/2, 14/3 and 14/9, Amherst collection, on
hard gray thick-bedded sandstone from Chicopee Falls, Mass.,
the only known locality.

This track agrees in length and divarication of digits with
that of Eubrontes divaricatus, and is undoubtedly [?] synony-
mous with that species" (Lull).

Genus Plectropterna E. Hitchcock
Plectropus E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 24 (in part) ; 1848, p. 198
(in part).

E* Hitchcock 1858, p. 108 (in part), for Plectropus, preoccu-
pied.

Tarsoplectrus Lull 1904 A, p. 519.

Generic Characters. — " Bipedal, tetradactyl, plantigrade,
heel narrow, tapering backward, not always wholly impressing.
Limbs long; trackway narrow. No [generally without] pha-
langeal pads nor distinct claws" (Lull).

This genus as now restricted contains but four species, P.
minitans, P. angusta, and P. linearis E. Hitchcock, and P. elegans
C. H. Hitchcock, P. minitans being the type species. In 1904 I
considered P. minitans a synonym for Anomcepus intermedins,
and therefore proposed the name Tarsoplectrus for the two
remaining species. I am not now sufficiently convinced of this
synonymy and prefer to let the old name, Plectropterna, stand.

Plectropterna minitans (E. Hitchcock)
Sauroidichnitcs minitans E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 481, pi. 33,
fig. II.

Plectropus minitans and longipes E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24;
1848, p. 198, pi. 9, figs. 2, 3 ; pi. 10, figs. 1-3.

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 108, pi. 18, fig. 2; pi. 19, figs. 10-12.
Anomccpus intermedins Lull 1904 A, pp. 501, 520.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 233

Type, Cat. No. 34/35, Amherst collection, from the north
bank below Turners Falls,
Mass.

Specific Characters. —
Pes : Length of digit I, 37
mm. ; II, 76 mm. ; III, 120
mm. ; IV, 86 mm. ; heel,
109 mm. ; foot, 230 mm.
Distance between lateral
tips, 101.5 mm. Divarica-
tion of digits II and III,
38° : III and IV, 37° ; II
and IV, 75°.

Length of step, 405 mm.
Width of trackway, 228
mm.

Localities. — North bank
below Turners Falls, Tur-
ners Falls, Field's orchard
in Gill, Chicopee Falls, and
near « Cabotville, Mass. ;
Wethersfield Cove and
Wethersfield, Conn.

Plectropterna angusta
E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p.
no, pi. 18, fig. 4; pi. 36,
fig- 3-

TarSOplecirUS aU^UStUS F'G. Pledroptema mhiitans. One-half nat.

size. Oriffinal.

Lull 1904 A, p. 520.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 33/39, Amherst collection, from
Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit I, 18 mm.; II,
51 mm.; Ill, 71 mm.; IV, 46 mm.; between lateral tips, 40 mm.
Length of foot, no mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 95°;
II and III, 22^ ; III and IV, 25° ; II and IV, 47^

Length of step, 305 mm. Width of trackway, 68 mm. Toes
slightly curved. Hallux strongly recurved, arising about the mid-
length of the heel.

234 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Localities.
Mass.

Lily Pond, Turners Falls,

Plectropterna elegans C. H. Hitchcock
C. H. Hitchcock 1889, pp. 122, 125.
Tarsoplectrus elegans Lull 1904 A, p. 520.
Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 53, 91, and 242,
Mount Holyoke collection, from Wethersfield,
Conn., the only known locality.

Specific Charac-
ters. — Pes : Length
of digit I, 23 mm. ; U,
26 to 45 mm. ; HI, 51

Fig. %1 —Plectropterna . ^(i . tat i.^

angusta. One-half nal. ^0 /O mm., IV, 3« tO
size. After Hitchcock. . ^^^^^^ f^^^^

127 to 132 mm. ; distance between lateral
tips, 50 to 60 mm. Divarication of
digits H and HI, 30° ; HI and IV, 40° ;
n and IV, 70^.

Length of step, 457 to 533 mm.
Width of trackway, 77 mm.

Plectropterna linearis E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. no, pi. 18,

IHarpedactylus tenuissimiis Lull
1904 A, p. 527.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 36/42, Amherst collection, on red
shale from Wethersfield, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Manus : 1 etradactylous ; toes all curve
inward. Length of hand, 25 mm. ; its breadth, 20 mm.

Pes : Length of digit II, 30 mm. ; III, 48 mm. ; IV,
28 mm. ; of heel, 18 mm. ; of foot, 65 mm. ; between
lateral tips, 28 mm. Divarication of digits II and III,
25^ ; III and IV, 42^ ; II and IV, 67°.

Length of step, 255 mm. Width of trackway,

Plectropterna 35 mm.

One-half nat. Localities. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass. ; and
Original. Wethersfield, Conn.

Fig. 88. — Plectropterna eleg-ans.
One-half nat. size. Original.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Genus Polemarchus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 197; 1858, p. 107.
Lull 1904 A, p. 520.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, tetradactyl, plantigrade, with
broad heel and a large, half-rotated hallux. Toes slender in the
track, but the latter, which is impressed upon shale, has doubt-
less caved in to some extent. No phalangeal pads nor claws are
in evidence.

" Except for the presence of the hallux this form most nearly
approximates Platypterna. There is but one extremely rare
species: Polemarchus gigas [polemarchius] " (Lull).

Polemarchus polemarchius (E. Hitchcock)
Sauroidichnites p olemarchius
E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 483, pi. 35,
fig. 17.

Polemarchus gigas E. Hitch-
cock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 197,
pi. 9, fig. I ; 1858, p. 107, pi. 18,

fig- 1 ; pi. 59, fig- 3-

Polemarchus gigas Lull 1904
A, p. 520.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos.
26/15, 26/16, and 26/17, Am-
herst collection, in slightly cal-
careous shale, the first two from
Chicopee Falls, the last from
near Cabotville, Mass. No other
localities are known.

Specific Characters. — Pes :
Length of digit I, 64 mm. ; H,
217 mm. ; HI, 285 mm. ; IV, 213
mm.; of heel, 97 mm.; of foot,
376 mm. Width of heel, 100
mm. ; distance between the lateral

toes, 165 to 222 mm. Divarica- PoUmarchux polemarchiux. On^-

ri--i.T iTT/roTT fourth nat. size. Alter Hitchcock.

tion of digits I and H, 61 ; H

and HI, 20° ; HI and IV, 25'^ ; II and IV, 45\

236

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Length of step, 1,224 mm. Width of trackway, ?35o mm.
Digit I is straight, the others curve inward.

Genus Plesiornis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 102.
Lull 1904 A, p. 521.

Generic Characters. — " Bipedal or Pquadrupedal, digitigrade,
tridactyl [or tetradactyl] forms, digits terminated by blunt or
pellet-like claws. Small forms of doubtful affinity" (Lull).

Plesiornis pilulatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 103, pi. 17, fig. 8 ; pi.

36, fig. 4-

Lull 1904 A, p. 521.

Type, Cat. No. 13/1, Amherst collection, on
gray sandstone, from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of
digit H, 23 mm. ; HI, 35 mm. ; IV, 23 mm.
Divarication of digits H and HI, 42° ; HI and IV,
37MI and IV, 79°.

Pes ; Length of digit II, 33 mm. ; III, 42 mm. ;
IV, 38 mm. ; foot, 53 mm. ; between lateral tips,
38 mm. Divarication of digits II and III, 35 ' ;
III and IV, 35°; II and IV, 70°.

Length of step, 183 mm. Width of track-
way, 50 mm.

" The foot is quite similar to that of Grallator, except for the
form of the claw and the occasional presence of a spur-like
process on the inner side of the foot " (Lull).

Localities. — Lily Pond, ferry above Turners Falls, and
Turners Falls, Mass.

Genus Sillimanius E. Plitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Ornithopus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 191 ; 1858, p. 87.
Lull 1904 A, p. 522.

Generic Characters. — " Bipedal, tetradactylous, hallux rotated
so as to be in line with the fourth digit. Digitigrade to semi-
plantigrade " (Lull).

Fig. ^\.—Plcsiorni

pilulatus.
One-half nat. sire.
After Hitclicock.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Sillimanius tetradactylus E. Hitchcock

Ornithichnites tetradactylus E. Hitchcock 1836, p. 323, fig.
.Ornithoidichnites tetradactylus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 497» P^-
46, fig. 42.

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24-

Ornithopus gallinaceus E. Hitchcock
1848, p. 192, pi. 8, fig. I ; 1858, p. 87, pi.
14, fig. 10; pi. 58, fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, p. 522.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 32/41,
Amherst collection, on red shale from
Wethersfield, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Pes ; Length
of digit I, 43 mm. ; H, 43 mm. ; HI, 76
mm.; IV, 51 mm.; of the foot impres-
sion, 97 mm. ; distance between lateral
tips, 69 mm. Divarication of digits I
and n, iio^ ; 11 and HI, 35^; HI and
IV, 45^ ; H and I\^ 8o^

Length of step, 178 mm. Width of trackway, 64 mm.

Localities. — Turners Falls, Horse Race, and near Cabotville,
Mass.; Wethersfield Cove and Wethersfield, Conn.

Fig. 92.— Sillimanius tetradac
iylus. One-half nat. size.
Original.

Sillimanius gracilior E. Hitchcock.

Ornithoidichnites gracilior E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 498, pi. 46,

^-g- 4.3-

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.
Ornithopus gracilior E. Hitchcock 1848, p.
193, pi. 8, fig. 2; 1858, p. 88, pi. 14, fig. II ; pi.

58, fig. 7.

Lull 1904 A, p. 523.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 31/75, Amherst
Fig. Stiitmanius collcction, ou rcd shale from Wethersfield,

Kracilior.
One half nat. size. Coun.

After Hitchcock. . • , .

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit
I, 10 mm. ; II, 21 mm. ; III, 32 mm. ; IV, 23 mm. ; distance between
lateral tips, 43 mm.; length of the foot impression, 43 mm.
Divarication of digits I and II, 85^ ; II and III, 35° ; III and IV,
52^

238

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

[BulL

Length of step, 153 mm. Width of trackway, 115 mm. Foot
digitigrade. ,

Localities. — Turners Falls, north bank below Turners Falls,,
Mass. ; Wethersfield Cove, Wethersfield, Conn.

Genus Steropoides E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- ^4-
Steropezoum E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 182.
Tridentipes E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 88 (to replace Sterope-
zoum).

T^ull 1904 A, p. 523.

Generic Characters. — " Bipedal, tetradactyl, subdigitigrade to
semiplantigrade. Tarsus sloping upward so that the impression
often ends in ridges and furrows. The hallux is rotated back-
ward so as to be in line with digit IV "(Lull).

Steropoides diversus (E. Hitchcock)
Ornithichnites diversus E. Hitchcock 1836, fig. 22.
Ornithoidichnites elegans E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 491, pi. 41,
figs. 28, 29.

Ornithoidichnites elegantior E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 493, pi. 42^
fig. 30-

Steropoides elegans E. Hitchcock
1845, p. 24.

Steropoides elegantior E. Hitch-
cock 1845, P- 24.

Steropezoum elegans E. Hitchcock
1848, p. 183, pi. 5, fig. 2.

Steropezoum elegantius E. Hitch-
cock 1848, p. 184, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Tridentipes elegans E. Hitchcock
1858, p. 90, pi. 15, fig. 2 ; pi. 45, fig. 6;
pi. 52, figs. 8, II.

Steropoides elegans Lull 1904 A,
P- 523.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 26/21,
Amherst collection, on red shale from

¥\G.^.—Steropoidgs diversus. One- Turn^rc ThqIIc Mace
half nat. size. After Hitchcock. 1 Urners raus, iVldbb.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of digit I, 46 mm. ; II, 46
mm. ; III, 71 mm. ; IV, 56 mm. ; between lateral tips, 89 mm. ;
length of heel impression, 64 mm. ; its breadth, 13 mm. Length
of foot, 135 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 75° ; II and
III, 65° ; III and IV, 65° ; II and IV, 125°.

Length of step, 250 to 500 mm. Width of trackway, 178 mm.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls,
Montague City, Mass.; Wethersfield, Conn.

Steropoides ingens E. Hitchcock

Fig. *)^.— Sltropoidef mertn. One half nat. Hizc. Orlfcrina)

240 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Omit hie hiites ingens E. Hitchcock 1836, p. 320, fig.
Ornithoidichnites ingens 1S41, p. 490, pi. 40, fig. 27.
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Sillimanius adamsanus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.
Ornithoidichnites dance E. Hitchcock 1847, P- 3^^> P^- 4> 5-
Steropezoum ingens E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 182, pi. 5, fig. i.
Ornithopus adamsanus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 191, pi. 7, fig. 5.
Tridentipes ingens E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 89, pi. 15, fig. I.
Lull 1904 A, p. 524.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 16/12, Amherst collection, on gray
micaceous sandstone, from Gill, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit I, 127 mm.; H,
203 mm. ; HI, 242 mm. ; IV, 145 mm. ; between lateral tips, 282
mm. ; heel impression, 230 mm. ; foot, 460 mm. Divarication of
digits I and H, 80° ; H and HI, 50° ; HI and IV, 58° ; II and IV,
107^.

Length of step, 1,020 to 2,020 mm.

Localities. — Horse Race, Gill, Mass. ; Whitehall, N. J.

Steropoides infelix Hay

Tridentipes elegantior E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 90,
pi. 15, fig. 3; pi. 45, fig. I (not Steropezoum elegan-
tius of 1848).

Hay 1902, p. 552 (to replace elegantior, a name
already used within the genus).
Lull 1904 A, p. 524.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 19/9, Amherst collec-
^p^'iJe.i m/ehx. tion, ou rcddish shale from Turners Falls, Mass.
size. After Specific Characters. — Pes: Length of digit I,

Hitchcock. TT TTT T-17-

10 mm.; H, 15 mm.; Ill, 29 mm.; IV, 23 mm.;
between lateral tips, 28 mm. Length of heel impression, 18 mm. ;
of the foot, 45 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 108° ; II
and III, 32° ; III and IV, 44° ; II and IV, 75°.

Length of step, 135 mm. Width of trackway, 45 mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass.; Wethersfield,
Conn.

Steropoides divaricatus (E. Hitchcock)
Ornithoidichnites divaricatus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 495, pi.
44, figs. 36, 37.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

241

Ornifhopus loripes E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 193, pi. 8, fig. 3.

Tridentipes insignis E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 91, pi. 15, fig. 4;
pi. 45, fig. 3 ; pi. 47, fig. 2.

Steropoides loripes Lull 1904 A, p. 525.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 1/4 and 5/11, Amherst collection,
on micaceous sandstone, from near Montague, Mass.

¥\G.^.— Steropoides divaricatus. One-lialf nat. siz«r. After Hitch-
cock.

Specific Characters. — I'cs: Length of digit I, 81 mm.; H,
109 mm.; HI, 135 mm.; IV, 109 mm.; between lateral tips, 160
mm.; of heel impression, variable up to 50 mm.; of foot, 152 to
178 mm. Divarication of di^nts T and H, 55''; H and HI, 45°;
HI and IV, 50'"-'; II and IV, 95°.

Localities. — Horse Race, Turners Falls, Montague City and
South Hadley, Mass.

16

242 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Steropoides uncus (E. Hitchcock)
Tridentipes uncus E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 91, pi. 15, fig. 5;
pi. 46, fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, p. 525.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 6/1, Amherst
collection, from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of
digit I, 28 mm. ; II, 43 mm. ; III, 56 mm. ; IV,
36 mm. ; between lateral tips, 56 mm. ; of
heel, 28 mm. ; of the foot, 82 mm. Divarica-
tion of digits I and II, 22° ; II and III, 48° ;
III and IV, 44° ; II and IV, 90°.
v.<..^.-steroPo.cies length of Step, 215 to 22; mm. Width
""'^Afte^r HiJchc^ trackway, 155 mm.

" S. uncus differs markedly from the
other members of the g-enus in the short step and wide trackway,
and also in the position of the hallux which is only semirotated "
(Lull).

Localities. — Lily Pond and Turners Falls, Mass.

Genus Lagunculapes E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 132.
Lull 1904 A, p. 525.

Generic Characters. — Bipedal, digitigrade, tetradactyl, with
the clawless digits widely radiating and more or less flask- or club-
shaped, dilating toward their tips " (Lull).

Lagunculapes latus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 132, pi. 24,
fig. I ; pi. 45, fig. 4.

Lull 1904 A, p. 525.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 33/29,
Amherst collection, on gray shale
from Turners Falls.

Specific Characters. — Pes: ^n»^ —

Length of digit I, 13 mm.; II, 14 Viq. ^^.-LafrunculaPes latus. Nat.

mT-iT ^ £ size. Original.

, 20 mm.; IV, 15 mm.; of

the foot, 22 mm. ; width of the foot, 32 mm. Divarication of dig-

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 243

its I and II, 50°, II and III, 70°; III and IV, 65°; I and IV,
180°.

Length of step, 76 mm. Width of trackway, 76 mm.
Localities. — Turners Falls, canal at Montague, Mass.

Forms Occasionally Quadrupedal
Genus Xiphopeza E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 239; 1858, p. 113.

Lull 1904 A, p. 526.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, possibly not habitually
so; plantigrade; the tetradactylous pes much larger than the
manus, which, in the known specimens, impresses but three
digits" (Lull).

Xiphopeza triplex E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 239, pi. 15, fig.
8; 1858, p. 113, pi. 20, fig. 6; pi. 52, figs. 2,
4,6.

Lull 1904 A, p. 526.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 41/26, Am-
herst collection, on" gray shale from Turn-
ers Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : But
three digits impressing; about 10 mm. in
length.

Pes: Length of digit I, 13 mm.; II, 20
mm.; Ill, 38 mm.; IV, 28 mm.; of heel,
30 mm. ; of foot, 66 mm. ; between lateral p,^ m.-MHoPeza tri/>iex
tips, 38 mm. ; breadth of heel, 12 mm. Di- Nat.size. Ori.Hnai.
varication of digits I and 11, 90°; II and HI, 40°; III and IV,

Length of slcj), 102 nun. Wirllli of trackway, 115 mm.
Localities. — iMclfl's orchard in CAW, Turners Falls, north
bank below Turners T^^ills, Mass.

Genus Tarsodactylus R. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 98.
Lull 1904 A, p. 526.

244

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BulL

Generic Characters, — "Quadrupedal, digitigrade; manus
pentadactylous, pes tetradactylous with broad digits and somewhat
acuminate claws. Tail trace -present " (Lull) .

Tarsodactylus caudatus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 99,
pi. 17, fig. 4;pi. 36, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 527.
Type specimen. Cat. No.
42/5, Amherst collection,
on shale from Turners
Falls, Mass.

Sp ecific Characters. —
Manus: Length of digit I,
14 mm. ; 11, 19 mm. ; HI, 18
mm.; IV, 11. 5 mm.; V, 9
mm. ; of entire manus, 46 mm. ; its breadth, 37 mm. Divarication
of digits I and II, 24°; II and III, 21°; III and IV, 21°;
IV and V, 15°; I and V, 81°.

Pes : Length of digit II, 32 mm. ; III, 54 mm. ; IV to rear of
heel, 54 mm. ; of the foot, 80 mm.'; between lateral tips, 46 mm.
Divarication of digits I and II, 74° ; II and III, 18° ; III and IV,
22°-; I and IV, 114°.

Length of step, about 200 mm. Ratio of foot to stride as
i: 2>4.

Localities. — Lily Pond and Turners Falls, Mass.

i

Fig. 101. — Tarsodactyltis caudatus.
One-half nat. sizo. Orig^irial.

Tarsodactylus expansus C. H. Hitchcock
C. H. Hitchcock 1866, p. 301.
Lull 1904, p. 527.

Type specimen, Dartmouth College collection, from near
Greenfield, Mass., the only recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length of digit I, 12 mm.;

II, 20 mm. ; III, 19 mm. ; IV, 15 mm. ; V, 9. 5 mm. ; between lat-
eral tips, 25 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 30° ; II and

III, 20° ; III and IV, 25° ; IV and V, 25° to 30^^ ; I and V, 100^.
Pes : Length of digit TI, 25 mm. ; III, 37 mm. ; IV, 28 mm. ;

hallux claw, 5 mm. ; its distance from the foot, 10 mm. ; between

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

lateral tips, 38 mm. Length of foot, 43 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 25° ; III and IV, 50° ; II and IV, 75° to 80°.

Length of step, 127 to 178 mm. Width of trackway, 140 mm.
Caudal trace slight.

Genus Harpedactylus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 24; 1848, p. 206; 1858, p. 112.
Lull 1904 A, p. 527.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, tetradactylous, planti-
grade; heel long, digits sometimes curved inward, sickle-like.
This genus represents a group of mud tracks, at least two species
of which seem referable to Anomoepodoid forms, while the third,
H, crassus^ is not so typical" (Lull).

Harpedactylus tenuissimus E. Hitchcock
Sauroidichnites tenuissimus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 482, pi. 34,

fig. 13.

E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Harpedactylus gracilis E. Hitchcock 1848,
p. 206, pi. 14, fig. 2; 1858, p. 112, pi. 20, fig.
4; pi. 52, fig. 5.

Lull 1904 A, p. 527.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 27/18, Amherst
collection, from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Imper-
fectly known. Length of hand, 28 mm. ; of
" heel," 6 mm.

Pes : Length of digit I, 23 mm. ; II, 33
mm.; Ill, 53 mm.; IV, 40 mm.; of heel, 55
mm. ; its breadth, 5 mm. Length of foot, 90
mm. Divarication of digits II and HI, 50'^ ;
III and IV, 50°.

Length of stcf
way, 125 mm.

Localities. — Turners Falls, north bank below Turners Falls,
Mass. ; Wethersfield, Conn.

90 mm. Width of track-

Fir.. \VQ..—IIarf>rdactylus
tenuissimus.
One hall nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

246

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Harpedactylus gracilior E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 528.

Type specimens, Cat. Nos. 47/52 and 55/1,
Amherst collection, from Turners Falls, Mass.

SpeciHc Characters. — Manus: Unknown. Pes:
Length of digit I, 7.5 mm. ; H, 18 mm. ; HI, 23 mm. ;
IV, 18 mm.; of the heel, 19 mm.; of the foot, 41
mm. Divarication of digits I and H, 52° ; II and HI,
34° ; HI and IV, 72° ; I and IV, 158°.

Length of step, 90 mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond, north bank below
Turners Falls, Mass.

Harpedactylus crassus E. Hitchcock ,
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 12, pi. 3, fig. i.
Lull 1904 A, p. 528.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 47/53, Amherst collec-
tion, on gray shale. Locality unrecorded.

This species is based upon a ground-down track
showing both manus and pes. Characterless and of doubtful
affinity.

Forms Habitually Quadrupedal

Genus Corvipes E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 98.
Lull 1904 A, p. 509.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal. Pes tridactylous,
ornithoid, digitigrade. Manus pentadactylous, digits curved.
Position of print of manus a little in advance of, sometimes with-
out, again covered in part by that of the pes. No phalangeal nor
claw impressions. Tips of digits more or less acuminate " (Lull).

Corvipes lacertoideus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 98, pi. 17, fig. 3; pi. 35, fig. 7; pi. 47,
fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, p. 510.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 32/1, Amherst collection, on sand-
stone from Turners Falls, Mass.

Fig. m.-Nar-

Pedactylus
gracilior. One-
half nat. size.
After
Hitchcock.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

247

Fig. 104. — Corvipes lacer-
toideus. One-half nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length
of digit I, 10 mm. ; II, 10 mm. ; III, 19
mm. ; IV, 20 mm. ; V, 15 mm. ; of the hand,
33 mm. Divarication of digits I and V,
160°.

Pes : Length of digit II, 33 mm. ; III,
43 mm. ; IV, 33 mm. ; length of heel, 23
mm. ; of foot, 66 mm. Divarication of
digits II and III, 40°; III and IV, 35^ ;
II and IV, 75°.

Length of step, 43 to 68 mm.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Field's
orchard in Gill, Mass. ; Wethersfield, Conn.

Genus Ancyropus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 242; 1858, p. 138.
Lull 1904 A, p. 528.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, plantigrade. Pes tetra-
or pentadactylous, hallux semirotated, the other digits turned
outward very strongly. Manus tetradactylous, digits as in pes,
but much slenderer in proportion to its length. No pad nor claw
impressions are preserved " (Lull).

In President Hitchcock's opinion the creatures which made
these tracks were chelonian. The Chelodine de la Nouvelle
Hollande " figured in Dumeril et Bibron, Atlas d'Erpetologie,
p. 21, fig. 2, suggests a track-maker not unlike this genus.

Ancyropus heteroclitus E. Hitchcock
Sauroidichnites heteroclitus and jacksoni E. Hitchcock 1841,
p. 478, pi. 30, figs. 2, 3.

]\. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p.
243, pi. 15, figs. 3-5; 1858, p. 139, pi. 25,

fi^^-^- 3. 4; Pl- 53» fig;^. ^ 2.

Ancyropus jacksonianus E. Hitch-
cock 1845, P- 24.

Lull 1904 A, p. 529.
Type, Cat. No. 27/7, Amherst col-
Fi«. las — w«or"/wf /t>!/^ro Icctloii, Oil gHiy sluilc f roiu Wethersfield,

clilus. Onf half nat. size. „

Alter Hitchcock. LOUII.

248

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Specific Characters. — Manus: Length, 51 mm.; average
length of digits, 7 to 8 mm. ; breadth of palm, 7 mm.

Pes: Length of foot, 51 mm.; breadth across digits, 33 mm.,
across heel, 20 mm. Average length of digits, about 10 mm.

Length of step, 63 mm. Width of trackway, 165 mm.

The shortness of limbs and width of trackway as well as the
character of the feet are turtle-like, hence this form seems to
be included in that order.

Localities. — North bank below Turners Falls, PMoody's
corner, Mass.

Genus Chelonoides E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 140.-
Lull 1904 A, p. 529.

Generic Characters. — Quadrupedal ; pes tridactylous, digiti-
grade, smaller than the plantigrade, pentadactyl manus. No pads
nor claws. Limbs long; body wide" (Lull).

What Hitchcock calls the manus is certainly much more pes-
like ; but its impression always comes in front of the so-called pes
and I have allowed it to stand. The footprint does not, however,
seem at all turtle-like, as the limbs are too long and the feet unlike
those of modern Chelonians, the width of body as evidenced by
that of the trackway being the only chelonoid character.

Chelonoides incedens E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 140, pi.' 31,

fig. 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 529.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 6/1,

Amherst collection, from the Lily Pond,

Turners Falls, Mass., the only recorded

Y\gA^.— Chelonoides incedens. locality.
One-half nat. size. After Hitch-

cock. w. Manus: />, pes. Specific Characters. — Manus:

Length of digit I, 10 mm. ; H, 18 mm. ; III, 23 mm. ; IV, 20 mm. ;
V, 20 mm. ; of the " heel," 28 mm. ; of entire impression, 43 mm.
Divarication of digits II and V, 100°.

Pes: Length of digit II, 17 mm.; Ill, 20 mm.; IV, 17 mm.;
of the foot, 26 mm. Divarication of digits II and IV, 80.°.
Length of stride, 180 mm. Width of trackway, 165 mm.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

249

Genus Amblypus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 143.
Lull 1904 A, p. 530.

Generic Characters. — Manus : Unknown. Pes : Plantigrade,
tridactylous, with the digits curving inward.

A curious feature is that in each of several specimens pre-
served in the Amherst collection the right hind foot only is
impressed, while an isolated track, Cat. No. 2134, in the Yale
collection, which I refer to this genus, shows only the left.

" Hitchcock thinks the animal a Chelonian as the foot ' approx-
imates to that of some tortoises ' " (Lull).

Amblypus dextratus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 143, pi. 25, fig. 7; pi. 48,

fig- 5.

Lull 1904 A, p. 530.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 34/27, Amherst collec-
tion, on gray shale from Turners Falls, Mass., the
only known locality.

Specific Characters. — Pes : Length of foot, 25
mm.; breadth, about 15 mm. Digital impressions
not separated. Length of step, 100 to 115 mm.

Genus Helcura E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 244; 1858, p. 140.

Lull 1904 A, p. 530.

Generic Characters. — "Quadrupedal; tail and toes often
dragging on the ground" (Hitchcock). Broad body trace.

" These traces give absolutely no data concerning the form
and structure of the feet. Hitchcock compares the markings to
those left by living land tortoises and hence classes them pro-
visionally with the Chelonia " (Lull).

Helcura anguinea E. Hitchcock
E. Hitrhcork 1858, p. 141, pi. 36, fig. 9.
Lull 1904 A, p. 530.

Type, Cat. No. 40/8, of the Amherst collection, on gray shale,
from Turners Falls, Mass.

Fig. iOT.—Am-
blypKS dex-
tratus. Nat.
siz(\ After
Hitchcock.

250 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Specific Characters, — Length of stride of same foot, 125 to
150 mm. Width of trackway, 75 mm.

Locality. — North bank below Turners Falls, Mass.

Helcura littoralis E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 244, pi. 15, fig. i; pi. 23, fig. 3.
Helcura caudata E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 140, pi. 37, fig. 3; pi.
40, fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, p. 531.

Type, Cat. No. 26/10, Amherst collection, from Turners
Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Length of stride, 150 mm. Width of
trackway, 125 mm.

Helcura surgens E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 141, pi. 36, fig. 10.
Lull 1904 A, p. 531.

Type, Cat. No. 19/8, Amherst collection, from Turners Falls,
Mass. Not otherwise recorded.

Specific Characters. — Width of trackway, 125 to 150 mm.
No tail trace nor footprints.

Genus Eupa.lamopus Hay

Hay 1902, p. 544 (name given as a substitute for Palamopus
E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 217, preoccupied by E. Hitchcock in 1845).
Lull 1904 A^ p. 531.

Generic Characters. — " PQuadrupedal. Pes palmated, tetra-
dactylous, all toes directed forward. Heel stout, bent outward.
Manus not well known, about one third the length of the pes "
(Lull).

Eupalamopus dananus (E. Hitchcock)

Palamopus dananus E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 217, pi. 11, figs, i, 2.
Palamopus clarki E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 127, pi. 23, fig. 2;
pi. 44, fig. 2.

Lull 1904 A, p. 531.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 12/1, Amherst collection, from the

east face of Mount Tom, Mass. (posterior shales). No other
recorded locality or specimen.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Specific Characters, — Manus : Length, 90 mm. ; breadth, 38
mm.; characters highly obscure.

Pes: Length oi digit I, 137 mm.; II, 165 mm.; Ill, 217 mm.;
IV, 153 mm. ; all measured from the extremity of the heel. Dis-

Fifj. f.uPalamopus dananus.

One-half nat. size. Original.

tance between lateral tips, 120 mm. Length of foot, 217 mm.
Divarication of digits I and II, 25" ; II and III, 30" ; III and IV,

Length of step, 535 mm. Width of trackway, 127 mm.
The largest quadrupedal track, if such it is, in the Connecticut
valley fauna.

252 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Class PAMPHIBIA
The following footprints are more amphibian-like than any
that have gone before, but represent a wide variation in the char-
acter of the animals that made them.

Genus Palamopus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.

Sillimanius E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24 (in part).
yMacropterna E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 128.
Lull 1904 A, p. 532.

O. P. Hay (1902, p. 548) writes: " This is not the Palamopus
of 1848 and subsequently. The latter is here replaced by
Etipalamopus."

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal ; manus and pes of un-
equal size, the latter being from two to three times the length of
the former. Feet plantigrade. Pes tetradactyl. Manus penta-
dactyl; no claw nor phalangeal pad impressions. Caudal trace
sometimes present " (Lull).

Palamopus palmatus ' (E. Hitchcock)

Sauroidichnites palmatus E. Hitchcock
1841, p. 483, pi. 34, figs. 15, 16.

Palamopus anomalus E. Hitchcock 1845,
p. 24.

Macropterna recta E. Hitchcock 1848,
p. 235, pi. 15, fig. 6.

Macropterna divaricans E. Hitchcock
1848, p. 237, pi. 15, fig. 7; 1858, p. 129, pi.
23. % 7-

Palamopus divaricans Lull 1904 A, p.
532.

Palamopus anomalus Lull 1904 A, p.
532.

Type, Cat. No. 27/3, Amherst collec-
tion, on red shale, from Turners Falls,
Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : With
Fig. \Qf).- Palamopus five digits radiating through about 180°.
Nat. ^izl'^'^ori^inai. Length, 23 mm. ; breadth, i8 mm.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Pes : Length of digit I, 13 mm. ; II, 15 mm. ; III, 27 mm. ; IV,
15 mm. ; between lateral tips, 30 mm. ; length of heel, 43 mm. ; its
breadth, 12 mm. Length of foot, 69 min. Divarication of digits
I and II, 20^ ; II and III, 30° ; III and IV, 40= ; I and IV, 90°.

Length of step, 84 to 178 mm. Width of trackway, 76 mm.

Localities. — Horse Race, Turners Falls, Mass.

Palamopus gracilipes (E. Hitchcock)
Macropterna gracilipes E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 129, pi. 23, fig.
6; pi. 34, fig. I.

Lull 1904 A, p. 533.

Type specimen. Cat. Xo. 35/23, Amherst collection, on shale
from Turners Falls, I\Iass.

Specific Characters. — Manus: But four digits
impressing; form and divarications about those of
the pes. Length, 5 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm.

Pes : Length of digit I, 4 mm. ; II, 7 mm. ; III,
8 mm. : I\' , 7 mm. ; of heel, 7 mm. : of foot, i ; mm. zracUipes.

' ' ' ' ' ' N^at. size.

Divarication of digits I and II, 40° ; II and III, -'^^^e'' Hitchcock.
25"^ ; III and IV, 25° ; I and IV, 90°.

Length of step, 38 to 48 mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond and Turners Falls, Mass.

Palamopus rogersi (E. Hitchcock)
Ornithoidichnites minimus E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 496, pi. 45,
fig. 41 Cm part).

Ornithoidichnites rogersi E. Hitchcock 1843, P- 256, pi. 11, fig.

7.

Argoides minimus E. Hitchcock 1845, p. 24 (in part).
Sillimanius rogersianus E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24.
Macropterna rhynchosauroidea E. Hitchcock 1848, p. 233, pi.
I5> %• 9-

Macropterna vulgaris E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 128, pi. 23, fig.
5; Pl- 35. ^K- 9; Pl- 37, fij?- 4; pl. 48, fig. 7; Pl- 40, fi?:- 3; Pl- 58.
fig. 14.

Palamopus rogersianus Lull 1904 A, p. 533.
Types, Cat. Nos. 36/25 and 30^79, Amherst collection, from
Turners Falls, Mass.

254 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Specific Characters — Manus : Five digits impressing, rang-
ing through i8o°. Length, 15 mm.; breadth, 11 mm.

Pes : Length of digit I, 5 mm. ; II, 9
mm.; Ill, 13 mm.; IV, 13 mm.; of heel,
^ ' 15 mm.; of foot, 28 mm. Divarication of

digits I and II, 30° ; II and III, 20° ; III
and IV, 30^; I and IV, 80°.

Length of step, 46 mm. Width of
trackway, 50 mm.

Caudal trace sinuous, not always pres-
ent.

Localities. — Horse Race, Lily Pond,

Varsizr^After^''^^^^ ^^"^ ^^^^^^ Tumers Falls, Turners

Hitchcock.' Palls, PField's orchard in Gill, Mass.;
Wethersfield, Conn.

Genus Exocampe E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 142.

Lull 1904 A, p. 534.

Generic Characters. — *' Quad-
rupedal. Pes tetradactylous, digiti-
grade, heel occasionally impressing;
the three outermost digits curved out-
ward from the line of direction.
Manus pentadactylous, about one-half
the length of the pes; not always im-
pressing. Legs moderately long, as
indicated by the long step and the
narrow trackway" (Lull).

Exocampe arcta E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 142, pi. 25,
figs. 5, 6, 10; pi. 49, fig. 5.

Lull 1904 A, p. 534.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 35/24,
Amherst collection, from Turners
Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus:

T ii-rj**i.T^ TT^^ „ F\Cy. 112. — Exocampe arcta.

Length of digit I, 9 mm. ; II, 23 mm. ; Nat. size. Original.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

III, 25 mm.; IV, 25 mm.; V, 13 mm. Divarication of lateral
digits, 110°. ,

Pes : Length of digit I, 20 mm. ; II, 28 mm. ; III, 33 mm. ; IV,
33 mm. ; of heel, 20 mm. ; of foot, 48 mm. Divarication of outer
toes, 110°. ' ,

Length of step, 217 mm. Width of trackway, 75 mm. Digits
of manus less curved than those of pes.

Localities. — Turners Falls, north bank below Turners Falls,
Mass.

Exocampe ornata E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 143, pi. 25, fig. 11 ; pi. 48, figs, i, 6.
Lull 1904 A, p 534.

Type specimens. Cat. Nos. 39/69 and 41/39, Amherst collec-
tion, from Turners Falls.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Four digits
directed forward and one to the rear. Divarication
of the former, 130°. Length of manus, 13 mm.

Pes : Length of digit I, 6 mm. ; II, 7 mm. ; III,
10 mm. ; IV, 8 mm. Divarication of lateral digits,
100° to 160°.

Length of step, 55 mm. Width of trackway, 25
mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond, ferry above Turners f^g- \^^-£xo-

campe ornata.

Falls, north bank below Turners Falls, Turners Nat. size.

' ' After Hitchcock.

Falls, Mass. ; Wethersfield Cove, Conn.

Exocampe minima E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 11, ])1. 18, fig. 3.

C. H. Hitchcock, in E. Hitchcock 1865, Appendix C, p. 89.
Lull J904 A, p. 534.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 55/4, Amherst collection, from Gill,
Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manns: One short hind toe and fonr
front ones; the latter with a divarication of 138'^. Digits vary
in length from 4 to 5 mm. ; nearly straight.

Pes: Length of digit T, 3 mm. ; IT, 6.5 mm. ; TIT, 8 mm. ; IV,
4.5 mm. Divarication fjf lateral digits, kx/' to 130°. Very
delicate claws sometimes impressing.

256 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Length of step, 28 to 50 mm. Width of trackway, 38 mm.
Localities, — Field's orchard in Gill, ? Turners Falls, Mass.

Genus Orthodactylus E. Hitchcocic

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 113.
Lull 1904 A, p. 535.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, digitigrade. Pes with
four long, straight digits, diverging but little ; clawless and with-
out phalangeal pads. Manus pentadactyl, digits ranging through
180° or more of divarication. Impression just in advance of
that of the pes " (Lull).

Orthodactylus floriferus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 114, pi. 20, fig. 7 ; pi. 45, fig. 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 535.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 6/1, Amherst col-
lection, from Turners Falls, Mass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : With sub-
equal digits, about 13 mm. in length, ranging
through 180°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 15 mm.; H, 20 mm.;
HI, 30 mm.; IV, 18 mm.; between lateral tips,
13 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 12.5°;
II and III, 4° ; III and IV,
9.5°; I and IV, 25°. The
right hind foot impression
only is known, and the digits
seem to have been lengthened unduly in the
track by the slipping of the foot.

Length of step, about 180 mm. Width
of trackway, 182 mm.

Localities. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls,
Mass.

Orthodactylus introvergens E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 114, pi. 20, fig. 8;

pi. 51, fig. I. Fig. n^.- Orthodactylus

T 11 A - - introvergens. Nat. size.

Lull 1904 A, p. 535. After Hitchcock.

Fig. 114.— Orthodac

tyltis floriferus.
Nat. size. Orisrinal.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

SpeciHc characters. — Manus : Digits somewhat curved, about
half the length of the pes.

Pes: Digits straight, very narrow, from 20 to 32 mm. in
length ; distance betvveen lateral tips, 25 mm. Divarication of
lateral toes, about 20^ . ^

Length of step, 54 mm. Width of trackway, 83 mm. The
axis of both manus and pes turns in toward the median line; in
O. fiori ferns the reverse is true.

, Localities. — Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Field's orchard in
Gill, Mass.

Orthodactylus linearis E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 115, pi. 20, fig. 9; pi. 48, fig. 4.
Lull 1904 A, p. 536.

Type specimen, Cat. Xo. 27/15, Amherst
collection, on red shale, from Turners Falls,
Mass., the only recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Planus : Appar-
ently similar to the pes, though much slen-
derer.

Pes : Digits ranging in length from 7 to „ . ^ ^

^ fc> & & / Fig. ne. — Orihodaciylus

13 mm., nearly parallel, the total divergence ^""^'"'''■^•jjhchcocr" '^^^^^
not exceeding 20°.

Length of step, 43 mm. Width of trackway, 38 mm.

In the type specimen feet and tail drag, which may not have
been habitual.

Genus Antipus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 115.
Lull 1904 A, p. 536.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, digitigrade. Pes
tetradactylous, manus pentadactylous, without claw or phalangeal
impressions " (Lull).

The peculiarity of this genus which gives it its name is that
the impressions of manus and pes point in opposite directions.
Other than this the tracks resemble most closely those of
Sustenodactylus.

17

258 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Antipus flexiloquus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 115, pi. 20, fig. 10.
Lull 1904 A, p. 536.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 41/52, Am-
herst collection, from Turners Falls, Mass.,
the only recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length
of impression, 23 mm.; its breadth, 21 mm.
Divarication of lateral digits, 131°.

Pes: Length of digit I (the outermost
as the impression lies), 18 mm. ; n,''20 mm. ;
HI, 20 mm. ; IV, 19 mm. ; between lateral
tips, 25 mm. Length of foot, 29 mm.
Divarication of lateral digits, 60°.

Length of step, 38 to 84 mm. Width of
trackway, 127 mm.

Fig. m. — Antipus
flextloQuus. Nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

Genus Sustenodactylus Lull

Stenodactylus E.
Hitchcock 1858, p.
116.

Lull 1904 A, p. 537 (k>r Stenodactylus
preoccupied).

Generic Characters. — Quadrupedal,
digitigrade ; pentadactyl manus and pes.
Digits extremely slender and tapering, with-
out: claws or pads. Pes abowt twice the
size of the manus" (Lull).

Sustenodactylus curvatus (E. Hitchcock)

Stenodactylus curvatus E. Hitchcock
1858, p. 116, pi. 20, fig. 11; pi. 34, fig. 3.

Lull 1904 A, p. 537.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 34/43, Amherst
collection, from Turners Falls, Mass., the
only recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length
of digit I, 6 mm.; H, 7 mm.; HI, 13 mm.;
IV, 14 mm. ; V, 3 mm. Divarication of lateral digits, 180°

Fig. W^. — Sustenodactylus
curvatus. Nat. size.
Oriifinal.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Pes : Length of digit I, 18 mm. ; II, 20 mm. ; III, 26 mm. ; IV,
22 mm. ; V, 6.5 mm. ; of foot, 26 mm. Divarication of the lateral
digits, 70°.

Length of step, 90 mm. Width of trackway, 64 mm.

Genus Isocampe E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 119.
Lull 1904 A, p. 537.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupeda4 ; manus and pes of
unequal size, the former tetradactylous, possibly pentadactylous ;
the latter tetradactylous. Digits of pes nearly parallel and
curved toward the median line; those of the manus nearly
straight, divergent. No pads nor claws. Digitigrade; with
a caudal trace. A short-limbed, broad-bodied form" (Lull).

Isocampe strata E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 120, pi. 20, fig.
5 ; pi. 36, fig. 5.

Lull 1904 A, p. 537.

Type specimens, Cat. No. 40/62,
from Turners Falls, Mass., and No.
26/4, from Middletown, Conn., both in
the Amherst collection. No other local-
ities recorded.

Specific Characters. — Manus:
Length of digit I, 28 mm. ; II, 43 ram. ;
III, 30 mm. ; IV, 28 mm. Divarication
of digits I and IV, 35°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 42 mm. ; II,

TTT r> T-i 7 -r>w- ¥\c>. Isocamt>c strata. Qrm

51 mm. ; III, 58 mm. ; IV, 55 mm. Dig- half nat.sizc. After

its parallel. Hitci.cock.

Length of step, 161 mm. Width of trackway, 78 mm.

Genus Shepardia E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 131.
Lull 1904 A, p. 538.

Generic Characters. — QuaHrnpedal, digitigrade, feet nearly
equal in size. Manus pentadactylous, pes clawed, tetradactylous,
with a vestigial fifth digit.

260 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Fig. \20.— Shepardia Palmipes
Nat. size. Orifjinal.

Shepardia palmipes E. Hitchcock *

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 131, pi. 24,
fig. 2.

Lull 1904 A, p. 538.
Type specimen, Cat. No. 1413,
Shepard collection, at Amherst Col-
lege, from below the cataract at
Turners Falls, Mass., the only re-
corded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus:
Length of digit I, 10 mm.; H, 18
mm. ; HI, 23 mm. ; IV, 26 mm. ; V,
10 mm. ; between lateral tips, 18 mm.
jN| \ \ I Divarication of digits I and H, 30°;

I \J \ " ^"^ ™' ' '
\s,,___J and V, 30°.

Pes: Length of digit I, 13 mm.;

n, 25 mm. ; HI, 30 mm. ; IV, 23

mm. ; between lateral tips, 22 mm. ; length of foot, 30 mm.

Genus Comptichnus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 9.
Lull 1904 A, p. 538.

Generic Characters. — " Quadrupedal, tetradactylous, digiti-
grade. Digits of the pes broad, showing neither claw nor pha-
langeal impressions, those of the manus making peculiar oval
marks " (Lull).

Comptichnus obesus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 9, pi. 5, fig. 4; pi. 18,
fig. 6.

Lull 1904 A, p. 538.

Type specimen. Cat. No. 55/5, Amherst col-
lection, from the Lily Pond, Turners Falls,
Mass. No other recorded locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Four oval im-
pressions, three slightly radiating in front, one
behind. Length of tracks, 8 mm.

Fig. m.- Comp-
tichnus obesus.
Nat. size. Original.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

261

Pes : Length of digit I, 6.5 mm. ; II, 9 mm. ; III, 13 mm. ; IV,

10 mm.; of foot, 15 mm. Divarication of digits I and II, 28^ ;

11 and III, 20° ; III and IV, 14^

Length of step, 65 mm. Width of trackway, 38 mm.

Genus Arachnichnus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1858, p. 117.
Lull 1904 A, p. 538.

Generic Characters. — Quadrupedal, plantigrade. Pes tet-
radactylous, with vestigial fifth digit; the impression of the
manus tetradact}'lous also. Limbs moderately long; body wide.

Arachnichnus dehiscens E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1858,, p. 117, pi. 20, figs. 12, 13;
pi. 37, fig. 2; 1865, pi. 17, fig 2.
Lull 1904 A, p. 539.

Type specimen, Cat. Xo. 5I/ 18, Amherst col-
lection, from the Lily Pond, Turners Falls, ^lass.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length, 9
mm. ; breadth, 13 mm. Divarication of lateral
digits, 180".

Pes : Length of digit I, 10 mm. ; II, 11 mm. ;
III, 14 mm. ; IV, 7.5 mm. ; between the lateral
tips, 19 mm.; length of foot, 28 mm. Divarica- l^^hnu/dehtscfis.
tion of digits II and IV, 85°.

Length of step, 76 to 114 mm. Width of trackway, 76 mm.

Localities. — Turners Falls and Lily Pond, Mass.

VERTEBRATA of Doubtful Class

Genus Triaenopus E. Hitchcock
E. Hitchcock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 202; 1858, p. iii.
Lull 1904 A, p. 539.

Generic Characters. — "Quadrupedal, tetradactylous on both
fore and hind feet. Toes slender and long; three directed for-
ward with small divarication. Fourth toe coming out near the
extremity of a long heel" (Hitchcock).

262 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

A common Wethersfield shale genus, but so obscure a track
that the manus cannot be distinguished from the pes, if such they
are.

Triaenopus baileyi E. Hitchcock

Sauroidichnites baileyi E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 480, pi. 32, figs.
8-10.

Smroidichnifes emmonsii E. Hitchcock 1841, p. 479, pi. 30,

fig. 4; Pl. 31, figs. 5, 6.

Tricenopus haileyanus E. Hitch-
cock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 203, pi.
10, fig. 4.

Tricenopus emmonsianus E.
Hitchcock 1845, P- 24; 1848, p. 204,
pi. 10, fig. 5.

Triccnopus leptodactylus 1858, p.
Ill, pi. 19, figs. 1-9; pi. 20, figs.
1-3; pi. 45, fig. 8; pi. 52, fig. I.
Tricenopus haileyanus Lull 1904

A, p. 539-

Type specimen. Cat. No. 31/27,
Amherst collection, on red shale,
from Wethersfield, Conn.

Specific Characters. — Manus :
Length of dig'it H, 38 to 51 mm. ;
HI, 60 to 80 mm. ; IV, 38 to 55
mm. ; of hand, 70 to 100 mm. ; between lateral tips, 38 to 51 mm.
Divarication of the front lateral toes, 50°.

Pes : Length of digit JI, 40 to 56 mm. ; HI, 63 to 90 mm. ; IV,
50 to 63 mm. ; of heel, 35 to 50 mm. ; of foot, 100 to 125 mm.
Divarication of the lateral toes, 35° to 40^.

Length of step, about 180 mm. Width of trackway, 63 mm.

Fig. 123. — Tricenopus baileyi.
One lialf nat. size. After Hitchcock

Genus Toxichnus E. Hitchcock

E. Hitchcock 1865, p. 12.
Lull 1904 A, p. 541.

Generic Characters. — ? Quadrupedal. " Both feet. — Lep-
todactylous, tetradactylous, digitigrade, toes all gracefully curved

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

263

inward, except the innermost, which is nearly straight "(Hitch-
cock),

This genus is not well defined, as it is known from but two
specimens, Cat. Nos. 55/3, 55/33, of the Amherst collection, the
first from the north bank below Turners Falls, Mass. ; the second
from Rowland's farm. Turners Falls ; to which must be added a
third. Cat. No. 2122 and its counterpart in the Yale collection,
from Gill, Mass.

Toxichnus inaequalis E. Hitchcock

Fig. 124. — Toxichnus incegualis, One-half nat. size.
After Hitchcock.

E. Hitchcock 1865, P- 12, pi. 5, fig. 5.
Lull 1904 A, p. 542.

Type specimens, the Amherst ones enumerated above.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of digit H, 20 mm. ;
III, 33 mm. ; IV, 28 mm. ; of hand, 41 mm.

Pes : Length of digit I, 8 mm. ; II, 43 mm. ; HI, 34 mm. ; IV,
25 mm. ; of foot, 43 mm.

Length of step, 120 mm.

The Yale specimen seems to impress the hind foot only, and
the true nature of the track is evidently obscured by mud flowage.
It seems, however, to represent another species, but I shall not
venture to describe it.

Ammopus Marsh

Marsh 1896 P>, pi. 5, fig. i (figure, but no description).

Generic Characters. — Quadrupedal, digitigrade, feet unequal
in size; manus pentadactyl, pes tctradactyl, with rounded heel.
Digits all curved but without separate claw or phalangeal pad
impressions. Stride short and trackway broad.

264 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Fig. 125 —
tnarshi.
Oriy

AmmoPus
Nat. size,
inal.

Ammopus marshi, sp. nov.

Type specimen, Cat. No. 2040 and its
counterpart, Yale collection, from the ferry-
above Turners Falls, Mass., the only known
locality.

Specific Characters. — Manus : Length of
impression, 20 to 21 mm. ; its breadth, 18 mm.

Pes: Digit I, claw just touching; length
of digit II, 12 mm.; Ill, 26.5 mm.; IV, 16
mm. ; of foot, 47 mm.

Length of step, 75 mm. Width of track-
way, about 90 mm.

This footprint, if the pes alone impressed,
might readily resemble the Yale Toxichnus
specimen of which I have spoken were the
impression a little more obscure. It differs
therefrom, however, in that in Ammopus the
two inner anterior digits curve outward, in
Toxichnus sp. the two outer curve inward.
This species is dedicated to Professor O. C.
Marsh, who named and figured the genus
though without description.

C-^*

Fig. 126. — Footprints of Ammopus marshi.
One-twelfth nat. size. After Marsh.

A few other genera of very doubtful validity I shall omit from
this enumeration.

Bibliography

Barrel!, J.

1906. Studies for students: Relative geological importance
of continental, littoral, and marine sedimentation.
Jour. Geol., XIV, pp. 316-356,, 430-457, 524-5^*
figs. I-IO.

1908. Studies for students : Relations between climate and
terrestrial deposits. Ibid., XVI, pp. 159-190,

255-295. 363-384-
19 1 2. Central Connecticut in the geologic past. Proc. and
Coll. Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. (Wilkes-
barre. Pa.), XII, pp. 25-54, 5 pis. Republished
with revision : Conn. Geol. and Xat. Hist. Surv'ey,
Bull. 23.

Baur, G.

1882. Der Tarsus der \'ogel und Dinosaurier. Morpholog.

Jahrb., VIII, pp. 417-456, pis. XIX, XX.
1884. Dinosaurier und Vogel. Ibid., X, pp. 446-454.
Beasley, H. C.

1896. An attempt to classify the footprints from the Trias
of this district. Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc., VII,
pp. 391-409, 3 pis.

1902. The fauna indicated in the Lower Keuper sandstone of
the neighbourhood of Liverpool. Trans. Liver-
pool Biol. Soc, XVI, pp. 3-26, 2 pis.
Chamberlin, T. C, and Salisbury, R. D.

1906. Geoloj^^y, Vol. Ill: Earth History, Mcsozoic, Cenozoic. ♦
New York.

Cope, E. D.

1869-1870. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Rcptilia, and
Aves of North America. Trans. Anicr. Phil. Soc.,
XIV, pp. I-VIII, 1-252. pis. I-XIV, 55 woodcuts.
Cushman, J. A.

1904. A new foot-print from the Connecticut valley. Amcr.
Geol., XXXIII, pp. 154-156, pi. VI.
265

266 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [BuU.

Davis, W. M.

1898. The Triassic formation of Connecticut. U. S. Geol.

Surv., 18th Ann. Rept, Pt. II, pp. 9-192, pis. I-XX,

figs. 1-52.
Davis, W. M., and Loper, S. W.

1 89 1. Two belts of fossiliferous black shale in the Triassic

formation of Connecticut. Geol. Soc. America,

Bull., II, pp. 4i5-430» figs. 1-3.
Eastman, C. R.

1911. Triassic fishes of Connecticut. Conn. Geol. and Nat.

Hist. Surv., Bull. 18, pp. 1-75, pis. I-XI, figs. 1-8.
Emerson, B. K.

1898 A. Geology of old Hampshire county, Massachusetts.

U. S. Geol. Surv., Mono. XXIX, pp. 1-790, pis.

I-XXXV, figs. 1-48.
1898 B. Holyoke folio, Massachusetts-Connecticut. U. S.

Geol. Surv., Geol. Atlas of the U. S., Folio 50.
1900. A new bivalve from the Connecticut river Trias.

Amer, Jour. Sci., (4) X, p. 58, i fig.
Emerson, B. K., and Loomis, F. B.

1904. On Stegomus longipes, a new reptile from the Triassic

sandstones of the Connecticut valley. Ibid., XVII,

PP- Z77'Z^o, pi. XXII.
Fenner, C. N. .

1908. Features indicative of physiographic conditions pre-
vailing at the time of the trap extrusions in New

Jersey. Jour. Geol., XVI, pp. 299-327, 16 figs.

Fraas, E.

191 3. Die neuesten Dinosaurierfunde in der schwabischen
Trias. Die Naturwissenschaften, I, Heft 45, pp.
1097-1100.

Hay, O. P.

1902. Bibliography and catalogue of the fossil Vertebrata
of North America. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 179,
pp. 1-868.
Heilmann, G.

1913. Vor Nuvaerende Viden om Fuglenes Afstamning.

Dansk Ornithologisk Forenings Tidsskrift, 7

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

267

AArgang, Hsfte I, II, pp. 1-71, figs. 1-50; 8
AArgang, Hsefte I, II, pp. 1-92, figs. 51-109.
Hitchcock, C. H.

1866. Description of a new reptilian bird from the Trias of
Massachusetts. Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist., New-
York, VIII, pp. 301-302.

1871. [Account and complete list of the Ichnozoa of the
Connecticut valley.] Walling and Gray's Official
Topographical Atlas of Massachusetts, pp. XX-
XXI.

1889. Recent progress in ichnology. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat
Hist., XXIV, pp. 1 17-127.
Hitchcock, E.

1836. Ornithichnology. — Description of the footmarks of
birds, (Ornithichnites) on New Red Sandstone in
Massachusetts. Amer. Jour. Sci., XXIX, pp. 307-
340, pi. [i], figs. 1-20, 23-24; pi. [2], figs 21-22;
pl. [3].

1837 A. Ornithichnites in Connecticut. Ibid., XXXI, pp.
174-175.

1837 B. Fossil footsteps in sandstone and graywacke. Ibid.,
. XXXII, pp. 174-176.

1841. Final report on the geology of Massachusetts, Pt. Ill,
pp. 301-714, pis. XV-LI. Amherst and North-
ampton.

1843. Description of five new species of fossil footmarks,

from the Red Sandstone of the valley of Con-
necticut river. Repts., ist, 2d, and 3d Meetings,
Assoc. Amer. Geologists and Naturalists, pp. 254-
264, pi. XI.

1844. Report on ichnolithology, or fossil footmarks, with a

description of several new species, and the copro-
lites of birds, from the valley of Connecticut
river, and of a supposed footmark from the valley
of Hudson river. Amer. Jour. Sci., XLVH, pp.
292-322, pis. HI, IV.

1845. attempt to name, classify, and flcscribc, tlic ani-
mals that made the fossil footmarks of New Eng-
land. Proc. 6th Ann. Meeting, Assoc. Amer.

268 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

Geologists and Naturalists, New Haven, Conn.,
pp. 23-25.

1847. Description of two new species of fossil footmarks

found in Massachusetts and Connecticut, or, of the
animals that made them. Amer. Jour. Sci., (2) IV,
pp. 46-57, figs. 1-3.

1848. An attempt to discriminate and describe the animals

that made the fossil footmarks of the United
States, and especially of New England. Mem.
Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci., (2) III, pp. 129-256,
pis. 1-24.

1855. Shark remains from the coal formation of Illinois, and

bones and tracks from the Connecticut river sand-
stone. Amer. Jour. Sci., (2) XX, pp. 416-417.

1856. Description of a new and remarkable species of fossil

footmark, from the sandstone of Turner's Falls, in
the Connecticut valley. Ibid., XXI, pp. 97-100, i

fig-

1858. Ichnology of New England. A report on the sand-
stone of the Connecticut valley, especially its fossil
footmarks. Boston.

1863. New facts and conclusions respecting the fossil foot-
marks of the Connecticut valley. Amer. Jour. Sci.,
(2) XXXVI, pp. 46-57-

1865. Supplement to the Ichnology of New England.
Boston.

Huene, F. v.

1906. Ueber die Dinosaurier der aussereuropaeischen Trias.

Geol. u. Pal. Abhandl. (Koken), Neue Folge,
VIII, Heft 2, pp. 1-60 (97-156), pis. I-XVI (VIII-
XXIII), figs. 1-102.

1907-1908. Die Dinosaurier der europaeischen Triasforma-
tion mit Beriicksichtigung der aussereuropaeischen
Vorkommnisse. Ibid., Supplement-Bd. i, Lief. 1-6,
pp. 1-419, pis. i-iii, figs. 1-351.

191 3. A new Phytosaur from the Palisades near New York.

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist, XXXII, Art. XV,
pp. 275-283, pis. XLIX, L, figs. 1-14.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 269

Kiimmel, H. B.

1898. The Newark system or red sandstone belt. New
Jersey Geol. Sur\\, Ann. Rept. State Geologist for
1897, pp. 23-159, pis. II-IX, figs. 1-25.
Lindgren, W.

1898. The mining districts of the Idaho basin and the Boise

ridge, Idaho ; U. S. Geol. Surv., iSth Ann. Rept.,
Pt. Ill, pp. 617-719, pis. 87-98.

Lull, R. S.

1904 A. Fossil footprints of the Jura-Trias of North
America. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat Hist., V, pp.
461-557, pi. 72, figs. 1-34. (Contains full bibliog-
raphy of footprints.)

1904 B. Nature's hieroglyphics. Pop. Sci. Monthly, LXVI,
pp. 139-149.- 8 figs.

1904 C. Note on the probable footprints of Stegomus
longipes. Amer. Jour. Sci., (4) X\TI, pp. 381-382,
I fig.

1910. Dinosaurian Distribution. Ibid., XXIX, pp. 1-39,
figs. i-io.

1912. The life of the Connecticut Trias. Ibid., XXXIII,
PP- 397-422, figs. 1-5.

Lyell, C.

1845. Travels in North America, 1841-42, with geological
observations on the United States, Canada, and
Nova Scotia, 2 vols. New York.
McGregor, J. H.

1906. The Phytosauria, with especial reference to Mystrio-
suchns and Rhytidodon. Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist., IX, Pt. II, pp. 29-101, pis. VI-XI. figs. 1-26.

Marsh, O. C.

1885. Names of extinct reptiles. Amer. Jour. Sci., (3)
XXIX, p. 169.

1889. Notice of new American Dinosauria. Ibid.,
XXXVII, pp. 331-336. figs. 1-5-

1891. Notice of new vertebrate fossils. Ibid., XLII, pp.

265-269.

1892. Notes on Triassic Dinosauria. Ibid., XLII I, pp. 543-

546, pis. XV-XVII.

270 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

1893. Restoration of Anchisaurus. Ibid., XLV, pp. 169-
170, pi. VI.

1896 A. A new Belodont reptile (Stegomus) from the

Connecticut river sandstone. Ibid., (4) II, pp. 59-

62, pi. I, text figs. 1-3.
1896 B. The dinosaurs of North America. U. S. Geol.

Surv., i6th Ann. Rept., Pt. I, pp. 133-244, pis. II-

LXXXV, figs. 1-66.
Newberry, J. S.

1888. Fossil fishes and fossil plants of the Triassic rocks of

New Jersey and the Connecticut valley. U. S.

Geol. Surv., Mono. XIV, pp. I-XIV, 1-152, pis.

I-XXVI.
Osborn, H. F.

1903. Ornitholestes hernianni, a new compsognathoid dino-
saur from the upper Jurassic. Bull. Amer. Mus.
/ Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 459-464, figs. 1-3.

Packard, A. S.

1890. Hints on the evolution of the bristles, spines, and tuber-
cles of certain caterpillars, etc. Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., XXIV, pp. 494-560, pis. III-IV, figs.
I, 2.

Rice, W. N., and Gregory, H. E.

1906. Manual of the geology of Connecticut. Conn. Geol.

and Nat. Hist. Survey, Bull. 6, pp. 1-273, pis. 1-31,

figs. 1-22.
Scudder, S. H.

1886. The oldest known insect-larva, Mormolucoides artic-
ulatus, from the Connecticut river rocks. Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, III, pp. 431-438, pi. 45.

Smith, N.

1820. Fossil bones found in red sand stone. Amer. Jour.
Sci., II, pp. 146-147.

Sollas, W. J.

1879. On some three-toed footprints from the Triassic con-
glomerate of South Wales [Brontosoum thf)'masi].
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, London, XXXV, pp. 511-
516, I fig.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY. 27I

Talbot, M.

191 1. Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur from the
Triassic of the Connecticut valley. Amer. Jour.
Sci., (4) XXXI, pp. 469-479, pi. IV, text figs. i-6.

Walther, J.

1900. Das Gesetz der Wiistenbildung in Gegenwart und
V^orzeit. Berlin.

Ward, L. F.

1900. Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States.

First paper : The older Mesozoic. U. S. Geol.

Surv., 20th Ann. Rept., Pt. II, pp. 211-430, pis.

21-179.
Wheatley, C. M.

1861. Remarks on the Mesozoic Red Sandstone of the

Atlantic slope, and notice of the discovery of a

bone bed therein, at Phoenixville, Penn. Amer.

Jour. Sci., (2) XXXII, pp. 41-48.
Zittel, K. A. V. (C. R. Eastman, translator and editor).

1902. Text-book of Palaeontology, Vol. II. London and

New York.

#

GENERAL INDEX

Actinopterygii, 72.

Aetosauria, 42, 75, 98, 99, 174.

Aetosauridse, 99.

Age of Reptiles, 39.

American Museum of Natural

History, 80, 113, 222.
Amherst College, 21, 35, 50, 76,

77, 173.
Amphibia, 34, 41, 71, 252.
Amphisauridse, 118.
Anchisauridae, 98, 118, 154, 180.
Anchisauripodidae, 180.
Annelida, 66.
Anomcepodidse, 208.
Arthropoda, 48, 56.
Avondale, N. J., footprint quarry,
95.

Barrel!, J., 29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37.
Barton Cove, Mass. See Lily Pond.
Batrachopodidse, 174.
Baur, G., 118.
Beasley, H. C, 20.
Belchertown, Mass., bone locality,
76, 81.

Bellville, N. J., bone locality, 79, 97.

Belodontia, 99, no.

Berlin, Conn., 72.

Bigelow Brook, bridge over, 78.

Birds, 42, 121.

Bluff Head, Conn., 71.

Bone and footprint localities, 81.

Boonton, N. J., 73.

Boston Society of Natural History,

Museum of, 76.
Bostwick. T. A., 78.
British Museum, London, 120.
Brontotheria, 47.
Broom, R., 21.
Brunswick series, 97.
Buckland, Conn., 78.
Buckland, W., 22.

Cabotvillc, Mass., 233.
Catoptcridse, 72.
Ccbrionidae, 49.
Ccratopsia, 117.

18 :

Chamberlin, T. C, 35, 37.
Chelonians, 248.

Chicopee, Mass., 81, 90, 231, 232.
Chicopee Falls, Mass., 72, 81, 89, 90.
Chondrostei, 72.
Climate of Triassic, 29.
Coal Measures of Pennsylvania,
216.

Coelacanthidae, 72.
Columbia University, 80.
Compsognatha, 98, 118, 155.
Coniferae, 47.

Connecticut, bone and footprint lo-
calities in, 77, 81, 90.

Connecticut valley and New Jersey
areas, correlation of strati-
graphical distribution of foot-
prints in, 94.

Continental deposition of Connecti-
cut Triassic, 26.

Cope, E. D., 124, 127, 128, 129.

Cretaceous, Lower, 21.

Crocodilia, 112, 124, 148.

Cromwell, Conn., 179.

Crossopterygii, 72.

Cycads, 47.

Dall, W. H., 173.
Dana, J. D., 27, 49.
Dartmouth College, 244.
Davis, W. M., 26, 46, 47, 75.
Dickinson's quarry, South Hadley,

Mass., 81, 212, 215.
Dinosauria, 41, 42, 43, 75, 98, 117,

180.

Dollo, L., 124.

Durham, Conn., 46, 71, 72, 82.

East Longmeadow, Mass., 76, 81,
102.

East Windsor, Conn., 76, 77, 141.
Hasthampton. Mass., 54.
Eastman. C. R., 19, 33, 71. 7^. "S.
Kaston, Pa., 95.
Edwards, A. M., 79.
I-'llington, Conn., 77.
Ellsworth, S., 77.

274

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

[Bull.

Emerson, B. K., 24, 54, 75, 76, loi,

102, 109.
Enaliosaurians, 120.
Ephemerid^, 49.
Equisetaceae, 47.

Estuarine theory of Triassic sedi-
mentation, 23.
Eubrontidae, 194.
Eugnathidse, 74.

Fair Haven, Conn., 79.
Fenner, C. N., 30.
Field's Orchard, Gill, Mass., 86.
Fishes, fossil, list of, 72.

localities of, 71.
Footprint localities, list of, 81.

stratigraphical distribution of,
94.

Footprints, invertebrate, 55.

vertebrate, 169.
Fort Lee, N. J., 98, 113.
Fraas, E., 116.
Fundy, Bay of, 22.

Ganoid fishes, 41.
Gavials, 112.

Germany, Upper Trias of, 100.
Gibb, H.. 162.
Gigandipodidce, 191, 193.
Gill, Mass., 53. 81. 82, 86.
Gingko, 47.

Goldsboro, Penn., 215.
Grallatoridae, 200.
Greenfield, Mass., 75, 81. 244.

Hall, J.. 77.

Hay, O. P., 173, 216, 252.
Heilmann, G., 165, 207.
Heteroceridae, 50.
Hexapoda, 48, 56.

Higby Mountain, Conn., 71, 82, 93,
94-

Hitchcock, C. H., 17, 56, 169, 173,
218.

Hitchcock, Edward, 17.21,32,35-45,
49, 50, 55, 56. 76, 77, 82, 119,
149, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173.
175, 180, 217, 218, 225, 247,
249, 261, 263.

Hitchcock, Edward, Jr., 17, 54, T18,
120.

Hitchcock, Emily, 121.
Holyoke, Mass., 81, 89.
Holyoke, Mount, 48, 81, 87.
Holyoke-Tom Range, 87.
Horse Race, Gill, Mass., 82.
Horse Race quarry, Montague,
Mass., 48.

Huene, F. v., 17, 80, 113, 117, 128,
129, 13s, 136, 137, 138, 139,
. 140, 141, 145, 152, 155.
Huntmgton, E., 40.

Ichnites, 171.
Ichnolite, 171.
Insecta, 48, 56.
Invertebrate fossils, 48.
Invertebrate trails, 55.

Jurassic, Middle, 155.
Upper, 42, 71.

Ketch's Mills, East Windsor, Conn.,
81.

Keuper, 19, 20.
Kummel, H. B., 23.

Lamarck, J. B. P. A. de Monnet

de, 54.'
Lamellibranchiata, 54.
Laramie Plains, 32, 34.
Lava flows, Triassic, 24.
Lea, I., 216.
Le Conte, Joseph, 48.
Lepidoptera, 63.
Leptodactyli, 170.

Lily Pond, Turners Falls, Mass.,
8r, 83.

Localities, bone and footprint, list
of. 81.

Longmeadow, Mass., 76, 81, 102.
Loomis, F. B., 75, loi, 102, 109.
Loper, S. W., 46, 47.
Loricoid Marsupialoid, 175.
Lull, R. S., 17, 109, 141, 155, 214, 218.
Lycll, Sir C, 21.

McGregor, J. H., no, in, 112, 113,
114.

Mammals, Triassic, 42.

Manchester, Conn., 44, 75, 78, 81,
130, 144, 149-

Marsh, O. C, 17, 32, 78, 79, loi,
no, 116, 118, 119, 129, 131,
135, 136, 138, 139, 140, I4i»
142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148,
150, 151, 152, 154, 264.

Marsh's quarry, Montague, Mass.,
81.

Megalosauria, 98, 118.
Merrick, C. S., 54-
Middlefield, Conn.. 39, 72.
Middletowm, Conn., 48, 82, 92,
Milford, N. J., 95-
Millers River, Mass., 81.
Mollusca, 54. 56, 68.
Montague, Mass., 53. 81, 87.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

Moody. P., 18, 81.
Moody's Corner, Mass., 81, 88.
Morrison formation, 21, 142, 155.
Mount Holyoke, Mass., 48, 81, 87.
Mount Holyoke Coliege, 75, 155,

156, 162, 169, 173.
Mount Tom, Mass., 48, 81, 87.
Mud-cracks, 31.
Muschelkalk, Upper, 20.

Nature's Hieroglyphics, 32.

Neuroptera, 48.

Newark system, 19.

Newberry, J. S., 33, 45.

New Haven, Conn., 19, 33, 71, 78,

79, 82, 94, 172.
New Jersey, 80, 173, 177.
New Vernon, N. J., 96.
New York, N. Y., 80.
North Bloomfield, Conn., 72.
North Carolina, 71.
Northampton, Mass., 21.
Northiield, Mass., 19.

Orchard, Gill, Mass., 81.

Organic life, as evidence of

Triassic climate, 33.
Omithichnology, 169.
Ornithischia, 117.
Orthopoda, 117, 180, 207.
Osborn, H. F., 42, 152.
Osseous remains, summary of, in

Connecticut Valley, 75.
Otouphepodidse, 187.
Otozoidae, 222.
Owen, C. H., 78.
Owen, Sir R., 118, 120, 121.

Pachydactyli, 169.
Packard, A. S., 49, 63.
Paleozoic age, 25.
Palisades, 80, 113.
Panorpidse, 63.
Parasuchia. 98, 174.
Peabody Museum. See Yale Uni-
versity.
Pcnck, A., 27.

Pennsylvania, Coal Measures of,
216.

Triassic fossils from. 80, 177.
Perlidae, 52.

Phncnixville, Pa., 80, 222.
Phrygancid.'c, 63.

Phytosaiiria. 42, 75, 79, 98, 109,
112.

PhytosaurifK'c, 98.
Pisces, 72.
Plainfield. N. J.. 74.

Podokesauridae, 98, 155.
Pompton, N. J., 73.
Pompton Furnace, N. J., 96.
Portland, Conn., 37, 40, 44, 46, 82,
92.

Potomac formation, 21.
Proterosauria, 175.
Protospondyli, 73.
Pterodactyles, 120, 121, 171.

Reptilia, 98, 174.
Rhaetic, 20, 38.

Rhode Island, Carboniferous for-
mation in, 29.
Robinson, G. B., 76.
Rocky Hill, Hartford, Conn., 82.
Rudistae, 54.
Rutgers College, 96.

Salisbury, R. D., 35, 37.
Saltonstall Lake, 71, 72.
Saurischia, 117.
Sauropoda, 117, 136, 153.
Schuchert, C, 55, 173.
Scudder, S. H., 49, 50, 52.
Sediments, theories regarding de-
position of. 21.
Selenichnidae, 206.
Semionotidae, 73,
Shales, 130, 156,

Anterior, 47, 48, 71, 117.

black, 39, 48, 71.

fish-bearing, 38, 44, 71.

plant-bearing, 38, 43.

Posterior, 44, 47, 48, 71, 181,
201, 215.
Sialidae, 48, 52.
Silliman, B., 77.
Silphidae, 50.

Simsbury, Conn., 43, 79, 82. 97, no,

113.
Smith, N., 77.
Smith, W., 119.

Smiths Ferry, Mass., 21, 81, 88.
Sollas. W. J.. 20.
South Bloomfield, Conn., 72.
South Hadlcy, Mass., 44. 75. 8r, 88.
South Manchester, Conn., 78.
.Southbury, Conn., 72.
Southington, Conn., 72.
Springfield, Mass., yd, 81, 119, 120.
149.

Stcgoccphalians, 41.
Stcgosauria, 117.
Stockton, N. J., 96.
Stockton series, 97.
Stoughton, T. M., 47.-
Stubensandstein, 20.

276 CONNECTICUT GEOL. A

Suffield, Conn., 81.
Sunderland, Mass., 45, 46, 72.

Talbot, M., 75, 155, 156, 162, 163,

165, 168.
Teleostomi, 72.
Terrestrial life, Triassic, 75.
Theropoda, 98, 117, 131, 139, 140,

149, 150, 180.
Tidal estuary, theory of Triassic

sedimentation in, 21.
Tom, Mount, 48, 81, 87.
Trap, Anterior, 71, no.

Posterior, 46, 71, 117.
Triassic life, animal, 33, 48.

vegetal, 35, 45.
Tumble station, N. J., 95.
Turners Falls, Mass., 33, 44, 48, 53,
71, 72, 81, 84.
ferry above, 81, 84.
ferry at, 84.

north bank of river below, 81,
84.

Turners Falls area, 82.

Unionidae, 33, 54.
Unios, 41.

United States Armory, Springfield,

Mass., 76.
Upper Middletown, Conn., 179.
Upper Milford, Pa., 80.

NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

Van Dyke, J. C, 34.
Vegetal life, Triassic, 35, 45.
Vermes, 66.

Vertebrata, aquatic, 71.

terrestrial, 75.
Vertebrata of doubtful class, 261.
Virginia, Triassic coal beds of, 40.

Ward, L. F., 19, 45-

Weehawken, N. J., 73.

Wesleyan University, 188, 223, 224.

Westfield, Conn., 72.

Wethersfield, Conn., 82, 91.

Wethersfield Cove, Conn., 82, 91.

White, E. D., 76.

Whitehall, N. J., 96.

Whitney, J. S., 120.

Wilbraham, Mass., 33, 54.

Wilcox, O., 79, no.

Wiley, S., 75.

Wolcott, C. O., 78.

Wyman, J., 120.

Yale University, 50, 70, 75, 77, 79.
116, 148, 152, 162, 173, 188.

Zittel, K. A. v., 118.

Index of Generic and Specific Names

\Vhere a generic or specific name is regarded as a sxTionym, the page
number is printed in italics. The asterisk indicates the page upon which
or facing which the species is figured.

Acanthichnus. 56, 62, 70.

alatus, 57.

altemans, 56.

anguineus, 57.

cursorius, 56, 58.

divaricatus, 57.

punctatus, 57.

rectiHnearis, 57.

sahatorius, 57.

tardigradus, 62.

tnlinearis, 57.
Acentrophorus, 73.

chicopensis, 73.
Acer, 63.

saccharinum, 63,
adamsanus (Ornithopus), 240.

(Sillimanius), 240.
-■-Enigmichnus, 70.

multiformis, 71.
aequalipes (Plesiornis), 2^1.
.^thyopus, 216.

lyellianus, 217, 218.

minor, 210.
Aetosaurus, 20, 100, 102, 108,

ferratus, loi*.
agassizii (Semionotus), 73.
alatus (Acanthichnus), 57.

(Semionotus), 73.

(Unio), 55.
Allosaurus, 136, 191, 193.

fragilis, 191.
alpha (Grammichnus), 70.
ahernans (Acanthichnus), 56.

(Sagittarius), 61.
Amblonyx. 216.

giganteus, 799.

lyellianus, 217, 218.
Amblypus, 249.

dextratus, 249*.
Ammopus. 263. 264.

marshi, 264*.
Ammosaurus. 43. Si. 118. 140.
148, 156, 168. 173. i8f).

major, 75. 78, 98. 119, 130,
148, 151* 154*.

14;

135,

Ampelichnus, 65.

unordinatus, 65.
Amphisaurus, iiS.
Anchisauripus, 43. iSo, 1S8, 191,
194, 200, 217.

dananus, 141, 181.

exsertus, 154, 183, 184*, 220.

hitchcocki, 182*.

minusculus, 1S2, 185, 186*.

parallelus, 187*.

sillimani, 141, 174, i8i*, 188,

200. 205, 223.
tuberatus, 187, 199.
tuberosus, 182, 183*, 185, 188.
Anchisaurus, 21, 81, 118, 148, 150,

151. 152. 153. 154, 156, 173,

180.

colurus, 42*. 77, 78, 98, 129,
130. 132* 133*. 134* 143*,
144*, 147, 148, 154, 155. 181.

^ major, 148.
polyzelus, 81, 98, 118, 119, 122*,

123*, 124*, 127*. 182.
solus, 78, 98, 129, 130, 135, 142.
144, 145*, 147*, 152, 165, 202.
Ancyropus, 247.

heteroclitus. 247*.
jacksonianus. 247.
anguinea (Helcura), 249.
anguineus (Acanthichnus), 57.

(Cochlichnus), 68.
angusta ( Plectroptema), 232, 233,
234*.

angustus (Tarsoplectrus), 233.
Anisichnus. 174.

gracilior, 177.

gracilis. I77-
Anisopus, 174,

deweyanus, 176.

gracilior. J77.

gracilis. 777.
anomalus (Palamopus), 252.
Anomoepus, 44. 207, 208. 216, 217,
220.

barrattii, -?77, 218.

277

278 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

crassus, 212, 213*.
cuneatus, 215.
curvatus, 212*.
gracillimus, 214*.
intermedius, 210*, 211*, 213,
232.

isodactylus, 215, 216*.
major, 217.
minimus, 213, 214*.
minor, 210.

scambus, 44*, 209*, 211, 218.
Anoplophora, 54.

lettica, 54.

wilbrahamensis, 55.
Antipus, 257.

flexiloquus, 258*.
Apatichnus, 208, 220.

bellus,

circumagens, 220*.
holyokensis, 210, 211.
minor, 221*.
approximatus (Eubrontes), 196,

197*.
Apus, 62.

Arachnichnus, 261.

dehiscens, 261*.
Archaeopteryx, 42, 71.
archimedea (Cochlea), 68*.
arcta (Exocampe), 254.
arcuatus (Stegomus), 20, 43, 79, 82,

98, 99*, 106, 108, no.
Argoides, 230.

isodactyletus, 230, 231.

macrodactylus, 231*.

minimus, 35*, 230, 231* 253.

redfieldianus, 232.

redfieldii, 232.
Argozoum, 230.

disparidigitatum, 231.

minimum, 230.

paridigitatum, 230.

redfieldianum, 232.
articulatus (Mormolucoides), 49,
52*.

atrox (Creosaurus), 152.

Eaiera, 47.

miinsteriana, 47.
baileyanus (Triaenopus), 262.
baileyi (Sauroidichnites), 262.

(Triaenopus), 262*.
barrattii (Anomoepus), 217, 218.

(Chimaera), 217.

(Chimaerichnus), 217.

(Sauroidichnites), 171, 217.

(Sauropus), 217*, 218*, 219*.
Bathygnathus, 118.
Batrachopus, 174, 178.

bellus, 178*.

deweyanus, 175.

deweyi, 175, 176*.

dispar, 176*.

gracilior, 177, 178*, 179.

gracilis, 109, 177*, 178.
bellus (Apatichnus), 178.

(Batrachopus), 178*.
Belodon, no.

validus, 79, g8, 109, 115.
Bifurculapes, 57.

curvatus, 58.

elachistotatus, 58.

laqueatus, 58*.

scolopendroideus, 58.

tuberculatus, 58.
bipedatus (Saltator), 66.
Bisulcus, 69.

undulatus, 69.
braunianum (Ctenophyllum), 48.
braunii (Semionotus), 73.
brevifolium (Pachyphyllum), 47.
brevifolius (Otozamites), 47, 48.
breviusculus (Selenichnus), 207*.
Brontosaurus, 152.

excelsus, 152.
Brontozoum, 180, igs.

divaricatum, ig8.

exsertum, 184.

giganteum, 195.

isodactylum, 210.

loxonyx, 182.

minusculum, 185.

sillimanium, 174, 181, 188.

tuberatum, /pp.

validum, 182.

Calopus, 22g.

delicatulus, 229.
Camptopteris, 48.
Camptosaurus, 142.
capillaris (Harpepus), 61.
carolinensis (Loperia), 47, 48.

(Rutiodon), no, 113*, 114. nS-
Catopterus, 72.

gracilis, 72.

redfieldi, 73.
caudata (Helcura), 230.
caudatum (Gigantitherium), 191.

(Otozoum), 223, 224.
caudatus (Gigandipus), 191, 192*,
196.

(Saltator), 66,

(Tarsodactylus), 244*.
chapini (Cycadinocarpus), 47, 48.
Cheirolepis, 48.

muensteri, 48.
Cheirotheroides, 179.

pilulatus, 179*.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

279

Chelonoides, 248.

incedens, 248*.
chicopensis (Acentrophorus), 73.
Chimsera, 216.

barrattii, 217.
Chimaerichnus, 216, 218.

barrattii, 217.
Chirotherium, 223, 226.

parvum, 226*.

storetonense, 226.
Chlamydosaurus, 34.
circumagens (Apatichnus), 220*.
clarki (Palamopus), 250.
clarus (Ornithichnites), 170.
Clathropteris, 48, 54.

platyphylla, 47.
Clepsysaurus, 118.
Climacodichnus, 70.

corrugatus, 70.
Cochlea, 68.

archimedea, 68*.
Cochlichnus, 68.

anguineus, 68.
colurus (Anchisaurus), 42*, 77, 78,
98, 129, 130, 132* 133*, 134*,
143*, 144* 147, 148, 154, 155,
181, 182.

Compsognathus, 127, 139, 155, 163,
164, 168, 169.

longipes, 166*, 206.
Comptichnus, 260.

obesus, 260*.
concamerata (Platypterna), 227,

228*, 230.
concameratus (Harpedactylus), 227.
Conopsoidcs, 60.

curtus, 61.

larvalis, 61.
Copeza, 58, 59.

cruscularis, 59.

propinquata, 59.

trircmis, 59, 60*.
cornuta (Corydalis), 53.
corrugatus (Climacodichnus), 70-
Corvip€S, 208, 246.

lacertoideus, 246, 247*.
Corydalis, 53-

cornuta, 53.
crassus (Anomcepus), 212, 213*.

(Harj)edactylus), 246.
Creosaurus, 152.

atrox, 152.
cruscularis (Copeza), 59.

(Lithograph us), 59.
Ctenophyllum, 48.

braunianum, 48.
cuncatus (Anomcepus), 215.

(Gralhtor). 202, 203*.

Cunicularius, 67.

retrahens, 68.
cursorius (Acanthichnus), 56, 58.

(Grallator), 44, 168, 200*, 201.
curtus (Conopsoides), 61.
curvatus (Anomcepus), 212*.

(Bifurculapes), 58.

(Stenodactylus), 258.

(Sustenodactylus), 258*.
Cycadinocarpus, 47, 48.

chapini, 47, 48.

danse (Ornithoidichnites), 240.
dananus, (Anchisauripus), 141.

(Eubrontes), 172, 181, 188.

(Eupalamopus), 250, 251*.

(Palamopus), 250.
deaniana (Platypterna), 227.
deanii (Ornithoidichnites), 227.

(Platypterna), 227*.
dehiscens (Arachnichnus), 261*.
delicatula (Platypterna), 229*.
delicatulus (Calopus), 22g.
delicatus (Ornithoidichnites), 22g.
Dendrophycus, 33, 37, 46.

triassicus, 33.
deweyanus (Anisopus), 176.

(Batrachopus), 175.
deweyi (Batrachopus), 175, 176*.

(Sauroidichnites), 175.
dextratus (Amblypus), 249*.
Dictyophyllum, 48.
Dictyopyge, 73.

macrura, 73.
didactylus (Hamipes), 62.

(Tetrapodichnites),
digitigrada (Platypterna), 228*.
Diplurus, 72.

longicaudatus, 72.
Dipodichnites, 171.
dispar (Batrachopus), 176*.
disparidigitatum (Argozoum), 231-
divaricans ( Macropterna) , 252.

(Palamopus), 252.
divaricatum (Brontozoum), i(;8.
divaricatus (Acanthichnus), 57.

(Kubrontes), 198*. 232.

(Ornithoidichnites), JfO.

(Strropoidcs), 240, 241*.
diversus (Ornithichnites), 170, 238.

(Steropoides), 35*, 238*.
Dromathcrium, 42.

sylvestre, 79.
dubius (Harpngopus), 69.

(Ornithichnites), 170.

elachistotatus (Bifurculapes), 58.
clegans (Ornithoidichnites), 238.
(Plectropterna), 232, 234*.

28o

CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

[Bull.

(Semionotus), 73.

(Steropezoum), 238.

(Steropoides), 238.

(Tarsoplectrus), 234.

(Tridentipes), 238.
elegantior (Ornithoidichnites), 238.

(Steropoides), 238.

(Tridentipes), 240.
elegantius (Steropezoum), 238, 240.
emersoni (Unio), 55.
emmonsianus (Triaenopus), 262.
emmonsri (Sauroidichnites), 262.
Equisetum, 47.

rogersi, 48.
erismatus (Grammepus), 64.
Erpetosaurus, 106.
Eubrontes, 180, 194, 195.

approximatus, 196, 197*.

dananus, J/2, 181, 188.

divaricatus, 198*, 232.

expansus, 213.

giganteus, 21, 43, 54, 191, 195*,
197-

platypus, 199*.

tuberatus, 187, 199*.

tuberosus, 182.
Eupalamopus, 250, 252.

dananus, 250, 251*.
excelsus (Brontosaurus), 152.
Exocampe, 254.

arcta, 254.

minima, 255.

ornata, 255*.
expansus (Eubrontes), 213.

(Tarsodactylus), 244.
exsertum (Brontozoum), 184.
exsertus (Anchisauripus), 154, 183,
184*, 220.

falcatus (Selenichnus), 206*.
ferratus (Aetosaurus), loi*.
fieldi (Hyphepus), 193, 194*.
flexiloquus (Antipus), 258*.
floriferus (Orthociactylus), 256*.
formosus (Grallator), 204*, 205.
fragilis (Allosaurus), 191.
Fulicopus, 216.

lyellianus, 2iy, 218.
fultus (Semionotus), 73.

gallinaceus (Ornithopus), 23^.
Gigandipus, 191, 193, 194.

caudatus, 191, 192*, 196.
giganteum (Brontozoum), 795.
giganteus (Amblonyx), /pp.

(Eubrontes), 21, 43, 54, 191,

195*. 197.
(Ornithichnites), /70, 795.

(Ornithoidichnites), 195.
Gigantitherium, 797.

caudatum, 797.

minus, 222.
gigas (Polemarciius), 77^, 235.

(Semionotus), 73.
gracilior (Anisichnus), 777.

(Anisopus), 777.

(Batrachopus), 177, 178*, 179.

(Harpedactylus), 246*.

(Ornithoidichnites), 23/.

(Ornithopus), 23/.

(Sillimanius), 237*.
gracilipes (Macropterna), 233.

(Palamopus), 253*.
gracilis (Anisichnus), 777.

(Anisopus), 777.

(Batrachopus), 109, 177*, 178.

(Catopterus), 72.

(Grallator), 202* 206.

(Harpedactylus), 243,
gracillimus (Anomcepus), 214*.
Grallator, 44, 155, 200, 205, 231, 236.

cuneatus, 202, 203*.

cursorius, 44, 168, 200*.

formosus, 204*, 205.

gracilis, 202*, 206.

tenuis, 148, 201*.
Grammepus, 64, 65.

erismatus, 64.

unordinatus, 64.
Grammichnus, 70.

alpha, 70.
gryphus (Sarcorhamphus), 194.

Halysichnus, 67.

laqueatus, 67.

tardigradus, 67.
Hamipes, 62.

didactylus, 62.
Harpagopus, 69.

dubius, 69.
Harpedactylus, 245.

concameratus, 22^.

crassus, 246.

gracilior, 246*.

gracilis, 245.

rectus, 230.

tenuissimus, 234, 245*.
Harpepus, 61.

capillaris, 61.
Hatteria, 130.
Helcura, 249.

anguinea, 249.

caudata, 250.

littoralis, 250.

surgens, 250.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

281

Herpystezoum, 66.

intermedium, 67.

magnum, 67.

marshii, 67.

minutum, 67.
heteroclitus (Ancyropus), 247*.

(Sauroidichnites), 247.
Hexapodichnus, 60.

horrens, 60.

magnus, 60.
hieroglyphicus (Lithographus), 59*.
hitchcocki (Anchisauripus), 182*.
holyokensis (Apatichnus), 210, 211.

(Podokesaurus), 43*, 98, 156*,
157*, 159*, 160*, 161* 167*,
201.

horrens (Hexapodichnus), 60.
Hyphepus, 193.

fieldi, 193, 194*.

Iguanodon, 174, 194.
inaequalis (Toxichnus), 263*.
incedens (Chelonoides), 248*.
infelix (Steropoides), 240*.
ingens (Ornithichnites), 170, 240.

(Ornithoidichnites), 240.

(Steropezoum), 240.

(Steropoides), 239*.

(Tridentipes), 240.
insignis (Tridentipes), 241.
intermedium (Herpystezoum), 67.
intermedins (Anomoepus), 210*,
211*, 213, 232.

(Unisulcus), 67.
introvergens (Orthodactylus) , 256*.
Ischypterus, 73.
Isocampe, 259.

strata, 259.
isodactyletus (Argoides), 230.
isodactylum (Brontozoum), 210.
isodactyliis (Anomoepus), 215, 216*.

(Ornithoidichnites), 230.

jacksoni (Sauroidichnites), 247.
jacksonianus (Ancyropus), 247.

Kadaliosaurus, 175.

lacertoideus (Corvipes), 246, 247*.
Laelaps, 126, 127.
Lagunculapcs, 242.

latus, 242*.
laqueatus (Hifurculapes), 58*.

(Halysichnus), 67.

(Trisiilciis), 69*.
larvalis (Conopsoidcs), 61.

(Spharapus), 64.
lateralis (Stenonyx), 205*.
latior (Otozamites), 47. 48.

latus (Semionotus), 74.

(Stratipes), 65, 66*.
lenticularis (Semionotus), 74.
lentus (Morosaurus), 152.
leptodactylus (Triaenopus), 262.
Leptonyx, 205.
lettica (Anoplophora), 54.
lineans (Plectropterna), 232, 234*.
linearis (Orthodactidus), 257*.
lineatus (Semionotus), 74.
Lithographus, 58, 60.

cruscularis, 59.

hieroglyphicus, 59*.

punctatus, 59.
littoralis (Helcura), 250.
longicaudatus (Diplurus), 72.
longipes (Compsognathus), 166*,
206.

(Plectropus), 232.

(Stegomus), 39*, 75, 79, 81,
98, loi, 102, 103*, 104* 107*,
.156, 175, 177.
Loperia, 47, 48.

carolinensis, 47, 48.
loripes (Ornithopus), 241. .

(Steropoides), 241.
loxonyx (Brontozoum), 182.
Lunula, 6t.

obscura, 62.
lyellianus (^thyopus), 217, 218.

(Amblonyx), 217, 218.

(Fulicopus), 217, 218.
lyellii (Ornithoidichnites), 217, 218.

macrodactylotus (Platypterna), 231.
macrodactylus (Argoides), 231*.

(Ornithoidichnites), 231.
Macropterna, 252.

divaricans, 252.

gracilipes, 253.

recta, 252.

rhynchosanroidca, 253.

vulgaris. .?.5J.
macroptcms (Semionotus), 73.
macriira (Dictyopygc), 73.
magnificus COtonphcpus), 189*, 190.
magnum (Herpystezoum), 67.
magnus (Hexapodichnus), 60.

( Sph.'crapus), 64.

(Unisulcus), 67.
major ( Ammosaurus), 75. 78. ()8,
IK). 130, 135, 148. 151*, 154*.

(Anchisaurus), 148.

( Anf)in(cpus). 217.
manhattaticnsis (Rutiodon), 41*, 98,
113*

marshi (Ammopus), 264*.
( Ptycholcpis). 74.
(Unisulcus), 67.

282 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY.

[Bull.

marshii (Herpystezoum), 67.
Massospondylus, 21, 129, 149.
mediaeva (Pal ephemera), 4g.
Megadactylus, 118, 121, 149.

polyzelus, 76, 98, 119.
Megalosaurus, 124, 140.
Microconodon, 42.
micropterus (Semionotus), 74.
minima (Exocampe), 255.
minimum (Argozoum), 230.
minimus (Anomoepus), 213, 214*.
(Argoides), 35* 230, 231* 253.
(Ornithichnites), i/o, 230.
(Ornithoidichnites), 230, 253.
minitans (Plectropterna), 232, 233*.
(Plectropus), 232.
(Sauroidichnites), 232.
minor (yEthyopus), 210.
(Anomoepus), 210.
(Apatichnus), 221*.
(Ornithichnites), 170.
(Otouphepus), 190*.
minus (Gigantitherium), 222.

(Otozoum), 224, 225*.
minuscukim (Brontozoum), 185.
minusculus ( Anchisauripus) , 182,

185, 186*.
minutum (Herpystezoum), 67.
minutus (Semionotus), 74.

(Unisulcus), 67.
mirabilis (Plesiornis), 188.
modestus (Semionotus), 74.
moodii (Otozoum), 168, 188, 196,

200, 222, 223*, 224*.
Mormolucoides, 41, 49.

articulatus, 49, 52*.
Morosaurus, 152.

Icntus, 152.
muensteri (Cheirolepis), 48.
munsteriana (Baiera), 47.
multiformis (^nigmichnus) , 71.
Mystriosuchus, 20, 115, 116,
riitimeyeri, 115, 116.

obesus (Comptichnus), 260*.
obscura (Lunula), 62.
ornata (Exocampe), 255*.
Ornithichnites, 21, i6g, 171.

clarus, 170.

diversus, 170, 238.

dubius, 170.

giganteus, 170, 195.

ingens, 170, 240.

minimus, 170, 230.

minor, 170.

palmatus, 170.

platydactylus, 170.

tetradactylus, 170, 237.

tuberosus, 170, 182.

Ornithoidichnites, 170.

danse, 240.

deanii, 227.

delicatus, 229.

divaricatus, 240.

elegans, 238.

elegantior, 238.

giganteus, 195.

gracilior, 237,

ingens, 240.

isodactylus, 230.

lyellii, 217, 218.

macrodactylus, 231.

minimus, 230, 253.

redfieldii, 232.

rogersi, 253.

sillimani, 172.

tetradactylus, 237.

tuberosus, 182.
Ornitholestes, 155, 163, 164, 165,
168, 169.

Ornithomimus, 155, 156, 164, 168,
169.

Ornithopus, 236.

adamsanus, 240.

gallinaceus, 237.

gracilior, 237.

loripes, 241.
Ornithosuchus, io6, 107.
Orthodactylus, 256.

floriferus, 256*.

introvergens, 256.

linearis, 257*.
Otouphepus, 180, 187.

magnificus, 189*, 190.

minor, 190*.
Otozamites, 47, 48.

brevifolius, 47, 48.

latior, 47, 48.
Otozoum, 193, 207, 222.

caudatum, 223, 224.

minus, 224, 225*.

moodii, 168, 188, 196, 200, 222,
223*, 224*.

parvum, 226.
ovatus (Semionotus), 74.

Pachyphyllum, 47.

brevifolium, 47.

simile, 47.
Palaeoniscus, 73.
Palaeosauropus, 216.
Palaeosaurus, 118.
Palamopus, 252.

anomalus, 252.

clarki, 250.

dananus, 250.

divaricans, 252.

No. 24.]

TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

283

gracilipes, 253*.

palmatus. 252*.

rogersi, 253, 254*.

rogersianus, 253-
Palephemera, 49.

mediseva, 49.
Palissya, 48.

palmatus (Ornithichnites), 170.

(Palamopus), 252*.

(Sauroidichnites), 252.
palmipes (Shepardia), 260*.
parallelus (Anchisauripus), 187*.
paridigitatum (Argozoum), 2jo.
parvum (Chirotherium), 226*.

(Otozoum), 226.
parvus (Semionotus), 74.
Phytosaurus, 115, 116.
pilulatus (Cheirotheroides), 179*.

(Plesiornis), 236*.
Plateosaurus, 138, 140.
platydactv'lus (Ornithichnites), 170.
platyphylla (Clathropteris) , 47.
Platypterna, 227, 235.

concamerata, 227, 228*, 230.

deaniana, 227.

deanii, 227*.

delicatula, 229*.

digitigrada. 228*.

macrodactylotus, 231.

recta, 230*.

tenuis, 229*.

varica, 227.
platypus (Eubrontes), 199*.
Plectropterna, 232.

angusta, 232, 233. 234*.

elegans, 232, 234*.

Hneans, 232, 234*.

minitans, 232, 233*.
Plectropus, 232.

longipes, 232.

minitans, 232.
Plesiornis, 236.

aequalipes, 231.

mirabilis, 188.

pilulatus, 236*.

quadrupes, 210.
Podokesaurus, 81, 118. 155, 156.

holyokensis, 43*, 98, 156*, 157*,
159*, i6o* i6i*, 167* 201.
polemarchius (Polemarchus), 235*.

(Sauroidichnites), 172, 235.
Polemarchus, 235.

gigas, 172, 235.

polemarchius, 235*.
Polypodichnites. 171.
polyzelus ( Anchisaurus), 81. 98,
118, 119, 122*, 123*, 124*,
127* 182.

(Megadactj'lus), 76, g8, 119.

(Thecodontosaurus), 76.
propinquata (Copeza), 39.
Pterichnus, 62.

tardigradus, 62.
Pr\-cholepis, 74.

marshi, 74.
punctatus (Acanthichnus), 57.

(Lithographus), 59.

quadrupes (Plesiornis), 210.

recta (^^lacropterna), 252.

(Platypterna), 230*.
rectilinearis (Acanthichnus), 57.
rectus (Karpedact\-lu5), 230.
redfieldi (Catopterus), 73.
redfieldianum (Argozoum), 232.
redfieldianus (Argoides), 232.
redneldii (Argoides), 232.

(Omithoidichnites), 232.
retrahens (Cunicularius), 68.
rhynchosauroidea (^Macropterna),

rogersi (Equisetum), 48. ,
(Omithoidichnites), 233.
(Palamopus), 253, 254*.

rogersianus (Palamopus), 233.
(Sillimanius), 253.

riitimeyeri (Mystriosuchus) , 116.

Rutiodon, 20, 43, 79, 97.

carolinensis, no, 113*, 114, ii5-
manhattanensis, 41*, 98, 113*.
validus, 79, 82, 98, 109, III*.

saccharinum (Acer), 63.
Sagittarius, 61.
, alternans, 61.
Saltator, 66.

bipedatus, 66.

caudatus, 66.
saltatorius (Acanthichnus), 57.
Sarcorhamphus, 194.

gryphus, 194.
Sauroidichnites, ///.

baileyi, 262.

barrattii, 171, 217.

deweyi, 175.

emmonsii, 262.

hetcroclitus, 247.

jacksoni, 247.

minitans, 232.

palmatus, 252.

polemarchius, 172, 235.

tenuissimus, 24^.
Sauropus, 208, 216.

barrattii, 217*, 2l8*, 2I9*.
scambus (Anomocpus), 44*, 209*,
211. 218.

284 CONNECTICUT GEOL. AND NAT. HIST. SURVEY. [Bull.

scolopendroideus (Bifurcul'apes),
58.

Selenichnus, 206.

breviusculus, 207*.

falcatus, 206*.
Semionotus, 73.

agassizii, 73.

alatus, 73.

braunii, 73.

elegans, 73.

fultus, 73.

gigas, 73-

latus, 74.

lenticularis, 74.

lineatus, 74.

macropterus, 73.

micropterus, 74.

minutus, 74.

modestus, 74.

ovatus, 74.

parvus, 74.

tenuiceps, 74.
Shepardia, 259.

palmipes, 260*.
§illimani ( Anchisauripus), 141, 174,
181*, 188, 200, 205, 223.

(Ornithoidichnites), 172.
sillimanium (Brontozoum), 174,

181, 188.
Sillimanius, 236, 252.

adamsanus, 240.

gracilior, 237*.

rogersianus, 253.

tetradactylus, 237*.
simile ( Pachyphyllum), 47.
solus (Anchisaurus), 78, 98, 129,
130, 142, 144, 145*, 147*, 152,
165, 202.
Sphaerapus, 63.

larvalis, 64.

magnus, 64.
Stegomus, 75, 98.

arcuatus, 20, 43, 79, 82, 98, 99*,
106, 108, no.

longipes, 39*, 75, 79, 81, 98, loi,
102, 103*, 104*, 107*, 156,
175, 177.
Stegosaurus, 109, 139.
Stenodactylus, 258.

curvatus, 258.
Stenonyx, 200, 205.

lateralis, 205*.
Steropezoum. 238.

elegans, 238.

elegantius, 238, 240.

ingens, 240.
Steropoides, 238.

divaricatus, 240, 241*.

diversus, 35*, 238*.

elegans, 238.

elegantior, 238.

infelix, 240*.

ingens, 239*.

loripes, 241.

uncus, 242*.
storetonense (Chirotherium), 226.
strata (Isocampe), 259.
Stratipes, 65.

latus, 65, 66*.
Struthio, 188.
surgens (Helcura), 250.
Sustenodactylus, 257, 258.

curvatus, 258*.
sylvestre (Dromatherium), 79.

Taeniopteris, 48.

tardigradus (Acanthichnus), 62.

(Halysichnus), 67.

(Pterichnus), 62.
Tarsodactylus, 243.

caudatus, 244*.

expansus, 244.
Tarsoplectrus, 232.

angustus, 233.

elegans, 234.
tenuiceps (Semionotus), 74.
tenuis (Grallator), 148, 201*.

(Platypterna), 229*.
tenuissimus (Harpedactylus), 234,
245*

(Sauroidichnites), 245.
tetradactylus (Ornithichnites), 170,
237.

(Ornithoidichnites), 237.

(Sillimanius), 237*.
Tetrapodichnites, 171.

didactylus, 171.
Thecodontosaurus, 118, 119, 128,
129, 130, 140, 149.

polyzelus, 76, iig.
Toxichnus, 262, 264.

inaequalis, 263*.
Triaenopus, 261.

baileyanus, 262.

baileyi, 262*.

emmonsianus, 262.

leptodactylus, 262.
triassicus (Dendrophycus), 33, 37,
46.

Tridentipes, 238.

elegans, 238.

elegantior, 240.

ingens, 240.

insignis, 241.
trilinearis (Acanthichnus), 57.
triplex (Xiphopeza), 243*.

No. 24.] TRIASSIC LIFE OF CONNECTICUT VALLEY.

28 =

triremis (Copeza), 59, 60*.
Trisulcus, 69.

laqueatus, 69*.
tuberatum (Brontozoum), igg.
tuberatus (Anchisauripus), 1B7,
199'

(Eubrontes), 187, 199*.
tuberculatus (Bifurculapes), 58.
tuberosus (Anchisauripus), 182,
183* 185, 188.

(Eubrontes), 182.

(Omithichnites), 170, 182.

( Ornithoidichnites ) , 182.

uncus (Steropoides), 242*.
undulatus (Bisulcus), 69.
Unio, 54.

alatus, 55.

emersoni, 55.

wilbrahamensis, 55.

Unisulcus, 66.

intermedius, 67.

magnus, 67.

marshi, 67.

minutus, 67.
unordinatus (Ampelichnus), 65.

(Grammepus), 64.

validum (Brontozoum), 182.
validus (Belodon), 79, 98, 109, 115.

(Rutiodon), 79, 82, 98, 109, iii*.
varica (Piatypterna), 227.
vulgaris (Macroptema), 253.

wilbrahamensis (Anoplophora), 55.
(Unio), 55.

Xiphopeza, 243.
triplex, 243*.

Zanclodon, 148.

I

I

3 5002 03281

Science QH 105 . C& A2 24

Lull^ Richard Swann^ 1867

Triasslc life of -the
Connecticut, valley

DATE DUE

PK /

QAYLORD

1